132 73 2MB
English Pages 432 [420] Year 1998
Page iii
Charting Your Course A LifeLong Guide to Health and Compassion Sally Coleman and David S. Anderson Editors
Page iv
Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook. Copyright 1998 by University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, IN 46556 All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Charting your course: a lifelong guide to health and compassion / Sally Coleman and David S. Anderson, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Summary: A guide to living positively, standing for what you believe in, loving and living with other people, and honoring the planet. ISBN 0268008272 (pbk: alk. paper) 1. Youth—Conduct of life. 2. Values. 3. Youth—Health and hygiene. [1. Conduct of life.] I. Coleman, Sally. II. Anderson, David S., 1949– BJ1661.C237 1998 170'.44—dc21 983010 CIP AC The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984. Book design by Will Powers Set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans by Stanton Publication Services, Inc.
Page v
Dedicated to the participants of Challenge 2000 whose compassion, vision, and hope continue to light our way
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction—Charting Your Course
xiii
1 Optimism and Health: Learning to Be Positive
1
2 Values and Health: Learning What Is Important to You
35
3 SelfCare and Health: Learning to Love Yourself
75
4 Relationships and Health: Learning to Love Others
127
5 Community and Health: Learning to Live Together
177
6 The Natural World and Health: Learning to Honor the Planet
207
7 Service and Health: Learning to Give and Receive
245
8 Legacy Letters
271
9 Personal Life Health Plan
377
The Challenge 2000 Project
405
References and Further Reading
407
Contributors
413
Page ix
Preface Charting Your Course proposes a new vision of optimum health for students of all ages. Parents, educators, and concerned others sometimes despair when faced with the enormity of problems facing your generation. You live in a fastpaced, often violent, consumerdriven society. Abuse of every form, including alcohol and other drugs, is epidemic in spite of years of sincere attempts to reverse these problems. Many of you feel discouraged and overwhelmed when you look into the future. Depression and hopelessness may have formed the fabric of your adolescence. You ask: How can I survive in an increasingly impersonal, technical, and specialized world? Why shouldn't I get high, and escape into the next soothing experience? Why should I hang on and try to find a way out of this maze? Your voices of discouragement challenge all of us to respond immediately with actions and messages of hope, compassion, and caring. A passionate zest for life is sometimes absent in the spirit of your generation. Is it because many of us have lost touch with our spirits? Are we in danger of losing your hope and vitality as our most essential sustainable natural resource? Your generation and the generations to follow are the sustainable future. When you are in danger, we all are in danger. Many educators and leaders are discouraged at the enormity of today's problems. They catch the contagious infection of depression and paralysis. Moral leaders, unable to express themselves in hopeful and compassionate voices, reflect the ultimate despair of today. When fear and feelings of inadequacy lead to indifference we lose the ability to mentor, teach, or parent young people. There are multitudes of people who refuse to give up and become numb and indifferent. Holocaust survivor and Noble Prize winner Elie Wiesel, in a recent talk to educators and students, affirms the terror of indifference: We must be involved in other peoples' affairs. We can't say. "Why should I care about something I can't do anything about?" That is the first step to indifference. If you feel indifferent to their plight, you will feel indifferent to people you see on your own street. . . . I've been fighting my entire adult life for men and women to be equal and to be different. But there is one right I would not grant to anyone. And that is the right to be indifferent. . . . We must become more optimistic. We have no choice but to invest hope where there is none.
Page x
We are all challenged to invest hope and become actively positive in the face of our discouragement. We are called to believe, again and again. Believe that we can make a difference. We can reverse the tide of hopelessness that exists in our lives. We can discover and share the value in life. What legacy is there to leave unless it is a legacy of hope? Indifference kills bodies, minds, and spirits. All of us can make a difference. We are all masters of our own attitudes and every day we choose how we will respond to ourself and to others. The hundreds of voices who contributed to this book are living examples of hope and the positive celebration of humanity. The words contained in these pages are the antithesis of indifference. These voices vibrate active caring and optimism as they tell how they faced and survived life's difficulties. It is the little things we do that count the most. Mother Teresa, when asked how she could feed the multitudes, simply said: Begin with one person. Charting Your Course: A LifeLong Guide to Health and Compassion begins with one person, you the reader. Each of you has the power to begin making healthy and compassionate life decisions. The Seven Health Principles and your Personal Health Plan are antidotes to despair and abuse. They will help you decide how you will care for your body, mind, and spirit. Charting Your Course is not a book of do nots. You will not be asked to stop drinking or smoking, to end relationships or to give up anything that you feel is important to you. You will instead be offered positive ways to have vibrant health and a more meaningful life. We believe that as you choose to live in fuller health and compassion you will naturally let go of those behaviors that are harmful to you and others. As you practice and educate yourself about these principles you will discover alternatives to indifference, despair, and escape. You will find meaning and happiness by developing a practice of caring for yourself and others. It can become very natural to "just say no" as you practice saying "yes to life."
Page xi
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge and thank the following people: Neil and Jo Ann Murphy for their ongoing generosity, encouragement, and support. Their enthusiasm and belief in Challenge 2000 made our dream of designing a new prevention vision a reality. The late Garrett J. Lyman and the I. A. O'Shaughnessy Foundation. Their generosity has touched the lives of multitudes of young people. We applaud Gary for his efforts to help college students lead healthy lives. His spirit remains with us. Gina Poggione and Jeff Shoup of the University of Notre Dame. We thank Gina for being there from the beginning and believing in new visions. Her hard work and supportive spirit was key in the success of Challenge 2000. Special thanks to Jeff for his excellent budgetary skill, perseverance, and ability to make us all laugh when the going got rough. He is also without equal in graciousness as a host. Thanks to the staff of the University of Notre Dame Counseling Center for ongoing support and encouragement. Thanks to Pat Utz who is not afraid to support his staff in their creative efforts to make a difference. We thank Rita Donley for her care and time in preparing the facilitator training program. We also thank the Office of Student Affairs and Professor George Howard of the Psychology Department. It is impossible to adequately thank Domenica Roman for her help. She was an extraordinary editorial assistant—efficient, persevering, and cheerful. Her terrific spirit is embedded in our book. Thanks to Cindy Voorhees for her diligence and good work in graciously completing a wide variety of essential tasks. Nathan Utz and Amanda Martin were terrific student helpers. Thanks also to Kelly Landy for unfailing good cheer and hard work. The support staff of Sally, David, and Gina's offices were also troupers. Ann Rathburn and James Gibbons were always supportive. B. J. Franco was a gem and an invaluable help in the Challenge 2000 conference preparation as was Lynn Rigby and Harriet Baldwin. Also, thanks to Jeffrey Noethe for all of his help and work on the Shared Visions book. Wendy Freeman and Shannon Ellis, our friends at Evergreen State College, provided invaluable help and inspiration to this project. Steve Truitt from the Harvard University School of Education, Outward Bound Project, and Kurt Hahn were with us from the beginning. Brian Luke Seaward was always helpful and positive. Laura Sewall of Prescott College
Page xii
continues to be an inspiration and John Shea was very helpful. To all we offer our heartfelt thanks. We also thank David Hunicutt, David Burns, Bruce Donovan, Gail GleasonMilgram, Fran Weekly, and Jo Jo Gehl. We are grateful to our Washington support network, especially Phyllis Street and Mark Hayes. Ron Bucknam and the folks at the U.S. Department of Education were also supportive. A special thank you to Bob Logan, whose positive attitude, editing skills, and willingness to volunteer his time helped make our book better and workload easier. Thanks to Jeannette Morgenroth and James Langford of the University of Notre Dame Press, who supported and believed in our ideas and were willing to venture into new waters with us. We could not have done this without them. We especially thank Carole Roos, our editor for the University of Notre Dame Press. Her warm spirit and passion, her careful eye, her mindful attention to detail, and her constant assessment of the picture—large and small—all helped make this dream a reality. Her efforts in editing, researching, and coordinating were extraordinary. We are finally most grateful to our essay contributors, legacy letter writers, and the facilitators, presenters, students, and participants of the Challenge 2000 national conference. Their spirit is contained in the pages of this book. We thank them from the bottom of our heart. They are the bright vision of today and tomorrow.
Page xiii
Charting Your Course Charting Your Course begins with "Art's Story," a vivid description of how a high school student grew in confidence during a riverrafting expedition. The narrator, who is the expedition's guide, outlines his approach to scouting rapids. The main points of his instructions challenge the river crew to: Identify what the current is doing, Identify the obstacles, Identify potential routes, Select a run, Note some markers to keep track of your progress, Consider some contingency plans, "what to do if . . ."
This is good advice whether it is river rafting, navigating higher education, or charting a course through the whole of life. In rafting, we primarily follow the river; for the rest of life, we add a first step. We set our course. The purpose of this book is to help you set that course and learn how to stay with it. Some of you have career plans; others are just beginning to explore options, and many of you may still have only vague interests and inclinations. Charting Your Course is not a career guide. Our concern is with life as a whole—not what you will do to earn a living, but how you will live. We care about you as a person and about the work, challenges, and joys of being human. Some of the most important decisions in life are made by default because people do not realize their options. Instead of directing life they often passively allow life to happen to them by not planning and acting. They may not learn to consider alternatives and to look ahead to see where their current behavior may lead them. Later in life, they may find themselves shipwrecked or becalmed in stagnant waters and look back with regret, "If only I had known . . ." Hindsight is often very clear, but it is always an afterthought. Take time now to engage in this important planning and visioning. Think about how to live a healthy and fulfilling life, how to recognize options, make confident decisions, and overcome obstacles. Charting Your Course is based on Seven Health Principles. Each principle identifies a vital area of life and presents a healthy orientation toward that area. The seven areas are attitude, personal values, holistic health, relationships, community, the natural world, and service to others. The Seven Health Principles are:
Page xiv
1. We believe that human beings are basically good and that, despite setbacks, history is on the path of positive progress and promise. 2. We believe that values at the core of self and community are essential to any meaningful change. 3. We believe than an ethic of balanced selfcare is fundamental to flourishing as a human being in the world community. 4. We believe that learning how to be in working relationships is an essential, developmental task for young people. 5. We believe that creating a community through rituals, symbols, traditions, and heroes is needed to ensure quality life experiences. 6. We believe that the connection of the human to the natural world is essential and affects our total psychology, our motivations, and our ultimate spiritual survival. 7. We believe that the give and take of service is indispensable to engaging people in authentic, meaningful learning experiences and in creating positive social change. These principles are explored in depth in the first seven chapters. As you come to understand your orientation to each principle and the effects on your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing, you will be in a better position to discuss what kind of life you want to live. A chosen destination is only the first step in charting a course. How to get where you want to go depends on where you are and what you are up against. At the end of each chapter is a personal workbook section. Using the workbook section effectively requires honesty and soul searching. It should be understood that what you write in the workbook section is private and is to be shared only at your own discretion. The Awareness section of the personal workbook is designed to help you discover what forces are at work in your life—what the current is doing—and what obstacles you may encounter. In the Belief Discovery section of the workbook you will begin to identify potential routes, to look at ways of reshaping your life or planning future action to get you closer to your ideal course. In the final Charting Your Course workbook section you will select a run; that is, make a specific plan to follow. It may be a very shortterm plan to start with, but it will be something you are committed to try. You will be encouraged to set markers for yourself and make contingency plans. Charting a life course is an awesome undertaking. It is wise to heed the advice and profit from the experiences of others. The expansive eighth chapter is a collection of letters written by a variety of real people who chose to share with you by contributing to this book. You are likely to recognize some of the names. Others may be new to you and a few writers preferred to remain anonymous. These Legacy Letters reflect a wide range
Page xv
of life experiences. As you share in their struggles and triumphs, the energy and loving concern of the writers will emerge. You will gain insight into your own life and will be encouraged to write letters of your own. In the final chapter you will formulate your Personal Health Plan. This is where you are challenged put it all together—to chart the course of where you want to go and how you plan to get there for next semester, for next year, for the rest of your life. The workbook sections in the first seven chapters and the reflections and insights of the Legacy Letters now come together. In charting a literal course at sea or in the wilderness, navigators do not just draw a line on the map and then follow it. They must continually take their bearings by sighting their position in relation to constants, as in the old method of shooting the stars. They use triangulation, combining the relative information gained from different points, to fix their present position. They must regularly plot this position on their chart and compare it to past positions to see how they are tracking. If the ship is off course by only one degree and this small difference is not corrected, it will be heading at a tangent from the desired course. Each day the distance between where the ship is and where the ship should be would grow greater. In only a few days, it could miss a safe harbor; in a few weeks, it could miss the whole continent. We do not expect you to determine how you will live your whole life. None of us can foresee the future. What we hope is that you will be aware of your deepest values, passions, and visions. What stars guide you on your course and how will you gauge your relation to their light? We hope you will recognize when you are drifting and know how to selfcorrect, that you will find what it takes to weather storms and recover if your initial plans and dreams have to be thrown overboard in order to sail forward in a new direction. The ability to do this takes practice and a passionate commitment to your own course. The last chapter is not the end, but only the beginning.
Page 1
One— Optimism We believe that human beings are basically good and that, despite setbacks, our history is on a path of progress and promise.
Positive explorations begin with hope. Hope is a wish or desire accompanied by confident expectation of its fulfillment. Optimism is hope in action. Optimism expects the best positive outcome and dwells on the most promising aspects of a situation. An optimistic attitude has been proven to provide the energy that creates positive change. Charting Your Course is grounded in an absolute belief of your basic goodness and ability to hope. We believe that a degree of hope can be restored even in the worst of situations. An optimistic approach to life will allow you to believe that your desires and actions can bring good results. Optimism is not a pie in the sky attitude that avoids or denies pain and suffering. Optimism is realistic; it sees the world and our own behavior with as much truth and honesty as possible. Optimism should not foster false hopes that people have a special immunity from the consequences of their actions. All feelings, both positive and negative, are valid and deserve appropriate expression. When you have a period of grief and sadness in your life and everything seems dark, hope and optimism will not desert you. They are the guardians of your tomorrow. When you have mourned your losses, hope will fan the flame of possibilities and good desires that lay dormant in your spirit. You have only to be willing to say, ''Yes, I will try again." No matter what your situation is, it can be made better. The light of your goodness and humanity is immense and always present. You are protected and helped by a good love that flows through the universe. Some contributors to this book refer to this love as God. An optimistic attitude begins with your decision to try hope on for size. For some of you this may be like a new garment that takes some getting used to. Like a worn pair of jeans, it will become more comfortable for the wear.
Page 2
In This Chapter The Power of Being Positive Steve Truitt And Maura Ryan
3
Appreciate Your Gift of Life and Freedom Gerda Weissman Klein
17
Barefoot to America Legson Kayira
19
Group Activities
24
Workbook
25
Page 3
The Power of Being Positive Steve Truitt and Maura Ryan Art's Story I was Art's Outward Bound instructor and I had never before felt so challenged. Art was an awkward ninthgrade boy, without a single friend in the group, even though all the students piled out of the same bus and came from the same Denverarea junior high school. As we circled up the students on the bank of Colorado's Yampa River and read off the names of the members of our raft crews there were cheers from friends who were on the same raft and highfives between the most popular kids. When I read Art's name from my list there were audible groans from the others already gathered. Then I saw him across the circle, managing an embarrassed, painful grin, ambling in a round about way over to where we stood under a large cottonwood tree. I realized at that moment that this Outward Bound course was for Art. Its success would have to involve a breakthrough of some sort for him. My hope was that somewhere within the diversity and drama of the experience he would find a moment of glory, a circumstance that would allow some part of his uniqueness to stand out as the deciding factor, an opportunity to redefine his role with his peers and with himself. I searched without success that first night for a hint of what would set the scene for Art's transformation. As we launched into Yampa Canyon the next morning the sun disappeared behind the twelvehundred—foot high white and gray sandstone walls and our tiny craft slipped beyond the margin of the wilderness. I rotated each of the seven students in my crew through the role of captain to allow them equal time to practice before Teepee Falls, the first major rapids. Captaining is a sophisticated art, the mastery of which is akin to learning to drive a car on ice. It takes hours just to get the feel of the timing necessary to direct a crew through the twists and turns of the current. As if to add pressure to an already stressful situation, the Yampa doesn't allow for much practice. After a mere ten miles of warmup riffles and hardsweeping bends, the water plunges headlong into one of the canyon's most ominous rapids. That week, the Yampa, which is the last major undammed tributary in the Colorado River system, was nearing its annual flood crest and we were being swept more quickly than usual in the direction of that first major challenge. I purposely left Art for last hoping he would absorb a lot by observing all the others. When it was time for him to move from the bow to the
Page 4
captain's spot in the back, he tripped on a line and ended up sprawling in the bottom of the boat. Everyone laughed. Art pulled himself up to take his place across from me in the stern of the raft. It was then that I thought that I saw something come over him. As he put the longer captain's paddle into the water aft and looked past his classmates to study the river downstream there was a change. His first stroke was deep and brought the bow around a full ten degrees or so. The crew waited, but Art was content to flow with the current. He noticed the curl of white water to the left of center and swung the bow farther with a smaller draw stroke, then called on the crew to paddle forward for a few strokes and yelled, "Stop!" Fifty yards upstream of its telltale surface wave he had missed the rock in the channel, and he knew it and relaxed again while I pondered this apparent show of natural ability. The other students were confused and began to shout "More forward, Art! ROCK!" He ignored them, standing up to scan the river farther downstream where it disappeared behind a bend in the canyon. "Good job, Art. Now I want you to land us on the right bank on that little sand beach you can see just before we lose sight of the river." He squinted for a second, then nodded and sat down. "Signal the other boats that we are landing on the right, Jimmy." Jimmy, the most athletic young man in the course, complied. "You got it, Arthur." He swung his paddle in the air and made a dramatic horizontal gesture toward the right bank, then repeated it until the other rafts responded. The crew readied their paddles for a hard forward stroke, but Art continued to study the river, with an occasional glance over his shoulder at the other boats. Did he know that it was too early to leave the main current? Had he seen that there was a shallow gravel bar trailing off of the last right hand bend and a long upstream eddy running up the bank below it? Was he paralyzed by confusion, or was he hearing that not so quiet voice and reading the sacred text of water over stone? We all waited for the answer. "Are we stopping for Teepee Falls now?" Angela asked me from the bow. "That's right," I said. "We'll land just above it on that beach and walk down and scout it as a raft crew." Paddles remained poised in anxious How to Scout a Rapid (or Anything Else) Identify what the current is doing Identify the obstacles Identify potential routes Select a run Note some markers to keep track of your progress Consider some contingency plans, "what to do if . . ."
Page 5
anticipation. Art, I was now convinced, was biding his time, waiting for the current to move right at the bend. "This is going to be a fast water landing," I explained, "so the downstream bow person—that's you, Angela—should be thinking about untying the bowline and getting ready to step ashore and hold the boat in while the rest of us continue to paddle hard, and John, you're the other bow person, so you'll jump out and help her hold the boat until we can all get out and pull the raft up and tie it to a tree or a big rock. But no one does anything but follow the captain until he says 'bow ready' and then 'bow out', got it?" Freedom is the destiny of every living being. We become free by waking from our dreams of fear, scarcity, blame and guilt, by taking responsibility for acting, to the best of our knowledge, with care and loving kindness that we may kindle the light of love within and by that light see our way home and serve as beacons for others along the way. Joan Borysenko
Everyone nodded, but their eyes were on the beach and then on the captain. Art was looking anxious and it was getting time for some movement to the right, so I prepared to do some coaching, but before I could say anything, he said, "Forward, easy." The crew responded with desperate paddling, but his voice came again, "Stop! Now, easy forward, and Angela, get ready." It was one of the best timed, easiest fast water landings I had ever seen (or made myself). We virtually slid up on the sand. Art had nailed it, and everyone on the boat sent up a cheer. I stayed behind him on the walk down over the boulders to scout. He was last in line, still alone, while the others spoke excitedly about rafting, growing slowly quiet as the roar of Teepee Falls drowned out their voices. As I followed I fought against a feeling of dread. My first view of the rapid confirmed my fears. The river was at that highwater stage when the Teepee Falls hole stretches across twothirds of the river's width and breaks high enough to nip a school bus endforend. The current above the hole was so swift that the usual "S" or "power" run was out of the question, leaving only the "rightbank" or the very difficult, far left, "finesse'' run. The dilemma for the instructor is that you haven't yet been able to give students enough practice in the captain's position to make an intelligent assessment of each person's ability to succeed in a rapid of this magnitude. There are enough major rapids downstream to parcel out to others as they appear to be ready, but whoever captains Teepee Falls may never get another comparable opportunity to achieve that important level of accomplishment. You fear the consequences of a failed run to the selfconfidence and peer group status of the captain as much as to their physical safety. It is far easier to intervene and save a boat from a potential tipover than it is salvage a young person's ego from failure. Normally, I would go with Jimmy. He is a confident, capable kid who I felt sure I could coach down the right shore, even though the waves looked especially big today. Everyone would be happy with that choice, but I had this strange feeling about Art and the way he had handled the boat. Was his aptitude for real?
Page 6
We climbed up a steep trail to a flat area above the bank to get a good view of the entire rapid. I let the group ponder the awesome power of Teepee Falls for a few moments before I began the familiar instructional sequence: "How to scout a rapid." Identify what the current is doing, the obstacles, and all the potential routes through. Select a run. Note some markers you will be able to spot from river level to help you keep track of where you are, and go through some scenarios or "what do we do ifs" together. Then go back to the rafts and run it. I helped them go through the steps with Teepee Falls, making sure they saw the right bank route and the way the fast current would pull them left towards the hole if they gave it a chance. To give them a more realistic idea of what it would be like to captain the boat in such fast, powerful water, I scratched a detailed diagram of the rapid in the dirt and, using a small piece of wood as a model raft, had them take turns calling commands to attempt the right bank run. I operated the little boat and moved it at a pace and in the direction dictated by the speed and direction of the water and added the force of the crew paddling according to their commands. Most were generally successful. Jimmy had the best run, staying close in to the bank from the moment the little model boat left the beach. Once again, Art went last. He went back to look at the river once more before starting. He surprised me by calling for forceful back paddling at the very start. I backed the little stick across the river, wondering when he would see his mistake and try to recover with a hard forward command. Instead, he called for a stop. Art had seen the finesse run on the left and was attempting to captain it. I continued to move the boat backwards, building speed with the current. "Forward!" he shouted. "Left turn!" He had done it. After all, this was not the real rapid, which seemed to roar even louder behind us. He had found the way to go left. "Wow!" exclaimed Jimmy. "Can we do that?" "Sure," Art said, ''at least I think we can, and we won't have to fight against the current over there, it will help us get to where we want to go." He hesitated, looked at me, and waited. I swallowed hard. He was right. He had found the left run on his own and wanted permission to sell it to the group. "Are you willing to captain that run, Art?" I asked. He looked around at the group for an answer but they all just waited in anticipation of what he would say. He took a few steps in the direction of the river and stared out across the water, at the boulders, the slot, the huge hole. I wanted to take the question back, but it was too late. All any of us could do was look on in awe at this moment of selfdiscovery. Art turned toward us and said, "I will if everybody wants me to." "Allright!" shouted Jimmy. "Go for it, Art!" The others gathered around and I did what I could to make sure he was really seeing all he needed to. There was no going back. He had chosen his moment and now he was completely focused on the task. As we walked back to the
Page 7
boat the butterflies I always get in my stomach before going through big rapids came in force. Art fell behind and was the last to reach the raft. "What run are you guys doing?" yelled a boy from one of the other raft crews. "We're going left!" shouted Nathan. I saw the other two instructors snap their eyes in my direction. I had broken an unwritten rule by even entertaining a student run of the left side of Teepee Falls and they were shocked. "We're going right!" the voice came back. "Who's your captain?" "Art." "Who?" "Art's our captain!" Now it was the other students who looked our way in astonishment. I began to imagine the surprised conversations that must be taking place among the other crews, then I heard Art ask me if I was ready to go. The line was coiled and all was secure. I nodded. "Bowman castoff!" It was Art's voice and it was strong and sure. "Back paddle!" There is a moment in such situations, right about the time the stern of your raft enters the current and you feel the surge of the power of the water through your entire body, when all the talk, all the second thoughts and doubts, become irrelevant. You are committed and your efforts become welded to one common purpose—to go through with the plan. Art called for us to stop our back paddle and swung the bow around just as the current changed directions toward the left. Did he sense his extra momentum from all that back paddling? "Forward!" he shouted. Three strokes later he stopped us, right on time. Now the boulders . . . he's right on! No, we're going to catch a piece of that eddy . . . going to spin! There has to be a new religion, and the basic belief of that faith must be that for every baby born there's going to be a right situation, indeed, a whole sequence of appropriate situations leading to the one that brings meaningful rewards. Ron Kalom
I panicked. The eddy had caught our stern, slowing it down, causing a violent spin to the left. There was no recovering, we had to go with it. I had to intervene before he . . . But before I could yell "left turn," he did. When I would have been shouting "left," he was already shouting "turn" and the crew dug deep to pivot the boat left and we slid backwards, perfectly through the slot! The big hole roared by us, just a few feet off the left side of the boat, and then we were below it, shouting and jumping all over Art in celebration. He had done it! All the raft crews had excellent runs of Teepee Falls and two other major rapids that spring day. Nine ninthgraders experienced extraordinary feelings of success as captains. In our raft, Pam did a great job of captaining us through Little Joe Rapids and Nathan took us on a fun, albeit wet ride through Big Joe Rapids just above our campsite. In addition we all had an adventure hiking up Brown's Draw to look at hoodoos; we came across a fresh rock slide that had completely blocked the canyon bottom. We could still smell the burnt odor of crushed
Page 8
sandstone. It was indeed a memorable day, but for the members of our crew there was no question about whose day it was, and whose week it was on the Yampa River. Everyone would like to have his day on the river. Every student, every person wants a moment of glory—a chance to taste the sweet exhilaration of success, to discover within himself the capacity to meet the challenge, to feel confident in the confidence of others. Each of us would relish the opportunity to see some part of our uniqueness stand out as the deciding factor. Most of us do not have as smooth a run on the river as Art did. "Art's Story" is not just about success or leadership; it is not just about the discovery of an unexpected talent for navigation in an awkward ninthgrader. "Art's Story" is about hope, optimism, the power of the positive. It is about that elusive and indispensable ability to see the world as a place of promise and possibility and one's own life as an invitation to a wondrous adventure. It is about facing and mastering fear, selfdoubt, and the possibility of failure, about having someone believe in you and learning to believe in yourself. It is about education as transcendence, transformation, and empowerment. Why Some People Thrive We all know people who are successful despite unbelievable odds, who manage to bounce back from experiences of failure to realize even more ambitious goals, who defy the messages "not smart enough," "no talent," " few openings in that field," "no money in that," to realize their own unique potential. We all know people who make the most of their school years, who flourish personally, academically, and socially, and who go on after graduation to build full, satisfying lives. And we also know people with tremendous talent and ample opportunity who achieve far less than their potential. They give up, drop out, or go through college discouraged and turned off, just waiting for their lives to happen. What accounts for the difference? Why is it that some people seem to continue to rebound and thrive, while others barely manage to survive another day? What is it that gives someone the ability to "seize the day,'' turning obstacles into challenges or failure into a "way station" on the road to fulfillment? What allows some of us to act on faith, take risks, and embrace life with a hungry excitement? Martin E. P. Seligman, author of Learned Optimism, has done extensive research showing that even people with the necessary talent will often fail if they are pessimists and have learned to be helpless and think that nothing they do will really matter. They grow accustomed to facing the inevitable and ordinary setbacks of life with a defeatist attitude. Pessimists experience a setback and say: "Everything bad happens to me," or "It's my fault. It happened because I am stupid, careless, unworthy. It's
Page 9
always going to be like this. It's going to undermine every aspect of my life." Optimists, on the other hand, experience a setback and say: "Whatever the cause of this event, circumstances can change. This is a temporary obstacle, and besides, there's much more to life." Most successful, fulfilled, and vitally healthy people are optimists. They possess the capacity for hope, the ability to recognize misfortune and loss as temporary, localized, and surmountable. They are resilient. Seligman further concluded that children are natural optimists. Of course, they experience sadness, anxiety, and depression, but, unlike adults, they possess an inborn "immunity" to hopelessness, a capacity for abundant, irrational hope: good events are going to last forever; bad events just happen along and will melt away quickly. Pessimism is learned. Whether a child will be an optimistic or pessimistic adult depends upon several factors: the nature of early losses and traumas, how adults around her responded to losses and obstacles, and what she was told when she failed. Many children who suffer adversity that is persistent and seemingly insurmountable, such as enduring and debilitating economic hardship, come to believe that bad events will always occur and circumstances cannot change no matter what they do. Even in the Depression Checklist __ Feeling sad or anxious __ Feeling helpless and hopeless, the future looks bleak __ Feeling inferior, worthless, like a failure __ Feeling restless, irritable, frustrated __ Loss of interest or motivation in previously enjoyable activities __ Loss of energy, feeling tired __ Difficulty in making decisions, poor concentration __ Changes in appetite and/or sleep patterns __ Headaches, digestive upsets, or other physical symptoms __ Destructive behavior, including abuse of alcohol or other drugs, unsafe sex, reckless driving, vandalism __ Thoughts that life is not worth living Factors contributing to depression include background, personal beliefs and coping skills, and biological vulnerability including possible genetic predisposition or hormonal imbalances. The immediate cause may be a loss of personal worth and selfesteem which may be brought on by such events as a death of a loved one, end of a relationship, divorce, academic or financial stress. Depression may also result from feeling a lack of love or support, a lack of coping skills, or setting unrealistic goals and standards. Everyone feels sad, tired, or anxious at times. If these feelings persist for several weeks or if there are selfdestructive thoughts or behaviors, contact a mental health counselor for further evaluation and advice.
Page 10
absence of this sort of adversity, children tend to develop negative thinking habits if influential adults respond pessimistically to ordinary and inevitable setbacks and losses. A child learns the habit of pessimism by hearing his mother say, "Of course the car broke down again! These things always happen to us. We're just so dumb when it comes to cars. We're never going to have what we need." The teacher who tells a student, " You failed another spelling test? You're stupid! I wonder if you're ever going to learn to spell," sows the seeds of shame, hopelessness, and helplessness. Children also get this message indirectly. Pessimism is cultivated, often through the persistent and powerful negative images of the world in today's media. The world is often presented as "going to hell in a handbasket," a world in which people do not really care, except about themselves. If they did care, the problems are portrayed as too big for one person. Sadly many young people lose their "immunity to hopelessness" by puberty. At its extreme, pessimism can take the form of selfdestructive feelings and behaviors. Each year more than 30,000 Americans choose to end their lives rather than continue their encounter with negative feelings and hopelessness. Pessimism then becomes the inability to envision a different and better future, the feeling of having no escape from pain, sadness, or humiliation. The beliefs that life has no point or that no one cares are often signs of extreme hopelessness that may be complicated by a clinical depression. Left untreated, depression can be paralyzing and often dangerous. The feeling of being trapped in circumstances with the belief that things will never change for the better may lead to thoughts of suicide. Depression is a treatable illness that needs to be professionally evaluated and managed. For many people, hopelessness expresses itself in substance abuse. Drugs and alcohol seem to dull the pain while giving the temporary illusion of wellbeing. When asked "Why do people abuse alcohol and drugs?" one nineteenyearold Syracuse University student wrote: Everybody knows there's too many people and not just in poor countries but here too. Still, in our society most people get some kind of job because there are so many offices and services that produce paperwork and it all gets mailed or faxed or emailed to some other set of offices and services and there it's all filed or edited or an order gets filled and receipts and purchase orders and statements are produced and people deliver the mail and sell the machines and drive downtown and deposit all the checks in the bank. Then of course there have to be people to count the money, print the checks, run all the systems, and other people have to keep everybody and everything working. A relatively few people use their muscles to grow food, make cars, build houses, mine and cut timber, build roads and ships and railroads and manufacture items for the
Page 11
Cynicism Originally cynics were a sect of Greek philosophers noted for their contempt of luxury and their bluntness of speech. They held the view that virtue was the only good and that its essence lies in selfcontrol and independence. MerriamWebster's Collegiate Dictionary defines the modern use of the word as meaning a faultfinding critic, especially one who believes that human conduct is motivated wholly by selfinterest, and notes that the term implies having a sneering disbelief in sincerity or integrity. Examples of cynical thinking would be "People are just out for themselves," "Nice guys finish last," ''Most people would do anything for money," or "Everyone would steal if they thought they could get away with it." Negative stereotypes are often cynical beliefs concerning a particular ethnic, racial, or religious group. In an interview (Bob Candor, "Cynicism—Memo to all Dilberts: Cut the complaints and give your heart a break," Chicago Tribune, August 27, 1997, section 5), Dr. Bruno Cortis described cynicism as a part of the newly identified Type H personality. This personality type is defined as hostile, angry, and aggressive and may be more prone to cardiovascular problems, particularly heart attacks, than the hyperactive Type A personality. Work by Dr. Redford Williams at Duke University Medical School found that consistent mistrust of others leads to higher risk for premature death, more accidents, and increased sick days. Negative emotional states such as depression, anxiety, and cynicism may activate an overflow of stress hormone responses, especially in the sympatheticadrenalmedullary system. This response leads to higher blood pressure and an increased heart rate by pumping too much epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood, constricting blood vessels. Overstimulation of the hypothalamic pituitaryadrenocortical system causes overproduction of the hormone cortisol which is believed to clog arteries and cause a chronic inflammatory response associated with asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and related autoimmune disorders. Because cynics distrust the motives of other people they distance themselves from others, sometimes even from friends and family. This separation is like a protective shell which prevents the cynic from benefiting from the support and encouragement of others. In a study conducted at CarnegieMellon University in 1996, college students filled out questionnaires to measure their levels of cynicism. They were then told to make a tenminute speech, which would be observed and filmed. Half of the students were assigned a friendly observer who smiled and nodded during the presentation. All students exhibited an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and stresshormone level. Non cynical students who had friendly observers showed significantly less stress than noncynical students who did not have a friendly observer. Cynical students showed the same stress whether or not they had a friendly observer. These students were not able to receive emotional support to reduce their stress.
Page 12 stores. The people who work in hospitals and schools do good but everybody participates in the big game of consumerism. No one is at fault, really, because we are all products of the system but everyone has to share some of the blame for what it is all coming to. When most of the jobs just exist to serve other jobs and nothing is really produced that lasts, the cost is great. It's stress and debt because we really can't afford to live like this. To make it all work people have to keep moving faster and faster and then technology makes it possible to go ten times faster and everybody just wants to get off and go somewhere and get stoned.
Some young people seem to find little value in life. They do not strive to discover and express their own uniqueness or attempt to stay healthy. They may view the world and the people in it as invisible, meaningless objects in a system that is running out of control. Might as well get anesthetized. I have come to believe that the road not taken can rejoin the road taken . . . John S. Dunne, C.S.C.
Pessimism also takes more subtle forms. Apathy, cynicism, and indifference are born of the same hopelessness that feeds depression and substance abuse. College age students are sometimes described as a generation of "slackers," lazy, unmotivated and easily bored, distrustful of authority, slow to set life goals, and quick to quit. We believe that this does not describe the majority of students today, even though many young people in our society are at risk of losing their will to succeed and many have already lost it. Author Peter Sacks in Generation X Goes to College describes a student's conflict between a commitment to her academic work and blowing it off: Maybe it's my age. A phase. It seems others my age are lazy too. We are all just going through a stage and the motivation will come back after we play a while. Or maybe our whole generation has lost the will power to succeed. We don't want to try anymore. There are plenty of students who don't have goals. They feel it's no use to have goals, society will keep them from those goals anyhow.
Another student writes: I'm an angry person. Living in America makes you angry. . . . We don't really trust anything anymore. That's why we're searching. If we trusted, we wouldn't be searching. Everything is so unstable and so unsure. There's always a big question after each answer. We can't trust anybody, not even ourselves. . . . We don't feel like there's any security anymore. . . . We're not satisfied anymore with anything. That goes with being young, being an American. You go with the present. It's kind of scary what we're doing. Most kids don't know what our future is
Page 13 going to be. We're not sure of anything anymore. We don't know what the truth is. The only reason most of us are going to school is society says this is your meal ticket.
Why should you develop a solid attitude and habit of being optimistic? Optimism is an indispensable component of whole health. The ability to think positively, to live hopefully, to put difficulties and failures in perspective is at the heart of physical, emotional, and social resiliency. According to Irvin et al. (1987), there are powerful connections between pessimism, depression, and the body's ability to fight disease. Pessimists suffer depression more easily and more frequently than optimists; in turn, depression appears to suppress our immune system. Pessimism leaves us more vulnerable to disease and less able to utilize our own natural healing powers. Studies demonstrate that the ability to envision a good outcome can improve one's chances of beating even serious illnesses: women who faced their breast cancer with a "fighting spirit" had a lower rate of recurrence and higher rate of longterm survival than those who responded to the initial diagnosis with helplessness and stoic acceptance (Greer et al. 1979). Negative thinking and attitudes such as "bad things will always happen, only bad things will happen, there is nothing I can do to change anything" tend to be self fulfilling, not only in terms of physical wellbeing, but in terms of successfully carrying out life goals and projects. Seeing no real point in setting positive goals, the college students quoted earlier may not imagine a future worth reaching and may not develop and pursue strategies for moving forward. They may choose to believe that failure is inevitable and unavoidable and respond to the frustration and setbacks that are a part of life experience by lowering their expectations or quitting altogether. But if people can learn pessimism, they can learn optimism. And if we can cultivate the power of hope in individuals, we can cultivate it in communities and institutions. According to Seligman, learned optimism is not "pie in the sky" idealism. Learned optimism is not a [simple] rediscovery of the "power of positive thinking." The skills of optimism do not emerge from the pink Sundayschool world of happy events. They do not consist in learning to say positive things to yourself. Positive statements you make to yourself have little if any effect. What is crucial is what you think when you fail, using the power of "nonnegative thinking." Changing the destructive things you say to yourself when you experience the setbacks that life deals all of us is the central skill of optimism.
Learned optimism is an experience of personal transformation. It is a way of seeing and envisioning the world. It is an unshakable faith in your own ability to make a unique, decisive difference. It is what
Page 14
Seligman calls "a word in the heart," a fundamental "yes" or "no" to life's adventure. Optimism is not denial. We do not develop positive thinking by trying to negate or avoid the reality of disappointment, failure, or challenge. We can learn cognitive strategies for mastering those painful experiences. Positive thinking is not developed by denying our own mistakes, limitations, and temptations. Warm fuzzy words of selfaffirmation cannot be substituted for discipline, perseverance, and hard work. Learned optimism is the ability to overcome mistakes or surmount obstacles by keeping perspective: owning your part in a mistake or failure and seeing the experience as just a moment in the bigger picture of your life. No one learns to say "yes" alone. The hope that creates a viable future is nurtured and sustained in families, communities, and systems. We all need people—even just one person who sees something valuable and unique in us and who gives us the hope that we will not extend ourselves in vain. Each of us needs someone to help us form a realistic picture of our self and challenge us beyond the boundaries of the present. All human beings need to be part of something bigger than ourselves, the comfort of being a part of communities, projects, or ways of life that sustain hope when we feel defeated. For some of you, that "something bigger" will be religious faith. Many will find hope in their belief in God, as did Mr. Kayira in his following essay about walking thousands of miles from East Africa to attend an American college. Assurance for others may be a rich network of supportive, intimate relationships with family, friends, neighbors. Some of you will feed hope by joining in collective political and social action. The challenge for every one of us is three part: to develop and cultivate the personal skills of optimism, to search out or create particular environments for the nourishment of this optimism and hope, and to extend and pass along this hope to others. Nine Ways to Develop Optimism 1. Regularly identify your positive and negative thinking patterns. 2. Recognize the signs of paralyzing or dangerous hopelessness. 3. Periodically articulate goals and strategies. 4. Identify allies. 5. Establish a personal Board of Directors. 6. Find beauty. 7. Take responsibility. 8. Offer your special talents. 9. Explore the spiritual dimension of living. 1. Regularly Identify Your Positive and Negative Thinking Patterns. Martin Seligman suggests helpful exercises for uncovering
Page 15
learned responses to obstacles and difficulties and for transforming pessimistic helplessness into optimistic energy. Through his "ABC's" (adversity, belief, consequences), Seligman shows us how to recognize the beliefs that trigger the "giving up" response and then how to use the power of disputation to master them. For example, if you are the sort of person who upon failing a test says, "I am so stupid. I probably got the lowest grade in the class. I'll never pass this course. I must be crazy to think of going to medical school. I should never have even come to college," you have learned a defeatist strategy and you are setting yourself up for failure. Seligman demonstrates how to localize adversity by retraining your thinking patterns and separating false beliefs from the facts. ''You are most certainly not stupid, one failure does not mean that you will not succeed in college." This is one test. Place it in proper perspective and remember that there is much more to life than this test. 2. Recognize the Signs of Paralyzing or Dangerous Hopelessness. Please get help if you feel overwhelmed by hopelessness or despair, or if you are engaging in dangerous or selfdestructive behaviors. The chemical and emotional symptoms of depression and/or addiction may make it impossible for people to face life hopefully or optimistically. These serious problems are highly treatable and need to be evaluated professionally. Seeking the right kind of help is a first step on the road to a healthy, optimistic outlook. Signs of depression may include: changes in sleep patterns or appetite, lack of energy and motivation, mood swings, suicidal tendency, and a pervasive feeling of hopelessness. 3. Periodically Articulate Goals and Strategies. You have a better chance of meeting your goals successfully if you know clearly what they are, and if you take time to imagine alternative means for achieving them. For example, you are more likely to succeed if you begin every semester with clear and reasonable academic goals and have several strategies for achieving your goals. 4. Identify Allies. Develop associations and friendships and spend time with people who share your commitment to live with health and pursue optimistic avenues of selfdiscovery, recreation, community involvement, and cultural activities. 5. Establish a Personal Board of Directors. Identify a group of several or many people who care about you and agree to consult with you whenever you are facing a challenge that requires multiple perspectives or a decision that you would rather not make in isolation. Your part of the bargain is to share with them the good news and wisdom you gather as you make your life journey.
Page 16
6. Find Beauty in your surroundings, in people you meet, and in what you learn. Identify places on campus or in the local area where you can retreat for quiet, peace, reflection, and inspiration. Associate with friends you can count on for support. 7. Take Responsibility for the cleanliness of your special places and the health and spirit of your colleagues and friends. Get involved with community and student organizations and work for the health and restoration of the world around you. 8. Offer Your Special Talents. Offer service to others by seeking out opportunities to volunteer as a tutor, a coach, a counselor, or member of a team that is helping to solve a community problem. Set an example of commitment to doing what is right and always seeing the good and bringing out the best in people. Remember that you receive as much as you give in the practice of service. 9. Explore the Spiritual Dimension of Living. Nourishing hope can begin with getting in touch with the sacred in everyday life. People tap into the "power of faith" in many different ways: through membership in a religious group, through meditation or exploration of sacred writings, or sometimes just by cultivating an awareness of the deeper life force energizing and uniting all the earth. However and wherever you discover the spiritual dimension, you will free new energy and open your eyes for finding the light in times of darkness. Optimism and Pessimism The World through Different Eyes
Optimists may:
Pessimists may:
get up in the morning expecting the best to happen
get up in the morning expecting the worst to happen
focus on their best personal features
focus on their physical flaws
be realistic and humble about their abilities
cover up feelings of inferiority by acting superior
view difficulty with a positive perspective
take difficulty personally
overcome obstacles
create obstacles
be easy to be around
travel with a dark cloud
count blessings
tabulate misfortunes
find good qualities in other people
find negative qualities in others
spring back from difficulties
multiply difficulties
describe a pessimist as a person with potential
describe an optimist as out of touch with reality
Page 17
Appreciate Your Gift of Life and Freedom Gerda Weissman Klein Having survived the Holocaust, I have often asked myself what message I could impart to future generations that might be of some benefit to them. It is my hope that none of you will ever be faced with ordeals of that magnitude during your lifetime, but some lessons can be gleaned from those cataclysmic events that are applicable to the vicissitudes that life inevitably brings. There were times during those dark days when the general outlook could not have been bleaker or more hopeless, yet we who survived never gave up the few things that remained; in this case, the ability to pursue a line of positive thinking. That attitude alone did not ultimately determine whether we would be fortunate enough to escape with our lives, but it was an absolute prerequisite to survival. When you are deprived of all normal expectations you instinctively grasp at the things that are of value in life. You may formerly have taken them for granted, but under such conditions it could be a simple memory of an evening with your family or, to name another example, the solace you had once found by immersing yourself in a good book that might help see you through those abnormal times. It is the memory of values that matter most to you that will sustain you and allow you to hang on. I can assure you that when the chips are down, most of us discover reservoirs of strength that we never knew were there. I say there has to be hope. Losing faith and hope is not acceptable to either human beings or to God. Joe Paterno
It was perhaps because we had been reduced to the lowest level of existence that we found the courage and resolve not to give in to the aims our tormentors had concerning our destiny. It was then that we did all within our power—in a type of spiritual resistance—to prevent them, if possible, from achieving our mental and physical extinction. In a situation like that, we wanted to live with every fiber of our being. I can only pass on to you what happened all around me during those trying times. I was thrown together with a crosssection of young girls from every walk of life, but during the entire time not one of them committed suicide or had a nervous breakdown. I think that speaks volumes. There are no easy solutions to every one of life's dilemmas, but I cannot stress enough how important it is to maintain a positive outlook in any situation. I, personally, clung to the thought that the darker the night, the brighter the dawn, and, in my case, was fortunate enough to reach the pinnacles in later life that were undreamed of during that dark
Page 18
era. In retrospect, I know that the lives of my unborn children and grandchildren depended on how I reacted to those disastrous events, and am convinced that our response to adversity can be applied to anything we want to achieve in life or to any situation we may encounter. I am grateful to have been allowed to survive and it is my fervent wish that this will enable me to repay a small part of that blessing by evoking the memory of those not so privileged, in the hope that it will help others to appreciate their own gifts of life and freedom. Most of those who perished left no descendants, so it is you who are their spiritual heirs. By heeding the lessons of the past, you can apply them to the present, thereby ensuring that this will be a better world for all in which to live.
Page 19
Barefoot to America Legson Kayira "Mother, I want to go to America to go to college. Will you give me your permission?" My mother did not know where America was. But she said, "You may go. When will you leave?" I did not want to give her time to discover how far away America was, for fear she would change her mind. "Tomorrow," I said. "Very well. I will prepare some maize for you to eat along the way." Next day, October 14, 1958, I left my home in the village of Mpale in northern Nyasaland (now Malawi). I had only the clothes I wore, a khaki shirt and shorts. I carried the two treasures I owned: a Bible and a copy of Pilgrim's Progress. I carried, too, the maize my mother had given me, wrapped in banana leaves, and a small ax. My goal was a continent and an ocean away, but I did not doubt that I would reach it. I had no idea how old I was. Such things mean little in a land where time is always the same. I suppose I was sixteen or eighteen. My father died when I was young. In 1952 my mother listened to the words of missionaries, with the result that our family became Christian. From the missionaries I learned not only to love God but also that if I was ever to be of value to my village, my people, my country, it would be necessary for me to have an education. At a mission primary school, I learned I had an obligation to use the talents God had given me to make life better for others. In high school I learned about America. I read the life of Abraham Lincoln and grew to love this man who suffered so much to help the enslaved Africans in his country. I read, too, the autobiography of Booker T. Washington, himself born in slavery in America, who had risen to become a benefactor of his people and his country. I realized that it would be only in America that I would receive the training to prepare myself to emulate these men in my own land. My intention was to make my way to Cairo, where I hoped to get passage on a ship to America. Cairo was over 3,000 miles away, a distance I could not comprehend, and I foolishly thought I could walk it in four or five days. In four or five days I was about twentyfive miles from home. Reprinted with permission from Guideposts Magazine. Copyright © 1964, 1995 by Guideposts, Carmel, New York 10512.
Page 20
My food was gone. I had no money, and I did not know what to do, except that I must keep going. I developed a pattern of travel that became my life for more than a year. Villages were usually five or six miles apart, on forest paths. I would arrive at one in the afternoon and ask if I could work to earn food, water, and a place to sleep. When this was possible I would spend the night there, then move on to the next village in the morning. It was not always possible. Tribal languages change every few miles in Africa; often I was among people with whom I could not communicate. This clearly made me a stranger to them, perhaps an enemy; they would not let me into the villages, and I had to sleep in the forests, eating herbs or wild fruit. I soon discovered that my ax sometimes gave people the impression I had come to fight or to steal, so I bartered the ax for a knife I could carry unseen. I was actually defenseless against the forest animals I dreaded; but although I heard them at night, none of them approached me. Malaria mosquitoes, however, were constant companions and I often was sick. . . . find reassurance in solid, real people who can comfortably wear their glitches and their birthmarks without wincing. Individuals with color. They sing in the shower outside the shower. Amanda Martin
But two comforts sustained me: my Bible and my Pilgrim's Progress. Over and over again I read my Bible, particularly finding confidence in the promise "Trust in the Lord with all thine heart, and lean not unto thine own understanding. . . . Then shalt thou walk in thy way safely, and thy foot shall not stumble" (Proverbs 3:5, 23). By the end of 1959 I had walked 1,000 miles to Uganda: where a family took me in and I found a job making bricks. I remained there six months and sent most of my earnings to my mother. In Pilgrim's Progress I read of the tribulations of Christian, who wandered seeking God, and I compared this to my own wanderings. I could not give up, any more that Christian had given up. One afternoon at the U.S. Information Service library in Kampala, I came upon a directory of American colleges. Opening it at random, I saw the name of Skagit Valley College, Mount Vernon, Washington. I had heard that American colleges sometimes gave scholarships to deserving Africans, so I wrote and applied for one. I realized that I might be refused, but was not discouraged: I would write to one school after another in the directory until I found one that would help me. Three weeks later Dean George Hodson replied. I was granted a scholarship and the school would help me find a job. Overjoyed, I went to the American authorities, only to be told I would need a passport and the roundtrip fare in order to obtain a visa. I wrote to my government for a passport but it was refused because I could not tell them when I was born. I wrote to the missionaries who had taught me, and it was through their efforts that I was granted a passport. But I still could not get the visa because I did not have the fare.
Page 21
Still determined, I left Kampala and resumed my trip northward. So strong was my faith that I used my last money to buy my first pair of shoes: I knew I could not walk into Skagit Valley College in my bare feet. I carried the shoes to save them. Across Uganda and into the Sudan, the villages were farther apart and the people were less friendly. Sometimes I had to walk twenty or thirty miles a day to find a place to sleep or to work. At last I reached Khartoum, where I learned that there was an American consulate. Once again I heard about the entrance requirements, this time from ViceConsul Emmett M. Coxson, but Mr. Coxson wrote the college about my plight. Back came a cable. The students, hearing about me and my problems, had raised the fare of $1,700 through benefit parties. I was thrilled, deeply grateful and overjoyed that I had judged Americans correctly for their friendship and brotherhood. I was thankful to God for his guidance and I pledged my future to his service. News that I had walked for more than two years and 2,500 miles circulated in Khartoum. The Communists came to me and offered to send me to school in Yugoslavia, all expenses paid, including travel, and a subsistence during my studies. "I am a Christian," I told them, "and I could not be educated into the kind of man I want to be in your godless schools." They warned me that as an African I would have racial difficulties in the United States, but I had read enough in American newspapers to feel this was a diminishing factor. My religion had taught me that men are not perfect, but as long as they strive to be, they will be pleasing to God. The American effort, I felt, was why the land was so blessed. In December 1960, carrying my two books and wearing my first suit, I arrived at Skagit Valley College. I believe when God has put an impossible dream in your heart, he means to help you fulfill it. It is when we resist God that we remain nothing. When we submit to him, whatever the sacrifice or hardship, we can become far more than we dare dream.
Page 22
Cognitive Distortions 1. AllorNothing Thinking You look at things in absolute, black and white categories. 2. Overgeneralization You view a negative event as a neverending pattern of defeat. 3. Mental Filter You dwell on negatives and ignore or discount the positives. 4. Jumping to Conclusions (A) Mind Reading You assume that people are reacting negatively to you when there is no definite evidence for this. (B) Fortune Telling You arbitrarily predict that things will turn out badly. 5. Catastrophizing You blow things way out of proportion. You notice or hear about a problem and start saying the "What Ifs." 6. Control Fallacies (A) External Control Fallacy You see yourself as helpless, a victim of fate. (B) Internal Control Fallacy You feel responsible for the pain and happiness of everyone around you. 7. "Should" Statements You criticize yourself and other people with "shoulds" or "shouldn'ts." ''Musts," "oughts," and "have tos" fall in this same category. 8. Labeling You identify with your shortcomings. Instead of saying "I made a mistake," you tell yourself, "I'm a jerk," or "a fool," or "a loser." 9. Personalization and Blame You blame yourself for something you weren't entirely responsible for or you blame other people and overlook ways that your own attitudes and behavior might contribute to a problem. 10. Fallacy of Change You expect that other people will change to suit you if you just pressure or cajole them enough. You need to change people because your happiness depends entirely on them. 11. Being Right You feel you are continually on trial to prove that your opinions and actions are correct. 12. Scorekeeper's Fallacy You expect all of your sacrifice and selfdenial will pay off and you feel bitter and drained when the same consideration isn't returned to you. Adapted from D. Burns (1980)
Page 23
Cognitive Restructuring 1. Identify the Distortion Write down your negative thoughts so you can see which of the cognitive distortions you may be using. This will make it easier to think about the problem in a more positive and realistic way. 2. Examine the Evidence Instead of assuming that your negative thought is true, examine the actual evidence for it. For example, if you feel you never do anything right, list several things you have done successfully. 3. The DoubleStandard Method Instead of putting yourself down in a harsh, condemning way, talk to yourself in the same compassionate way you would talk to a friend. 4. The Experimental Technique Do an experiment to test the validity of your negative thought. If you think you are the only person in the class having trouble with the work, ask classmates how they are doing. 5. Thinking in Shades of Gray Instead of thinking about your problems in allornothing extremes, evaluate things on a range of 0 to 100. When things don't work out as well as you had hoped, think about the experience as a partial success rather than a complete failure. Ask what you can learn from it. 6. The Survey Method Ask people to find out if your thoughts and attitudes are realistic. 7. Define Terms When you label yourself "inferior" or "stupid" or "a loser," ask ''What is the definition of 'a loser'? Does that really fit me?" 8. The Semantic Method Substitute language that is less emotionally loaded, especially for "should" statements. Instead of saying, "I shouldn't have made that mistake," you can say "It would be better if I hadn't made that mistake." 9. Reattribution Instead of automatically blaming yourself entirely for a problem, think about the many factors that may have contributed to it. Focus on solving the problem instead of using up all your energy blaming yourself. 10. CostBenefit Analysis List the advantages and disadvantages of a feeling (getting angry when you are running late), a negative thought ("no matter how hard I try, I always screw up"), or a behavior pattern (overeating or lying in bed when you are depressed). Seeing what a negative thought or behavior pattern costs motivates you take an alternate course. 11. Set Healthy Boundaries You are human and you have limits. You can't be all things to all people. You're not on call 24 hours a day. Separate others' problems from your own. It's ok to say, "I'll need to think about your request and get back to you later." It's ok to say, "No, I'm sorry, I cannot accommodate your request." Items 1–10 above were adapted from D. Bums (1989)
Page 24
Group Activities 1. Divide into two groups and label one "the positives" and the other "the negatives." Members of each group assume these attitudinal roles in response to everything that occurs and everyone they interact with. This experience can also be extended into daily life for one day. At the end of the experience write a spontaneous reaction paper to the experience. Discuss the experience and its impact. 2. For discussion, select a mix of two or more positive or negative historical or popular figures, compare and contrast the negative and positive personalities, and imagine how these persons' lives might have been changed if their attitudes had been different. Be prepared to explain why you think the figures you have chosen exhibit a positive or negative attitude and what factors such as family history, life events, and personal choices may have contributed to their attitudes. 3. In discussing how children learn pessimism, Truitt and Ryan state, "Pessimism is cultivated, often through the persistent and powerful negative images of the world in today's media." Evaluate media sources for an assigned period. Cover news sources including television, radio, local and campus newspapers, and national newspapers such as the New York Times. Consider not only the substance of the news reported but the manner of presentation. Discuss your findings to better understand the media's impact. 4. Truitt and Ryan's essay begins with "Art's Story." I realized at that moment that this Outward Bound course was for Art. Its success would have to involve a breakthrough of some sort for him. My hope was that somewhere within the diversity and drama of the experience he would find a moment of glory, a circumstance that would allow some part of his uniqueness to stand out as the deciding factor, an opportunity to redefine his role with his peers and with himself.
Reflect upon the concept of people needing a "breakthrough of some sort" to elevate their selfesteem and optimism. Consider different breakthrough experiences in your life. Are breakthrough experiences ever subtle and quiet? Discuss whether "Art's Story" is realistic for most people. How might Art's learning have changed if he had not been instantly successful on the river? 5. Truitt and Ryan quote three students on pages 10–1 3. Select one and develop a list of points for that student to consider that might alter his or her attitude. Compare lists.
Page 25
Workbook Awareness 1. Describe your first reactions to the word 'Optimism.' Would you describe yourself as an optimistic or pessimistic person? How do you think people who know you best would describe you? Optimism:
I would describe myself as __________ because
Three people who know me well Name
Response
1. 2. 3.
Page 26
2. Optimistic people are described as generally expecting the best possible outcome and dwelling on the most promising aspects of a situation. Using the attitude tracing graph below record three significant events that occurred in your life and your reactions to these events. Image not available. EXAMPLE OF ONE EVENT Image not available. I was feeling fairly optimistic when I went to try out for a part with the University Players. The director kept calling the same people up to read and never did call my name. "They just use their favorites," I thought, "just the theater majors." It made me angry and all I wanted to do was get out of the theater and back to my room. As I was trying to get out the door a girl stopped me and asked if I would work crew. Crew? I didn't want to look like a sore loser so I said, ''Sure" but I didn't expect her to call me either. Susan from the theater had to search me out on campus—they didn't have my signup sheet, and that's why I wasn't called up to read. I don't think I am a pessimistic person, but sometimes I do interpret events negatively instead of giving others the benefit of the doubt.
Page 27
3. Recall a day in your life when you felt the most negative. This day should not be the day of a big tragedy, but instead a regular day when you had a bad attitude. Trace the cause of your attitude. Image not available.
Page 28
4. Construct your family tree using the themes of optimism and pessimism. Include your grandparents, parents, brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, cousins. Choose optimism or pessimism to generally describe each person's attitudes and personality. Most people have some of each attitude, so select which attitude is the most prominent in your opinion. Describe the person's overall sense of health and wellbeing. Include physical and emotional illnesses, addictions, and relationship problems. Look for patterns and themes in your family. What differences do you notice between the optimistic and pessimistic people? Observe patterns of resiliency and abilities to bounce back and learn from experience.
Page 29
5. How do substances affect your attitude and outlook? (Think of your use of alcohol and other drugs, coffee and other caffeine sources, nicotine, sugar or other foods.) List the substances you use and for each describe its effect on your attitude when you use it, when the initial effect is over, and when you forego using it. Reflect on the situations or occasions where you want to or do use this substance and note any patterns you see. Substance
Initial Effect
Aftereffect
Abstinence
Page 30
Belief Discovery 1. Review your Awareness reflections and think about how people are affected by their attitudes. Describe how your overall sense of wellbeing has been affected by your attitudes. Would you like to change your attitudes? My attitudes have affected my sense of wellbeing in the following ways:
I would like to change my attitudes in the following ways:
Page 31
2. Select as many people as you wish to be your optimism models. You may wish to mix family and nonfamily. What characteristics of each person's attitude do you want to include in your life? Be specific. Person
Characteristics
Page 32
3. List several specific ways you can increase your optimism. These might be targeting a particular negative thought pattern, altering a behavior that seems conducive to negative attitudes, or adopting or strengthening a thought pattern or behavior that you find helpful in promoting an optimistic outlook. What I want to change
How I might change it
Page 33
Charting Your Course 1. Select one of the specific plans you listed in the last exercise to implement for the next week. Consider how you will work on it—what reminders you might make for yourself, what difficulties you might encounter. How can you strengthen your resolve if you encounter those difficulties? MY PLAN What I want to do:
How I will do it:
How I will remember to work on my plan:
What difficulties I may run into and how I will handle them:
Page 34
2. At the end of the week, evaluate your success. What has been most helpful? What could be improved? Make any adjustments that you think will be helpful and work on your plan for another week. How I rate the success of my plan:
What worked well:
What needs improvement:
What adjustments I will make:
How I rate the success of my plan for the second week:
Page 35
Two— Values We believe that values at the core of self and community are essential to any meaningful change.
Who am I? What do I stand for? What do I value in my life? Values are like an underground river whose currents influence your life and motivate your most cherished dreams and visions. When you decide to flow with the current you usually feel right with the world. Being true to your values will not protect you from the troubles of living, but it will help you like the person you see in the mirror each morning. Without a clear sense of your basic values, you may feel lost and adrift. When you act against your values it may feel as if you are swimming upstream. No matter how hard you try to swim, you usually find yourself in rough waters. If you were fortunate, your family and your home community taught you values that you can respect and cherish. The shared values that you learned growing up are now part of your life. Just like your hair color or your persistent attitude, they help describe who you are in the world, and define what you stand for. Values are worth cherishing when they have proven to give good and consistent direction to your life. A natural part of growing up is the ongoing experience of sorting out your most cherished values from those that no longer provide reliable guidance. It is like going through a drawer of socks—some you keep, some have worn through and need to be discarded. Even then they can still seem quite comfortable and it may take you a while to let go of them. You now have the privilege and opportunity to clarify for yourself who you are and what you stand for. You can engage in the process of identifying and embracing the values that you believe will lead to a happy and healthy life. You do not have to let life happen to you. Instead, you can make it happen for you.
Page 36
In This Chapter Who Am I? What Do I Stand for? Defining Personal and Shared Values Lisa Faithorn and Joe Baker
37
The Foundations of Community, Health, and Personal Choice Jeffrey Kane
51
Group Activities
64
Workbook
65
Page 37
Who Am I? What Do I Stand for? Defining Personal and Shared Values Lisa Faithorn and Joe Baker The striving to find meaning in our lives is a primary motivational force. Humans can choose to live and even die for the sake of their ideas and values. Gerald Corey
As members of the human species we share with other people basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, community, and safety. We also share the capacity to be self aware, the knowledge that we have a past and a future, the understanding that we are mortal and will one day die, and the deep need for ways to make sense out of our lives and the world in which we live. In addition to the similarities we share, there are also vast differences. We are distinct individuals growing up in different families, in different societies, with different worldviews. From the moment we wake up in the morning until we fall asleep at night, indeed even as we dream, every experience we have—waking and sleeping—is shaped by the core assumptions, beliefs, and values that we uniquely hold. Together these form both our worldview and our sense of selfidentity. Values also provide the foundation for defining meaning and seeking purpose in our lives, critical aspects of fulfillment and wellbeing. We live in a complex and troubling world where people of all ages, lifestyles, and backgrounds are struggling hard to make new choices and find new meanings as old familiar ones are falling away. Gerald and Marianne Corey in I Never Knew I Had a Choice express the concerns of countless others when they say: Many who are fortunate enough to achieve power, fame, success, and material comfort nevertheless experience a sense of emptiness. Although they may not be able to articulate what is lacking in their lives, they know that something is amiss. . . . Although our achievements as a society are enormous, we seem to be hovering on the very brink of disaster, not only from internal conflict but also from societal incoherence.
Futurist and systems thinker Ervin Laszlo in Choice: Evolution or Extinction? discusses the unsustainability of industrial society, echoing the
Page 38
call for new vision and values and emphasizing the importance of individual and group choices. In the closing years of the twentieth century, our world has become unsustainable. The classical empires of Babylonia, Egypt, China and India endured for thousands of years. But the industrial societies that first emerged in Europe and North America are not more than a few centuries old, and they are not likely to be sustainable for much longer. Progressive environmental degradation and excessive levels of resource exploitation go hand in hand with mounting unemployment and rising criminality, economic and social polarization, and ethnic strife. . . . We are forced to choose because the processes we have initiated in our lifetime cannot continue in the lifetime of our children. Whatever we do either creates the framework for continuing the supreme adventure of life and consciousness on this planet, or sets the stage for its termination.
Philosopher and social activist Joanna Macy also speaks about the ongoing frustrations and lack of meaning so many of us experience today as we search for satisfying career paths, supportive relationships, joyful activities, and secure home lives. She believes this emptiness stems from the despair and outrage one inevitably feels, even without realizing it, when confronted with the seemingly unsolvable problems and suffering we are faced with in our world. You and I share common knowledge and common fears about what is happening to our world. We live in an extraordinary time—here at this moment on planet Earth. From news reports and from our environment, we are bombarded by signals of distress—of toxic wastes and famines and expiring species, of arms and wars and preparations for war. These boggle the mind and stir within us feelings of dread, anger, and sorrow, even though we may never express them. By virtue of our humanity, we share these deep responses.
Rapid change in societies all over the world has indeed produced anxiety and uncertainty, yet there is also much energy and excitement. Everywhere you can also find people individually or together making choices for a sustainable future for themselves and their children. Perhaps this is you. It is certainly the path you can choose for yourself and demonstrate to others. Sociologist Paul Ray recently published the results of his eightyear study on contemporary values and lifestyles in American society. He sees the United States as ''a society in transition, a society moving toward an emerging 'Integral Culture' concerned with values focused on spiritual transformation, ecological sustainability and the worth of the feminine" (Ray 1996, pp. 2–3). Based on his survey research Ray
Page 39
identified 44 million people or 24 percent of the adult population of the U.S. as Transmodernists, who no longer embrace many of the values associated with either of the other two key groups in American society, the Traditionalists and the Modernists. The Traditionalists (29 percent of the population) are characterized as those who strive to maintain lifestyles associated with an earlier American era of small towns and rural communities, closeknit nuclear families, fundamentalist religious orientations, conservative social values. The Modernist worldview (47 percent of the population) emerged out of the shifts in America (and much of the rest of the world) due to industrialization, the devastations of two major world wars, massive population migrations, urbanization, and technological innovation. Modernists, according to Ray's definition, recognize the validity of more than one religious belief, lifestyle, or worldview. This group embraces secularism, scientific rationality, a strong belief in the benefits of the nationstate, high technology, centralized political, social, and economic institutions, and corporate capitalism. It is interesting to consider our own families of origin to see if our upbringing more closely resembles the Traditionalist or the Modernist orientation. When a person lives her life to impress others she begins to deplete the needs of her soul. Beth Parin
Transmodernists share values that include: a commitment to ecological sustainability and the changes in lifestyle that further this; a global orientation that motivates traveling abroad and an appreciation of other cultures; an emphasis on decentralization, bioregional communities, collaboration and consensus; a concern for women's issues and the modeling of flexible and egalitarian gender roles; altruism, selfactualization, and spirituality; expressions of social conscience and a serviceoriented engagement with the world. The Transmodern worldview mainly emerged since World War II and has been growing at an accelerating pace, especially in recent decades. However Ray emphasized that those who share Transmodernist values have not organized into a coherent social movement. Rather he found that one of the characteristics of those embracing Transmodernism is a perception that there are only a very few others who share similar beliefs and values. Thus, although he concludes that Transmodernism is the likely direction our society will take, this is not a foregone conclusion. The future of American society depends upon the values each of us embrace as we grapple with the decisions about what constitutes a desirable life. It is not only American society that is in the midst of a sea change, as old values are reassessed and new ones are forged. This same dynamic can now be seen all over the planet. Given the magnitude of the changes occurring in the social, cultural, economic, and environmental dimensions of the world as we know it, the wisest among us recognize that we are all students, whatever our circumstances. We can only benefit from becoming more familiar with the core assumptions, beliefs, and values
Page 40
we currently hold in order to assess them for alignment with our visions for a desirable future. We all need to learn the parameters of our newly globalized condition and renew our respect for life. Author and philosopher Gary Zukav in The Seat of the Soul has written eloquently of the consequences of a life without reverence: Our behavior and values are so shaped by perceptions that lack reverence that we do not know what it is like to be reverent. When we curse a competitor or strive to take instead of to give, we labor without reverence. When we strive at the expense of another person's safety, we deprive ourselves of the protection of reverence. When we judge one person as superior and another as inferior we depart from reverence. When we judge ourselves, we do the same thing. Business, politics, education, sex, raising families and personal interactions without reverence all produce the same result: human beings using other human beings. . . . It is not possible for a reverent person to exploit his or her friends, co workers, city, nation, or planet.
Culture and Reality: Key Assumptions, Beliefs, and Values As members of the human species, we share with other people the experience of being socialized into our own culture's key assumptions, beliefs, and values, although the specifics of these differ radically from one social group to another. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, assumptions are premises taken for granted or accepted as true without proof Our assumptions determine our experience of reality. They result in our understanding of "the way it is" and define such things as what it means to be human, the nature of time and space, and what constitutes appropriate relationships with the larger natural and social world. For example, in American society time is experienced as a commodity. We save it, run out of it, waste it, gain it. We are interested in making the best use of time and tend toward the view that a productive life is accomplished by doing one thing at a time. Time is linear. There is a past which is behind us, a present which is now, and a future which lies ahead. We can also be behind time, just in time, or ahead of time. Our core assumptions are not necessarily shared by other cultures. In many societies time is not linear but cyclical. The cycles may be seasonal ones as in many agrarian cultures, ritual ones based on changes in the life cycle, or cycles of vast dimensions as in the Vedantic traditions of South Asia or the Mayan tradition. For many people outside mainstream American culture, the best way to proceed through a day is not by focusing on "one thing at a time" but precisely the opposite—doing many things simultaneously. If we stop to explore the core assumptions of different societies, we can see that they lead to vastly different worldviews. However, we tend to embrace our own worldview so deeply and with so little consciousness that we seldom recognize the key assumptions that actually shape
Page 41
our own realities and we rarely consider the validity of alternatives. Yet our capacity to survive and thrive is greatly enhanced by developing awareness of ourselves and others at this deep level. Beliefs are the mental convictions held about the truth or actuality of something. We live our lives according to deeply held convictions about what it means to be human. These initial beliefs develop early in our lives through the influences of our families, our social institutions, and our cultures. As authors O'Connor and Seymour point out: When we believe something, we act as if it is true. This makes it difficult to disprove; beliefs act as strong perceptual filters. Events are interpreted in terms of the belief, and exceptions prove the rule. What we do maintains and reinforces what we believe. Beliefs are not just maps of what has happened but blueprints for future actions. Positive beliefs are permissions to turn on our capabilities. Beliefs create results. There is a saying " Whether you believe you can or can't do something . . . You're right."
Unfortunately, we are not systematically taught that the beliefs we acquire are relative to a particular context, rather than absolute. That is to say, they are not inherently right or wrong, but vary from culture to culture and from one human being to another. For example, in our own society we learn the importance of scientific proof, we trust in our abilities to master nature, and we prize individual freedom and personal privacy. In contrast, the Highlands people of Papua New Guinea learn the skills of divination, the curative properties of local plants, and the importance of group solidarity, ongoing sharing of resources, and strong ties of kinship. When we meet others who operate with beliefs and convictions different from our own, a common response is to judge them as wrong or misguided and ourselves as correct and somehow morally superior. This perspective is an expression of ethnocentrism—the belief that only one's own society's interpretations of reality are right and true. Ethnocentrism seems to be one of the few identifiable human universals and underlies much of the conflict between human groups, historically and in contemporary times. Nevertheless, most of us have had the experience of changing certain convictions when exposed to other points of view that speak to us in meaningful ways. When we deeply respect or care for another person, this becomes a strong motivation for being open to beliefs they may hold that challenge our own. We can most likely think of a relative, friend, teacher, or loved one who has had a transformative impact on our own convictions. In these instances we were willing to openly assess our beliefs, decided they no longer reflected our experience, and moved to embrace new views. It is clearly much more difficult to do this when we feel negatively
Page 42
about another. Yet in all forms of conflict resolution the ongoing examination of one's own beliefs in the light of hearing others speak of their own convictions is an important step toward finding common ground. Values refer to principles, standards, or qualities that we consider worthwhile or desirable. Our culture teaches us certain core values that we share with others in our own society. Additionally as individuals, we belong to many different social groups or subcultures, often simultaneously, and each of these groups require somewhat different identities. Each of these identities is generally associated with certain values which we are normally expected to embrace in order to function predictably within that identity structure. Interestingly enough, if we stop to take a look, we'll see that we quite often move in and out of these identities with relative ease, although they may be associated with values that actually conflict. For instance when we are spending time on campus and interacting with groups of friends we may be operating according to different values than when we go home to our families of origin for the holidays. Or we may find that we have different circles of friends, representing different value orientations that we adopt depending on whom we are with. This can result in real internal conflict when the expectations of our subcultures feel out of synch with our own selfidentities. We have many identities, some assigned and some freely chosen. As we move through our lifecycles old identities disappear and new ones emerge. For example, from the point of view of American social identities, we are male or female, a family member, a member of a specific ethnic group or groups, part of a group with a specific sexual orientation. Perhaps we are a neighbor, a dorm resident, a classmate, a part of a religious community, a sports team member, a musician, an employee, a community activist, or a volunteer. We may be a member of generation X, a baby boomer, or a senior citizen, physically or mentally challenged, an artist, a computer whiz. And the list goes on. Each of these social identities or roles carries certain expectations on the part of others as well as our own internalized expectation of ourselves when we are expressing those identities. It is also the case that our most deeply held personal values tend to be unwavering and closely connected with our own sense of self. But have Definitions Assumptions are premises taken for granted or accepted as true without proof. Beliefs are the mental convictions about the truth or actuality of something Values refer to principles, standards, or qualities that we consider worthwhile or desirable.
Page 43
we really developed a robust sense of self, or know what our personal values are? In their analysis of contemporary American society, Gerald and Marianne Corey point out: A major problem for many people is that they have lost a sense of self because they have directed their search for identity outside themselves. In their attempt to be liked and accepted by everyone, they have become finely tuned to what others expect of them but alienated from their own inner desires and feelings. As Rollo May observes, they are able to respond but not to choose. Indeed, May sees inner emptiness as the chief problem in contemporary society; too many of us, he says have become "hollow people" who have very little understanding of who we are or what we feel.
Filling that hollowness about which Rollo May speaks can be very challenging. All people in all cultures undergo extremely effective processes of socialization and conditioning in order to learn what is "right" and "wrong," ''good" and "bad," "possible," "permissible," or "desirable." It is difficult to open up to new possibilities when surrounded with strong pressures to conform to prevailing values. Irvin D. Yalom discusses this issue in Existential Psychotherapy: Those [individuals] belonging to a particular culture have some shared conception about "what is" and, from this conception, develop a shared belief system about "what must be done." Social norms emanate from a meaning schema that has the consensus of the group, and provide the predictability necessary for social trust and cohesion. A shared belief system tells individuals what they ought to do and what others probably will do as well.
People who act in ways that are at odds with the shared assumptions, beliefs, and values of their families, communities, or other social groups are generally subjected to intense social pressure and labeled as "eccentric," " rebellious," "deviant," "crazy," or in more extreme instances, "bad seeds," "misfits," or "outlaws." To avoid the pain of rejection and because we humans are social animals with strong needs for belonging, we are often compelled to keep our questions to ourselves and try to "fit in," even when we know we do not feel comfortable. Clearly, we live in a complex and interdependent world of multiple and competing worldviews. How do we set priorities? Where are the environments that encourage selfreflection? How can our educational institutions become more consistently supportive of values clarification as part of the overall curriculum? We are challenged as never before to understand why our assumptions, beliefs, and values may not be the most adaptive in today's world. Until we seriously consider how to define our
Page 44
own most deeply held personal values, with an awareness of the larger context in which we live, we will not be in a position to make meaningful change. Making Meaningful Change The relationship between values and meaningful change is important because our values underlie the choices, large and small, that we continually make as individuals and in groups. Choices that are made with a clear understanding of present conditions, aligned with a sustainable and socially just vision of life, can contribute to the collective wellbeing of our planet. Choices that are routinely generated from habit, reactivity, or a narrow focus of selfinterest, individually or collectively, add to the world's chaos and suffering. This seems straightforward enough, but it is extremely difficult to intentionally change fundamental beliefs and values. That applies even when it is clear that such change is in our own, and our planet's, best interests. Core beliefs and values are so deeply ingrained within us as individuals, and so pervasive in our social institutions, that by the time we are old enough to consciously consider our range of life choices, we have already been conditioned to accept only a narrow range of possibilities. Changing our fundamental worldview is like a fish recognizing its water is being polluted and attempting to change it unaided. Our schools, families, and communities do not consistently teach the skills needed to make deep changes and there is little opportunity to practice the art of sharing and clarifying values through common activity. It is increasingly clear that we live in a world where critical local and global problems are resulting from some of the beliefs and values we hold most dear in American society. One underlying assumption is that economic growth and increasing consumption equal human prosperity. Even now, with undeniable evidence that the earth cannot support an everincreasing population and an everexpanding economy, many people do not truly understand and act upon this premise. Changing basic values and practices is difficult despite the fact that the industrialized world, particularly the United States, consumes a vastly disproportionate share of the earth's resources. Personal freedom and individual choice are highly valued by our society, but if our lifestyles compromise the quality of life for others, as is often the case, how can the importance of one's personal priorities be justified in the face of another's suffering? In their work, Gerald and Marianne Corey discuss the important insights about American society that are contained in Robert Bellah's Habits of the Heart. "Bellah and his associates assert that the core problem with our society is that we have put our own good, as individuals and as groups, ahead of the common good." A reality check these days for the general appropriateness of one's beliefs and values might be to ask the question: Will this hold true, right, correct for not only me as an
Page 45
individual but also for the collective wellbeing? Does this lead to a sustainable future for all? Given how quickly the world is changing, the answer may be no. The Importance of Collaboration Today's challenges cannot be solved by individuals, communities, cultures or nations working independently. The problems are complex and require solutions that involve collaboration and the seeking of shared values among people who may have vastly different views of reality. In the recent past, and for many people still today, diversity is typically seen as problematic, if not downright threatening. However, there is now growing awareness that diversity is essential for resolving difficult issues. Rigoberto Menchu (1993, p. ix) who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for her courageous stance toward the Guatemalan government in defense of her fellow Mayan Indians, said, "None of the grave and deeprooted problems of the world can be resolved without the full participation of the indigenous peoples. Similarly, the indigenous peoples require the cooperation of the other sectors of society." One could say that the voices of all cultures and of all sectors of society must be represented in the search for the solutions we need today. Learning Values The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius (121–180 C.E.) began his writing on Stoic philosophy by acknowledging the source of his values. It is possible that he learned a value by observing negative examples as well as positive ones. Below are selections from his list. From my grandfather Verus I [I learned] good morals and the government of my temper. From the reputation and remembrance of my father, modesty and a manly character. From my mother, piety and beneficence and abstinence, not only from evil deeds, but even from evil thoughts. . . . From Diognetus, not to busy myself about trifling things. . . . From Rusticus, I received the impression that my character required improvement and discipline. . . . From Sextus, a benevolent disposition and the example of a family governed in a fatherly manner, and the idea of living in tune with nature. . . . From Alexander the grammarian, to refrain from faultfinding. . . . From Catulus, not to be indifferent when a friend finds fault, even if he should find fault without reason. From Maximus, I learned . . . cheerfulness in all circumstances, as well as in illness.
Page 46
We are challenged to learn how to identify and assess our own individual values and work toward developing shared values. People everywhere urgently need to come together on a regular basis to speak and listen respectfully from the heart, as they consider issues important to themselves and to their communities as a whole. Furthermore, in order to be relevant in the present, organizations, schools, and communities must reassess and clearly articulate their own missions and goals in ways that invite all members of their communities to participate. This process of collaborative learning together, embracing the creative strengths of our differences, grappling with complex problems, working with attention to pace and energy, and committing to work for consensus and the inclusion of all voices is not highly valued in our society today. Rarely is collaborative learning consistently encouraged or rewarded in our organizations, communities, and schools, let alone in the workplace or even within the family. The skills needed to engage in group learning and collaboration are not found in most curricula, training programs, or family interactions. Instead we live in a society that values hierarchy, encourages competition, rewards individual achievement, and often feels threatened by diversity. Yet we wonder why stress levels are so high and problems seem to be getting worse! The common dilemma for so many of us today is—"I know I can't do it alone, but I don't know how to work with others." Learning to Learn Together Six people at a conference sit down together in a circle—we are strangers meeting for the first time. One of our tasks is to explore the topic of shared values and its relevance to the transformation of our educational institutions into healthy and vital environments. Our group includes males and females of different ages, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, spiritual affiliations, life experiences, and orientations to the world. We come from different parts of the country, with various agendas and concerns. Some of our differences are visible—immediately obvious by the way we look—but others appear only as we talk and as we work intensively together. Some of these differences result in conflicts and tensions, as deeply held personal values conflict with the values of others. We experience frustration, anger, despair, and exhaustion as we collectively strive to find common ground. We also share joy, solidarity, humor, a growing compassion and respect as we hang in together, not avoiding disagreement and tension, while struggling to make room for new understandings and deeper wisdoms to emerge. When the topic of substance abuse on campuses is opened, one member tells how angry and distressed she feels about people and their problems being talked about in such sweeping general terms, treated as "dysfunctions" and "categories." Those people could be her friends, her
Page 47
loved ones, or even herself. We learn from this the importance of being specific, of the hurtfulness of stereotyping. We begin to more fully appreciate the complexities of this issue. As discussion continues, different attitudes emerge, ranging from ambivalence to the viewpoint that the problem of substance abuse is so serious that total abstinence is the only answer. Most of us find ourselves somewhere between these two extremes. The discussion becomes energized as we challenge each other's thinking, search for signs of apathy and hypocrisy, and seek to express the central core of each idea. The importance of "walking the talk" becomes a major group focus. Many of us feel passionately about the need to broaden the context of the discussion. We think of social injustices stemming from unequal distribution of power and privilege, the economic hardships faced by many, and the ecological crises affecting everyone. A check to identify what each group member feels strongly enough about to "die for" further reveals our deeply held values and identifies common concerns. Many stories emerge as the discussion is pursued, clarifying both commonalties and differences among the group. By the end of our threeday meeting, we have begun to function as a working team. By now we have developed a collective commitment to work toward consensus and find ways to prevent anyone from being dominated by a majority will. An atmosphere of respectful interaction that gives permission for all to express thoughts and try out new ideas in a safe environment is established and we work hard to maintain it. No one fights unfairly for their own views to prevail, nor do we back away when strong emotions and disagreements erupt. When tired, we take breaks for rest and refreshment, for moving and stretching our bodies, for being outdoors, for play, and for quiet reflection. During the time together, each group member finds ways to deeply listen as well as speak his or her own truths. By the end of the meeting we have identified the group's shared values as well as clarified individually held values that are not shared by all. We agree that we have taken an exciting journey together, one that produced a new mission statement we each are committed to taking back to our respective schools, organizations, and communities. However, of greater importance was the collaborative learning process itself, giving us all a deeper experience of how we are both individuals and members of a group with visions, concerns, and goals in common, based on shared values. The meeting described above did occur and we were part of that group. This is just one example of how diverse people are coming together to rethink our key social institutions in light of new understandings. Is this an experience that sparks your imagination or whets your appetite? Do you want to feel that you are regarded as an important member of your organization, community, or campus? Would you like to know that your ideas and feelings matter to those who define policies, set
Page 48
rules, offer services, and design curricula? If so, it is important for you to find ways on your own campuses and communities to come together with others who share a commitment to social change and who would welcome your participation. It is important to remember the adage that unless we are aware of history we are destined to repeat it. This simple statement is profoundly true both for individuals and for the group as a whole. Like other animals, humans are creatures of habit, and when we learn ways of responding to the world that appear to have positive results for our wellbeing, these behaviors become the standard for "the way things should be done." That may have real survival value unless we are overlooking important negative feedback or the larger environment undergoes change. An old proverb says that there are two kinds of fools: one who says "this is old and therefore good" and the other who says "this is new and therefore good." Thus, staying connected to and expanding our knowledge about the present is critical in order to stay flexible enough to find our way towards a sustainable future. The process of change, individual and global, is ongoing and by all accounts accelerating. Recent changes have been characterized by many as representing a shift from the industrial to the information age. Thomas Berry suggests that we are globally undergoing a shift from the technological to the ecological age and addresses the implications of this change for the American college: College should be a center for creating . . . more encompassing visions as well as for communicating such visions to students. The college student in the late twentieth century needs to be involved in a significant historical as well as a significant personal process. Neither of these can function effectively without the other. College students should feel that they are participants in one of the most significant centuries ever to take place in the history of the planet.
Communities and families, colleges and universities must prepare for these revolutionary challenges in order to fulfill their educational mandates. Important questions for personal and shared values are: 1. What values allow me to bring forth the best in myself and others? 2. What are the values that are being called forth from human societies in order for us to collaboratively restore the health and vitality of the larger systems on which our lives depend? 3. What values are needed to guide the necessary transformations of our social institutions, including our educational institutions, so that they may be positive forces for healing in a world of unequal power and privilege?
Page 49
4. What values are most conducive to preparing us for rapid change resulting in a more social, just, and sustainable world? 5. What values do we personally hold that are counter to what we identify as important for the whole? 6. How can we set up support systems for ourselves as part of our school environment that can help us make the changes we want and need to make? 7. How can we equip ourselves with the skills necessary to continue to nurture our sense of connection with self and others once we leave school and move on into other chapters of our lives? Imagine participating in ongoing learning groups like the one described in this chapter throughout your college career—groups in which you are honored as a unique individual with an important contribution to make to the world; groups that provide you with an opportunity to discover and assess your own most deeply held beliefs and values; groups that support you while engaged in the difficult process of determining if your personal worldview is consonant with a positive future for yourself and for others. This opportunity to clarify personal and shared values and to actively participate in articulating and implementing your school's mission and goals can be the beginning of greater opportunites to help create meaningful change.
Page 50
Tips for Learning Groups 1. If possible meet where there is access to a blackboard and take turns being in charge of noting ideas or important points as they arise in the discussion so that everyone in the group can see them. 2. Traditionally a moderator would be chosen to keep the discussion moving and to make sure that everyone had the opportunity to contribute. Ideally, each member of the group would take responsibility in this matter. If members of the group are not accustomed to group discussion a moderator may be useful at the beginning. 3. Focus on the selected topic of the discussion. It is helpful to have this written down on the blackboard. If it needs some introduction or context, especially if there are new members present, give this background at the beginning of the discussion. Allow time before and/or after the discussion for socializing and use gentle reminders to keep members on topic. (For example, remind them that they can discuss the upcoming football game during the refreshment break.) 4. Use polite reminders to keep any one member from monopolizing the discussion, to prevent the discussion from becoming a oneonone exchange between two members, and to elicit input from quieter members of the group. (For example, "Your point is welltaken, Dave. We want to know what the others think. Sarah, how does this fit with your view?") 5. Ask members to define terms. Misunderstandings often arise when people are using the same word to mean different things. This is especially true of abstract concepts. Ask if they can give an example of what they mean to clarify it for the group. 6. Summarize frequently. It is helpful to summarize the statement of a fellow member to make sure that you understand it. Summarize the discussion as a whole at various points in the discussion and at the end of the discussion. Notes on the blackboard facilitate this. 7. Agree to disagree. Different and conflicting views should be recognized. Summaries which clarify the disagreement are helpful. Try to determine if the disagreement reflects individual standpoints or affects the work of the group as a whole. A conflict between individual standpoints (what pizza topping is best) is recognized and respected, a conflict affecting the group (what pizza to order) requires a solution worked out by the group. 8. Information gathering. Frequently a discussion falters due to lack of relevant information or disagreements arise over some ascertainable state of affairs (for example, how the student handbook addresses a certain matter). The group can postpone that line of discussion until the information is available. Depending on the topic, a factfinding committee may do preparatory work before the discussion. 9. Stay flexible. As the group works together, new topics may emerge, some topics may seem less relevant, others may require more discussion. Take time to evaluate and adjust.
Page 51
The Foundations of Community, Health, and Personal Choice Jeffrey Kane Seeing Unity Beyond Fragmentation In the seventeenth century, philosopher René Descartes set about to establish a methodological foundation for a scientific understanding of the world. His books, Discourse on Method and The Meditations, are widely acknowledged as the founding works of modern philosophy. Although philosophy has evolved over the centuries, Descartes' influence is still very strong in the way we think and, in particular, solve problems. We are indebted to him for the clarity and precision he brought to Western philosophy and science, but, as we shall see, we also suffer from some of his limitations. Descartes' objective was to discover truth, to create a system of absolute knowledge that would not change from person to person or time to time. The essence of his method was to doubt everything until he could find propositions that could not, under any circumstances, be denied. With those certainties in mind, he then could apply precise reasoning to discover additional truths. Using this method, Descartes doubted everything until at last he found he could not doubt that he was thinking. Even if his thoughts were misguided, the fact remained that he had to exist in order to think them. He concluded, "I think, therefore I am." However, it is essential to recognize that Descartes' "I am" was not Descartes, the person, but a thought, a conclusion. The "I" at the beginning of the sentence, the seeker of Truth, is entirely different than the "I am," the abstraction, at the close of the sentence. Philosopher William Barrett explains that Descartes' "I am'' is a product of thought and not the "I" that lives and breathes in intimacy with its body, enmeshed in memories, anxious about death, and possibly hoping, if it dare, for some kind of salvation. Barrett continues, "But having thus abstracted the mind from its world, Descartes is hard put to get it back into the world. For that purpose, he must have invoked the help of God," the need for God to exist. Without him, Descartes' system of thinking would disintegrate. Descartes reasoned that since he had the idea of perfect being, and since he himself was imperfect, the idea could not have come from him. Therefore, God must exist. The reasoning here is seriously flawed; Descartes could just have concluded that since he himself is imperfect,
Page 52
his idea of a perfect being simply was a misguided product of his mind. He could have concluded that the idea was wrong. The point of this discussion of Descartes is not to analyze his thinking, but to use him as a starting point to reflect on our thinking. First, let us consider the significance of the assumption that he could understand the world by breaking it into discrete pieces that he could then bind with logic. His method abstracted experiences and ideas so that they had no context. His concept of the "I am" is a case in point. The "I am" we experience, our sense of being itself, has no place in such abstraction. Second, we can see how deeply Descartes was influenced by the cultural assumptions of his time. He claimed to have reasoned to God, but as Barrett concludes, Descartes' argument was an intuition, "valid and compelling for some minds as soon as they reflect upon the mystery of existence." Descartes' conclusion that God exists was an affirmation of the deep cultural assumptions of his time, so deep that he did not see how they shaped his thinking. In human history most of our sources of wisdom, insight, and inspiration have come back to that essential element, the decision to act kindly, selflessly toward one's fellow humans, as the main part of how to live a good life, a life of value and worth. Hanoch McCarty
We are Descartes' intellectual heirs and we have inherited his method of reductivist thinking. Over the centuries, this method has gone through various changes, but it is as deeply ingrained in us as the assumptions of his time were in him. Our thinking is, in significant measure, shaped by the belief that understanding can be achieved by breaking problems or issues into explicit information that we can reconstruct to suit our aims. We, today, are as tacitly influenced by our Cartesian assumptions as was Descartes by the theistic presuppositions of his time. Reductionism can be quite useful on a practical level, but it is problematic when we begin to think the world itself, rather than our thinking, is composed of fragmented separate objects. Physicist David Bohm maintains that all things exist in dynamic interaction. He explains that "the idea of a separately and independently existent particle is seen to be, at best, an approximation furnishing a valid approximation only in a certain limited domain. Ultimately, the entire universe has to be understood as a single, undivided whole, in which analysis into separately and independently existent parts has no fundamental status." In the biological sciences, Gregory Bateson, a renowned biologist and anthropologist, described the dynamic force underlying creation as "the pattern which connects." He held that there are principles underlying the form and structure of the biological world which can be understood essentially only as a musician might understand the fluid themes flowing through a symphony. Bateson maintains that nothing exists in isolation. All things exist in symmetries, ratios, in patterns of relationship which give things their form and structure. Bateson explains that we need to grasp the flow of the pattern, the ways in which the cells and the organs on the one side and ecosystems on the other weave together to
Page 53
create the animals and plants we see. We can begin to understand these formative forces at work in creating an organism only as we develop what Bateson calls "aesthetic" sensibilities. One way to understand Bateson's point is to consider a physical analysis of Mozart's Requiem. If we were to conduct our analysis in terms of amplitude, frequency, duration, and sequence of sounds made by the instruments, we could never discover the principles at work in the music. An individual note extracted from its place and analyzed as a physical phenomenon could never lead to the discovery of the meaning which shaped it and that flows through it as an integral part of the symphony. So it is in the biological sciences that the principles that shape and maintain organic life transcend the information available through chemical analysis. Reductionist thinking becomes especially problematic when we apply it to understanding ourselves. We mistakenly begin to see ourselves as fragmented, where what we do in one part of our lives is separable from the things we do elsewhere. Furthermore, we can lose sight of deep assumptions as they shape our judgments while believing we are free of the influence of culture and community. In this context, Bohm states, "it is not an accident that our fragmentary form of thought is leading to such a widespread range of crises, social, political, economic, ecological, psychological, etc., in the individual and in society as a whole." It is in this perspective that the contributors of this book attempt to provide a framework for holistic college health as well as understanding, diminishing, and hopefully eliminating the epidemic abuse of alcohol and other drugs on college campuses. The seven health principles upon which the book rests do not pertain directly to drug and alcohol abuse; rather, they speak holistically about the dynamic aspects of being, of human meaning and purpose as they flow through each of us individually and all of us collectively. Drug and alcohol abuse is not a problem which can be resolved solely by identifying a malevolent gene or any other singular cause. We need to look more deeply into the generative forces at work within us as human beings. Addiction may, in some cases, have a genetic component, but substance abuse, more generally, is a function of the way we live our lives, of our sense of meaning or meaninglessness, of the way we live in community or isolation, of the way we find our identity or simply accept that we are lost. These deeper factors determine the "calculus" of our interaction with alcohol and other drugs. Horticulturists know that insects are less likely to attack a healthy plant. Many of them focus their efforts on the preparation of soil or irrigation rather than on the use of pesticides to ward off insects. Similarly, we believe substance abuse will diminish as a choice in college communities where work has been done to create a sound foundation of meaning and fundamental responsibility. The principles in this book relate not just to drugs and alcohol. Rather they are offered as guidelines for
Page 54
the development of caring communities and as a reflective context for all individuals to make sound, healthy choices. Toward Shared Vision In the summer of 1996, Time reported that colleges and universities throughout the United States were reintroducing "spiritual considerations" into the curriculum. The concern was that the colleges and universities, despite their capacity for creating and transmitting knowledge, at times have failed to orient students as human beings in the world. It seems that the more stress on specific disciplines and discrete areas of knowledge, the more questions of human purpose, meaning, and responsibility have faded from consideration. It is easy for each of us individually, and all of us collectively, to lose sight of who we are and what we are doing. Unfortunately, colleges and universities have defined spirituality in terms of ethics and have assumed that students could manage fundamental issues of human existence within the context of various models of ethical analysis. What seems to be missing here is the understanding that the various choices we make and the ethical systems we develop very much depend upon the way we have learned to understand the world and ourselves. Just as Descartes' "objective method" of doubt and reductivism led to the conclusion that indeed reaffirmed his own unrecognized assumptions, so the modern educators and students fail to see how deeply ingrained and limited are their generative assumptions. The noted economist E. F. Schumacher once observed that we actually think from our values, rather than to our values. His point is that we establish our values not through critical analysis, but primarily through the generative, though tacit, cultural assumptions we acquire through our broad educational experience. He argued that we encounter the world with a basic sense of cultural assumptions (including, for example, reductivism), a "tool kit," as he called it, with which we construct our systems of thought and value. We need to unveil, rather than merely apply, what we assume. In this context, the ultimate commitments and beliefs of an individual cannot be confined to a method of analysis and the fundamental assumptions shared by a community cannot be relegated to a corner of the curriculum. The judgments we make as individuals are grounded in the vision we have of ourselves and the world, and the commitments we make in a community are an expression of shared perspective. Despite the fact that we do not often recognize it, colleges and universities do provide not only information, but models of knowing and being—contexts for individuals to develop as distinct human beings. The fact that the guiding vision of a college or university may be indistinct or confused, intellectually sound or riddled with internal contradictions, does not diminish or reduce its generative role in unfolding what
Page 55
a student feels, thinks, and does. The community will likely be chaotic rather than focused, relativistic rather than morally purposeful. The very separation of academic study from the matters of ultimate concern, or the segregation of such concerns to a set of courses, provides students with a framework for fragmenting themselves. The contributors of the chapters of this book believe that the basic health questions college students face, including but not limited to the place of alcohol and other mindaltering substances in their lives, must be understood in terms of the shared visions of their respective communities. Colleges and universities can and do provide "basic tools," to use Schumacher's expression, that students have to make their primary life choices. Because students are profoundly affected by everything from family to the media, colleges and universities provide a profoundly influential environment for students to continue lifelong growth. Whether a student senses that college plays such a role is not significant. The primary issue is what he or she develops in the way of a capacity for knowing the world and self. The seven health principles of this book speak to the essential questions of what the world is, what we ought to do as human beings, and indeed, who we are. We often think of ideas as concepts or symbols representing various things and their relationships. This representational model makes ideas "things" that, for example, can be stored in books or computers. Although this conception has its value when working with information, it has its limits when we turn to ideas that engage our imaginations to perceive patterns and relationships in the world or ideas that awaken us to everything from the redemptive power of love to the vulgarity of poverty, to the misery of loneliness, to the inert joy of material success. The ideas that undergird the principles are fluid and intuitive; they cannot be grasped in the abstract or be understood with the power of reason alone. These premises can be understood only through inner activity, only as a quickening to what calls us within and without. They are not concepts, objects of thought; they are in the human "implicate order" of human being; they are experiences that we reason from rather than to. Reductivism will fail us here. Understood in this way, the basic ideas described below allow for growth and change with coherence and consistency in the principles themselves just as the living body allows for continuity and growth with content. The World Has a Moral Order Although it is uncommon in postmodern times to suggest that the world, including human beings, has a moral order, that is precisely where we begin. We do not view the world as a chaotic admixture of energy and matter. The world is not reducible to atoms and the mathematics of electromagnetism. Neither are the living creatures of the world
Page 56
simply chemical machines. There is a unifying purpose to creation, a purpose in which all things have their place. One may agree that such a declaration of faith may seem to be contrary to the demands of reason informed by science. However, materialistic science, by definition, can neither disclose nor deny moral purpose; it is incapable of transcending the material forces. By way of comparison, imagine a physicist from a distant planet coming to earth and finding what we know to be a watch. In analyzing the watch, our alien physicist might weigh it, note its density, size, shape, and soon might begin to identify component parts. Yet in spite of the sophistication and precision of such research, this physicist would never know that the watch was created to measure time. The purpose giving rise to the watch cannot be found within its parts or, indeed, all the parts together; the role of time cannot be identified in any of the systems of interlocking gears. As human beings, we are so accustomed to encountering humanmade objects that we simply assume that such objects, whether we find them on the street or in the desert, must have been created for a purpose. We do not generally make similar assumptions about stones. If we had no such sense that there was a purpose to such things, we would not be able to find it or the relative meaning of each of the component pieces. In this context, we all too often fail to see the very possibility of meaning in nature. As Huston Smith explains, modern science is based upon controlled experimentation—a process of inquiry where one can identify objects and forces that, through a manipulation of conditions, can be extracted, analyzed, and applied. Given the structure of inquiry, the epistemology of science precludes the discovery of forces we cannot control or purposes transcending those we create. He writes: An epistemology that aims relentlessly at control rules out the possibility of transcendence in principle. By transcendence I mean something superior to us by every measure of value we know and some that elude us. To expect a transcendental object to appear on a viewing screen covered by an epistemology that is set for control could be tantamount to expecting color to appear on a television screen that was built for black and white.
The point here is that the purposeful character of the world can be understood only when we have faith that there is something to search for. When we limit ourselves to a method based in reductionism and executed through controlled experimentation, moral purpose cannot be found. When we leave the seeming certainty and evident power of such a method, we increase the possibility of error and open the possibility of some of the purpose that weaves through all things. We have no faith that the world has a moral purpose. So it is that we begin with faith that there is a moral order to the world and maintain that faith, imagination, and personal striving for understanding are essential for that discovery.
Page 57
The Golden Mean Aristotle observed that most people agree about what the good is "since both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose that living well and doing well are the same as being happy. But they disagree about what happiness is. . . . For the many think it is something obvious and evident, e.g., pleasure, wealth or honor . . . and indeed the same person keeps changing his mind, since in sickness he thinks it is health, in poverty wealth." To truly live well and do well, however, a person needs virtue. Virtue is of two sorts, virtue of thought and virtue of character. "Virtue of thought arises and grows mostly from teaching, and hence needs experience and time. Virtue of character results from habit [ethos]; hence its name 'ethical', slightly varied from 'ethos'." Aristotle says that virtue is a habit because it is acquired, we learn it just as we learn a craft. We become builders by building, harpists by playing a harp, "so also, then, we become just by doing just actions, temperate by doing temperate actions, brave by doing brave actions." But how do we know what a virtue is? According to Aristotle, a virtuous action should express correct reason and it should be the mean, the middle way, between a deficiency and an excess. For example, a deficiency of courage would mean that a person was too fearful to act well, but an excess of courage—not giving due respect to fearful things—would make a person rash and reckless. Although Aristotle's Greece was a very different culture from our own, human nature was not all so different. Often we can recognize ourselves and our classmates in his examples. Those who go to excess in raising laughs seem to be vulgar buffoons. They stop at nothing to raise a laugh, and care more about that than about saying what is seemly and avoiding pain to the victim of the joke. Those who would never say anything themselves to raise a laugh, and even object when other people do it, seem to be boorish and stiff.
The virtues are not strict rules of behavior. They are based on what is reasonable and appropriate to the specific circumstances of the situation. Sometimes we can determine what is appropriate by our own reasoning, but more frequently we must rely on friendship and counsel. Thus it is very important to have friends who are virtuous. For example, a group of rash and reckless people would not be able to evaluate a brave act because they themselves do not understand courage. Aristotle admits that many of the virtues do not have a name and that there are many more yet to be defined. "This, then is a sketch," he says in the Nichomachean Ethics. "If the sketch is good, then anyone, it seems, can advance and articulate it.'' Over the centuries, people in diverse times and cultures have joined in the discussion. Aristotle was a pagan, Maimonidies a Jew, Avicenna Muslim, Thomas Aquinas Christian—all have contributed to the dialogue by considering how to live virtuously in their own time and place. The discussion is still open and you are welcome to join in.
Page 58
Values Are Not Relative As we are part of the moral order, as we are woven into the meaning flowing through all things, we have a place in creation. Ours is a unique position of freedom and responsibility—responsibility that transcends our own wants or inclinations. The moral choices we have are not like a menu of ice cream flavors where we may select what we like. Moral responsibility is rooted in the meaning we have, in the role we have, in a purposeful world. In such a context, the illusion of our separateness disappears. Whether we recognize the depths of moral responsibility or find our inspiration from slogans for Nike sneakers, the moral choices we make in our dayto day lives enable us to respond to our tasks as human beings or set us (and the world, in some small measure) back; the judgments we make in our daytoday lives are rooted in the spiritual essence of the world. Everything we do, no matter how trivial or common, contributes to the fulfillment of our responsibilities or contributes to confusion and suffering. There is no neutral moral ground. In this vein, our failure to recognize the moral responsibility in our everyday encounters may be as deeply problematic as actions taken with nefarious intent. It is common to think of moral responsibility in terms of precepts or commandments. These moral requirements, when divorced from the meaning from which they draw their power, are abstractions subject to analysis like any product of rational effort. The admonition, "Thou shalt not kill," removed from its source, is lifeless. Analysis of the concept is equivalent, at best, to intellectual vivisection. We can take it apart layer by layer, situation by situation, using logic as a scalpel. "Would you kill to save your own life? The lives of your family? To save the world from the likes of Hitler?" The nearly invariable response that at some point killing might be morally correct is taken to mean that the commandment is nothing more than a cultural artifact, one of relative, rather than absolute, worth. Few recognize that a moral ideal removed from the meaning that flows in and through all things is like a musical note separated from a symphony. No amount of analysis can explain why it is just the way it is or how it contributes to something we do not see. We will neither hear nor see higher principles of order through abstract analysis. Nothing will be revealed until we awaken or are awakened to the ever present call to moral opportunity and responsibility. A Call to the Moment Perhaps the first step in awakening is to recognize that moral choice is not reserved for the dramatic circumstances that are discussed in classes on situational ethics. Rather as philosopher Martin Buber tells us, there is at all times "a call of the moment," an address to which we are asked to respond. The call is present even in the most mundane of circum
Page 59
stances irrespective of our ability or desire to hear it. Our response yields consequences that often have more to do with spiritual light or darkness than practical results. The call is there when we meet the checkout person at the supermarket, when we maintain a lawn, when we drive a car, and when we pass one another in the street. The responses we offer, in some measure, can help us achieve a sense of communion, of being "at one" with others, or they can leave us with a sense of infinite distance. They can renew us and others or bleed us out. The illusion is that we are separate from others. As we do unto others, so we do to ourselves; as we do unto nature, we do to ourselves; as we do to ourselves, we do unto others and the world where we have fundamental responsibilities. Philosopher Martin Buber recalls a turning point in his life when a student came to speak with him. Buber was attentive and open, but did not, in his own words, "guess the questions that he did not put." Soon after the student took his own life. Upon reflection, Buber faulted himself, not for the student's ultimate act, but for his own lack of presence as a person. Buber explains, "Since then I have given up the religious which is nothing but the exception, extraction, exaltation, ecstasy; or it has given me up. I possess nothing but the everyday out of which I am never taken. . . . I know no fullness but each mortal hour's fullness of claim and responsibility. Though far from being equal to it, yet I know that in the claim I am claimed and may respond in responsibility, and know who speaks and demands a response." There is a Jewish saying: "Each moment is a doorway to the infinite." And, as we enter each minute awake, we find a moral imperative revealed, not in the abstract, but rooted in being itself. Although we may err in our understanding of what is asked of us, fixed rules from without preclude insight altogether. The possibility of such error is not our greatest worry at the moment. As C. S. Lewis observes, "For every one pupil who needs to be guarded from an excess of sensibility, there are three who need to be awakened from the slumber of cold vulgarity. A hard heart is no infallible protection against a soft head." In sum, moral absolutes are not generalizations, but the opportunity given us each moment to serve, in some small measure, the very purpose of creation itself. Moral absolutes are woven into the eternal now and rise from what is deepest within us. Martin Buber, in describing the Ten Commandments, gives us an extraordinary insight into the nature of all moral absolutes. He asks us not to think of the Ten Commandments either as words on a scroll or even as "tablets of stone on which 'the finger of God' (Exod. 31:18) once wrote the commandments, after they had been altered; but to the Spoken Word." (For additional examples of such moral universals, see C. S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man, Appendix: Illustrations of the Tao.) When Moses, upon receiving the Ten Commandments, asked how he should explain their source, he was told "I am, I am that I am" (Exod. 3:14). In so doing Buber explains, he gave every individual the power to
Page 60
"decide for himself whether he wants to open or close his ears to the voice, and that means whether he wants to choose or reject the 'I' or 'I am'." Thus, the words are spoken in the first person from within and not in the third person from without. So it is that the absolute finds a voice within each of us. It is "I shall not" rather than "Thou shalt not." The "I Am" The notions that the world has purpose and we, individually and collectively, have moral responsibilities do not lead to the conclusion that all of us must live as saints. Rather the point is that we recognize the mystery and importance of the moral core of our humanity. The question here is no less than what is at the core. It seems reasonable to assume that each of us is a unique self, an independent person who can and should make free choices. We tend to think of the "self" as a distinct being, capable of reflection and selfdirection. Each of us has a distinctive body with genetic codes, a distinctive character with likes, dislikes, and style, a distinctive history with cultural, familial, and individual events. We can distinguish ourselves from one another, but we are not led any deeper into the nature of our individuality, the nature of our being. Confusion about the nature of our self is often a function of how we conduct our search. The assumptions with which we begin often determine what we will conclude before our inquiry begins. Consider two examples of researchers committed to science as they interpret it in their respective ages: our old friend Descartes and a leading contemporary neuropsychologist, Paul Churchland. As noted earlier, Descartes, when looking for a point of unquestionable certainty, concluded that even if his physical body were an illusion as in a dream, he could not in any way deny the fact that he was thinking. He reasoned, "I think, therefore, I am." The "I" at the beginning of a sentence wonders, questions, aspires, seeks, and otherwise struggles with the universe of experience. The "I" is real, actual. The ''I am" at the close of the sentence is an abstraction. It has no life to it. It is not the "I am" Moses heard at Sinai. It is reasonable, given such an abstract notion of self, that Descartes would turn, as he did, to questions of how he could differentiate himself from the furniture in the room in which he meditated. In fact, the second "I" had no more quality of being than did the chair upon which Descartes sat. Descartes' method of inquiry, his dependence upon doubt and mathematical reasoning, necessarily separated the concept of "I" from the actual experience of being. Similarly, researchers today studying the mind and self detach the "I" from the actuality of life and reduce it to a series of neural pathways. Churchland in The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul explains that the human self is composed of nothing other than neural pathways. Every hope, every dream, every fear or doubt, every loving impulse, every ideal, every bit of wonder is nothing other than the movement of electrical impulses through and between neurons.
Page 61
Churchland, failing to recognize that his method of inquiry could never reveal anything beyond the firing of neurons (just as the alien physicist's inquiry could never reveal the meaning underlying the watch), goes on to conclude that there is no possibility for the self beyond the physiological process. Churchland writes, "The doctrine of an immaterial soul looks, to put it frankly, like just another myth, false not just as the edges, but to the core." Once something is decontextualized and isolated, analysis can reveal nothing more than mechanics. No analysis, however refined or sophisticated, can discover the meaning that governs the structure and operation of the object we study. A thoroughgoing investigation of a violin would not begin to explain where music comes from. As explained earlier, a scientist could explain with numerical precision every aspect of the violin's production, but could not find a clue that the music embodies meaning quite beyond the violin itself. Is the message so misguided to suggest that if I drive to KMart in the right car with a goodlooking woman and enough money or credit cards to shop that store clean, I've made it and that's all there is to this journey? Ron Kalom
The nature and scope of the neuropsychologist's mode of inquiry focuses only on the physics and chemistry of neural activity. Although the value of such study cannot be overestimated, neither can its limitations. If there is a human soul that forms, animates, and transcends the brain, neither Churchland nor his colleagues could, by definition, find it. The most they can reasonably say is that their method of inquiry precludes their making any judgments as to the existence or nonexistence of a soul. This conclusion that the soul is a myth betrays Churchland's lack of objectivity; he is unwittingly subject to the assumptions embedded in his epistemology. The point here is not to establish the existence of the soul but only to demonstrate that modern scientists, in their efforts to discover objective knowledge, are as subject to their own beliefs and assumptions as was Descartes. It is doubtful whether any analytic system of thought or method of research can answer the ultimate questions. Deeper truths require the imagination to dwell on the world, to see patterns and relationships, to see things in fluid motion. Anthropologist and philosopher Gregory Bateson concludes, "I hold to the presupposition that our loss of the sense of aesthetic unity was, quite simply, an epistemological mistake. I believe that mistake may be more serious that all the minor insanities that characterize those older epistemologies which agreed upon the fundamental unity." From a broadened perspective, one that begins with unity and meaning beyond mechanism, the human self exists always within physical, social, and morally purposeful contexts. We live in relation; the moment we seek understanding by separating ourselves from one another, we gain possible clarity at the expense of limited insight. The danger, as Churchland demonstrates, is that we may forget how much we have
Page 62
narrowed ourselves and the world to meet the level of our thinking; we may forget how much we have to raise our thinking to meet the actuality of ourselves and of the world. The self, the "I" is never isolated or abstract. We do not simply exist as separate beings, but rather as beings in a unity of Being. We are most essentially ourselves in that unity. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "We are all inlets to the Great All." The Big "So What" "So what?" one might ask. Why should any of this matter? For some, the ideas may seem very far removed from life on a college campus. Others may say that the perspective is too idealistic. Yet others might feel that the ideas discussed would properly be reserved for those people with religious orientations. If the ideas discussed are taken as intellectual concepts that lie in our heads like data stored in a computer, then they do not matter. They will have no relevance to life on a college campus or anywhere else. They will amount to nothing. If, however, the ideas are taken as an opportunity to challenge what is frequently assumed, to transcend the limitations of what so often passes as clear thinking, then we may find revealed new dimensions of ourselves and the world. The point is not to agree but to provide an opportunity for a serious contemplation of the more essential questions of life. The answers to these questions will not submit to words—they require a kind of inner activity that comes only with an effort of our whole being. In the process of exploring ideas in terms of the meaning which flows through and beyond us, each of us will comes to grips with the choices we make every day about how we live our lives including, but not limited to, the judgments we make with regard to the use of alcohol or other mindaltering drugs. If the basic perspectives described in this chapter have value, if they tap into something real within you and within the world, then you may find sources of meaning, strength, and direction that are as yet hidden. These sources of meaning, strength, and direction will enable you to meet your moral responsibilities and exercise your freedom as human beings. Although there are no guarantees for health or happiness in the future, you can, with a sense of purpose and communion, engage what life has to offer.
Page 63
Establish a Personal Value System The identification, clarification, development, and utilization of a personal value system is essential to wellbeing. Values, as described by Lewis (1990), are constructs of importance; personal beliefs based on the concepts of good, justice, and beauty that give meaning and depth to our thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. Values, including love, compassion, honesty, and freedom, to name a few, typically dictate our beliefs, attitudes, and behavior choices. Values provide the springboard for the development of our morality. They help us decide right from wrong. Values are abstract in nature and are often symbolized by material objects, artifacts, possessions, and lifestyles. In childhood we acquire many of our values and we continue to expand and modify these values throughout our life. As values are adopted consciously or unconsciously, they form the developmental pathways to personality traits and behaviors. As we learn to question and challenge values we may be thrown into conflict. Sometimes our behavior does not match our values and a necessary tension is created. We are uncomfortable when we act in ways that do not fit our value system. At this junction we may shift our values, change our behavior to match our values, or remain in ongoing conflict. Mary placed a great value on respecting the wishes of her parents. When she was a freshman in college she chose a major that displeased her family. Mary felt it was important to her to become independent and make her own vocational decisions, but she felt sad and confused because her parents did not support her newfound value of independence. Developmental growth and change usually causes parents and young people some discomfort but is a necessary part of the movement toward adulthood. Mary chose to learn to tolerate some disapproval in order to follow her chosen vocational path and to develop her internal resources. Research by Milton Rokeach (1972) indicated that each of us has a hierarchy of approximately two dozen values. He describes this hierarchy as consisting of two levels. The first is the level of instrumental or core values that are essentially connected to the meaning of the individual. These are fewer in number than the second level of terminal values. Terminal values lend support to core values. Attitudes are beliefs based on our values. There is a limited number of values in our personal value system but each value may carry with it hundreds of attitudes. Attitudes can be positive or negative in nature. When we perceive stress or feel threatened in some way we may develop a negative attitude based on our belief in the threat. Resultant behavior is an action based on a conscious or unconscious thought or attitude derived from a specific value. In the example, Mary values independence and has developed the attitude that her life and decision making are primarily her own. This belief and Mary's resultant independent attitude allows her to make decisions based on her own perceived needs and to have the opportunity to struggle for resolution when her new behavior does not match her previous values.
Page 64
Group Activities 1. As a group, identify what values seem most operant in local social situations—for example, in dating, at parties, etc. Discuss whether these values contribute to the healthy growth of individuals and of the community as a whole. If not, suggest alternative values. Through roleplaying, act out likely scenarios to explore the difference between the existing values and the suggested values. 2. Faithorn and Baker list values that Transmoderists share. In group discussion, explore what it might be like if these values were held by a large majority of Americans. Would there be negative as well as positive consequences of this value system? 3. Cultures emphasize different values and world views. We may be tightly engaged in our own value system and, as a result, not have expanded our awareness and sensitivity to examine and respond to the differences in others. Invite a speaker to describe the migration patterns and settlement in the local community, with emphasis on the ethnic and cultural roots of the area. Discuss what differences in values there may be and what areas of tension may exist, especially between students and local residents. 4. Kane writes that the moral choices we make in our daytoday lives enable us to respond to our tasks as human beings or set us (and the world, in some small measure) back; the judgments we make in our daytoday lives are rooted in the spiritual essence of the world. Everything we do, no matter how trivial or common, contributes to the fulfillment of our responsibilities or contributes to confusion and suffering. There is no neutral moral ground.
Write and share a short essay supporting or opposing this view. 5. Marketing strategies rely on identifying and appealing to the values of potential customers. Select a particular television program, determine the characteristics of the program's viewing audience (children, young adults, primarily male or female, etc.), and evaluate the commercials in that time slot. List the commercial and what values were appealed to either explicitly or implicitly. Share your findings and discuss why these commercials seem to be effective.
Page 65
Workbook Awareness 1. Values can be held consciously and subconsciously. For example, a person may be fully aware that she highly values friendship, but she may not be aware of how much she values financial security—it may be something that she takes for granted. Often we do not realize how much we value something until it is absent or until it comes into conflict with some other value we hold. On the following list, cross off any item that seems unimportant to you. Add to the list anything you feel is important that was not included. Circle items which you are not sure of or feel ambiguous toward. kindness
loyalty
graciousness
integrity
honesty
openmindedness
courage
appearance
commitment
perseverance
popularity
lovingness
humor
sincerity
faithfulness
determination
optimism
responsibility
reverence
confidence
independence
leisure
education
privacy
forgiveness
freedom
wealth
cheerfulness
creativity
style
compassion
fidelity
tenacity
empathy
cleverness
spirituality
originality
flexibility
punctuality
obedience
security
ambition
resourcefulness
determination
endurance
friendliness
healthy skepticism
whimsicality
wonderment
thoughtfulness
sentimentality
prowess
Page 66
2. What values did you learn from your family? Explore your genealogical roots and the beliefs and values that were core to your immediate and extended family members. Using the example of Marcus Aurelius, list how these values have shaped your own. Values can be positive or negative.
Page 67
3. Explore values which developed in your socialization and friendships. List the friendships which have been the most important in your life and the values you have learned from these relationships. Values can be either positive or negative. Friends:
Values:
Page 68
4. Explore other values which may have developed from society and the communities that you interact with. Communities may be religious groups, clubs, organizations, living settings, etc. Communities:
Values:
Page 69
5. How well do you live by the values you want to uphold? For example, you may value kindness, but sometimes behave in a thoughtless and unkind manner. Return to the list of values you identified in the first exercise and reflect on your behavior in the past week. If you remember incidents where you did not live up to your values, can you determine what factors were relevant? For example, were you feeling angry, afraid, rushed or stressed, tired or hungry? Were you influenced by other people? Were you influenced by alcohol or other substances? Make notes on what factors were most relevant at these times.
Page 70
Belief Discovery 1. List several people you admire for the way they live by their values. They may be people you know personally or public and/or historic figures. Identify the values that you think most strongly guide each of these people and consider the place of these values in your own life. Make notes on how your life might better demonstrate these values by reflecting on the example of these people. Person:
Values
How I presently live by this value
Page 71
2. List values which you hold that may be in conflict or tension. This may be due to the values themselves—for example, a tension between wanting to be generous and wanting to be thrifty—or may arise in certain situations—for example, when your values seem to conflict with the values of your family or friends.
Page 72
3. Reread your work on values and list those values which you feel you are least successful in living by in your daily life and why. Write down one specific thing you might do to improve your success in living by each value.
Page 73
Charting Your Course 1. Select a value from the last section to work on. It may be a new value, a tension point, or a value you currently hold that needs strengthening. Make a shortterm plan to work on it—something you can do now or within the next week. What difficulties can you foresee? How do you plan to handle these difficulties if they arise? My selected value is____________________ MY PLAN What I want to do:
How I will do it:
How I will remember to work on my plan:
What difficulties I may run into and how I will handle them:
Page 74
2. After completing your plan, evaluate your success. Assess the strong and weak parts of your plan and determine what adjustments might be helpful. Extend the plan to a second stage. How I rate the success of my plan:
What worked well:
What needs improvement:
What adjustments I will make:
How I rate the success of the second stage of my plan:
Page 75
Three— SelfCare We believe that an ethic of balanced selfcare is fundamental to flourishing as a human being in the world community.
Now that you have explored optimism and values, it will be easier to make decisions about how you want to care for yourself. Initially we had called this chapter ''SelfLove and Health." It is impossible to care for yourself in a balanced way without having love for yourself. You might refer to a treasured possession as something that you love. See yourself as your most treasured possession. Professor Leo Buscaglia began teaching a university class on the topic of love and soon found that there was standing room only in all of his lectures. He proclaims that "love and the self are one, and the discovery of either is the realization of both." Love requires adaptation and change. Love challenges us to grow with compassion for ourselves and others. Love without work, kindness, and understanding does not have happy endings. To love ourselves and others takes purposeful or conscious work. Love in its kindest asks us to be responsible and accountable. We believe that the practice of love is the most important work that you will do in your lifetime. You may wonder why you would want to practice anything that takes so much care and work. The answer is simple: You practice love because it is in your nature to do so. Some people may resist love because they do not think they are good enough to be given this gift. If love and goodness were not demonstrated to a person as a child, she may feel that learning the "love practice" on her own is too difficult, complicated, and painful. Damage to selfesteem can be repaired and a person can learn to abundantly love both self and others. We each have a legacy of love to offer to the world and it begins with caring for ourselves. Your legacy of love begins with an honest appraisal of yourself. There is only one measure to use in this selfappraisal. It is the yardstick of compassion. A positive and compassionate approach to seeing your strengths and weaknesses is at the heart of awareness and selfcare.
Page 76
In This Chapter The Ethic of SelfCare Christine Conway and George Howard
77
To Be Well, To Be Whole Brian Luke Seaward
81
Physical WellBeing
84
Mental WellBeing
93
Emotional WellBeing
97
Spiritual WellBeing
102
Spirits on a Human Path Brian Luke Seaward
108
The Power of Addiction Kelly Hundt
111
Group Activities
114
Workbook
115
Page 77
The Ethic of SelfCare Christine Conway and George Howard The challenge we face in our life journey is to choose a path that will allow us to lead a "good life." While frustratingly broad, this goal has the advantage of allowing each person the freedom and the responsibility to define exactly what a good life would be for her or him. The manner in which each of us defines our vision of what constitutes a good life will be quite different. Indeed those disparate visions are largely responsible for the very different lifepaths that each of us walk. College presents an opportunity to explore and test various roads as you continue to chart your course for the future. It is a time to develop and refine your sense of identity and to define your own personal sense of the good life. Some people will attempt to accomplish this goal by focusing on material goods. For example, they may seek a job for its prestige or for its salary, thinking that this will help them gain respect. They have failed to understand that personal respect is given only to a person—it is not something that can be bought. At birth we each were given the gift of our self—a person who can think, puzzle, laugh, celebrate, cry, hurt, love, forgive, and remember. Each of us is magnificent, sacred, and multidimensional. Our life journey is our opportunity to embrace and nourish this self. By helping our self develop its potential, we learn to lead the "good life." What is an ethic of selfcare and why is it so important? The ability to care for yourself requires knowing who you are, seeing yourself as worthwhile, and being motivated to care for yourself. This means being responsive to your own needs for growth, to feel at one with yourself rather than estranged. Developing an ethic of selfcare is learning how to treat yourself and your surroundings with the care and respect that you desire from others, a care that reflects generosity, kindness, and compassion. Selfcare is not egocentric or selfish. It does not imply having an exaggerated selfimportance or placing the self above others. Rather, selfcare implies having a respect for yourself, even though you are imperfect. It entails caring about your life and striving to become the person you are capable of becoming. Developing an ethic of selfcare can be hampered by blindly accepting other people's standards. Some people seem to be driven to meet such standards, worrying if they look "right," are attending the "right" school, have the "right" job, and associate with the "right" people. They
Page 78
do not slow down long enough to consider these standards and evaluate them. What does "right" mean? The school, job, or circle of friends that contribute to the flourishing of one person may not meet the needs of another. A selfdirected life stands in sharp contrast to a life spent wandering aimlessly or to one directed by others. At the same time, selfdirection does not mean ignoring or dismissing out of hand other people's advice or expectations. People who define themselves simply by rejecting or opposing may think they are independent selves, but such rebellion may be as much tied to the rejected standard as is a slavish acceptance of it. Charting your own course means being willing to probe the matter for a deeper understanding of the situation. Suppose you really love art and music but your parents want you to become an accountant. This situation may not be a simple clashing of wills—dig below the surface to see all that is involved. Your parents may be primarily concerned that you have financial security and they may have good reasons based on their life experience for placing a high value on such security. Recognizing this does not mean you have to be an accountant in order to achieve security. You can reassure your parents and make wiser career plans for yourself by giving due consideration to the security concern. However, it should not be your sole concern in selecting a career. Suppose that your roommate urges you to attend the big bash on Friday and says that other students will think you are no fun if you do not party. Ask yourself if this is true and, if it is, whether this standard is something you find worthy to accept. Is partying the sole criterion for being a fun person? Is being considered "fun" in this way important to you? Ask also if your roommate is primarily concerned about your wellbeing or her own—could it be that she wants to party but does not want to go by herself? Paths that are pursued because they look good or because someone else invited you along on their journey may seem easy. However, if you follow someone else's journey or travel through life aimlessly or in a fog, your true self may become depressed and compromised. You will feel more vitally fulfilled and life will be more rewarding when you define your own destiny, itinerary, and markers along the way. Self is defined in part by the way in which a culture determines what it is to be human. Cushman (1990) believes that our society's current concept of the individual is that of "an empty self that seeks the experience of being continually filled up by consuming goods, calories, experiences, politicians, romantic partners, and empathetic therapists in an attempt to combat the growing alienation and fragmentation of its era" (p. 600). Society has created this "empty self" in part because we experience a significant absence of community, tradition, and shared meaning. "Having more and more newer things each year has become not just something we want but something we need. The idea of more,
Page 79
of ever increasing wealth, has become the center of our identity and our security and we are caught by it as the addict by his drugs" (p. 601). Cushman writes that "inner emptiness" may be expressed in many ways, such as low selfesteem (the absence of a sense of personal worth), values confusion (the absence of a sense of coherent personal convictions), eating disorders (the compulsion to fill the emptiness with food or to embody the emptiness by refusing food), drug abuse (the compulsion to fill the emptiness with chemically induced emotional experiences), and chronic consumerism (the compulsion to fill the emptiness with consumer items and the experience of "receiving" something from the world). It may also take the form of an absence of personal meaning. This can be manifest as a hunger for spiritual guidance. While we can observe the influence of this tendency in our culture, there is an alternative. This alternative involves an understanding of what it means to be human and the first step comes with a definition of self that values a unique aspect of our humanness. This first step challenges us to understand our interconnectedness to others. In On Caring, Mayeroff suggests that caring for oneself and caring for others are mutually dependent. "I can only fulfill myself by serving someone or something apart from myself, and if I am unable to care for anyone or anything separate from me, I am unable to care for myself." In The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm writes, "the affirmation of one's own life, happiness, growth and freedom is rooted in one's capacity to love, i.e., in care, respect, responsibility and knowledge." People who do not love themselves have difficulty forming relationships because they cannot give what they have not learned and experienced themselves. If a person does not respect his own self and does not have a sense of selfworth, he cannot readily accept and appreciate another person's belief that he is of value. Fromm writes, "No one of us is free from the need for love. And most of us search for reassurances of that love from significant people in our lives. However, that search will be unending until we come to love ourselves. Love of self is assured when we understand our worth, our actual necessity in the larger picture of the events that touch us all." . . . there is not an outside solution to an inside problem. Donald Philip Brockman
When we see ourselves as interconnected and as part of the greater whole, a transformation of accountability begins to occur. We begin to understand how we share in the responsibility of the good of the whole. Part of that responsibility is to care for, protect, and nourish our full selves, not only for our own good, but for the common good of our community and world. Four components are necessary to the whole person: body, mind, emotions, and spirit. Good health depends on the integration, balance, and harmony of these components. Practicing an ethic of selfcare means embracing each of these aspects, determining the current role of each in
Page 80
facilitating or undermining health and wellbeing, and establishing a plan to promote the healthy functioning of each aspect. Ideally this notion of selfcare would be acquired in childhood and be part of the repertoire of life skills that we bring to adulthood. Unfortunately, many of us may have experience in caring for certain wellness components, but not for others. Learning to balance the components is often challenging and we need to be aware of how our responsibilities change as we grow and mature. Developing SelfCare If you have had the opportunity to observe an infant you may have noted how humans are innately selfcaring. Although an infant cannot meet many of its own needs—it cannot feed itself, for example—it is not simply a passive being. Babies do not need to be taught how to reach for and grasp objects, how to sit up, crawl, or walk. The child itself will exercise and learn to control the muscles necessary for these skills. Its parents contribute to this development by providing opportunity and encouragement for this learning, and without these opportunities and encouragement, normal development can be hindered. Most people are unable to remember their earliest childhood, but they can remember later milestones in their development of selfcare. Perhaps they recall discovering their first loose tooth or working to master a particular skill like dribbling a basketball. As children grow they take on increasing responsibility for monitoring the health of their bodies. When they skin a knee, they can wash and bandage the wound by themselves. They accept increasing responsibility for intellectual growth—in recognizing they do not understand a class assignment, they ask for clarification. Young adults vary in the amount of responsibility they have assumed depending on the particular circumstances of their lives. Some are accustomed to having a parent or guardian make their appointments for medical or dental checkups or plan meals which provide a balance of nutrients. Some have never done their own laundry. By contrast, other young adults may have had full responsibility for themselves for several years. At this stage of life, when responsibility is shifting from caregivers to the individual, it is very easy for important considerations to fall between the cracks. The young adult may be eager to take charge of his or her own life and yet fail to recognize the importance of certain elements in maintaining health. Just because parents no longer insist that adult children see the dentist, eat vegetables, or attend religious services does not mean that teeth, vitamins, or spiritual concerns have become unimportant to wellbeing.
Page 81
To Be Well, To Be Whole Brian Luke Seaward The first time I heard the word 'wellness' was at a conference in 1981 in a keynote address by Elisabeth KublerRoss. Beaming with energy, she explained that although the word was relatively new to the American vernacular, the concept of wellness was ageless. Holistic wellness is the integration, balance, and harmony of one's mind, body, spirit, and emotions in which the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. As I heard her describe and explain this concept, a part of me realized I already knew the meaning. I think inherently we all do. KublerRoss drew a big circle on a flip chart and then drew lines to form four equal parts. Starting with the upper left she labeled this area the emotional quadrant. Then moving in a clockwise fashion, she labeled the next quadrant physical wellbeing. The lower right area she marked as mental wellbeing and the fourth quarter she distinguished as the spiritual domain, an area she underscored as very crucial, yet the Image not available. Wellness Mandala
Page 82
area which is often left underdeveloped by most people. Then referring to the entire diagram, she said, "This circle is a symbol of wholeness. The lines separating these four areas really don't exist. They are there merely to clarify the concepts. In reality mind, body, spirit, and emotions are so tightly integrated that no one can separate one component from another. Everything connects." She continued, "The word 'health' comes from the AngloSaxon word Hal, meaning whole or holy. You cannot address the issues of health and wellbeing without acknowledging the spiritual dimension. For so long we haven't done this. We must change the way we look at health. Health is not just the absence of disease and illness. Health, holistic wellness is striving for wholeness." Each of us in the audience had an innate sense that these words were not only true, but prophetic as well. As health educators and health care practitioners, we all felt a tremendous sense of empowerment. That was in 1981. In the years since KublerRoss gave that address, our collective worldview has undergone some changes. Those in the vanguard of science are coming to the realization that, indeed, all things do connect. Chaos theory, string theory, holographic theory all suggest that we need to start looking at the big picture if we are going to understand the pieces because the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Make your own goals and stick to your principles, even if you have to adjust some details for changing conditions. Above all, don't con yourself. You can lie to parents, teachers, or friends, but when you look in the mirror every morning, you can't fool the face that stares back. Dick Vitale
All four components of the wellness mandala are equal in importance, yet each seems to take on a level of importance in different periods of the human life cycle. KublerRoss explained that while all four components are always present in the human condition, each component moves through a period of dominance. The first is the emotional quadrant where we try on the array of human emotions (including everything from anger to love). If in this period we are conditioned by parents, guardians, or society to suppress our feelings, we will encounter episodes of emotional immaturity later on in life. The influence of our physical quadrant begins to dominate at puberty and continues well throughout the teen years. In essence, we become our physical bodies, grooming everything from our hair to our muscles. The aspect of the mental (intellectual) quadrant kicks into high gear during the college years and well into midlife, as we exercise our mental capacities through the thinking processes of the right and left brain and the conscious and unconscious minds. The spiritual quadrant emerges during the midlife years, but as KublerRoss noted, there are many people who never move into this quarter for reasons ranging from discouragement and discontentment to fear of accepting the challenge of honest soul searching. In truth, the lines which separate the mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects exist in theory, but not in actuality. Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology reveals that
Page 83
there is no division among these aspects, they are all one and should be regarded as such. The foundation of wellness is comprised not only of integration, balance, and harmony, but also of responsibility. We must each learn to take responsibility for our own health. Responsibility is one part being informed, two parts will power, one part being accountable for your actions, and two parts taking delight in knowing that you are in control. Perhaps it has never been easy being a college student. It certainly is not easy today. There seems to be a flood of demands, from academic and personal life issues, to finances and career choice. The demands can seem overwhelming at times. Yet every generation has its milestones, whether it is recession, drugs, wars, or AIDS. And every generation has had to learn the lessons of responsibility. In terms of health, the difficulty lies in the illusion of immortality often perceived by many during the student years. At age twenty life often seems like a sprint. But in truth life is more like a marathon and we must learn to pace ourselves. This is what responsibility is all about. The body may have an amazing ability to rebound from abuse, but it has its limits and these limits become ever more recognizable as we age. Wellness is not an outcome, it is a process. In a metaphorical sense, it is a journey. On any journey, we need provisions and perhaps most importantly a compass to guide us. Because each path on the human journey is so specific to the individual, each of us really needs to find our own direction rather than blindly following in the footsteps of others. We begin this process by asking ourselves questions, and then seeking the answers. What follows are materials to help you begin the soulsearching process, the journey to wholeness. The end result profiles who you are at this point on your journey. The material is grouped into four categories (body, mind, emotions, and spirit). Take time to contemplate your thoughts, ideas, perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs in each of the areas. There is no right or wrong answer for any of the questions, only good and poor attempts at being honest with yourself. Once you assess yourself in the present, project how you will be ten, twenty, forty years from now if you continue the same lifestyle you now exhibit.
Page 84
Physical WellBeing Physical wellbeing is defined as the optimal functioning of each of the body's physiological systems. These include pulmonary, cardiovascular, nervous, immune, reproductive, renal, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and digestive. Not long ago, it was thought that these were independent systems housed under the roof of our skin. Not so anymore. Physiologists are now learning that each system is tightly integrated into all the others making one complex physiological system. Because the body is so tangible and measurable, it is often considered not only the most important part of wellbeing, but the only part. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is, however, a crucial part which none of us can afford to neglect. Body Image How do you see yourself? Are you happy with your physical appearance or is there something you would like to change? Most of us recognize certain features as pluses or minuses when we assess our appearance. Often there is no agreement on such matters—the person with straight hair wishes it were curly, the person with curly hair wishes it were straight. Sometimes our physical attributes limit us in a particular activity. For example, a person may be considered too short to play varsity level basketball or lack the flexibility to compete as a gymnast. These features do not affect our physical health directly, but focusing on negatives can. Take time to consider the ideal standard you have for physical attractiveness and for physical health. These may be quite different. Ordinarily when we consider personal beauty, we include elements that we find attractive which have no particular health value—for example, we may prefer blue eyes over brown. Do you apply the same appearance standard to yourself and to other people, or do you judge yourself more harshly? Think about the sources of your present ideal standard. While each culture promotes a certain view of the ideal, this view is interpreted and communicated in a variety of ways. We learn what is attractive from our family, from our peers, from representations in the media. Within our culture, and certainly within the media, this ideal is subject to change. Fads and fashion can influence our perception of ideal personal beauty, and even of what is considered normally attractive. Being mindful of your body means being aware of your physical self. When you come to know your body in balance, imbalances and stresses
Page 85
will be more readily detected and can then be corrected. Mindfulness also means being deliberate in decisions regarding how you care for and use your body. Reflect on ways that fads and fashion impact on your body—shoe styles, tanning, tattoos, body piercing, for instance. Women in particular are often unhappy with their bodies and strive for a body weight and appearance that may be physically unhealthy. Eating disorders are common among collegeage women. One out of every one hundred women may become anorexic, five to twenty out of one hundred may be bulimic. Men also develop these disorders, but in far smaller numbers. Anorexia nervosa is an intense preoccupation with food and body size characterized by a fear of becoming ''fat." Bulimia is a cycle of binge eating followed by purging by selfinduced vomiting and/or abuse of laxatives. Bulimia can range from a mild and infrequent response to stress to a debilitating pattern occurring ten or more times a day. The bingepurge cycle can occur in both disorders, but anorexic individuals lose much more weight, suffer malnutrition, and may even starve themselves to death. Excessive exercising or weight training and the use of steroids are unhealthy attempts to meet unrealistic standards of fitness, strength, or appearance. Unfortunately these are not limited to individuals, but have been incorporated into sports programs in the past. Although regulations are in place to protect athletes, cases of abuse still occur. Some students who would not consider taking steroids may attempt to push their physical limits with other drugs. Rather than respect their own individual physical need for sleep or for a wellbalanced diet, they will try to shortcircuit their systems with caffeine or caffeinelike substances or any of a variety of appetite suppressants. Often they have made no intelligent inquiry into the safety of the drug, but simply accepted the testimony of a friend or acquaintance that "it works." A balanced ethic of selfcare necessitates acceptance and respect of your physical body, regardless of its shape or size. Such selfacceptance frees your energy to move forward on your life journey. Nutrition It is not uncommon to see a magazine at the newsstand which features in bold type a new diet plan promising quick weight loss while displaying a luscious chocolate cake on the cover. Do such mixed messages themselves produce confusion in us or does the magazine simply reflect our society's ambiguity? From ancient times, food has been imbued with deep social and psychological meaning. Culturally we use food as a symbol of human need as in the prayer "Give us this day our daily bread" and as a symbol of social contract as in "breaking bread together." We associate certain foods with comfort and security. Foods serve as markers of our success in life.
Page 86
Refined grains are a good example. In the Middle Ages white bread was expensive to produce and was reserved for the elite class. Laborers ate a coarse bread often made from grains and legumes, a combination which we now recognize as being superior as a protein source. However nutritious peasant bread was, white bread was seen as more desirable, and as this class grew in affluence, they preferred to eat white bread. In the 1840s technological innovations in the milling process resulted in yet whiter and even less nutritious flour. In Asia, a similar development led to whiter rice. The increase in certain deficiency diseases, most notably in beriberi in the Dutch East Indies, led to the discovery of vitamins. But the demand for the refined product was so strong that rather than returning to less processed flour, the refined products were enriched by adding back in the vitamins that the milling had removed. Such examples indicate that we may not be the best judge of what is good for us. Everyone has occasions when they feel hungry for a particular food or when a particular food seems to be especially satisfying. These occasions may have little to do with what our body needs nutritionally. We may be using the food to reassure ourselves about some other part of our life. Foodfads At the end of the sixteenthcentury, the herbalist Gerard wrote: It is has been extolled above all other herbs for the stopping of blood in sanguinolent ulcers and bleeding wounds; and hath in times past been had in greater estimation and regard than in these days: for in my remembrance I have known the dry herb which came from beyond the sea sold in Bucklers Bury in London for half a crown an ounce. But since it was found in Hampstead wood, even as it were at our town's end, no man will give half a crown for a hundredweight of it: which plainly setteth forth our inconstancie and sudden mutability, esteeming no longer for anything . . . than while it is strange and rare.
Health fads in diet and medicine are not new to the twentieth century, but we are bombarded by a vast range of health claims today. Some of these claims are totally unsubstantiated, some products or diet plans are dangerous. Even when there is evidence that a food or herb may be beneficial, excessive use may produce detrimental effects. Germander proved to cause liver damage among people on a weightloss diet in France. Although germander has been in use for centuries and was considered safe, it had never been taken in such large quantities for such an extended time. No single food, herb, or supplement can take the place of a wellbalanced life which includes a wellbalanced diet.
Page 87
The increasing attention given to obesity in America has made it clear that we overeat. Less publicized studies indicate that even in overeating, we do not eat well. Many segments of the population are not getting sufficient amounts of important nutrients, and most of us have an unhealthy proportion of fat in our diet. Efforts to improve education about nutrition are underway, but education does not seem to quickly translate into appropriate action. While science continues to gain new insight into our nutritional requirements, many of us are not utilizing the presently available information in our food selection. Study the USDA food guide pyramid. How does your present diet compare? Image not available. Courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Department of Health and Human Services. For more information: http://www.nalusda.gov/fnic/Fpyr/howto.htm
Page 88
Exercise Our bodies require movement and exercise. The longterm benefits of physical exercise have been well documented. According to Seaward (1997a), In the past thirty years, since the recognition of coronary heart disease as America's number one cause of death and the factors putting one at risk, the effects of physical exercise on human anatomy and physiology have been studied feverishly. The overwhelming conclusion is that physical exercise is not only good, it is a virtual necessity to maintain proper function of major physiological systems. Just as the body requires a state of calmness or homeostasis, it also demands physical stimulation or it will go into dysfunction. (p. 448)
In addition, Seaward explains that exercise produces significant psychological benefits. Betaendorphin production has come to be regarded as perhaps the greatest psychological effect of exercise. This neuropeptide, released by the body during cardiovascularendurance activities, significantly reduces sensations of pain and seems to promote feelings of euphoria and exhilaration. Investigations into the relationship between exercise and emotional health have concluded that athletic training or exercise is viable as both a relaxation technique and a coping technique to deal with stress. A wellbalanced exercise program should include both anaerobic and aerobic activities. Anaerobic exercise employs muscular strength and power in short but intense spells. An example would be a sprint. Aerobic exercise is rhythmic and continuous, involving only moderate intensity but for a long duration. An example would be jogging. Anaerobic exercise stimulates muscular strength and aerobic exercise stimulates the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems to increase endurance. Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, decrease body fat, and help the body respond to stress. The "53" rule recommends a minimum of thirty minutes of moderate intensity exercise five days a week, and an intense workout, preferably with weights, three times a week. How would you describe your present level of exercise? Rest Rest is a neglected part of becoming fit. During intense exercise muscles become microscopically damaged. After exercise the body repairs this damage and it is this repair work that makes the muscles stronger. Fitness is achieved by a balance of exercise and rest. After an intense workout, a rest period of fortyeight hours is recommended. Athletes in training often do "split routines," working one muscle group one day,
Page 89
and another muscle group the next. By alternating days, each muscle group is given sufficient recovery time. Adequate sleep is often a low priority for students. Allnighters, grabbing a few hours of sleep and consuming large quantities of caffeine to keep going, are often the norm. The reality is that under the conditions of little rest, high anxiety, and stress, people are unable to function to their highest potential. Students will brag about their lack of sleep. Sometimes this is a complaint against a heavy workload, but just as often the statement is put forth with pride, as if this behavior were an outstanding accomplishment. Getting by with little sleep is not proof of exceptional hardiness, it is a sign of poor time management. Time Management There are several systems available to help people structure their time more efficiently. Most begin with prioritization, ranking all the tasks in terms of their importance. The second step is scheduling which designates specific times for these tasks. A sensible way to begin is to assess your current use of time and to identify what aspects may need improving. It is not uncommon for young adults to overcommit themselves or to underestimate the amount of time required for particular tasks. This is especially true for academic work as collegelevel class preparation is often more demanding than what was required in secondary school. Many students find it helpful to keep track of deadlines and responsibilities through the use of a master calendar or daily planner. Mark the day a paper is due, and work back to the present, allotting specific worktime for reading and research. Organize workspace so that necessary materials are at hand. Develop a comfortable routine for personal maintenance. This includes not only time for meals, exercise, recreation, and sleep, but for doing the laundry, balancing the checkbook, and similar housekeeping responsibilities necessary for daily living. Develop strategies to handle interruptions. Practice saying "no" and setting boundaries. A "No interruption" sign posted on your door does not have to be unfriendly. A little humor or a short explanation can be added, but be sure to firmly enforce your posting. Scheduling should not be so rigid that you have no free, unstructured time or feel that you are unable to enjoy spontaneous opportunities. Good time management should allow you more freedom by ensuring that necessary tasks are taken care of while eliminating nagging worries and guilt over work yet to be done.
Page 90
Sexuality Acknowledgment and acceptance of sexuality is necessary to experience wholeness and balance in life. Young people can be tormented by such questions as: Should I have sex? Whom should I have sex with? When, if at all, in a relationship should I have sex? In a committed relationship is it necessary to be sexually involved? Too often such decisions are made impulsively in response to peer or dating pressure or under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Further discussion of these questions is in the Relationship chapter of this book. AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases necessitate making responsible decisions regarding sexual relationships. Students who adopt an attitude that nothing bad will ever happen to them often ignore the risks involved in certain behaviors. As a result, many students live in dread that they have contracted a sexually transmitted disease and are fearful of being tested. Questioning, discussing, and exploring sexual orientation can be difficult because of the stigma attached to homosexuality. This lack of social acceptance may result in a difficulty in selfacceptance, selfhatred, denial, and alienation from an important aspect of self. Sexual wellbeing is a big part of physical wellbeing. How would you describe your sexual behaviors, your sexual energy, desires, and responsibility? Balance How do you perceive your energy levels and rhythms throughout the course of a day? Do you jump out of bed or are you a slow starter? Are there certain times of day when you feel sluggish or do you find that you are going along with great energy and then seem to "hit the wall"? An important part of selfcare is learning to understand and work with your body. Food, exercise, and rest are factors in our energy levels and rhythms. When we eat makes a difference as well as what we eat. Exercise can be energizing or relaxing. Other factors such as social interaction can stimulate energy, and a long study session, even though we are merely sitting and reading, can seem exhausting. Mental attitudes can affect the body and vice versa. It is difficult to concentrate on our work when we are suffering even a small ailment such as a minor sprain or sore muscle. Uncorrected impairments in vision or hearing cause us to strain even though we may not be aware of it. Stress can cause us to clench our fists or our jaws, tighten neck or back muscles; it can cause headaches and upset our digestive system. In addition our body's rhythms are affected by our environment. Pollutants, allergens, and noise levels all have an effect. Our bodies are affected by such things as sunlight, gravitational pull, and electromagnetic
Page 91
Stress Management Stress has been defined as a state of anxiety produced by events and responsibilities. Stress is a fact of our existence and everyone is affected to greater or lesser degrees. Even positive events such as a marriage or new job can produce stress from our desire to adjust and do well. While stress is a normal part of living, individuals have different responses to the same stressful situation. Dr. Bernie Siegel in his bestselling book Love, Medicine, and Miracles demonstrates that there is a direct correlation between stress and a multitude of physical and emotional illnesses, such as heart disease, cancer, and depression. How people respond to stress seems to be the deciding factor in their resistance to illness. Siegel believes that people who identify and appropriately and regularly express a wide range of feelings regarding their lives seem to have a higher quality of health. Other psychologists have identified related factors. People who are willing to explore many aspects of their personalities, are attuned to the signals of discomfort, pain, fatigue, distress, sadness, anger of their own minds and bodies, and pleasure, and are able to assert their needs and feelings have stronger, more balanced immune responses. People who are strongly motivated to form relationships with others based on unconditional love, who are committed to helping others, and who confide their secrets and feelings suffer fewer illnesses. Hardy individuals who have a sense of control over their quality of life, health, and social conditions, a strong sense of commitment, and a view of stress as a challenge rather than a threat have far fewer chronic illnesses and stronger immune systems. Taken together these characteristics sketch out a picture of a healthy personality, capable of thriving even in stressful situations. Signs that stress is not being handled well include: Physical: frequent colds or infections, accidents and minor injuries, headaches, backaches, tightness in stomach, indigestion or diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, and shortness of breath, problems eating or sleeping. (Get a medical checkup to rule out other causes.) Mental: problems making decisions, inability to get organized, increased procrastination, inability to concentrate. Emotional: persistent hostile, irritable, or angry feelings, increased frustration, nightmares, boredom, feeling anxious or confused over unimportant events, overpowering urges to cry or run and hide.
Page 92
fields. Seasonal affective disorder causes many people living near the Arctic circle and in other low sunlight areas to suffer depression during the winter season. A more common upset to our circadian rhythm is jet lag. To achieve physical wellbeing, each of us must learn to be attuned to our particular body's needs and responses. The brief account here is only the beginning. Your physician can help you evaluate your health and lifestyle and/or recommend where you can get that evaluation. There is an increasing number of books available which explore these topics in greater detail. Many campuses and communities offer wellness centers or other health facilities to provide information, classes, and such activities as exercise or meditation programs. You might consult with people in the campus health services, dietitians in food services, professional staff in athletics, and the local public health office.
Page 93
Mental WellBeing The mind continues to be a great mystery, but there is increasing evidence that it influences behavior, attitudes, and health. As discussed in the chapter on optimism, scientists studying the mindbody connection have found that the mind can promote healing on all levels, just as mental perceptions can lead to damaging stress responses within the body. Early in life, attitudes come from many sources outside ourselves—from parents, religious community, media, teachers, and peers. The college years have traditionally been a time when people carefully examine their attitudes and beliefs in such areas as sex, dating, work, politics, religion, and consumerism. As life experiences enhance and/or change our ideas, beliefs, and goals, we become aware that important shifts are occurring in many of our attitudes. We have the ongoing and powerful opportunity to consciously think about the direction of these attitudinal shifts and to decide whether or not we like where we are going. We can enlist our mind to speed up, slow down, or alter the course of these changes. This opportunity requires awareness of the process. Our mental capacity allows us to monitor our own behavior and feelings. To be aware means taking time to stop and listen to ourselves. Solitude is taking time for our self. It is a chance to look inward and pave the path to selfawareness. Taking time to think, to reflect on your experiences, and to be alone with yourself are important components of the ethic of selfcare. Activities and quiet times such as watching the sun set, writing a letter, walking in the park, listening to the rain, or focusing on your breathing in meditation are a necessary balance to the active stimulation of a busy life. Within our mental self lies our capacity for memory. Memories allow us to shape future behaviors out of the remembered past. Past experiences of competence and success enable us to enter a new situation with positive expectations. Memories, when savored, can be a source of comfort and strength in difficult times. Not all memories are positive and some are very painful. Dwelling on painful memories can affect emotions, attitudes, and health. The mind and spirit also have the ability to heal the wounds caused by painful events. The mind can serve to enlighten and bring understanding to our feelings and memories. At times it is necessary, with the help of trusted others, to identify and grieve the losses of people and/or things as well as the losses experienced through unmet needs or hurtful experiences. When you acknowledge losses you
Page 94
Using Your Brain Several contributors to this book list "the lack of community" as a factor that stresses our health in today's world. That is a fact, which you can verify by reading the book and underlining the relevant statements. It is a fact you can memorize and recall to fill in a blank on a test. This storage and retrieval process is a cognitive skill that is well suited for some material—irregular French verbs, for example. This process will not help you discover what the contributors mean, what insight into reality they are trying to communicate, or bring you any closer to the truth of the matter. It is a naive and dangerous practice to accept at face value whatever you read. You would not do so with advertising claims because you realize that this material was written to sell you something. The same is true with any author. Simply accepting any idea that is presented to you will clutter your mind with superficial and shoddy knowledge. Just as you would inquire into the quality of a physical item you plan to purchase, you should carefully examine an idea. What do these contributors mean by "lack of community"? Are they using the word 'community' in a standard way? Your intuition will guide you in picking out special usage, but you can check a dictionary if you are uncertain. Webster's Dictionary defines community as "state; body of people with something in common, e.g., district of residence, religion, joint ownership." Does this definition fit the text? Are we lacking a state or groups of people with something in common? If you do not think that this is what the author means, open your mind to images and examples from your own experience of the world. What have you seen and felt, heard your parents or friends say, learned in the classroom, or seen in movies? All of these things inform a complex concept like 'community' and since this is a concept you already have, your brain will bring images to your conscious mind almost instantly. (If it is an unfamiliar concept, say, 'epistemology' you may draw a blank.) Do you remember an experience of community? What did it feel like? Analyze the images—what do they have in common? Call up counterimages—what would not count as 'community'? What would be 'lack of community'? Use your imagination to change the images—what would you take away from the community images to make them reflect a 'lack'; what would you add to the noncommunity images? More specialized definitions emerge. One will be your own. You may have already had a personal understanding of community—if so it will be further refined. The others are possible candidates for the author's meaning. Return to the text and see how they fit. Tentatively select the one you feel works best. This is not the end. Once you have come to an understanding of what an author is saying, you evaluate it. Do you think this is an accurate account? Is it a helpful way of looking at the matter? How does this view fit with your own view of the world? And if you accept this view, what does it mean in your own life? Not all of the courses in college encourage this type of thinking. You can find the ones that do by asking people what they consider their best course and why. If they base their judgment on amusing lectures or easy assignments, ask someone else. If they say, "It really made me think," make a note of the course and the professor. Ultimately you and you alone have the ability to make coursework relevant. Even excellent classes can be reduced in value by students who handle the material as so much data and who are more concerned with their grade point average than with a thoughtful encounter with ideas. A student can also make the most of a weak course through selfdiscipline—you do not have to be led by the teacher, you do not have to have the support of classmates. You have a fine mind and you are free to use it.
Page 95
have experienced as well as their impact on you, and when you gradually allow yourself to feel the emotions associated with these losses, you are then more free to move on. Research in the field of neurophysiology indicates that we actually have two brains that each house different cognitive skills and which are connected by a bridge of neural fibers called the corpus collosum. Both cerebral hemispheres work together to gather, process, recall, and communicate information. It has been noted, however, that differences in hemispheric dominance occur in various cultures. By and large, the American culture is thought to be left hemisphere dominant, though not everyone in this culture is considered leftbrained. The left hemisphere is responsible for linear, rational, quantitative thinking skills. The left hemisphere is also responsible for acuity in math and language and the ability to analyze and judge. The right brain is associated with nonlinear, nonrational thought processes as well as music, humor, imagination, intuition, spatial orientation, and unconditional receptivity. Many influences—social, family, educational—can affect the development of our cognitive skills. Our educational system emphasizes certain cognitive skills over others. This emphasis is not solely based on what skills are most suited to living a healthy life, or even on what is necessary for good scholarship. Often they are the skills that are most easily taught and measured. Reading skills are an apt example. Attention is given to such factors as building vocabulary and wordattack, developing the habits of using a dictionary, outlining material, and identifying key topics. Learning to reflect on the material is rarely mentioned, and yet this is what education is all about. Developments in artificial intelligence have led to computers which surpass the human brain in their ability to process and access information. Education is far more than gathering and storing massive quantities of data. It is the training of our minds to recognize and evaluate significance. This is not learning to master a logical puzzle—like learning to identify the topic sentence in a paragraph. It requires linear and analytic skills, but also nonlinear, synthetic, intuitive, and imaginative thought processes. Just as a healthy body requires exercise of all the muscles, a healthy mind requires the exercise of all its capacities.
Page 96
Successful People Mental selfcare means believing in yourself, in your own potential. Many successful people were low achievers in school or did poorly at their first job. Some may have had learning disabilities. Consider: Agatha Christie was considered the ''slow" one in her family and Woodrow Wilson was considered dull and backward by relatives. Winston Churchill failed the entrance examination for the Royal Military College twice and Leo Tolstoy flunked out of college. Albert Einstein flunked mathematics, and Wernher von Braun failed ninthyear algebra. Louis Pasteur was graded "mediocre" in chemistry; Thomas Edison was told by his teachers that he was too stupid to learn anything; and Louisa May Alcott was told by an editor that she could never write popular works. F. W. Woolworth was once not allowed to wait on customers because he "didn't have enough sense" and Walt Disney was once fired because he had "no good ideas." Hans Christian Andersen was unable to learn to read and dictated his stories to a scribe. Auguste Rodin, the brain surgeon Harvey Cushing, Nelson Rockefeller, and William James may have all suffered learning disabilities. Adapted from McWhirter (1988).
Page 97
Emotional WellBeing Emotional wellbeing is best defined as the ability to feel and express the entire range of human emotions and to control them, not to be controlled by them. This is no small order! The continuum of human emotions spans the range from anger to love. It has been said by a great many experts in the field of psychology that by and large people (particularly Americans) are not aware of their emotional state of being, cannot identify their emotions as they arise, and are quite immature in expressing their emotions. Perhaps the reason is that children are told "wipe that smile off your face," "big boys don't cry," "don't you ever talk back to me," and "get over it." As a result some people never fully develop their emotions without carrying into adulthood some emotional baggage. Have you ever found yourself doing something while hating yourself for acting that way? If you have never had this experience then you are an unusual person—most people have such experiences. When external coercion produces such dilemmas, you are displeased but at least you understand why you are acting as you do. You are simply being forced to do so. However there are situations where external sources of coercion seem conspicuously absent. Then it seems as if you are forcing yourself to act against your own best interests. In such cases, subconscious or unconscious motivation appears to be at work. Where does subconscious motivation come from? Life experiences produce strong emotional responses in all of us. Often these emotional responses are frightening and can get in the way of our efforts to deal with the emotionproducing situation. Thus we learn to suppress some emotions in order to deal adequately with the situation at hand. For example, imagine you are giving a talk in class and a classmate asks a question in a disrespectful manner. While you could be furious, your best strategy might be to initially suppress your anger and concentrate on answering the question competently. Even after the situation has passed, whenever you think of the experience your blood still might boil. But what if you continue to suppress emotions—even when they are produced by the memories of negative events? What comes of these suppressed emotions? Many people suppress emotions for a long, long time. The residue of these unresolved emotional experiences lives on in the subconscious and influences the ability to think clearly and respond appropriately to new, similar challenges as they occur in daily life. Some people had to repress emotions in order to adapt and survive in childhood. They may have needed to repress situations of neglect or emotional, physical, or
Page 98
sexual abuse. Such experiences often represent circumstances under which their basic needs of love and safety were not met. The emotions may have been so overwhelming that the only way to survive and cope was to repress those feelings. As a child this defense mechanism was adaptive and protected them, but as an adult, the repressed emotions often interfere with current relationships and block the ability to maximize potential. In order to develop an ethic of selfcare it is important to allocate sufficient opportunities to meditate upon, write, and talk about negative and painful emotional experiences. Emotionally freeing ourselves from the negative effects of past experiences represents an important strategy for leading a happy and effective life. Because of their need to be liked and accepted, some people have learned to validate themselves through the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions of another person. These traits are often developed in childhood, usually to win approval and love from parents as well as to cope with family stress on a daytoday basis. The characteristics associated with the excessive need to please people are in alignment with the stressprone personality. These characteristics include, but are not limited to, ardent approval seeking, perfectionism, poor personal boundaries, martyrism, and unquestioning loyalty to family members who may in fact exhibit hurtful behaviors. The experience of emotion is what makes humans beings unique. We are capable of a broad range of feelings—love and hate, joy and sorrow, excitement and fear, embarrassment and pride, greed and compassion, jealousy and appreciation, ecstasy and despair, contentment and anger. All of these feelings have implications for how we view ourselves, our relationships to others, and to the broader world. In order to deeply experience the richness of life, we must be willing to acknowledge what we feel and embrace sadness and pain as well as joy and peace. We are challenged to allow ourselves to experience the entire range of human emotions, not just the pleasant or familiar ones. Gerald Mays in Addiction and Grace observes that in our society, we have come to believe that discomfort always means something is wrong. We are conditioned to believe that feelings of distress, pain, deprivation, yearning, and longing mean something is wrong with the way we are living our lives. Conversely, we are convinced that a rightly lived life must give us serenity, completion, and fulfillment. Comfort means "right" and distress means "wrong." The influence of such convictions is stifling to the human spirit. Individually and collectively, we must somehow recover the truth. The truth is, we were never meant to be completely satisfied. . . . To claim our rightful place in destiny, we must not only accept and claim the sweetly painful incompleteness within ourselves, but also affirm it with all our hearts.
Page 99
As Mays suggests, an ethic of emotional selfcare necessitates valuing and knowing both pleasant and unpleasant emotions. Losing touch with pain and anger eventually stifles the capacity to experience joy and happiness. Emotions are not inconveniences that interfere with the goal of having a good life. Just the opposite. Emotions are enhancements—bringing important messages that teach us about ourselves and our impact on others, producing the power to move into action and change, and enrichments giving a deeper sense of who we are and what we value. To best cultivate a philosophy of emotional wellness, it is important to develop an awareness of your emotions, acceptance and understanding of your feelings, and ways of expressing your feelings that are respectful to yourself and others.
Page 100
Anger Management People who learn to successfully manage their anger have greater person and professional success. No one likes to be around a sulking or attacking person. Anger, both expressed and silent, has an electriclike energy and stimulates everyone in the vicinity. Some people charge the atmosphere a soon as they enter the room—you feel as if you have to walk on eggs in the presence and you cannot wait to escape. Anger is a healthy human emotion that is essential in all good relation ships. The key to healthy anger is learning how to responsibly express you feelings. Neil Warner categorizes people who lack this skill into four anger management types based on the behaviors they typically employ. 1. Somatizer. The word soma means body and somatizers repress and keep their feelings inside. Somatizers may feel afraid of rejection and loss of approval. Their anger is expressed through their body in physical symptoms such as headaches, ulcers, and extreme fatigue. 2. Selfpunishers. This passive anger style is channeled into guilt. Selfpunishers get angry at themselves for getting angry at others. They punish themselves with control measures that reinforce their guilt by lowering their selfesteem. They may misuse alcohol, money, food, and dress in styles that are selfesteem deflating. 3. Exploders. Exploders rage at the world and anything in their path. They may be verbally, physically, or emotionally abusive. Exploders often have a stockpile of anger and they displace it on the nearest object who is usually someone close to them. Exploders may feel very unlovable and use their anger to control people through manipulation and fear. 4. Underhanders. Underhanders target their aggression toward the object of their anger but in an indirect and underhanded way. Underhanders seek revenge for injustices to their egos and try to sabotage their "enemy" with little acts of aggression such as coming late to a meeting or date, being sarcastic and overbearing in communication, and being defensive when confronted. Underhanders see themselves as victims who are doing the best they can. At some point most of us use some forms of these unhealthy anger styles. It is important to identify if you have a dominant style. If you want to know the truth regarding your anger style, ask someone who knows you well and be prepared to accept their answer in a nondefensive manner. Unhealthy anger responses can be stifled by using strategies for healthy anger expression.
Page 101
Twelve Healthy Ways to Express Anger 1. Know your dominate anger style and explore how it developed. 2. Make a list of specific situations that make you angry. 3. Rank order these situations into levels of anger intensity and give them color codes. Red = I feel violently angry; Orange = I feel angry; Pink = I feel slightly angry; Blue = I am upset but I also feel calm. 4. Group the angerproducing situations into four columns, one for each of the colors red, orange, pink, and blue. 5. The red column is the danger area and you need to avoid these situations until you get help to understand the power they have over you. Usually red angers are stockpiled from childhood and other painful relationships. If you have red situations it would be important to get help to understand and grieve your past hurts and angers so you can remove this dangerous rage. 6. Take time to understand your orange and pink angers and determine if you are expressing these feelings in healthy ways. Do you repress or overexpress your reactions? Do you slip into one of the four negative angermanagement styles Instead of directing and responsibly dealing with your orange and pink situations? 7. Blue is the expression of calm anger. We can be angry and remain calm if we work on developing a healthy anger style. Taking time to think a situation through before we respond in a hurtful way is an excellent way to learn to directly express anger. 8. Always use "I" statements instead of "you" statements in expressing anger. "You" statements make the other person defensive and it is difficult to hear when we feel attacked and judged. 9. Monitor your tone and volume. We are responsible for our raised and agitated voices when we have anger discussions. The way something is said can be more important than what is said. 10. Empathy and kindness is the second phase of all anger expression and conflict resolution. After we feel and acknowledge our feelings it is essential to immediately step into the other person's shoes and really try to feel empathy for their side of the difficulty. (In situations of abuse it is most important to end the abuse even if this means learning how to leave the relationship— empathy would not apply in an abusive crisis situation.) 11. Anger should always stay in the present and not bring in past events. Phrases like "you always do this" are ineffective in anger discussions. 12. After an anger discussion both parties should take some time to work out any remaining feelings on their own, through journaling or talking to a trusted person. It is important to let go of the grievance and change the subject when coming together again.
Page 102
Spiritual WellBeing Spirituality is the one area of the wellness paradigm that has often been ignored and neglected, much to the detriment of the other three areas. One reason that spirituality has been overlooked is that, until recently, the modern emphasis and much of the literature in psychology and medicine has focused on pathology, dysfunction, illness, maladaptation, and failure to thrive. Attention was given to curing, rather than to understanding good health and how it is maintained. Another reason for the neglect is due to the Western understanding of reality which focuses on only those things that can be repeatedly validated through the five senses. Current and respected researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology such as Larry Dossey, M.D., Deepak Chopra, M.D., Joan Borysenko, Ph.D., and Patricia Norris, Ph.D., note what sages have been saying for millennia: the spiritual dimension of health must be acknowledged and honored for optimal wellbeing. Brent Dennis (1990) observes that it is a universal characteristic of human beings to need to have an overall explanatory system. We do, one way or another, put our faith in something. Obviously some systems work more positively than others. We have a need for faith. It's our individual decision as to where to vest our faith and what type of spiritual equity to develop. The choice is always ours. But, the need to make the choice is present in each of us.
The view that spirituality is a universal characteristic of human beings is not new. Ralph Waldo Emerson in his essay on "Experience" wrote, "Fortune, Minerva, Muse, Holy Ghost—these are quaint names, too narrow to cover this unbounded substance. The baffled intellect must still kneel before this cause, which refuses to be named." He then went on to share the description of Spirit from the Confucian sage Mencius. "I fully understand language," [Mencius] said, "and nourish well my vastflowing vigor." "I beg to ask what you call vastflowing vigor?" said his companion. "The explanation," replied Mencius, "is difficult. This vigor is supremely great, and in the highest degree unbending. Nourish it correctly, and do it no injury, and it will fill up the vacancy between heaven and earth. This vigor accords with and assists justice and reason, and leaves no hunger."
Page 103
The thirteenthcentury Christian theologian Thomas Aquinas said, Natural reason tells a human that he is subject to a higher being . . . and whatever this superior being may be, it is known to all under the name of God. . . . [S]o too it is a dictate of natural reason in accordance with a human's natural inclination that he should tender submission and honor, according to his mode. . . . Now the mode befitting to a human is that he should employ sensible signs in order to signify anything, because he derives his knowledge from sensibles. (Summa Theologica IIII q. 85, a. 1)
Despite a long tradition acknowledging the human need for spirituality, many people find it difficult to express this need or even to discuss it. They find it difficult to talk about spirituality without reference to religion, a system of belief and practice. Many of the words we have to express dimensions of spirituality are tightly associated in their minds with particular practices in a specific religion or denomination. In an effort to avoid this problem, people attempt to develop other terms to express these dimensions or try to describe these dimensions without explicitly naming them. It is helpful to remember that although the spiritual is an important part of religion, it is not restricted to religion. It is a part of every human being. Cicero, in observing the many different belief systems in the ancient world, tried to determine what they had in common. He described "religion" as consisting of offering service and ceremonial rites to a superior nature that humans call 'divine', and this definition can serve us as a starting point. Simply acknowledging that there is a spiritual something out there somewhere is the first step toward spiritual wellbeing, but it is not the whole of it. Spirituality involves developing a personal relationship with that Spirit—what we might call connecting with it or becoming in tune with it. Mencius in the quote above speaks of nourishing it and doing it no injury; Thomas Aquinas speaks of a natural inclination to give submission and honor. In either case, the idea seems to be bringing oneself into a proper relation with the vaster and greater entity. Some people are reluctant to acknowledge a personal relationship with a greater entity because it seems threatening. They do not want to admit that they themselves are lacking or in some way inferior. This is very much like people refusing to stop and ask for travel directions when they are driving in an unfamiliar area. Learning to admit a need for help, learning to trust and accept help—whether from other people or from a spiritual source—is an important developmental task. Trying to be totally selfsufficient and in complete control is trying for an impossible goal and the attempt only causes unnecessary stress. Some other people may be willing to develop a personal spirituality but do not know how to go about it. This is often true for people who did not grow up with a spiritual orientation in a faith community or who
Page 104
lacked spiritual models. They have not had examples to learn from and now feel somewhat awkward and embarrassed in trying to explore the spiritual dimension. A helpful way to begin a quest for personal spirituality is to think of the parts of spirituality as worship, prayer, and service. Although we often use the word 'worship' in a trivial sense—for example, we may say that he worships the ground she walks on—it is not a word that many of us understand on a spiritual level. 'Worship' may bring to mind a religious service, but the particular ritual and ceremony of the service is not the worshipping. 'Worship' describes an interior act, a way of feeling toward something. Worship is the resting within reverence toward something great and wonderful. Perhaps the best way to come to understand worship is to look at the occasions in your life when you are worshipping, even though it may not be in a spiritual context. A very common experience is in our response to natural phenomena such as a beautiful sunset or moonlight on freshly fallen snow. As we view such scenes we open ourselves to the experience, we stand enraptured. Our minds turn loose of the petty business of daily life. We may find ourselves doing the same thing, worshipping, objects that are not at all spiritual. In seeing a sleek and expensive sports car or an opulent piece of jewelry, we may be so impressed that we stand enraptured. That we can see such things as so great and wonderful that they can absorb us says a great deal about our values. It also explains why for centuries spiritual leaders have warned about the attractiveness of worldly wealth. While we can be misled by our ability to worship things which are not spiritual, we are not likely to pray to them. Prayer has been defined as the raising up of the mind to God. There are various forms of prayer including thanksgiving, when we express gratitude, and petitionary, when we express our needs and hopes. A prayer can also be unspoken, a stirring within which we offer to the Spirit. Many people mistakenly think that prayer is only the reciting of a set formula and are unaware that they in fact frequently pray. Giving thanks is a good example— pausing in the midst of some happy occasion to acknowledge and appreciate the goodness of the moment is a prayer. Even more surprising is how often we make petitionary prayers. We say things like "Oh, don't start raining until I get home" or "Don't let there be a pop quiz today." Who are we talking to? Once we realize that we do express ourselves in these ways to the universe, prayer no longer seems strange and awkward. We can then become more aware of our praying and cultivate a prayer life as part of our spirituality. Service is not the least part of spirituality. While worshipping and prayer can take place silently inside a person, service encompasses the visible and external acts. Four components of service seem especially important. The first and best understood is service toward other people. Traditionally this has been seen as helping the poor. Closely aligned with helping others is service as an offering. We tend
Page 105
to think of this as giving money, but it is so much more. It includes a willingness to give your individual talents toward making the world a better place and a willingness to forego something in order to grow spiritually or help others. This could be in the form of fasting, or giving up a bad habit, or rearranging a busy schedule to make time for comforting another person. Service as an offering also includes dedicating time, space, or objects to the Spirit. You might designate a few moments each day to reading and reflection, meditation, or prayer. You might dedicate a spot in your room as a spiritual center—a place to keep an inspiring picture, sacred literature, a vase of seasonal flowers—where you can pause and be reminded of the Spirit on a daily basis. Many religions consecrate certain items, reserving them solely for use in the spiritual context. The third component of service centers around ritual and ceremony. This is celebrating spirituality with outward signs. Traditionally the relationship with the Spirit was seen as an interior state of being which was expressed through external acts. Thomas Aquinas explains that the reason for the external acts is that people are physical beings who know the world best through their senses. We can feel deep friendship for someone even at a distance, but we have greater joy when we can express that friendship with a hug or hearty pat on the back. We think of our emotions as overflowing; we say "I was so excited I couldn't sit still" or "I was so happy I had to shout." It is the same with a spiritual state which we make manifest through visible actions such as kneeling, singing, lighting candles, wearing special garments, and so forth. It is all too possible to learn ritual actions and perform them without developing the underlying spirituality. Young adults frequently reject traditional rituals as meaningless without realizing that the meaning stems from the internal spiritual state. Similarly people can participate in rituals out of habit and lose touch with the spiritual dimension that grounds the ritual. Unless a person's participation in the ritual or ceremony flows from a deep and personal spirituality, that person is a spectator to the event. On the other hand, ritual can help restore a person's spirituality by offering the comfort of familiar practice in times of pain and stress and by reminding the person of the deep strength and peace available through the Spirit. The fourth component of service is the sharing of spirituality with others. Frequently this is seen as a relationship with an intimate spiritual community. These would be the people with whom you share the rituals and ceremonies and/or join with in making offerings or in helping others. By sharing our spiritual insights and reflections we help each other grow in awareness and in understanding. We can serve as examples to people who are just beginning to discover their spirituality and learn from people whose understanding surpasses our own. In some cases and especially in some religious cultures, people suddenly discovering their spirituality are caught up in a grand exuberance to share their discovery. Other people are very shy and hesitant in
Page 106
sharing and may only speak of spiritual things to a trusted few. As people gain confidence in their spirituality and become more aware of how the spiritual is integrated in all parts of their wellbeing and all parts of their life, they often feel more at ease in sharing with others. As they progress to ever deeper understanding, they become increasingly able to recognize the spiritual dimension in other people, including people from different religious and cultural communities. Just as the other three areas of the wellness paradigm can be taken to extremes, so can spirituality. At various times in history, people have attempted to further their spiritual dimension by sacrificing physical or emotional wellbeing. These people practiced an overly strict asceticism, Meditation Dr. Dean Ornish (1990) determined that meditation and relaxation are often more important that nutrition and exercise in reversing heart disease. He writes that ''meditation doesn't smooth out the disturbances in life as a tranquilizer might. Meditation allows you to go deeper, to where the disturbances begin. It helps you become more aware of how your mind becomes agitated and gives you more control to stop these disturbances. It doesn't bring you peace, for peace is already there once you stop disturbing it." There are varied forms of meditation and personal focusing and most of them are extremely effective and helpful in producing relaxation. One of these techniques that is simple and profoundly effective is the "One Hundred and Eight Breaths." This Asian breathing practice has been passed down through the centuries primarily by oral tradition. The count of 108 has been shown to produce an almost perfect state of relaxation. The daily practice of this meditation will produce significant relaxation and positive health results in a short period of time. One Hundred and Eight Breath Meditation Sit in a relaxed position in as quiet a place as possible. Quietly breathe in and out. Starting with one, count one number with each complete in and out breath. If distracted, observe your thoughts and return to your breath count. Breathe slowly in the way that is most comfortable and relaxing for you. Count until you reach 108 breaths. Stop counting and sit as long as you like in the silence of complete relaxation. Practice this experience one or two times a day.
Page 107
seeking to advance the spirit by denying their physical needs or even by selfinflicted pain. Some of the medieval saints exemplify this approach. It is helpful to be aware that in the contemporary culture of these saints there were other people recognized for their spirituality who did not practice such rigorous asceticism and there were people who did follow these practices who were not regarded as having spiritual insight. Such rigorous asceticism is not necessary for spirituality. While the spiritual component is present in everyone—just as the physical, mental, and emotional components are—it often goes unrecognized. Everyone does worship, pray, and serve whether they realize it or not. They may be worshipping wealth, power, or prowess, centering their prayers on selfish hopes, or serving themselves or some narrow interest group, but they are in some manner expressing their spiritual dimension. By becoming more aware of the spiritual dimension, we can guide and nurture it, and discover how it permeates all of our being.
Page 108
Spirits On a Human Path Brian Luke Seaward Every crisis is a spiritual crisis, and spiritual crises require spiritual cures. Carl Jung
The word health comes to us from the Old English word Hal, meaning to be whole or holy. One cannot speak of health without an implicit understanding of human spirituality, for spiritual health is inextricably linked to our mental, emotional, and physical health. If you were to talk to the wisdom keepers, the shamans, and healers of all times, of all cultures, you would hear them speak of three things with regard to human spirituality: relationship (with oneself and others), values, and a meaningful purpose in life—all as they relate to the Divine. Human spirituality is inclusive, not exclusive. It is experiential, not intellectual. As such there is no agreement about its definition, only that no language, be it English, French, or Swahili, has the adequate words to do justice to this topic. The closest we come is through metaphor, simile, and analogy. Ageless wisdom of the sages, prophets, and shamans tells us that we are divine sparks of God who incarnate into human form to appreciate the full spectrum of all life experiences, from the good and bad to the ridiculous and sublime. Theologian Teillard de Chardin once said, "We are not humans having a spiritual experience, we are spirits having a human experience." Jungian analyst Jean Shinoda Bolin put it this way, "We are not humans on a spiritual path. Rather, we are spirits on a human path." The human path or journey is not one that leads to a heavenly destination. Rather it is a process of sharing and receiving unconditional love. The use of metaphor to describe the human path leads many to think of it in terms of miles or years. In truth, the human path is no more than twelve inches: the distance from one's head to one's heart. Since human spirituality is inclusive, not exclusive, and experiential, not theoretical or intellectual, there is no one formula or recipe. And human spirituality is not the same as religion. To quote philosopher Aldous Huxley, "Human spirituality is the perennial philosophy. It rises above (transcends) religion, politics, and egos." Many people think of human spirituality as a trip to Disney World: beautiful sunsets, warm fuzzy puppies and cute newborn babies, the proverbial endorphin rush after climbing a mountain peak. But spiritual experiences on the human path are not limited exclusively to the
Page 109
metaphorical mountain top. The human path includes treks through many a valley as well. And as Jung reminded us, human spirituality involves one, if not several trips through the dark night of the soul. The professor from hell. The roommate from hell. Traffic from hell. Have you noticed how popular hell has become these days? Stressors come in all shapes and sizes. The small stressors we can sidestep with little effort. The larger stressors, those which seem to be insurmountable roadblocks and obstacles, we tend to avoid. And while avoidance may be the coping skill of choice for lifethreatening situations, it is not a spiritual cure for stressors involving relationships, values, and purpose in life. Take a look at any life problem and you will see that it falls into one of these three categories: relationships, values, and a meaningful purpose in life. While our first inclination may be to do an aboutface when we encounter the stressor from hell, avoidance merely postpones the inevitable. Spiritual stressors must be resolved, not avoided. There is no other way. And if I had the chance to tell this generation only one thing it would be this: Whatever it takes, learn to love yourself. Betsy Hull
Roadblocks in the form of stressors are actually part of the human path. They are meant to be dismantled, circumvented, or transcended, not avoided. And we are never presented with a problem that we cannot handle. Throughout my professional career, I have had the good fortune to meet several people who have been through hellacious life experiences. Remarkably, these people are not victims of their circumstances. They are the victors. When I ask them how they overcame their adversity, their answers are almost always the same: a sense of patience, a sense of humor, a sense of faith, compassion, forgiveness, humbleness, imagination and creativity, optimism and love. These are not gifts for a chosen few. They are birthrights for everyone. These are what I call "muscles of the soul." Like our physical muscles, they never disappear, but they can atrophy with disuse. We are called upon regularly to exercise these spiritual muscles and whether it is a malignant cancerous tumor or a benign person with fourteen items in a nineitem express checkout lane, we must learn to exercise these muscles frequently. We each have the potential to be spiritually healthy, because within each of us resides these dynamic muscles of the soul. However, potential that is not used is wasted. Perhaps spiritual health can best be described as using this potential—to engage these spiritual muscles on a regular and frequent basis. In these times of great change which often produce great stress, we are called upon frequently to use our inner resources and come through each situation the victor, not the victim. Our spiritual potential, as expressed through humor, compassion, faith, forgiveness, courage, creativity, and intuition are there for the asking. Spiritual health, the good race, is flexing these muscles and feeling the strength they provide when needed. The human path is filled with wonderful vistas and breathtaking scenery and we are often encouraged to stop and smell the roses along
Page 110
the way. But the human path also has its share of distractions. The JudeoChristian culture calls these temptations. They are known in Eastern philosophy as "desires of the heart." Distractions begin as attractions, that which lures us through curiosity and then pulls us off the path—indefinitely. Fairy tales are filled with examples of distractions. Similarly, today's newspapers are really no different. Drug abuse, alcohol addiction, excessive television viewing, even other people prove to be prime examples of that which pulls us off the path. Only recently have therapists and counselors become aware of the spiritual connection to the addictive process. In the words of Sri Ramakrishna, "The winds of grace are blowing perpetually. We only need raise our sails." Procrastination Procrastination is the avoidance of a specific task or work which needs to be accomplished. There are numerous ways to procrastinate. Some people act as though the task will go away if they ignore it long enough; others will concentrate on only one portion of a task—arranging their work space, for example, without getting down to doing the work. There are more subtle ways to procrastinate. Some people make repeated minor delays or make more of their commitment to the task than to actually working on it—all talk and no action. Self deception often plays a part: substituting another "worthy" activity for the one required, convincing oneself that a mediocre job will do, persistently underestimating the amount of work involved or overestimating one's ability to do the task. Sometimes work is not completed because of poor time management skills (see tips for better time management on page 89). But it may be that there are more serious problems underlying a tendency to procrastinate. People may avoid doing a task that they feel incompetent to handle through lack of training, skill, or ability. They may be uncertain of what is expected or, in trying a new activity, not have any way of knowing how they will perform. Some people may have an unidentified learning disability. Other people set unreachable standards for themselves or overvalue the reactions of others who will evaluate the work. If the task seems irrelevant or not consistent with a person's own interest, it is difficult to get motivated. How to overcome procrastination depends to a great deal on why someone is avoiding the task in the first place. Setting realistic goals and keeping the work in proper perspective is a first step. Clarifying the task and how to do it—what resources, skills, materials are needed—is necessary not only for effective planning but for an honest appraisal of one's abilities. It may be that some help or additional training is needed. Unpleasant tasks can be broken down into small steps distributed over a reasonable time frame. And it is helpful to remember that a dreaded task— whether cleaning up the room or meeting with a faculty advisor—may not be so bad once you go ahead and do it.
Page 111
The Power of Addiction Kelly Hundt I haven't smoked for almost seven years, but I still dream about it regularly. At least once a week. In my dream I didn't really quit, and I've been smoking all along. It's just a natural thing that I am doing in my dream. I awake with a smile. In my work, when I hold a pen or a piece of chalk, it easily slides between my index and middle fingers, as if I'm ready to take a long drag off it. While I've had my share of "addictions to overcome," cigarettes are in a class all by themselves. When I was asked to write this essay regarding the power of addiction, I decided to focus on nicotine with the hopes that if even one person thinks twice about smoking or decides to quit, then it would be totally worth it. Abuse of substances and processes such as alcohol, food, work, gambling, sex, and nicotine can result in addiction. My relationship with nicotine was lifeinvolving. Change the substance or process and this can be anyone's story. I started smoking when I was ten years old. It was a legacy in my family. Everyone smoked, and I couldn't wait to join the forces. They, however, were all "controlled smokers." One a day. I was hooked from the start. The first time I inhaled I threw up. That might deter the weaker smoker . . . not me. I look at ten year olds now and I am amazed at how small and young they are and I wonder what I must have looked like. I did grow up in North Carolina, the tobacco belt, so the sight of a child smoking was not so unusual. I was supporting the local economy. Cigarettes were readily available during that time. All I needed was a quarter(!) and I would head off to the vending machine at the local mall. The vending machine was located in an outoftheway place in the shopping center with easy access to slip in and out without detection. It seemed almost made for a sneaky kid. There was no discerning clerk to question me. If I was out of cigarettes, I could search the ashtrays of the house to find some butts to puff on, or my dad's Dutch Masters would tide me over. Cigarettes aren't generally thought of as being mindaltering drugs. There is not a law against driving a car or operating heavy equipment while under the influence of cigarettes. There are ashtrays in cars, and it almost seems like a prerequisite to smoke in many heavy labor operations. They are just a bad habit. I disagree. Not for moral reasons, but I really see now how smoking robbed me from fully participating in my life. Smoking filled so many roles for me. If I was bored, light up. If I was mad, light up. If I wanted to relax, light up. If I was celebrating . . .
Page 112
I think you get the picture. I would rather smoke than do something really fun where I couldn't smoke. All of my friends smoked. It was entrenched in my life. Most people don't start smoking as a prepubescent like I did. Many people I know never picked up a cigarette until they got into college. That seems to be a big catalyst for smoking. Loneliness, stress, boredom, peer pressure, etc. all contribute to picking up that first cigarette. There is the new information in the press today that a tobacco company has confessed to marketing to teens and young adults. By the time you've reached college, you've already been exposed to countless messages encouraging you to join forces with your "pals" the Marlboro Man and Joe Camel. I no longer drink and no longer drug, because even in moderation they make me feel worse rather than better as a human being. Michael Fontana
You might wonder what on earth would make me quit something I loved so much? When I was thirtyseven I checked myself into treatment for drug and alcohol dependence. At that time, a common thought I had was, "Thank God, I still have cigarettes to fall back on. It's the only 'bad' thing I can do now." Yes, I was a grown woman at the time. After being in recovery a little while, I learned a lot about addiction, and that almost anything can be used as a means to hide from feelings and life in general, including food, sex, shopping, work, gambling, video game playing—you name it. Now these are all normal and healthy things to do in the context of a manageable life, but I realized that I had used a number of them to hide out (and let's face it, I'm not perfect and I still do once in a while). Even after knowing all this, I still did not want to give up cigarettes. I really wanted to quit "at some point," but I couldn't seem to put my finger on when that would be. One night I was lying in bed, about to go to sleep when I felt a little bubble in my head. In retrospect I imagine it was a sinus bubble, but it felt to me like an aneurysm, and the reality that I could die as a result of my addiction was totally clear. The denial was lifted (the smoke cleared). I made a foxhole promise to God that I would quit the next day if everything was ok. I haven't smoked a cigarette since. I wish that I could tell you how easy it was to quit, but it was hell. I was a raving psycho for almost six months. All of that anger that I had repressed for years with smoking came raging out. Once my husband jumped out of the car in the middle of nowhere and found his own way home. That was the preferred choice to being in an enclosed area with me for one second more. I honestly didn't realize what a strong role cigarettes played in my life until I quit. Smoking had become my best friend. Beside me in thick and thin, cigarettes really were my most reliable companion. I must say it is so embarrassing to admit now, and I find it really sad. I'd rather just say they were a weakness I submitted to and overcame through my sheer will power, but they were so much more than that. So why quit? Well, there are the obvious issues of cancer and respiratory problems that are pretty good reasons to quit. but I discovered a
Page 113
whole world out there once my smoky cushion blew away. Ultimately the anger subsided and new emotions came along as well—joy and freedom! By now, my lungs are once again pink and healthy. I choose to live my life on life's terms. That is how I believe life was meant to be lived. I feel that I have a purpose for being on this planet that I will never be able to get in touch with unless I am totally available in my life. I'm still trying to figure out what my purpose is, and I can't help but think that I wasted a lot of years along the way, but I guess they were necessary to get me where I am today. I'm grateful every day that I don't smoke. Especially when I see my husband struggling so to quit. There are a million reasons not to smoke, but I really feel that cigarettes rob you of life, not only through the physical ravaging of the body, but as an aid to suppress feelings. Suppression of feelings can't be selective. If cigarettes repress anger, then they repress joy as well. Perhaps the warning label on all packs should be changed to read: Warning: Smoking causes cancer and hooks you into an addiction that sucks the life out of you every time you suck on a cigarette.
Page 114
Group Activities 1. Select a number of wellknown professional athletes and discuss how well each seems to demonstrate wellness in each of the four components. Discuss the impact of these people as role models on children's perception of wellness and good health. 2. Working in groups make two collages from a variety of current magazines, including those which focus on news, fashion, cooking, and exercise. One collage would represent positive selfcare, the other negative selfcare. Try to find materials relating to each of the four components. Discuss how wellness is being portrayed in the different magazines. 3. Form teams to discover resources for more information on health and wellness. Consider local programs and facilities on campus and in the community, information in libraries and from nonprofit organizations, websites and internet newsgroups in addition to magazines, journals, radio, and television shows. Evaluate how well these sources integrate all the wellness components. Put together a resource guide and consider ways the guide could be shared with others. 4. Along with greater wellbeing comes a greater capacity for achieving goals. Give examples of goals that you might be able to achieve in the future that you are not able to achieve currently. Discuss how each component of wellbeing would contribute to your progress.
Page 115
Workbook Awareness 1. Record your first reactions to the following phrases: People who love themselves are______ Selflove becomes egotism when______ Caring for myself in the spirit that I care for others would be______ It is difficult to love my body because______ Taking time for myself isn't easy because______ If I really loved my self I would______ My family thinks physical wellness is______ My family thinks emotional wellness is______ My family thinks mental wellness is______ My family thinks spiritual wellness is______ My family's strongest area is______ My family's weakest area is______ My close friends think physical wellness is______ My close friends think emotional wellness is______ My close friends think mental wellness is______ My close friends think spiritual wellness is______ My close friends' strongest area is______ My close friends' weakest area is______ What did you discover in this exercise?
Page 116
2. Fill out the chart on page 117 to get a sense of your overall wellness. In each of the last five years, how would you rank your health in each component of wellness? Give yourself one point if your health in that component was generally poor, two points if it was up and down, three points if it was generally satisfactory, and four points if it was strong and vigorous. Add short notes to yourself as you remember specific incidents in that year which affect your score (i.e., a major illness, a personal loss, etc.). 3. Using the same chart, record your history in the following areas: Your work and/or school performance Your participation in exercise or physical activities Your leisure time and relaxation activities Your eating behaviors Your use of alcohol and other drugs and substances Your relationships Your spiritual activities Study the completed chart. Note significant relationships between the activities and your health. Note which years had the best balance across all components of wellness and which had the least. What factors were at work in these years?
Page 117
Physical wellness Mental Wellness Emotional Wellness Spiritual Wellness Performance Exercise Leisure Nutrition Alcohol Relationships Spiritual activities
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
Page 118
4. Make a list of health habits that you may feel are important (eating breakfast, flossing your teeth, taking time to relax, quitting smoking, etc.) but that you do not do. Beside each one, write down what excuse you generally make to yourself. Now, write down what you think may be some of the real reasons you do not do these things.
Page 119
Belief Discovery 1. Describe your personal ideal of physical wellness. Make it as specific as possible—for example, it may include being able to run a marathon. Make your description as complete as possible. Do you think you can reach this ideal? If not, how could you modify the specific parts to be things you could achieve without sacrificing all idealism. (For example, instead of a marathon, would a very good time on a 10–K be a more reasonable substitute?) My ideal:
Modifications:
Page 120
2. Describe your personal ideal of emotional wellness as specifically as possible. (Remember that you cannot control external factors, i.e., be carefree and happy every day—this would be a strange emotional response to a sad occasion.) How does this ideal differ from your present emotional health? My ideal:
Differences:
Page 121
3. Describe your personal ideal of mental wellness. What sort of specifics are you using to describe it? (Intelligence tests, accumulative grade average, SAT scores? If so, you need to rethink the ''wellness" concept.) How does this ideal differ from your present mental wellness? My ideal:
Differences:
Page 122
4. Describe your personal ideal of spiritual wellness. If this is difficult for you, it may be helpful to think in terms of inner peace, a deep sense of gratitude, or of being in harmony with life on the most vast scale you can imagine. If it is very difficult, you may need to concentrate your description on a more tangible aspect of life which gives you a sense of awe, wonder, and renewal. My ideal:
Page 123
Charting Your Course 1. Carefully review your descriptions in the Belief Discovery section and use them to choose four shortterm goals (those which can be completed within a week), one in each of the wellness components. To do this you may need to break a larger goal into several parts and select one to work on. To illustrate: If you understand mental wellness as having a creative dimension and you want to expand your creativity, a first step may be simply buying some modeling clay and setting aside some time each day to work with it. List your plans below and consider what you will need to carry them out and what difficulties you may encounter. MY PLAN What I want to do for physical wellness: How I will do it: How I will remember to work on my plan: What difficulties I may run into and how I will handle them:
What I want to do for mental wellness: How I will do it: How I will remember to work on my plan: What difficulties I may run into and how I will handle them:
Page 124
What I want to do for emotional wellness: How I will do it: How I will remember to work on my plan: What difficulties I may run into and how I will handle them:
What I want to do for spiritual wellness: How I will do it: How I will remember to work on my plan: What difficulties I may run into and how I will handle them:
Page 125
2. After completing your plans, evaluate your success. What went well, what could be improved? Think how you will proceed in the coming week. How I rate the success of my plans: Physical Mental Emotional Spiritual What worked well:
What needs improvement:
What adjustment I will make:
How I rate the success of my plans for the second week:
Page 126
3. Use this space for setting longer term goals and for tracking your progress.
Page 127
Four— Relationships We believe that learning how to be in working relationships is an essential developmental task for young people.
Human beings need each other. In the ups and downs of life we count on others to share our happiness and pain. We were not meant to be alone. Your first relationship with your parents may have been nurturing or difficult and the trust you felt in this first relationship may affect how you approach other relationships in your life. To be in a working relationship we need to trust the other person. Trust is the cornerstone for all committed relationships. Trust by its nature implies mutuality and an attitude of kindness. Each of us can learn to select trustworthy people to care about and to be a loving partner and friend. Selfdefeating patterns that cause relationships to falter and end can be changed. As people grieve and let go of the past, they can move into today with a new zest for life and love. Everyone can learn to be accountable and responsible, to set boundaries that safeguard themselves and the other person. Each of us can grow to respect, learn from, and eventually love the differences between ourselves and our loved ones. Relationships are giveandtake and sometimes we may need to take or to give one hundred percent. We learn that when love is shared it multiplies. Even the most loving people make mistakes. We learn to practice forgiveness as we accept the imperfections in ourselves and loved ones. We learn not to tolerate abuse and to know the joy of working through a hard time without demeaning the other person. We learn that being right all of the time is not necessary. We learn the depth of our goodness, resilience, and ability to love. We learn who we are in relationships. All of this we learn in relationships, again and again. And as we learn we grow in the vibrant health that only love can birth.
Page 128
In This Chapter Guidelines for Creating Healthy Relationships Geraldine K. Piorkowski and Bobbie Knable
129
Are You Ready for Sex? Howard Kirschenbaum
148
A Man's Journey James T. Coleman
154
A Nest for One Sonia Gernes
161
Group Activities
166
Workbook
167
Page 129
Guidelines for Creating Healthy Relationships Geraldine K. Piorkowski and Bobbie Knable The joys of relationships have been acclaimed for centuries. Celebrated in poems, fables, novels, and music from time immemorial, loving relationships are the antidote to painful loneliness. Shared moments of laughter, fun, pleasure, and beauty experienced with another person enliven ordinary, daytoday existence. In relationships, we are often more than our solitary self. We can be wittier, smarter, kinder, more articulate, and sensitive than we are alone. The gift of another person's ideas, enthusiasm, and feelings transforms our world into a rich tapestry of nuance and color. We are enriched by relationships in countless ways. As we touch the lives of others and let them touch our lives, the experience of being changed by a relationship occurs repeatedly. Caring relationships have such power, as do the acts of kindness that we encounter in our daily lives. Our returned wallet with all its contents intact, the knock on the door from a fraternity brother asking if we are all right after we missed class that morning, and the passing sailor who notices that our boat is adrift and comes to our rescue—all profoundly affect our sense of hope and trust. Even fleeting negative encounters can have a powerful and lasting effect if they seem to symbolize our relationship to the world. Relationships come in all shapes and sizes. We are not only talking about romantic relationships but about a broader range including those with family, teachers, advisors, friends, and roommates. These relationships vary along a number of dimensions, including degree of closeness, level of commitment, honesty, depth, importance, satisfaction, and health. Your relationship with the faculty member who teaches your math class could be casual and yet important, while your relationship with your barber or beautician could be close and emotionally sustaining. The more variety in your relationships (some casual, some close, some important, some peripheral), the more satisfying life can be. What does a good friendship or a wonderful romance look like? In other words, what are the ingredients of a healthy or satisfying relationship? In attempting to clarify what is important in healthy relationships, we have identified the following guidelines for relationship health:
Page 130
1. Understand the power of attraction 2. Respect differences 3. Set reasonable expectations 4. Identify boundaries 5. Be courteous and kind 6. Practice mutuality and reciprocity 7. Establish loyalty, dependability, commitment, and trust 8. Nourish individual growth and change 9. Focus on responsibility, not blame 10. Fight fair: learn "winwin" negotiation skills 11. Share a sense of humor and play 12. Build rituals and traditions 13. Grieve all losses 14. Resolve to end unhealthy relationships 1— Understand the Power of Attraction The qualities that a person finds attractive may be adaptive or healthy in that they bring joy and satisfaction or they may be maladaptive, a source of considerable pain. In the latter instance, familiar qualities are chosen not simply because they are known, but out of a hope to master the previous source of pain and bring about a different relationship conclusion. For example, someone may be attracted to distant, unemotional people as a reflection of relationships experienced in his or her family life. A person who is attracted to people who represent and duplicate painful issues from the past is likely to wind up disappointed again. It is important to be aware of personality types that attract you and whether these people are right for you in the long run. Some people tend to be attracted to high status people—those with money, prestige, power, great bodies, beauty. Perhaps they want to bask in the reflected glory. Others are attracted to people with whom they can play a familiar role—helper, parent, organizer, superior one (hero), inferior one, listener, clown, scapegoat, lost soul. Roles tend to be confining because they limit behavior to those activities prescribed by the role. For example, a person who is always in the role of the "hero" may be reluctant to show weaknesses to another person. Some people are attracted by qualities they value but personally lack in hope that these qualities will rub off. For example, shy persons may be attracted to outgoing types or confused, insecure individuals to superconfident types. People attracted to missing qualities often grow to resent these once attractive characteristics because they fail to be magically transforming. Other people are attracted to qualities that are the opposite of the characteristics that have caused pain. They are determined to avoid repeating those earlier problems, but may blindly seek out an opposite type, overlooking other aspects of the person. Most people are attracted to values, interests, and views similar to their own.
Page 131
Because the qualities that attract someone in a friendship and romantic love are not always virtues (in fact, they can be shallow or unhealthy characteristics), not being pursued by a particular person need not be a source of shame or inadequacy. One is not responsible for what turns another person on; similarly, being rejected is not totally or even mostly within a person's control. Although everyone can attempt to change those qualities that are annoying to another person in hopes of improving a relationship, they cannot transform themselves into someone who arouses another's passion. The rules governing initial emotional attraction have often been programmed by earlier experiences and are not easily modified by current realities. 2— Respect Differences Increasing our ability to appreciate difference makes it possible for us to learn from and be enriched by the unfamiliar. The appreciation of diversity enhances our sensitivity and our ability to get along with others who are different from us. Many of the behaviors we take for granted as universal really represent middleclass, white American cultural norms. What we are defining as characteristics of a healthy relationship might be interpreted differently by those from different cultural backgrounds. For example, many Europeans and Middle and Far Easterners are much more reticent than many Americans about disclosing information regarding family problems, financial matters, personal issues, political views, and religious beliefs. Many of the cultural groups within America retain some of that reticence. Whether the reluctance stems from politeness which seeks to avoid topics that may provoke dispute or from a regard for the privacy On Snobbery If you are not a snob and want to avoid ever being made to seem one, don't rush into intimacy with the welcoming but not especially congenial neighbors, and then later on withdraw from your earlier friends when you meet people you really like. . . . If you are a snob, and transfer yourself from the nextdoor circle to the Highhill circle merely because the Highhills are richer or more important, then you deserve the opinion you have brought upon yourself. . . . A snob is a person who is always animated by the impression he wants to make, and the exalted regard in which he strives to be held by others. The discriminating person cares nothing whatever about the opinions of others, and chooses his interests and his companions according to his personal taste and inclination. (From Emily Post, Etiquette, 1933)
Page 132
of others, some people will reserve certain disclosures for longterm intimate relationships. Similarly, the American emphasis on individuality may seem selfish to those of other cultures, especially if it is viewed as placing the advancement of the individual ahead of the needs and wellbeing of the family as a whole. In other cultures, children seek parental approval of relationships and of career choices, essentially out of respect for parents and gratitude for family sacrifices on their behalf. In some societies, cooperation is more valued than individual achievement since it improves the circumstances of everyone; in others, publicly outdoing another is seen as showing off. In some Native American cultures, educators were unsuccessful in getting students to compete with one another by raising their hands when they had finished a test. Students who finished early waited until those who took longer had completed the work to avoid embarrassing their slower classmates. At its most meaningful depth, love means that I want someone to become who they can be, that I want them to fulfill their own vision of themselves. And of course, if I truly want this, it must mean that I am willing to help. David Marr
Gender differences have been a popular subject of psychology books, including the bestselling Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. John Gray describes men as ''hunters," referring to their competitive, aggressive, and provider roles, and women as "gatherers," referring to their caretaking, feeding, and socializing functions. In general, women are taught to be more open about their feelings and more selfdisclosing than men, especially with regard to worries and weaknesses. Men, on the other hand, talk more easily about their successes than their failings. Women may tend to regard talking about their accomplishments as boastful or egotistical and often show more comfort with equal relationships. In contrast, competing for a position at the top of the hierarchy tends to be an important consideration for men who are socialized to be uncomfortable with onedown status and vulnerability. Awareness of these differences can reduce our tendency to regard one gender as superior to another. No matter how different, we are all special. Each person's uniqueness as manifested in his or her individual perceptions, feelings, experiences, and approaches to life needs to be treasured and cultivated. In learning how to respect differences, the communication skills of active listening and caring feedback go a long way. Everyone wants to be listened to and understood. This basic human need starts in the earliest days of infancy when a baby's first smiles and cooing sounds are acknowledged by a beaming parent. Everyone hopes to share their thoughts and feelings with others and have them validated. While admiration, approval, and agreement are hoped for, being understood is really the bottom line.
Page 133
Listening to another person carefully is an active process that requires energy and motivation. In order to listen, we have to suspend our personal thoughts to understand what the other person is saying and feeling. When we do this we pay attention not only to the words being spoken but to nonverbal cues as well, that is, the facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, speech tempo, loudness, word emphasis, gestures, and body posture. All these nonverbal behaviors (collectively called the metacommunication) add intensity and flavor to the overall meaning of the message and tell us whether the speaker is serious, playful, friendly, angry, or dangerous. The metacommunication or message about the message provides a context for the words so we are better prepared to understand what is really being said. For example, if your mother greets you smilingly with the words "Where were you?" you would know she is glad to see you and is simply asking for information. On the other hand, if the same words "Where were you?" are uttered angrily with a scowl on your mother's face, you would know immediately that she is upset with you and wants an explanation. The metacommunciation tells us how important the words are and how serious the message. In order to listen attentively, it is essential to want to really hear the other person. Curiosity and wanting to know the other person, the desire to be helpful, and eagerness to develop a better relationship are sources of motivation. Gary Zukav, awardwinning author and philosopher, describes open listening as central to relationship trust and growth: "You experience that his or her perceptions and observations are helpful, and indeed, central, to your growth, that conversation between you stirs deep water . . . you learn to trust not only each other, but also your ability to grow together." If you have a choice between criticizing someone and validating them, consider the validation route. Dr. Sidney Simon
When you listen, it is important to communicate to the other person what you heard. Telling them "I know what you mean" may not quite do it. Using an empathic paraphrase of what was said, a rephrasing of the other's message in your own words, tells the speaker very clearly that you were listening, e.g., "what I hear you saying is . . ." If you can include the feeling tone in your paraphrase, e.g. ''you sound happy that . . ." or "it seems you really believe that. . ." it is even better. In that way you are communicating that you heard both the words and the meaning behind them. Listening and empathic responding are accepting and validating communication skills, whereas feedback—providing information about and reaction to the speaker's message—has the potential of being confrontational. Nevertheless, both positive and negative feedback done in a caring way are important tools for the growth and development of close friendships. Everyone needs to hear the impact of their words and behavior as
Page 134
a kind of reality check, that is, as a way of learning the rules of the world, including those of relationships. In order to give direct feedback, the distinction between observations, thoughts and beliefs, feelings and desires needs to be borne in mind, according to Matthew McKay. An observation is a generally accepted fact or something known directly through the senses, eyes and ears in particular, and can be stated objectively: "I notice that when you talk about your girlfriend, you smile and look happy" is clear and straightforward. Your thoughts, inferences, conclusions, judgments, and feelings about your observations are another story and can support or contradict what is seen. You might feel "I'm glad for you because I like her, too" or in an opposite vein, ''I don't think she's good for you because I've heard from several people that she drinks too much." In the latter instance while the message is negative and based on hearsay, the communication is clear as to thoughts, feelings, and source of information. The "desire" or "wish" part of the message communicates what you would like or want, e.g., "I hope you break up with her." In contrast to clear or direct communication, garbled or condensed messages are difficult to understand because the observational component may be mixed in with the evaluative part of the message. The statement " I don't believe that you like to study" coming out of the blue is difficult for the listener to grasp because he or she has no idea on what it is based. A better introduction would be an observational comment, e.g., "From what I've observed, you study about twenty minutes a day," followed by "I don't believe you like to study." Similarly the statement "You really are a hermit" without a preamble can be insulting, whereas the same message separated into the components of observations, thoughts, feelings, and desire/hopes can communicate care and concern. The message " I notice that you haven't gone to any social events this semester [observation] and I worry [feeling] that you're becoming a hermit [thought]. I wish you would come with me to this weekend's basketball game [desire]" is clear, direct, caring, and forceful. 3— Set Reasonable Expectations In both friendship and romantic love, some people hope to find a blissful permanent union unblemished by conflict, disagreement, boredom, or threats of dissolution. They hope to find someone who accepts them unconditionally, understands them perfectly, and is willing to comfort them whenever needed. They also want attention, encouragement, praise, affection, protection, and exclusive special status (be the most important person in the world to the other). Expecting another person to boost our selfesteem constantly, alter our moods when we are down, provide meaning in life, and improve our selfcontrol will lead to disappointment. Loving someone does not mean
Page 135
that the loved one will substitute for what is missing in our life or that he or she will always be attentive and aware of our moods or defer to our wishes. Such hopes are unrealistic. Another person may be giving and helpful at times, but the major responsibility for selfdevelopment falls on our own shoulders. While there is fulfillment to be found in relationships, there are no silverlining guarantees for happiness. Geraldine K. Piorkowski in Too Close for Comfort: Exploring the Risks of Intimacy describes how relationships can be a source of disappointment, inner conflict, emotional pain, and fear. Among the feared dangers of close relationships are loss of control, excessive guilt, damage to selfesteem, and hurt feelings from criticism, humiliation, betrayal, and/or rejection. Physical abuse and emotional suffocation (loss of autonomy) are other painful possibilities. In Mary Koss's study of courtship violence among college women, 32 percent of the women reported at least one instance of physical abuse by an intimate partner. While healthy relationships are a source of joy, pleasure, validation, and self enhancement, unhealthy relationships can be filled with depression, disappointment, abuse, and pain. The ability to recognize the difference between healthy and unhealthy relationships is an extremely important skill. 4— Identify Boundaries In maintaining a healthy self in relationship to others, it is important to know what the personal boundaries or limits are in any given situation. By boundary or limit, we mean the extent to which a person can go before reaching the point of guilt, discomfort, or exhaustion. How much time do you want to spend, what kind of activities are you willing to engage in? What kind of role you want to play (friend, rescuer, lover) and how close you want to get need to be worked out in terms of your priorities and values. The amount of time spent with another person will vary as a function of responsibilities, other needs, and the importance of a particular relationship. If Mary wants to spend a lot of her free time with Tim and Tim wants to spend only part of his free time with her, he needs to let Mary know what the limits of their friendship or romance are. Boundaries play an extremely crucial role in getting close to others by limiting our vulnerability. Typically we grow close through talking about ourselves (self disclosure) and by sharing time and activity with another person. Revealing our hopes, dreams, pleasures, disappointments, and failures deepens the emotional connection and degree of vulnerability to another person. Because the process of discarding defenses and being honest leaves people open to emotional injury, self disclosure should happen slowly. How can we know if a person is "safe" to get close to? How can we
Page 136
find out if a person can truly listen to us? One way of assessing another's interpersonal potential is to talk about frustrations and failures along with triumphs, pleasures, and achievements. Is he or she empathetic when you feel bad or is the topic quickly changed to a cheerier subject or to talk about his or her own interests? Can you talk openly about the trouble spots in the relationship without a turnoff signal or dismissal? In short, are you able to talk about conflict and the less apparent parts of your real self while still feeling listened to and valued? While selfdisclosure is not the only means of becoming close to others, it is one of the most reliable ways of doing so. In contrast to shared activity, which is also important in developing and strengthening emotional closeness, selfdisclosure can more easily be controlled. You can determine how close you want to become to another person by altering the depth and frequency of selfrevelation. For example, the conversation can run the gamut from the movie you saw yesterday, a funny anecdote about your aunt, to your deepest dreams. Clearly these items vary tremendously on the dimension of personal meaning or importance. Talking about movies or sports is obviously less threatening than exploring feelings about a friend or relative. Sharing deep fears and vulnerabilities is clearly more selfrevealing than gossiping about other people. In order to feel wholly ourselves, letting one or more trusted friends understand all (or most) sides of us is vital. As we practice opening our hearts to "safe" people, we feel more connected and develop selfacceptance in the process. When another person accepts our weaknesses as well as our strengths, we learn to love ourselves and ease up on selfcriticism. All of us are hungry for validation and closeness and may feel empty inside if we are not affirmed. The emptiness is frightening and some people may try to escape into the numbing role of substance abuse in an attempt to medicate the pain. When they use alcohol or other drugs, they are frequently doing so in order to reduce or avoid painful feelings. By using a substance as a crutch, they are not only trying to be more comfortable, less anxious, conflicted, lonely, or empty, they may be trying to unlock inhibited parts of their personalities, often outgoing or rebellious sides. If they could express and explore these aspects with a trusted friend or supportive group, the desire for an artificial high might be reduced. What happens to the natural development of intimacy and communication skills when alcohol is too big a part of the mix? When drinking is the essential part of dating and socialization, natural lifespan development may not occur. This has been called a "silent adolescent tragedy" by one college professor. The ability to be intimate and develop true closeness, both emotionally and sexually, does not occur when alcohol is the "liquid courage" used to date and socialize. Susan tells us how she learned to "drink to date."
Page 137 I got drunk for the first time when I was fifteen. I liked this guy, but I found it difficult to express my feelings. I had never been comfortable with my sexuality, and I thought that alcohol would help me cope with my insecurities. That night alcohol made me feel at ease—it eradicated any feelings of fear, embarrassment, or selfdoubt—at least for the moment. Throughout the rest of high school, I continued to drink. Often times, I drank simply because alcohol was there at the party, and to be social, it seemed necessary to partake. I rarely got drunk. However, every time I was interested in beginning a romantic relationship, I drank to get drunk. Being intoxicated was the only way I had the courage to begin dating. Since entering college, I realize I am not the only one who drinks to date. Most romantic relationships, both good and bad, begin over a few glasses of beer. When I think about this, I recall a relationship in my freshman year. I was asked to a dance by a guy I had spent lots of time with. It was obvious that we liked each other, but we had never even kissed prior to the dance. During dinner on the night of the dance he said, "I've never seen you drunk. I can't wait to see you drunk." Basically that meant "I can't wait until we are both drunk so that we will both feel comfortable hooking up." So what did we do? We got drunk and hooked up.
Alcohol as a central nervous system depressant drug impedes natural reactions and numbs the edge of reality. In order to learn how to be in healthy relationships we need to feel losses as well as joy with our fully present self. Intensely during adolescence and throughout our lifespan, we feel hurt, scared, embarrassed, insecure, uncertain, or emotional. This is a necessary and natural part of healthy development and transition. These rough edges of learning need to be experienced if we are to reach deep within and use our natural resources to work through the situation. Viktor E. Frankl, a survivor of Nazi camps and a psychiatrist considered to be one of the outstanding contributors to the field in the last fifty years, discusses the development of life's true meaning: Man's main concern is not to gain pleasure or to avoid pain but rather to see meaning in his life. That is why man is ever ready to suffer, on the condition, to be sure, that his suffering has meaning.
Yes, we all feel fear and pain as we learn these essential developmental lessons, but we also discover that we can tolerate pain and discomfort when we squarely face hard situations. As we work through the ups and downs of dating, socialization, and closeness, we begin to feel more powerful and wise in our abilities. By developing inside resources and
Page 138
strengths we are able to move through life with the skill and confidence to foster lasting and healthy relationships. 5— Be Courteous and Kind It is paradoxical but we often hurt the ones we love and save our kindness for strangers. We may offer our best to the least important of our relationships. Familiarity tends to make us take one another for granted and drop the civilities that smooth out less intimate relationships. Courtesy refers not just to the superficial niceties of "please" and "thank you"—although they mean more than you may think—but to consulting the wishes and preferences of the other and pursuing disagreement with caring and respect of feelings. Namecalling, mudslinging, and dredging up all the transgressions of the past are painful, discourteous, and disrespectful. John Gottman in When Marriages Succeed or Fail studied the characteristics of enduring intimate relationships and found that even volatile relationships may survive if there is a five to one ratio of pleasure to negativity. If there are five times as many rewarding experiences of kindness, courtesy, companionship, and pleasure as conflict and disagreement in a relationship, partners regard the relationship more positively than negatively. In other words, we may choose to overlook the debit side of the relationship if it is more than adequately compensated for by the credits. We all respond positively to kindness and courtesy and, as the golden rule reminds us, everybody else does, too. The power of the positive is illustrated by an Ann Landers column: Dear Ann Landers: I just read the letter about the mother who refrained from making any negative comments about her daughter for one month. She then described how miraculously their relationship improved. Several years ago, I tried the same experiment with my husband. I had reached the point where I could barely tolerate being around him . . . For the next month, I did not utter a single negative word to my husband. I thought at times that I would explode from holding it in, but I survived. I repeated that experiment for a second month, and it was a little easier. Six months after I began the experiment, our relationship had turned around completely. By biting my tongue, I gave him the freedom to grow. Delivering advice in a disgusted tone was tearing him down, not helping him. . . . Mad ABOUT Him, Not AT Him, In Missouri Permission granted by Ann Landers / Creators Syndicate.
Page 139
6— Practice Mutuality and Reciprocity A healthy relationship is an equal partnership in which each partner shares in decision making. Neither person runs the show nor has the lion's share of power. In friendship or romance, both partners need to give color, shape, and texture to the relationship, literally creating it together. Each partner contributes to decisions about where to go on Saturday night, who else to include, how much to spend, and what to talk about. Each relationship is a unique creation of both partners. Besides equality, there is mutuality in healthy relationship. Both partners are getting something important out of the relationship. Needs for The Influence of Friends From the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Ralph and I were inseparable companions. We took lodgings together in Little Britain at 3 s. 6 d. per week, as much as we could then afford. He found some relations, but they were poor and unable to assist him. He now let me know his intentions of remaining in London and that he never meant to return to Philadelphia. He had brought no money with him, the whole he could muster having been expended in paying his passage. I had fifteen pistoles, so he borrowed occasionally of me to subsist while he was looking out for business. He first endeavoured to get into the playhouse, believing himself qualified for an actor; but Wilkes to whom he applied, advised him candidly not to think of that employment, as it was impossible he should succeed in it. Then he proposed to Robert, a publisher in Paternoster Row, to write for him a weekly paper like the Spectator, on certain conditions which Roberts did not approve. Then he endeavoured to get employment as a hackney writer to copy for the stationers and lawyers about the Temple, but could find no vacancy. For myself, I immediately got into work at Palmer's, then a famous printing house in Bartholomew Close, and here I continued near a year. I was pretty diligent, but I spent with Ralph a good deal of my earnings in going to plays and other places of amusement. We had together consumed all my pistoles, and now just rubbed on from hand to mouth. He seemed quite to have forgotten his wife and child, and I by degrees my engagement with Miss Read, to whom I never wrote more than one letter, and that was to let her know I was not likely soon to return. This was another of the great errata of my life, which I should wish to correct if I were to live it over again. In fact, by our expenses, I was constantly kept unable to pay my passage.
Page 140
affection, encouragement, challenge, respect, companionship, belonging, and pleasure are being fulfilled. A healthy relationship is flexible rather than rigid. Each partner can be giving as well as taking, leading as well as following, strong as well as weak. In The Dance of Intimacy, Lerner writes, "an intimate relationship is one in which neither party silences, sacrifices, or betrays the self and each party expresses strengths and vulnerability, weakness and competence in a balanced way." A healthy relationship allows each person to express any aspect of the self that needs a voice. 7— Establish Loyalty, Dependability, Commitment, and Trust Although these words sound similar, they are not identical. Commitment refers to the willingness to consider the relationship primary, although not necessarily exclusive and long term. Loyalty means a steadfast allegiance to another. Dependability allows those in a relationship to count on one another. Trust is the cornerstone of all healthy relationships. It is a belief in the other person's dependability or integrity. Trust comes about as a result of predictability, safety, and honesty. When a friend or lover can be counted on, trust ensues. No one can will trust into existence; it occurs as a function of repeated experiences over time. Unfortunately, however, trust is cumulative and often reflects past experiences in relationships. Mistrust of a friend can occur as a result of earlier disappointments with friends or family as well as from current experiences. People who have been profoundly injured by past traumas develop trust slowly and require patience and the grieving of past hurts. Safety as a component of trust describes protection and the absence of abuse. Ideally friends and lovers are not abusive, either physically or emotionally. They do not criticize for hours on end or manipulate with guilt or cunning in order to get their own way. They can caringly confront us about dangers they foresee arising from our behavior or from the behavior of others. For example, they may not be able to stop a close friend from drinking too much, but they can be clear about the negative consequences likely to occur. Trust also occurs as a function of honesty. When the other person's words can be believed, we are not confused by mixed messages or misled by lies. If the honest message is negative, we know where we stand and can make decisions accordingly. In contrast, dishonesty creates anxiety and uncertainty, which are immobilizing and destructive to relationships. Truth does set us free, by giving us choices.
Page 141
8— Nourish Individual Growth and Change A healthy relationship encourages each person to grow and provides room for that evolution. Healthy relationships encourage us to explore, take on new challenges, and learn new things. We feel affirmed rather than criticized, liberated rather than confined. Just as holding a butterfly tightly in the palm of your hand squashes its life, an overly restrictive relationship can rob you of vitality. In the following example, Kim was not aware of the difference between love and dependency. Kim and Ted had been dating exclusively for a year but were frequently fighting about Ted's desire to spend at least one night a week with his friends. For Kim, Ted's wish for a guys night out was a sign that something was missing for him in their relationship. She reasoned that if he really loved her, he would want to spend all of his time with her. Ted, on the other hand, felt controlled by Kim's expressed need for all his free time and struggled to maintain his autonomy. After months of struggle, Ted broke off the relationship because he could no longer tolerate Kim's demands.
The best relationships are like a dance that moves back and forth between closeness and separateness. To keep a sense of self in a close relationship, we need to maintain our own feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and interests. Otherwise we feel suffocated or drained by the other person's power and control of our shared space. A buried resentment at yielding "too much" may surface in a destructive manner and further harm the relationship. A need for approval and a misinterpretation of the exhortation to love others as yourself (not "instead of") may lead to pain and emotional stagnation for both parties. Giving each other "healthy space," having separate time for hobbies, family, and other friends, keeps both partners growing and emotionally healthy. In Love Addictions: A Guide to Emotional Independence, Martha Bireda writes about selflove: Forget everything you have ever learned about selflove being selfish. Healthy selflove is the most desirable state to which an individual can aspire. It is not egotistical or narcissistic [both types of love are negative states in which the individual does not really love the self]. If you are to validate yourself, you must accept the belief that selflove is a positive and healthy human attribute.
Just as nourishing individual growth involves the encouragement of selflove and separateness, so it entails the acceptance of change. Change is as much a part of life as breathing. As the sun makes its way
Page 142
across the sky every twentyfour hours, each day unfolds somewhat differently from the ones before. The person who wants the world to stand still is as out of touch with reality as the fish that tries to swim out of water. Too much change too fast is unnerving and stressful. Change requires energy and adaptation. New experiences are best handled in small doses. Still if we do not accept the risk of change, we stagnate. To grow and to allow others to grow means being open and adapting to change at a reasonable pace. 9— Focus On Responsibilities, Not Blame Not everything that happens is someone's fault, the result of their intentional or negligent behavior. Events happen that could not be foreseen or avoided, and sometimes there are pure accidents. When a friend is one hour late for a date because of outoftheordinary traffic congestion, no one would be at fault. Some people take on too much responsibility for a relationship's shortcomings while others take on too little. Internalizers usually blame themselves for anything that goes wrong, while externalizers put all the blame on their partners. Clarity about what is your responsibility to fix and what is the responsibility of the other person is worth striving for so you do not blame yourself or others unnecessarily. The attainment of such clarity is a lifelong process that is seldom totally achieved. Tennis is a good analogy for any close peer relationship, friendship, or romance. On the tennis court, the rules are clear as to who is responsible for hitting the ball. When the ball is on your side of the court, it is your responsibility and it is your partner's when the ball falls over the net. No matter how the ball is hit (soft or hard, spinning out of control, over your head, easy or difficult to get to), you have to decide what to do with the ball once it falls your way. Similarly, in a relationship, when your partner drops the ball on your half of the court, regardless of how you think he or she should have played the game, the next move is up to you. For example, if a friend stands you up repeatedly, you need to decide how you are going to handle this rudeness. You could spend hours berating your friend's lack of respect, insensitivity, or boorishness or you could make a decision about how you want to behave, given your friend's propensity to be inconsiderate. Among your choices might be ignoring it, waiting for half an hour and then leaving, talking with your friend about how upsetting the behavior is to you, telling your friend that you will put up with it only one more time, and/or ending the relationship without further ado. The point is that no matter what a friend or romantic partner does, you have options and can decide what kind of relationship standards you want.
Page 143
Selfblaming for too many of the relationship's problems or failings not only hurts selfesteem, it gives an illusion of great power. Harry was always blaming himself for every problem that occurred between Beth and himself. When she was irritable, he believed that her anger was due to his clumsiness. When she was depressed, he felt that he was not attentive enough. Any difficulty that Beth had was somehow tied to his behavior. He seemed to believe that nothing affected Beth beside himself. Sometimes a pattern of fear, distrust, and selfblame is related to old losses carried over into new relationships. Such people may discover that they need a willingness to grieve old hurts and to forgive them in order to finish mourning the past. Forgiveness has often been viewed as for the "other" and not for "us." Dr. Joan Borysenko suggests that we think of forgiveness in terms of forgiving ourselves as well as others. Applied to ourselves, forgiveness requires a thorough consideration of any hurtful acts we may have consciously or unconsciously committed, coupled with any necessary restitution. . . . [T]he process is complete, when we forgive ourselves by losing our attachment to what we have done and celebrating instead what we have become. Applied to other people, forgiveness is a process through which we seek to free ourselves from the bondage to another person that is maintained for as long as we stand in judgment of them. While anger is an appropriate initial response to hurt, it is crippling if we continue to use it to make ourselves right by making another person wrong.
10— Fight Fair: Learn "WinWin" Negotiation Skills How do you handle the inevitable disagreements that arise between people? Do you fight to win or to communicate? Certainly somewhere in the course of any honest conversation, disagreement is bound to occur. The differences can be trivial (which ice cream is the best tasting or which restaurant serves the hottest tacos) or vitally important (whether human nature is basically aggressive or whether love must be proved by having sex). Learning how to be open and nondefensive in the midst of conflict is a valuable step on the road to maturity. In trying to resolve conflicts, it is important to keep in mind that there are very few absolutes in life and many shades of gray. How to spend an evening, when to turn on the television, when and where to study are all negotiable with respect to specifics. Life can be pursued in hundreds of different ways and still be adaptive, healthy, and enjoyable—and still in keeping with basic human principles in terms of morals and values. Learning how to resolve conflicts without giving in all the time or needing to have your own way is an important life skill. First, remember not to take difference personally or view negotiation
Page 144
as a loss of personal power. Each person's view of the world is a function of his or her experiences, perceptions, and values, not an arbitrary construction designed to irritate you. Second, staying open to differences requires curiosity and a willingness to learn. Trying to figure out how another person can maintain a view so opposite of your own can be intellectually challenging. If you say ''It's a beautiful day today" and your friend responds "How can you say that? It's a crummy day," it is obvious that you both are not talking about the weather (there is usually more consensus about weather). It is important to clarify the topic and the terms used for expressing important concepts. Third, brainstorm as many solutions as possible to any given problem. For example, you want to go to a movie tonight and your friend wants to stay home. Taking turns to decide leisure activities for the week, flipping a coin, or trying to fit both possibilities into a compromise (a video at home) are possible resolutions. Finally, know the rules of fair fighting. Any form of physical violence, namecalling, cursing, or dredging up the past should not be allowed. Encourage either party to call a timeout when the disagreement becomes too heated or intense. 11— Share a Sense of Humor and Play Shared humor eases many situations and brings people together. The unexpected moment, the surprise element, the taboo subject, and the touched raw nerve—the ingredients of laughter—release emotional energy and build bridges and connections. Laughter, when it is kind, is the spark of all growing relationships. Our playful or spontaneous self—the child within—loves humor. Being silly, playing with words, creating puns, and making fun of ourselves are aspects of our creative, spontaneous, and emotional side. Our playful self liberated from rigid social convention and pretense is free and vulnerable. When we share this aspect of ourselves with others, we promote closeness and intimacy. Play takes many forms and varies in degree of structure and spontaneity. Participatory sports as a form of play have rules and provide the opportunity for physical exercise. A game of tennis, shooting baskets, and bowling with friends are not only great tensionreducing activities, they are a means of emotional bonding. 12— Build Rituals and Traditions Some of our fondest memories may be of family traditions on holidays, birthdays, and other special occasions. The planning and preparation that went into carrying out the traditions made us feel loved, a part of the whole. Traditions distinguish one family or relationship from an
Page 145
other and make it special—something shared only by its members. Some traditions are formal or have longstanding religious or cultural roots, such as having fish every Friday or blackeyed peas every New Year's Day. Others came into being informally—what games a group of friends play in the car on long trips or what songs they sing together. School and class traditions give students a common referent to bind them together so that many years later they will associate the institution with the ritual and will feel a sense of kinship with those who shared it. Rituals and traditions cement relationships, giving people common experiences to share and recall. Commemorating important occasions within a relationship gives those occasions proper weight and seriousness. Some rituals such as weddings have a public dimension as well, a way of demonstrating to the larger community a promise of one's intentions. Because of its public nature, one is encouraged to think such a promise over carefully before making or breaking it. 13— Grieve All Losses It is normal to be disappointed when affection is not returned or a relationship does not last. Acknowledging feelings of loss, taking time to recover, and identifying both the positive and negative aspects of the relationship prepare us to move on and achieve satisfying relationships in the future. Some relationships—despite their good beginnings—fail. Both members may agree that they no longer feel warmed and supported in the relationship. In other cases only one of the parties feels dissatisfied and wants to end a relationship that is no longer working for him or her. Most people recognize that if a relationship has been good, its loss should be mourned. When a loved one dies, we feel empty, sad, angry, and/or guilty. Others understand and sympathize with our loss and know that it may take us months to regain equilibrium. We can miss the other person intensely, but we may never have to question the value of the relationship. When a relationship ends against our wishes in a breakup and the other person is alive and well, we are often forced to question our own selfworth and the value of the relationship itself. Suffering this dual loss makes grieving more intense. Loyal friends may feel that the blame for the relationship's end should be placed on the other person whom they portray as fickle, shallow, selfish, uncaring, immature, unable to make commitments, or any number of other inadequacies. These may be the reasons a relationship did not work out, but it may just as well be that the partners were too different, too similar, or needed different things in their lives at this time. In any event, loss and the subsequent mourning are among the most difficult times any of us ever experience. Unresolved pain and losses from the past may affect a person's
Page 146
ability to remain clear and caring in current conflicts. Until those old monsters are exorcised, they will continue to wreak havoc in current relationships. People who have been emotionally or physically abused, abandoned, or neglected, particularly during their childhood, need to face, grieve, and work through this loss or the unresolved pain and old hurt may reemerge whenever they attempt to trust another person. Fear of being hurt again causes people to be defensive, depressed, or terrified in a new relationship, or they may handle the early stages well but retreat when new levels of intimacy or vulnerability are approached. Facing the pain of earlier disappointments is the surest way of learning to trust again. 14— Resolve to End Unhealthy Relationships Relationships that give more pain than pleasure and that cannot be improved should end. The awareness that such relationships should not be saved makes it possible to set reasonable expectations for others' behavior and gives us the strength to leave or relinquish relationships that are damaging to us. Far from demonstrating our loyalty and commitment, the inability to leave a destructive relationship is a sign that we may have become overly dependent on the relationship. As with other harmful dependencies, we are no longer able to exercise our will or to act in our own best interest. Gretchen sat on the small couch in the Dean of Students' office, a box of tissues by her side, her eyes red. "David just won't leave me alone. He knows my class schedule and 'just happens' to walk by when I'm getting out of my chemistry lab. He asks my friends for information about me, he leaves notes on my message board and under my door, he sent me red roses on my birthday (can you imagine how much that cost!) and I'm getting calls at all hours of the night but when I answer, no one says anything. I even think I've seen him standing outside on the walk across the street from my dorm at one o'clock in the morning, looking at my window. He says he just wants to talk so he can understand why I wanted to break up, and he wants us to be friends. "But we've talked, and every time, it's the same thing. I've told him that I just feel I need some space. We've dated since the beginning of freshman year, and I feel I never really got to know the school on my own or made my own friends. I want to see other people, explore some new places, do some different things. He says he's willing to do those things, so that's not a good reason to break up. And he keeps asking whether there's someone else. I feel so pressured."
Early the next morning, David sat on the same couch, looking perplexed. "But all I want is to understand what's happened. I
Page 147 think I have a right to an explanation—not just 'I need more space.' That's not an explanation. You know, she finds it difficult to be close to people, and I think she's just afraid she's getting too close to me. Our friends say she's miserable without me, that she really misses me and wants to get back together. It's been almost three months since we broke up, but I still care a lot about her—those roses cost me fifty dollars—my work study earnings for the whole week. I know she likes to have people remember her birthday. I call her because I can't sleep—I'm always thinking about her, but she gets angry when she knows it's me on the phone, so I hang up without saying anything. "She says she's changed since freshman year, but this is just a phase. We're really right for each other. We should be together —we belong together."
In this example, David is having a hard time letting go. He is unwilling to accept Gretchen's reasons and has convinced himself that her wanting to break up is the result of her fear of closeness. He is feeling alone, misunderstood, and scared. Underneath he seems to be wondering if there is something wrong with him and worrying about whether anyone will ever love him again. David's obsession with Gretchen may have been triggered by other times in his life when he felt abandoned or rejected. All of these intense reactions can occur in response to rejection. However, what David has not grasped as yet is that Gretchen has a right to end the relationship for any reason, understandable or not, and that his continuing pursuit of her is harassment. Gretchen decides what is right for herself. Most research indicates that similarity of values and interests is a major contributor to relationship satisfaction, but it is clearly not the only factor. Other factors we have discussed are kindness, reciprocity, trust, and open communication. A good relationship is kind, mutual, flexible, and growthinducing. Both partners are sensitive and emotionally responsive to one another and eager to help. Because the relationship is valued by both partners, time is reserved for its care. There are hours to play together, talk together, walk together in silence. There is time to repair the relationship when it is broken or facilitate healing when pain and problems arise. There also is time to contemplate together the world's beauty and to be brought closer by life's mysteries.
Page 148
Are You Ready for Sex? I've been concerned lately about all the pressures in our society that encourage young people to become sexually active at earlier and earlier ages. I'm concerned about this in general, and I'm particularly concerned about how it might affect my seventeenyearold daughter. So, after studying the subject for a number of years, I just finished a book on the subject. The book covers a lot of ground, but let me share one section with you. It deals with the question of when a person is mature enough to handle the risks and responsibilities of a full sexual relationship. This section takes the form of a questionnaire. Howard Kirschenbaum
Psychological Readiness 1. SelfRespect. Have you achieved a level of selfrespect so that you will not allow yourself to be used in a relationship? Do you know that you deserve to be cared for and respected by your partner? Do you know that your needs are important and deserve to be met in the relationship? Can you say, "Under no circumstances, will I allow myself to be mistreated in a relationship. I deserve better than that"? Does your selfrespect give you the selfconfidence to speak up for yourself and your needs and to think and speak clearly even when your partner and others may be pressuring you? 2. SelfKnowledge. Do you know yourself well enough to know what you really want in a relationship? Do you know yourself well enough so that you usually make good decisions which you don't later regret? Are you very honest with yourself about your motivations and can therefore be very honest with your partner? Are you clear when you are making your own free choice or when you are trying to prove something to yourself or others? Are you aware of your own feelings and can therefore share them honestly with your partner? When you are emotionally attached to someone, can you recognize when you are not being objective about his strengths, weaknesses, and trustworthiness? 3. Strength of Character. Do you have the internal will power to do what you think is best? Even if your partner or others are pressuring you © 1988 by Howard Kirschenbaum
Page 149
to do otherwise? Instead of giving in and going along, are you confident that you would risk being teased, criticized, or even rejected if it meant having to do something that you thought was bad for yourself or others? Are you strong enough to risk losing an important relationship if it is not healthy for you? Do you have the will power to follow through consistently on the decisions you make about sex? 4. Concern for the Future. Do you live not just for the present but also for the future? Is it important to you to make good choices now that will enhance the quality of your life in years to come? Do you fully understand the connection between how your choices about sex now might affect your future life? Do you care about that? Will you make decisions about sex that are good for you in the future as well as good for you now? 5. Planning and FollowThrough. Are you good at organizing your life? Do you make plans and follow through on all the details? For example, when it comes to sex, will you be certain to make appointments to be tested for STDs, to get good information about birth control and disease prevention, to purchase what you need, to have these devices with you when you need them, and to use them consistently and correctly? If you have not generally behaved with such conscientiousness about planning and details before, are you ready to change that now and become someone who will be extremely responsible? 6. Consideration of Alternative Viewpoints. Do you understand the views of those who might feel you are not ready for sex? Your parents, relatives, or other adults in your life may be cautioning you to wait. Some of your friends may be urging you to slow down. Your religion almost surely tells you to wait. Have you given careful consideration to these viewpoints and to the voices of adults and friends who care about your welfare? Do you really understand their concerns and arguments? Have you truly thought carefully about them? Relationship Readiness 7. Ability to Care. Are you ready to care for another person, not just romantically, but ready to care about your partner's welfare? Are you able to put aside your own needs for the time being to think about and act upon what would be best for the other person? If it were wrong for your partner to be sexually active, would you care enough for your partner to accept that and still be his or her friend? 8. Ability to Listen. Are you a good listener in general? Can you listen to your partner, really listen to his or her thoughts and feelings? Do you still keep listening when your partner says things you disagree with? Do you enjoy listening to your partner? Do you often draw out your partner
Page 150
to hear more from him or her, rather than typically needing to bring the center of attention back to yourself? 9. Ability to Communicate Clearly. Are you able to communicate your feelings and needs clearly and cleanly? Can you and do you speak up for your own viewpoint and desires even when that may cause disappointment or conflict? If you want to say no, are you able to do so with a clear voice, as loudly and firmly as is needed to be understood? Can you do that? 10. Conflict Resolution Skills. Are you ready to handle problems and conflicts in a mature way? Do you work on problems until they are solved, instead of avoiding conflicts or simply giving in, or always having to have your own way? Do you know how to work on problems or disagreements in a way that you both end up feeling like your needs were reasonably met? Choice of Partner 11. Perceptiveness about Men (Women). Have you become perceptive enough about men (women) to recognize when they can be trusted? Are you savvy about the games men (and women) play? Can you tell when they are lying to you or to themselves? Can you tell how much they can be trusted to care for you and how much they are desperate for sex no matter the cost to you? 12. Relationship Ability. Does your partner demonstrate the four relationship attitudes and skills above? Does your partner really care about you, not just when you make him or her happy but even when you're bringing up a problem? Does your partner listen to you, your thoughts and your feelings? Does your partner communicate clearly and cleanly with you? Does your partner work through conflicts in an adult manner, instead of storming, or pouting, or intimidating, or withdrawing? 13. Not Desperate about Sex. Is your partner not overly urgent or desperate about increasing the level of sexual intimacy? Would your partner be willing to have a friendship with you, even if no sex or limited sex were involved? Can your partner accept where you are for now without trying to debate, pressure, shame, bully, or manipulate you into going further? 14. Level of Trust and Commitment. For all these reasons and others, do you really trust this person? Do you trust your partner's concern for your welfare? Do you trust your partner will not knowingly hurt or embarrass you? Is this a longterm relationship? Do you trust your partner will remain committed to you and not leave or abandon you if the going gets rough? Do you have evidence of this or is it just a hope?
Page 151
Knowledge about Sex, Risks and Protection 15. Facts of Life. Before people talked openly about sex they called it "the birds and the bees." Later it became the "facts of life." Do you know the basics about human sexuality and reproduction? Vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, fertility cycle, penis, testicles, etc. Sometimes we think we know all about these things, but are still carrying around some erroneous information that can leave us or our partner pregnant or infected. Do you really have reliable, uptodate, and complete information about the human body and reproductive system and how it works? 16. Health Risks. Do you understand the health risks involved in sex? Not just the thirtysecond public service announcements that rock stars give on TV. Do you really know about chlamydia, herpes, human papillomavirus, HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, bacteria vaginosis, and hepatitisB? Do you know what they are, what they do, how they are transmitted during sex, and how prevalent they are? Do you know how much protection condoms and other methods afford and the limitations of these protective methods? Could you explain all the health risks clearly and fully to a friend? 17. Proper Use of Protection. Do you know how to properly use contraception and protection to reduce the risks of pregnancy and disease? Do you understand the dozen or more rules for using condoms effectively? Conversely, do you understand all the ways that people fail to use condoms properly? Are you familiar with other methods of protection, such as the pill, diaphragm, IUD, etc.? In addition to their benefits, are you aware of the potential risks or side effects of some of these methods for some people? Of the ones you choose, do you know how to use them correctly? 18. Alcohol and Sex. Do you understand how alcohol often contributes to the improper use of contraception and to violence and sexual abuse? Do you have the perceptiveness and will power to immediately detach yourself from someone who has been drinking and exhibits even the slightest tendency to become surly or abusive? Do you have a similar understanding regarding drugs and sex? Ability to Handle the Consequences 19. Maintaining Balance. Can you become involved in an intense sexual relationship and not get so absorbed in it that you no longer meet your school, work, or other obligations? Will you continue to have a life and new experiences outside of the relationship? Can you handle the
Page 152
emotional intensity without losing a balance in your life that involves other people, new experiences, work, and studies? 20. Emotional Security. Do you have enough basic emotional security and stability to weather the almostinevitable turmoil of an intensely intimate relationship without losing your selfesteem or positive attitudes about life, sex, and future relationships? Can you successfully handle the emotional pain which usually results when a serious relationship ends? Under such circumstance, it is natural to feel hurt, sometimes deeply hurt. But can you handle the emotional consequences without being permanently hurt, or so seriously hurt that it takes an undue amount of pain and time to recover? 21. Coping with Pregnancy. Can you cope with pregnancy if that should occur? Even when contraception is used, pregnancies can occur. Are you prepared for that possible outcome? Do you fully understand the options? Do you know what choices, unmarried, pregnant teenagers typically make, why they make them, and what the pros and cons are? Can you say with any certainty what you would do? Could you support a child? Could you raise a child and not seriously compromise your other hopes and dreams in life? Could you take full responsibility for a child if your partner does not take any responsibility? If you chose an abortion, are you prepared to accept the consequences of that choice? 22. Coping with Infection or Disease. Are you prepared to cope with the consequences of contracting an STD? Would you be able to afford and would you get the proper medical attention and treatment? If the infection you contracted were incurable, could you live with herpes, hepatitisB, or HIV, for example, without it ruining your life? (AIDS, of course, will eventually ruin one's life.) If you had undetected chlamydia that caused you to become sterile, could you still lead a good and satisfying life? Could you live with an STD without continuous selfblame and without permanent and serious loss of selfesteem and selfconfidence? 23. Coping with Guilt. When we go against our parental or religious upbringing, when we fail to live up to our ideals, when we make big mistakes, or when we hurt others or ourselves, even unintentionally, we may feel guilty about it. If you were to feel such guilt about your sexual activity or its consequences, will you be able to handle it? Will you learn and grow from it and change if you need to? Will you be able to avoid wallowing in it unproductively and not allow it to contaminate your relationship and erode your confidence?
Page 153
24. Support System. Do you have a good support system in place that will be there for you if you were deeply emotionally hurt or became pregnant or contracted an STD? No one should have to handle major life problems on one's own. Do you have family and/or friends who will help you with emotional, financial, or daytoday practical support to help you get through this difficult period of your life?
Page 154
A Man's Journey James T. Coleman And everywhere money was adored In the cocky strut of men Surrounded by the girlish and giggling females Adorned in lavish clothes and tacky gold Worshipping at a safe distance With nothing particular on their minds except tennis . . .
There is something wrong with the way a young man reaches maturity in our society. He can be schooled in science, business, theology, and dutifully attend church every Sunday but yet he still struggles with an obscure uneasiness. This young man has all the toys: cars, clothes, money. He even has a multitude of feminine companions, but nothing seems to completely satisfy the longing he feels. Society says he is following the respected path but this only slightly blunts the feelings. His best efforts to concentrate on the mundane tasks during the week start to disappear when Friday comes. Feelings are more intense on Friday nights, especially when the control starts to break down after a few drinks. Wine was raised up not in a gold chalice But in a plastic Holiday Inn glass And at these times I was not there But floating on a cloud with you Surely this must be nirvana . . .
The moments between the carefree joy of youth and the longing for more seem to be decreasing. His mind becomes absorbed by the futurecareer, graduate school, the right friends, what girls might think of him. He is driven and mechanized by the commonplace. The confidence of youth is fading away inside his soul. Most elders Could explain away the doubt with Thomistic logic Because certainty of the mind was far more reliable than the heart And of course everyone needed that certainty To hold off the anxiety felt When things went badly or someone died
His father tells him to keep his head to the grindstone and get that education or face certain poverty. In the deep recesses of his mind, there
Page 155
is a pervading anxiety that girlfriends would not be around without the respected path. Even best friends confess the danger of abandoning the path. If he contemplates abandoning the path, he experiences a sinking feeling in his stomach. It feels so safe in this space, except for those moments of anxiety. He feels alone. When the feelings get particularly bad, he can always find temporary solace in the loving voice of one of his girlfriends. These feminine voices seem to pacify the aloneness and calm the erupting apprehension. The voices transport him backward to the cocoon of his parents' home where he was totally safe. So he seeks these voices out often and finds initial warmth and comfort. Later he remembers that Now I see you did not know me then And I could not look beyond the glitter of your eyes The fantasies felt so good . . . so warm We rested on a calm lake on clear days Oblivious to the storms that surrounded us Staring at each other's pagan image Dreaming dreams that only a knight and a princess can dream Both living on a green plain in a castle of gold Interrupted occasionally by roars of distant dragons that were quickly ignored Somewhere in our Hearts we knew the distant sounds were calling us Frightening sounds of raw fear Rumbling across a parched plain In search of us.
Occasionally the feminine voices cannot hold off the anxiety. He realizes the sheer terror of being alone. Lost creatures Stranded travelers on a fruitless quest Sequestered on a tiny planet In the black void of space Whose only light is a fading star.
How can teachers and friends be wrong? Don't girlfriends and mother have his best interest at heart? How can his own father be wrong? With all these pillars of strength, he cannot understand why he feels adrift. Eventually the young man recognizes he must ''stuff" these feelings or it will disrupt his anointed path. There is so much at stake and what other choice is there? Everyone is entangled in the web of mindless motion: school, career, elitism, money, friends, status . . . And thus the great deception begins. He continues on the path—maybe for years before something breaks down that cannot be ignored. He might have made it—a successful entrepreneur, an executive, a religious leader, tenure at the university. The marriage dissolves, or addiction becomes the focus, or work is everything, or possibly the
Page 156
mind crumbles under the weight of it all. He has worked so hard but now realizes "it is given to those who don't work for it." Commerce becomes a bore and he laments Too long have I lived in this dry desert Hollow men talking to hollow men Encrusted in sunbaked shells of stone Blind men leading the blind . . .
He begins a long descent into a valley away from wife, away from the conventions of Sunday mornings and the afternoon gossip of the nouveau riche. He meets no one on his descent, except a few weary travelers in rags. He is alone for the first time in his life and senses the terrible loss of the dream, a beautiful dream that worked so well for so long. He continues the descent into the valley. He cries out to his God to hear him. There is no answer. He wanders alone searching for water. But there is no water and the land is dead. Sitting on the cracked earth surrounded by darkness, he slowly starts to chip away at the lies and sees the facade reveals no truth but only an endless maze. When he begins to dismantle the established truth, he is shocked to see how elaborate the lies were. His own marriage was only a fantasy of the child. He now sees his wife for the first time I saw you again But not like before When I refused to see you I saw you in your wholeness A sad and frightened child Hanging on as best you could . . . Why are you so sad, little girl? Who has hurt you so bad That you cannot touch me?
Later, he understands love. I can bring you a flower To soothe the hurt I can worry about you When you are late I can touch for no reason Other than touching I can give you a cool towel for your head When you are sick I can be there for you in your pain Without being in the pain I hope this is enough Because I can give no more of myself Without losing myself . . .
Page 157
He realizes that almost everyone is living a lie except a few brave souls. He finds Christ in the street—a beggar's face shouting out a chorus of dissonance on his guitar, the disconnected stare of a wandering street person, a child's smile, or a simple daisy in the park, but certainly not in the protocol of mindless Sunday rituals. He is reminded of King Lear: "O, I have ta'en too little care of this!" He has been broken and lost everything valued by the world. Upon his return from the valley, he feels dazed. His friends and relatives know things could improve. If he just could get a better handle on life. Where money would console and quiet the anxiety, it is no longer important even though he periodically tries to concentrate on his personal portfolio. The mind just cannot seem to hold the thought of personal monetary worth longer than a few seconds. His career is not important and friends are avoided, except the quiet ones. He has descended into the valley of darkness and was touched by the invisible light. Nothing is the same anymore. He is quiet and does not need to drink on Friday evenings or worry about market volatility. The peace is definitely noticeable and he realizes he is losing the ego's control, piece by piece. Something greater is pulling him and he cannot stop it. He is happy now after a lifetime of searching. There is nothing wild or wonderful about this happiness. Inside his chest he feels surges of quiet bliss emanating throughout his body. He tries to remember when the feelings started . . . He can't remember the exact moment it started. But he does remember something dying inside before it started. The dying seems like it took forever. It was slow and painful alternating between long periods of anger and emptiness. The mind simply would not accept the losses—the safety of Sunday church, money, friends, and the beautiful illusion of a wife who never existed. Reality was so cruel whereas the fantasies were so numbing and warm against the pain. He wanted desperately to believe that in his wife's eyes he was completely lovable without money or success. He wanted to believe that what was said on Sunday in church was still true on Monday. He wanted to believe that his friends would still be around when the money ran out. He wanted to believe all of this and more but he couldn't. He had descended into the valley, sat on the barren and cracked ground alone, and felt the piercing truth.
Gradually brief seasons of peace had come, then the joy. Marijuana and alcohol could always temporarily lift the spirits to new heights but this high was different. In fact it was not even a high. Just a pulsating flow of energy passing through the body from a source that cannot be described. If he would attempt to think about the source, tears of happiness would come forth. The intensity of the light prevents the mind from seeing even the outer aura of love enveloping the source. The feeling is constant, steady, and calm.
Page 158 Do not resist the warm light Let the clear darkness absorb you And the spirit will shoot forth without the ego Into a tunnel of blackness Racing towards the end of the universe The Alpha is near Feel the delicate and gentle touch of fullness Exploding inside exponentially.
Epilogue I would like to make some remarks concerning the maturation process addressed in my essay. I am fiftytwo years old, downsized from a position in Human Resources. I currently work in a peer support capacity for persons with mental illness. For the past twentythree years I have also experienced mental illness. I believe that most young men in our society have no guides to take them through the wilderness of youth. No one to tell them that other paths are available besides the path of money or status. Someone to just be there with them since other paths can be painful and lonely to find without a mentor. Young men must listen closely to what their hearts tell them. The "easy road" or conventional paths are certainly the roads of less pain initially. I followed the "easy road" and acquiesced to my head instead of my heart. The suppressed feelings simply go underground and turn up later in some unexpected pathology. In my case, stress triggered an underlying genetic tendency that eventually ended in mental illness. To avoid this type of stress would have required following a different path, a path of the heart. To look inside and follow the path of the heart can mean a loss of parental and societal validation and ostracism from many whom we believe to be our friends. To be yourself in a society that is not interested in who you are but rather what you do is extremely difficult. Without a mentor to guide me through this foreboding forest, I had no choice but survival or the conventional path. It is almost impossible for young men to find their way out of the forest without a guide. The guide does not lead a man through the forest but remains by his side as he searches, many times in great despair, for his path. To a great extent, fathers and men in our society feel there is only one path, the path of success, career, money, and status. Unfortunately, many women reinforce this misconception by sending subtle messages that the conventional path is the only path they will accept. This is perfectly understandable from a biological point of view. Why would a woman want to have her children fathered by a lost and confused man? A man struggling to find his own identity? Thus the woman must keep the man on the conventional path or risk losing the stable environment necessary for a family. This is why it is necessary that men go through the search before marriage. Men should find themselves then marry, not marry and then find themselves. Marriage should not be a man's initiation. A family deserves an initiated father.
Page 159
Before college or after college but definitely prior to marriage, seek out a wise mentor. Find friends who are open to wherever the heart leads. Persons who primarily stress career strategies should be avoided at all costs. If the spiritual heart is not directing the career, no matter how successful the career, a man will experience spiritual death. The relationships that follow a path with heart may be deep, challenging, confusing, and always meaningful. True friends and mentors will not advise or judge behavior, but simply "sit" with you through the process. There will be a beauty about the new relationships that will satisfy the spirit. Men can be open without losing identity, caring without losing masculinity, strong without being aggressive or violent, sensitive without being weak, and in the active participation of life without being competitive. New definitions of a man include a strong center based on love, combined with defined boundaries. However, even if men find their "passion" in life, develop stimulating relationships, and engage in deeply rewarding endeavors, it is not enough. This is only one part of the equation. Some of the most creative men in history were selfdestructive, unhappy, and suicidal. Until men are touched by the light, they will be lost. Simply showing up for religious services or following all the rules may only result in physical disease or emotional sickness. Deep within is a yearning for the way of the heart. But the Spirit cannot penetrate a brick wall. Sometimes it takes physical or mental illness to break down the wall. Money, status, or deep personal relationships will not relieve the agony of what it feels like to face serious illness or even death. The feelings will shake the very foundations of the soul. Where a man was blind, he now sees. Where his concerns were entirely parochial, he now feels not only his own pain but the pain of others. The world becomes his family. We can only create love if we are willing to work at it. Love is the fruit of hard work, imagination, and above all commitment. John Bradshaw
At this stage, many times the real person comes out of hiding and the heart is ready to accept the light. This will probably not be noticed by the recipient because the touch is very light but very deep. Only later, maybe a day, maybe a year, the person finds himself no longer driven. Life is to be enjoyed not consumed. The future does not hold the importance it once did. He has more time to just listen to others. Time schedules, while important, lose their sense of urgency. Success is defined in new terms. Vocational advancement or personal achievement emerge naturally without undue stress. This emergence blooms from the heart, not as a result of smart career strategies. There is a sense of flow to life versus a succession of events. The inner anxiety has been replaced by calmness. Other persons are valued and cherished. What he feels will not be dismissed but respected. He will be kind to himself and others. Compassion will permeate his everyday living. Caring will come naturally without effort. He will still have faults after being touched by the
Page 160
light, but now he is kind to himself. No matter how hard he tries, he will never be perfect. There can be no pomposity or arrogance in his style since he is imperfect, living with other imperfect people. But he is still bathed in light. The love does not depart but remains constant. The love is gentle and seeks nothing. It releases everyone and controls no one. Feelings of joy arise for no reason. He is now being drawn to the ultimate energy source of the universe—God.
Page 161
A Nest for One Sonia Gernes On New Year's Day, a friend's home burned. The house was a twostory brick structure with a modest, oldfashioned front, but the back had a view that is rare in this town: an expanse of windows directly above the St. Joseph river. I had not been in the house for some years, but the Saturday before it burned, my friend and I talked over coffee of the remodeling project that had occupied much of his attention that year and would (he thought!) do the same in the year to come—of the staircase that would connect the living room to the deck above the river—of the new bathroom with the latest in whirlpool tubs. "I figure this may be the last bathroom I ever do," he said. "I want to get it right." I read of the fire in the South Bend Tribune the night of January 2nd, and on January 3rd, compelled by the need to offer help in some way—to run errands, make an emergency loan, produce a homecooked meal—I drove along the river to the little culdesac that now looked tired and tarnished in a January mist. How else do you connect with someone whose phone lines are melted, I thought? How else do you contact someone who no longer has a home? The brick walls were still standing when I got there, as were the white pillars of the porch. The windows all wore rough particleboards behind fringes of glass and what I could see of the roof was littered with little pockmarks of blackened debris. $95,000 damage to a $110,000 house, the newspaper said, and I believed it. But then I did a curious thing: I got out of my car, stood staring at a facade that could not quite conceal its scorched secrets despite all the boards denying entry, walked up the drive and began rounding the garage on the left of the house. Two cars and a pickup were parked on the premises, and I thought to call out my friend's name— to see if he or anyone who knew his whereabouts would answer—but I didn't. I couldn't. Halfway round the garage, I began to sense that the damage was much worse on the river side, and I stopped. Charred rafters protruded into the sky beyond the garage roof, scorched lumber spilled in various directions, and bits of debris mingled with leftover leaves on the lawn. On the riverbank, a sled with blackened runners lay like a turtle on its back. I stood in silence for a moment. I gazed out at the water—at a river that was bleak and unfrozen in this strangely mild winter—then I turned, walked back to my car, and left. © Sonia Gernes
Page 162
It was a sensible action, and I knew it—at that point, I would only have been in the way—and when I got home I did something more sensible still: I sat down, wrote a note, and mailed it to my friend's professional address. But common sense was not the reason I stopped on that lawn before I had any full view of the damage, and my leaving had very little to do with my friend. Despite curiosity, despite concern, what was twisting in my stomach as my eyes moved from those black rafters to that hapless tortoise of a sled was a recognition of my own need not only for shelter, but for privacy—a recognition that, for me, home is so intimately connected with self that to look on the rawness of that fire damage would be the equivalent of ripping back a bandage to stare at someone else's wound. Has it always been like this? I wondered as I drove through the mist toward a hilltop cottage that has been "home" since the fall of 1989. Have I always been so invested in the four walls that surround me? It seemed unlikely. Since I left the home farm in Minnesota, I've had fourteen different addresses (not counting summers or the three times I've lived abroad), and only once or twice did I leave them with regret. And when I left the farm, eager and callow at the age of seventeen, I had no idea of ever owning real estate. I was entering a convent; I was adopting Teresa of Avila's motto, The world is thy ship and not thy home. It seemed a good way to live at the time; in fourteen years I sailed through ten addresses with little more than one suitcase and a goodsized trunk. But then something happened, as things happen in every life. I turned thirty; my health broke down; after a wrenching interior struggle, I left the convent, and a year later the South Shore Railroad deposited me in South Bend, still with my black suitcase in hand, still with the same sturdy trunk. Now however, the whole idea of housing was different. Loosed from the cocoon of communal life and feeling my aloneness, I needed a shell to protect me—I needed more than a mailbox and roof—I needed a home. It would be easier to write about making a home alone if I'd ever made a conscious choice to do so, but I didn't. When I left the convent, I assumed a marriage was somewhere around the bend. But finding a soulmate for a thirtysomething, exnun Ph.D is not easy, and I soon found I had little taste for singles' clubs and events. Like most of my single friends, I live alone because it seemed preferable to the other options that have presented themselves, one by one, year by year, event by event. At some point I saw a pattern forming, however; at some point I did make a conscious choice. If I threw my prime energies into finding a mate and came up empty—or if I twisted myself into an unrecognizable form—I'd look back on my life as a failure. If I pursued all the other goals I wanted, relaxed, and enjoyed my friends, Mr. Right might or might not appear, but my cup would be close to overflowing anyway. In other words, between putting my life on hold in a single's apartment or feathering a nest for one, I chose to make myself a home.
Page 163
I do not regret this choice. Like John Houston, the great film director, my priority has turned out to be not romance or wealth or fame but "an interesting life." It still amazes me a little, but as a single woman I've had the opportunity to teach in three foreign countries, to publish a novel, to enter a jumping frog contest in Fiji, to search for ancestors in Bavaria, to eat a witchity grub on the Tropic of Capricorn, and to snorkel on the Great Barrier Reef. I've been wealthy in the friendships I've formed along the way, and happily enough, at some point in this erratic journey, I've found myself needing the quiet and solitude that living alone gives me, enjoying the freedom to be spontaneous, liking the fact that no one else's taste determines the color of a room. My first home in South Bend was a highceilinged apartment in an old Victorian mansion that fulfilled my fantasies of living out the Mary Tyler Moore show. My fellowtenants fit the fantasy too—we were young, urbane, congenial. We thought we were droll. We had Halloween parties in the attic; we pooled our food during the great Blizzard of '78; we dubbed the place "Presley Towers" when Elvis died. All in all, we achieved a nearly perfect combination of private lives and companionship, but in the fourth year of this camaraderie, the mansion was sold to new owners. Within a month or two, we all received notice that our leases wouldn't be renewed. I disagree completely with the idea of peer pressure. It's not about peer pressure, it's about peer selection. Who do you choose for friends and what do you do together. Deirdre Breslin
I reacted to this news with both sadness and rage. I sensed—correctly—that friendship depends partly on proximity, and that our lives would drift apart. (I was right—all the others eventually left South Bend.) But I was full of fury too: the home I'd worked four years to make was being pulled out from under me, and there was nothing I could do. "You seemed so depressed then—so vulnerable," a friend told me later, and indeed I was. Counting my assets didn't help: I had a scant $3,500 in the bank and not a financial clue. When all else fails, I tend to read—to lose myself in books that have nothing to do with the current crisis—and that's how I dealt with dispossession: novels, poems, and a new book by Nancy Friday called My Mother, My Self. I remember hunkering down on the sofa while Friday explained how women internalize their mother's attitudes toward sexuality and men—attitudes which may have been appropriate for the mother's generation but not necessarily for the current one. It made sense, I thought, but my mind kept wandering to more acute problems: where was I going to live? How could I keep this from happening again? My male (and usually married) colleagues had all bought houses from which no one could evict them, but men know about money and mortgages and investments—I did not. My financial training was all from my mother: how to find bargains, how to scrimp and save and reuse and stretch. Suddenly it hit me: my mother had handled money only on the
Page 164
consuming end because it was appropriate to her time and situation; financial planning was the husband's domain. However shrewd she might have been if given a chance (and I suspect plenty) she choose not to threaten the relationship, and chose rightly, I think, but I wasn't married, I was a generation later and about to lose my home. "That's it," I said, sitting up, "I'm calling a realtor. I'm buying a house." The house on Twyckenham was not a marvel, but the decision to buy it was. And implicit in that decision was a knowledge that for me home was now place as much as people. If I accepted that—and I saw no other choice—I was determined to make it a good place—to surround myself with as much beauty as I could afford. Even in 1979, $3,500 didn't go far, but with a $2,000 FHA down payment, and new set of tools, I became a sudden homeowner, remodeler, restorer of wood. Old carpets disappeared, cheap paneling came down, calaminelotion pink turned to creamy white, and missing woodwork went back up. After I'd spent a full summer in physical labor, a colleague said to me: "You've changed. You seem more secure somehow—more confident that you can deal with the world." He was right. I had a home now. I'd also gained a reputation I never bargained for: the petite professor who tackled plumbing; the poet who bought a crowbar and tore down a wall. My present home seems something of a miracle. Even after several years, I marvel at my luck. Having grown up in hills along the northern Mississippi and gloried in Seattle's mountains during graduate school, I found the move to Indiana a disappointment. I've never liked flat land; I never will. For almost fifteen years I craved a view, a prospect, a sense of height. I wanted to live surrounded by nature but still within the city. I wanted a cozy cottage, but I also wanted spaciousness and light. After four years of sporadic looking, I found all of that, thanks to persistence, luck, and friends who were quick on the telephone. I live now on the cusp of a hill above a little park. Neighboring treetops spread out below me. Groundhogs sun in the front. In summer I can sit among the fireflies at the top of fortyfour steps. In the winter I can stand at the French doors and watch children sledding below me, their bright snowsuits like flags of joy in the falling snow. For me, home is now a sort of second skin, an expression of self, a canvas on which to paint and draw and decorate—to work out an exterior harmony in which inner harmony can grow. It's a buffer against those who would infringe too much, a place of regeneration from forces that suck me dry, a comfort for the odd moments when loneliness still catches in the throat. I'm well aware that it's a house to share—for such gifts are not given to us solely—and I try to do so. A Chinese friend stayed for two months while she finished her dissertation, a grad school roommate came for a sabbatical month in the spring, Australian friends used it as base for exploring the American Midwest. The problem with a home like this is that it tempts one to attachment, and that's a danger. It's one of the lessons I learned the day I left
Page 165
the fire site. I've made, sewn, refinished, or lavished attention on almost all of my possessions, but I don't want them to own me. Should I too return home someday to char and ashes, I don't want to be missing too large a piece of the self. I saw my friend the other night. He says his rebuilt house will be better than it was before the fire. He has blueprints to prove it: a new roofline, better use of space, fewer interior walls. He says the old adage is right: there's something good in everything. I make a note of that and add it to the other antidotes I keep against my own possessiveness, my tendency to hoard. For some reason, I think about the old sturdy trunk I took to the convent in 1960. It sits now in my basement next to the workbench, and I use its surface when I'm sawing or painting or clamping things with glue. In other words, I've kept it because it's useful, but I suspect that I keep it for symbolic reasons as well. Embedded as I am in my little house on the hill, I need to remind myself that it's not forever—with all those stairs, it's probably not even for the rest of my life. If I'm to negotiate whatever decades remain, ''home" must be more than place, and "self' must be separate from furniture. The old trunk reminds me: the world is a ship; I must be willing to sail.
Page 166
Group Activities 1. Write a short paper describing your best vision of what a good and healthy relationship would look and feel like. This relationship could be with anyone as long as it demonstrates your best ideals and most positive visions regarding the components and responses of a happy and healthy relationship. Exchange papers within the group and select the best suggestion for relationship health in each paper. Compile these suggestions and make a copy for each group member. 2. Discuss the ways in which the media and popular press influence our relationship standards and ideals. How have these standards affected our culture, selfesteem and image, communication responses and daily lives? 3. As a group, list the ways that we express our feelings toward others and our relationship with them through material objects (for example, wedding rings, greeting cards, valentines). How do these practices function in our society? Are there negative aspects to these practices as well as positive ones? 4. The plots of soap operas revolve around the relationships among the characters, which may explain the popular appeal of this entertainment. Select those soaps that the group knows best and discuss the current relationship entanglements. (Summaries are printed in the television guide sections of newspapers and media magazines.) Discuss the healthy or unhealthy aspects of the relationships depicted. How realistic are these depictions?
Page 167
Workbook Awareness 1. Consider the range of relationships that you have and organize them with a category name, such as family, close friends, acquaintances, etc. List these categories. Now think of all the people with whom you interact on a daily basis. How many of them fit into the categories you established? Add additional categories as needed. Reflect on your feelings toward the people in these categories and look for trends. Are you generally comfortable in relating to people whose age, background, culture is different from your own? Does the role or position of the person affect your level of comfort in relating to them (do you find it easy to talk to teachers, for example)?
Page 168
2. Imagine that you are watching a movie of your significant relationships in the past year. Pick four main characters beside yourself to concentrate on as you sit back and replay scenes from the past. When the movie is finished, consider the following: Describe how you related to each of the four main characters and how they related to you. Include highlights of the most positive and negative moments of the story.
You were the primary star. Describe the type of character you were. What did you like best about the ways you interacted with the other characters? What did you like least?
You now have the opportunity to rewrite your role in this movie (not change the plot). What would you do differently?
Page 169
3. Examine your past history of relationships to determine how you have been influenced by them. Make a list of the people who have been important to you during your life. Note both your positive and negative experiences with each person. Examine each relationship and decide how these experiences affect your life today. What attitudes, values, reaction styles, personality traits did you learn in these relationships?
Page 170
4. Make a grief list of your hurts, sadness, and anger stemming from negative experiences in past relationships. What are some of the things you might do to begin letting go of these emotions? (Letting go does not mean forgetting, but it does mean freeing yourself from reexperiencing the emotion as you remember the experience: the difference between "it hurt my feelings" and "it still hurts my feelings.") Some hurts from past experience are extremely painful and many people seek counseling and support to grieve these losses and move forward in life.
5. Make a gratitude list of the people who have given you help, joy, and support. What can you do to show this gratitude?
Page 171
Belief Discovery 1. Which of your friends have a good relationship with one another? Select two individuals to be a model of a good relationship and several others as runnersup. What is the difference between the best example and the notquite best? Think how these people treat each other, deal with conflict, share and communicate. What makes these relationships work?
Page 172
2. Make lists of the characteristics you would find most desirable in a close friend and in a romantic partner. What would be the similarities and differences between the two lists? How would you measure up if these lists were applied to you rather than another person?
Page 173
3. Think which of your relationships are most important to you at the present time. Consider the shared environments, activities, and interests that support this relationship. Do you consider these as promoting your health and wellbeing? How could you alter any of these to better promote the health of both of you? For example, if you and your friend are primarily drinking buddies or hang out in front of the television, how might a change in activities change the relationship?
Page 174
Charting Your Course 1. Select a specific relationship to work on and improve. It may be one which is already important to you or it may be establishing or deepening a relationship with a new acquaintance. Make a plan—set realistic expectations, consider what you will do, and make a contingency plan (you can ask someone to dinner, but the invitation may be refused; you can call home, but the line may be busy). Concentrate on your own behaviors and your power to be both assertive and positive. MY PLAN What I want to do:
How I will do it:
What difficulties I may encounter:
My contingency plans:
Page 175
2. Evaluate your success. Were your expectations met? Why or why not? Could your plan be improved? What could you do better in the future? How I rate the success of my plan: What worked well:
What needs improvement:
What adjustments I will make:
Page 176
3. Keep a list here of ideas for working on this and other relationships. Reflect on future opportunities such as the next time you meet old friends or are introduced to a new person.
Page 177
Five— Community We believe that creating a culture of community through rituals, symbols, traditions, and heroes is needed to ensure quality life experiences.
Human beings depend upon each other for survival. For eons we have been gathering in community as a way to meet our basic needs. Two heads around the campfire are better than one and three are better than two. A community that works well together is blessed by individuals with varied talents and contributions to make. Community serves our needs for love, survival, socialization, and communication. We need and want community for love and survival. In a working community we feel accepted, validated, and loved. We fit in and feel appreciated for who we are and what we contribute. Community is energy in action. It is the shared energy of caring, negotiating, and resolving conflicts or agreeing to disagree. There are formal and informal communities. Healthy communities are like healthy relationships that continue to grow, change, and evolve. Communities challenge us to be flexible and open to positive change. Communities make us feel healthier and more alive because they foster strong connections among people. Research demonstrates a direct link between community interaction and good health. Strong community involvement also enhances onetoone relationships. Love and caring multiplies when it is shared and stagnates when it isolates. Community is the bridge from ourselves to others. It gives balance and health to our lives as we learn to walk its length. In community we become more of who we really are.
Page 178
In This Chapter Community and Student Life Elan Shapiro and Kristin Anundsen
179
How to Spread Love and Peace in the World Community Hanoch McCarty
191
Group Activities
198
Workbook
199
Page 179
Community and Student Life Elan Shapiro and Kristin Anundsen Yearning for community is a universal trait. Many people long for a deeper sense of belonging, kinship, and support. Although they may not be aware of it, this longing is intimately connected to their bodies' need for health and wholeness. Without community, both physical and mental health decline. With community, health blossoms and new possibilities open. In the early 1960s the small town of Roseto in Pennsylvania attracted the attention of medical researchers. The residents of this closely knit ItalianAmerican community were found to have astonishingly low rates of heart disease, peptic ulcers, senility, and other ailments—despite the fact that their health habits were no better than average. After extensive testing, researchers discovered the secret to the Rosetans' remarkable health: their powerful sense of community and camaraderie. Family ties were strong, as was the cohesiveness and sense of unconditional support within the community as a whole. Developments since the initial study validated this conclusion. As young residents began to marry outside the clan and move away, severing emotional and physical ties with the community, the healthy edge Roseto held over neighboring towns began to diminish. Eventually its mortality rates reached the national average. Contemporary studies continue to confirm the lifeprolonging, even lifesaving qualities of interpersonal support. They demonstrate that community is not only good for emotional health—just as important, it is good for physical health. Dr. Dean Ornish, a California heart specialist, developed a treatment program with support groups that surprised him and his colleagues with its positive results. Over time, Ornish began to realize that the group support was more than a way to motivate patients to stick with the diet, exercise, and other parts of the program. It was important in its own right. He concluded, ''Anything that promotes a sense of isolation leads to chronic stress and, often, to illnesses like heart disease. Conversely, anything that leads to real intimacy and feelings of connection can be healing in the real sense of the word: to bring together, to make whole. The ability to be intimate has long been seen as a key to emotional health. I believe it is essential to the health of our hearts as well."
Page 180
Psychologist Robert Ornstein and physician David Sobel, authors of The Healing Brain, believe that humans evolved as social animals, and that our brains are programmed to connect us with others to improve our chances of survival. For example, interaction with family members, fellow students, and others are translated by the brain into different hormone levels and neurotransmitters. Several groups of researchers are investigating the theory that healthy community has a beneficial effect on the immune system. Community affiliation and fellowship, in a safe and nonjudgmental setting, is the key to success of lifesaving twelvestep programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Community can take many forms. It can be found, developed, or created in a club, a cooperative garden, a support group, a workplace, a political or religious organization. It can happen through team sports as well as in a family (even if it is spread out or fractured), a volunteer organization, a study group, a dorm, or shared house. Kristin Anundsen regarded her college dorm—especially the third floor, which she shared with twentyone other women—as the most amazing community she had ever experienced. We were from different cities and backgrounds, but we achieved deep intimacy, sharing our feelings and philosophies, our disappointments and triumphs in love. We talked into the night, exploring our sameness and difference. We developed our own jargon and rituals, lent our clothes, helped each other over academic hurdles, resolved interpersonal disputes. No biological family could have been closer. When I reflected later on this support and connection, I had a better idea of how I could create community in a variety of other forms, with the same essential feeling.
If community can manifest itself in so many different ways, what is its essence—its underlying definition? Community is a dynamic, evolving entity that is more a way of being than a fixed construct. Although it can start casually, even unconsciously, a true community is or becomes a group of people who commit themselves to their own, one another's, and the group's wellbeing. Such people participate and make decisions together, depend on one another, and identify themselves as part of something larger than the sum of their individual relationships. The community is their support system. Just as healthy communities make healthy individuals, healthy individuals make healthy communities. Each requires the other. There is no way to separate the biological being from the social being, the individual from his or her context. As William James remarked, "The community
Page 181
stagnates without the impulse of the individual. The impulse dies away without the sympathy of the community." A healthy community also is aware it is part of a larger whole—or wholes. A campus study group, for example, is part of the academic community, which is a part of the surrounding neighborhood, which is part of a political, economic, and ecological system, and so forth. The boundaries between these entities are not rigid. The old "us versus them" concept is not only outdated, it is dysfunctional. As Bill Clinton said in both his inaugural addresses, "There is no them, there is only us." How much stress and violence we could avoid, how much more we could learn from each other and our natural environment, if we remember that. Cults and gangs are not healthy communities. Although they may provide internal support and a sense of group identity to their members, they demand prescribed behavior, hide from the larger world, tend to be overdependent on a leader, can be hostile to outsiders, and reject dissent. They are fueled by fear and mistrust, feelings that are antithetical to community If we accept that "there is no them" it is easy to distinguish healthy communities. Or is it? Even generally healthy communities are vulnerable to cultlike or ganglike behavior. At times there is a fine line between what is good for the group and what is actually anticommunity. For example, a strong leader may be necessary initially and a group might need to be discriminating about potentially disruptive outsiders. In one situation, the group might decide to override dissenting members. What distinguishes a cult or gang from a healthy community is the degree and rigidity of the behavior and the length of time the behavior continues. If a group views all outsiders as potential enemies and operates on fear or crisis, there is cause for concern. Healthy community exhibits the following characteristics: 1. It cares for all its members, including the less fortunate or assertive ones. 2. It does not stifle or even just tolerate differences; it welcomes them as a means of expanding its perspective. 3. Members feel free to speak from their hearts and reveal their feelings. 4. Members are aware of, and become involved in, the larger systems to which they and their community belong. 5. Members demonstrate skills in communication, conflict management, and decision making. 6. While valuing their own sense of identity, members do not devalue other individuals and communities. 7. Concerned with process as well as task, the members plan regular times for taking stock of where they are and how people feel. 8. Members do not forget to celebrate and have fun.
Page 182
9. Members demonstrate commitment to their own and each other's development and that of the community as a whole. They strive for a natural, healthy balance among these elements. The individual, the group, the larger whole are all parts of the same system. As many physicists, biologists, and social scientists concur, change in one part of the system affects the other parts. What harms one part harms the whole. What heals the whole heals the individuals within that whole. In a student setting, a healthy community and its individuals are committed to the wellbeing of the school as a whole and to the larger wholes beyond. In the words of Albert Einstein: A human being . . . experiences his thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest—a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal decisions and to affection for a few persons nearest us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circles of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.
College years are a time for discovering personal identity, delving into what makes you what you are and what you can be. One way students explore their identity is by affiliating with others who share characteristics such as race, religion, sexual preference, or political perspective. They may even be pressured by other members to join identity groups. Paradoxically, while such group affiliation can be a healthy, communitybuilding experience, it can also be unhealthy if it ignores or shuts out diversity or the group becomes an "us versus them" kind of organization. Healthy community is inclusive, drawing strength and creativity from different points of view and life experiences of its members. On campus, such communities prepare their members for the diversity they We are all longing to go home, to some place we have never been—a place halfremembered and halfenvisioned, we can only catch glimpses of from time to time. Community. Somewhere there are people to whom we can speak with passion without having the words catch in our throats. Somewhere a circle of hands will open to receive us, eyes will light up as we enter, voices will celebrate with us whenever we come into our own power. Community means strength that joins with our strength to the work that needs to be done. Arms to hold us when we falter. A circle of healing. A circle of friends. Someplace where we can be free. Starhawk, Dreaming the Dream
Page 183
will encounter in the world beyond. When you feel affinity needs are being met, it is a good idea to stretch, finding or creating activities that focus on the larger mix of life. On a California campus, a Jewish women's group and a black women's group provided a strong sense of identity and support for their respective members. Gradually, certain members of both groups came to realize that the organizations were suspicious and often intolerant of each other. A Jewish woman and a black woman got together to explore how they might learn from each other, find common ground, and support mutual goals. They started by holding a potluck supper, each woman contributing one of her ethnic specialties. Since food is always a great icebreaker, this meeting led to a campuswide Ethnic Diversity Celebration (focusing on food) which, in turn, led to other forms of cooperation among ethnic groups. People often come to a campus, workplace, or relationship carrying past experiences that are painful to recall. Some are estranged from their families and others wish they were because theirs are so dysfunctional. Some have attempted to form close friendships but have not been able to—at least not as well as they would have liked. Others have been so overwhelmed by a close relationship that they felt their own identity was obliterated. Just about everyone has suffered some kind of breach of trust. As a result people can be afraid to take active steps to create community. They focus more on what they might lose than on what they might gain. Even while sincerely longing for a deeper sense of kinship and connection, a person may be unconsciously erecting barriers to community. An internal voice may whisper, "If I try to join this group they probably won't accept me," or "I'll put lots of time and energy into this group and then others won't follow through, so I'll end up feeling lonelier than I do now." If you ever feel this way it might help to sit quietly for a period (alone or with a friend or two) and recall positive experiences of community. Another possibility is to give a voice to your fears: write them down and confront them. A third approach is to develop communitybuilding skills so that your selfconfidence overcomes the fears. CommunityBuilding Skills If you need help in building up the following skills—and most people do—find out what courses or activities would help. Sympathetic professors or a childcare cooperative or a woman's cooperative in your region might be willing to sponsor workshops. Communication. This skill reflects the essence of community. "Communication" and "community" in fact have the same root. The way people communicate with each other determines the quality of onetoone and group relationships. M. Scott Peck, author of The Different Drum: Community Making and Peace, says that one of the
Page 184
definitions of community is "an aggregate of people who have made a commitment to learn how to communicate with each other at an ever more deep and authentic level." Some intentional communities have developed communication agreements and meeting procedures to ensure that they do not sabotage their collective efforts. Among the skills that facilitate healthy communications are: 1. Taking responsibility for your own feelings—use "I" statements to describe your feelings rather than accuse someone of making you feel a certain way. 2. Expressing yourself—give your full attention to the speaker without interrupting, then feed the message back to be sure you heard it correctly. 3. Writing—organize your thoughts, know when written communication is more appropriate than the spoken word, use computer network protocol effectively. 4. Using humor softly. 5. Knowing how to engage the power of silence—to attune with others, to center yourself, to allow new ideas to surface. 6. Taking differences in communication styles into account. 7. Running meetings that include and respect each member and have a balance of time for both task and process. Conflict Resolution. Disagreement in community is inevitable—and not at all bad. What is bad is denying that it exists or ignoring it until anger begins to simmer. When a community suppresses differences to avoid the discomfort of conflict, it deprives itself of important information and the broader perspectives of collective wisdom. Its emotional climate becomes unhealthy. Conflict generally results when one or more parties feel that the other(s) have not shown them respect. Being discounted can cause powerful reactions. Respectful attention (including active listening) to the sources of disagreement, as well as the feelings of those who disagree, goes a long way toward resolving differences. Disruptive members, especially, need to be heard and usually respond to genuine caring. Sometimes a more formal intervention is needed. There are many ways to work with conflict, and they do not have involve legal threats, walkouts, or heated exchanges. Community Boards is an organization that has taught neighborhoods, nations, and even elementary school students how to resolve disputes. It was founded by a trial attorney Ray Shonholtz, who concluded that the judicial system is too punitive and polarizing. The winwin mediation approach of Community Boards, initially used in neighbortoneighbor conflicts, can be adapted to small or large groups. Your city or town may have Community Boards representatives happy to make a presentation to your campus or group.
Page 185
Making decisions. Group decision making has often followed the majorityrules formula. More recently, a technique called consensus has achieved increasing acceptance and popularity, in social change groups and even now in business settings. Consensus requires that every member consent to the decision before the group can adopt it. Certain communities have modified the process to consensusminusone or consensuswithfallback. Whatever the form, consensus decision making can, if applied properly, increase group solidarity. It provides a thorough examination of every issue before a decision is made, thus taking advantage of both the individual and the group wisdom, ensuring that the decision has everyone's support. When more people are engaged in the process, more comprehensive and integrated decisions can be made. For a smoother process, an experienced facilitator can be a blessing. That person makes sure that everyone is heard, that all relevant ideas are incorporated, and that the final decision is agreed on by all, not just accepted out of a desire to hasten the process or conform to "groupthink." Also, it is important for the group to develop the facilitation skills in all of its members and to rotate leadership so that leadership is developed in different people and decentralized. Building community may not be easy, especially since it requires skills most people have not practiced much, but it can start simply. You might discover a group that meets many of your needs and work to instill the qualities and develop the skills suggested in this essay. If you want to start your own community, sometimes all it takes to get the ball rolling is talking to the next person. Elan Shapiro grew up in a community where nearly everyone shared the same ethnic and religious background. From the outside, it looked as though all his needs for community were being met. But from the inside, it felt alienating and lonely. Members of my community professed to believe in shared values, but as I reached my teens I grew increasingly sensitive to signs of hypocrisy. While the community valued intellectual achievement, it seemed to squash creativity and individuality. To my mind, community often seemed like a manytentacled monster, determined to force me to conform and give up my cherished dreams in the name of maintaining ancient traditions and tribal continuity. When I went to college, it was thrilling to be released from the monster's tentacles. I reveled in my new freedom and the chance to live without restraints. But I soon began to realize that something was missing in my new life. I felt as alienated as I had in my parochial high school, although not for the same reasons. Everything was so big, everybody seemed different, and I began to feel very alone. Not that I wanted to return to my oldstyle community. Something new was called for.
Page 186 When I found that I longed to share my newfound college freedom with a community, I decided to try to create what I wanted. I had one friend and, brainstorming, we came up with the corny idea of starting a "Warmth Committee." We went around to various departments, acting silly and recruiting members by telling them we wanted to create a place where people could meet their needs for connection and creative play. It actually worked! The administration gave us a room we called the Warmth Room. One day a week it became the Nonverbal Communication Room, where people could draw, dance, and otherwise play without talking. We began each weekend with a nonalcoholic Thank God It's Friday play night, during which our exuberance often rivaled that of any fraternity party. When some students who hung out in the Warmth Room expressed a need for companionship while doing mundane tasks such as sewing on buttons, we started a onceaweek Mending Bee. Activities began to proliferate, and we drew together an ongoing core of students, most of whom (like me) felt a need for community that wasn't fulfilled by other campus groups. As our nurturing community evolved, we began envisioning it as a catalyst for action beyond the confines of the group. We invited faculty and staff to become involved, and took on issues concerning the larger community surrounding the campus. Since housing problems were serious in our lowincome neighborhood, a Warmth Committee subgroup focused on this issue and recruited students from other campus organizations to help. Despite our underdeveloped skills in group decision making and active listening, our subcommittee aroused more and more people with our energy. Our impact on the housing problems was fairly limited, we began to see changes, which motivated us to keep at it. We learned to commit and stand up for each other, and our attitude of service and concern for the surrounding community galvanized a level of warmth and camaraderie far beyond anything I had envisioned. This experience changed my life. I became a passionate believer in the value and possibility of community.
Here are some keys for beginning the process of building community. 1. Take time to think about what form or forms of community you desire. Do not confine your vision to the campus; think about family, neighborhood, and nature too. Do you need support in overcoming test anxiety or communicating with your parents? Do you long to connect more deeply with your
Page 187
natural environment—which, after all, is an essential, undeniable part of your life? Are you passionately committed to a cause and seeking others who feel the same? 2. Reflect on the resources you already have. Who do you know who might share your desire for community? What skills, background, and abilities do you bring to a community effort? Are you a natural leader, a math whiz, a good writer, a good listener? Do you have experience in community organizing? If you have bookkeeping skills or notetaking skills, these are important for the success of a community. It is a good idea to write all this down. It will give you the confidence to take the next step. 3. Reflect on the obstacles—external and internal—to your ability to create community. Do you feel there is "not enough time" due to your other responsibilities or that community requires too much assertiveness on your part or too many tedious meetings? Do you feel that the support that is offered always has strings attached? Are you afraid you are the only one you know who dreams of the kind of camaraderie you want? Acknowledging the limitations may make you feel isolated or discouraged at first, but if you share them, you will most likely discover how common they are for most people and how many creative solutions are possible. 4. Reflect on how you might bring the resources you already have, as well as what new ones you might need, to overcome or at least work with these obstacles. 5. Go ahead and start. Call someone and brainstorm. Put a notice in the school newspaper. If you already belong to a group, suggest a retreat to review purpose and recommit to goals, or a "time out" at the beginning of a meeting for everyone to check in. Such checkin time, when people can take turns reporting on what has been going on in their lives and how they feel about the progress the group is making, is a wonderful way to build closeness and spark ideas. Find out who else is interested in community as a concept and start a discussion group on the topic. If your first attempt at creating community falters, do not give up—keep going or try something else. You may be breaking new ground and pioneers are not always well understood. Also remember that what you get may change form or purpose. The Warmth Committee, for example, started as a support group and grew to include many other facets, including community activism. New members may contribute new ideas that change the group's focus.
Page 188
Phases of Community Many authors and scholars have observed that community—like the seasons or a love relationship—moves through certain stages or phases. Knowing which phase your community is in will help all of you accept each other and learn what you need to move smoothly into the next phase. These phases are not cut and dried—they can be repeated in cycles or they can overlap a bit—but they cannot be skipped. For those people who do not find that the phases fit, or do not experience this sequence of community, remember that each of these phases does represent a major aspect of community life, some of which are going on simultaneously; these phases do not necessarily operate as a linear sequence. I know now that health depends on selfdiscovery and spiritual atonement, and is realized through loving others and sharing yourself with them. Bruno Cortis, M.D.
In Phase 1, sometimes referred to as "pseudocommunity," members are excited about possibilities. This stage is somewhat like falling in love, when you imagine only positive outcomes and hope the community will meet all your needs for belonging and support. In the interest of harmony, you hold back some of your truth—and this precludes true community. While you should avoid being seduced into believing that you will all be harmonious forever, this idealistic stage is a good time to have fun, explore your common purpose, and develop a vision for the future. Your vision may change as your community develops. In Phase 2, differences begin to emerge. Members jockey for power and strongly assert their individuality. The illusion of unity dissolves, and the result may look like chaos. Think of this phase as adolescence, a necessary, though often difficult, phase in the process of maturing. Encouraging open communication, applying conflict resolution skills, and staying attentive to individual and group needs will help you navigate the stormy seas and hold the community together. If you get through Phase 2 and people realize that they can be individuals and still enjoy group connection, you enter Phase 3, a smoother passage. Members settle into roles and accept the agreements necessary for cooperation on common tasks. The danger here is in becoming too comfortable in your rut. You may hold on to roles too long, with the same people leading the meetings, coordinating food preparation, or handling the money and not allowing others to grow by trying out these roles. You may begin to resent new ideas as disruptive to the peace you have attained together. This is an especially good time to reexamine your process and progress. Phase 4 is one of synergy, when individuals learn to balance their personal needs with those of others and the group, so that both individuals and group are able to unfold in a healthy way. New leadership may emerge without threatening former leaders and you find your
Page 189
selves expanding your perspective to include other and larger communities. As a mature group, you are able to provide guidance to fledgling communities. In Phase 5, the transformation phase, the community changes its focus, segments into subgroups, or disbands. The changes in Elan's community are a good example of how a community transforms over time. Even when a new focus or new activities are welcome, members may feel nostalgia sometimes for ''the good old days." Disbanding should not be approached with sadness—community, by its nature, is always in flux. Sometimes even the most intimate residential communities reach a point when members' lives seem destined to move in new directions. In a campus setting, this point generally becomes evident as the summer vacation or graduation approaches (if not before). To disband your community gently, on a note of hope and continuing friendship, it is helpful to conduct a transformation ritual. You can take turns talking about what you have learned through your participation in this community and how it has affected your lives. You can tell stories about funny things that have happened and how the community handled its crises. Follow this with a party to celebrate your success and solidarity. Do not, however, assume that the party alone is enough of a ritual. Tribes, organizations, and other groups have for millennia taken passages seriously and marked them formally with reflection and resolution. Graduation speeches, full of hopes and dreams, mark the transition from student life to the wider world. Funerals incorporate remembrances of the deceased and emphasize continuing connection to those left behind. A company that had to close a plant and lay off hundreds of employees rented a hotel ballroom to hold a formal wake. One employee commented that the ceremony not only provided a muchneeded closure for an important chapter in his life, but also made him feel more connected. Everyone who attended received an address book and pen with the company logo so that they could preserve links with their colleagues. Your community deserves a thoughtful goodbye. And you deserve a summingup of all you have accomplished, for yourself and others, and a review of what you have learned about community. With a closing ritual, you affirm healthy connections and remind everyone of the infinite possibilities for mutual support that lie ahead.
Page 190
Traditions There was no time during the festivities which ensued when there were not groups of onlookers in the doorways and the corners; and if any one of these onlookers came sufficiently close, or looked sufficiently hungry, a chair was offered him, and he was invited to the feast. It was one of the laws of the veselija that no one goes hungry; and, while a rule made in the forests of Lithuania is hard to apply in the stockyards district of Chicago, with its quarter of a million inhabitants, still they did their best, and the children who ran in from the street, and even the dogs, went out again happier. (Upton Sinclair, The Jungle) While the men and lads were building the pile, a change took place in the mass of shade which denoted the distant landscape. Red suns and tufts of fire one by one began to arise, flecking the whole country round. They were the bonfires of other parishes and hamlets that were engaged in the same sort of commemoration. . . . Perhaps as many as thirty bonfires could be counted within the whole bounds of the district; and as the hour may be told on a clockface when the figures themselves are invisible, so did the men recognize the locality of each fire by its angle and direction, though nothing of the scenery could be viewed. (Thomas Hardy, The Return of them Native) It had already begun on that day when he first wrote his age in two ciphers and his cousin McCaslin brought him for the first time to the camp, the big woods, to earn for himself from the wilderness the name and state of hunter provided he in his turn were humble and enduring enough. . . . In the surrey with his cousin and Major de Spain and General Compson he saw the wilderness through a slow drizzle of November rain. . . . It seemed to him that at the age of ten he was witnessing his own birth. (William Faulker, Go Down, Moses)
Page 191
How to Spread Love and Peace in the World Community Hanoch Mccarty How wonderful it is that no one need wait a single moment to start to improve the world. Anne Frank
"What goes around, comes around," is a wellworn cliché. I've noticed that in order to become a cliché a saying has to have enough truth in it to justify people's choices to repeat it endlessly. It might be said this way: "The kind of energy you put into the world will be reflected by that world back to you. Send out hatefulness, it returns; send out loving kindness and it, too, returns." What sort of world do you want to live in? Oh, let me be clear, I don't want you to think about the entire globe right now. What happens in Rwanda and Bosnia and Ecuador can seem very far away from your daily experience. Let's start with your immediate and local community and world: your neighborhood, your own family, your college roommates, your spouse and children, your parents, brothers, sisters, and cousins, include the people you work with, even if your job is temporary or parttime, and add those you meet everyday in a casual way: store clerks, driver of the bus or taxi or subway train you ride, and even passersby in the street, or other drivers on the highway, in the next lane. That's your own personal world. Again, I ask, what kind of world do you want to live in? Would you like your world to be (and become) more like the one you see on the TV evening news show, filled with crime, violence, random hatefulness, rudeness, selfishness, and fear? Would you want to hang out with people whose integrity was, at best, questionable, and whose word cannot be trusted? I'm not trying to be funny. I truly believe that you and I have a uniquely powerful impact, through our own choices of behavior and attitude, on the immediate world we live in. Not that each of us can totally control everything that happens. I also do not believe in "blaming the victim," that is, assuming that if violence occurs to you, it must have been your fault. Yet I do claim that you and I can be very powerful influences on much of what does happen to us and around us. Do you want your personal world to be loving, gentle, filled with trustworthy people whose intent is positive toward you and toward each other? Would you like to be surrounded mostly by people who have
Page 192
high integrity, lifeaffirming values, with whom you can be relaxed and not fearful? Years ago (longer than I'd like to remember), when I was a college student in New York, I watched a television news report about a county in the southern United States that had closed all of its schools and reopened them as "private" schools for whites only. It was in response to a court decision that banned their previous practices of "separate but equal" schools which were never truly equal at all. The white students were back in school, but thousands of AfricanAmerican children had been out of school for a long time. The injustice of this absolutely enraged me. How could we, in the 'land of the free', do that to anyone? It lit a fire in me and I began recruiting other students to see if we could help. Eventually, to our own great surprise, we actually held a concert in Carnegie Hall with many famous performers donating their talent to raise money for our project to open freedom schools in that county, far away from our campus in New York state. We raised a lot of money, recruited many volunteers, and created a program that eventually taught many black youngsters the basics of school that momentous summer of 1963. It was a courageous project and an important one. Did we make a difference? I still believe that we did. In fact, our project may have been the impetus for some subsequent governmental decisions to stop tolerating that socalled "private" academy for white children. Integration was moved forward at least one small step. And I was one small part of that wonderful program. Why do I tell you this story? Two reasons, the least important of which is to illustrate how much you can accomplish if you simply decide that you can, you must, take action. The most important reason for you to hear this story is that I'd like you to notice how I focused my attention, my indignation, my action and energy in changing people who were strangers to me, who lived far away from my own neighborhood! As courageous and even necessary as my integration project may have Ten Steps to a Better World 1. Be loving and kind to those around you. 2. Express caring every day. 3. Be especially caring to your family and those closest to you. 4. Monitor your own negative feelings and work on them. 5. Write letters supporting healing and peaceful responses to world events. 6. Confront anyone you know who is abusive to children. 7. Encourage political candidates to end negative campaigning. 8. Give commendations instead of complaints. 9. Do not support harmful humor. 10. Behave with full integrity.
Page 193
been, far more significant to me now is the fact that I avoided challenging the racism that was so evident in my own family, my neighborhood, and in the store where I worked part time. The racist slurs which were said about people of color after they left the store. The casual way in which people assumed negative things about anyone different from them, whether different by color, or by accent or ethnicity. The blindness most of my friends and neighbors (in my distinctly nonintegrated neighborhood) had to the inequities in how people of color were dealt with by the police, the schools, the government, and by store clerks, cab drivers, and others. Yes, I learned a lot that summer from helping create such a program. In the years since then, I have learned much more: I learned that really important action begins at home, begins with the self. I believe that your desire to do good in the world community becomes more valid, more credible, and much cleaner when you elevate your personal world to the level to which you aspire. All of this leads me to this advice: If you want to spread love and peace in the world, start small. Begin with yourself and your neighborhood. Step One If you want others to be loving and kind, be loving and kind to them, around them, near them. People tend to reflect the energy and effect they receive from you; if you send anger, you tend to generate (and receive) anger; if you generate calm and acceptance, that's mostly what you get in return. Of course, there are those damaged individuals who will return bad for good, but we cannot let them determine what kind of people we are going to be. And, my experience tells me that if you behave caringly enough for long enough, even some of them can be helped to see this is an alternative worth trying. Remember that there are a lot of people I call wounded birds, who have been so harmed by the world that they may interpret your attempts to be loving as yet another threat. You may have to send them your positive energy for a very long time before they can allow themselves to believe in you and in your benign intentions. Step Two Find "excuses" to be caring. Don't wait for the special and obvious days like Christmas and birthdays to send out your love. Do it regularly. One little commitment I made has seemed to transform my life: I promised myself to validate and affirm at least one person each hour that I am awake and alive. Most of the time, I have someone near me: a secretary, a student, a participant in one of the seminars that I lead. I take a brief moment to notice and celebrate them for something they are doing or some quality I see in them or simply for my delight in knowing them.
Page 194
Sometimes, however, I am alone. I carry with me a stack of stamped postcards. I write a quick note to someone I know. Other times, I find myself among strangers. I've startled airline counter personnel, waitresses, hotel desk clerks, supermarket checkout personnel with a cheery and warmly felt positive statement. "What a nice smile you have!" "Thank you for all you've done to help me!" "Your boss is lucky to have you working here!" What a miraculous change this makes in their expression, demeanor, posture, attitude. This is an age when the souls of all humans are in direct relationship to each other, a time when each person's activities affect all others. Harvey Silver Fox Mette
I carry a pocket dictating machine with me wherever I go. I'm constantly dictating notes of appreciation to people's supervisors to let them know how well represented their company is by a certain employee. And my secretaries love to type these. It seems to help their selfesteem, too. You don't need "high tech" to do this one. Simply put a pack of a dozen postcards in your pocket, portfolio, or purse, they work just fine! Step Three What are you doing with (and to) your own family and closest circle of friends? I know that as someone who travels all over the world to spread the philosophy and practical techniques of selfesteem enhancement, I have to "walk my talk" and not be someone who crushes my own children's selfregard. Instead, I have to be sure that I do just what I preach; that I celebrate them for their wonderfulness and treat them gently and with understanding when they make mistakes. My relationship with my wife is growing in just that way: I have picked the most loving and kindest women I've ever known and she is certainly teaching me how to be even better at this business of being caring to another. I know that if you want to spread love and peace in the world, you must first be clearly on that path in your own primary relationships. Step Four Don't be a saint! Recognize your own limitations, your anger, fear, desires for revenge. Martin Buber wrote that in order to be fully human, a person must acknowledge the existence of the demon inside as well as the angel. Look inside, monitor your feelings. Be aware that as a feeling and caring person, you have passions. Sometimes you find yourself angry, hurt, sullen, wanting revenge or retribution. It is alright to feel those feelings, for a while. It is just not ok to express them violently to others. And it is even better to work on them and your reasons for them so that over time you can reduce their frequency and intensity. Occasionally, therapy will be the best solution. Also remember that prayer can be a great therapy. And, as you find inner peace, the peace of your
Page 195
own personal world increases. And all those whom you affect, your circle of contacts, will experience more love and more peacefulness. Step Five Monitor your emotional reactions to world events. Begin a campaign of letter writing to major media sources, your elected representatives, and major organizations (both local and national) promoting healing and peaceful responses to the issues they are confronting. Invite your family and friends to join you in this. Ask your friends at church or synagogue or mosque to join you, too. Ask yourself (and ask the people you know and the ones you meet) "What can we do about this situation that will calm the angers, put the fires out, help break out of the cycles of attack and revenge?" instead of "how can we get even with them for their nastiness?" Step Six . . . few problems in interpersonalsocial living are "solvable" in the way that four divided by two is a solution. Seymour Sarason
Confront (as lovingly and as firmly as you can) anyone you personally know to be abusive to children, physically, sexually, or emotionally. Gently but unswervingly demand that they stop and that they seek counseling. Find your courage to do this. Abused children grow up harmed by that experience in ways we are only beginning to fathom. Make it your business to make yours the last generation to experience child abuse in any of its forms. Remember that emotional abuse is more insidious and more prevalent than the others. You can see the bruises of physical abuse. You cannot see the scars on the psyches of children who have been repeatedly screamed at, browbeaten, demeaned, embarrassed, putdown, ignored, or ridiculed. Make it your mission in life to end this in your little corner of the planet. Don't put your energy into changing Calcutta or Shanghai before you've changed it in a fivemile radius of where you live. Step Seven Vote for people who've changed their rhetoric toward a peaceful and loving agenda. Write candidates and incumbents and let them know that it's your issue. Ask your friends and coworkers to help you in a letterwriting campaign to your local candidates to conduct a campaign based on what the candidate will actually do as opposed to what horrible things she or he can say about the opponent. It will eventually have effect. For sure.
Page 196
Step Eight Do some "mouth management." You know we have 100 percent control of what goes in our mouths. You can choose a different diet today. And as with any set of habits you may have, you have to contend with your old patterns which may help to push you off your new plans. In just the same way, we have 100 percent control over what comes out of our mouths: criticisms or affirmations. I'd estimate that human beings' negative energy is about eight times stronger than positive energy. I get that from one study I read which claimed that businesses get about eight letters of complaint for every letter of commendation. Wow! That's a big edge for criticism and negativity. It seems that when someone does something that annoys us, we are quick to complain. "Let me see the manager!" we shout. But when that clerk goes far out of her way to find just what you were seeking, we may thank her and think, "Someone ought to tell her boss . . . but I'm late for my next appointment. . ." Take control of your mouth. Choose to let the negative gibes die of neglect. Give full voice to appreciations, affirmations, validations, and be very specific with them, so that the recipients can be empowered by them. You see, if you'd only tell me exactly what I did that delighted you, I could repeat it and delight us both! Step Nine Don't tell ethnic, racist, sexist, ageist jokes. Don't tell jokes that make fun of people's infirmities, background, accent. Some people have had such an impoverished background that they actually think there would be no jokes left if you removed those. Believe me, there is a world of wonderful humor which doesn't depend on making someone else less than you. When you tell such jokes, or even listen to them, you participate in creating a world in which those belittling views of people are supported. Those who know you will believe that you are comfortable with that sort of negativity. Even listening to such stuff creates an audience for it. By simply, gently, and courageously saying, "I'd rather you didn't tell that joke," or "I don't find that kind of joke funny," you help create a world with more possibility of peace and love. Of course, it takes your courage. Some of your friends and coworkers may be offended at first. They may even ridicule you as being "hypersensitive." You've got to decide if that's ok with you. I have found that taking this position cost me some acquaintances but made me some very good friends. And I feel better about myself, too. (A little side note: If you participate in telling or creating the audience for hateful humor which puts down some group, there is a little part of your brain which knows "when I leave the room, they will surely tell one about the group I belong to!")
Page 197
Step Ten Behave with full integrity. Integrity means completeness, unity. The Hebrew word shalom, usually translated as peace, actually means integrity, completeness. People feel at peace when they live up to their values fully. It means that your behavior on Monday must be congruent with your behavior on your Sabbath. When the United States government supports dictators with money, arms, and what they most want, legitimization by our recognition of them, we behave with low integrity. Certainly the war in the Gulf should have taught us that the dictator you support today comes back to haunt you tomorrow. Or his people rise up and blame you forever for supporting him. No one ever spends their life regretting behavior that came from integrity, from their own best values and beliefs. It is only the behavior that came out of our smallest and darkest inner corners of fear, greed, anger, lust, that rises to bedevil us later. As Carl Rogers said, "Who I am is enough if I could just be it more openly." Be your best self. Be it openly. Yes, it is manly or womanly. No, the world won't lose respect for you if you stand up for the best that is inside you. After that, or even better, while you are doing these things, start out on your plan to bring more peace and love to the whole world. Begin to see that your local world is an integral part of the whole world community. Join or start a movement, find a cause. Give of your time, energy, and creativity. But it all starts with you and with me. Personally.
Page 198
Group Activities 1. Consider the characteristics of a healthy community in the Shapiro and Anundsen essay (p. 181–82). Discuss whether these characteristics seem adequate or what adjustments might be made to improve the list. Practice consensusbuilding in accepting or modifying the list to express the views of the group. 2. Identify communities within your high school experience. These might be formal such as organized clubs and activities or informal groups of friends. Compare lists to discover similarities and differences among high schools. Using the list of characteristics of a healthy community accepted by the group in the activity above, evaluate the health of these high school communities. What could be changed to enhance the health of some of these communities? 3. Discuss how college community life is similar to or different from high school community life. Consider specific communities as well as the overall sense of community at your school. Try to identify continuing trends that work against healthy community and discuss what might be done to counter these trends. 4. Set up a "Model Community." Divide into small work teams with each team developing one community health principle. Discuss how this principle would translate into daily behaviors and reactions. Consider how this particular community might differ from other types of healthy communities and whether the community principles for this group would serve in other group situations. Practice the model for a week and evaluate the experience.
Page 199
Workbook Awareness 1. Community has been defined as a group of people sharing similar interests or identities. What are your personal community networks? Begin with a listing of the people you know and trace their involvement with you. How do you know them? What interests and activities do you share? Person
How I know this person
Shared interests and activities
Page 200
2. Communities can be formal or informal. Some examples of community include: a religious group, a political organization, a city, a group of friends, a family, a sports team, a class, etc. List all of the communities which you are a part of. Put a star by the communities which are most cherished, important and/or influential in your life.
Page 201
3. How has each of the communities with a star affected your life and sense of wellbeing? (Consider influences on your mental outlook, your values, your wellness, and your relationships with others both within and outside of that particular community.) Note both positive and negative influences.
Page 202
4. Using your responses above, diagram the relationship among your communities. Add the names of friends who share these communities with you. Note how these communities overlap and/or diverge. Consider how these relationships strengthen or weaken negative and positive influences in your life.
Page 203
Belief Discovery 1. Reflect on any community experiences that negatively influence your holistic health and sense of wellbeing. What might you do to change these negative experiences into something positive? If you feel that this cannot be accomplished, what would you have to do in order to leave this negative community or change your role and reactions within the community?
Page 204
2. Think of communities of which you are not a part—they may be real communities you know of personally, have heard of, or read about or they may be fictionalized or idealized communities. Select the ones which seem most attractive to you and list them below with a brief description of the features which you find attractive. Compare this to the list of the characteristics of a healthy community on pages 181–82.
Page 205
3. Develop your own personal list of characteristics you think are important in a healthy community. Reflect on how you would recognize these characteristics—what sort of signs, behaviors, activities would tell you if these characteristics were present?
Page 206
Charting Your Course Determine which of the communities you are presently in comes closest to the characteristics you think are important to a healthy community. Pick one of the characteristics on your list which you feel could be improved in this community. Make a plan for working to strengthen this characteristic. Since changes within a group do not often happen quickly, break your plan down into small steps. Think carefully about the best way to proceed and what sort of resistance you might expect. Determine what sort of signs will indicate your progress and how you will be able to monitor and evaluate your efforts. MY PLAN The characteristic I hope to strengthen: The steps I will try:
What I will do first:
What resistances I might expect:
Signs I will look for:
Page 207
Six— The Natural World We believe that the connection of the human to the natural world is essential and affects our total psychology, our motivations, and our ultimate spiritual survival.
We breathe in the carbon of the stars while rotating in a universe without walls. We are part of every thing. From both mystical and quantum perspectives, we are the universe, as a blade of grass is life. Ecology is essentially the study of relationships. Ecopsychology focuses on healing the relationship between humans and the natural world and thus to restore wholeness and health. As we restore and honor our psychological and spiritual connections to the natural world we ''remember who we are." We begin to feel our longing for the earth and our belonging. To heal is to restore wholeness. Wholeness is a preexisting condition in which we have all we need to live a healthy, harmonious life. In wholeness we experience our natural human birthright of both wisdom and health. It is for this reason that many spiritual, philosophical, and psychological teachings exhort us to remember who we already are. (Josette and Sambhara Luvmour)
Health and wholeness arise as we shake ourselves into recalling who we truly are. The earth gives us what we hunger for when we stop, listen, touch, and stand still and quiet long enough to accept this sacred birth privilege.
Page 208
In This Chapter Ecological Health: Healing the Self, Academy, Community, and Earth Laura Sewall and Annann Hong
209
Celebrating the Dance of Life Helen Ridder, A.S.C.
218
Seeking a Path with Heart: Finding Your Direction through Earth, Self, and Spirit C. Michael Smith
221
Group Activities
233
Workbook
234
Page 209
Ecological Health Healing the Self, Academy, Community, and Earth Laura Sewall and Annann Hong As biological, natural beings, we are profoundly connected to the larger planetary system. Recognizing that the health of both planet and person are currently compromised, we wish to embrace and honor this lost connection. For the sake of all life, we wish to foster an ecological identity in which we are aware of our embeddedness within nature. Only through such recognition and connection can we ensure the health of the planet and our wellbeing, including our ultimate spiritual survival. Consuming What We Do Not Really Want Ferris Bueller reminds us: "Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and take a look once in awhile, you could miss it." He is right. Life at the end of the twentieth century is filled with phones and faxes, jets and jetsetters, and with what some have called the "hurry sickness." It is a fastpaced world colored by an unspoken feeling that we have to do it all now. But what is it? What the heck are we trying to do and why are we rushing to do it? Is it an obsession with prestige, power, and wealth? Or is it somehow finding happiness, satisfaction, and peace? Perhaps most important, what are we avoiding and what are we missing in our hurried attempts to get it? Although these may not be the most central questions, they point to the unspoken and justbelowthesurface questions that plague many of us in the late twentieth century. Just below the surface, the burning postmodern questions seek purpose and meaning. But these are tough questions to answer, particularly for those of us raised in a culture which often does not emphasize philosophical and emotional awareness. As a result, such exercises in soul searching make many of us uncomfortable. Instead of soul searching, we too often "medicate" to avoid the discomfort. We may gravitate toward those alltooconvenient distractions—we numb out in front of the television, go to another mall, reach for another drink, or begin another quickfix relationship. The modern soul is often restless and unsatisfied. In the late twentieth century, we see, taste, touch, and feel distress signals on the planet, and more immediately in our own neighborhoods. We witness violence, homelessness, environmental degradation,
Page 210
and plastic build up. We are confronted by the noise of commercialized media, the superficiality of politics, and the consumer seduction of shopping malls. And perhaps most painful, many of us know that the neverending stream of goods into our marketplaces carries the karma of environmental destruction and Third World oppression in the form of relentless resource extraction and unconscionable labor conditions. Are we in denial or do we feel some degree of concern as we carry home another plastic gadget in another plastic bag? Do we recognize the ways we are, as Al Gore says, "addicted to the consumption of the earth itself"? James Hillman considers addiction to be a symptom of soul loss. Morris Berman, a cultural historian, says addiction "characterizes every aspect of industrial society." Sarah Conn, a clinical psychologist, identifies addiction with reference to consumerism. She calls it "materialistic disorder." She adds, "The inner emptiness which has resulted from the breakdown of community and the rise of consumerism leads people toward addictive behavior as they attempt to fill up the emptiness with products, substances, celebrities, activities.'' In a futile attempt to soothe ourselves, we have become a society obsessed with the need for more. In our misguided hunger for something like soul satisfaction, we overdrink, overeat, overbuy, and overwork. In a multitude of ways, we seek what cannot be found in a shopping mall, drug, or "fast food" relationship. But clearly, one can never get enough of what is not really wanted. And this is the point. In truth, do we actually yearn for something other than the next shiny, pseudosalve for the soul? In truth, are we attempting to satisfy false needs that have been created by the pressure of consumerism? Certainly we do not truly believe that buying more things will make us feel better. Alan Durning in How Much Is Enough? makes the point very clear: "synthetic salvation" in fact hinders our happiness. This all points to a kind of collective, or commonly shared, form of addiction. Addiction and other forms of escapism are not limited to bingeing students or housewives hiding brandy. Simply put by Malidoma Some, "The addict is not having a personal problem; he or she is communicating a problem we all have." Given the often hectic pace of daily life, the pressure to consume, and the soul's likely dissatisfaction with a world defined by consumption, it is no wonder that many of us can find a place in the litany of contemporary addictions. Although addiction is partially biological, at the heart of all excess is social illness. Consequently it is our culturally conditioned mentality that needs intervention and treatment. The true antidote is not limited to individual treatment and disease prevention and should not be limited to educating individuals about substance abuse and healthy lifestyles. The antidote is relevant, expansive education regarding our deep and true needs as human beings.
Page 211
Relevant education prepares us to identify and develop our true potential and purpose in today's world. By definition, this requires soul searching. It means knowing who we are, and contrary to an ethic based on individualism, our true selves include a recognition of our place in an interdependent world. Hence, the ecological self. The Ecological Self What does ecological anything have to do with addictive or, conversely, healthy lifestyles? This critique of contemporary culture, you might think, has gone far enough. After all, we seem to be quite comfortable in airconditioned cars and silky new clothes. Understandable, but is the new outfit about catching the eye of a possible lover, about wanting attention, maybe sex and intimacy? Do we long for that illusory, deepasitcanbe intimacy with the imagined "Other"? Hence, the ecological self. The obsessive desire for the seductive garment is, in part, some distant corner of the psyche attempting to clarify what the soul really wants—true connection. That far off area of the contemporary psyche, we maintain, is the inner source of the ecological self. And by definition, the ecological self knows only what it means to be part of something larger than the individualized, autonomous self. The ecological, or truly interdependent part of ourselves, does not know separation and that part of ourselves longs for homecoming. Such longing is a kind of divine discontent—a desire to know who we truly are, including who we are in relation to others, and in relation to our communities. Arne Naess, a philosopher and the founder of deep ecology, suggests that true selfrealization or maturation is a process whereby our sense of self expands and widens beyond the "skinencapsulated" ego. In the process, we increase our sense of connectedness to others and consequently decrease our sense of alienation. We recognize our essential interdependence with others. This is the development of an ecological identity. Susan Griffin suggests that the typically western penchant for independence is at the heart of alienation, abuse, and degradation. As an antidote, she describes a self embedded in relations: One is dependent for coming into existence not only on a mother and father but on an intricate web of life: one is born from the ground, the tree, the bird in the tree, the body of water feeding the roots, hence the rain and the sun and the air of course, the coolness of the mountain, indeed on all that one sees. Others in the family, each of whom contributes daily to make one's life what it is, neighbors, villagers, the farmers . . . are part of one's existence. In this matrix, one defines one's self
Page 212 finally not by opposition to dependency but by a layered complexity that includes the process of exchange, of giving and getting, by which one's life comes into being and continues. This is a rich identity. One that is not lonely, for it includes the great worlds to which we are all heir by birth. . . . (Griffin 1995, p. 91)
Given a bigger, fuller identity—one inclusive of the communities of friends, families, lovers, trees, and creeks—respect and care for the "Other" cannot be perceived as an act of selfsacrifice, but rather as an act of awakened selfinterest and selfpreservation. How do we develop an awareness of our true, inherently interdependent selves? How do we bring the ecological self out of the psychic cellar and into the light of day? Essentially, how the heck do we foster a feltsense of being part of something much bigger—much more grand, even worthy of awe and aspiration—than the independent, skinencapsulated self? In practical terms, how do we connect and "fit into" our communities—into our families, social circles, and bioregions? Fitting into, of course, means having a place in, a niche, or having something unique to offer an ecosystem. For humans, this translates into having a reason to be. And this, of course, is about one's purpose. Following a linear progression, this is where education becomes most relevant. Matthew Fox wisely reminds us that the etymology of the word "university" suggests a place where one finds and prepares for one's place in the universe. Nature Quiz 1. Point north. 2. How many days until the moon is full? 3. On what day of the year are shadows the shortest? 4. From what direction is the prevailing wind? 5. What is the average last frost date in your area? What is average first frost date? 6. Name five migratory birds which pass through your area. 7. Name five resident birds in your area. 8. Name five species of plants native to your area. Can you recognize them? Do you know where to find them? 9. Name five species of plants introduced to your area which grow only in cultivation. 10. Name five introduced species which have established themselves in the wild. 11. Where does your water come from? 12. Where does your garbage go?
Page 213
For those of us growing into an ecological age (and we believe that the twentyfirst century is necessarily just that), relevance includes a commitment to the environment. This is a second and equally important point of intersection between healthy living and the ecological self. The ecological self recognizes that we are shaped and molded continuously by our environments. Depression may be as much about unconscious recognition of planetary degradation in numerous forms as about biochemical imbalances. Similarly pleasure and joy, also defining characteristics of the self, may reflect satisfying relationships. But if we are at least partially defined by our social and natural environments, and if our environments are ailing, so too are we. However, if the ecological self is largely unconscious and undeveloped, then denial is more convenient than the call for wholeness is compelling. For the ecologically uneducated (which is to say, for most of us) denial appears to be an habitual psychological state. The outcome is business as usual and often includes loneliness, discontent, apathy, aimlessness, confusion, and doubt—as evidenced by drinking, drugging, abuse of self and others, and numerous other empty attempts at coping. Fostering the ecological self requires living in an environment that we care to connect with and identify with. There are elements of the modern world and the educational environment we inhabit that distract us from each other and the natural world. Unable to engage with our whole being, we cannot wholly connect. This leaves the heart uninspired, the soul unsatisfied, and the ecological self undiscovered. If the environment we inhabit is a college campus, a commitment to enlarging one's sense of self and belonging implies a quiet revolution in education. If the criteria for drawing ourselves out of overzealous individualism are relevance of our pursuits, true connection and forms of intimacy, and a sense of place and wholeness, then such a commitment also implies participation in all aspects of the educational community. It means considering the buildings we use, the grounds we walk through, the content we study, and the way we teach and learn. The School for the TwentyFirst Century When you arrive, there is a kind of festival going on at the community garden: food, music, and lots of people smiling, talking, eating, dancing, inviting you to be part of it. You notice students of all colors and apparently from a variety of cultures, and you sense a true appreciation for diversity. Someone offers to give you a campus tour. You are initiated, or so it seems, by being introduced to the favorite old oak tree, the creek that has been cleaned by students and faculty working together, and the swimming hole that is now swimmable. You are taken down a path through tall trees leading to several colorful buildings. You are told they are dorms, and that you will live in the one nearest a stand of huge white
Page 214
pines, where community gatherings happen. Inside you see that the "student lounge" is really a comfy living room. In the kitchen, a few students are cooking fresh vegetables from the campus garden. There is a huge vase of flowers on a large kitchen table where everyone eats together. You are told that the flowers also come from the community garden and that garden supplies come from the bookstore, free of charge. You have got to see this . . . Inside the bookstore you are pleased by the coffee shop and couches, and startled by the course titles listed above the stacks of books. You read "Towards a New World View," "The Psychology of Depth and Wholeness," '' Celebrating Diversity: History, Literature, and Art," "The Art of Conscious Relationship," "The Psychology of Compassion," and "Walking in the Woods 101." Although you wonder what these courses are about, you also feel a kind of recognition or homecoming. Then you remember reading the school's mission statement. It awoke a curiosity that kept rattling through your mind. It reminded you that education is ideally participatory and most concerned with being part of and learning to care for the world we live in. . . . the real story is that we were loved "from before the beginning" (Julian of Norwich) by the universe itself. For fifteen billion years it labored on your behalf to bring you forth. It has done so. Matthew Fox
Six months later you are sitting in a classroom because it is raining. Otherwise you would be meeting in the center of the community garden. You know the other fifteen students well and find yourself listening to them carefully to hear what each will say. Today's topic is the history of western consciousness as it pertains to resource management and concepts of wilderness. You realize that our view of wilderness has long been conditioned by culture. Our stories teach us that the forest is where wolves, looking for little girls to eat, lurk in the darkness, and by extension, that wilderness is to be controlled. You feel a great deal of emotion in relation to shared and unconscious attitudes regarding resource use. When you speak about your feelings, there is a respectful moment of recognition from the others before someone asks, "How do we reconstruct a worldview?" Several students answer, all of whom make you feel comforted to be on a learning edge with others who care. Nine months later you are completing your first year. It is marked by a campuswide celebration of the community and environmental service projects done by all the firstyear students. Each of you steps up to the microphone and tells a story about your experience in caring for the community you all share. There are lots of tears as people recognize the impact your class has had in the community. You all laugh at the tears. Then you think, "Amazing how an act of care engenders the feeling of care." You know that in traditional psychology there is a great deal of debate over whether emotions are essentially cognitive, followed by a response in the body, or are essentially body sensations followed by
Page 215
cognition. You recognize how much you have learned by experiencing emotion and you now know that feeling care simply follows on the footsteps of giving to others. That is the important lesson. The next day you hear the seniors tell of their final projects. You are touched and impressed by the way they have integrated their studies and projects from the previous four years and realize that they are ready to offer something very real to the world. And then you realize that soon you will be there too. It makes you torn between going home to learn what you most want (and know you need) to learn or staying to dance with your true friends. This may sound like dreamland, or a new age version of the academy, or perhaps one of those alternative colleges that never really made it. So what? These ideas might spark visions of what is possible. What should our education look like? How can we create and support a learning community devoted to depth and wholeness? Although these changes require attention and commitment from administrators, the administration first needs a vision, the one envisioned by those who inhabit the environment. That means students. The first smart move for students is to find allies—those in the educational system who realize the need for change. Tell your allies that Einstein made it clear that today's problems will not be solved with yesterday's thinking, "The significant problems we face cannot be solved by the same level of thinking that created them." Give them a picture of what might work and what might satisfy your hunger for real purpose and connection. Then ask for courses that matter, that offer you what you want to know, that engage you in a meaningful learning process, and that will help you to create a world you will be devoted to. These are the courses that could make a difference. A Personal Conclusion from Laura Sewall I am a professor of psychology, wanting very much to inspire feelings of care for the planet. I see planetary health and individual wellbeing as directly related. My personal experience has taught me that when I express and manifest my care for the earth, I feel better. This takes the form of feeling a sense of purpose and belonging and often, of reverence. This all translates into feeling tremendous gratitude. I do not know how to communicate this to the students who are lost in the world we have created. In moments of gratitude I see myself as held within a web of relations that pull me into moods and desires, that change my life, and that shift as I do. When I see myself in this way, I am able to relinquish the uncomfortable feeling that I should know it, do it, and solve it all by myself. The feeling of having to be it and do it alone clearly comes from an outdated view of reality. The truth is we live within an interdependent
Page 216
reality. We are dependent upon one another and upon the earth in complex, patterned ways. We know this from quantum physics, from ecology, and from our own deep experience. I feel most deeply connected to the world when my attention is captured by and surrendered to the many, many forms of beauty. I find beauty in everything that grows, in water and rocks, in smiles, tears, and in moments of true sharing. In these moments, I pay attention—but it really is not about paying. It is an offering of myself. It is a way of being. It is participatory; one must open the palm to offer, and also to receive. Like receptivity, an offering is really an invitation for engagement, for meeting openly and honestly. And with my attention given to beauty, I quite literally receive the energy of that which is beautiful. It feels good; I find myself feeling beautiful as well. We must ask one another how best to open in this way and to see the beauty in each other. And we must learn to see the beauty and wisdom held by the planet. In traditional Native American education, the earth was the best teacher of all. The fundamental lesson was selfknowledge: students were taught who they are by learning to know where they are in relation to the four cardinal directions, or by placing themselves in relation to the teachings of the east, the south, the west, and the north. A Native American student also learned a way of life, "the beauty way," by being in relationship with the seasons, trees and creeks, the animals and ancestors in one's community. Education was inspired by beauty in the world. Perhaps this again borders on new age academe. I think of it as the necessary marriage between psychology and ecology and as the necessary, unashamed acknowledgment of our natural born love for all life. It is a feeling of profound care that has been lost in a history of domination, industrialization, and commercialization. More important, the feeling is no less than the core of spirituality. Although there is a good deal of legitimate debate about the relationship between church and state or the place of religion in the schools, I cannot apologize for this. By definition, meaningful education includes that which we value. It includes and honors the power of our care, and thus, what we make sacred. Nothing else is big enough to save us. Clearly we must learn to care deeply and with our whole selves. Our lives depend on it.
Page 217
The World Is Your Classroom Opportunities for working to improve our environment are increasing. Not only are there projects underway in local communities, many sponsored by or in cooperation with universities, there are programs which combine learning and handson experience sponsored by environmental and educational organizations. One example is the School for Field Studies. The School offers for academic credit programs which incorporate an interdisciplinary casestudy approach and emphasize problem solving by focusing on solutions to local environmental problems and involvement in the local community. Based in centers throughout the world, the programs address such issues as wildlife management in Kenya, the impact of tourism in the British West Indies, and reforestation strategies for tropical rainforests in Australia. In the Wildlife Ecology and Management program, for example, participants will work toward determining the most viable strategies for managing African elephants. They will study the environments where vegetation is lush, biodiversity high, and large herds are abundant and those where feeding elephants have devastated the landscape and decreased biodiversity. They will compare strategies—the differing policies of Kenya and Zimbabwe—and investigate not only the impact of humans on elephants, but the impact of elephants on humans. Good wishes are not enough to solve the environmental issues that face us. A better understanding of ecological dynamics is required. In addition to scientific study of biotic interactions, we need better understanding of sociopolitical and economic factors to form viable environmental policies. What seems to be an easy answer in a classroom may not hold up in the field. This is true whether we are considering the impact of a herd of African elephants, the possibility of a county park, or the management of city wastes. For more information on the School for Field Studies or other opportunities available in your area, consult with your science department.
Page 218
Celebrating the Dance of Life Helen Ridder, A.S.C. Earthworks is a farm, an Ecological Community, on land owned by the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ, located ten miles west of Plymouth, Indiana. On this farm Sister Janis Yaekel and I, who belong to the Community of the Adorers of the Blood of Christ, endeavor to live sustainably, to live and work in harmony with Earth, knowing that to do so frees Earth to do what she does best, provide abundantly for all her creatures. Earthworks provides educational experiences for groups of children as well as adults as we learn together how to live fully and joyfully in the Web of Life. The following is a reflection of the living with and listening to nature during my first year.
Last week we at Earthworks celebrated the autumn equinox with a wonderful bonfire and seeds we had gathered in our yard. It was a time for reflection and the telling of story. During the celebration we paused to note the call of the Canada geese as they landed on the lake that is adjacent to our side yard. Later we listened to the high call of sandhill cranes as they continued their migration. Seeds are everywhere, the summation, the peak of growth of tree and flower, of plants of all kinds and description. The seed contains 15 billion years of the thrust of creation as well as the gift of this plant which thrived and grew during the spring and summer. The seed pod holds the seed during this time of growing darkness and colder nights until finally it lets go of the seed with its hard covering that will protect the precious germ within during the coming winter months. What mystery, for within the seed itself is contained all that the new plant needs to grow and prosper. The brilliant beauty that is autumn is apparent all around us as the gatherers, small creatures of forest and plains, rivers and mountains as well as the people of the land prepare for the coming winter. The sap descends into the roots of the tree leaving a ring in its trunk, marking another season of growth. There is a quieting that happens as autumn progresses. Then one day the morning stillness is broken with the squeal of delight of children noting the first snow of the season. It may fall gently, each flake sculpted by the elements into a work of art or perhaps the snow is carried by the fierce wind which piles it up in the nooks and crannies of nature. Coats, gloves, and boots are brought out for the first time although this season has been approaching quietly for weeks. As winter deepens there is a pristine silence that pervades across the
Page 219
land of whiteness. Animals are hunkered down, many of them in hibernation. Birds have flown south or for those who stay there is the daily struggle for food. Bird feeders spring up over the countryside helping the small creatures through the harsh winter, To the ancients, winter time was a time that families gathered around the fire for warmth, telling the ancient stories of their tribe to young and old alike. It was a time of weaving baskets for next year's gathering, of making arrow tips for next year's hunting. For all of nature it is a time of Being, of going inward, a time to rest after the many months of bursting activity. At the winter solstice the ancients lit the Yule Log, bringing branches along with bright colored berries to help the sun find its way back in the darkness for they feared he would not return. A day comes when there is a consciousness of new energy in the air. It is so tangible, but not yet visible. It is as though Mother Earth begins to stretch and turn in her sleep. There is a smell of spring in the air. Warm days are followed by cold in a tugofwar between winter and spring. But at last, a brave crocus can be seen in the snow. A small trickle of water begins a rivulet on the warming surface of a branch. A robin hops across the yard. The ground hog awakens and tentatively pokes her nose out of the entrance of her burrow. Buds are growing fat on a branch greening with sap. Nature is awakening to the call of the warmth of the sun. In the warm moist soil the hard covering of the seed, which served so well during the winter, softens to allow the tiny germ to begin its journey to completion. There is new life and energy, for the young are everywhere—fawn, kitten, puppy, kid, calf, chick, and bunny leap and frolic with seemingly endless energy. Buds and bloom of every kind and description burst across the land from south to north. The spring equinox celebrates life that is joyful and filled with promise. In older times, a pole was set up with streamers tied to the top perhaps representing the many appearances of spring. Flower crowns bedecked the heads of couples as they danced around the pole weaving the many aspects of life in a pleasing pattern of unity. There was cause for dancing for the sheer joy of being alive having come from the long and perilous dormancy of winter. From the fine lace of spring comes the hearty summertime of life when the beauty of the blossom gives way to fruit and berry which in the long hot days of summer are transformed from hard greenness into luscious juiciness that drips on hand and arm when eaten from the vine. The cool crisp melon opens with a crack to give its refreshing contents in a summertime feast. Stem and root and leaf become the gift of food to the creatures of the earth. The summer solstice is the celebration of abundance and fecundity, of the ripening of all creation, of coming to fulfillment. It was a time of gathering of clan and tribe, of trading and gift gifting, of sharing the abundance that their Mother, with sun and rain had provided.
Page 220
And so we come full circle in the seasons of the year, celebrating the dance of Earth and sun coming together—moving apart in the circle of life of which we are participants with all the creatures of the earth. Each season brings with it a loss but from that loss comes the gift. It is the neverending story of new birth, life, death, and resurrection, each being transformed into the other in the cycle of life. Each of us is gift as well, inherited from the many generations that have come before us. As we live our gift, as we listen to the movements of the dance with our hearts, our lives come to full fruition to be gift to generations to come and so to Earth and the Universe. In what season do I find myself? Is it the joy of the springtime, with all of its energy and new life? Or perhaps I am experiencing the heat of the day which is necessary to bring the fruit to maturity. Is this the cold of a winter's night when with nature I am in a state of rest, of waiting for the moment when there is again warmth to transform this season into a season of life? Whatever the season each has a purpose of deep meaning for the good of the individual, as well as for Earth and Universe of which we are all part. Each season is being woven and is weaving the mysterious web of life into which we all enter and are sustained.
Page 221
Seeking a Path with Heart Finding Your Direction through Earth, Self, and Spirit C. Michael Smith Anything is one of a million paths. Therefore you must always keep in mind that a path is only a path. If you feel you should not follow it, you must not stay with it under any conditions. To have such clarity you must lead a disciplined life. Only then will you know that a path is only a path, and there is no affront, to oneself or to others, in dropping it if that is what your heart tells you to do. But your decision to keep in the path or leave it must be free of fear or ambition . . . look at every path closely and deliberately. Try it as many times as you think necessary. Carlos Castaneda, The Teachings of Don Juan
When I went off to college in the late 1960s, I had a clear sense of what I wanted to do with my life, or so I thought. I would prepare to become a medical doctor. Courses in religion, philosophy, psychology, and art soon changed all that. Instead, I wanted to be a doctor, a priest, a philosopher, and an artist. Confused, I wanted to juggle all these interests. I still recall the agony of realizing that I could not commit my life to separate professions, neither could I make a career of each. So I had to choose one. Such a choice would change my life. What did I want to be, to do? This quandary is not an uncommon one. We go to college for many reasons: to prepare for the future, to get an education, to acquire moneymaking skills, to take our place in the social order. Each of these purposes has its worth, but all imply certain values about what is finally important in life. Choosing a good life, a good future, requires a certain amount of knowledge and experience. College courses often provide us with a sampling of those possibilities. Let's hope we can decide what we want to do with our lives after a reasonable time of taking classes and asking these questions: What subject matter did I like? In which did I do best? What did the most for me? Some students choose a career and life plan that does not suit them, even though they become successful. Joseph Campbell said that the
Page 222
hallmark of a midlife crisis was a case of having climbed to the top of the ladder of success, only to find yourself propped against the wrong wall. Few of us want to make an early career choice that will disappoint us twenty years down the road. It is all too easy to choose a career and life plan based in values that are not our own, or that are not sustaining or healthful for us and our planet. We come to college influenced by various forces not of our own making. Often conflicting are the wishes and hopes of our parents and families, the influences of former teachers, and societal values that tell us what the good life should be. They might require that we pledge allegiance to some form of the American Dream of financial success, power, money, status, or pleasure. In the midst of all these external influences there is also our own inner voice; our own desires, wants, hopes, and dreams. Sometimes they are realistic and sometimes not. Our awareness that these inner factors often differ from what parents and society want presents conflict. In some cases we do not really know what we desire nor what we need to live a satisfying life. Most of us eventually discover that a way of living based on superficial values fails to provide depth of meaning and satisfaction. We are disappointed when we find such choices do not really yield the reward they seemed to promise. In Judaism, there is a concept called, tikkun olam, healing the world. We are taught that each of us has responsibility for healing the world. Hanoch McCarty
Good Medicine No one wants to live a dissatisfying life, but that may happen when we become directed by external forces and inadequate values. We want to passionately enjoy life. We want to be our own compass bearer, have an innerdirected life, follow a "path with heart" as Castaneda's Don Juan Matus urges us. A "path with heart" is a way of living that is based in selfknowledge, observation of what moves within us, knowledge of our deepest desires, awareness of what experiences make our hearts beat strong and make us feel fully alive. When we fail to find a path with heart, we fail to find good medicine for living. I am using the word "medicine" from Native American tradition. In this tradition we each have our own "good medicine." It is not something that comes to us in a bottle prescribed by the doctor. It is any experience or activity that makes us feel alive, vital, healthy, whole, centered, grounded. Good medicine is whatever connects us to our deep center, to nature, and to the Great Spirit. It is a conception that is at once spiritual, psychological, and organic. I have a friend who loves to sail. Describing it as a total experience, he employs mind, body, intuition, and considerable technical knowledge and skill to survive at sea. Total absorption in sailing provides a "mindlessly" soothing meditative experience for him. At night on his boat, the moonbeams bouncing on the water and the rhythm of the blueblack waves provide him a profound calming and grounding experience. He
Page 223
feels reverence and gratitude for life. Whenever my friend gets overwhelmed by the pressures of his job, he sets out to sea, for this is his good medicine. Many similar types of good medicine abound. For some people, music is good medicine; some find it in gardening, others in dancing or fishing; some find it in meditation or mountain climbing; and for still others it is the simple pleasures of family life and parenting. We all need ways of living that are good medicine, that help us live with perspective and balance. Choosing a career track and life plan that does not take into account what is good medicine for you may leave you vulnerable to inflicting illness upon yourself, upon others, and upon the planet. Slowing down and Listening How will you discover your life plan, decide on a career course, and prepare for a healthy future? In order to hear the voice of your deepest needs, gifts, and visions, it is necessary to slow down and listen to yourself. When you quiet the clatter of your external world and the chatter of your mind's habitual monologue, you connect directly to your heart, intuitions, and Spirit. This allows your personal "path with heart" to emerge. For centuries, human beings have taken time out to explore and reflect. In order to create a meditative atmosphere, many traditional religions have provided opportunities for some form of seclusion or spiritual retreat. These times away have been used to help people obtain a vision for their life and gain a clear sense of purpose. They have also been used to help people in crisis heal by getting back to the basics in life, getting to their fundamental nature, reconnecting to the vital Source of their life while recovering their "good medicine." The Native American vision quest is one form of retreat that lies outside the more familiar traditions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The vision quest is a sacred and powerful ritual structure that is designed to facilitate the process of gaining a clear sense of vision and purpose for one's life. Vision quests may be taken at any time in life, but they have been widely promoted for Native American young men and women at the outset of adulthood, a kind of rite of passage into full social standing and responsibility. This ancient and respected ritual has a clearly defined structure and spiritual framework. It is not intended that you should immediately go out and do a vision quest, although that may be a possibility for some. Rather the purpose here is to vividly demonstrate the power and necessity of such rituals for helping us gain the selfknowledge, grounding, and sense of purpose we need to set a good and healthful course for our life. The Spiritual Context of the Vision Quest To understand the power of the Native American vision quest it is important to talk about the spiritual context and cultural belief system that
Page 224
supports it. The vision quest is a traditional rite of attunement to the Great Spirit and to the deepest Self. This rite, as it is practiced among many surviving Native American people, is being used increasingly to help non—Native Americans in a search for a deeper purpose for life, as well as helping Native and non—Native Americans in healing from addictions and other psychospiritual disorders. While use of this rite by nonNative American peoples is controversial, there are a number of prominent Native American medicine men and women, such as Sun Bear, the Ojibway medicine man and founder of the Bear Tribe, and the Lakota—Nez Perce medicine woman, Brooke Medicine Eagle, who are insisting that it is vitally important to share these spiritual resources with the ''white man," and all peoples. The survival of the planet and of all peoples may now depend upon learning the wisdom of an earthbased spirituality. It is essential to respect the sacredness of this rite and belief system and not to simply pilfer other people's religions out of curiosity or acquisitiveness. So you are challenged to approach an understanding of a Native American belief system and vision quest as a way of stepping out of the familiar shoes of our own cultural framework. Native American societies are founded upon an earth spirituality, that is, upon a way of life that deeply honors and values nature. In earth spirituality humans are understood as part of nature, part of the animal kingdom, and the needs of the human body (itself an animal body) are taken into account in its understanding of spirituality. The body is part of nature and should be respected along with other creatures of the physical world. Human nature is more than bodily reality, however, for humans possess spirit, which links them to the Great Spirit, the Creator, that sacred and ultimate reality from which all things come, and in which all things "are." Being conscious of the self as spirit is being conscious of one's deep roots and origins in the Great Spirit, the Native American name for the ground of being referred to in our culture as God. Different tribes give the Great Spirit different names such as the Oglala "Wakan Tanka" or Ojibway "KichiManitou." Whatever it is called, it is honored as the ultimate origin of the cosmos and of our planet. All beings, physical and spiritual, are manifestations of it. Native American spirituality is a human spirituality and does not view its God as intrinsically different from other people's God, although it acknowledges a difference in how ultimate reality may be understood. Religion is not something done only on the Sabbath or on Sunday. Spiritual practice is an integral part of everyday life in which ordinary activities are deeply attuned to the rhythms of nature and are given a sacred significance because all life itself is sacred. Special religious ceremonies are an extension of this attunement to the natural rhythms and sacred energies of nature. Reverence for the Earth Mother is a way of personifying the Earth with soulfulness and respecting our dependence upon Her as upon our own mothers in infancy. No one person or
Page 225
species is more important than another. All are intricately interrelated in the sacred web of life. The world is not an "oyster" for humans to consume. The Lakota Sioux expression "MitakuyeOyasin" (all my relations) is an acknowledgment of a fundamental spiritual principle of "Weness" rather than ''Iness," an expression of the fact that we are part of the web of creation. The various creatures in the world have purposes that have nothing to do with our own special purposes. We should therefore be careful and thoughtful before the destruction or taking of any life. Possibly the most invaluable unrecyclable resource is the human being. Jeffrey Shoup
In Native American spirituality everything is connected. It is also alive, animated with energy and vibration. The cosmicrhythmicpulse, the drumbeat of the heart of Mother Earth, echoes the heartbeating pulsation of the Creator. According to Robert Blackwolf, one of the Ojibway metaphors for attuning oneself to Spirit is to "Listen to the Drum." This is not just a literal drum, but the "heart drum" of Earth Mother. It is at the same time the heart beat or pulse of the Greater Cosmos, and beyond that, of the Creator. While listening to a literal drum may facilitate this process, the goal is be able to "hear" the sacred beat without it by attuning oneself to the environment, to the planet, stones, animals, or to sun, moon, stars, the waters, and the winds. The entire earth becomes sacred space, an earthly cathedral. For traditional Native Americans, being in right relation to everything is the best medicine there is. This translates into being in right relation to all of nature and to the Creator which is its ultimate Source. The wisdom of Native American earth spirituality is a magnificent teacher. It teaches that when you do not walk in balance with the earth, when you violate the web of relations, when you fail to "hear the drum beat," you become estranged and out of balance with yourself, with the Earth and her creatures, and with the Creator. This imbalance leads to sickness and disturbances of all kinds, not only in your self but in the world around you. You may knowingly or unknowingly walk upon Earth Mother and use her children in a disrespectful manner, exploiting and poisoning the world in a way that not only diminishes human life, but which diminishes the lives of other creatures which share this planet with us. When human lives are organized around egocentric values like greed, power, or insensitivity, other humans and other creatures suffer, and because of the web of relations you will suffer too. If you are out of balance with the earth, you are also out of balance with your self, with your own body and spirit. This is the broad Native American conception of sickness. The "medicine" for this sickness, of course, is right relationships with all things. The vision quest is designed as a medicine for the soul that is healing because it realigns one's life and living by putting it back in accord with nature and the Creator. The way to health and Spirit is through nature, not against nature.
Page 226
Estrangement from nature is an estrangement from the natural, bodily, and environmental conditions that sustain our lives as spiritual beings. Estrangement leads to a condition of spiritual emptiness, anxiety, and deep hunger for satisfying experience. You may fill in this natural spiritual void with all manner of fears, obsessions, and vices, including addictions and materialistic acquisitiveness. As you fill yourself up with things and substances that do not really satisfy, illness, confusion, addiction, depression, loss of identity, low selfesteem, and environmental problems may occur in your life. The medicine needed to overcome this estrangement and heal it does not come in an apothecary bottle. It does come through some form of reattunement. The healing power of nature can be understood by recalling a familiar experience of "getting back to nature." Getting back to nature through camping, hiking, gardening, back packing, or canoeing is refreshing and restoring precisely because it puts you back in touch with the earth from which you come and upon which you depend. When you spend time in a natural setting you will become more grounded, calmer, energized, less What You Can Learn from a Tree Each tree has a history and the story of that history is written in the tree itself. By learning more about trees, you can learn to read that story and discover insights into the history of the local community and of the changes in the natural world. The first part of the story is told by the species of the tree. Is it native to the region or was it introduced? Is it a longlived species? What is the growth rate for that species? We tend to think of large trees as being very old, but some like willows grow rapidly and are shortlived—what may seem to be an ancient tree may actually be no older than you are. Different species have varying environmental requirements. The American beech grows best in soils with ample surface moisture, the Eastern redcedar is common in poor soils, and the American hornbeam is found in deep rich soils bordering streams or swamps. The tree may remain even when the landscape has changed and can serve as a reminder of what had been there before. Another part of the story is told by the shape of the tree. Trees growing in the open develop the characteristic shape of their species. Those growing in crowded forest conditions have a much greater length of trunk and those growing at the timberline are often sprawling. Prevailing winds shape the growth, past icestorms and lightning strikes leave their marks. Grazing animals can shape the growth of a tree by eating what tender growth they can reach or by using the trunk as a scratching post. Humans prune and mark trees as well and for a variety of purposes. Vines can leave deep indentations in the bark; birds and small animals nest among the branches, in cavities, or between roots. A careful look at the knobs and scars as well as at more recent growth can tell us of the web of life of which the tree is a part.
Page 227
materialistic, more respectful of nature. Have you ever really looked at the diamondstudded sky on a starry night and not been uplifted and energized by feelings of wonder and a sense of mystery? Nature has tremendous power. Nature is good medicine. Nature is the healing sanctuary. In the vision quest you reattune yourself to the rhythms of nature and begin to align yourself with that energy. This is the basic ecopsychological and spiritual principle of the vision quest. Likewise as you reconnect with nature you automatically connect with your body, mind, and spirit. Out of the reconnection a profound sense of identity and purpose for life is born. The Universal Quest Some type of vision quest is found in many nonNative American cultures, and versions of it are to found in the wilderness temptation of Jesus, of the Buddha, and of Mohammed in his cave. All three founders of these religions sought an experience of their deepest self in secluded natural settings upon the sacred earth. They understood the psychospiritual importance of the natural setting in acquiring selfknowledge and a vision for their life. In these natural and secluded settings each of these spiritual masters sought to live a life directed not by their own ego, but by a higher sense of purpose and spiritual wisdom. From their examples we may learn that the task is not completely pleasant. Each was confronted with demons of temptation and had to honestly face and do battle with various destructive energies and desires in themselves. All three gained a direct knowledge of their deeper self and through that knowledge encountered the voice of sacred transcendence within. It was this transcendent voice (of Spirit) that gave them a profound sense of identity, destiny, and freedom. The Native American vision quest is likewise a deeply honest confrontation with the positive and negative aspects of the self. It is also an encountering of a deeper sense of self, an allowing of something transcendent to the ego to hold the "compass" that gives one's life the needed bearings. It must be emphasized that this direction naturally arises from within—the Divine speaking from within the center of the human heart. A Description of the Ordeal Preparation. You will prepare for your vision quest by prayer, fasting, reading, and a purification rite (sweat lodge). A sweat lodge is an important part of the preparation. It is a very sacred purification rite involving fervent prayer and chanting in a small lodge with steaming rocks in the center. It is a very sacred ritual and itself involves fasting and prayer in preparation. In a sweat lodge one's deepest Self is laid bare on Earth Mother and before the Creator. Often prayers for the world, thanksgivings, and petitions for healing are part of this process. Prior to a vision
Page 228
quest, a sweat lodge rite can melt layers of false self away so that you are more open to the energies of earth and spirit. You will need to select your ritual elder to safely conduct the quest. This should be a seasoned quest conductor or a seasoned retreat leader, and someone you trust. You must also find a secluded place of power in the wilderness to endure several days of solitude and fasting. This place should speak to you—it should be beautiful, feel powerful, and be secluded. The ritual elder's job is to counsel and prepare you for the long seclusion of the quest. The mind set and the physical setting of the experience are vital to its success. There may be several days or even weeks of meeting with this ritual elder over several months to prepare physically, psychologically, and spiritually for the solo quest. He or she may ask you disturbing and thoughtprovoking questions such as Why do you want to do a vision quest? Why should you live? He or she may have you recite your list of most important things: your lover, your game of tennis, your love of jazz, your love of money, your parents, your family, your car, your career or profession. Then he or she may ask you to sacrifice one for all the others, and so on through the entire list. What would you sacrifice first? What would you sacrifice next? While this seems easy at first, it becomes agonizing to sacrifice the last two or three items. Does one sacrifice a career for a lover, or a lover for the career? When you live on a round planet, you can't afford to take sides. Wayne Dyer
What you will find when you ask yourself this kind of question is instructive. It clarifies your value system. As you honestly go through such questioning you gain a sharper sense of what your life is about, of what is really important. Of course you may not like all of what you find. In this case the vision quest may involve "crying" (i.e., petitioning or asking the Spirit) for a vision of how to reorder one's values and priorities around what is more truly ultimate. You may be asked to honestly acknowledge your gifts, skills, and benevolent qualities and give thanks for them. Then you may also be asked to frankly acknowledge your less desirable qualities, what C. G. Jung called the "Shadow," those parts of yourself that you would rather not admit exist but which in fact do. Acknowledging these shadow tendencies means identifying your darkest impulses, your antispiritual loves and tendencies, your less benevolent and more selfish side. It means honestly naming your problem with holding on to anger and resentment (blame), your tendency to use others for your selfesteem needs while not caring for their needs. It may mean acknowledging your tendency to be wasteful, to bury your pain and conflicts in fantasy, or to numb out and escape with drugs and alcohol or other excesses. Developing your powers of selfobservation is required. In preparing for the vision quest, these are the types of selfanalysis required and these are the things seriously prayed about during the preparatory purification rituals such as the sweat lodge.
Page 229
Separation. Now you will leave the ritual elder and peers and go out into the wilderness for the solo part of the vision quest. You will fast, without food and water, and go naked or with minimal clothing (e.g., swimsuit). You endure this solo seclusion typically for two to four days (four days is traditional). This is a long time to be away from the normal supports of your everyday life. There is nothing to read, nothing to eat, no radio to listen to, no journal to write in. In short, there seems to be no way to distract you from yourself. At first you may become restless as your mind spins and the addictive nature of your everyday distractions and busyness manifests. Your monkeylike mind will want something to do. You may focus on the beauty of nature, which seems marvelous. You may even learn about yourself through reflecting on the habits and ways of living of the wildlife, and through contemplating the lack of some of their healthiest qualities in your own life. Eventually, however, even focusing on your surroundings and the wildlife can become a distraction from your self, as your deeper currents begin to clamor for attention. You can resist these currents through prolonging your exploration of the physical world. Your mind once again becomes restless and begins to seek something else to focus on. To prevent falling into this trap, it is important to utilize your selfobservational skills, paying attention to what you are up to. Do not criticize yourself—this is another useless distraction. Simply note what your mind is up to and allow yourself to let go of your obsessive focus on the outer world again, and trust yourself as you sink into your own deeper currents. These deepest currents may involve the surfacing of vivid memories and strong emotions. Again and again the mind deceives, becomes restless, and wants to avoid facing your deeper self. You may have fantasies which are entertaining or fascinating. In your fantasies you begin to "see" your true self. You may become increasingly aware of various personal motives, desires, selfdefeating patterns and shadow qualities, and wounds. These motives, desires, and shadow qualities should be honestly acknowledged, accepted, owned, and assigned their proper place in your life. You may commit to reducing their occurrence, you may decide to replace them with better motives, and you may realistically decide that you have certain wounded tendencies that you must always be on the look out for. Memories flood in unbidden. They are replayed, reviewing your important relationships, your past moments of satisfaction and happiness. The moments you would rather forget also make their appearance. The memories thinly disguise the underlying archetypical drama (i.e., universal themes of life) which you have gotten caught up in, lost in. It is good to honestly acknowledge them and decide what place they are to have in your life in the future. But the memories and themes also eventually become boring and you let go of them too, as if peeling another layer off an onion. What deeper surface or core issue lies beneath this
Page 230
layer? Now what will you fill your mind with? As time slowly passes, you are peeling yourself down to your core. Eventually you will find nothing to fill yourself up with. Your reservoir of defenses gradually becomes used up and it is then that the profoundest realizations occur. When your mind can no longer think of anything to do it becomes silent and tires. At this point marvelous and unexpected things begin to surface. Profound emotions long buried may emerge, now that your mind is too tired to suppress or censor them. You may experience spasms of joy, sadness, or rage. You may erupt into anger, you may explode into deep sobbing, often without knowing exactly where these feelings are coming from. Often they are just residues, feelings that you have pushed down, covered over, and pretended did not exist. They need to be released for healing. A medicine man or medicine woman would say that Earth Mother is naturally healing you through this process. After this type of healing catharsis you are stripped to your core. Your spiritual center and the deepest sense of self is born into consciousness. You may feel that you are sitting at the center of the Earth, the sacred "axis mundi," the navel of the universe. You may have a feeling of being an organic part of the flow of the Cosmic Consciousness, a mystical oneness with all things. You may feel sheer beatitude and joy at being alive, and you may also feel a deep grounding relationship between yourself, nature, and the Creator. At this point your sense of authenticity, of honesty with yourself and before the Creator is strong. You see what you are in your deepest being. What is truly important in life becomes clear. Life takes on a sacred horizon in which it is evident that your time on earth is brief. It matters what you do with this time. It is in this phase of the solo quest process that some form of gestalt "Eureka" experience is likely to come to you. You will gain a clear sense of what your life is about, of why you are here, of what your purpose is. Marvel of marvels! The knowledge of your purpose may come like a gentle intuitive insight or a profound mystical or revelatory vision. It may come through a dream or through an encounter with an animal, stone, or plant that somehow conveys to you in a flash what your life is about. However it comes, the experience is an awesome occasion. You may celebrate by dancing, howling at the moon like a wolf, flying like an eagle in the sunlight. You are free! No longer constrained by social influences and familiar personae, you take your direction from a deeper center within yourself. You prepare to return to the social world and to the web of relations with a strengthened sense of self. Whatever you do, wherever you go, however many jobs or relationships you have, you will not lose your true self in them but will use them as instruments for the purposes of your life. Communitas. This is the pinnacle of the vision quest: this deep vision of that sacred horizon of your life and the accompanying sense of purpose. This truth is what you have prepared and suffered for. You must
Page 231
now return from your solo experience, rejoin your ritual elder and community of peers for sharing, processing, and celebrating your accomplishment. Then you may eat and get some rest, restoring energy before returning to your ordinary life. It is important to return to ordinary life as soon as possible. Your solo experience has put you into profound and nonordinary states of consciousness in which you have become spiritually grounded. Spiritual grounding alone is not sufficient for living in the everyday world. You must also become grounded in life, which means integrating your spiritual vision with your everyday life and its tasks and challenges. Return. As you return to your everyday world you must now begin to shape your actual life into a direction that is harmonious with your values, your purposes, your deepest desires, and your ideal vision. As you leave the wilderness setting the process begins automatically. Influences immediately impinge upon you as you drive along the highway: "Eat Here!" "Buy This!" "Look at us!'' "Listen to this!" You will get somewhat caught up in these influences, but something will be different. From now on there will be some sustaining awareness of your deeper purpose and sense of self. You have more freedom to choose what in life influences you and what to give priority to, a better sense of what to exclude. Returning to college life, you may still not know what your future will be, what your career choice will be. You now have a much stronger sense of self, values, and purpose upon which to base career decisions and decide on life plans. You now have a familiar and recognized center in yourself into which you can withdraw, take a mini—vision quest within, in order to evaluate and weight your experience. Whatever life plan you decide upon, this vision for your life will serve as its deepest meaning. If ever the job, career track, relationship, or life plan no longer fits with who you really are, with your deepest purpose, you will feel increasingly uncomfortable and will know that it is time for another vision quest, a "medicine" of the spirit. Your life and work may be changed, adjusted, or realigned with your deeper sense of purpose. We can all benefit from taking "time out" each week to reflect on our lives, to sort things out, to get clear about where we are heading and decide to alter our course if we find we are off track. We can take time to meditate, journal, and pray. We can contemplate our lives while taking a walk in the woods, sitting on the beach, or in a garden. It is "good medicine" for our lives when we regularly take such "timeouts." Analysis, psychotherapy, and counseling can also provide a good vessel for self examination and facilitating selfknowledge and discovery of one's deep center when we feel we need help with this process. Our culture is not as resourceful in providing initiatory ritual space and time as it could be, but there are helpful retreats available. Some religious communities (Catholic, Protestant, Buddhist, Humanistic, etc.)
Page 232
offer spiritual life retreats and monastic retreats, and there are vision quest experiences offered throughout the United States and Canada. When no such structured retreats are available you can always structure miniretreats and mini—vision quests for yourself. These retreats could be arranged in a monastery, at an independent retreat center, or on a backpacking trip in a secluded area such as a state park. Live simply for a few days, cook your meals, sit around a campfire, collect wood, eat lightly, and feel the natural cycles of morning, afternoon, evening, and night. Your time in nature can be a profoundly grounding experience and "good medicine." The experience of nature tends to evoke feelings of wonder and reverence, and moments of intense awareness of the Sacred that are deeply fulfilling. To make the doityourself retreat effective you need to have a set of questions to explore about yourself and your life, as well as a journal for working on the questions and noting dreams, fantasies, and your patterns of behavior. Various books on spiritual retreats, vision quests, and selfdiscovery through journaling are readily available. This kind of doityourself miniretreat can take you a considerable distance towards gaining an experience of your deeper self and in walking a "path with heart" which orders your life, giving it direction and purpose. Note A word of caution is in order with respect to retreating alone. First, it is advisable to have a partner along for safety and it is better not to fast but eat lightly of healthy food. It is also important to know the area to which you are retreating and to know the fundamentals of backpacking, hiking, first aid, and environmental conservation. If you are considering a doityourself retreat, please consult with a knowledgeable and seasoned spiritual director about how to structure and prepare for such an experience. My inspiration in sharing the vision quest and reflecting on its powers to clarify a vision of one's life derives partly from my own Cherokee roots, and from my own experience in undergoing and conducting vision quests retreats. I am a CherokeeMetis, which is to say, I am a "mixed blood," a mixture of spiritual and cultural understandings. As a Cherokee Metis, I am able to be a bridge builder between cultures. I stand in the tradition of those Native American teachers who believe that the natural and ecological integrity of Native American earth spirituality has much to offer the planet, today and in the future. Like the Lakota teacher Ed "Eagleman" McGaa, I believe that the spiritual resources of an earth spirituality are too important to be kept by any one culture and that to fail to give them a voice today is to endanger not only Native American culture but the life of the planet itself. I share the essentials of this powerful rite with an intention of being faithful to these purposes in the hope that all peoples will find a natural way of selfknowledge, deep clarity, and vision for their life. We must always take care when learning from another culture to respect form, substance, and integrity of our teachers.
Page 233
Group Activities 1. Laura Sewall and Annann Hong describe life at the end of the twentieth century as: filled with phones and faxes, jets and jetsetters, and with what some have called "hurry sickness. " It is a fastpaced world colored by an unspoken feeling that we have to do it all now. But what is it? What the heck are we trying to do and why are we rushing to do it? Is it an obsession with prestige, power, and wealth? Or is it somehow finding happiness, satisfaction, and peace? Perhaps most important, what are we avoiding and what are we missing in our hurried attempt to get it?
Share your responses to this paragraph. Do you agree or disagree and why? 2. Arrange for a speaker from a local environmental group to tell you about the local bioregion, what problems are of most concern, and what activities are occurring. 3. Divide into small groups and develop a curriculum for a model high school that would stress environmental activities and greater awareness of the natural world. Incorporate activities that group members may have participated in or heard about during their own high school experience. Consider ways to relate all of the standard courses (literature studies, mathematics, history) to these concerns. Share these model curricula with the larger group. 4. Make a list of group members' sports and recreational activities. Discuss how these relate to and affect the natural environment. If any have a detrimental ecological effect, discuss how this problem might be addressed. What changes or precautions would be needed?
Page 234
Workbook Awareness 1. List the activities in which you have participated which were related to environmental concerns. These might be Earth Day activities in grade school, personal behaviors such as recycling, or larger projects and programs. Do you feel that your participation was valuable in contributing to an improvement in the environment? Do you feel it was helpful in deepening your personal understanding of environmental concerns? Give your reasons.
Page 235
2. Think of items you have purchased in the last month, including food, entertainment, alcohol and other substances. What factors do you think influenced these purchases? How susceptible do you think you are to advertising that is targeted to your age group? How susceptible do you think you are to peer influence? Were any of these purchases things you did not really want?
Page 236
3. How sensitive do you think you are to your immediate environment? Think of several places you have been where you did not feel comfortable due to the physical environment (not the event) and several places which gave you a sense of comfort and wellbeing. Describe the differences in these environments.
Page 237
4. Recall your past experiences of the natural world in each of four categories: frightening, unpleasant, aweinspiring, and delightful. Frightening experiences might include being caught in a violent storm, an unpleasant experience might be camping in a mosquitoinfested area. Aweinspiring experiences would include viewing magnificent sunsets or grand scenic vistas, while delightful experiences focus more on smaller and more common occasions—watching a playful kitten or a passing butterfly, basking in morning sunshine, appreciating the symmetry of a leaf or raindrops held in a spider's web. Reflect on the number of experiences that came to mind for each category and how easy or difficult was your recall—what does this tell you about your relationship to the natural world?
Page 238
5. Select a day to focus on your senses and their connection to the natural world. Arrange to be outside as much as possible. Allow yourself to concentrate on your sense of sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. Study the lines and shapes of the landscape, listen to the range of natural sounds, feel textures of trees, plants, soil. Experience a combination of both going into the natural world and allowing it to come into you. Be open and imaginative. You may find that you need more time than just a few hours. We are often "speeded up" and disconnected from our roots in the earth. It takes time to relax from a mode of production and performance to become teachable and open to new experiences. Even if you regularly spend time outdoors you may find this emergence into nature is a new experience. Complete a written reflection after your experience. Describe your resistances as well as openness to this experience and what you felt and learned.
Page 239
Belief Discovery 1. Think of an ideal personal environment—what you would consider the perfect room, for example. Be specific as possible and consider all of the activities and functions this space should serve. Next take an objective look at your actual personal environment. What can you do, given your practical constraints, that would move your current environment closer to your ideal?
Page 240
2. Think of yourself as a consumer of a wide range of goods and services (including resources such as water, electricity, transportation fuels, etc.). Identify areas where your normal consumption pattern may be excessive and think of specific ways you might alter that consumption pattern.
Page 241
3. Give careful thought to your local environment and your daily routine to see how you might increase your opportunities to relate with the natural world. This does not necessarily entail field trips to the nearest park or wilderness site. Consider ways to increase your awareness, involvement, and appreciation of nature close at hand. How might your involvement with the natural world change your life? How can you share this with others?
Page 242
Charting Your Course 1. Determine what you consider to be your weakest point in relating to the natural world and devise a plan to strengthen that area. Give careful thought as to why this area is weak and what resistances or obstacles you face in working on it. Outline your plan, noting how you will monitor your progress. My weakest area and why:
MY PLAN What I want to do:
How I will do it:
How I will remember to work on my plan:
What resistances or obstacles I may run into and how I will handle them:
Page 243
2. Take your first step on the plan and evaluate your success. Review the overall plan and make any adjustment you think would be helpful. How I rate the success of my first step:
What worked well:
What needed improvement:
What adjustments I will make:
Page 245
Seven— Service We believe that the give and take of service is indispensable in engaging people in authentic, meaningful learning experiences and in creating positive social change.
Service is an expression of the love of one human being for another. Service is both for the self and selfless. When you give to someone else you give to yourself. Service enriches your life and teaches you about who you are. The gift you receive from service is the privilege of being open to learning from the other. Service is not about you and not about me, it is about us together. It is not charity and it is not focused on economic and class distinction. You exchange service because you cannot do otherwise. Life when it is viewed as a gift can only overflow. The gratitude you feel for the opportunity to live with compassion and community can only be returned. To be renewed you move the energy of caring from you to another and back again. Anytime you extend humanity as empathy and awareness for the need of an other, you receive your humanity back. In service you are invited into the life of another human being. What a magnificent invitation. It is difficult to send regrets. The variety and depth of service is limitless. It is your willingness to allow a driver into your lane, to iron your friend's shirt, and to participate at the center for the homeless. It offers ease, relief, grace, or comfort. In service you pay attention to others and say I recognize you and I am glad you are here with me in the world. Service builds and sustains your health. Service is a tonic for body, mind, and spirit. This expression of your humanity in big and small ways literally transforms all of your experiences. Service is attention to life and it is the pinnacle of health.
Page 246
In This Chapter Warning: Service Learning Cannot Be Harmful to Your Health—But You May Never Be the Same Again Robert Johns
247
At the Heart of Happiness Jim Langford
255
Group Activities
260
Workbook
261
Page 247
Warning: Service Learning Cannot Be Harmful to Your Health—but You May Never Be the Same Again Robert Johns In the agrarian society of George Washington's time doing community service was largely taken for granted. It was an integral part of growing up. It was part of the normal giveandtake and mutual support which arose naturally out of one's facetoface relationships in the family and neighborhood. In the industrializing society of the late nineteenth century, John Dewey, the patron saint of integrating learning and community service, assumed that if educators paid attention to the miniature society and embryonic community of the classroom and school, students would naturally learn about and be drawn to serve the community. In these earlier eras, a book on ''It Takes a Village . . . " to raise a child would not be a likely publication and a zealous advocate of service learning would hardly create a stir or even make the news. Not so today. In fact, one could build a strong case for calling the current politically bipartisan support for service learning a genuine nationwide "movement." From elementary schools through higher education and at all levels of government—local, state, and federal—many millions of dollars and hours are being spent promoting it. President Bush spoke of "a thousand points of light" which volunteers for service could provide in their communities and President Clinton has made service a high priority of his administration, as evidenced by his proposal of the bill which became the National Service Trust Act of 1993. At the local level, hundreds of service learning courses and projects have been developed by creative professors, students, and/or college staff, typically in collaboration with equally creative individuals in schools, hospitals, churches, shelters, nursing homes, childcare centers, and international organizations. The rise of the servicelearning "movement" no doubt results in part from the emerging informationand servicecentered society. This postindustrial world's technological shield has brought our society and even the whole world closer together, yet it has been allowed to bring about or accelerate the separation from each other and from nature which most of us feel. The impetus for this servicelearning movement itself may be coming mainly from citizens who want to restore a more stable time and the benefits of community service that have been mistakenly taken for granted for much of our history. Or the movement's main impetus may
Page 248
be coming from colleges and communities where students want, need, and sometimes demand more personally meaningful and relevant courses. Or it may be due to a convergence of these two factors or others. This question of origins is an important one for society and for servicelearning programs themselves to address. It is not, however, our focus here. Instead, our main purpose is to provide an introduction to answer the what, how, why, and so what questions regarding service learning. We take these questions in turn. In doing so we describe common as well as divergent approaches and goals and make a case for service learning which has a goal of social justice, as opposed to charity alone, and which has healthproducing strategies calling for crosscultural, serverreceiver encounters in which both parties have opportunities to give and are engaged in a process of learning by doing, undergoing the consequences, and reflecting on the process. What? What is service learning? Despite differences regarding both ends and means, there is general agreement that service learning consists of activities of an individual, small group, or whole institution that combine theory and practice, i.e., address a need in the community by a process that integrates the following: 1. systematic study, 2. action and empathy, 3. reflection. The more you give, the better you get. Joe Paterno
The systematic study of service learning is normally problem centered, rather than discipline centered. Experiences in classrooms and in the field are focused on understanding realworld problems rather than on merely gaining knowledge about the world. The focus is practical, not theoretical. This is not to say that theories and methods from the disciplines are not relevant. Quite the contrary. Key concepts from disciplinary structures, such as acculturation (anthropology), role and status (sociology), flows and automatic stabilizers (economics), and ecosystem (biology) take student servers, professors, and receivers of service beyond the limits of common sense, serve as a barriers to taking everything personally, and make reducing the reality and pain of the problem much more likely. Such insights from the disciplines, however, must only be important tools, i.e., hypotheses to be tested in conjunction with colleagues' concepts and the direct experience of all participants, both servers and recipients. In servicelearning projects, learning is an exciting but difficult challenge to all parties. Staying within conventional roles simply will not do. All parties, professor and students, servers and receivers, are learners. Students cannot, for example, passively take notes or e.g., in tutoring nearly
Page 249
illiterate atrisk youth, apply the research on learning to read as if they were both machines; they must get engaged, listen, empathize, and provide openings for the receiver to share. To make the reconnections across cultures and subcultures which service learning promises, student servers must learn to treat difference as interesting rather than weird or threatening. Student servers must also adjust the content and procedure to the person(s) being served and to the results. Through it all, students must have or take time for personal reflection because service learning's process of connecting with others, which our world needs so desperately, is also the process of connecting with oneself. In the same spirit, professors in service learning must not rely entirely on the dominant scholarly mode at universities, i.e., of treating all matters as if they were theoretical. Social problems do not often fit an established set of concepts nor within a single discipline. Professors must seek out the insights of colleagues and other disciplines, listen to the student questioners' intent instead of their words only, adjust the seminar to the student tutors' field problems—e.g., do some tutoring themselves and show concern without permitting sloppy thinking or allowing misconceptions or stereotypes to go unchallenged. In servicelearning projects, all meaningful knowledge is for the sake of action, i.e., for solving problems while providing a useful and meaningful service. Service learning's real power, however, comes from the combination and continuing cycles of action (providing the service regularly), empathy (learning to see and feel things more nearly as recipients do), study (building, broadening, questioning possible solutions), reflection (weighing alternative solutions and seeing oneself in it all). Without empathy, problems cannot even be accurately identified, much less can relevant solutions for them be posed. Without study, participants are limited to their own experience. Without action, there is no continuing reality check, much less effective serving. And without reflection, the cycle stops without making the connections that make the experience personally meaningful or socially useful. How? There are many ways a college student can gain access to a servicelearning experience, including contacting any of the following: a campus office which coordinates a variety of community service experiences (e.g., on my own campus the Office of Group and Community Partnerships); a professor who presides over an organization of scholars in international studies (e.g., Fulbright Fellows); or a student or faculty organizer of student workshops on community problems which use professors from several campuses and/or disciplines. Sometimes the most effective method for a student is an individual initiative. For example, one may find professors in several closely related disciplines (e.g., sociology political science, and biology) each willing to offer an independent study related to a community problem (e.g., toxic
Page 250
waste dump or AIDS). The student can then arrange to combine these studies with related volunteer work through various community agencies or support groups (e.g., doing research on the extent and/or effects of the toxic waste or being a "buddy" for an HIVpositive person through a churchalliance). Individuals who have taken such initiatives have sometimes been able to further tailor their college experience to a problem which deeply concerns them by taking courses in related electives or by working through an advisor to develop a problemcentered concentration in his or her major or minor. Among the hundreds of servicelearning projects in the United States, one finds a diversity of institutions, philosophies, problems addressed, roles taken by students, and learning environments, on campus and off. The examples which follow suggest some of the range of possibilities. Goshen College is a small Mennoniterelated liberal arts college in northern Indiana. Its college motto is "Culture for Service" and one of its primary goals is students who have a global perspective. At Goshen, over 85 percent of the students satisfy part of the general education require Service Models The following models are used at Goshen College to help students clarify their intentions for living in new cultural settings. Each of the models implies a set of motivations and behaviors. International service learning is a central part of the curriculum at Goshen College, but the models are also helpful for considering the server's role in any service situation. 1. The student . . . comes to study and learn . . . mixes with people, listens and talks to gain language fluency and cultural understanding. 2. The neighbor . . . joins with host family and community, sharing experiences largely for the joy of being a neighbor. 3. The servant . . . does humble duty—even the dirty work—so that someone else can have things a bit better. 4. The healer . . . binds up wounds, visits prisoners, bears others' burdens. 5. The teacher . . . gives instruction out of his or her expertise and experience. 6. The batting coach . . . shows people how to do things better. 7. The animator . . . puts spark and even a bit of fire into the local setting by being the new and exciting presence in town. 8. The good Samaritan . . . helps people in emergencies. 9. The inquirer . . . asks questions partly for his or her own learning and partly to help local people think through issues of importance to them. 10. The diplomat . . . represents and interprets the home country to the local people. (From J. Daniel Hess, "The Goshen College StudyService Program," in DeVitis, Johns, and Simpson, 1998.)
Page 251
ment in another country, ordinarily one whose culture is significantly different from that of the United States. DeVitis, Johns, and Simpson (1998) document the activities of this initiative where students travel abroad. When the students arrive, the Goshen faculty member who serves as resident director places students in local homes, first in an urban area and then a rural one, typically for six weeks each. During the daytime when the families are at work, students take cultural and language studies as a group. Another servicelearning program with a global perspective philosophy, also documented by DeVitis, Johns, and Simpson, is organized under the foreign language department at St. Augustine's College, a historically black college in Raleigh, North Carolina. Barbara Tazewell is a professor of foreign language and the program coordinator. She notes that the central purpose of the program is to reinstill the spirit of solidarity and service to the community that has been so important historically for African Americans in protecting their security, developing vocational and financial skills, and preserving their unique cultural heritage. Affirmation is a sense that engulfs us after a day in a soup kitchen for the homeless, a march for peace in Bosnia, a morning of genuine prayer, a night with a sick friend. Dr. Amitai Etzione
The Southern Volunteer Services office at BirminghamSouthern College has built on the college's long tradition of service to fellow human beings. One metaphor which its leaders, Tonya Smothers and Stewart Jackson, have used when conveying their mission is "homelessness," referring to the separation felt both by those in shelters or on the street who know no relative or have no friends, and by most of the rest of us today who have a more benign but still problematic sense of disconnectedness. Among their wide range of local partnerships and servicelearning opportunities are a YMCA tutoring service for homeless children, an "Earth Team" whose members test water in lakes and streams and develop beautification projects, and International Tutoring for non—Englishspeaking residents in the Birmingham area. Vanderbilt University students organize and implement servicelearning projects in an alternative "Spring Break." This local effort has been transformed into the nationwide "BreakAway" initiative with chapters on dozens of campuses across the country, a resourceful Site Bank, training sessions, and conferences. Student workshops designed by a supportive professor for those interested in social action typically include the goals of developing participation, collaboration, and analysis skills through multidisciplinary study and action on community problems. Checkoway (1996) cites examples which include voter participation, housing reform, and health care. Why? The great twentiethcentury poet of India, Rabindranath Tagore, wrote that all human beings are "twiceborn": "First they are born to their
Page 252
home and then, for their fulfillment, they have to be born to the larger world" (Chakravarty 1961). There is widespread agreement among project leaders and participants that servicelearning projects are justifiable because they can and usually do provide a link, often missing in our times, to "the larger world" which Tagore understood to be essential for our "fulfillment" as human beings, i.e., to our better selves. They also agree that the servicelearning experience is good for the health, of body and spirit, of both servers and receivers. Beyond these basic commonalities, there are divergent philosophies. The comments below of participants reflecting on their servicelearning experience are typical: 1. I don't take life for granted any more. 2. It gave my life a purpose. 3. It gave me a sense of joy at being able to help the less fortunate. These three student statements reflect the widespread finding from almost all studies that participants find the experience to be enjoyable, powerful, and worthwhile. The three statements also reflect two quite different philosophies. One places the highest priority on charity, giving to others, but without any clear commitment to improving their condition in life; the other places the highest value on caring and social justice. The charity/status quo view is represented by the third statement, while the caring/social justice position was the orientation of the first two students' programs. For the student whose reflections appear last, the outcome was a feeling of satisfaction at their charity to those with less means than their own. She and others in the same project (delivering meals to poor and elderly folks) gained new information and perspectives on the world, but their perspectives did not incorporate the perspectives of those they served, nor did it appear to change the self understanding of the participant. By contrast, the experience of the first two students, which arose in part from the close caring relationships they developed with those they served in a crossnational environment, was lifechanging. There are, of course, degrees of caring, but we mean caring which results from empathic understanding—as Nel Noddings (1984) defined it, a relationship in which "the other's reality becomes a real possibility for me." Not all servicelearning projects, of course, neatly fit into these two philosophic positions and, for many students, the position of charity may be the necessary initial level of awareness, concern, or action. Although our commitment is to the caring/social change position, we do not mean that the charity position is unworthy. Barbara Tazewell, director of the servicelearning project at St. Augustine's College referred to earlier, reminds us of the value of charity. She quotes Maya Angelou's statement on "the sweetness of charity." Angelou (1993) challenges the belief in some circles that charity is degrading, saying
Page 253
that whenever one gives to another, the "very real psychic force of good in the world is increased." In any event, when students return to the campus routine after an extended crosscultural servicelearning experience that developed caring relationships among server and receiver, they do not look any different—not at least to the casual observer—but anyone who observes them at all closely and interacts with them will notice that they are profoundly different. They seem to be more selfassured and positive—perhaps quieter, but be warned: if you ask them about their experience, you may expect that an enormous excitement will come over them and you won't be able to stop them from talking on and on about it. Either that or they will keep saying that they still cannot find words which adequately convey how it was and how meaningful it was. For them it was a natural high. Unlike a high produced by alcohol or other drugs, however, they experienced no lasting downer. The experience was liberating and fulfilling instead of imprisoning. So What? None of us created our circumstances, but all of us decide our response to circumstances. And that makes us and makes history. Service provides an opportunity to change the world. There are many "vicious cycles" still happening in the world—of poverty, disease, oppression, war, and environmental deterioration—but such cycles are not inevitable. As the great Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdal pointed out five decades ago, many factors interact to produce a chain of events, and a change in one affects all the others—often in ways not altogether predictable—and the change in one single factor, like literacy or homelessness or poverty, can start a "virtuous cycle." As Bok (1995) points out, the seeming inevitability of downward cycles is an illusion. When I was a young boy I was often accused by classmates or teachers of being mischievous or a troublemaker. At times these accusations were warranted. Sometimes when I would ask a leading question or express a view in which I was at odds with the rest of the group, a friend would say, "You tryin' to start somethin'?" Well, come to think of it, my answer is the same one I had then: Yeah! Let us get the virtuous cycle of service learning going. Providing a service can break through the shield of technology which has made possible our communities of strangers. Not only that, if the server is a receiver as often as she or he is a server and if both parties learn in the interaction to treat their cultural or subcultural differences as interesting, rather than exotic or threatening—and interesting enough to establish a genuine dialogue or friendship—then perhaps it will start a chain reaction of hope and optimism that can also begin to overcome the inequities and injustices in our world. The resulting process of social change can, in turn, reverse vicious cycles, e.g.,
Page 254
of poverty, malnutrition, disease, and start more virtuous cycles, the natural highs to replace the destructive ones. All of us need more meaningful opportunities, resources, knowledge, skills, and support to actively work to change things for the better. We need more hope. We are being called to action. We need to see the relevance in education and the purposefulness in our lives. Justice is not fostered by students living and working in an artificial college community, one which is detached from the larger world and focused solely on its own little squabbles, challenges, defeats, and victories. Detachment from the lives and suffering of those outside the university handicaps students and leaves them with an incomplete educational foundation. It robs them of the knowledge and opportunity to go beyond "sweet charity" and develop their capacity for care and genuine compassion. If you want to change the world or just begin to shape your own, find a crosscultural servicelearning project on your campus or create one with a group of friends or by yourself. You could be, as Tagore said, "born to the larger world." But be warned: After the give and take of a servicelearning experience, you may never be the same again. On Giving The great rabbi and philosopher Maimonides distinguished eight levels of giving. These levels are given here along with short reflections. 1. The lowest form of giving is that done grudgingly. This might be when we wish we were not in a situation in which we feel required to give. 2. Next was giving in a good spirit, but giving less than we could. This might be cheerfully pitching in on a small task when we have time to do more. 3. Then comes giving as much as we should, but only after we are asked to. Sometimes it is so easy to pretend that we do not see what needs to be done. 4. Giving before we are asked to is the next level. Volunteering to help is more rewarding than waiting to be asked. 5. Even better is giving without knowing who the recipient is. This is when we realize that our caring is not limited to the people we know. 6. Higher still is giving anonymously. This is when we are sure that we are not concerned with the praise of others for our giving. 7. The two previous levels combine in giving anonymously to unknown people. We come to realize that we are involved with the whole of humanity. 8. The very highest level is helping someone become selfsupporting. Rarely can we do this by ourselves, but there are many ways that we can contribute toward another person's selfsufficiency through sharing our skills, our knowledge, and our encouragement.
Page 255
At the Heart of Happiness Jim Langford Here, in short and simple terms, is my testimony: Through the various turns my life has taken, ten years as a monk, active participation in the student movement in the late 1960s, a successful career as a book publisher and author of eight books, father, husband, and twenty years later father again—this time to two adopted, biracial children—I have learned an essential truth: real, genuine, lasting happiness is attainable if you are willing to pay its price. Real happiness requires that we find an authentic core of character within ourselves and stay in touch with it every day. Whether we call it heart or conscience, identity or self, this has to be a touchstone to measure the truth of what we believe and the truthfulness of how we translate our beliefs into action. There are lots of glittery and stylish attractions that promise happiness but deliver only temporary gratification and which ultimately leave us bored, unfulfilled, empty, and cheated. If we invest our time and talents in looking for lasting happiness in wealth, power, pleasure, or fame, we may get close enough to taste it, we may even delude ourselves into thinking that we have it, but all of them have limits, all of them pass away. None of those pretenders deserves our complete commitment, none of them merits status as our ultimate concern in life: money is a means, not an end; fame, pleasure, and power all pass with time. Our touchstone needs to help us identify and make our own whatever deserves our most basic and solemn commitment, that central, unequivocal, and limitless good that gives our life its direction and all of the goods and delights of life their meaning. I submit, supported not only by my own personal story, but by the central tenet of Western spirituality, that genuine happiness demands knowledge, love, and service. The more we know, the more we should be able to love. The more we love, the more we are directed outside our self to others. The mind that closes will atrophy. The heart that is confined will shrivel. The person who seeks only for his or her self will ultimately be alone. Another way of saying this is that our beliefs are what define us; they are our own version of Luther's ninetyfive theses nailed to the door of our mind; they are what we stand for—and what we won't stand for. Love Is the Parent of Wisdom College years are the right time to examine and define ourselves by discerning what we believe—and why. These are the years where we can
Page 256
develop a worldview broad enough to give us a perspective on all of reality, consistent enough to allow for selfdefinition, and flexible enough to accommodate truth wherever we find it. This is the kind of knowledge that feeds constantly on ideas, interaction, and experience. It comes from books and also from our own story and the stories of others. For all the common themes, there are also countless individual notes. This kind of learning never ends, even when it crosses the point where fact and experience, hypotheses and dreams, certainty and doubt, possibilities and probabilities fuse together in what can truly be called wisdom. Wisdom does not come from knowledge only. Its other parent is love. And its gift is action in a common cause much larger than self. My greatest prayer for you is that you will grow up fulfilled on the inside, knowing who you are, knowing that there is a place for you in this world, an important reason for you to be exactly as you are, a path that is yours alone, and a contribution that only you can make if this world is to be a better place. Jane Glassman Cohen
The words come easily to me now, but the lesson they convey took me far too long to make my own. As far back as I can remember, I have always believed in human solidarity. We do not need to ask for whom the bell tolls; when one of us is lost, we are all poorer; when an injustice is committed, the entire human race is wounded. I have long held as true that selfishness is the main impediment to our being really and fully human. I have believed in justice and been disgusted by the failures of our system in promoting the possibility of happiness for the poorest of our citizens. I could never stand the cruel indifference of those who look away and abandon the wounded among us to the terrors of a hopeless life. I talked a good game and did so with conviction. But every evening I drove home to a sixteenacre farm, well insulated from violence and vandalism and very conducive to reflection, writing, and a high level of happiness. And then, six years ago, with two sons nearly finished with college, Jill and I decided that we had the means, experience, and desire to parent children who otherwise might never have the kind of nurture and stable home we could give them. Trevor, now seven, was seven weeks old when we adopted him. Emily, also biracial and now four, was two days old when she came home with us. They have lit a spark in us. Two years ago we turned our farm into a yearround day camp for disadvantaged children. With funds from friends and foundations, hard work and donated services from contractors, companies, college student volunteers, neighbors, and others, we have built nature paths through nine acres of woods, a little league baseball diamond, a 1,200 square foot clubhouse with a giant fireplace, a pitchandputt golf hole, and more. Children, ages four to eleven, come from the inner city, from programs for the developmentally disabled, for abused and neglected children, from families with one or more members afflicted with AIDS. They spend a day where they can be children. They are hosted by college volunteers and senior citizens. No one, not the children nor the volunteers, leaves unchanged. For us, it has been a great deal of work and the source
Page 257
of more happiness that we have ever known. There is a saying that virtue is its own reward. It's true. My point is that our program does as much for us and for the volunteers as it does for the children. As Dostoevsky wrote: What you do, do for the whole world, and work for its future. Never seek reward, for you have been greatly rewarded already on this earth with the spiritual joy that is reserved for the righteous.
The Planet Does Not Need More ''Successful" People The secret of happiness is giving of ourselves to others. The college years are the perfect time to make such giving an essential part of our approach to life. Social critic David Orr has made this point well: The plain fact is that the planet does not need more "successful" people. But it does desperately need more peacemakers, healers, restorers, storytellers, and lovers of every shape and form. It needs people of moral courage willing to join the fight to make the world habitable and humane. These needs have little to do with success as our culture has defined it. . . . we were startled to find out how many, many good people were out there; how many quiet, undramatic, unrewarded, and little noticed acts of kindness were being done, every day, everywhere. Hanoch McCarty
We are reminded daily that we live in a society that seems to be spinning out of control. It is almost as though some kind of cosmic system has taken us over and we are only bit players in a drama that features power, crime, drugs, abuse, fear, racism, a deepening chasm between the haves and the havenots, and a political climate that favors sound bites over sound principles or resounding actions. It is like Social Darwinism run rampant. Such a scenario urges us to surrender to the inevitable; there doesn't seem to be much we can do about it; small acts won't change the system and the system will never change itself. We might as well seek whatever security and happiness we can find for ourselves and our circle of loved ones and try as best we can to ignore the rest. It is exactly this cloud of foreboding that lets pessimism prosper and which paints idealism, optimism, and compassion as little more than signposts pointing the way to fools' gold. But a careful anatomy of pessimism reveals that it is the result of a preexisting condition—unhappiness. Pessimists lay claim that they are simply being realistic as they spread the paralyzing powders of gloom, doom, and bah humbug. But pessimism is not realism; it is an exaggeration born of personal emptiness and it usually comes equipped with a readiness to rejoice in the failures of others and a bag full of "I told you so's." How sad to harbor thoughts so heavy they can never fly and envy so hungry that it needs widespread failure for its food. It is even more lamentable when pessimism infects the
Page 258
young; their dreams ought not to be circumscribed by the "It will never work," "You can never do that." or "There is no point in trying" that so often comes from the elders. Do Not Let Anyone Put a Chill On Your Idealism My caution is this: Do not let anyone, not parents, teachers, or peers, put a chill on your idealism. Before you can do anything of lasting value, you need to believe that you can actually accomplish it. Do not let anyone tell you that you don't need to care about the weakest of your fellow humans, especially those of another race, age, or religion. Do not accept any pseudophilosophy that urges you to save yourself, no matter how many bodies you need to step over to do so. The fact is that none of us can really save ourselves in isolation; we all need each other. The heart that goes out to others is the heart that is full. You really can make a difference, a big difference, and by your service you can raise the quotient of goodness in our world. I know whereof I speak. I have recently written a book profiling a dozen mostly ordinary people who have started their own programs to help the less advantaged among us. The common theme that unites them is that they are all happy people. One is a former teacher whose concern for pregnant teens is so strong that she founded a home to teach them how to care for their children while continuing in school. Another is a professional football player who takes food and flowers, love and hope back to the innercity neighborhood where he grew up and who saves every penny he can so that someday he can build an orphanage and take in children who have no one. Then there is the bluecollar worker who started the Miracle Store which collects and gives away clothing, furniture, and hope to desperate people. Or the young doctor from a prestigious medical school who founded and is an employee of a neighborhood health clinic. He takes only a modest wage to care for more than 4,000 patients, most of whom live at or under the poverty line. Another chapter is devoted to a peacemaker who intervenes in gang wars and racial conflicts, brings the antagonists to a new understanding of themselves and each other, and then empowers them to do the same for others. How about the wealthy investor whose idealism inspires him to use capitalism as an instrument of world peace? He has founded and funded a university program that gives students handson experience through foreign internships, actual business projects that foster international development. He is in his fifties; his idealism is alive and well and already embedded in the next generation. Then there is the seventyyearold man who uses all of his time and expertise to restore housing and help poor families achieve ownership of their own home. There is also the middleaged couple who invited others to go in with them to buy a house where families in trouble, in poverty, can live while they straighten out their lives. None of this would have happened with
Page 259
out hope; none of these people would have done what they do were it not for the fulfillment they derive from doing it. . . . the ideals of young people are as good, if not better than they have ever been. Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C.
I am compelled at this point to add a warning. Doing good is more that a random act; it is a constant attitude, an alertness, a willingness to be there for others without calculating the cost. It is hard work. It opens you to be dismissed or misjudged by some, envied or opposed by others. Something as simple as our day camp for disadvantaged children, on our own property, with no impingement on the right of others, brought out a small group of people who, petition in hand, went door to door, farm to farm, with half truths, exaggerations, scare tactics, and smoke screens that hid their real motivation. For a moment, it almost was enough to stop us. But then neighbors came forward and took up our cause. They were not afraid of change, not willing to turn away children from the inner city, not ready to put fear and selfinterest in the way of something clearly aimed at the common good. More than two years after the County Council voted unanimously in favor of our camp, not one of the naysayers' pessimistic predictions have happened, but they still look the other way as they drive by, still nurse their resentment and hostility. The Key to Happiness Is Service to Others I recount this only to verify that stepping out in front in a good cause can earn you some enmity. Thus it has always been. Doing what is right and just does not often result in accolades. Standing up for the truth can get you clubbed, hosed, arrested, reviled, mocked, threatened, isolated, or even killed. Not standing up for the truth can be worse than any of these fates; it can be the beginning of moral indifference and the hardness of heart that nullifies our basic instinct to care for all our brothers and sisters. In my own life and the lives of hundreds of people I have known, students I have taught, heroes I have admired, the key to happiness is service to others. The time to start or build or refine a constant attitude of service is now. The Quaker missionary Etienne De Grellet, more than a hundred years ago, said it in a way that still rings loud and true: I expect to pass this way but once; any good therefore that I can do, or any kindness that I can show to any fellow creature, let me do it now. Let me not defer or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again.
Page 260
Group Activities 1. Discover what servicelearning opportunities are available locally by inviting a speaker or by forming research teams to explore programs available through the school or in the local community. 2. Discuss the distinction made in the Johns essay between a charityoriented philosophy of service and a social justice orientation. Select a social problem and divide into groups to create a hypothetical service program to address this problem. Half the groups should work from a philosophy based on charity, the other half from a philosophy of social justice. Compare the service programs the groups have created and discuss how they differ. 3. In his essay Jim Langford tells how his plans for a day camp were opposed by some of his neighbors. Discuss what the motivations might have been for this opposition. Consider similar situations you have read about in the newspaper or know about personally, and consider the concerns expressed by the opposition in these cases. Discuss how disagreements of this type might be handled to more readily produce winwin solutions. 4. Construct a group "Service Bank" and fill it with individual ways in which each student feels that they have participated in a service experience. These experiences can be in giving or receiving and can be small or large. They do not have to be in an organized program or part of a larger project—doing a favor for a friend or lending a hand to a neighbor would also be service. Write the experiences on slips of paper and deposit them in the service bank. Have each member of the group pick out one paper from the bank and work out a plan to duplicate this or create a similar experience in his or her own life.
Page 261
Workbook Awareness 1. List your experiences in giving volunteer service. Note positive and/or negative aspects in each experience.
2. List your experiences as a recipient of volunteer services. (Remember that many of the opportunities you may have enjoyed as a child such as scouting, recreational sports, extracurricular school activities, etc. relied on volunteer support.) Note positive and/or negative aspects in each experience.
Page 262
3. If you have had a negative experience related to service, analyze it to determine as many relevant factors as possible. Consider not just the immediate situation but what it may indicate about people's expectations, volunteer training, and project design.
Page 263
4. Think of people you know or have known who have been active participants in service programs. Can you identify any characteristics that they all may have in common? Considering them as individuals, can you identify negative characteristics that you feel are related to their service work (for example, a holierthanthou attitude)? If you did note negative characteristics, do you think these would be encouraged or discouraged by servicelearning projects which fit the models in Robert Johns' essay?
Page 264
5. List the top ten excuses you would expect to hear from people for not participating in service activities. Have you ever used these excuses yourself? If so, do you think that they accurately reflected the reason you did not participate? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Page 265
6. If your high school decided to incorporate service learning in its curriculum and asked you as one of the alumni for help in designing the new program, what would you suggest? Sketch out a model plan.
Page 266
Belief Discovery 1. Select five things about yourself—your interests, previous experience, skill and knowledge areas—that you could share. For each, brainstorm to come up with as many ways as possible for you to share your expertise with others. For example, your reading ability could be used in a tutoring program, library story hour, reading for the blind, adult literacy programs, etc. My skills and interests
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Ways to share
Page 267
2. List the service programs and projects that you are aware of at your school or in the local community. By each, make a brief note of what you find interesting (or uninteresting) about it. If you are not currently involved in a program, why not?
Page 268
3. Consider your academic interests, including your possible major and career options. How do you see these as relating to potential service opportunities? If you wanted to design an independent course of study or develop a servicelearning concentration, what might it be like? If you do not think you can answer this, what additional information do you need and how could you get it?
Page 269
Charting Your Course Rather than encourage a quick, makedo service project, in this exercise we ask that you carry out a first step in a longer term project. You have two options which depend on your current level of service involvement. 1. If you are not currently involved: Make a short list of service opportunities that interest you, select one, and initiate the first step. This may be contacting the organization or office for fuller information, discussing the possibilities for independent work with a teacher, or signing up for an orientation. Before you take this step, write down your expectations—both hopes and fears—about this initial contact. After you have completed this step, review these expectations and compare them with the actual experience. 2. If you are currently involved: Consider what might improve the service experience, for yourself, for others, and/or for the sponsoring program or organization. Share these thoughts with other people involved in the experience and listen carefully to their feedback. Alone or with others focus on one thought and make a plan for developing it in the future. Option One—MY PLAN The service opportunity I selected: My first step:
My expectations:
Page 270
Option Two—THE PLAN What I think would improve this service experience and why:
Others I have talked to and what they say:
Page 271
Eight— Legacy Letters This Legacy of Letters is for you. Each author faced this challenge: ''Imagine, in your lifetime, you have the opportunity to write only one letter to young people. What would you say? What legacy would you leave to them?" We are happy to share the wisdom of these letters. So much energy and love are in them. They speak from the heart of life, written by a wide range of people. You may not recognize the names or faces of some writers but you will glimpse their souls. In a real sense, they are love letters. Some are from wellknown people; others from folks you meet every day. Their richness displays our shared humanity. This Legacy belongs in a book about student health. It offers a counterpoint to the discouragement you may face in making health and life choices. The responsibility of loving and caring for yourself in today's world can be a difficult, lonely task. This book urges you to make the compassionate care of yourself and others a priority. It is easy to get sidetracked by constant bombardment from media, societal, and peer influences, advocating the fun and release of quick fixes and grabthegusto flings. A legacy of letters invites you to resist those lures, inviting you instead to choose the privilege of writing your own legacy and of directing your own life. The authors stand by your side in word and spirit. You live at a time that calls for your healthy presence and full attention to life. You are the keepers of the torch. Use these words as life preservers when you get discouraged. Feel the tremendous energy contained in these letters. They offer an abundance of hope to keep you going when it gets tough. Read them regularly. They will help you remember that you are never alone. We encourage you to take time to reflect on these ideas. They were prepared with great care and are meant to endure. Savor them. Discover which ones speak to you personally. After reading the letters, please select five or more that affect you in a personal and meaningful way. Enjoy them. Mark comments and paragraphs that especially relate to your hopes and dreams for a better life.
Page 272
In This Chapter Letters to Young People From
Lataya Nicole Adams
Kathy K.
Jane Alexander
Ron Kalom
David S. Anderson
Howard Kirschenbaum
Angeles Arrien
Bob Logan
Evan Bayh
David Marr
Robert Bly
Amanda Martin
John Bradshaw
Hank Mascotte
Sister Judian Breitenbach
Nancy Shoenenman Mascotte
Deirdre Breslin
Hanoch McCarty
Donald Philip Brockman
Harvey Silver Fox Mette
Deepak Chopra
Suhayl J. Nasr
Jane Glassman Cohen
Sarah P.
Noah Cohen
Beth Parin
Sally Coleman
Joe Paterno
Bruno Cortis
Gina M. Poggione
Susan D.
Seymour B. Sarason
Rev. Edward Dufficy
Jeffrey Shoup
Rev. John S. Dunne
Sidney B. Simon
Wayne W. Dyer
O. Carl Simonton
Amitai Etzioni
Huston Smith
Michael Fontana
Tim Tobin
Rev. Matthew Fox
Patrick Utz
Wendy Freeman
Dominic O. Vachon
Ron Glick
Dick Vitale
Kenan Heise
Bernard Vodnoy
Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh
Cindy Voorhees
Betsy Hull
Marv and Fran Weekly
Kelly Hundt
Elie Wiesel
Sister Nancy Marie Jamroz
Jocelyn Whiten
Chandra Johnson
Wendy Y.
Page 273 Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. We are ourselves, "Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous?" Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small doesn't serve the world. There's nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won't feel insecure around you. We are born to make manifest the Glory of God that is within us. It's in everyone, and, as we let our light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. From the Inaugural Address of Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa, May 10, 1994
Page 274
Image not available. From Lataya Nicole Adams a leader of the Council for Unity Chapter's Executive Board and the agency's National Student Congress Dear Friend, Growing up today is difficult. Drugs, alcohol, violence, and sex are all so prevalent in our everyday lives. As young people, it's easy to lose ourselves in all of the craziness. I'm not here to preach because I'm not an angel. I just wanted to write to you to share my experiences with you in the hope that my survival tips will help you get through your tough times. I come from abuse. My family abuses drugs and alcohol and in turn they abused me. My abuse wasn't only physical; it was emotional, mental, and even spiritual. My unhappiest time was when I was living in the South with my maternal grandmother after my parents' separation. My grandmother was an extremely rigid person. If I did anything wrong she was quick to punish. Once I was tied to a tree and beaten until I bled. Why, you ask? Because I didn't clean under my bed. For an eight year old, the damage to my spirit was immeasurable. I still live with the scars from the beatings I received . . . both on my wrists, and in my heart. Besides the physical abuse, the constant ridicule and judgment drove my selfesteem into the ground. My grades began to slip, I isolated myself from people, and I began to believe that my life was worth nothing. In addition, I began to hate my family and blame myself for what was happening to me. Things got so bad that I started to sleep with a knife under my pillow. After seventh grade, I moved to New York. I was so happy to be leaving Mississippi and escaping the abuse. I thought that, finally, I would have a normal life just like all the other children around me. What I did not know was that the problems I dealt with in Mississippi were nothing in comparison to what I was about to experience. Instead of my maternal grandmother beating me, it was my father. Although the abuse and neglect he imposed on me was severe, I chose to take the beatings instead of being sent back to Mississippi. I fought so hard that I took my family to court where I forced them to not move me until after my eighteenth birthday. Throughout all of this violence, I found something that kept me grounded—music. Music became my only escape. Instead of submitting to the abuse and becoming selfdestructive, I pushed myself harder and harder to stay in school, get an education, and dance and sing to find my joy. Even with my music, I could not survive on my own. As a freshman entering John Dewey High School, I knew I wanted to change my image. I knew I wanted to become more outgoing and popular. I auditioned for
Page 275
the fashion show that a school club was sponsoring. This club was an organization named Council for Unity, a multicultural, violence reduction group of which I am still a member. The members of this organization gave me the love, support, and safety I had been searching for my whole life. There I met people who taught me how to handle my anger through meditation, leadership skills, interpersonal skills, and trust. For the first time in my life, I was surrounded by positive people who supported me and loved me for all of my faults and attributes. I guess that is something everyone needs, a support group, friends, and the feeling of being valuable and successful. Everyone wants to know what techniques there are to survive. There are no easy answers and everyone's solution is different. My advice is to take it one day at a time, make goals for yourself, and stay positive in your belief in yourself and your abilities. Most of all, have fun! Find something you are good at, dancing, singing, writing, sports, or acting, and utilize that ability to effect positive change in your life. There are so many things and people out there that will assist you in becoming a great leader while having fun. For those of you who believe it's too late, in the words of George Elliot, "It's never too late to be what you might have been." By no means am I saying that any of my advice will take your problems away. I do hope that I have left you with a story that will inspire you to take charge of your own future. No one else can make decisions for you. As younger people, we have to be willing to assert ourselves, even when we have huge obstacles to overcome. I leave you with this quote from Frida Kahlo, "I never painted my dreams. I painted my own reality." That's something we all can do: be the people we want to be and live the lives we want to live. Image not available. From Jane Alexander the sixth Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts and a winner of both a Tony and an Emmy Award When you were babies, you amazed us every day with what you learned to do, how you imagined a world for yourselves. Keep imagination alive and growing, and you will continue to amaze us every day. Keep the arts close to your lives, and you will know not only how to express yourselves, but how to listen as well. Art is an act of human collaboration, a close ally of communication. In order to collaborate, you have to attempt to understand the other person's point of view. To know where someone else is coming from, you have to first know yourself inside out. What better way to explore what's in your head than through imagination. Through creativity. Draw a figure on a piece of paper. How you make the line and shadow, what you fill in and leave out, how you see the world will tell
Page 276
you a lot about yourself. Now, look at someone else's selfportrait. Different, yes. Beautiful, perhaps. Undeniably real and human. Carry that willingness to look into the real and human nature of every person's imagination. Carry the arts with you wherever you go. They will affect how you think and act and respond to others—children, family, friends, and acquaintances. I contend that the arts will make you better people, more compassionate citizens, more tolerant and understanding. For the arts demonstrate most clearly our connectedness. They speak to what unites us all under the skin, to the human spirit in all our pain and joy, our disenchantment and beguilement, our anger and our celebration. Dare to dream and hope. Do I sound like I believe you will do great things? I do. Image not available. From David S. Anderson, Ph.D. a research professor and administrator at the Center for the Advancement of Public Health, George Mason University Several years ago, on a trip abroad to celebrate Dad's seventieth birthday, the gathering was a sort of "roots" trip with the entire family designed to bring the nuclear family together on this special occasion. It was complete with spouses, significant others, and children. We traveled to Sweden, home of Dad's greatgrandparents. One of the aims was finding, after much searching, the family home. This house bordered the southern coast of Sweden, overlooking the Baltic Sea. I wandered down to the rockladen shore and looked up at the house where my relatives lived sometime in the last century. I reached down and picked up a small stone and put it in my pocket as a modest reminder of this special event, and of the importance of family, roots, meaning, and longterm relationships. A year later, on another family occasion, the marriage of a cousin, I visited the gravesites of my grandparents on the other side of the family. Recalling the importance and power of the stone from Sweden, I reached down to my grandparents' graves and picked up another stone. I continue to carry these two stones in my pocket every day. While this is reassuring and provides some connection to my past, it also provides a continual reminder of connections to the future. Sometimes I'll seek out the stones by putting my hand in my pocket. On other occasions, I may reach into my pocket and "rediscover" the stones. Occasionally I'll have my hand in my pocket and not find both of the stones right away. When I miss a stone there's a sense of panic; while seemingly silly, this can be unnerving. I develop an immediate sense of loss. These stones are important to me, not so much for what they are, but
Page 277
for what they represent. They are also important for what they provide—some connections, some sense of peace, and some direction. The fact that there are two stones serves as a way of balancing life, demonstrating both sides of the family, each of which is important and holds its own uniqueness and strength. As I reflect upon my legacy to others, I think about the importance, for each of you, to find your own "stones." I believe that connections to the past help inspire and lead us toward the future. As you think about your "stones," these are actually symbols of what is important to you—what is cherished, what is loved, what is valued, and what is unique. It may be a leaf, a prize coin, a ribbon, a feather, a picture, a quote, a newspaper clipping, an ornament, a swath of hair, a fourleaf clover, a blade of grass, or another symbolic item. These items, in fact, are not what is important. What is important is what they represent, what they symbolize, and what they mean to us. They can serve to propel us forward, to remind us of our core elements. I find my stones important because they came from the same soil where my ancestors were raised or are buried today. The stones are a link to these ancestors—my "roots." These stones remind me of several things: First, the stones remind me of relatives I knew as a child and young adult. I remember their special qualities, their inspiration, their support, their love, their kindness, their wisdom, their stories. Second, the stones remind me of my ancestors' lives—their struggles, challenges, joys, and pains. Third, the stones remind me of the importance of being a good family member to others, whether related or not. They help me to carry forward many of the qualities, ideas, passions, insights, struggles, concerns, and love that they shared. Thus, the stones give a sense of history and perspective, both past and future. They remind me of important qualities and point to a sense of balance as I proceed with my life's challenges. I hope that you too reflect upon what is uniquely important to you at this point in your life. Think about core issues and meanings, and what will help remind you of them. Realize that you will encounter influences and temptations that may divert your attention or your efforts; you have to decide whether to accept these or to move in your own direction and style. I hope you will believe strongly in yourself, in your own value and importance. I recall standing at a presidential inauguration several years ago, watching those who had tickets be seated. Senators, elected officials, and other noteworthy people were escorted to their seats. Periodically, I overheard someone say, "There goes someone important." What I hope you believe through your efforts is "Here is someone important." I believe each of us can be more productive, with a sense of direction and meaningful goals. And while we each can have big dreams, we need little reminders from ourselves to keep us on track. That's the role of finding our own "stones."
Page 278
I hope your journey through life provides increased meaning, purpose, inspiration, and caring. I hope that the journey itself is filled with intensity, joy, love, and compassion. And I hope that your stones help guide you, as you in turn guide others, on the road to a better tomorrow. Image not available. From Angeles Arrien, Ph.D. a cultural anthropologist and author of The Four Fold Way and Signs of Life My hopes for you are these: May you be powerfully loving and lovingly powerful. May you always have love be your guide with family, friends, and colleagues. Remember to listen carefully to your own heart and to the heart of others. May you have the courage to always follow your Dreams. Take an action every day to support your life Dream, your love of nature, and your integrity. May you have the strength to overcome fear and pride, and instead follow what has heart and meaning for you. May you be guardians of truth, beauty, creativity, and laughter. May you protect, preserve, and care for Mother Nature and the wilderness. May you show respect to people of all ages and races, and help all living things keep their dignity. May you help and make a better world for the poor, the sick, the elderly, the youth. Be an active, committed, and positive force in your community. May you value and maintain your health and the health and wellbeing of others. May you respect all the ways human beings access their own spirituality. May you create a global community committed to peace and nonviolence. May you keep learning, ask questions, explore, discover, and always maintain curiosity and hope. May you honor and respect diversity and the beauty and magic that occurs when differences join to create something far greater than one can imagine. May you constantly bring your gifts and talents forward everyday without hesitation or reservation. May you honor your ancestors and all those who have gone before you, for they have paved the way for you to do what you are here to do. I write this with deep gratitude and respect for all that you will do to make the Earth a better place in which to live.
Page 279
Image not available. From Evan Bayh Governor of Indiana, 1989–1996 Dear Friends: It is a pleasure to be a part of this publication that encourages young people to care for themselves, their family, their environment, their community, and for others. Simply put, you are our future. You are the future of Indiana, our nation, and our world. As governor of Indiana for eight years, my first priority has always been preparing our young people for the future that awaits them. This means giving our young people the best education and training possible, making higher education more affordable, creating job opportunities for them and their families, fostering safe communities, preserving and protecting our environment, and encouraging young people to care for themselves and stay away from drugs and alcohol. This has been the emphasis behind almost everything I have done as governor. Indiana has made great strides toward reaching those everimportant goals. However, the rest lies in your hands. Generations of the past have tried their hardest to leave their children and grandchildren with better lives than they themselves had, and I hope that my generation has done the same. So it is my challenge to you today to make the most of your lives and the many opportunities you will have. Indeed there will be many obstacles and challenges that will lie ahead. But I am confident that your generation will continue to improve and protect our state, nation, and world. To be successful in the future, you must continue to take an interest in your community and your government. You must continue to protect our environment for your own enjoyment, and also for the enjoyment of generations that follow. But most importantly, you must care for yourself. I encourage you to treat your body and your mind as the precious resources that they are. By doing so, I believe you will prepare yourself for a long and fruitful life as a citizen, a person, and as a valuable member of your community. I send you all my prayers and thoughts, and wish you only the best of luck for success in the future. Image not available. From Robert Bly A poet, editor, and author of What Have I Ever Lost by Dying? Collected Prose Poems and Meditations on the Insatiable Soul and The Sibling Society Dear Young Ones, A very helpful thing in this confused and goofy world is to find a mentor. A mentor is a sort of second father or second mother. One could say you get your first father free, but the parent never sees who you are. The parent, or
Page 280
most parents, keeps you reasonably well fed and safe from being eaten by lions. The mentor is a second father or mother, and this one doesn't come free; you have to go find this one. He has no obligations to keep you warm or safe, but he or she usually sees who you are. One of my mentors was Joseph Campbell, who was the same age as my father. I learned much from him. One day he said this to me: "There are really only three kinds of people. One person tries to figure out what society wants, and he gives that to them." Some bureaucrats and businessmen are like that. "A second person figures out what he really wants to do, and he offers that gift to society, but the world refuses it, and then he spends the rest of his life complaining. The third sort of person finds out what he or she wants to do, and then waits twenty years—all the time working in his discipline—for society to make a place for him." Joseph Campbell was a perfect example of the third type. He wanted to study mythology, he did and no one would hire him. He then rented a house up in Woodstock, New York, for something like $100 a year and read mythology for twelve hours every day for four years. He divided every day up, 8 a.m. to 12, 12 to 4, 4 to 8, and 8 to 12. He spent three of those periods reading and the fourth one playing, eating, or talking. If someone invited him to dinner, he'd make himself free in the 8 to 12 p.m. slot, and so on. "You can do a lot of reading at twelve hours a day for four years," he said to me. At the end of about twenty years, Sarah Lawrence College set up the first Department of Mythology in the United States and hired him to teach it. He taught there for thirtyeight years. In the course of that, he developed the material that later went into Star Wars. He was also George Lucas's mentor. I knew him in his seventies and eighties, and he was a very happy man. My life went something like that. When I was in college, I decided that I wanted to write poetry for the rest of my life, but I didn't know anything about it—it wasn't in my family at all—and publishers, probably quite wisely, didn't want what I wrote. I finally published my first book called Silence in the Snowy Fields when I was thirtysix. Then people began to offer me one or two hundred dollars to give a poetry reading. But the world didn't really want what I had to give for another ten or fifteen years. I lived on a farm in Minnesota in the meantime and got a little money by translating Scandinavian fiction and giving talks and readings. So the idea is that each of us can do—with some luck—what it is we want to do, however we have to have a passion. That's first. Then we have to agree that it's only right and proper that we wait twenty years before our first praise comes in. Many artists now are encouraged to give shows or publications in their early twenties, and have the fifteen minutes of fame that Warhol talked about. Joseph Campbell's idea is better.
Page 281
Image not available. From John Bradshaw an author and Emmy nominee for his television series Bradshaw on Homecoming Dear Young Person, As the next century approaches we cannot help but wonder what the future will bring. The great advances in science, medicine, and technology assault our minds and challenge us to learn and change and grow. Each new discovery fills us with a renewed belief that the sky is the limit. The age we live in has been called the information age. We've extended our brains and the world has become a network of simultaneous interaction. It is an exciting time. Whether it is the best of times will depend on how each one of us deals with it. As a person in the fourth quarter of my life I will not be around to see much of this unfold. I assure you that the saying ''time flies" is correct. The time you have is precious. Each tick of the clock is full of who you are and what you do. Gandhi tells us, "Almost everything we do is insignificant, but it is very important that we do it." The wisdom of this expression is a confirmation of the importance of the brief time in life that we are given. How should we spend our time? How should we arrange our priorities to make use of this small but precious gift? I am committed to the idea that creating love with our friends, family, spouses, coworkers, and all who touch our lives is at the top of the list. In the end the depth and richness of these relationships will be our consolation and our strength. The great mystic John of the Cross said it well, "In the evening of life we will be judged on love alone." We can only create love if we are willing to work at it. Love is the fruit of hard work, imagination, and above all commitment. It may seem strange, almost irreverent, to speak of love and work in the same breath. Somehow we grow up believing that love should arrive and exist magically and spontaneously with no effort of our own. My experience has totally refuted that romantic fantasy. Love is not easy: it is the pearl of great price because it is difficult. Of course we can't spend all our time and energy creating love. We have to eat and pay bills and make money. The question is how much of your precious time should you give up for money? What sort of sacrifices should you make to achieve financial success? I've never known of anyone on his deathbed lamenting about not working hard enough. Someone said that "of all the masks of freedom, discipline is the most impenetrable." If discipline is first, then surely money is high on the list for achieving freedom. Financial security can give you the freedom to choose your activities for making better use of the precious time you are given. Raised in a devout Catholic family I was more than once reminded of Christ's admonition, it is "easier to pass a camel through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven." These
Page 282
teachings coupled with my genteel poverty created in me a prejudice against the rich. Paradoxically, over the years, I became a wealthy man. I became what I once felt so strongly against. Whether entering the Kingdom of Heaven is in my future, I do not know. I do know that financial security has enhanced my ability to help and give support to my loved ones and has given me a greater freedom to choose my life activities. All of this is said not to encourage you to be avaricious but to point out that there is great value in financial security. Whether we are struggling for financial success or caring for a loved one, a common element runs through all of our activities—decision making. Every day we engage in the decisionmaking process. Many of our decisions are minor. A few are not. The big ones can set us on the rack for weeks. If we take too long to decide, life has a way of making our decisions for us. This is obviously not a satisfactory solution. Nike's advertising gem, "just do it," while not wisdom for the ages, does contain an important element in decision making: the element of action. My experience over the years has verified Thomas Aquinas' dictum, "To deliberate long and act swiftly." Make the decision, act on it, and the means of accomplishing the objective seem to follow. Once the decision is made, problems that seemed insurmountable will somehow get solved. Benefits you never dreamed of will appear. Allies will emerge to help you. There is a poem that tells us that the greatest failure in life is summed up in the words "It might have been." The aging Goethe said that all of life's problems can be summed up in the choice concerning belief and unbelief. I believe that one of the most important decisions you will make is the decision of faith. My childhood faith is gone now, but it has been replaced by a more cosmic and somewhat lessdefined idea of God, one that transcends specific religion and honors all of them. I believe that every prayer is heard. I believe that the unfolding universe has revealed its laws of diversification. Differences are not the problem in the world—they are the solution. We need every culture, every myth, and every religious faith. The universality of faith and devotion to God is a confirmation of its truth and power and argues quietly and persuasively for the existence of a spiritual nexus between God and humans. We all need help. The human condition requires spiritual, moral, emotional, and physical support. Without it we wither and die. I encourage you to seek it out and let it nourish you. Finally I would like to remind you of the biblical passage which says that God puts before every person life and death and gives us a choice. What we choose we get. That is the power of a God that sets us free and, as the Danish theologian Kierkegaard has pointed out, it takes omnipotence to do so. When I give anything I tend to be attached to it and want to control the way the receiver responds to my gift. Not so with God; her gift of free choice is radical—with it I can choose life or death and whichever I choose that I will get. To whomever it concerns, I wish you the choice of life.
Page 283
Image not available. From Sister Judian Breitenbach, P.H.J.C., R.N., M.S.N. a leader in health care and executive director of the Healing Arts Center, Mishawaka, Indiana. Q. "Why did God make me?" A. "To know, love and serve Him in this World and to be happy with Him in the next and to love my neighbors as myself." Familiar words? I suspect that most world religions identify the above direction in similar words as the purpose of each human being's presence on Earth. Analysis of these words and their limitless implications would lead one to believe that the all—embracing process of human development is unending and that one's health encompasses much more than a physical manifestation of wellbeing. Clearly one cannot love God nor one's neighbor without loving one's self. Therein lies the challenge of health, wholeness, integration, faith, and love. It is the journey, the process, the selfresponsibility of learning to know and love one's self that overflows into the experience of love of all creatures and creation itself. Science and medicine are beginning to acknowledge that the human species is not just a physical body but is essentially spiritual and that one is surrounded by numerous opportunities to nurture and achieve a balanced integration of one's body, mind, and soul. Eastern and Western mystics of old as well as today's contemporary writers have expounded on the process of selfcare, selfhealing, and selflove in many different ways. Yet all lead to the same realization that we have the innate potential and power to become cocreators with God—as the universe continues its fruitful and wondrous evolution. As to "being happy with God in the next world"—that world is now. It is our choice to be happy every single moment by dwelling in our inner sacred space in union with our higher self. This happiness and love then radiates and energizes the whole world through service to others in whatever way the Spirit leads. Image not available. From Deirdre Breslin, M.D. a specialist in alcohol abuse among youth and architect of "Alcohol: The Gateway Drug" a prevention program used by New York State School Districts After talking to hundreds of college kids across the nation, these are some of the things I think are important as one goes through the college experience. College should be one of the most important periods for forging our lifelong identity. College is a chance to
Page 284
make decisions about what your life is really going to be about, a time to hone and develop important pieces of your identity. The story of meaningful achievements includes having high positive expectations for oneself combined with plain oldfashioned hard work. It may not sound like much fun, but it can be. Achievements and accomplishments are key factors to feelings of selfworth and selflove. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are gateway drugs. In American society alcohol is the most accepted of these drugs. No one admits that drinking beer every day is drug addiction. The few laughs and companionship that come along with continuous beer drinking are too high a price to pay and are the beginning of an unsatisfying and unconstructive lifestyle. I disagree completely with the idea of peer pressure. It's not about peer pressure, it's about peer selection. Whom do you choose for friends and what do you do together? Take the time to step back and ask, "Is this good enough for me?" Is this really the pathway to friendship and a sense of belonging? Are there other more important ways to make friends, connections, become part of it all?—all of which are important at this time in your life. Did you feel that good or did it change the nature of your college experience that much? Did it add anything to it? Frequently we don't look carefully at our behavior and we allow ourselves to cop out and say "what I'm doing is a little dysfunctional, but I'm okay, we all do it." I do not agree. The behavior is functional but generates around a totally inappropriate object—alcohol—and as a result creates a recipe for an unfulfilling life. Isn't the functioning around alcohol too high a price to pay? Life is about decisions. Don't expect to always make good ones, but try to, and try to make good decisions in college. The poet Seamus Heaney said it best when he wrote, "The way we are living, timorous or bold, will have been our life." If your four years in college are characterized by good choices and some sensible decision making, then college will have been an important experience and a gateway to an enriching life. Image not available. From Donald Philip Brockman program director of Bill's Family Recovering Communities, an addiction recovery program in Chicago Passing a Legacy—A Vision for You As a young boy growing up on the south side of Chicago, I used to be able to play with anything, happy all by myself. Not a care in this world, joyous and free. As the years rolled by I began the process of seeking material things. I thought happiness could be found outside of myself. So I began to seek an external solution to an internal problem. As long as I kept that state of mind, I was dwelling in a hopeless dilemma. Moving around, new playmates and new playthings. Add it all up, throw in the equal sign, it always
Page 285
came out the same, because there is no outside solution to an inside problem. I found out later (after suffering for so long with a hopeless state of mind) that I had been misdirecting my faith. I put my faith in people, places, and things instead of my spiritual nature. I recall good meaningful relationships, but through no fault of others—purely due to my insecurity and fears—I didn't have the capacity to love another human being. Someone could shower me with all the love in the universe and I would think they were out of their mind. I would think they weren't being honest—that something had to be wrong with them. Then I would surround myself with manipulative people. When I got manipulated, I would say to myself, "That's ok, that's just the way they are. They really didn't mean it, they really do love me." I found out I had been putting my faith in negative things, so I was getting negative results. It took a process of seeking spiritual principles to turn me around so I wouldn't have to suffer from fear, anger, depression, selfpity, and despair. I needed such guidance in my everyday life to lift me up from my negativity. Today I try my best to practice the principles of honesty, hope, willingness, courage, integrity, faith, perseverance, brotherly love, service, humility, and justice. Now I don't have to suffer from misplaced faith. I can surrender quietly, knowing that a loving God has his arms wrapped around me. A loving, powerful God will provide all my needs so I can be like that little child again, happy, joyous, and free. I don't think like I used to so I don't act like I used to, and I don't get the bad results I used to fear. It happened because I found a new way to live without taking matters in my own hands. Image not available. From Deepak Chopra, M.D. educational director of the Chopra Center for WellBeing in La Jolla, California, and author of such groundbreaking works as Ageless Body, Timeless Mind In order to live a complete and fulfilled life it is very important to know one's purpose in life. A long time ago I discovered my own dharma [purpose]. It can be summarized in the following four phrases: 1. To heal. 2. To love. 3. To transform. 4. To serve. Wherever I go, whatever I do, and whomsoever I meet, I keep these intentions alive in my awareness, and miracles happen. So if anyone were to ask me what is the secret, I would say, "Know your purpose and follow your bliss."
Page 286
Image not available. From Jane Glassman Cohen, L. S.C. W. a psychotherapist and teacher currently living in Boulder, Colorado The message that I would most want to communicate to all young people is captured in the blessing I gave to my son, Noah, on the day of his Bar Mitzvah. It came to me in the middle of the night, straight from the Heart. . . .
To Noah: In the last few months, I've been looking at you with new eyes . . . trying to see who you really are. I'm humbled by what I see—a person with great strength of character, integrity, and a sincere openness and passion for life. I remember a conference we had with your teacher after last year's camping trip. She told us that one of your classmates was upset because no one wanted to share his tent with him—you volunteered. Another had forgotten his water—you were the one who offered to share. She said: "Your son is a noble person." The kind of nobility she was speaking of—compassion and generosity of spirit—is at the Center of the Jewish Heart, and is naturally and effortlessly at the Center of you. There are many qualities that are plentiful all around us, but nobility and compassion—these qualities are rare in this world. You are greatly needed, and I can only encourage you, as you are already doing so beautifully, to continue choosing to be yourself. . . . All parents want their children to be happy, healthy, and successful—at school, with friends, in their careers, and in their families. But I see people all the time who have success in all these areas and aren't happy at all—successful on the outside, but on the inside, they are empty. My greatest prayer for you is that you grow up fulfilled on the inside, knowing who you are, knowing that there is a place for you in this world, an important reason for you to be exactly as you are, a path that is yours alone, and a contribution that only you can make if this world is to be a better place. The way to find your path and purpose is to choose again and again, with great courage, to be yourself—a simple, yet challenging task in a world filled with temptation and pressure to fit in, to be something you're not. . . . I see you as a person who is true to himself. Each time you make this choice, you strengthen the anchor that holds you to your world. And as you grow and deepen into your own Truth, you will discover that you belong to something bigger than yourself, something wondrous, something Divine, that you have always been a part of. . . . A few months ago, I had the good fortune of meeting a very wise woman. Though our paths seemed to cross by chance, she said just the words I needed to hear and to say to you. I told her about your Bar Mitzvah and she said: "Don't forget the true meaning of the Bar Mitz
Page 287
vah. It is a celebration of your child." Today is not only a celebration of your coming of age—it is a celebration of you—the being that you are and the person you are becoming. . . . Then she said: "The Bar Mitzvah is the time when the child is given back to God." I thought of you and I thought: "What a gift God is receiving today! I love you." Image not available. From Noah Cohen a high school student who enjoys science, Walt Whitman, and Bach When the earth was young, When all the animals were whole, There was a star, a star which shone so brilliantly That all of the creatures were guided by its strength And so the world thrived The birds knew just when to let fly their young The horses knew just where to find fresh grass The fish knew just how to catch waterlogged insects The insects knew just when to become waterlogged All was one and harmonious, happy with what it was. But then one day The star darkened, it blinked out of sight from the animals And in the darkness, all was night, all was chaos The cats no longer caught mice The owl forgot when to wake up, and the day was full of them The dolphins forgot how to swim The birds didn't remember how to fly The worms forgot how to come up during the rain, and drowned in the dirt All the animals cried and cried, the world was broken All the animals cried and cried, with tears to fill the rivers The world was broken. But then one day The lion shared meat with the jackal, and the jackal was thankful The dog cared for the orphaned tiger cub The deer gave its hide to the wolf The turtle helped the squirrel across the river The animals were happy, whole, they became happy again The world was whole again The world, the world, it was whole again, it was whole again. But the animals never noticed The animals never noticed that the star hadn't left.
Page 288
Image not available. From Sally Coleman an author and counselor at the University of Notre Dame Dear Young People, I am grateful for my life. This gratitude is the legacy I would like to share with you. As I age, I can't see as well, but my vision has improved. I see my life more clearly and I realize that seemingly random events are connected and purposeful. The pieces of my life are fitting together into a meaningful design. My remembrances are full of gratitude and awe. I am touched continually by the goodness of human beings. I absolutely believe that on most days we do the best we can. I believe that for some people, pain, hurt and cruelty become a legacy passed from generation to generation. I do not believe that this legacy is innate in our hearts. Compassion, tolerance, love, and forgiveness can be learned and practiced as the standard of humanity. I am grateful because I have seen immense goodness. I am a counselor, and for the last thirty years, I've been sitting with hundreds of people as they confronted reality. I try to be a detective of goodness in their lives. I hold up the mirror of their worth as they talk of discouragement. I urge them to give themselves a break when they can't see how deserving they are of love and compassion. When they can forgive themselves for real or imagined wrongs they begin to heal. Along the way, I have discovered a simple fact. All of us need to feel and be told that we are good and lovable. Mainly, we do the best we can on most days. I have discovered over and over the goodness inside people. I'm also grateful for the events of my life, big and little. Joys have multiplied and tragedy has brought deeper meanings. I want to share with you some of that list to show that life gets better and meaning emerges. We just need to put our feet on the ground each morning, willing to learn and try. I am grateful for: A June day in a forest of pine trees outside of Prescott, Arizona. My son Tim graduated from college and his class of about forty students took over eight hours to open a new chapter in their lives. They were presented to the world by their mentors and the graduates then spoke of what they had been given and what they hoped to give back. If love and compassion could make trees grow, those pines would have multiplied. My days working in Chicago's Uptown area. I helped my friends cook in their restaurant and a woman who lived on the streets came in. She ate salmon with peas and cream sauce, pronouncing it the happiest taste she'd had in years.
Page 289
I am grateful for: A torn poster nailed to a tree and forever to my heart: It spoke about remembering, even when we think we have forgotten, saying: " This place is so narrow and crowded with hunger that there is no one here who remembers the sea." The words made me want to exchange precious drops of the kind sea that I had been given over the years. Being fifteen years old and discovering Alan Paton's Cry The Beloved Country. It opened my eyes to the reality of apartheid. I began to hear the unborn children who were the inheritors of fear. Baking gingerbread and whipped cream for my mother when she was dying of cancer. I wanted to make her something she could enjoy. The cake stuck to the sores in her mouth, but she thanked me. I am grateful for: My dear sons Tim, Murphy, and Dan. They have given me immense amounts of purpose, joy, laughter, and love. We survived and grew together on a sometimes difficult path. I have been abundantly blessed by them. A moment of magic in Lucerne, Switzerland, when I was twenty years old. A band playing by the lake at night, with mountains in the distance. The air alive with a richness and wonder that still brings unfathomable joy. My pilgrimage to San Giovanni Rotondo in the mountains of Foggia, Italy. I was afraid, but I went because it was what I was supposed to do at that moment. Robert Weinberger and a Paris summer. I am grateful for: Recovery from a highly virulent form of cancer when my babies were one, three, and four years old. I am grateful for the ability to fight for my life. That battle taught me about purpose and the privilege and necessity of acknowledging my feelings. One week of crying at an Elisabeth KublerRoss grief workshop. I am grateful for: My house burning down with the loss of nothing more than possessions. It taught me the lesson that people, books, music, painting, and peace are important. I am grateful for: The gift of lifechanging sobriety in the last sixteen years. Laughing and talking for years with my sister Mary. Being able to tell people that I love and respect them. Learning to say I'm sorry when I'm wrong. I am grateful for: The rolling hills of Michigan's fruit belt. Summer sounds and tobacco fields in my old Kentucky home. My love of the Gulf of Mexico.
Page 290
Lizzie Donohue and my Irish heritage with its fears, loves, and boundless energy. My good brothers Jim and Pat. The ride down the mountain at the end of Endurance Coping with fear. I now sleep on planes. I am grateful for: Duck calls, train whistles, howling winds, and the chimes and crickets I hear from my bed at night. My growing and absolute love for the land. Charlotte Hamlin and Dave Marr who believe in me and Queen Louisa Land. Jane Cohen who always makes me feel heard and loved, Ron Kalom who knocked on my door. My lovely spiritual daughters Paula, JoJo, Beth, Cathy, Gina, and Kelly. Dear Nancy's back seat driving and the good Goodwins. Dependable Fran. Father Ed's, Father John's and Peggy Cronin's messages of God's love. Judy, Kay, and our magnificent road trips. Molly, Maria, and all the other numerous friends that I love and have been loved by. I am grateful for: Loving and being loved by Bob. Our love and caring is teaching me to appreciate atrocious puns, our differences, talking about everything, and new beginnings. The colorful printed feed sack dresses I wore when I was four. My cottage on the hill. I am grateful for many people, events, and things not mentioned. Also for the privilege of living fully and sometimes just being able to hold on through daily ups and downs. It still is a spectacular adventure. I wish you gratitude and grace on your own adventure. You are magnificent and unique, but still the same as all of us. Enjoy the winds, rest in your valleys, and remember that you are always being carried by Love. Image not available. From Bruno Cortis, M.D. a pioneer in angioplasty and laser applications and author of Heart and Soul: A Psychological and Spiritual Guide to Preventing and Healing Heart Disease Where do I come from? Why am I here? The answers to these existential questions are simple in my case. I am here because I choose to be here. My family comes from the small southern Italian town of Oristano. I was the fourth child of five, and besides the members of my immediate family I had many other loving relatives. From Heart and Soul by Dr. Bruno Cortis. Copyright © 1995 by Bruno Cortis, M.D. Reprinted by permission of Random House, Inc.
Page 291
I especially remember my Aunt Amelia who showed me how to love people and taught me to give to others. I was raised in Sardinia until I graduated from the University of Cagliari. I had always been interested in medicine, so I became a physician, and during my studies I was attracted by the magic of the heart. I spent several years in Turin studying cardiology. I became a specialist and a professor, which had been one of my lifelong dreams, but for various reasons the teaching did not work out as I had hoped. I discovered that my values were not the same as those I was working with, and that I did not have the political ''push" it seemed to take to get ahead. I decided it was time for a complete change and moved to the United States, where I hoped my values would be respected. I had earlier married an adorable medical student named Pia; soon Veronica and Maximillian came to keep us company, so now we had a family of four. We settled in Chicago, and Pia told me to open my own office. "See people," she said. "You are good with people." So I did, and my practice became a success with patients. But then I found myself missing the university experience, the giveandtake of meetings and seminars. I was doing research on laser surgery and I traveled all over the world to present my studies, but though I enjoyed those moments, they were not really what I was looking for. I enjoyed being a cardiologist, I liked to be able to extend someone's life by, say, performing a successful angioplasty. But there was a dark, lessfulfilling side to my practice. For one thing, the large number of chronically ill patients, the repeaters, and other visible signs of traditional medicine's failure to address disease and suffering began to bother me. The ocean of paperwork, the intricate structure of medical and hospital politics forced me to see how medicine cripples itself. I became anxious, and frustrated with the thought that my life seemed to be dedicated to waiting at the hospital for the next cardiac victim. What people really needed, I increasingly felt, was not to be sick in the first place. Around this time I wrote in my journal: "I'm tired. Tired of seeing young people die of heart attacks. Tired of seeing the eyes of wives and children whose husbands and fathers never came from the emergency room. Tired of seeing chests split open for surgery, or learning that someone else was brought in dead on arrival." I was frustrated too by the lack of spirituality in modern medicine. It was as if the human body were just a collection of parts, rather than an organic whole unified by an animating spirit. Gradually I realized that I could invest all I had learned in some thirty years of practice toward health rather than disease. . . . I then began to encourage my patients to share their feelings with me, and I began to share mine with them. I found that by dropping my professional mask, I had given myself an opportunity to discover my patients as people, and, in a way, my patients became my support group. The more I experienced myself as a human being, the more I began
Page 292
to see my patients as such also. I learned to meet their eyes, to be warmer, more present, thoughtful, caring, and attentive to them. For example, one day I realized what a distance my office desk put between me and my patients during consultations. I decided to draw up a chair next to the patients instead and to record our interviews because their stories so moved me. When I sensed that a patient was comfortable with a touch or could be helped by it, I began to give them a pat on the arm, a squeeze around the shoulders, or even a big hug. Reaching out changed my world. I started to laugh with my patients, to cry with them, to spend time with them by choice—and to feel urgent about what more I could do to help them get well, stay well, live long lives. So I was happy with my family, my research, my practice, but something was still missing. One day I found out what it was: I opened a new office, where I created a conference room for my patients. I felt a need to be closer, literally in touch with them. I realized that this was my opportunity to teach them what I have learned before they have to pay such a high price with their health. . . . As I began to see this, the magic flame within me leapt with an excitement and hope that I had not experienced for a long time. Now my mission was becoming clear. My interest had shifted from the physician's orientation, disease, to health, and from patients to people. In that conference room I discovered the secret: Our hearts are the same. When I sat down with my patients and opened my heart to them, and they opened their hearts to me, we discovered the beauty of this relationship. To me, meeting with my patients in this setting was the greatest joy, the most fulfilling role I had played. I learned about them as humans, and they learned the same about me. I especially remember the night that my mask as a physician fell aside. I was still trying to grasp the things I had learned about myself and my profession in the course of my spiritual search. I had tears in my eyes as I told the men and women in that room about my realizations, how I had been hurting myself and others by hiding my true self. I told them how, by ruthlessly pursuing grownup goals, I had made the child part of myself suffer unbearably. As I spoke, my patients leaned forward. I could see from their eyes that they were with me—not as a doctor but simply as a human being in terrible pain, trying to get his soul back. That's when it happened—when I realized that, by sharing myself in my humanity, I was opening the way for my patients to do the same. This event tore down the artificial barrier between us. I understood then that I didn't have to do anything more than be myself, be their partner in healing. And I found that by sharing with them I also was healed. From then on, in that conference room, my patients and I shared secrets, cried together, hugged each other. At last I was becoming aware of what I really wanted to do. My mission was to bring the principles of good health to others, to empower them in overcoming disease. Finally, I could talk about health, and not disease.
Page 293
I was choosing the freedom to be what I always wanted to be, a teacher. I began to work on creating a seminar to take my message to even more people, to touch even more hearts. In sharing my message, you see, I am not only a cardiologist but a man with a heart. My happiness has become the discovery of a purpose in my life, finding out what, deep inside, I really wanted. It may seem presumptuous, but I mean to do whatever I can in my practice to accomplish this goal. I don't know how much I am going to accomplish; all I know is that I feel good doing it. It is in harmony with myself and the world around me. My roles as a teacher and writer are still in their infancy. They are a beginning for me on this new path. Taking up this direction is a spiritual action for me, and its benefits cannot help but show up in my health, exactly as the same action must for anyone. Spirituality has changed my life. The discovery that I can have the consciousness of God, see God in everyone I meet, and desire to touch people's hearts brings me to the conclusion that there is a priest in every physician—not just a remnant of the witch doctor or shaman but a priest in the sense of a person who can build a bridge to God for another. I believe that God is within each of us. This knowledge of the divinity within is a pathway to health through personal development. I know now that health depends on selfdiscovery and spiritual atonement, and is realized through loving others and sharing yourself with them. I hope my words have touched your heart, and that you will begin to move to heal your own heart and soul. I'd like to leave you with the words of a prayer/poem that came to me while I was meditating one day. The Eyes of God When you see through the eyes of God you see only beauty and perfection around you. When you see through the eyes of God, other people become you. When you see through the eyes of God, you accept yourself, all of yourself. And discover the purpose of life: to become all that you are. Then, and only then, are you free, you are pure love Seeing through the eyes of God.
Image not available. From Susan D. a high school principal who wishes to remain anonymous Dear Friend, Growing up, my life was really crazy. I don't even remember the first time I was sexually abused or by whom but somewhere between the ages of five and twelve, I was sexually assaulted by several family members. During the summer months, someone would appear out of nowhere to drag me off somewhere to have their way with me. There was no use fighting; I couldn't win. I was raped in the field, in the woods, in the basement of my
Page 294
church, and even in my own bed. They even promised to give me money if I would consent. I took the money but they always took it back. After a while it even started to feel good. I was totally confused about sex and my body but I was never confused about reading, math, or science. I didn't understand what was happening at home or why, but I understood everything at school. I had control of my mind and God had given me a good mind and I soon learned how to use it to become someone special. At school I was always treated wonderfully so I used school to balance the chaos in the other parts of my life. I won all the spelling bees, I got the lead in the school plays, and I had the best report cards. By the time I was in high school my family members weren't bothering me anymore. I soon fell in love and because sex had no value to me it was natural that we began to have intercourse. I became pregnant as a senior and was forced to leave high school. I had continued to be an honor student through high school but in 1966 that didn't matter. Pregnant girls had to leave so when Christmas break arrived I was told not to return. I was forced to leave the only truly safe place I had found. I didn't quit, however. I knew school was my safety net, my lifeline, so I kept doing my studies at home to graduate on time. I wasn't allowed to march with my class but I got my diploma. One day a blessing came to me. I was already working in a factory where I would probably be to this day if it hadn't been for a phone call from my guidance counselor who received all the work I kept sending to school when they wouldn't let me attend. Her words changed my life. They are words I will never forget. "If I can get you a scholarship, will you go to college?" It was only $200 but I immediately said "yes" and in the fall I began my college studies. By the end of the first semester I was in the honors program and again someone special. Four years later my son and I graduated from Ohio State University with a degree in secondary education. In January 1972, I moved to Georgia to begin my first teaching job. It was great. I was back in school. I loved working with the kids. I now had the chance to make someone else feel special. But lo and behold in June 1972 someone broke into my apartment and I was raped again. This time, it was a stranger. I was scared for my life. I almost lost it then because this time the police were involved, the entire town knew what happened, and of course, I felt like they knew everything about my whole life. I even had to face the ordeal of a trial. But to my surprise my students saved me. They were there to support and protect me. In 1991, I became principal of the school I was forced to leave in 1966. I have been married to a wonderful man for almost twentyfive years. He added to my life by sharing his two sons with me and by giving me a beautiful daughter I love and adore. My son is now thirty and has three sons of his own.
Page 295
My gift to you is to challenge you to use your mind to overcome the demons that seek to destroy you. Also use us, your teachers, as a haven from the injustice of the world. We know your pain because most of us have endured hard times, too. We can provide love and safety for you for at least six hours per day if you just open your hearts and let us in. Don't become angry and try to punish everyone for your pain because then we can't help. Use your mind, discover your assets, and make them work for you. Stay in control and remember when life seems to have you down as low as you can go, you can find a friend at school. Just reach out. We are here for you. Image not available. From Rev. Edward Dufficy a retired teacher and pastor who worked for years in innercity parishes Dear Friends: Sixty years ago a young woman began working for the city desk of the Chicago Daily News. After a couple of years she went to a premier writer, Clem Lane, because she found herself depressed from immersion in so much evil. He said, "Margaret, you need to remember that the news presents deviations from the norm. What's normal is rarely newsworthy and is taken for granted." His words gave a balanced judgment and contentment to her work. At eightysix she is still busy with a newsletter which she produces alone and mails to those who were writers and publishers during her years before retirement. Last night a lawyer was my comonitor at a shelter from 1:30 to 5:30 a.m. After graduation from law school, greatly helped by "connections," he joined a prominent law firm which featured a grinding, remorseless schedule. Long hours and the demand of billing 300 dollars an hour made him restless and fidgety. So in short order he left the firm and joined a few others with minds similar to his own. He goes home at five o'clock daily, takes on as much pro bono work as he can, and his life is in balance. His wife is upbeat, and his children rush to greet him every evening. The journalist found a way to a balanced judgment and the lawyer sought and found a balanced life. At five o'clock as the shifts at the shelter changed, a young woman, a nursing student, jogged over and shortly was folding sheets and pillowcases and lugging them to the basement. She did it with alacrity, but especially with laughter and kind words for the homeless. Within her there nestled a balanced heart. In the world there is so much madness. Most of it is beyond our reach and our powers. Still, those whose transcendentals are a balanced judgment, a balanced heart, and a balanced life will inspire in those around them trust and warmth.
Page 296
Image not available. From Rev. John S. Dunne, C.S.C. a professor of theology at the University of Notre Dame and author of The Reasons of the Heart and Love's Mind: An Essay on Contemplative Life Ours is a violent city, I believe, because one of the three lives of the ancient city, action and contemplation and enjoyment, is missing, the life of contemplation, and its empty place is taken and filled by violence. A renaissance of the contemplative life is something we need and are ready for, I think, and it is worthwhile for us to consider here the link that has existed between "the love of God and the love of learning" in the monasteries of the West. I look here for places in our own times where the two loves connect. Attention. Reading Paul Celan and Walter Benjamin, I have come across a saying of Malebranche, "Attention is the natural prayer of the soul," and I can see how this carries us to the heart of the contemplative life where the love of God and the love of learning are one. Celan sees that kind of attention in poetry. Benjamin sees it in storytelling. Simone Weil sees it in all study. When it becomes conscious it becomes conscious prayer. It is loving God with all your mind. For me it is attention to things and situations, to the signs of our lives and times, to the heart speaking, to the way opening up before us. Reading. I came across a little essay by Marcel Proust "On Reading" where I found a sense of contemplative life and even of the traditional method of reading and contemplation in the monasteries called lectio divina or "divine reading." This essay by Proust is a kind of autobiography where he recalls his reading as a child and defines reading as "the fertile miracle of a communication effected in solitude." He ends imagining a reader reading the Gospel of Luke aloud and when coming to the Benedictus and the Magnificat pausing in silence and then beginning to sing, as if words were inseparable from music. Words and Music. I have always been fascinated with the idea of "the road not taken" as Robert Frost called it. In my own life the road taken has been that of words and the road not taken that of music, but now I have come to believe that the road not taken can rejoin the road taken, and I have found myself returning to music, composing song and dance cycles, writing the words as well as the music. I seem to be rediscovering a very ancient unity, implicit in the Greek word musike and the Latin word musica which meant both poetry and music. It is a unity I had already learned without realizing it in my education in the Gregorian chant of the monasteries. What we come to here is a knowing that comes of loving where the love of God and the love of learning are one, and it seems to speak to the "dissonance" of our times, as Michael Polanyi calls it, "of an extreme critical lucidity and an intense moral conscience."
Page 297
Image not available. From Wayne W. Dyer, Ph.D. a teacher and social commentator who has appeared on The Tonight Show, Phil Donahue, and Oprah Winfrey As I prepare this message for people living in 2098, I find my thoughts are not about the futuristic or scientific wonders you enjoy. My curiosity is not about your ability to travel to outer space. My curiosity has to do with this: Have you evolved into a higher human being than those of us on earth in 1998? My message to you centers on the hope that you are more humane than we are now. I wonder if you are practicing the vital lessons a few of us in 1998 believe humanity will some day master. I wonder if you have been able to move beyond distrust, fear, and hostility. My message of hope is addressed to you in the form of four questions. Your answers will describe where you are in the evolution of this higher human being, now stirring to life here in 1998. 1. Have you learned that your humanity lies beyond the boundaries of the body? Do you know and live the idea that a person is much more than a pile of bones, blood, gristle, and skin? Do you recognize that within all form is an invisible intelligence? Is there general acceptance and delight in knowing that persons are much more than their packaging? Is it "socially acceptable" to develop the invisible aspect of yourself as we do today by choosing aerobics or jogging for physical development? Can you see yourselves as spiritual beings having a human experience, rather than human beings who may be having a spiritual experience? This is what I mean: My threeyearold daughter presented me with a makebelieve meal on her plastic toy dishes. On that level, it was a physical, formonly interaction that could have been considered unimportant. On another level, the invisible, the formless part of her was expressing. "Daddy needs to eat something warm, and I want him to have a special dinner. I love my Daddy, and I want to take good care of him." My awareness of that invisible part of her, her thoughts and feelings which are pure love, transformed the plastic toys and makebelieve food. I could almost touch those beautiful caring thoughts in back of her actions. 2. Have you learned and adopted the understanding that we are all connected? Here on Earth, in 1998, we seem to know intellectually that we are living in the same house, and that when you live on a round planet, you can't afford to choose sides. But we continue to choose sides. Do you live with the awareness that each human being is a "me that is we"? Do the majority of people see that one cell within an organism, which has no reference to the whole, will destroy adjacent cells, eventually killing the entire being while destroying itself in the process? Are © 1988 Wayne W. Dyer
Page 298
you guiding your young people to develop serenity and ease within themselves, so they will cooperate with the cells adjacent to them? Are your nations at ease within, or are they still acting out on their neighbors? Are you in 2098 seeing and experiencing the belief that each human being on our planet is just as interconnected as geographic neighbors, and that the total being called human being cannot function harmoniously when the components are in conflict? 3. Do the majority of you see that what you think about expands? As I write, some of us are nurturing these ideas like seedlings: The power of thought is enormous. We can create thought. Out of thought comes the entire direction of our lives. We act on our thoughts. We become what we think about all day long. In the dimensionless world of thought, everything we think is here. We have the ability to turn any thought into form with the power of mind. Thought is a formless energy which comprises our essential humanity. Our lives are what our thoughts create.
We are just beginning to recognize the importance of thought as the most powerful force in the universe. There is a new awareness and application of these ideas. Instead of being against terrorism and war, we are shifting our thoughts to being for peace and cooperation. We are beginning to recognize that a war on drugs, poverty, hunger, and crime is not as effective as being for an enlightened, educated youth, a higher standard of living for all, and respect for each other's rights and possessions. Do you understand that what we think about expands into action? And therefore, cultivating thoughts of what you are for results in a healthier, happier, and more peaceful society. Do you recognize that being against anything weakens you, while being for something empowers you? 4. Have you discovered the other side of, "I'll believe that when I see it"? In 1998 there is an awakening to the idea that the development of a higher human being is a process involving the understanding that you see what you believe, rather than you believe what you see. Has this belief system led to the development of a higher human being? In 1983 I wrote a parable in which a higher human being named Eykis visits our world. She brings gifts in the form of thoughts to assist us in transforming ourselves and our planet. Her message proclaims, "You'll See It When You Believe It." Did these beliefs which Eykis describes move you toward this kind of thinking in 2098? Quality rather than appearance. Ethics rather than rules. Knowledge rather than achievement.
Page 299 Integrity rather than domination. Serenity rather than acquisitions.
If the answer is "Yes," then indeed a higher human being is in process, and the trend toward destroying this being called human being has been reversed. My connection to you is pure, formless, dimensionless thought, and so too is your link back to me in 1998 and forward to infinity. Image not available. From Amitai Etzioni, M.D. an author, activist, and former White House advisor, who is the first University Professor of George Washington University American society is bombarding young people with negative messages; they are warned not to: Take drugs, have sex, consume alcohol, smoke, or be violent. Just Say No says it all, or does it? I say, as I near the end of a very full and rich life, find the Yes in your life. Find what you find compelling to serve, reach out for, worship. A life without a commitment to causes more encompassing than self, a life without transcendental meanings, is an empty, negative life even if it is spent without mind altering substances, avoids promiscuity, and violating others. It is a life that misses the deep affirmation that comes to those who are engaged. I am not referring to rewards, incentives, or mental hygiene, to utilitarianinstrumental reasons, but to serving and being involved and committed. True, these forms of life have their payoffs, but these are side benefits. To do what is good is good in itself. Our language hinders here what needs to be stated. We talk incessantly about actions that engender satisfaction, motivate, lead to happiness. These are industrial expressions that bring to mind a person on an assembly line, days and years of drudgery, rewarded with a pay that allows him to buy goods and retire to Florida. I am referring instead to affirmation, that special sense we have when we live up to our values, engage in an ennobling life, find ourselves in harmony with worlds beyond self. Affirmation is a sense that engulfs us after a day in a soup kitchen for the homeless, a march for peace in Bosnia, a morning of genuine prayer, a night with a sick friend. None of these are "enjoyable" per se; indeed, most affirming activities are in part taxing. Nor are they rich in worldly rewards. But the inner glow is unmatchable, I know. And while my life was hardly saintly, I never could afford to allow my mind or body to be incapacitated or captured; there were so many "things" that cried out to get done, people who needed a hand, causes that sought a voice. To ask if it was a satisfying life or one of hard labor employs the wrong lingo, that of consumerism. It has been a life that was challenging and ennobling, taxing and affirming, one that enters its last phases with very few regrets and much to look back on, and to pass on to others. Your turn.
Page 300
Image not available. From Michael Fontana director of the Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless Selfcare and community, for me, go handinhand and are a portion of how I've managed to survive into adulthood. What I recall about youth and adolescence was a profound sense of isolation, especially as my body went through its changes in puberty. How could anyone else understand this? How could I tell anyone about it, since it had to do with all these intimate details of my interior emotions and my exterior body? The answer was that I didn't tell anyone much of anything. That sense of isolation and insulation made me susceptible to all sorts of wrong turns, both selfdirected and imposed upon me by others who should have known better. I was sexually abused, for one thing, which implants in a child the sense that the human body (particular the body of the victim) is disgusting and sinful and filthy and vile. The connection in my own mind was of my body with an act that was simultaneously pleasurable on one level, because the close proximity of bodies resembled what I understood to be conventional, and knew that secrecy about the experience was of utmost importance. That small flicker of pleasure in the contact made all of the contact seem to be "my fault." Therefore if I told anyone about it, they too would find me guilty and I'd be doubly punished. The burden of the secret was in some ways easier to bear than the possibility of punishment. This abuse also poisoned my healthy maturation into a sexual being. While other kids my age were beginning to explore petting and necking and gestures beyond, I couldn't bring myself to do it because I was frightened of it from past experience. And again, past experience told me that I was guilty already, so if anything transpired with anyone else, including people my own age, then I too would take on the burden of guilt for their injury. My body was the source of the defilement; to allow anyone contact with it, even if they expressed a willingness to entertain that contact, would be to spread my defilement all over them, leaving two people damaged where before there had only been one. There's a price to be paid for such secrecy. The price for me was that the secret life took on greater dimensions than any exterior life, to the point where there were days when I couldn't rise out of bed, couldn't dress or brush my teeth or even shower. The filth of the street had taken on such internal dimensions that it finally spilled over into my "normal" life, so that I saw myself as I wandered the halls of school as something less than human, a monster as reprehensible and loathsome as any in the movies. This is when I began to inflict wrong turns upon myself, as a way to try to cope with this misery without putting it into words. It was less shameful to attempt suicide at age thirteen; to be hospitalized for depression by seventeen; and to be drinking and drugging hard by eigh
Page 301
teen; than it was to actually speak the truth of what had happened to me. These behaviors caused additional damage to me that it took years to mend, peeling back the various skins I'd sewn around myself out of alcohol and drugs and selfdestruction, before the core truth could be exposed to the light of day and be confronted. I will not blame kids who choose to drink and drug. I wouldn't encourage it, I would wish against it, I would go out of my way to explain the longterm damage to one's soul that drugs and alcohol can inflict. On the other hand, as I recognized within myself, so too do I recognize that many kids drink and drug because they have their own set of pains, physical or psychic or both, that may make drowning them in chemicals appealing. I understand why kids do it, that it's not all out of recklessness or a playful ''choice," as some politicians would portray it. Sometimes it seems like the only mechanism for survival. And if there are no adults around whom a kid can trust to be compassionate, nonjudgmental, and affirming of the pain, then talking about it isn't going to be an option. Adults need to understand that we're incredibly ignorant that way. Part of the pathway to drugs and alcohol is also built upon the more traumatic and damning messages that our society and culture send out to kids. We say we don't want kids to engage in sexual experimentation or drugs, yet in thousands of hours of commercials, television shows, and films, a promiscuous and frankly pornographic sexuality are portrayed as the adult "norm," as are recreational drugs. This conflict of messages can lead a kid to discard anything that adults have to say as hypocritical and useless. If a kid doesn't already carry his or her own personal weight of trauma, the culture will inflict one upon them. If you think about, let alone act upon, your budding sexual interest, then you're "bad." If you use drugs or booze, or hang around with kids of your own gender, then you're "bad." If you express doubt or sadness or anger about the shape and condition of the world which you've been handed, then you're "bad." This may sound petty to adults, but it isn't to children or teens, who haven't yet collected the wealth of experiences that an adult may possess, and who are sitting in the thick of some of the most fantastic and inexplicable physiological and emotional changes that a human being can endure. Adults want to minimize the turmoil of adolescence by coating it in some vague and uncompassionate pining for "good old days" or "carefree days of youth" that never existed. An adult who can't own the fact that adolescence has its difficult and traumatic passages along with whatever else it may entail is an adult with very limited selfinsight. I no longer drink and no longer drug, because even in moderation they make me feel worse rather than better as a human being. For the first time in my life, in my mid thirties, I'm viewing the landscape ahead without the specter of suicide staring me back in the face. I still have much work to do on myself, and suspect that this will be the case for the rest of my years, because I no longer believe that adult human beings should solidify into a deadweight of platitudes and pat responses. If you
Page 302
aren't changing or growing as a person then you're stagnating and hiding yourself away, which is just another form of pathology in need of treatment. The most heartening thing for me when I think of kids today is that finally those who have been marginalized or kept hidden away in the past are beginning to refuse that status. I was extremely proud of a seventeenyearold high school girlwoman from Indianapolis whom I heard speak a few weeks ago at a rally for the unveiling of the AIDS Memorial Quilt. She spoke of the fact that she was a lesbian and would not be silenced about it. She saw, in the lives and deaths commemorated in the quilt, where silence had led far too many men and women already. Not that she didn't put up with insults and threats of violence from some of her peers at school for being so outspoken about her sexuality, but such openness was the only way she could live her life with any sort of internal order and logic, facing explicit threats rather than potential ones, while receiving genuine love and support from her family and friends. From my own time in school, I remember kids who struggled with depression, drugs, drinking, sexual issues, suicide, and a desire simply to run away from it all. No doubt beneath all those behaviors lay issues still more complex, including the myriad forms of abuse that a child can endure and carry within. I'm sad to think that in my time of growing up these were all topics that were sealed away from "polite" discourse. I'm heartened that today there are more opportunities for such discussions to take place, more chances for kids to locate adults who have survived what they've survived and who can serve as mentors, so that kids don't have to feel like this long and arduous process of growth into "adulthood" (which may turn out to be just another aspect of an extended "childhood," in finality) is alien terrain and must be negotiated alone. Please know that you are loved, for however remote that may seem, and that there are adults who've endured and grown from the very struggles in which you are now engaged. My spirit, thoughts, and prayers are with you. Image not available. From Matthew Fox a priest, postmodern theologian, and author of Original Blessing: A Primer in Creation Spirituality Dear Young Person, Greetings! I write to you as an elder but one who is keenly aware of the special place your generation occupies in the history of this planet, the history of our species, the history of Christianity. You are the generation coming of age at the turn of the millennium—a great event that will demand more wildness of you and therefore more inner strength and moral surefootedness than was the case for many before your time. Your generation is a postmodern
Page 303
generation and you face dilemmas of moral and spiritual depth regarding the continuation of life on this planet that no generation has faced before. Your coming of age is going to demand deep souldevelopment on your part—all of which begins with selfknowledge and awareness of where you come from. From there you can begin to determine where we should go and how to get there. I think that coming of age in these times takes a special gift of fortitude and willingness to trust the universe and oneself in order to be creative, to be agile, to be capable of letting go, of laughter, of imagination, indeed of moral imagination, and of community building. Don't trust those people or institutions who give you simplistic answers to the complex issues we face today. Trust your heart and educate your head and exercise your body (after all, your heart is in your body). Above all, develop your own conscience, allowing it to evolve as culture and time evolve. Don't be seduced into becoming so professional or so successful or so expert that you lose the ability to appreciate or even communicate with people less educated or less privileged than yourself. And don't become so committed to one's own particular family that you forget the kinship you share with all the creatures and families of the Creator God and with other families of human beings. Learn to celebrate! To celebrate your own existence and that of others; to celebrate forgetfulness and letting go. Learn to get high—not on chemical stimulants but on your natural and therefore Godgiven gifts of ecstasy and joy, wonder and awe. This is the mystic in you and there is no shame in being mystical. Don't hold anger inside—there lies the path to bitterness. Find healthy ways to express anger well. (St. Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century wrote that a "trustworthy person is angry at the right people for the right reasons and expresses it in the appropriate manner and for the appropriate length of time.") Be capable of anger but also go beyond anger, don't get attached to your anger. Recycle anger into a passion for justice and for celebration, that is, for compassion. And grieve. Find ways to grieve, to express anger and sorrow from deep in yourself. Every one who is half alive today is grieving—grieving for the 25,000 species that are being lost annually and what this will mean to the souls of our children, grieving for the lost forests, the poisoned waters and oceans, for the lost beauty, the lost grace, the lost health, the broken families, the divisions between the overly rich and the very poor—so much to grieve for. Yours is a generation that is acquainted with deep grief. Let your grief, including the anger contained therein, be an energysource for your life's work. And choose your life's work on the basis of what gives joy to you and to others. Live simply. Love deeply. Laugh heartily. Study constantly. Forgive. And when you are tempted to blame parents or government or family or church or whoever else may have failed you, remember this: True
Page 304
hope does not come from the twolegged ones. If you choose to be anthropocentric, you choose to be depressed. Open your heart and mind to the universe—it is from there that your authenticity comes and your birthright, your right to be here. No matter how many humans may have failed us, the real story is that we were loved "from before the beginning" (Julian of Norwich) by the universe itself. For fifteen billion years it labored on your behalf to bring you forth. It has done so. Learn the new creation story that tells you of your wondrous origins. Now that you are here and we are here, the universe deserves our attention and appreciation. Learn gratitude. Remember the words of Meister Eckhart: "If the only prayer you say in your whole life is 'Thank You,' that would suffice." Don't dwell on others' mistakes except to learn from them. Try to make your own. Be original. Meditate a lot. Explore nothingness and silence and solitude. Don't be afraid to be alone. And if you are afraid, do it anyway. Learn the difference between loneliness and aloneness. Go into your fear. Love your enemies. Meditate on yourself as an original blessing. There is no other way out of sin. Be strong. Open your creativity in all its aspects to the Spirit. Let the Spirit flow. Learn to hear its voice, to sense its revelation everywhere—in people and in books, in mountains and in rivers, in the news and in the spheres, in silence and in music, in lovemaking and in children. Trust the Spirit more than anything. It will take you to valleys and to mountain tops, into the light and into the dark, toward the sun and into black holes. Be willing to travel with the Spirit wherever it takes you. Be a pilgrim. Seek out those who are different from yourself. They have the most to teach you. Be a student—one eager to learn—all your life long. Cherish the virtue of curiosity. Holy Curiosity. Never settle for complacency. Use your left brain as well as your right brain. Beware of sins of the spirit as avarice and greed; envy and acedia (the lack of energy to begin new things); resentment and addiction. Resist that part of our culture that peddles these sins daily through its advertising and an economic system that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer and everyone addictive for more. Recently I learned of an ad on television for a new game that is about Shopping in Malls. The woman pitching it declared, "I was born to shop." Meditate on this revelation of what drives our culture. Compare it to Rabbi Abraham Heshel's advice who said, "Forfeit your sense of awe and the universe becomes a market place for you." We have a choice: Awe or Shopping. But awe comes from the universe, not, unfortunately, from what drives our economic systems so bent on addicting us to consumerism. Know that you were made
Page 305
for great things—to be a citizen of the universe—not for trivial things, to be a consummate shopper. As for drugs, my experience listening to persons who use drugs has taught me that there are three basic reasons why folks indulge. First, to experience transcendence, to get high. There must be other, cheaper, less risky ways to get high. There are. From mountain climbing to desert hiking, from sweat lodges to sundances, from rave dances to Techno Masses, you have every right to get high. Life itself can be a high. But we need to find ways that come from inside you not from outside. A second appeal of drugs is to numb the pain. So much pain envelops so many peoples' lives these days. The mystics all say "Go into the pain." It has something to teach you. It can be a teacher of wisdom and compassion and the big things in life. Find a peer group that can go into the pain with you. Drugs prevent you from learning what pain has to teach you. A third appeal of drugs is that "everyone else is doing it." But this is the weakest reason of all. How adolescent can we be, doing things because we'll be outcasts (supposedly) if we don't do them? Who wants to hang with a group who judges us by what we conform to rather than by what we choose to do. Morality is about choice, not about conforming which is so often a refusal to choose. Hitler succeeded in part because people went along with what others were doing in supporting him. To be moral is to make your own choices, not those of others. Of course, another reason for doing drugs and alcohol is that one gets hooked, one gets habituated or addicted. But a smart person knows when she or he needs help. Help is available. Habits can be changed. Seek help if you need it. Don't waste your talents, your health, your life, by getting hooked and surrendering to your fate. Get smart! Get your life back! Stay true to the child inside of you. The mystic child. The divine child. The Christ child. Don't become an adultist. Seek to make community wherever you are. Have fun! Hang out with artists and others who don't have all the answers but are not afraid of getting their hands dirty looking for the questions. Develop an inner life. Know paths to joy and learn the secrets that the darkness has to teach you. Love the earth and all its creatures. Learn how late our species has arrived and therefore how humble, i.e., close to the earth, we should be. Learn to live ecologically on this planet and in it. If you can't be vegetarian, at least cut out most beef eating. And give birth daily!
Page 306
Image not available. From Wendy Freeman, M.Ed. the director of the career development center at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington This is a book of stories, hopes, dreams, and advice from members of learning communities all across the United States. This collection of caring contributions has been gathered over several years to formulate this letter of love for you. You are our living legacy. If you remember nothing else from this book remember who you are, a gift to this life, learners, shapers, creators of the future. As you stand at the threshold of living your truth, see yourself stepping into your own brilliance—talented, creative, bright, caring, confusing, funny, different, beautiful, uniquely valued and needed in the world—it is easy to forget who you are in the face of the challenges that come to you. Remember that along with the responsibility of this next step come the power and rights of full membership into the community. You are not alone or without resources even in those times when you experience aloneness. Sometimes when things become difficult we experience fear. Embrace your fear and awaken to your power. There are people and communities and a planet that wait for your magnificence. You may never know how many people will be affected by your life. You can expect that this life will take all the love, energy, care, and compassion you can muster. As Susan Griffin says, "feel the fear and do it anyway." Sometimes we get stuck in the past. Many of us may see ourselves as the effect of what has gone on before, victims of life circumstances and painful history. Remember the past does not equal the future. You may have to walk a different path. Some people in your life may not understand and you may encounter disapproval. You cannot love yourself and approval at the same time. Let go of your judgment of yourself and others and your reward will be a future filled with freedom and possibility. The essays and the letters in this book draw from all areas of life and speak to many aspects of health. You may find yourself exploring the resources of your mental body, your physical body, and your emotional body. You may come to think about these aspects of your health as members of a welltrained, wellprepared "ground crew." Just remember to take your orders from spirit. Follow your spirit without hesitation. There is a song by Steve Winwood that says it best in "Reach For The Light." Reach for the light to capture a star Come out of the darkness and find out who you are.
This book begins with you at the center and moves outward until it reaches into the community. It begins with who you are, what you value. Then it moves on to the ways in which your thoughts, attitudes,
Page 307
and beliefs shape the ways in which you move into the world. The book asks questions about the ways you are caring for yourself and then caring for others in relationships. It also explores the larger relationship of community and our relationship to the earth. Finally, the book presents service as a continuing step toward life long health and happiness. We are the chroniclers and messengers of what has gone before you. You are the authors of the future, the hope of things to come. Choose wisely, be healthy, and know that you are loved. Reach for the light. Image not available. From Ron Glick, Ph.D. a specialist in substance abuse prevention and professor of sociology at Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago For many years my work as a sociology professor at a state university in Chicago has included teaching the sociology of drug abuse to undergraduates. I have also been the academic advisor to a substantial number of substance abuse professionals and have coordinated or directed substance abuse prevention "curriculum infusion" programs where college faculty integrate prevention content into courses they regularly teach. I know from existing research and from my own work that too many of you put yourselves at risk by heavy drinking, or, in some cases, use of other drugs. I also know that you do not believe this is true. There is a clear relationship between sexual assault or acquaintance rape and heavy drinking, between academic performance and heavy drinking, and between violent behavior or DUIs and heavy drinking. The risks are real, and I hope you will decide that these risks are absolutely not worth taking. There is substantial research indicating that correctly perceiving risks will lead to change in behavior. But I also would like you to reconsider heavy drinking and the use of other drugs because such behavior doesn't fit your view of who you want to be. I want you to have an image of yourself—of who you are and who you are becoming—that is confident and selfaffirming. I want you to feel confident about yourself in a social setting so you do not need alcohol to feel at ease. I want you to feel strong about who you are so you won't need to drink to fit in. I want you to experience equanimity within yourself and with others so that you feel less stress, and, when you do feel stress, to know ways to relieve it that will not involve alcohol and other drugs. I want you to feel good about who you are so that your life will not be characterized by depression. I hope that when you feel down you will work on your issues and not avoid them through substance use.
Page 308
I hope that you do not become overly competitive and isolated from others—conditions that are bound to bring stress and emptiness and leave you open to artificial escapes. I would like for you to cherish your place as a caring member of the community. As a faculty member I am keenly aware that college is a time for development of your mind. Myself and most of my colleagues care just as much about your development as a strong, confident, and caring participant in our society. The process will be smoother as you avoid the harmful abuse of alcohol and other drugs. Image not available. From Kenan Heise an author, poet, playwright, columnist, and founder of the Neediest Children's Christmas Fund Dear Young People, Let me share ten offthetopofthehead reasons for living beyond any and all thoughts of taking one's life: 1. Even given the strongest reasons, such a solution is a little too final. 2. It can be fun to get older and give younger people advice on how to live their lives. 3. You will never really be alone if you can huddle with your integrity. Even if you feel you have lost that, it is something you can regain; and there is help for depression. 4. Sometimes our burdens seem too heavy to bear. We need to believe that things will get better. 5. Potential grandchildren would not like you doing it and you might like them. 6. There are an awful lot of good books you will never get a chance to read. 7. You would be pleasing the wrong people. 8. There are other, and much better, ways to resolve your problems. 9. If you, at least at one time, thought the mall was great, wait until you get a chance to travel. 10. Please don't. Image not available. From Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C. president emeritus of the University of Notre Dame Dear Young Men and Women: Many concerned adults today often say that this current generation of young people are going to hell in a basket. I don't believe that. I have spent all of my adult life working with young people, men and women, mainly the students who have attended the University of Notre Dame, with whom I have lived and worked. In my recent book, God, Country, Notre Dame, I said that the worst thing that
Page 309
young people can hear today is that everything is going wrong and that they, themselves, cannot make a difference. I believe the very opposite is true. I don't deny that young people today are tempted in multitudinous ways and especially by enticements to indulge in drugs, alcohol, and sexual promiscuity. The temptations are there but the ideals of young people are as good, if not better, than they have ever been. Here at Notre Dame, 75 percent of our students indulge in personal service to those in need. This dedicated service is at the heart of what Christianity means: "I was hungry and you give Me to eat, I was thirsty and you gave Me to drink, I was in prison and you visited Me, I was homeless and you took Me in, I was naked and you clothed Me." When three quarters of the student body are committed to these ideals and practicing them, they are making a better world, not a hopeless one. My advice to all of you is that you can make a difference through dedication, a good education, and fidelity to your ideals. You will indeed make a difference and we will have a better world because of your lives. All young lives are full of uncertainties and moral ambiguities. However, my best advice to all of you is to remember that when the Lord was sending His apostles out into the whole world to spread the good news, He told them, "I am not going to leave you orphans." Nor will He leave any of us "orphans" today if we accept His promise and call upon the Holy Spirit for help. It is so easy. All you have to say is, "Come, Holy Spirit." Every time you are perplexed, every time you are tempted and need strength, every time you are faced with a strong temptation to despair or give up hope, "Come, Holy Spirit'' will bring you all the light and strength you need. The Lord has given us this wonderful prayer, calling upon the Holy Spirit for light and strength. If we only make the call, we can be sure that we are no longer "orphans." We are the people of God called upon to make a better world. Begin doing it by creating within ourselves, with the help of the Holy Spirit, a much more positive and secure spiritual life. The three great theological virtues that bring all of us to God are faith, hope, and charity. Most of us have the faith from our parents and that is a source of great understanding in a muddled world. We can all have hope, too, because the Good Lord has promised that He won't leave us orphans. But love is the greatest of all and love is best shown by reaching out to those in need. I have great confidence in young people today, if only they will reach out for the spiritual help they need and there is no better way of reaching out than that wonderful brief prayer, "Come, Holy Spirit." May the Holy Spirit guide and fortify each one of you so that you may make a difference—beginning with your own good life.
Page 310
Image not available. From Betsy Hull who enjoys country living in Michigan I was never afraid of the dark. I was never afraid of the noise. I was never afraid of dogs or snakes. I was afraid of what wasn't there. I was afraid of the empty hole.
This is the beginning of my autobiographical poem written in 1991. The "empty hole" is me. The "empty hole" is who I was inside. Who I was to myself, not necessarily to others, but certainly to myself. I had very little selfworth. I was attractive, intelligent, fun, and talented, yet I felt none of those things. I only felt inadequate. I was a girl and I believed that boys had greater value. I do not feel that way today. And if I had the chance to tell this generation only one thing it would be this: Whatever it takes, learn to love yourself. Over the years I would hear and read a lot of good advice about personal growth and happiness. I was never quite able to grasp the technique for "finding happiness," or to finish the "three simple steps to fulfillment." However, one of the suggestions I kept hearing and reading about was to ''love yourself," because, I would read, until you love yourself, you will never be able to truly love anyone else. When I was young I had an outgoing personality and found it easy to meet people (and always left a good first impression). I loved everyone, and I loved being with people. At least I thought I did. I thought I was a sensitive and caring person who genuinely loved everyone "equally" and "unconditionally." In truth, that is what I wanted to be: I discovered that I was only going through the motions (in order to impress people). The truth was, I "needed" to be around people all the time in order to feel ok. It was important for me to be liked and I spent all my energy on doing everything I could to please people. I wasn't loving them, I was desperately needing them to love me. I did not like myself, and no matter what I did I couldn't seem to change how I felt about myself. That is, until someone told me how. I have always had a strong faith and a deep spiritual connection. I knew in my head that God loves me. I also knew that I was worth more than I was giving myself credit for, and that I was a lovable person. I just didn't feel or believe it in my heart. What helped me to move that head knowledge into my heart was the suggestion that I find a picture of myself when I was a little child, frame it in a colorful, attractive frame, and place it somewhere in my home where I would see it every day. I have pictures of my loved ones all over my house and I look on them daily. Whenever I do, I think of each one and feel warm and happy to have them in my life. It was suggested that I look on myself in the same manner and to learn to have those same feelings about me. Stepping out in
Page 311
faith, I found a cute picture of myself when I was a small child and I framed it in a satin frame with primary colors: sunburst yellow, runaway red, bright blue, vivid green, and invincible purple. The frame also had a perky little clown perched on the top that was made of the same colorful satin. The frame had been a gift from a wonderful friend and I believe it helped to have my picture in a frame given to me by someone I loved. I looked at that adorable picture every day and tried to feel the same way about her as I did about the other adorable pictures on my wall of my children and my nieces and nephews. It wasn't easy including myself in those warm loving thoughts. But I persisted. A short time after I placed my little child picture on my dresser, I became a grandmother. When pictures of my grandson were given to me, I decided to place them in my car on the dash so I could see them whenever I drove my car. Every time I glanced over at those wonderful pictures of my grandson, I would feel such love and joy. It wasn't long before I added pictures of my best friend's two little girls, and my youngest daughter who was still living at home. One day I had been showing my friends pictures of me depicting my growing up years that I had put into a scrapbook. Included in this scrapbook were infant and toddler pictures. The scrapbook also included pictures of me as a young child, an adolescent, a teenager, and as a young adult. There were pictures of me with children of my own, and finally current pictures of me, including some taken with my grandson. After showing the album to my friends, I noticed that one of my baby pictures was separated from the album. Not wanting it to get damaged, but unable to replace it in the scrapbook, when I got to my car, I decided to put it on the dash with the other pictures. What happened next caused a deep spiritual "shift" in my personal growth. As I was driving later that day, I glanced over at the gallery of pictures on my dash and again enjoyed the warm feelings that always came. But this day there was a new picture there, and I looked at the picture of that adorable baby girl (who was me), and I couldn't believe the feelings of love that I felt for that beautiful, innocent, bigeyed little baby. I started to cry, and realized that I had finally "learned" to love myself, to truly love myself. Since then I have noticed that I do not get as angry, I am not always judging everyone, I take much better care of myself, and I have more fun. I once heard someone say: "When you learn to love yourself enough, you will stop . . ." (and they went on to refer to selfdestructive ways we abuse ourselves either physically or emotionally such as smoking and calling ourselves names like "stupid," "ugly," etc.) Now I know what was meant by that statement, and I truly have stopped treating myself badly and started being kind and loving to myself.
Page 312
Image not available. From Kelly Hundt a communications consultant who started Reliance Media Resources to work with small and midsized organizations in Chicago Before starting this piece, I asked the advice of a good friend who has much more experience with writing than I do. She gave two rules to follow: write from your heart and write about what you know. That's the guidepost for my message. I'm thirtyfive and I don't have any children, and I don't know if I ever will, but the chance to contribute in some way to someone's growth, particularly someone in their youth, is an opportunity I always jump at. I now teach a college advertising class, and I'm much more interested in talking to them about life in general than about advertising! For me, college was a very difficult time. I had life's rules backwards at that point, and I was in a foreign environment, lonely and scared. I quickly turned to the two companions that had seen me through previous hard times: drugs and alcohol. I was shy and insecure, and the only way I saw to let loose and to "deal" with my problems was to get wasted. Of course I would recoil in shame the next day at my antics, especially being a female. The double standard was prevalent at that time, as I imagine it still is today. I vacillated between straight A's and not even showing up for classes. I felt I could easily slip through the cracks, and that no one really cared about me. Was I the only one feeling that way? I doubt it. Other people I knew suffered from chemical dependence, debilitating and lifethreatening eating disorders, severe depression, even suicide attempts. These, however, were not things that we discussed in our dorm rooms. In looking back, there are several things that I wish I knew then that could have saved me a lot of headache and heartache. I guess this would be my "advice," although I prefer to think of these as suggestions that helped me that might help you too. Most of it is common sense, but my sense often is far from common, and I need to be reminded of simple things. Take what fits, and definitely leave the rest. Find a mentor who has more experience in life than you for guidance. It might be a teacher, a parent, a counselor, someone from your church, an older brother or sister. I've held several mentors throughout my life, and they've come from several of these categories. They have given me an unbelievable amount of guidance, love, and acceptance. Sometimes it just helps to have a good listener. I like hearing that someone has felt the way I feel, and that they got through it ok, and don't feel that way now. It gives me hope. Find an outlet for expressing your creativity and connecting with a spiritual source every day. This one is tough for me. It's like working out (which is another thing I should probably have on this list), I know I'll feel better afterwards, but it's hard to do it. For me, writing in my journal every day
Page 313
and taking a quiet time in the morning make all the difference in the world. If I don't do those things, I feel like I didn't brush my teeth (brushing your teeth is more good advice). Always be honest about who you are. I could start out every one of these with "This is tough for me," but this one is really tough for me. I want people to like me, and I have a hard time really being honest about who I am. When I'm not being honest, life is hard, and I have a ton of resentments towards other people. I get caught up in diversions like gossip, judgment, and all of those other lovely hobbies. When I'm being honest, life really is easy and it seems to flow smoothly. When I say honest, I mean I'm being direct and speaking the truth. Be curious. Seek to learn from the process, not just the outcome (i.e., grades, degrees, jobs, etc.). I wish I could just do things for the sake of doing them without having to project the outcome. "I hope I get an 'A'," or "how am I going to make money from this" are both funkillers for me. Suddenly the task is about the outcome, and it loses much appeal. I am really trying to just stay focused on being curious about things and experimenting. Be of service to other people. I always thought I should be of service to other people because it's the "right thing to do," but I really love to be of service because it honestly makes me feel so good. Everyone has their gift that they can bring to others. I usually find that I don't even notice I'm being of service because I'm getting so much more out of the experience than anyone else! Trust me, these are not tenets for the college student, these are principles that I want to continue to live. They are valuable to me today, and will undoubtedly continue to be. Some I do a little better than others, but my understanding of each of these areas grows and expands as I get older. One thing that I am continuously struck by in my college class is how bright and open the students are. Where are the apathetic and lazy bunch that I see described in the media? They sure aren't in my class, although it is a city school, and often gets students that aren't able to qualify for more prestigious schools. These students have taught me so much, certainly more than I've taught them. They've taught me that people will rise to your expectations of them. Each and every one of you has a role, a purpose on this planet, and to contribute to you finding that purpose is truly an honor for me. Image not available. From Sister Nancy Marie Jamroz, C.S.S.F. a psychologist and Vice President for Student Life at Madonna University It is love! As St. Paul in his letter to the Corinthians insists, love endures. This is the most meaningful legacy left to all lucky children, to all God's People. Through the years, people have cherished different treasures and tied their hearts and lives by threads of time and effort to pursue their
Page 314
particular treasure. Most of us are aware of people who amass money, material goods, occasions for pleasure, power, and prestige. However, we also notice the glimmer in the eye and the warmth in the smile of the wiser ones who have amassed their fortune in creating moments of genuine joy and intimacy in discovering truth, in sharing with others, in taking time to smell the roses and watch sunsets. These are men and women who have learned that as one lives longer there are treasures that last. Precious moments of ordinary life events like baking bread, flying kites, planting flowers, singing with the birds, blowing bubbles, counting stars, tasting snowflakes, saying night prayers, sharing peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, making lemonade, swinging in the swing, picnicking in the park, raking leaves, splashing in puddles, picking apples, building snowpeople, going to church, coloring pictures, listening to the radio, hugging someone. Yes, love is the greatest legacy. Opening our hearts and lives to love can transform our world by making us God's instruments of peace and love. Then we too can pass on this legacy of love, of peace, as did St. Francis to his followers and all people. Image not available. From Chandra Johnson who works as a campus minister at the University of Notre Dame Dear Young People, What do I tell our children who are Black? When I think of what I would like to say to students who are in college, especially Black students, I am reminded of a poem by Gwendolyn Brooks where she speaks of the diminished existence of children who have been smitten by the ills and deprivations of the world. The poem "What Shall I Give Our Children" takes me back to my own childhood and reminds me of the undoing that had to be done in order to find the privilege embedded in such an existence. A privilege which I label a privilege, but which emerged from much pain and much undoing. But a childhood nonetheless, with vivid memories which propel me each and every day to ask new questions and tell new stories. And I share these stories with our children. There is so much they need to know. There is so much they have never been told and therefore, so much they have forgotten. But their souls remember. In Campus Ministry, I have the privilege of working with the souls of Black folk who have earned their way into universities like Notre Dame, and who hope for a better future for themselves and their children. What I find myself doing is speaking not so much to their brains, but to their spirits—the immortal and divine reality of their best selves. I give them permission to ask new questions and to begin to see themselves in a much more positive light. I give them permission to recreate their destinies. I teach students about God and the Africentric spirit of God. I give life to the God of the Genesis story who walked and talked and breathed on
Page 315
the Black Continent of Creation—Africa. If they lean more toward an evolutionist perspective of human origin I rely on paleoanthropology and the Leakey discoveries in East Africa during the 1960s. I begin here because I believe that all students must be taught the truth about who they are and where they come from. I begin here because we all know and understand that human history is Black history by God's design. This is particularly important for Black students to discover and reincorporate into their selfunderstanding. For people from Africa and of the African Diaspora, this knowledge propels us to a clear and concise understanding of our place in human history. Neither the region nor the tribe nor the dialect are as important as knowing the ontological source of origin—Mother Africa—and those who are reminded of our Africanness every day must perceive and see ourselves as God's first fruit. We are born leaders and exemplars of divine perfection. I purport this worldview not to promote superiority, but to support a worldview of responsibility and inclusivity. As we are all creations of the same life source, we are all responsible for each other. But in order for this to become a reality, Black people, particularly today's Black students, must believe it. Our systems for meaning must be restructured by recasting ourselves as the benchmark of human existence. I tell our children to begin believing by asking new questions. Are Black people the mirrors created by God to expose the souls of those who have amputated and forgotten the Garden of Eden and Tanzania, and our Africentric bloodties? Are Black people the windows through which the essence of the human soul can be observed? Are Black people God's recreation of God's own perfection, and until realized, will humankind continue on its blind journey in search of a providential truth hidden in the spirits and intellects of Blacks? Is original sin the conscious "forgetting" that we're all Black, that we all come from the same earth and depend on the same breath of life? When I pose these questions to our students, it is interesting to observe their psychological and intellectual struggle. But I understand their struggle. It took me being Black and Catholic in America to finally understand the Creation and the gospel stories—they're all about "undoing" and exposing the hidden truth about the very nature of God. We're all God's selfrevelation. We're all God's first fruit. And we're all responsible for living the truth and loving each other toward perfection. And if I, a Black person, can believe that I am a visible reminder of the Africanness of God in all people, then maybe I am the Kingdom builder humankind has been waiting for. What do I tell our children who are Black? Soar, my children! Soar! Reach for what you instinctively feel and know. Nothing can stop you from wanting and striving and getting all that life has to offer. You have strength, power, and divine permission to be leaders and voices in this world. You have now and have always had something to say, so say it now. Say it loud. And say it proud! Nothing can stop you.
Page 316
Image not available. From Kathy K. a design consultant and writer, who chooses to remain anonymous I learned about bulimia in high school, although at the time I didn't know it had a name. I overheard a group of cheerleaders talking about making themselves throw up as a way to control their weight. I was cringing in one of the bathroom stalls, hoping these popular girls wouldn't notice me. I just wanted to be invisible. I was, however, also calculating in my head how it would be to "make yourself" throw up. I'd thrown up when I was sick and it was a disgusting, awful feeling. The idea that forcing yourself to be sick was a technique to become thin (and therefore popular, which I desperately and secretly wanted to be) sounded grotesquely appealing to me. "And you can eat anything you want," the head cheerleader said triumphantly as the girls marched out of the bathroom. I sat stunned in the stall wondering if I had found a dream come true and fantasizing about being included among the "in" group of girls. It wasn't that I was fat in high school. I was tall and average in weight. Most people said I was pretty. At that time, however, I had a very warped perception of my body and how I came across to others. I felt big and awkward and uncomfortable and I wanted to be small and confident and popular. Being bulimic felt like a way of controlling my body. Controlling my body felt like the way to have control over every other aspect of my life. The control I felt soon became a compulsion. I couldn't eat anything without feeling I was going to balloon four sizes. I would throw up everything I ate and because there was never anything in my stomach, I was always hungry. I ate enormous portions and only food that was easy to throw up. I went to different grocery stores to shop because I was paranoid someone would recognize me buying gallons of ice cream and boxes of cookies night after night. If I didn't have enough money I stole food. If I wasn't at home after eating I threw up in the nearest bathroom, be it a gas station or a friend's house. Because I was still living at home when I began throwing up I had to contend with my mother standing outside the bathroom door pleading with me to stop, staring at me with disappointment and fear in her eyes when I emerged from her bathroom, red faced and puffy eyed from vomiting over the sink with the water running to mask the sound of my retching. One night my parents had several couples over for dinner. After we finished eating I excused myself from the table, went upstairs, and proceeded to throw up the lasagna into the toilet. This night, however, when I went to flush the evidence away the toilet backed up on me. I was terrified. Guests were discretely knocking on our only bathroom
Page 317
door wondering if I was going to be out soon. I was on my hands and knees in toilet water and vomit trying to clean up the mess when my father picked the lock on the door with a hanger and walked in on me. This is only one example of the degradation I endured to feel like I was in control of how I looked. Despite the shame and humiliation of being a bulimic (I had soon learned that "that thing I did," as my mother called it, had a name and that it was also considered a "disease"), I held on to the fantasy that I was in control, that it was a temporary choice I was making, and when I wanted to, I would stop it. When I got to college I started drinking and using drugs with a group of other students at the bar I worked at. Obviously drinking and doing drugs was a socially acceptable way to fit in. Sticking your fingers down your throat with your head in a toilet was something that had to be done in isolation. However, alcohol and drugs like bulimia were a way for me to feel like I had control over my feelings—if I felt bad I had a drink, if I felt good I had a drink. Even though I got out of control almost every time I drank. Of course I didn't see that all of it was a way for me to avoid my feelings. I had feelings all the time; I felt like a loser, my life sucked, I was depressed and hated myself most of the time. I joked off any comments about my drinking by saying "if you had my life you'd drink too." I didn't mention the bulimia—that had become my dirty little secret. In 1988, when I was twentysix, I got sober with the help of a friend who was a member of Alcoholics Anonymous. I knew my drinking was out of control almost from the beginning, and that I was out of control when I drank. So when I eventually sought help for my addiction to drugs and alcohol, I could admit that I was powerless and my life had become unmanageable. I was afraid of what drugs and alcohol were doing to me and I couldn't hide the results of these addictions like I could with bulimia. It's been much more of a struggle for me to quit bingeing and purging. The thing that is so hard to let go of with bulimia is the illusion of control. No matter how many hideous stories and shameful situations I still didn't want to admit, even in AA, that I was powerless over bulimia. I didn't want any help with bulimia, I didn't think I needed it. It had been about two years prior to getting sober that I'd been actively bulimic. I had just quit being bulimic but of course I'd replaced it with drinking and drugs. To my horror after about a year of sobriety I began throwing up. I say to my horror because I didn't want to be doing it, but there I was again, my head in a toilet obsessed that I was going to gain weight and lose my control. I didn't realize that all the feelings that were being brought to the surface since I was sober had brought out my addiction to bulimia with full force. In AA I was working with a sponsor and around this time she and I did my fifth step together. I thought it was going along fine, I'd exposed all the exact nature of all my wrongs at least regarding alcohol and
Page 318
drugs. I looked at her and waited for her to say something. "What's the one thing you didn't write about that's still your secret," she said. I thought she knew somehow that I had been bulimic and that that was my secret, but she didn't know, at least not specifically. She just understood that everyone doing their first fifth step has probably left something out, out of fear. It all came spilling out—my bulimia, the shame, my feelings of guilt for being sober and still being bulimic. She said her sister was bulimic and that, although she couldn't help me with this disease, she suggested I go to a meeting of Overeaters Anonymous to be with people who could. For almost two years I went to OA meetings once a week and AA meetings almost daily. I did get help with my bulimia at both meetings. For me working the twelve step program, which is the same in both OA and AA, got me both sober and abstinent from bulimia. Initially I found it easier to discuss the specific nature of my bulimia in the rooms of Overeaters Anonymous but eventually I realized I could openly discuss all of my addictions in AA and that my recovery included my addiction to bulimia. I also began to see a therapist in the first year of my sobriety and began to look at the emotions and attitudes which were at the roots of my addictions. I learned that my alcoholism and bulimia were symptoms of other problems. When I began to get help for my historical and cultural issues that led me to use bulimia and then drinking and drugs to cope and control, I began to heal. For me it has been a process which includes mental, physical, and spiritual healing. The most difficult area for me to deal with in my recovery is my selfesteem. It has taken me a long time to realize how damaged my sense of self was and to begin the slow journey into selfacceptance and further on to selflove. There are all sorts of reasons or theories that explain my bulimia and alcoholism, and these reasons and explanations have served me to a point and brought me to a certain place in my recovery. It was important for me to understand some of the causes that led me to choose being bulimic as a way to deal with my body and my life. By looking back at my childhood and my family dynamics in therapy, I was able to see some of the dysfunction that I had grown up with that I wanted to both control and try to change. AA gave me a whole set of tools and a support group to help me live daytoday as I continued on with my sobriety and my abstinence from bulimia. I am a strong proponent of the combination of therapy and an ongoing support system like Alcoholics Anonymous or Overeaters Anonymous. For me I had to admit my addictions and then have immediate solutions that would help me in the ongoing process of recovery. As I said, my recovery has been a slow and sometimes painful process but it has been the foundation that I've built my life on. I do not feel like the fifteenyearold girl hiding in a bathroom stall wanting to be popular no matter what it took anymore. My sense of myself has been growing and emerging since I got sober although I have had relapses with
Page 319
both bulimia and drugs over the past nine years. I think the most important element to my own recovery has been learning to forgive myself. I wanted to be perfect when I was younger. I honestly believed that I should be perfect and not only that, that I could be if only I could figure out the secret. Bulimia was going to be my method of perfecting my body and its only result was to degrade and humiliate me. It attacked my physical and mental health and in the end it always has controlled me. I have come to a place inside myself where, although I still feel the old struggle, I can accept that I'm not perfect and love myself still. For me it took a community to recover and a willingness to constantly be in the process of recovery. If there is anything I can offer through my own story, it's my enduring sense of hope for myself and for others. Hope for selfawareness and change. Hope for emotional and spiritual healing. Hope for relief from the disease of bulimia. Image not available. From Ron Kalom a retired pizza cafe owner who lives in Taos, New Mexico Different voices speak to different generations. Different voices are heard differently by younger generations. Beginning with such awareness scares me. We are all under mountains of words. Can there be anything to say that you haven't heard before? Are we hearing one another? Dare we depend on this line of small words on the page to address the large problems that challenge those concerned with the future civilization? In the seventh decade of life it feels to me that time is running out and that what needs fixing is more related to our attitudes than to our structures, be they physical or social. But I have no idea how it seems to you at eighteen or twentyfive. To know the significance of being alive and in the prime of life at the birth of a century, a time of millennium, seems a worthy goal and a mighty challenge to me. And, of course, the fear that the words are never that important, never as important to the reader as they seem to the writer, brings the whole process into question. Finding ways to translate the heart so that just one other person might know you from the inside, such is the life force, the force of love. There must be at least one assumption: If you have this book in hand you're willing and able to look beyond these pages for some light, some order, some reason for living another day. It is all out there, waiting for human appreciation. The very same day I received the invitation to write this, a friend handed me an issue of Rolling Stone magazine that featured Tupac Shakur, his life and death at age twentyfive. I forced myself to read about him because so many young people at this moment are attracted to him, and perhaps more so now that he is dead. What he rapped he mapped. The song of his soul became his destiny. And from their safe and secure and
Page 320
proscribed world the youth I know find that Tupac flame both dangerous and portentous, even prodigious. Not many will or can easily articulate just what it might be, but they know Tupac Shakur is seductive. All of this amazes, fascinates, and surprises me. One or two minutes of his rap and I am physically ill and on the verge of deep sadness. My teen experience with music reached a zenith with Les Paul and Mary Ford putting pleasant sound around the question ''How High the Moon?" That was about 1950. Now that the place has been visited, the moon is relegated to the "been there, done that" heap. June, moon, spoon makes no sense today. It is known and no longer has mysterious powers. So I'm left wondering: What is mysterious today, where is the unknown? Is there something more to being alive than expecting death or incarceration? And yet it is crucial that we do not forget the Tupac Shakur rage and aggression. The Rolling Stone article ends with: If we don't pay attention to the Tupac Shakur life (and rap) the America we allow to develop for some will become our America too. Not just for those wretched minority people over there—for us, right here.
I am not a believer in federal and state government programs ostensibly designed for and directed at youth. Only the people in your turf, that is, the people in your daily life, can help you discover what it means to be alive. All this rhetoric about "just say no" and "just don't do it" is both insulting to one's intelligence and negative. If we knew what to do instead of always hearing what not to do, perhaps some of the negatives would fade from our neighborhoods, our streets, our cribs. But where do we find these instructions? Is there a howtodoit book, a manual on how to lead a proper life, a life that will lead to fulfilling the American Dream? Of course not. And what is that American Dream all about in the first place? We hear a lot about it, but no one bothers to explain. First of all it is just that, a dream. The American Dream suggests that if you follow some formula you'll arrive at a station in life where all you need to do is kick back. The dream idea suggests that after attaining a certain level of material success and acquisition, happiness is guaranteed. All of this leaves me cold and sad and confused. Is the message so misguided to suggest that if I drive to KMart in the right car with a goodlooking woman and enough money or credit cards to shop that store clean, I've made it and that's all there is to this journey? First: To important questions there are no easy answers. Second: It cannot be that all youth in this country right now are turned on or off by the same influences. It is certain that any successful mentoring program must find the appropriate mentors for the youth in the program. This suggests that we're all a bit different. Not just male and female or temperamentally different. Not every person will be a willing and successful reader or math student or sports person. Some of us
Page 321
just want to work in the kitchen. Some of us can spend whole days just working on cars. Some of us want to be with younger children making sure they eat and stay clean and take naps. Some of us want to paint, some can and want to sing, others love to be with animals and find out about them and make them better when they get sick. So how do we find out what excites and interests us? Who do we ask? Where can we go to get more information? We need opportunities to experiment, to try this and that, make mistakes, try again and perhaps even again. There has to be some system that allows us to look around, to sniff out the sweet smells, the places, creatures, and things that appeal to us. And even after all this shopping and sifting and sorting there's no guarantee of a find. When we fail that's the time we most need more encouragement not to give up the search. Somebody has to be around to assure us, to remind us of our ability. Don't give up the faith, brother, sister. The road sometimes disappears under water or in a dense fog, but it definitely continues through the temporary inconvenience and hindrance. Keep going. Do not give up. There has to be a new religion, and the basic belief of that faith must be that for every baby born there's going to be a right situation, indeed, a whole sequence of appropriate situations leading to the one that brings meaningful rewards. Human beings are evolving. We've only been out of the caves a short time. But look around. What we've accomplished in the past ten thousand years is impressive. What we've accomplished in the past one hundred years is astounding. There are many people now alive who feel that all this development—all the libraries, concert halls, universities, laboratories, factories, museums—was for nothing. Lots of people are saying "so what." "I don't give a damn." And many just cop out with "Whatever"the ultimate death, death in life. Zombie time, U.S.A. "Whatever.'' That word comes from Kurt Cobain just before he died. And young people pick it up as a mantra, probably because there's no one around to encourage some examination of the possible consequences from this mindless repetition. Ask the question: What does it mean? "Whatever" for some is becoming the response to everything. In other words—nothing matters. But if your life is to matter, then everything must matter, all of us must matter. Your family. Your genius matters. You are needed, more so now than ever before. Your neighborhood needs you. The streets need you. The family needs you. The town and city and county and the whole world needs you. Sharing is everything. We are not on the earth alone though the earth and this life is a lonely enterprise. Be strong within yourself. Not a hard body, or a hard ass. Be strong enough to take abuse without needing to retaliate. Be strong enough to do good works anonymously. Be strong enough to help people even when they don't realize they need help, even when they don't know you're a helper.
Page 322
Figure out ways to get the job done without publicizing yourself. Pause now and then to appreciate the reward in the process of the work. Don't be afraid to feel— deep into your bones. Find others who will also take such a risk. Cry together. Laugh together. Sit together in total silence until the communal pulse of the universe vibrates you out of selfindulgence and into the heart of the matter, all matter. It just feels good to know you made something happen that without you might not have happened—ever. Let the world know you were here. Image not available. From Howard Kirschenbaum, Ed.D. a specialist in values education who has authored, coauthored, or coedited twenty books in values education, professional development, psychology, and history I've been concerned lately about all the pressures in our society that encourage young people to become sexually active at earlier and earlier ages. I'm concerned about this in general, and I'm particularly concerned about how it might affect my seventeenyearold daughter. So, after studying the subject for a number of years, I just finished a book on the subject. The book covers a lot of ground, but let me share one short passage with you. It's from the section called "Everybody Is Not Doing It." One reason people often give for doing something is that lots of other people do it. Obviously that doesn't make something right. A minority—about 25 percent—of the adults in this country smoke cigarettes, and we know they are wrong to do this. We know (and most of them know) that they are hurting themselves and often hurting others. If a majority of people smoked, would that make it right? Of course not. So it shouldn't really matter how many teenagers are having sexual intercourse. If it's wrong because it hurts oneself and others, then it's wrong whether one third of teenagers are doing it or two thirds are doing it. Having said that, there still is something important to be learned from the statistics about teen sexual activity. As it so happens: About one quarter of girls and one third of boys in the United States have had sexual intercourse by their sixteenth birthday. (My book includes references for all these statistics.) By their eighteenth birthday, 56 percent of women and 73 percent of men have had intercourse. A 1992 survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that 54.2 percent of U.S. high school students grades 9–12 had intercourse, and 72 percent (lower for females, higher for males) had intercourse by graduation.
Page 323
These figures are fairly consistent across all races, economic groups, religions, and urban/rural areas, although the timing of first intercourse may vary somewhat in certain cases, with innercity youth beginning a bit sooner, for example. Different research studies come up with different percentages, depending on the timing of the survey, the groups being studied, and how the questions are asked. But reading the studies, it is not hard to come up with the impression that a large majority of teenagers have become sexually active by the time they finish high school— perhaps as many as two thirds of girls and over three quarters of boys. It is easy to understand how people get the impression that "just about everybody is doing it" and doing it happily. This impression, however, is wrong! The statistics are very misleading. First, it is important to realize that most studies define "sexually active" or "sexually experienced" as having had intercourse at least one time. In many cases, that's all that happens. In many cases, a teenager has intercourse once, decides it isn't all that it's cracked up to be, decides it was a mistake, or for any number of reasons decides to defer further intercourse for months or years in the future. For reasons like these, half of ''sexually experienced" teenage women wait almost eighteen months between first intercourse and their second sexual partner, and another quarter wait for almost two years. When you change the meaning of sexually active to mean having had sex in the past three months, an extensive CDC study showed that a much lower 39.4 percent of U.S. high school students are currently sexually active. But even that figure gives an inflated impression, because among those 39.4 percent of students are those who just had their first intercourse, but will not have intercourse again for many months or years to come. To take this into account, if we adjust the 39.4 percent to, say, 33 percent, it means that about two thirds of high school students (and a higher percentage of high school girls) are not sexually active. As it turns out, most teenagers are not doing it! A second point to be made about the percentage rates of sexually active teenagers is that much of this sexual activity is unwilling. Seventy percent of girls who had sex before age fourteen and 60 percent of girls who had sex before fifteen were forced to do so! A great deal of sexual activity among teenagers results from unwanted pressure, particularly by older men. So when we hear a statistic that a large majority of teenagers are no longer virgins by the time they finish high school, we should remember that, in many cases, this was not by their free choice, and many do not remain sexually active. If about one third of high school age students are sexually active, let's say that about half of the young people in the age range you are approaching, eighteen to twenty years, are actively and willingly engaged in intercourse and other very intimate sexual behavior. About half. Is the cup half empty or half full? One could certainly point to the
Page 324
sexually active half and say a lot of people sure are doing it. We've already acknowledged that that doesn't make it right. . . . But the point here is that if half are doing it, then half aren't doing it. That's the point that is so often lost in all the publicity we hear about rampant teen sex. Half of older teenagers are not sexually active and about two thirds of high school students are not sexually active. Think of it. There are millions and millions of young people who are not sexually active and who are leading perfectly happy, healthy and normal lives, having a good time now and having much to look forward to in the future. About 20 percent of teenage men and women do not have intercourse even once in their teenage years. And 73 percent of teenagers chosen for a recent Who's Who among American High School Students reported that they have never had sexual intercourse. These are really important images to keep in mind—the millions of people your age, younger, and older who are choosing to abstain from intense sexual relationships. They are your support group. When TV and movies and MTV and magazine images or email chat rooms or a small group of friends or classmates start to make you feel like you are in some nerd minority if you choose not to have sexual intercourse, remember it just isn't so. There are just as many young people who are going about their lives without sex as there are in the other category. You are not alone! In fact, you number in the millions. Image not available. From Bob Logan a sportswriter and columnist for the Daily Herald My son, Clayton John Logan, died of AIDS on October 23, 1992. Mercifully, Clay was in a coma at the end. He had been in constant pain for months, but never gave up until the last few days, when his body could no longer fight off this vicious disease. He was thirtythree years old, in the prime of young adulthood. Clay was starting to earn respect and recognition as a TV researcher who would dig into network archives until his information was factual and complete. Like me, my son was curious about almost everything under the sun. He used to say he'd inherited my newspaper genes to reconstruct stories instead of writing them. Clay was a big, genial, smiling young man who loved life. Despite the agony he endured in these final months, he never lost hope. We talked about what he was going through after he recovered from pneumonia this summer and left the hospital for a brief respite. The sevenmonth nightmare of helpless watching and waiting shared by me with Clay's mother, Ruth Ann, and his brother, Rob, weighed on his mind. Reprinted with permission of the author.
Page 325
"If you think it will help, tell people about what's happening to me, dad," Clay said one sunny afternoon, not long before his final hospital stay. "Understanding it can happen to their kids should make parents decide to talk about AIDS, and some lives might be saved." Maybe it's just grief taking precedence over common sense when I think about translating Clay's ordeal into something worthwhile. After the anger subsides, I'll try to think of ways to help other families who've lost sons and daughters to AIDS get their message across. All I can say for now is that I don't want another mother or father to go through the torment of watching their son or daughter cut down by this scourge. If there's any way to make young people understand the danger they face, let us for God's sake—and for their sake—start getting through to them. I felt some optimism last month while taking the Daily Herald's AIDS walk through Grant Park with thousands of people. It's too late to save Clay and many good, ordinary youngsters like him, but thousands more of our kids will die if we keep pretending it can't happen to them. Even the endless supply of love and concern parents give their children can't stop tragedy from unfolding once the AIDS virus enters the bloodstream. It's a death sentence. The specialists who kept Clay's ravaged body alive for a few days after his brain had ceased to function told me that nothing on earth could bring him back. But something on earth can save your kids and your friends' and neighbors' kids. It's you, speaking out to rip the stigma and the veil of silence from AIDS, substituting awareness and informed opinion for smug silence. Too much fear and ignorance surrounds this emotional issue. Instead of simply closing their eyes and minds to the facts, parents should realize that AIDS can strike anyone, unless they protect themselves. Until it was too late, I never thought that AIDS would touch my life in such a heartbreaking way. Now I know better, and so should all of you. For Clay's sake, I'm going to speak out. For all of the people they love, parents, husbands, wives, and friends should be aware it's time to stop ignoring AIDS or pretending it's somebody else's problem. The louder our voices, the greater the chance of saving young lives. If Clay could, his voice would join that chorus. Mine can, and from now on, it will.
Page 326
Image not available. From David Marr a high school teacher who is a "jack of all trades, master of none" I would like to speak to you of love, but that has become so difficult in our day. If you love your new car, how do you express your feelings about your mother? What meaning is left in the word after greeting cards and advertisements have converted "love" into an emotional catsup to be poured out on all relationships, have converted the bittersweet, the human, into the banal. But "love" really does mean something. It does not apply to things. I can't love my stereo. I can only love or be loved by another human being. To love someone means that I want for them what is best for them, that I want for them what they want for themselves. At its most meaningful depth, love means that I want someone to become who they can be, that I want them to fulfill their own vision of themselves. And of course, if I truly want this, it must mean that I am willing to help. To love someone means that I don't try to dominate them or manipulate them. I can't love someone if I rely on force or guile in the relationship; no con, no pressure, no threats, no coercion, no selling, no tricks, no lies. That of course is perfect love, and we are not perfect, we are broken human beings simply trying to do our best; but perfect love is our goal and we are never fully satisfied short of that goal. In the world of everyday experience this kind of love is indeed difficult. Not only is it difficult to love others, but it is difficult to love ourselves. To love myself, to be committed to myself, means that I must want to become my own vision of myself, my own highest aspiration for myself, and I must be willing to work toward that. Our culture doesn't even prepare us to think in these terms. When I am asked what I want to become, I usually answer in terms of career; I want to be a lawyer or a physical therapist. Sometimes I answer in terms of census categories; I want to be wealthy or I want to be a professional. Rarely do I answer in terms of my humanity; I want to help create and to live in a caring community or I want to be a successful parent and raise children who are truly capable of loving. We are surrounded with images and messages telling us that the important things in life, the things that can make us happy, can be earned, can be bought. "Life is competitive, you have to get the most out of it for yourself." "Earn a good salary so that you can buy what you want." We know better than to believe these messages, or do we? They have quietly become a part of us, and most of us, most of the time, lead our lives as though these messages summarized our deepest beliefs. Are we happy? Our Christian brothers and sisters tell us, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
Page 327
Our Muslim brothers and sisters tell us, "No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires for himself." All of the lived traditions tell us that our true happiness can be found only in loving others. We have fallen prey to ideas which suggest the opposite, and as we have absorbed these messages we have seen an increase in addictions, depression, suicide. We have not found happiness. Those of us who have fallen victim to addictions and are recovering have had to learn, in one way or another, a simple program of love and service. To regain our health we had to come to see the value of living this simple truth. We found that our lives depended upon this. Your health depends upon that same truth; your lives depend upon it. The best way to avoid being sick is to stay healthy. You will not find health, you will not find happiness, in grabbing, in getting, in having. Health and happiness come from caring, from loving, from serving. Love one another. And love yourself. Come to understand what it is that you hope to become and pursue that hope with passion. Image not available. From Amanda Martin a graduating college student, who majored in philosophy and hopes to pursue a career in broadcast journalism To Find Definition. What do you want to be? Who do you want to be? Inside. What's there? Outside. Holding up, thriving, happy, wilting, healthy? Have you seen it lately? Do you feel the hunger for the real? For the color. For the freedom. Take time to know. Inside. Who are you there? Outside. Challenge: to be someone better, greater, brighter, stronger, beautiful. Easy: to stay ignorant of self, procrastinating conforming brainwashed gray. Look for color. Individual aware bright enlightened knowing self. Touch your core and your feelings, their intensities and colors. So easy to get washed along, especially in college, especially in America. But rise above it, at first inside, then outside. Always in touch with the inside. With your Soul. With your God. With your Self. Then outside. Show the people your light, your personal and contagious freedom and liberation from pattern grayness numbness. Today: take take take. But give. Give to yourself. Give to Nature: enjoy her, respect her, see her. Alcohol drugs money speed, rush one quickly away from self. Take control. Not control hungry, not control freak. Assume responsibility for life. Self. Others. Nature. Actions. Take life, make it your own, embrace it. Love it and hate it and let it break you and feel the pain. Others have gone through far worse and there will be far better for you. Feel. Risk. Intense pain and intense love. Love and strife. Bounce between. Harmony. No one is perfect. Know your flaws inside and don't
Page 328
hide them. Others find reassurance in solid, real people who can comfortably wear their glitches and birthmarks without wincing. Individuals with color. They sing in the shower outside the shower. Would you select a soulmate/friend/lover because they can "shotgun" faster than you? Do ten kegstands in one night? See the little moments. The rose gardens in the breaks of time. Life. Who sees the rose gardens too? Share. Those roses can't be smelled during a night of fast loud drunken fest. Not that those nights never fit. But shouldn't they be rare? Balanced with the rest of life. Understood as a small piece of your mural. It's all about the Self. Challenges wonders heals stretches guffaws struggles. Why take what takes you away, distorts, builds gray concrete walls in front of the roses? Look for the knowing wrinkles in your own forehead above the light in your eyes and the sensitivity of your fingertips. Wait and cultivate. Don't stay on the same plane. Inside and outside. Live nobly. Step up. Struggle. And know it. Breath deeper, smile longer, clap harder, cry with more soul, hold your hand out, look up, stay with yourSelf, make a couple dents, learn, cherish your interests, believe, move, move, move. Have a vision. Remember know move forward sideways up. And sit still sometimes. Have a relationship with You. You are never alone. You are the only one you will have for your entire life. Understand you and move. Inside and outside. Connect. Image not available. From Hank Mascotte founder of Liturgical Environment & Art Design, Inc., in South Bend, Indiana Dear Sara, As you know, every now and then it comes into my head to write you a letter to share a thought and hopefully a bit of wisdom. I haven't done so in a while but something you said the other night touched a spot in me. I have been giving it a good deal of thought and it has been on my mind so that means it's time to write. (You will also get a taste of my computer work.) The thing that you said was "Nothing makes me happy." It struck me at the time that nothing makes me happy either, but I am a very happy person. One of the things I have learned in observing life is that the possession of "things" is a very tricky business. I like a good meal, nice clothes, a warm place to live both physically and emotionally and I have always been blessed with those things. It is also nice to have a car and be able to take trips, to have good health, and be able to read and create, and I have been blessed with those things as well. But if I didn't have those things I think I would still be happy. Thinking about your statement, I heard the readings from Advent about Adam and how God made him and gave him all the "things" he
Page 329
wanted and he was lonely, in a new light. So God made Eve, and Adam was not alone because there was another like him. And I believe Adam and Eve were happy. Happiness is not about things, it is about people, and even more importantly about me. If I say I love you and I think that "I" am a pile of shit, then what I have offered you is not my person, my heart, my love of life—no, I have offered you a pile of shit because that is what I think of myself deep down. This is why a long time ago I could begin to embrace the fact that I am a caring, gentle, kind, creative, thoughtful, playful, quiet giant. These are the qualities that I think make me happy and is what you get when I say to you: I love you! I have no secret formula as to how you accomplish this and I guess that if you stop and think you could say those kinds of things about yourself. It is not what things I have that determine who I am. It is not what other people say to me or about me that determines who I am. I am unique and you are unique and you must discover that giftedness of who you are and embrace it, and if you do, you will be profoundly happy. No thing, no person can make you happy, for happiness is not brought in from the outside, it is elicited from within. We have some great examples of people, in our times, who have everything—wealth, power, etc. and still exhibit behavior that seems to say they are not happy. For me this has always been a lesson that "things" (job, possessions, money, privilege, etc.) do not make for happiness. But how I live with me inside my own skin with all its lumps and blemishes along with its blessings and gifts is where happiness resides. I also know that at times I need to stop and think about those lumps but most importantly the blessings and the gifts. Prayer for me is the day reviewed and the recounting of the things I did not get accomplished but most importantly the things I did accomplish, as little and insignificant as they may be. I also find it a prayer to recount the blessings in my life. Your mother and you are among the biggest. So is Carl and my brother and sisters, and their families. And this is why Gerry is a blessing in my life as is Dale. There are friends who enrich that blessing and all those living and deceased who have touched my life and are a part of who I am today. I look forward to those people who will be a part of my journey yet to come. Another area that gifts me with happiness is my talents. Art and the creative is a gift that at times consumes me and generates a great sense of happiness. My ability to love, to shed tears, to laugh—all things that your mother and I share are a great source of happiness to me. To see life, not just look at it—a beautiful day, a colorful leaf, a gorgeous sunset, a kind deed observed, feeling tired after working in the yard—all of these blessings have the stuff of life and love and happiness. But if I do not drink them in and taste them, they slip by and are lost. So I take one day a month and I go to a place of solitude and I give myself time to stop and think and pray over these things of life lest they slip by and get lost. I am so proud of you. I delight in your accomplishments. I marvel at
Page 330
all that I have done and seen because of you—Ireland and Hawaii and Gerry to mention three. So I felt that I needed to share with you some of my journey when I heard you say nothing makes me happy! You have been a big part of the happiness that I have experienced in life and I wanted you to know that: in the hope that it might spark some thinking that will become a gift and blessing in your life. So I want to make this letter part of my Christmas gift and a part of my Wedding gift. I hope and pray that my life will be a gift to you as you have been a gift to me. I love you. Image not available. From Nancy Shoenenman Mascotte a counselor who is active in volunteer support groups My name is Nancy Larry Mascotte. I've been a psychological counselor for the past twenty years, fourteen of which have been spent sharing the journeys of hundreds of college students. Many of them have been trying to listen for their own lyrics against the din created by societal, family, peer, and self expectations. It's not always easy to be yourself but I've learned from my students, my daughter Sara, my son Carl, and my own experience that the esteem we're all seeking is the product of walking through our fears and pain rather than something that precedes it. Courage and self are discovered in the process. This process can be a bit like standing on the edge of a pool, anticipating the shock of the cool water. The longer you wait, the more the anticipation can grow. Although the subject of the following letter to my son is coming out (mine more than his) in relation to sexual orientation, my hope is that, in sharing it, you will be encouraged to step off the edge into your own life and story. "And the day came when the risk it took to remain closed became more painful than the risk it took to blossom" (Anais Nin). The most important person to come out to is yourself, and then you would do well to heed the words of Thoreau; "It takes two to tell the truth: one to say it and another to hear it," and give careful consideration to who and when you share your truth. Dear Carl, It's Good Friday—a day for stories of pain and transformation. I don't know that I've ever thanked you directly for the gift of your self that you gave me ten years ago when you told me you're Gay. There are times in a parentchild relationship when the student becomes the teacher, and, although you were only twenty years old, you became a bridge for me to a place within myself and the world I never imagined myself going. Even though I had been a "Montessori parent" and believed her philosophy that the child has within them the person they are meant to become, it never occurred to me that, like most parents, I had expectations
Page 331
for and assumptions about you. I never let myself consider that your sexual orientation was anything but heterosexual. Up until this time I had thought of myself as being an openminded and accepting person. Homosexuality was ok in the abstract, but it wasn't what I wanted for my son! I didn't want you to be doomed to the pain and ridicule I was sure would lie in your path. I was flooded for some time with a mixture of thoughts and feelings. I wondered what I had done or failed to do that made you Gay. All the myths and assumptions about the "Gay Lifestyle" that I wasn't even aware I carried began to surface. I found myself fighting the feeling that I was doomed to love you in spite of your sexual orientation rather than embracing it along with all that I love about you. I had known you for twenty years and loved you for your intelligence, creativity, sensitivity, and the loyalty and respect you brought to your friendships. The dissonance this conflict created for me forced me to begin to challenge my unconscious heterosexism. Why would I lump homosexuals according to sexual behavior and not heterosexuals? What did it tell someone about me—my life, my relationship with God and others—to know I was heterosexual? I began to realize I had to learn about homosexuality from homosexuals. But how? I began to realize that I suffered from the same lack of role models I could hope you would emulate as much as you and other homosexual youth must. This accelerated my coming out process. I'm grateful you freed me up by allowing me to talk to others about the fact you are Gay. I made it known to a few people I trusted that I wanted to talk with some homosexual young people that had integrated their orientation in a positive way. I'll be forever grateful to people like the son of a Baptist minister who lost his Navy career and his family for refusing to lie about his orientation for sharing their hearts with me. It took as few years, but somewhere along the line I stopped focusing on my pain and began to realize the inner conflict you must have experienced before you were able to accept the fact you were born Gay. Because of my love for you, all persons struggling to come out to themselves and others became important to me. I want you to know that my work with PFLAG is about asking the world to give the Lesbigay community the same kind of respect and acceptance you've found within yourself. I remember a conversation I had a few years ago with my dad. We were expressing radically different points of view, as we often did, when he started to leave the room in anger. I asked him to sit down again so I could tell him something important. I told him that he and Mom had given me the greatest gift parents could give their children—the courage to be themselves—and that, although we sometimes saw things differently, I would always be grateful they were my parents. This is something you taught me, Carl. You remind me of the words of Kahlil Gibran in The Prophet when he speaks about children:
Page 332 You may strive to be like them, but seek not to make them like you. For life goes not backward nor tarries with yesterday.
I love you, Carl, because of who you are and I am very proud of you. God Bless and Love, Mom Image not available. From Hanoch McCarty, Ed.D. a speaker, educational psychologist, and author of Acts of Kindness: How to Create a Kindness Revolution My friend: I write to you out of my concern for you, for me, for my children, and for the meaningfulness of our world. I am sure that you have seen all around you, the wild, weird, and wonderful world we live in. It's like living in a vast soup of ideas, this moment at the end of our century. So much happens that is good, so much that is dreadful and horrifying, so much that is random or meaningless or without value. It can seem impossible to find one's way through this maze of impressions and messages. I am delighted to have been asked to write a "legacy letter." Recently, I've been writing a similar letter to my own children, based on an old medieval custom of writing two wills: a 'real estate' will, leaving one's real property to one's heirs and a 'spiritual' or 'ethic' will, leaving one's legacy of beliefs and customs, too. This letter is of a piece with that project. Born just as the Second World War was beginning, I've been witness to the worst and the best that this century has had to offer. I was the product of a 'broken home' and know full well what misery and pain those words imply. Angry, bitter divorces hold no surprises for me. I was a very minor participant in the American Civil Rights movement, but from that connection had an opportunity to make a tiny contribution to positive change in this country. I've been a teacher, a professor, an educational psychologist, and an author. I am father to four unique and fascinating children who teach me, every day, in unpredictable ways. I tell you all these things about me so that you have some context from which to judge my remarks to you. Each year, it seems as if the world gets more complicated, more stressful, more challenging. Frankly, I do not envy the current generation coming up today. As tough as I thought my own childhood was, it is easy to find so many people who have it harder than I did. There were drugs then, but we seem to have invented new and scarier ones and found ways of distributing them more efficiently, ensnaring more people than ever before. We did not have even a tenth of the alternatives you do: after school there was ball playing and games outside our apartments and homes or there was radio to listen to while doing our homework. Television came in the middle of my growing up and was much simpler. We had only a few channels to watch and all of it was safe by
Page 333
any standard. Today, you have cable, satellite, and hundreds of channels on which are shows which must challenge every value and every idea you have ever had. Images flit across the screen at a fantastically increased rate. In fact, if you'd like to understand why people over thirty or so often have difficulty watching the same shows as you do, it may be as a result of their early TV training. Television used to change the background, the color, the music, the camera angle, which camera was on, etc. in order to keep the viewer interested. Now, watching MTV or other youthoriented programming, you can see photomontages where images shift many times each second. Since you are growing up with it, you are used to it. You can actually see it. People from my generation can usually only get headaches! This may help you understand why you find some older movies so boring and slow. And those movies usually only hinted about sex, and showed violence in a clearly artificial, showbusiness, way. You are used to intensely graphic, ultrarealistic violence, and a lot of it. Sex, strong language, threats, casual or even random violence, and anger and hatred seem to be commonplace in the media. I worry that these are the images and events which are contributing to your growth and development. I saw World War II in brief, sanitized installments, once each week in the movies. There were shows called ''newsreels," which let us see what the war was like. My own son, now twentyone, saw live satellite feeds from Beirut, when he was seven or eight, and I remember watching this with him when someone in front of the camera was killed by a sniper's bullet. That image is, inevitably, a part of him, for good or ill. I hope you can see why this causes me to worry for you. In my field of training, we talk about human perception. Perception, as we understand it, is not a total, holistic experience. Our perceptions have focuses. We pay attention to one thing while we allow another to become the background. As an example, listen, right now, to the loudest sound that you can currently hear, wherever you are right now. Do this for ten seconds. Now try to hear the quietest sound that you can hear. Were you able to do it? Did your perceptions shift? That's what we call the 'flow' of perceptions. The loudest sound, the brightest light or color, the roughest or smoothest fabric, the strongest or saltiest taste, etc. are the perceptions that attract us and the rest becomes the background. What has this to do with anything? Well, it's exactly what I am worried about: there is so much good in the world, so much of importance to do, so much valuable work that needs to be done, but will you see it with all the noise and distraction going on? My wife, Meladee, and I have written three books on kindness. When we began our first book, people said, "What? Are you kidding? There's no kindness around! Kindness is for wimps. Just watch the news tonight. Only the sharks win!" That's also what I mean. Our news media focus on what sticks out, what becomes the foreground—violence, betrayal,
Page 334
meanness, injustice, death, disaster, theft, lies—it is no wonder to me that so many young people seem to be becoming more cynical and less hopeful about their lives and their prospects for a decent future. Yet, as our research continued, we were startled to find how many, many good people were out there; how many quiet, undramatic, unrewarded and little noticed acts of kindness were being done, every day, everywhere. We do not call these 'random' acts of kindness. No, not random at all. Random acts of violence and senseless acts of cruelty are everywhere in your world. We are finding the opposite, hiding just under the field of our vision: deliberate, planned, thoughtful, consistent acts of kindness, done by ordinary people without being forced or ordered to do so. And with no hope of reward or public notice. We learned that, if you just look for them, kindnesses abound. They have become part of the background that most don't notice while paying attention to the flashy negatives we've been programmed to see. Recently, there were major floods in Northern California where we live. The media showed us the disasters in great detail and, almost as an afterthought, lots and lots of stories of bravery, of unselfishness, of people risking life and limb to help other people. A local TV traffic helicopter pilot and his cameraman saved a dog stranded on a roof. Thousands of teens volunteered to help repair and maintain the levees. For every young person out robbing a store, there are thousands who are simply good people, with positive intent and lots of energy and talent, ready to give of themselves to help others. We've seen young people volunteering to read to senior citizens in retirement homes. We know a twelve year old who raised several thousand dollars to help the survivors of the Oklahoma bombing. We met a sevenyearold boy, who, on his own, raised hundreds of dollars to help build a new wing on a hospital. In Judaism, there is a concept called, tikkun olam, healing the world. We are taught that each of us has responsibility for healing the world. And that each act of kindness that we do is one small but essential step in that process. It's easy to think you cannot possibly make a difference with all the huge problems that loom and menace. I don't know if I can change the amount of hunger in some country that's far away from me. But I can make one family less hungry tonight, can't I? Our family has a tradition, for example, of buying twice as much as we need at Thanksgiving. Then, before we go home to cook for the holiday, we stop at a local hunger center and donate a complete holiday meal so that there will be one needy family eating as well as we. It's one way of helping our children understand our connection to and responsibility to others in this world. We are grateful that we can afford to do this. You don't have to do grandiose things in order to make a difference. Each small act adds up. You will have a ripple effect. Notice when you are kind to anyone how they react. Most of the time, they soften, become gentler, don't they? They smile. They seem more open to you. You see? You can really affect others for the good.
Page 335
What does this mean? I want you to look around yourself. Past the media images you've been conditioned to see. Past the sarcasm, cynicism, and negative expectation that fills so much of television and the movies. Look. If you open your eyes and become fully awake and aware, you'll begin to see hope, hope everywhere. Good people. Things worth doing and people who need your help. You'll see places where your energy and your talent and your time and your own hands could make the difference. Life is good. Life does have meaning. Life does have purpose. There will be a chance for you to make a difference in your own life and in other's lives—if you don't turn off and tune out. Three days ago, I received a phone call from a teenaged girl, living in a Southern state. She'd read my name in a book which reprinted one of my stories. She took a chance and called me. She's starting a group of teens who will reach out to adolescents in prison to let them know that someone does care for them, that they are not forgotten. She called me to get advice on how to do it successfully. In our conversation, I discovered that she, too, had suffered from some abuse, some difficult times. Yet, despite that, she's decided to use her energy to help others. Every day something like that comes my way. Something to restore my faith, rebuild my hope, give vitamins to my spirit. The Dalai Lama once said, "Kindness is my religion." An ancient Hebrew sage, Rabbi Hillel the Elder, said that acts of kindness were the core of Judaism. Jesus said, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." In human history most of our sources of wisdom, insight, and inspiration have come back to that essential element, the decision to act kindly, selflessly toward one's fellow human, as the main part of how to live a good life, a life of value and worth. I am not asking you to do big things. Although, if you want to, please do them! No, I am simply pointing out that there are thousands of little things begging to be done. Tiny acts of kindness that, if done consistently and with a good heart, will inevitably change the world, heal the world. Anne Frank said in her diary, "How wonderful it is that no one need wait a single moment to start to improve the world." In the Talmud there's a story about three men in a boat, tossing on the ocean. One begins to drill a hole in the bottom of the boat. The other two begin arguing with him, demanding that he stop drilling that hole. "What are you so concerned about?" he asks them, "It's only a hole under my seat!" We are all in this boat together. Come join me, my friend, row a little, bail a little. You'll help us all get where we're going.
Page 336
Image not available. From Harvey Silver Fox Mette, Ph.D. a Native American Peace Elder and member of the Council of Indigenous Native Americans We are living in the most exciting time in human history! A time to both rejoice for all the greatness and a time to be aware of our self destructiveness. This is an age when the souls of all humans are in direct relationship to each other, a time when each person's activities affect all others. It is a time to celebrate and a time to be alert to the dangers of our actions as individuals and collectively. Never has there been such direct relationship between all the varied cultures of the people of the Earth. Technology awakens us each and every day with available knowledge of other peoples. There is plenty for all of us, yet the plenty is not shared with all! There is much information being dispersed to encourage those who have much to share more and more. It is important to look at our scientific age, viewing the positive benefits—yet acknowledging the dangers. The excitement of this time in Earth's history is the realization of the interrelatedness of all! One with all that is. A fearful reality is that we have the ability to share the means among all or to destroy ourselves. I see not only a dream but a positive reality! Little by little our awareness grows. Sharing is occurring. Peoples are unifying. Though there is greed and warfare, degradation and the death of many—a great new awareness is developing. Learning from the past, humanity is now in communication from all directions. The great grabs of empires are breaking up into smaller nations with each being allowed to express its own identity, uniqueness, and way of life! Individuality is growing. In the midst of destructiveness—humanism is developing. Polarities of greed and caring are balancing. Corporations and colonizing are being questioned and held in check by the rapid dissemination of information about their endeavors. Thus many dehumanizing and lifethreatening projects and programs, though begun, are never completed or actualized. People with People and People to People is publicized with more and more awareness catching the interest of others. I foresee a time when the humans have come together in balance. We choose to live in a time in the circle of life where all are cared for, when the Earth to which we all belong is allowed to achieve Her healthful beauty. The humans honor all of life, thus the natural world provides a lush environment and we live in harmony, enjoying all the technology without being destructive.
Page 337
Nation shares with nation as individuals learn to share. Share in vision, means, and love. We are in the process of knowing what is happening on Earth—and caring! The doom and gloom is being overshadowed by the coming together of all peoples as one human family. Our young people and each new generation has the opportunity to be in charge of their lives and refrain from that which is not good for them. What is not good for one individual affects all of humankind. They will welcome all life, in balance, to assist Mother Earth in her healing so that all individuals will prosper in relation to all that is! Love and beauty will abound! Image not available. From Suhayl J. Nasr, M.D. an expert in mood and anxiety disorders and Consulting Psychiatrist for several universities and counseling centers In the twentythree years since I started in psychiatry, I have witnessed the explosion in knowledge about the brain, its endless connections, and its ability to regenerate itself, to organize data, and to become the best investment we have. In the Industrial Age, we had to develop our body to do the tasks needed for survival and growth. We are now into the Information Age where we have to develop our brain power for survival and growth. Alcohol and drugs of abuse reduce your brain power and put you at a disadvantage in life. We are learning that we can override the genes that we inherit by leading a healthy lifestyle of food, sleep, exercise, work, prayer, and intellectual stimulation. You have to work hard to keep control of your life and realize your dreams. Remember the example I gave you about timing your exposure to various developmental tasks like dating, going away from home, drinking, watching certain movies, etc.? I used an example from football since we were on our way to a Notre Dame game. To score a touchdown, the quarterback has to throw the ball at the right time to a receiver who is open at the right place and time. Both have to prepare and practice often for this one moment. The other day, I heard a simple statement "Faith is caught, not taught." I realized one more time that you have to be on alert always to grow spiritually and socially. You have to keep a balance between your level of physical activity and rest; a balance between your pursuit of outward excitement and inner soul searching and meditation in peace; a balance between your food intake and your energy expenditure; and a balance between your selfexpressions, independence, and individuality and remaining true to your family, social systems, and values. When you
Page 338
are diligent in this daily balancing activity, you will find it easy to catch that pass, that faith, that opportunity. My daily prayer is to ask God to keep His Hand in my life. I hope you will ask for the same. Image not available. From Sarah P. a physician who chooses to remain anonymous When I was nineteen I thought I owned the world. I was in search of the allAmerican dream. I lived on the fast track for years as a successful physician, until my life came to a dead halt. I lost my family and big pieces of myself because of my reckless drinking. I almost lost my license to practice medicine. I never understood how my life was slipping away as I worked, financially excelled, and drank. I didn't get to know myself and others because of my love affair with the bottle. What began as social drinking in college slowly escalated into pain and despair that a fancy house in the suburbs couldn't soothe. I blamed my problems and discontent on others who "didn't understand me," until I ran out of people to point my finger at. I am very grateful to now have this opportunity to tell young adults what no one ever told me about the insidious effects of drinking. So much of what I studied and quested for in college and medical school didn't feed my soul, didn't nourish me in my deepest places, and connect me to life in a way that caused my spirit to leap with joy and say, "Ahyes"! I focused on relaxing over a few glasses of wine and numbed myself during most of my leisure and recreation time. I learned to be charming, fun, and sarcastic and was considered the life of the party. I didn't make time or sober room for my deeper needs for relationship and compassionate caring. I now know that I have always carried within me a waiting vessel that calls to be filled with experiences and recognitions that feed my heart and spirit. When this vessel is being filled it vibrates with the rightness of my experiences and yearns for more. This yearning lights the fires of my life. It is what now moves me to seek out the eyes of my beloved mate, it is what causes me to gasp as the sun dips behind an indigo mountain, it is a leap in my heart when a child reaches up for my hand and the inside humming I experience as I work in my creativity. It is an instinctive yearning for connection, aliveness, companionship, contribution. It is the outward expression and recognition of the best in me. It is the soul spark that gives me a personal life thumb print. It is the sure and certain knowledge of my right to air space on the planet, in this moment in time. When I stopped drinking and running from relationships, my soul needs were finally met, I was filled with a safety that can't be taken away. This sacred internal place has special needs that cannot be compromised.
Page 339
Absolutely nothing except truth, honesty and substance will nourish, restore, and protect my vessel of soulful life. Relationships in sobriety carried the key to my soul growth. I saw myself through the eyes of fellow humans. Parents, friends, lovers, and patients provided the mirror of my wonder. All humans carry a spark of divinity that was meant to be duplicated and shared in a continuous and evergrowing circle. As the fire is lighted time and time again from one to another the roots of unconditional purpose and safety are anchored. "Yes, I am of value. Yes, I will be safe in a deep and untouchable place, as I place my foot lightly into the light and risk of life." The mazefilled and tortuous journey of my substanceand lifeabusing years was only a strangled and thinly disguised cry in the night for nourishment, connection, and true recognition. I write this because I abused substances for over thirty years and no one ever told me what I truly hungered for. No one told me that what I thought was innocent "social drinking" was numbing and paralyzing my spirit. I hungered for you. I needed you to reach out and acknowledge my pain and tell me that I was good and of value. I needed the gift of your mirror and truth to see my own sacred self. This gift came late for me. I wish it sooner and always for you. What you crave is in the divinely human and in the earth. Please stand still long enough to be found. I need you here with me. Image not available. From Beth Parin a student at St. Mary's College, who is studying to be an art therapist Dear Young Person, It has always been my belief that selfrespect and love are what this world needs. People who love themselves tend to respect their souls, minds, and bodies. When young adults go off to college they are embarking on a journey to find themselves. Through this journey many hope to find their inner self, which leads to true love and respect of their whole self. As young adults move away from home they can get carried away in all of the commotion of leaving home, going to a new place, and meeting new people. People tend to forget to take care of themselves spiritually, mentally, and physically. This is because they are worrying if their new peers will accept them. When a person lives her life to impress others she begins to deplete the needs of her soul. One can then begin to feel lost, angry, sad, depressed, or many other emotions. This type of lifestyle keeps a person from feeling in touch with her inner self. It is very easy to lose one's self in the chaos of society. When people feel lost and depressed they look toward other things to lift their spirits. Some
Page 340
look toward other people, material objects, drugs, or alcohol. They may feel that these things make them feel better; therefore falsely leading them to believe they are finding their inner self. Drugs may allow a person to feel as if they are learning a great deal about their self, but they aren't. The only thing drugs do are lead a person to become more out of touch with her true self. The answer to finding your true inner self lies within you. You are the only one who can figure yourself out. Searching for your true self takes a great deal of soul searching. To do this searching, you need to take time out for yourself. Some ideas for getting in touch with your inner self are meditating, reading, writing, drawing, or sitting in a quiet place and thinking. Regardless of what you do, the important thing is that you are taking time to take care of yourself. This can take as little or as much time as you need. It is necessary to remember that everyone needs some time alone everyday. This helps a person to regroup from all of the busyness in one's life. Once you begin to get in touch with your inner self you will be able to make clear decisions about your present and future life situations. After you find selfrespect and love for yourself, it is still necessary to take a few moments to be alone everyday. This is essential because everyone is forever changing and growing. The selfrespect and love we gain from our inner selves will give us the strength to make good decisions and to grow as whole people. Only after people feel love and selfrespect will they be able to truly love others and allow others to love them. Image not available. From Joe Paterno the head football coach at Penn State University The more you give, the better you get. That's something I've always believed. Young people believe me when I talk to them about that. I'm convinced it's because they look at me as a teacher, not just a football coach. That's because I know now a lot more about coaching in its highest sense. I don't mean about techniques, play selection, and game strategy. Above all else, a coach is a teacher, with maybe more moral and lifeshaping effect over players than anyone outside of their families. The job of a teacher is to expand kids' minds by implanting facts, ideas, and ways of thinking. Learning the useful purposes of emotion, commitment, discipline, loyalty, and pride can make a real difference in the way young people look at themselves. Where I grew up, around 18th Street in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, we were taught that ethnic identity was important. Along with it, we soon found out the other guy's religion and family were just as important to him, even though it wasn't the same as yours. Those lifelong
Page 341
values, whether instilled by parents, teachers, or priests, could serve as reliable guideposts. We knew we could trust and believe in people who sacrificed to show us the difference between right and wrong. My father used to tune the radio in our apartment to the Metropolitan Opera on Saturday afternoons, because he wanted us to hear great music. Fifty years later, I still regret having to play football games when the Met broadcasts are on the air. When I grew up in Brooklyn, the tough decisions were made by my family, my church, my school. I knew what I had to do and what I shouldn't do. But now, the rules of living have changed as fast as at any time in history. Today, a sixteen year old has to make value judgments. She or he bears the burden of deciding whether to join in with the group's activities, to turn away or just say no. The new morality is that there are no clear instructions. Everybody wants to protect our kids, but you're not allowed to tell them what to do and what not to do. So I'm glad to see that the kid brothers and sisters—and even the children—of the most liberated Baby Boomers are rediscovering that certain rules make life easier, better, and even more free. Walk into the Brooklyn neighborhood called BedfordStuyvesant and you'll see kids and young men whose lives have been taken over by drugs, booze, hustling, and stealing, because there seems no other way to go. I say there has to be hope. Losing faith and hope is not acceptable, either to human beings or to God. Above all, there's hope as long as young people refuse to lose their vision of the world as it should be, not just the way it happens to be when things go wrong. I haven't lost my faith in your determination and your ability to lead the kind of life that will make your corner of the world a better place. Good luck. Image not available. From Gina M. Poggione, M.A., N.C.C., L.P.C. a counselor and Director of the Office of Alcohol and Drug Education at the University of Notre Dame Dear Young People: What would I like to leave as a legacy to young people? As I think about this question, the faces of my two daughters keep coming to my mind. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest hopes and wishes directly to my children. What I hope for them is what I hope for all of you. Dear Jordan and Taylor: You are pure joy and love. Always remember that. You are lovable, both inside and out. I thank God every day that he put you both into my life. The journey that you have ahead of you is an exciting one. There will be many twists and turns, obstacles and even road blocks. If you need to, rest along the way, but don't let these difficulties stop you. You have the
Page 342
strength within to overcome anything you set your heart and mind to. Always remember you are not alone. You have your family, your friends, and most of all God. Reaching out and asking for help is not a sign of weakness, it is a sign of strength. On your journey, you will experience moments of great joy and peace. Embrace and celebrate them. You will also experience moments of pain and sorrow. Rejoice in them, for they are your teachers. (Rejoice in them??? I can hear your voice now. "What??!") Your pain, difficulties, and challenges are all gifts. They are gifts because through your pain comes your most incredible opportunities for growth. Through your pain comes understanding and empathy for others. If you are unable to feel your pain, you will not be able to fully experience your joy. If you block and try to artificially soothe your pain, you may delay your growth and healing. Face your challenges with everything you have. Never give up. Be strong. Feel. Experience all of life. Rejoice. And always be grateful and hopeful. Focus your energy on the positives in life. Your mind has incredible power. Learn to harness that energy to work for you and for others. Pray. Give of yourself, and you will be given back to tenfold. This, my dearest daughters, is my heartfelt wish for you. You are more precious to me than anything in the world, and as you always say, I will love you for infinity. All my faith, hope and love, Mom Image not available. From Seymour B. Sarason, Ph.D. a professor emeritus at Yale and author of The Culture of School and the Problem of Change, The Creation of Settings and the Future Societies, and The Predictable Failure of Educational Reform The trajectory of our lives today has a number of unpredictable features. That was far less the case earlier in our national history. Nevertheless, there are some predictable features which should not be overlooked by any young person in our educational system, especially at the college level. Let me mention a few: 1. In comparison to when you started college, when you are graduated you will have very different conceptions about yourself, others, and the world. If you are not aware of those differences, you are in real trouble, i.e., your diploma testifies only to tuition paid, examinations passed,
Page 343
and your capacity for selfsecurity nil. Have you changed your outlook about any important personal and social issue? Fairness, justice, tolerance, the difference between facts and truth, ethics, morality—are you aware in a gut sense that these are ''messy" concepts you will and should be coping with over a lifetime because the human mind is our greatest asset and foe? A young lawyer was arguing his first case before the Supreme Court and he kept emphasizing that the court's major purpose was to serve justice. Finally, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes interrupted him and said, "Young man, we are here to serve the law, not justice." Can you fathom the wisdom of that remark? 2. H. L. Mencken once said that for every important social problem—and I would say a personal one as well—there is a simple answer that is wrong. So, when you hear yourself giving simple answers to complex issues, do you hear warning bells in your head? What is predictable is that as you go through life you will find yourself in agreement with Mencken. What is unpredictable is how long it will take you truly to know and believe it, to be mature and wise enough to know that few problems in interpersonalsocial living are "solvable" in the way that four divided by two is a solution. 3. Society says to young people, "You can be A or B, or A or C, etc., you cannot be A and B, or A and C. Decide what is the one thing you will work at over your life time." It is what I call the one lifeone career imperative. The odds are that you feel that you can be more than one thing in life, and you will be correct. That you will feel that way is predictable. What is unpredictable is whether you will have the opportunity, conditions, and courage to change your career path. That kind of change is never easy but it is never easy to go down one and only one path knowing that there are parts of you that were never explored, challenged, and exploited. I wish you the wisdom to know that the genes you transmit to your children are important but less important than transmitting those values, ethics, and outlooks that stamp a person as decent and respectful of religious, political, gender, and racialethnic differences. Image not available. From Jeffrey Shoup director of Residence Life at the University of Notre Dame Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in every city in the country. William Jennings Bryan
In order to make any sense of my words of hope for future generations, I feel compelled to give you a glimpse of my past. I suppose my family is a dying breed. We are, or were, a farm family; the typical Midwestern farm family, nothing special or unusual. Corn, soy beans, wheat, hay, cattle, and hogs surrounded and sustained us. Hard
Page 344
work, tempered by rain, drought, fire, hail, and disease, was the lifeblood of our existence and our neighbors' existence. We were all dependent on the good earth for our survival and the survival of those who partake in our harvest. Farming is in my blood, my genetic code. Although I am now a city slicker, I cannot remove the farm from my self. You see, farming is more than a chosen profession, it is a lifestyle. I still have difficulty sleeping past sunrise or calling supper dinner. When I escape the city and travel back to the farm, I am no different inwardly than my terrier (also misplaced in the city) is outwardly; jumping, barking, sniffing and panting, anticipating the moment when he can pounce from the car and back into life. Farming creates an immense respect of the land and the potential of the land. As our society supposedly becomes more advanced, I see a very disheartening trend, the misuse of the land. As I drive out of the city, I am saddened to see wonderfully rich soil becoming host to new housing developments, while the inner city becomes a wasteland of vacant homes and empty lots. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 675,000 acres of land were annexed in Indiana alone over the past decade. I am afraid that at some point in time, we will need to consider putting farmland on the endangered species list. As I drive to the farm, another disturbing trend is evident, the use of land for waste storage. Landfills rise as monuments of waste and disregard of our natural resources. Wheat fields which were once home to rabbits and quail are now hundred foot high homes to bulldozers and rats. Neighbors buy bottled water, concerned with the impact the landfill has on our huge underground lakes. So what does this have to do with a holistic view of substance abuse prevention? It has to do with the fundamental ability to care. We must begin to care about ourselves, our neighbors, our communities, our environment, and our earth. Caring cannot be about just one of these areas, it must be inclusive of all. As individuals and communities, we need to find ways to reevaluate our use of precious resources, resources that cannot always be recycled. Possibly the most invaluable unrecyclable resource is the human being. We cannot recreate the ones that are destroyed by carelessness. My hope is that we can each focus our energies on appreciating and protecting all of our natural resources. We need to start with self, but cannot forget our global neighbors and our mother earth.
Page 345
Image not available. From Sidney B. Simon a pioneer in Psychological Education, professor emeritus at University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and author of Values and Teaching, Values Clarification: A Handbook of Practical Strategies, and Clarifying Values through Subject Matter It is not easy being sixtynine years old. People expect you to have a wise old brain under the thinning gray hair. I could use more hair and more brain. Well, I'll try to be wise. I have taught for fortynine years. Oh, probably like a lot of you, I taught well before I had a credential. When I was little I taught another sevenyearold playmate how to choke up on a baseball bat so maybe he could swing the thing. One kid I played with long ago took a baseball bat in the temple. I taught him how to hold a bloody tshirt to his head until we could get him help. He was the same kid the bigger boys used to turn upside down, holding him by the ankles so they could lower him through the manhole into the sewer to rescue our ball when it rolled down the gutter and dropped into the pit. He was lighter than I was, and for that I was always grateful to him. Down through the years, teaching year after year, watching students reach for insights and understandings in an effort to make some sense out the chaos and confusion of life, I concluded there were basically three essential things if we were ever to do more than merely survive life. These three socalled rules are simple enough to read. But they are agonizingly hard to carry out in real life. Oh, how hard they are, and there are no easy paths to them. They require rigorous minds and courageous hearts. What do you think of them? Simon's Rule #1. Do everything you can to find out what it is you really, really, really want. Many enticing things will be dangled before you, and you will think you want them. Often, wanting comes in conflict with other values you also want. Those tortuous choices range widely: What to order from a creative menu or taking a job that pays a lot less but that has some genuine social justice gratifications. Always, the question: What do I really, really, really want. This is where Values Clarification comes in, and comes in solidly. I hope you will learn more about that incredible process. Simon's Rule #2. One thing that will keep you from doing the right thing, choosing the right value, living the right life is something hauntingly simple. I think people stay stuck in selfdestructive patterns because deep down, deep down where the soul really lives, they don't believe they deserve better. This is rampant selfesteem stuff. If I liked myself, would I hurt myself, or anyone else either? I hope the point is well taken. Do you believe you deserve to live a richer, fuller, lifesustaining existence? One of my books, Getting Unstuck, talks to this issue. I hope you are a reader.
Page 346
Simon's Rule #3. When in doubt, validate. If you have a choice between criticizing someone and validating them, consider the validation route. Life will give you lots of opportunities to judge others. Negative criticism will become a way of life for many of you. Not only the giving of it, but the receiving of it. I believe our selfesteem is in direct proportion to how much negative criticism we take in our lives. It is hard to think of anything that erodes selfesteem more than negative criticism. Yet, no one can be in any real relationship without sometimes bumping into negative thoughts. I would ask you to search your heart and your connection with that person and see if there are not even more things that you can validate. But have you? Have you? When in doubt, validate. Yes, there is a book out on this, too, a slim and very wise little book called Negative Criticism and What to Do about It. Those are the three rules. They come from this gray hair and wise old brain. Stack these three rules up against all the other wisdom in this remarkable book. You will have to decide what fits for you, and what doesn't. It is a hard task to choose the values to steer our lives by. I remember something my oldest son picked up when he was about twelve years old. He used to say to me in the midst of serious family discussions: " Pop, life ain't no ride on no Pink Duck." What he meant was: On the merrygoround, there are only the lions and tigers and horses that go up and down. The merrygoround also would have little benches for little kids. Do you remember, they were decorated with swans, and usually painted pink? Do you remember it was only from the lions and the tigers and the horses that you could reach for the brass rings. That's the way life is: It ain't no ride on no Pink Duck. It does go up and down, it is risky, and it is there, in the discipline of struggling with the three rules, and "wanting them so badly" you have the chance, yes, and the golden opportunity to win the prize of a zestful existence. May these rules help you get yourself up and out of the Pink Duck and thus to go for what it is you really, really, really want. May you come to believe you deserve it. And may your way of being in a relationship reach for the validation rather than the putdown, the negative criticism, or anything else that would diminish the self esteem of people you cherish and love. After all, when the words are finally said, maybe there are only three rules to remember. Perhaps there's a fourth you think should be included. Risk adding it to your life. I wish you luck in all that is ahead: Try not to let anyone talk you into going down through the manhole cover and into the sewer. Peace
Page 347
Image not available. From O. Carl Simonton, M.D. a pioneer in emotional support and intervention in cancer treatment and author of Getting Well Again and The Healing Journey I am fiftyfour years old and have experienced much emotional pain in my own life. My work for the past twentyfive years is helping people with cancer reduce stress in their lives. The greatest stress in general is emotional distress. The process I will describe is a process that I have used personally and professionally for the past ten years. It is a good process, not a perfect process. I wish that I had had such tools early in my life as I now appreciate that most of my suffering was as a result of the unhealthy beliefs that I held. One of the primary reasons that we abuse drugs and alcohol is that we want to feel better. The objective of wanting to feel better is an honorable one. However we need to find healthy ways of feeling better. One step in this process is to begin to determine why we feel bad in the first place. Most people studying these problems agree that the primary problem in feeling bad is the emotional pain that is created from the relatively unhealthy beliefs that we hold both consciously and unconsciously. Our emotions are always appropriate to our beliefs and sincere thoughts—not to the circumstances, but to our beliefs and thoughts about the circumstances. Since this is the case, we can change the way we feel even when we are experiencing undesirable circumstances. The issues of not belonging and not being supported in our world, and our universe, are overriding issues that tend to cause us emotional pain. Finding a solution to these and related emotional pain are some of the most important issues of life. Escape is one of the easiest and one of the most hazardous answers. It is particularly hazardous because it works temporarily and does not address the underlying issues. What indeed are the underlying issues? They are the beliefs we hold both consciously and unconsciously about the truly important issues of life. The more unhealthy our underlying beliefs, the greater is our emotional pain. Escaping this pain through drug and alcohol abuse as well as other selfdestructive behaviors is one of the primary eroding forces in the world. What are some reasonable solutions? A very effective solution is to identify the responsible beliefs, evaluate their relative health value, then treasure the healthy beliefs and change the unhealthy beliefs to healthier beliefs. How can we do this? C. M. Maultsby developed a wonderful process for identifying problem beliefs and changing them. When you are feeling bad (experiencing emotional pain) you list five beliefs that are
Page 348
producing the undesirable feelings. Then you evaluate the beliefs by asking of them five specific questions: 1. Is this belief based on fact? 2. Does this belief protect my life and my health? 3. Does this belief help me achieve my shortand longterm goals? 4. Does this belief help me avoid or resolve important conflicts? 5. Does this belief help me feel the way I want to feel? A healthy belief will satisfy three or more of these questions and an unhealthy belief will satisfy two or less. Then for the unhealthy beliefs you create a healthier incompatible belief. You then carry the list with you at all times and when the undesirable emotion arises you take out the list and read it. This helps you to appreciate how you are creating the feelings with your beliefs and resultant thoughts. In addition to this, three times a day you relax and imagine the healthier beliefs. According to standard learning theory, the new healthier beliefs will replace the old beliefs and become your new unconscious attitudes in three to six weeks. This will be obvious from the observation that you are no longer feeling the undesirable emotions and therefore no longer pulling out the list. There is much more that could be said about this process but this covers most of the basics. This process is to be used in addition to the other ways that you have developed for shifting out of emotional pain into a healthier state of mind. Common ways are: talking to close friends, listening to music, exercise, walking in nature, reflecting on important spiritual beliefs, recreational activities, etc. I hope this information is helpful to you because your life is important to me. We are all in this life together and what is truly good for one of us is good for all of us. Image not available. From Huston Smith, Ph.D. a scholar of human spirituality and author of Religions of Man, Beyond the PostModern Mind, and Forgotten Truth When, in his late sixties, Aldous Huxley was teaching for a semester at M.I.T., I once commended him for the huge audiences his public lectures were attracting. He dismissed the compliment, saying, "It's because I've been around so long. I have become like Ann Hathaway's cottage. If I live to be one hundred, I will be like Stonehenge." Having myself exceeded Huxley's age of venerability, and asked (as I am in this letter) to pass on what I have learned, I think of another remark he made that semester. "It's rather embarrassing," he said, "to have spent one's entire life trying to learn how to live and to discover that one has nothing more profound to say than, 'Try to be a little kinder'."
Page 349
That remark comes soberingly to mind as I write this letter, for the very thought of giving advice to the young seems like an invitation to make an ass of oneself. So I will skirt advice and simply report. When I was about your age three stars appeared in my conceptual sky that beckoned so strongly that I resolved to live my life by them. Looking back, I think that resolve has helped me. The first star might be named aspiration, and Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The Explorer" did as much as anything to fix it in place. There's no sense in going further, So they said and I believed them, Built my barn and strung my fences In that little border station tucked away among the foothills Where the trails run out and stop 'Til a voice as bad as conscience Rung interminable changes On one everlasting whisper, Night and day repeating, so: "Something hidden, go and find it. Go and look behind the ranges. Something lost behind the ranges. Lost and waiting for you. Go!"
That poem has served as a kind of watch dog for me, alerting me to the danger of settling for too little in life. The second star by which I have steered is the world's wisdom traditions—the great enduring religions that have been my life's work. Not everything in them is wise. Modern science has retired cosmologies and historical changes have rendered many of their social guidelines obsolete. But on two questions—what is the nature of ultimate reality, and how can human life best be comported in its context—I find nothing outside them that rivals their profundity. I begin each day by reading a page or two from their sacred texts. It's like running one's hands through the friable soil that I create by composting. Third, I try to keep my wits about me. The key to intelligence is discrimination, and the most important distinction that life affords is between the real and the unreal. The everyday, prosaic world presses on us so constantly that it is easy to be duped into thinking that it is foundational, real, instead of the tissue of shadows that Plato and all the great religions tell us that in fact it is. Everyday reality corresponds to the Newtonian world of science. Newton wasn't wrong, but quantum scientists have discovered a deeper structure in nature on which the world our senses report floats. Trying to fathom the fundamental, quantum world of the spirit, and adequate my life to it, has been my lifelong quest. I hope that yours will be as exciting.
Page 350
Image not available. From Tim Tobin a mountain guide and climber from Jackson, Wyoming Dear Young People, Take the time to listen to others Really, really listen to what others are saying By listening we create a space for understanding each other If we begin to understand one another We can open a space up for love and compassion Value all life, plants, animals, insects, and everything Including yourself and others Stay awake and don't be afraid to live Be here now Don't be afraid to open up your heart and love this world If you don't, who will? If you do these things you will suffer less Image not available. From Patrick Utz, Ph.D. professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame and director of the university counseling center Dear Young Person: I have worked for twentyfive years with college students at four different universities. When students come or have been sent to my office with concerns about their alcohol use, one question always seems to be central—Do I or don't I have "a problem"? You have probably heard of a number of ways that you might assess your alcohol use. Here is how I suggest that you ask and answer that question for yourself. A few years ago, I was watching a New Year's Day football game at one of the major bowls. At halftime they played clips of the players greeting their families and friends. At least one player said something like "Happy New Year to my best friends Jim Beam and Jack Daniels." This was intended to be a joke and I'm sure many found it funny. My reaction was that they really were describing the relationship that many people have with alcohol—it has become their "best friend"—they actually have a primary relationship with alcohol. Primary relationships begin in a variety of ways. For some, it is "love at first sight." For others, the relationship begins more slowly but becomes equally powerful. Primary relationships take hold of us, consume us—at first we think about the person when we want to, soon we think about the person all the time. Our lives soon center around a primary relationship—we live for each other. Even short periods of separation are painful. We plan and connive
Page 351
to find reasons to be together. The expectation of a five o'clock date will lead us to count the minutes of the afternoon. We are often willing to give up everything for a primary relationship. Our family may not approve, we may have to move and change jobs, we may even have to change our lifestyle—no sacrifice is too great. But most of all, we begin to feel "most ourselves" when we are with this person. Our jokes seem even funnier to us, we find ourselves smiling and laughing more. It's like an elixir—if only we could "bottle the moment." After years of working with many people with alcoholrelated problems, I have concluded that one way to differentiate those who have major problems with alcohol and those who do not is on the basis of that person's relationship with alcohol. If you have questions about your drinking, I suggest that you ask yourself if you have a primary relationship with alcohol. A number of people have said to me that they knew after the first time they had a beer that this would be "a big part" of their life from that moment on—love at first taste. Another said that they can remember "like it was yesterday" the first time they had a drink. They recalled the setting, the details, who was there, etc. Others describe their problems in terms of a growing relationship. "At first I was a social drinker—then one cocktail became two or three—then four or five." Without realizing it alcohol had become a "love of their life" with the relationship developing over a period of years. I once asked a person how often he thinks about alcohol. The response was "other than when I am sleeping, it would be easier to talk about when I don't think about it." Alcohol can be an allconsuming love. Once the relationship has begun, drinkers connive to find reasons to drink—"let's celebrate the fact that it's Tuesday." Any reason to have a drink is sufficient. Counting the hours before five o'clock becomes routine because "It's not a problem for me—I don't have to drink and I don't drink every day." It's always better to tell ourselves that we are free to leave a relationship if we really want! The illusion of freedom covers the compulsivity of the behavior. "I could quit drinking tomorrow if I wanted to" is often the cry of a person who knows that she or he cannot live without this relationship. And then there are the costs. A partner leaves, children are hurt and feel rejected. No cost is too great. "I can always find another job." "The bar crowd is much more fun than our bridge group anyway." But most of all, people love the way they are when they are with their friend—alcohol. They feel funnier, do things that they would be ashamed to do when sober, and dread going back to being "alone." Even when the relationship turns sour, with the bad times outweighing the good times, the relationship is still protected with the belief that the good times will return. There are so many ways for you to think about how alcohol fits into
Page 352
your life. I suggest that you ask yourself, what is my relationship with alcohol? Where does alcohol fit in my life? Am I really talking about something that is part of my life or something around which I build my life—until death do us part? Image not available. From Dominic O. Vachon, M.Div., Ph.D. a psychologist and professor who focuses on the psychology and spirituality of caring Dear Friends, I am both honored and nervous about writing a legacy letter to you. I am honored because I would like to give you something which might be useful in your journey. But I am nervous because I want you to receive this as a gift and a sign of my care for you. In our society, we preach at young people a lot more than we listen. We tend to want to be honored by young people rather than showing you how much we honor you. I want you to know as I write this letter that I believe your life is rich and worthwhile. I hope people will honor you and your contribution by listening to your story and your ideas. One of the greatest gifts I was ever given in my life was to be loved by older adults and then have them really listen to my story. They would look at my life with me as if it were an ancient holy manuscript and they invested themselves into deciphering it with me. I wish the same for you in your life journey. When I think of the journey in life, I often think of it as a hike on a mountain. It is something I want to climb and experience. I begin it with enthusiasm and the hope that I will experience its beauty in a particular way. But I also begin it with some dread because I know it will require a lot from me. Whenever I do such a hike, I always go through a period when I want to quit before I begin because of what it will require of me, but then the pull of the adventure finally wins me over. What drives me is the particular view I believe I will get from the top of it and also that somehow I will have "conquered" the mountain, made it "my own." I quickly realize that I cannot "conquer" or "own" the mountain even when I get to the top. The mountain changes me. Even though I know what this mountain looks like from a distance, it is very different to be in its trees and rocks and not know exactly where I am. I discover that even though it looked like one mountain with what appeared to be a straightforward path to the top, there was actually another little mountain in front of it and that means traversing a little valley or two. The journey requires more of me than I plan. While I might be in pain or getting exhausted, I get little gifts along the way that keep me going. Maybe it is a spectacular view here and there; maybe it is an animal or stream; maybe it is an insight or conversation with a fellow hiker. When I get to the top, I savor the accomplishment and the view, but I also realize that
Page 353
all the parts of the journey along the way are just as important as the destination. I urge you to be passionate about your life and about Life. Listen to what interests you and brings you out of yourself. What is your heart's desire? If we do not have a longing for this, we never start the hike up the mountain. With no passion, we never go beyond being a spectator of life and we don't get over the fear of what the journey is going to cost us. What and who we love gets us out of ourselves so that we can become more than ourselves. Yet, life is hard even when we are passionate about it. While passion and caring make it easier, it does not prevent the pain of doing the journey. I have discovered that my dreams or aspirations end up calling more out of me than I planned on developing. It's like nature tricks me with the passion. The passion leads me to go out of myself, but the very thing I am attracted to ends up exposing and healing the wounds in my soul making me more whole. If I had not had the passion, I would never have worked on these things because I would have been too afraid or too passive. Another way of saying this is that my dreams or interests lead me to exactly what I need to do and experience in life. We get more work and pain than we planned on, as well as more fulfillment and enjoyment. I invite you to be compassionate. If someone had told me twenty years ago as I began my undergraduate years that I would one day be dedicating myself to the study of caring in the helping professions and in community, I would have accepted it as a gracious complimentary prediction and told that person they must be referring to someone else. It was true that I planned to enter a helping profession after college, but it was within an individualistic selfcentered conception of helping others. I believed I could help others while remaining selfsufficient, independent, and implicitly superior to those I would help. I would have agreed that community was important but not essential to the whole endeavor of personal growth and helping. All of this changed for me. Just as I have begun mountain hikes with the intent to ''conquer" or "own" the mountain in my climbing only to find that the mountain is changing me, so have I found that my helping of others has changed me. Instead of thinking of helping others as a personal achievement now, I think of it more as being true to my human nature. It seems to be that we are first called to learn how to give love and to be able to receive love, then we are called to perfect ourselves in individualistic ways. We are all wounded. We all need each other. There are no exceptions to this. We are all bound together on this life journey. And when we reach out and connect with each other something wonderful always happens that could never have occurred if we stayed to ourselves; and it helps sustain us on the journey. There is no need to hurry to get to the top of your mountain. Once I
Page 354
drove up a mountain in Colorado and focused only on getting to the "best view" at the top ignoring many spectacular views along the way. It turned out that the peak was so snowed in that it was impossible to get a good view. It reminded me to stay open to the present and to savor each moment. Our society does not always honor you by telling you how precious you are to it. But I hope my letter along with all these others shows how much we honor and care about you. I wish you well on your journey. Image not available. From Dick Vitale a sports announcer for ESPN and author of Holding Court Dear Young People: Talking to—and learning from—young men and women is one of the best parts of having the best job in America. The ones I meet on college campuses across the country fill me with pride and hope for the future. But hey, Baby, it's tough growing up in today's world. Our society offers so many paths for young people to choose nowadays, not all of them heading in the right direction. That's why I appreciate this chance to pass along some advice from a bald, oneeyed guy who's been through a lot of winning and losing. One reason we admire and celebrate winners in America is because of the obstacles they've overcome to make it in their chosen field. Sports stars are sometimes painted as our heroes, but not all of them have Michael Jordan's strength of character or Duke Coach Mike Krzyzewski's integrity. Along with preaching the gospel of basketball, there's another message I want to get across. The real heroes are kids who work hard to make the grade in college as the stepping stone to their own version of the American dream. It's still alive for those who believe in it, and I'm a living example. When I became head basketball coach at the University of Detroit, nobody expected this tiny Catholic school would ever be noticed alongside Michigan, North Carolina, and other topnotch basketball programs. But I believed, and I'll never forget the thrill when our home games became sellouts, with fans clamoring for tickets. Hard work turns belief into reality. We drew attention with gimmicks like a 24hour paintathon, where I joined Detroit students to paint the seats in our gym, and a 24hour basketball marathon, staging ten games. But what made it happen was sheer effort by my players. We believed in each other, and together, we put unknown U of D on the basketball map. If you believe in yourself and what you're trying to do, nothing is impossible. Start with that and let it grow into a passion for what you want
Page 355
and where you want to go every day. Live your life with those three E's—Energy, Excitement, and Enthusiasm. Sure, there will be disappointments and setbacks along the way. If you keep that positive outlook and take care of your body and mind by staying drugfree and alcoholfree, they can be overcome. I've been there enough times to know how devastating such inevitable low points can be, but I can look back and feel good about those times, because I never quit. Just twelve games into the 1979–80 National Basketball Association season, I got the ziggy [Editor's note: That means Vitale got fired] from the Detroit Pistons. A limo pulled up to my door and Bill Davidson, the team owner, tapped me on the shoulder and told me I was gone. I cried like a baby. I fought depression, moping around the house for a month. But instead of giving up, I took an offer to broadcast a few college basketball games for ESPN, a struggling sports network. We've both grown a lot since then, and now I know that getting the ziggy opened the door to a wonderful opportunity for me. Please, don't allow others to limit your expectations. Your game plan for life can happen if you're committed to making it work. Make your own goals and stick to your principles, even if you have to adjust some details for changing conditions. Above all, don't con yourself. You can lie to parents, teachers, or friends, but when you look in the mirror every morning, you can't fool the face that stares back. With help from the love and guidance of others who cared about me, my life has been an incredible journey. Your own experience might be different, but it can be as wonderfully unique as you make it. Good luck, and God bless you. Image not available. From Bernard Vodnoy, D.O. retired optometrist and nutrition lecturer Dear Young Person: I am now eightytwo years of age. I graduated from optometry college in 1938, and after a few years of teaching and clinical practice, I joined the Medical Department of the United States Army in 1941. For more than three years I ran a large eye clinic for the army where over 300 patients per day received care. This gave me the opportunity to listen and try to help solve the health and vision problems of a vast number of people. I then joined a field hospital and "chased behind" General Patton across Europe. This gave me firsthand experience of the horrors of war. I left the army in 1946 and came down with a devastating case of polio in 1949. I lost all my body and most of my left leg muscles. I have been able to be fully functional because I can use a
Page 356
portable wheelchair, and have been able to conduct a busy private optometry practice. In addition to battling the severe paralysis from polio, I have also been fighting prostate cancer for the last seventeen years, and have suffered severe damage from the needless xray and unsuccessful surgery treatments I have undergone. However, through devoting myself to comprehensive selfhelp health care, I have enjoyed an excellent sense of wellbeing, both physical and mental, which has allowed me to be a good provider for my wife and four children. Because of my experience with the health care system, I have become a staunch supporter of the movement to make changes in the health care habits of Americans, and am fighting as hard as I can to live by preventative health principles, and to convince others to do the same. I am convinced that our country is in the midst of a crucial American Healthcare Revolution and we desperately need you, as a young person, to help lead the way in this critical war. This is a plea to you to join this struggle and become an activist and a fighter. Health scientists warn us that we must change the Standard American Diet (appropriately abbreviated SAD), which contributes to major health problems for most Americans. Currently, heart attack is the most common cause of death in the United States, and yet the contribution of our bad nutritional habits to the increased risk of heart attack is not commonly known (partially because the average nutritional training a physician in the U.S. receives during four years of medical school is 2.5 hours). And yet the risk of death due to a disease caused by hardening of the arteries is increased by over 50 percent if the amount of cholesterol in your blood is in the "normal" range. We used to think that arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) was an old person's disease. This is no longer true. Because of the Standard American Diet, many three to five year olds show early signs of heart disease, and many fifteen year olds show dangerous arterial lesions; by sixteen to twenty years of age, over 50 percent of our population has hardening of the arteries. This means that every cell and organ, including the brain, is getting insufficient nourishment and cannot be enjoying full life and good health. People in their twenties may experience a heart attack. We must practice prevention of illness, and selfhelp healthcare principles, which are the basis for "the American Healthcare Revolution." The human body (and mind) is an incredible, very complex, wonderful, marvelous gift for which we must be forever thankful. It deserves, and we must give it, the very finest of care. Examine the following facts and suggestions. You are challenged to learn them, alter your lifestyle by integrating them into your everyday life, and then work to convince everyone around you to do likewise. The only way to know what is or isn't in our food is to prepare it ourselves from basic food. We should apply this knowledge to everything
Page 357
we eat. It is very important that we understand the word "denutrify" and avoid it in our eating program. By the time processed foods reach us they have been shipped, stored, trimmed, blanched, frozen, canned, condensed, dehydrated, pasteurized, sterilized, smoked, cured, milled, roasted, cooked, toasted, or puffed. What's left after these tortures is then liable to be further stolen by heat, light, oxygen, oxalates, antivitamins, acidity, alkalinity, metal catalysts, enzymes, and irradiation. Also, just because a food "tastes good" does not mean it is "good" for you. Food can be so heavily doctored by salt, sugar, artificial sweeteners, spices, herbs, etc., that its health destructive components can be masked. We should take seriously and develop a consciousness about how we denutrify our grains through our refining process and then pollute them with preservatives, antifungal and antibacterial agents. Our breads, cakes, cookies, pancakes, waffles, pastries, etc., are made with this denutrified flour. We add salt, sugar, artificial sweeteners, and artificial flavoring agents to make it "good." In France they allow six food flavorings; in this country we allow 1622! Of the 1622 additives, 1077 are only taste enhancers, most are artificial flavors made from coaltar bases. BHA and BHT are laced throughout our foods from bakery to pastries to pork sausage. When BHA was tested on animals, it inhibited the contraction of smooth muscles (the muscles in the intestines, blood vessels, heart, etc.), and we wonder why we have such a tremendous amount of indigestion, hiatus hernias, heart and blood vessel disease. It also caused growth retardation. Caffeine is a stimulant that, when ingested, enters the bloodstream, expands the body's blood vessels and constricts those in the brain. It elevates the body's natural production of a stimulant called epinephrine which acts upon the central nervous system and causes many stressrelated problems such as headaches, indigestion, excitability, diarrhea, nausea, insomnia, and neuromuscular tremor. Eighty percent or more of all coffee drinkers are dependent on caffeine. As little as one or two cups per day can be a sign of dependence. Researchers describe a coffee addict as someone who drinks it daily, relies on it for regularity, depends on it for mental and physical capabilities, uses it for energy boosts and experiences withdrawal symptoms when abstaining for more than twentyfour hours. We must question the content of every food we buy. It is important to read labels. Pollutants also constitute a serious health problem. Our foods are contaminated by pesticides, insecticides, etc. Yearly we pour these poisons on the farmlands of this country. When mother's milk is tested in Toronto, Canada we find traces of the poisons being sprayed on crops in Central America. When mother's milk is tested in Denmark, we find traces of poisons being used in Michigan, etc. We poison the air with the industrial pollutants that lead to acid rain. The astronomical amount of poisons being poured on the soil seeps down through the earth into the aquifer, the underground water, and then we pump it up and drink it.
Page 358
The situation looks almost impossible to overcome and change, but we must not throw our hands up in despair. Based on my extreme concern for your overall health, I offer the following guidelines: 1. Eat only raw or steamed fresh fruits and vegetables to get your vitamins A and C. 2. Eat only foods which have been made with 100 percent whole grains to get your B vitamins and minerals. Breads, baked goods, and cereals should be multigrain without preservatives and chemicals. 3. Transition towards vegetarianism and eat an abundance of legumes (beans). 4. Eliminate processed foods made with refined flour, refined sugar, caffeine, preservatives, and chemical additives. Eliminate nutrientpoor foods, e.g., puffed rice cakes, puffed oat, wheat corn cakes, butter, margarine, caffeinated and decaffeinated drinks, and white rice. Be cautious in restaurants. 5. Reduce stress to the very minimum. Don't make mountains out of molehills. Practice the happiness habit, not the grouch habit. Smile on the inside as well as the outside. Speak kindly to everyone, especially your family and friends. Eliminate shouting and screaming. Eliminate hate and intolerance. 6. Exercise. Take a brisk twentyminute walk daily, and do resistance exercise. 7. Eliminate smoking; it's slow motion suicide. Every time something goes into your mouth it's a chance to benefit your health. Don't waste or lose the opportunity to build and maintain your health. 8. Drink eight 8ounce glasses of purified water daily. 9. Avoid all drugs, legal and illicit, and when possible, overthecounter, and prescription. Tell your doctor to avoid giving you drugs unless it's absolutely essential and request natural healing with foods and natural food supplements. 10. Spend at least twenty minutes outdoors each day to experience nature and receive natural light. The situation can change, but we need your help. We need your strength, idealism, and resolve to win the war. We must fight by the motto: "It's never too late." Each of us must take superlative care of the health of our body and mind and help all of those around us to do the same. It is up to all of us to take responsibility for our own health and wellbeing.
Page 359
From Cindy Voorhees, M.A. a doctoral student at the University of Notre Dame If the people around you are spiteful and callous and will not hear you, fall down before them and beg their forgiveness; for in truth you are to blame for their not wanting to hear you. DOSTOYEVSKY
Letter to the generation going into the twentyfirst century: It seems that there is much emptiness in modern life, and that we look to many things to fill that emptiness: sex, drugs, alcohol, materialism, intellectualism, power, wealth, food, and even altruism. However, more and more people are coming to the conclusion that the great lack underlying our sense of emptiness is a lack of meaning and a missing sense of spirituality in our lives; the lack of feeling that we are connected to something bigger than ourselves. Indeed, I agree that the lack of spirituality is largely to blame for the crisis of emptiness facing this generation. This crisis of emptiness and this quest for meaning and spirituality have compelled me to write this letter because many of us have searched for viable, lifegiving spirituality where we were taught we should find it and have not found it there, i.e., in Christian churches, both Catholic and Protestant. If these churches are the representation of Christ on the earth, and if the gospel of Jesus Christ is true and powerful, this is a disturbing realization. If we read the gospels correctly we expect to see the body of Christ as a beautiful, powerful, livegiving instrument of love, healing, and deliverance from the bondage and consequences of sin. What we do see, in most cases, is strife, weakness, and an institution that perpetuates human traditions despite their lack of effectiveness in showing Christ's love and power to the world. Could it be that the reason we have not found a viable spirituality in the church in our generation is because the church, for the most part, is not what it is supposed to be in the eyes of God or the world? This question is of no small consequence, for if we are not being the church that God intended for us to be, we are misrepresenting Christ, and bringing shame to His name. Truly we, as Christians, must fall on our faces and beg your forgiveness for our many transgressions against you; for in truth we are to blame for your not wanting to hear us. The most apparent sin of the modernday church is our lack of love, and we have failed on (at least) three counts. First, we have not loved God as He ought to be loved, with all of our heart, soul, mind, and strength. We have been halfhearted and lukewarm in our love of God. We have sought our joy, peace, love, and security in many places, but not at the feet of the Lord. And in doing so, we have not lifted Him up and glorified Him before you, and you have not been able to see Him in His power and glory because of our halfheartedness. For this we must apologize.
Page 360
Second, we have not loved each other, as we have been commanded, as brothers and sisters in Christ. There are many denominations today warring with one another over (of all things!) doctrinal issues, looking for every chance to prove each other wrong, and exhibiting an arrogant, exclusive attitude to brothers and sisters of other denominations. Furthermore, many churches are torn apart from within by strife, gossip, and criticism on the part of members. "Instead of being havens of rest for the spiritually weary, often churches are battle grounds for the spiritually carnal." In these actions we have not modeled for you the unity of God with Jesus His Son, nor have we modeled for you the oneness of Christ with His church. This has reduced what should be a powerful witness to an impotent whine. For this we must also beg your forgiveness. Third, we have not loved those outside the church with the love of Christ. We have screamed at them in fury and hatred over their sin, and tried to "argue them down" in debates. We have marched in on horses and slain those who would not adhere to the "gospel." We have been afraid to allow freedom to those outside of Christ, as if God were not in control of every situation. We have dumped our psychopathology—our need to control, our need to make everyone "like us," and our fear of our own weakness—onto nonChristians over and over again. By this God is sorely grieved, and the people of the world are sorely wounded and justifiably angry. Again for this we repent, and ask your forgiveness. Imagine what a different place the world might be if the armies that marched into the Middle East during the Crusades with swords had come in love instead; if they had spent the night on their knees in prayer rather than "slaughtering the infidels." What a difference it would've made if those who were tormented during the Inquisition had been embraced and loved as human beings in the name of Jesus rather than being slaughtered in that name. Indeed we have centuries of transgressions for which to repent. We have had our eyes on wealth and power as well and have sought to "sell" the gospel to the world through the latest marketing techniques, as if God needed our wisdom about how to communicate His love to those who needed it, instead of being the arms of His love that He called us to be. We have been more interested in filling our churches than in healing hearts. And more interested in controlling people than helping them find freedom in Christ. The message that has been preached has been one of bondage to rules, blind faith, and the perpetuation of easy answers to difficult questions. We have sought to enforce the "gospel" from the outside rather than to allow the Holy Spirit to do the real work of change in the hearts of people. In this course of action we have obscured the power of Christianity which is an intimate, personal relationship with a loving, holy, personal God through the sacrifice of His Son, and we have obscured the fact that God is omniscient and is not afraid of difficult questions. We must fall on our faces before you and beg your forgiveness, and
Page 361
God's forgiveness as well, for truly we have sinned against you both. I am convinced that if there was a chronicle of the New Testament Church similar to the Old Testament chronicle of the nation of Israel, the story and the outcome would be so similar. God would say of us, "I gave them everything and they still didn't get it! I made a way for them to be free, and they continually bow to a yoke of bondage. I made a way for them to be healed, and they continue limping. I called them to love, and they judged. I called them to overcome evil with good, and they became proud and violent. Their pride and arrogance has blinded them. They seek wealth; they seek comfort; they seek their own things, and not Mine!" For these innumerable offenses, we beg your forgiveness. I plead with you not to judge the gospel of Christ by what you have seen in us. I challenge you to look to the Word of God yourselves and seek your answers from the source. Don't let us stand in the way of you finding the meaning and viable spiritually you have been seeking. I urge you not to stop at the church door. Go straight to the cross. When you have been transformed by Him, then I beg you to help Him begin rebuilding His body in His image, and not the poor, powerless image that we have set before you for centuries. Jesus Himself in Luke 11:52 (The Living Bible) says, "Woe to you experts in religion! For you hide the truth from people. You won't accept it for yourselves, and you prevent others from having a chance to believe it." Out of the mouth of our very own savior we are judged for these actions. We, the church, have been the biggest stumbling block to people looking for meaning in their lives and the filling of their emptiness. In Jesus' Name and for His sake (and yours), I beg you, please forgive us. Image not available. From Marv and Fran Weekly who are happily married and living in San Diego, California Dear Young Adult, Let us share with you some of the discoveries we have made, over a fifteenyear period, about developing and sustaining a happy and nourishing relationship. We refer to this as a "recipe" not because it is a stepbystep procedure, but because it focuses on the ingredients of a relationship. Of the numerous ingredients found in successful relationships, most of them are important, but not all of them are essential. The key to obtaining desired results is to ensure inclusion of the essentials. We developed a list of the myriad ingredients one might find in a successful relationship and then began the process of separating "the important many from the critical few." It is a little bit about the "critical few" ingredients that we want to share with you. We cannot make any promises that your relationship will be perfect,
Page 362
but if you plan ahead and include at least the following critical ingredients in your mix, you have an excellent chance of success. Commitment is not a onetime event; it is an ongoing process, a way of living one's life, a way of being. Commitment is a part of the spirit which creates connectivity to others. It is the relationshipbuilding ingredient. Commitment involves risktaking. Commitment is a promise to "be there" which means your innerself will show up, that you will not be physically, spiritually, or emotionally flaky. Commitment provides a sense of constancy, reliability, and predictability in a relationship. Mutual commitment fosters trust, the backbone of a relationship. Trusting and being trusted creates a sense of personal wellbeing, personal integrity, and personal empowerment, attributes which enable individuals to continue taking risks and building the relationship. Commitment makes us vulnerable to being disappointed or hurt, but it is only through taking risks of commitment that we are able to nourish and sustain a relationship over time. Respect is the acknowledgment of another's dignity and worth. This ingredient contributes to an individual's sense of belongingness, a sense that someone really cares about them. Respect is a gift we give to another. We give respect in many different ways; one of the easiest ways is to pay attention to the other person. Paying attention can be listening, observing, or just being present. Whatever the form of attention, it is the sacrifice of self and the act of being truly present to the other that makes them feel respected. Giving respect tells the other that you value them. Respect does not necessitate agreement, it mandates attention. Through the mutual giving of respect each individual develops and enhances their sense of selfesteem and personal worth. As each person experiences personal enhancement, they become more capable of contributing to the continual nourishment and growth of the relationship. Acceptance embodies appreciation for the individuality and uniqueness of another. It is embracing the other as the person they are, not looking to them to be an extension or reflection of yourself or someone that you would like them to be. Acceptance means not trying to change the other person or hoping that they will think or behave differently over time. Acceptance means agreeing to disagree, recognizing both points of view, not insisting or having things your way. Acceptance keeps the relationship alive by providing an open environment in which new challenges and ideas are welcomed. Individuals have different styles and approaches which can greatly contribute to the success of the relationship. It is like team building—a good mix has a better chance of success than sameness. It means accepting the other person with their shortcomings and not ridiculing or criticizing them. It means realizing that what you see is what you get and that the only person you can change is yourself. Acceptance is a fundamental building block of friendship. It is the ingredient that calls upon us to put our best self forward and to allow the other to become their best self.
Page 363
Humor is the underpinning ingredient that provides strength for the relationship to endure. A sense of humor provides us with the ability to forgive—ourselves and others. Humor relieves us from the burden of our blunders. It can help us move out of a negative past into a positive present, and into planning the future by learning from mistakes. Humor helps us to ''let go." It pulls us upward and forward. It provides the sunshine in a relationship. Bonding is strengthened through sharing happy emotions. Developing and maintaining a positive attitude and sense of humor is an easy way to indicate to the other person that you care about them, love them, and enjoy their company. Everyone has a personal vision of the kind of relationship they desire for themselves. Peter Senge defines a vision as "a picture of the future you seek to create." A vision does not become reality without a "recipe," that is, a strategy to achieve the vision. Each individual must develop their own recipe, but the essential ingredients must be in the mix to obtain the desired results. We developed a shared vision and commitment to each other not to let barriers deter us. Here are a few basic tenets that have helped us survive along our journey: keep the relationship simple; stay flexible; focus on what keeps you together, not what pulls you apart; admit hurt; do not lay blame; do not stay angry overnight; say please and thank you; compliment each other; celebrate victories; and laugh a lot. Image not available. From Elie Wiesel a professor and Nobel Peace Prize recipient, contributed from his The Kingdom of Memory Dear Young Person: Why do I write? Perhaps in order not to go mad. Or, on the contrary, to touch the bottom of madness. Like Samuel Beckett, the survivor expresses himself en desespoir de cause, because there is no other way. Speaking of the solitude of the survivor, the great Yiddish and Hebrew poet and thinker Aaron Zeitlin addresses those who have left him: his dead father, his dead brother, his dead friends. "You have abandoned me," he says to them. "You are together, without me. I am here. Alone. And I make words." So do I, just like him. I too speak words, write words, reluctantly. There are easier occupations, far more pleasant ones. For the survivor, however, writing is not a profession, but a calling; "an honor," according to Camus. As he put it: "I entered literature through worship." Other writers have said, "Through anger; through love." As for myself, I would say, "Through silence." Copyright © 1990 by Elirion Associates, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Georges Borchardt, Inc. for the author.
Page 364
It was by seeking, by probing silence that I began to discover the perils and power of the word. I never intended to be a novelist. The only role I sought was that of witness. I believed that, having survived by chance, I was dutybound to give meaning to my survival, to justify each moment of my life. I knew the story had to be told. Not to transmit an experience is to betray it; this is what Jewish tradition teaches us. But how to do this? "When Israel is in exile, so is the word," says the Book of Splendor. The word has deserted the meaning it was intended to convey—one can no longer make them coincide. The displacement, the shift, is irrevocable. This was never more true than right after the upheaval. We all knew that we could never say what had to be said, that we could never express in words—coherent, intelligible words—our experience of madness on an absolute scale. The walk through fiery nights, the silence before and after the selection, the toneless praying of the condemned, the Kaddish of the dying, the fear and hunger of the sick, the shame and suffering, the haunted eyes, the wild stares—I thought that I would never be able to speak of them. All words seemed inadequate, worn, foolish, lifeless, whereas I wanted them to sear. Where was I to discover a fresh vocabulary, a primeval language? The language of night was not human; it was primitive, almost animal—hoarse shouting, screaming, muffled moaning, savage howling, the sounds of beating. . . . A brute strikes wildly, a body falls; an officer raises his arm and a whole community walks toward a common grave; a soldier shrugs his shoulders and a thousand families are torn apart, to be reunited only by death. Such was the language of the concentration camp. It negated all other language and took its place. Rather than link people, it became a wall between them. Could the wall be scaled? Could the reader be brought to the other side? I knew the answer to be No, and yet I also knew that No had to become Yes. This was the wish, the last will of the dead. One had to shatter the wall encasing the darkest truth, and give it a name. One had to force man to look. The fear of forgetting: the main obsession of all those who have passed through the universe of the damned. The enemy relied on people's disbelief and forgetfulness. Remember, said the father to his son, and the son to his friend: gather the names, the faces, the tears. If, by a miracle, you come out of it alive, try to reveal everything, omitting nothing, forgetting nothing. Such was the oath we had all taken: "If, by some miracle, I survive, I will devote my life to testifying on behalf of all those whose shadows will be bound to mine forever." This is why I write certain things rather than others: to remain faithful. Of course, there are times of doubt for the survivor, times when one gives in to weakness, or longs for comfort. I hear a voice within me telling me to stop mourning the past. I too want to sing of love and its
Page 365
magic. I too want to celebrate the sun, and the dawn that heralds the sun. I would like to shout, and shout loudly: "Listen, listen well! I too am capable of victory, do you hear? I too am open to laughter and joy. I want to walk head high, my face unguarded." One feels like shouting, but the shout becomes a murmur. One must make a choice; one must remain faithful. This is what the survivor feels; he owes nothing to the living, but everything to the dead. I owe the dead my memory. I am dutybound to serve as their emissary, transmitting the history of their disappearance, even if it disturbs, even if it brings pain. Not to do so would be to betray them, and thus myself. I simply look at them. I see them and I write. While writing, I question them as I question myself. I write to understand as much as to be understood. Will I succeed one day? Wherever one starts from, one reaches darkness. God? He remains the God of darkness. Man? The source of darkness. The killers' sneers, their victims' tears, the onlookers' indifference, their complicity and complacency: I do not understand the divine role in all that. A million children massacred: I will never understand. Jewish children: they haunt my writings. I see them again and again. I shall always see them. Hounded, humiliated, bent like the old men who surround them trying to protect them, in vain. They are thirsty, the children, and there is no one to give them water. They are hungry, the children, but there is no one to give them a crust of bread. They are afraid, and there is no one to reassure them. They walk in the middle of the road, like urchins. They are on the way to the station, and they will never return. In sealed cars, without air or food, they travel toward another world; they guess where they are going, they know it, and they keep silent. They listen to the wind, the call of death in the distance. All these children, these old people, I see them. I never stop seeing them. I belong to them. But they, to whom do they belong? People imagine that a murderer weakens when facing a child. That the child might reawaken the killer's lost humanity. That the killer might be unable to kill the child before him. Not this time. With us, it happened differently. Our Jewish children had no effect upon the killers. Nor upon the world. Nor upon God. I think of them, I think of their childhood. Their childhood in a small Jewish town, and this town is no more. They frighten me; they reflect an image of myself, one that I pursue and run from at the same time—the image of a Jewish adolescent who knew no fear except the fear of God, whose faith was whole, comforting. No, I do not understand. And if I write, it is to warn the reader that he will not understand either. "You will not understand, you will never understand," were the words heard everywhere in the kingdom of night. I can only echo them.
Page 366
An admission of impotence and guilt? I do not know. All I know is that Treblinka and Auschwitz cannot be told. And yet I have tried. God knows I have tried. Did I attempt too much, or not enough? Out of some thirty volumes, only three or four try to penetrate the realm of the dead. In my other books, through my other books, I try to follow other roads. For it is dangerous to linger among the dead; they hold on to you, and you run the risk of speaking only to them. And so, I forced myself to turn away from them and study other periods, explore other destinies and teach other tales: the Bible and the Talmud, Hasidism and its fervor, the shtell and its songs, Jerusalem and its echoes; the Russian Jews and their anguish, their awakening, their courage. At times it seems to me that I am speaking of other things with the sole purpose of keeping the essential—the personal experience—unspoken. At times I wonder: And what if I was wrong? Perhaps I should have stayed in my own world with the dead. But then, the dead never leave me. They have their rightful place even in the works about preHolocaust Hasidism or ancient Jerusalem. Even in my Biblical and Midrashic tales, I pursue their presence, mute and motionless. The presence of the dead then beckons so forcefully that it touches even the most removed characters. Thus, they appear on Mount Moriah, where Abraham is about to sacrifice his son, a Holocaust offering to their common God. They appear on Mount Nebo, where Moses confronts solitude and death. And again in the Pardess, the orchard of secret knowledge, where a certain Elisha ben Abuya, seething with anger and pain, decides to repudiate his faith. They appear in Hasidic and Talmudic legends in which victims forever need defending against forces that would crush them. Technically, so to speak, they are of course elsewhere, in time and space, but on a deeper, truer plane, the dead are part of every story, of every scene. They die with Isaac, lament with Jeremiah, they sing with the Best and, like him, wait for miracles—but alas, they will not come to pass. "But what is the connection?" you will ask. Believe me, there is one. After Auschwitz everything long past brings us back to Auschwitz. When I speak of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, when I evoke Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai and Rabbi Akiba, it is the better to understand them in the light of Auschwitz. As for the Maggid of Mezeritch and his disciples, it is to encounter the followers of their followers that I attempt to reconstruct their spellbinding universe. I like to imagine them alive, exuberant, celebrating life and hope. Their happiness is as necessary to me as it once was to themselves. And yet. . . How did they manage to keep their faith intact? How did they manage to sing as they went to meet the Angel of Death? I know Hasidim who never wavered in their faith; I respect their strength. I know others who chose rebellion, protest, rage; I respect their courage. For there comes a time when only those who do believe in God will cry out to him in wrath and anguish. The faith of some matters as much as the strength of others. It is not ours to judge; it is only ours to tell the tale.
Page 367
But where is one to begin? Whom is one to include? One needs a Hasid in all my novels. And a child. And an old man. And a beggar. And a madman. They are all part of my inner landscape. Why? They are pursued and persecuted by the killers; I offer them shelter. The enemy wanted to create a society purged of their presence, and I have brought some of them back. The world denied them, repudiated them: so let them live at least within the feverish dreams of my characters. It is for them that I write. And yet, the survivor may experience remorse. He has tried to bear witness; it was all in vain. After the liberation, illusions shaped our hopes. We were convinced that a new world would be built upon the ruins of Europe. A new civilization would dawn. No more wars, no more hate, no more intolerance, no fanaticism anywhere. And all this because the witnesses would speak, and speak they did. Was it to no avail? They will continue, for they cannot do otherwise. When man, in his grief, falls silent, Goethe says, then God gives him the strength to sing of his sorrows. From that moment on, he may no longer choose not to sing, whether his song is heard or not. What matters is to struggle against silence with words, or through another form of silence. What matters is to gather a smile here and there, a tear here and there, a word here and there, and thus justify the faith placed in man, a long time ago, by so many victims. Why do I write? To wrest those victims from oblivion. To help the dead vanquish death. Image not available. From Jocelyn Whiten professor of neurosciences and Director for the Center of Addiction Research and Prevention of the KingDrew Medical Center Dear Friend, I call you friend because we are fellow pilgrims and on a journey of this kind, travelers often become true friends. Though of short duration linearly the impact often lasts a lifetime. Our journey is not together however, and thus my reach is across time and space but our journey is still the same. You are of an age of discovery and chronologically it does not matter whether you are eighteen or twenty. The path you have chosen is an old one, it is one that seeks to know more in an orderly fashion and which relies on the wit and wisdom of others to ultimately fashion your own truth. In the beginning, your educational journey was to assemble facts and commit them to memory and juggle their meaning but as you experience it, each lecture, each class, each exam, each triumph and each disaster (and these will be many, great and small) teaches you the greater lesson. The lesson of life and how to live it. The real lesson, often hidden, is how to live it well.
Page 368
Some will seem to have mastered the art already. They are the leaders who appear to effortlessly achieve their goals while you seem stuck in an unknown mire. Not so. All of us are in a continuous learning mode in which we grow or die. We grow by being attentive to everything around us. By mindful attentiveness we examine and discuss with ourselves our opinion and we ultimately accept or reject an idea or action. We choose. Our choices are not always wise. Those choices that lack wisdom are based on mindlessness and desire and we discover that in the midst of living a decision. Thus comes wisdom and inventiveness and ultimately the growth we seek. Out of all of the experiences comes selfacceptance and forgiveness in which love arises and surrounds us. Selflove. Each day will bring a challenge to that love as you struggle with the mundane and the sublime. Doubt will assail you. Take care. Your body must be treated with respect, your mind must be fed with knowledge, and your spirit must be nourished with love. Such a way of life is derived from many sources. The biological sciences will teach you about your body, and the reasons it should be respected. The literature of the ages will feed your mind. Physics and mathematics will stretch you in logic. Wonder at it all will feed your spirit. As you emerge from this venture into learning you will feel and even appear wise to yourself and others. However, as this journey closes it has only prepared you for the next leg. You will find further challenges but mindfulness in your life will have been established. The buffeting and the calm that make for an exciting journey will be accepted and acceptable because you will have the grace and verve to enjoy it all. Peace be with you always. Image not available. From Wendy Y. a marketing executive who chooses to remain anonymous I often forget what a miracle I am: what a miracle it is that I have not found it necessary to binge or purge for close to four years. I believe, with every fiber of my being, that if I was able to recover, anyone can. My first conscious memory of my feelings about myself are dark and negative. I believed that there was something terribly, terribly wrong with me, that it was my fault. My mother was a troubled woman that flipped between depression and extreme narcissism. My father was a chronic alcoholic who flipped between moderate depression and deep depression. Their marriage was an empty, lonely place and my mother substituted the intimate relationship she craved with my father with an inappropriately enmeshed relationship with me. As far back as I can remember, I have believed that I am responsible
Page 369
for my mother's happiness. Thus, the stage was set; an overly responsible, overly sensitive perfectionist with rockbottom selfesteem. I was an eating disorder waiting to happen. I was bulimic for fifteen years; by the time I found recovery I had fought this battle with food for almost half my life. In the beginning I thought I was starting an easy weightloss program. I had gained weight after my first boyfriend broke up with me. I had never had any problem with food prior to this. No one suggested that bingeing on slices and slices of peanut butter and potato chip sandwiches would make me feel temporarily better. The uncontrollable compulsion just began. Suddenly I found myself feasting at two a.m. every night. I did hear about "getting rid of it" from an anorexic in my college dorm and I was delighted when the ten pounds came flying off. My mother reacted hysterically and claimed I was doing this to her. I had so much vested in keeping my mother sane. I didn't realize until years into my recovery that my first priority needed to be being healthy and whole for myself. Up until that point I truly only saw recovery from my control of food as a means to an end; the end being my mother's happiness. Understandably, the first six or seven years of treatments were unsuccessful because I didn't care enough about myself. I began getting help when I was twenty. I knew I had to stop and put myself into treatment. Thirteen years and countless treatments, drugs, therapy groups, selfhelp groups, therapists later, I finally recovered for good. When I was twentyseven I stopped drinking and got sober. This was an important step in my recovery. My alcoholism was also a symptom of a greater problem which was my selfhatred and loathing. I soon realized I drank for the same reasons I ate. I was successful in becoming sober and it gave me hope that I could also recover from bulimia. I connected with a source of spiritual strength that I never had before and started to believe this was the strength I had been looking for. Bulimia recovery is a lot different from recovery in alcoholism for the obvious reason that you can live without ingesting alcohol but you can't survive without food. It took me a long time to understand and conquer my underlying problems. The last five years of my disease were filled with long periods of abstinence as well as relapse. I now believe that I needed all the lapses to finally recover. In that five years I was committed as I had never been before and I fought my eating disease with every fiber of my being. I went through therapy and tackled the issues that haunted me. I continued growing spiritually and emotionally and gradually started to emerge from hell. I remember years of believing that I absolutely could never recover, that the statistics that stated the longer you had it, the less likely you were to recover were true. The miracle is that I did recover. Along with my recovery and emergence into health came some painful changes necessary to ensure my abstinence from bulimia. I ended a very tumultuous marriage, even
Page 370
though my son was only one year old. I knew I had worked so hard for health and my husband had slipped the other way. I believed that I would eventually relapse with bulimia and alcoholism if I didn't leave the marriage. I also had to give up my lifelong quest to look a certain way, weigh a certain amount. But most importantly, I had to give up the perception I had of myself as the poor victim that bulimia "happened to" because of all the problems of my childhood. My parents did the best they could and gave me many wonderful gifts. I chose bulimia and now I choose health. Finally, the biggest miracle is my child. My final piece of the recovery puzzle was getting pregnant, eating without restriction, gaining sixty pounds and loving every minute of it. After the birth of my son, I lost the weight with healthy eating and exercise. The major contributor to my state of wellness was my absolute belief that I was now strong enough and loved myself enough to be a mom. A good mom. My son, Tyler, is now three and is the joy of my life. My recovery has made that and many other joys possible.
Page 371
Personal Legacy Letters This is an opportunity to write your own legacy letters. Follow examples of the authors and express your candid feelings and thoughts. Tell what is in your mind and heart as you write. It is helpful to imagine that you could write only this one letter in your lifetime. What would you say? You may want to write an annual renewal letter to yourself. It could affirm your commitment to holistic health and mark your changes and transitions. If you want, why not write a special personal legacy letter to your parents, your best friend, or another special person. You might write to your future children, nieces and nephews. Perhaps you will choose to ask people who care about you to write you a legacy letter. If they could only write one letter in their lifetime to you, what would it say? Discuss it with as few or as many people as you wish.
Page 377
Nine— Personal Life Health Plan In the first seven chapters of Charting Your Course, we focused on the Seven Health Principles. The workbook sections asked you to consider each principle in the context of your own personal life. The Legacy Letter contributors shared with you the insights they had gained from their life experience and you were asked to consider what insight you have gained from your own life. In this chapter you are asked to bring together these separate plans and activities in order to design an integrated life course. Your personally charted course will give you direction and help you keep your bearings in the years to come. It is now time to design your Life Health Course. When composing your course it is helpful to realize that this document can serve as your foundation for a lifetime of healthy living and as a springboard into specific day to day planning. All of the work that you have done in Charting Your Course has been designed to give you this opportunity. We encourage you to give time and effort to writing out this plan. It is your opportunity to fix the guiding stars for healthy and compassionate living. On the following pages, design and record your best vision for a Life Health Course. Incorporate the work that you have completed in the seven health principles and include issues of relevance from your favorite legacy letters. Allow yourself to be free and creative as you chart your finest visions and plans for a healthy life. Reflect on the following: what kind of attitudes will you develop in your life what kind of values will you try to live by how will you care for yourself physically, emotionally, and spiritually how will you act in your relationships how will you use community to enrich and support your life how will you connect to the natural world how will you give and receive from others
Page 378
Remember to include your thinking and discussion regarding the use of alcohol and other drugs in your plan. Imagine that you were writing the speech for your retirement celebration. How would you like the different parts of your life to be described? How will you treat yourself and others? What legacy would you like to leave to the world? Life Health Course Begin your writing below. We allowed seven pages for this work. Please feel free to record this in your own journal or add pages as needed. Remember to refer to the workbook sections of the previous chapters in order to help you formulate your detailed plan. We have included a health principle at the beginning of each page. It may be helpful to let the seven principles guide your plan in the order they were presented. Feel free to change the order and design whatever format works best for you.
Page 379
Health in Attitudes
Page 380
Health in Values
Page 381
Health in SelfCare
Page 382
Health in Relationships
Page 383
Health in Community
Page 384
Health in the Natural World
Page 385
Health in Service
Page 386
Obstacles and Challenges Just as you learned about the interrelationship of the four components of wellness, the Seven Health Principles are also interwoven. They are like different facets of the same jewel, different views of the same mountain. A pessimistic view of life will not be an aid in giving service. A community cannot be sound without stable relationships or if the individuals do not love and respect their own selves. Each principle is a vital part of every other principle. In working through the exercises for each principle, you may have already discovered this deep connection. Now is the time to reflect upon it more carefully and systematically. The chart on pp. 388–389 is a matrix. Reread the material you wrote in the seven workbook sections, paying special attention to areas that you identified as personal weaknesses or obstacles. The matrix will help you to discover how these factors affect the overall picture of your life. How to Use the Matrix Across the top of the matrix are the seven health principles, each at the head of a column of spaces. Down the lefthand side of the matrix the seven principles are listed again, along with one additional item. The first step in filling out the matrix is to transfer weaknesses or obstacles you discovered in the workbook sections to the appropriate spaces on the matrix. For example, if a person felt that he had a tendency toward cynical views, he would write that in the space where the two Optimism columns intersect.
Optimism
Values
Self Care
Relationships
Community
Natural World
Service
Optimism
cynicism
Values
SelfCare
anger
Relationships
impatient
Community
Natural World
Service
Substance Abuse
Page 387
If this same person discovered that he was not always managing his anger well, he would put that in the SelfCare intersection. Perhaps he was working on his impatience with other people and so would put that in the Relationship intersection. As he records his discoveries on the matrix, he may come to a better understanding of how these qualities are interwoven. Perhaps his impatience contributes to his anger or perhaps his cynical views contribute to his impatience. The next step is to thoughtfully consider how each of the concerns you have written into the spaces affect your wellbeing in regard to each of the other principles. In our example, the person with cynical views would ponder how these views affect each of the principles in turn. How did his cynical views affect his values? He has already thought that they might contribute to his anger and impatience. Did cynical views undermine his interest in community, explain why he thought environmental concerns were ''overstated," or was reluctant to participate in service activities? He would add these insights.
Optimism
Values
Self Care
Relationships
Community
Natural World
Service
Optimism
cynicism
too independent
anger
impatient
feel aloof
skeptical
reluctant
Values
In filling out your own matrix, you may find that your concerns are not as closely interwoven as the ones in our example. Although you are focusing on weaknesses and obstacles on this matrix, you also have many strengths and talents. You may wish to make another matrix to see how your strengths and talents contribute to each other and to your wellbeing in regard to each of the principles. The last horizontal line on the matrix is listed as substance abuse. Given the high level of abusing alcohol and other drugs in the young adult age group, this consideration deserves special attention. It may be used for any substance (nicotine, foods, etc.) or process (gambling, sexual behavior, risktaking) that you feel may warrant careful scrutiny in your life. A word of caution: reluctance to consider this line could be a strong warning signal. When the matrix is complete, study it carefully to see what challenges you face. This is a map of the obstacles that can take you off course. They need to be addressed because they can interfere with what you want to do with your life, with what you want to accomplish. Think how you can set up warning markers to alert you to their presence and let you know if you are moving in the wrong direction; set up guidelights to help you focus on better directions and counter their influence. What resources do you need to meet these challenges tomorrow, next week, next month, next year?
Page 388
Optimism
Optimism
Values
SelfCare
Relationships
Values SelfCare
Relationships
Community
Natural World
Service
Substance Abuse
(table continued on next page)
Page 389
(table continued from previous page) Community
Natural World
Service
Optimism
Values
SelfCare
Relationships
Community
Natural World
Service
Substance Abuse
Page 390
The Beginning Steps In the Charting Your Course section of each chapter, you were asked to make and carry out a plan relating to the specific principle of that chapter. These were either initial steps in a larger plan or one among several ideas. We are now going to ask you to make plans for a longer time frame. Having a plan for your life does not mean charting every moment or carrying a checklist to keep track of goals and progress. It does mean having general directions in mind and taking time every now and then to stop and see where you are. Some things in life do require ongoing specific planning. In order to earn a college degree, a student has to know what the requirements are, the classes that fulfill them, whether these classes have to be taken in a particular sequence, and which classes will be offered this semester. Where there are options, it is wise to inquire which professors or classes would be the most stimulating or best fit the person's interests. Progress has to be monitored, contingency plans considered. If a person finds that her major field of study is not as interesting as she thought, she may want to rethink the whole plan. Other things—warm and satisfying friendships, for example—cannot be planned out in the same way. They unfold at their own pace and often take unexpected turns. They can ebb and flow and ebb again as interests and other aspects of life bring people together or allow them to drift apart. Even though friendships cannot be pinned down on a schedule, they cannot be taken for granted and they have to be considered in the context of the whole of life. If your running partner breaks her leg, you do not have to end the friendship—and you do not have to end your own exercise program. If your best friend drinks too much, you do not have to drink with her or pretend that it is not happening. Longterm plans presuppose larger goals and objectives. In the case of life plans, that goal is your vision of what a happy and healthy life should be. This does not mean that you have to know every detail of where you want to be in five or in fifty years. It is not so much choosing a specific career as it is discovering what qualities a career would have to have to be satisfying to you. It is not a detailed picture of a future lifestyle as much as it is knowing what in life you value most. My Health Plan Keeping this in mind, think of the next semester or next few months and try to envision what you would like your life to be like. Begin with the most general qualities first, and then move to the more specific. List these under the Vision heading on page 392. Think of what ongoing activities
Page 391
and commitments you have for this time period. List these under the Responsibility heading. Review the Charting Your Course sections of the first seven chapters. Look at the plans you began or the other ideas you listed and think how these will fit with your vision and your responsibilities and commitments for this severalmonth period. Begin to work out plans. These plans should carry forward the work you have already done, but they do not need to be compartmentalized into specific plans for each principle as long as the area governed by each one is covered. For example, one plan might cover both building community and giving service. In this case you would need to set dual objectives within the same activities and give yourself different ways to evaluate your progress. In making your plans, keep in mind what you learned from the matrix. Any markers that you made for yourself there need to be incorporated in the plans here. Also give thought to contingencies—what if class demands cut into the time you hoped to spend on service? What if bad weather frequently interferes with your exercise plan? What if you have trouble with motivation and follow through? You will not be able to foresee all the possibilities, but you can be prepared for the most likely ones. As your plans take shape, step back from them occasionally. Are they too complicated? Too simpleminded? Do they sound interesting—maybe even fun? Most importantly, are they something you are committed to? If not, begin again. Making a plan you do not expect to carry out is a pointless exercise. This plan is not for an instructor or a course. It is for you, for what you yourself want to do. Keep working until you satisfy yourself. The final step is to think about putting your plan into action. What will it take to get you started? To keep the plan in mind? The busy pace of daytoday life can take a toll on good intentions. People find various ways to remind themselves of important events and activities. Some mark their calendars or fill their personal planners. Some use sticky notes posted in a conspicuous spot. Others make signs, posters, or art objects to serve as a daily reminder. On very serious matters, some people will make a pact with another person. Do what works best for you. Know that you will change and your decisions will evolve and become refined as you proceed on your life journey. Allow yourself to be continually open to discernment, change, and movement. After these few months will come many others—more dreams, more hopes, more plans. Learning, relearning, and new beginnings will be with you every day of your life. With this growth and these tools, you will continually learn better how to watch the current, identify the obstacles, keep on course—you will do well.
Page 392
My Personal Health Plan—Beginning Steps Vision
Responsibility
Page 393
What I want to do:
Page 394
How I will do it:
Page 395
What I need to watch out for:
Possible backup plans:
Page 396
How I will remember my plan:
How I will know I'm on course or realize if I am not?
Page 397
Life Health Checkup This is a format for you to use in conducting ongoing life health checkups. Just as you schedule a regular physical exam, car tuneups, and inventories for your business, it is likewise important to continue to review, revise, and update progress on your holistic health plan. You may choose to do a checkup every few months or perhaps semiannually. As you grow and develop in experience and wisdom you may want to expand and readjust your vision for your health. You will also begin to recognize snags and obstacles in your ability to take excellent care of yourself. This Life Health Checkup will allow you to renew and recommit to your plan. It will also give you a place to be honest in facing obstacles that may be causing you difficulty and unhappiness. You may want to add pages or use an ongoing journal for the purpose of carefully reviewing your current life in relationship to the seven health principles.
Page 398
LIFE HEALTH CHECKUP SHEET DATE__________ 1. ATTITUDE A. MY CURRENT ATTITUDINAL HEALTH
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 399
2. VALUES A. CURRENT REVIEW OF MY VALUES
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 400
3. SELFCARE A. CURRENT LEVEL OF MY CARING FOR MY PHYSICAL, MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND SPIRITUAL WELLBEING
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 401
4. RELATIONSHIPS A. CURRENT HEALTH OF MY RELATIONSHIPS
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 402
5. COMMUNITY A. CURRENT HEALTH OF MY INVOLVEMENT WITH COMMUNITIES
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 403
6. NATURAL WORLD A. CURRENT STATE OF MY CONNECTION TO THE NATURAL WORLD
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 404
7. SERVICE A. CURRENT HEALTH OF MY GIVING TO AND RECEIVING FROM OTHERS
B. ASSETS, CHALLENGES, PROBLEMS, OBSTACLES
C. VISIONS, EXPANSIONS, CHANGES, PLANS, RECOMMITMENTS
Page 405
The Challenge 2000 Project Charting Your Course: A LifeLong Guide to Health and Compassion is the shared vision of a fouryear, handson project called Challenge 2000. Developed at the University of Notre Dame, it is an initiative that brought together a national representation of students, educators, administrators, and parents. These talented people pooled energy and commitment to create a new vision for the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse in higher education. Twenty previous years of traditional prevention education and programming had minimal effect on the abusive drinking behavior of college students. Why were students still abusing alcohol and other drugs in record numbers? What would it take to reverse this problem? This was the challenge faced by the conference. It was decided that the best way to answer this question was to imagine a new world in which anything was possible. Conference members were charged with the task of creating their best vision for prevention in higher education. They were asked to let go of old thinking and imagine what the world would look like in the year 2000 if students no longer abused alcohol and other drugs. They were given permission to dream and believe that dreams could come true. They were then asked what it would take to make their brightest vision a reality. It soon became clear that this new vision for prevention in education would expand the focus of alcohol and other drugs into the arena of total mind, body, and spiritual health. Seven themes resulted from the work of two Challenge 2000 conferences. These holistic health themes were developed into the Seven Health Principles upon which this book is based. Such principles form a framework for life health planning. It was believed that change would occur when the campus culture and environment educated, supported, and nurtured the development of students as whole human beings: it can be built on a foundation of reverence, compassion, and respect for themselves and others. The contributors looked beyond the oftendiscouraging outcomes of prevention efforts toward a shared vision of tomorrow, where all living things can flourish—a tomorrow in which human beings will regard celebrating their full and compassionate presence to life as the essential planetary resource. This book is grounded in the belief that a cultural shift can occur, in which living in good health becomes a natural and cherished norm. It likewise believes that young people are basically good and when given information, love, compassion, and options, they will want to stay healthy, sober, and present to life and will naturally choose to be less harmfully involved with alcohol and other drugs.
Page 407
References and Further Reading Allport, G. W., P. Vernon, and G. Lindzey. 1970. Study of Values. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. American Cancer Society. 1996. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. American College of Sports Medicine. 1992. Fitness Book. Champaign, Ill.: Leisure Press. Angelou, M. 1993. Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now. New York: Random House. Bateson, G. 1979. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Toronto: Bantam Books. Benson, H., and E. M. Stuart. 1992. The Wellness Book. New York: Simon and Schuster. Benson, J. 1994. Transformative Adventures, Vacations, and Retreats: An International Directory of 300+ Host Organizations. Portland, Ore.: New Millennium. Berman, M. 1989. Coming to Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the History of the West. New York: Bantam Berry, T. 1988. The Dream of the Earth. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. Bireda, M. 1990. Love Addictions: A Guide to Emotional Independence. Oakland, Calif.: New Harbinger. Black Elk, W., and W. Lyons. 1990. Black Elk. San Francisco: Harper. Bohm, D. 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. Boston: Routledge and Keagan Paul. Bok, S. 1995. ''Introduction" to "An American Dilemma Revisited," ed. Stephen Graubard. Daedalus (winter): 1–13. Borysenko, J. 1984. Minding the Body, Mending the Mind. New York: Bantam Books. ———. 1993. Fire in the Soul: A New Psychology of Spiritual Optimism. New York: Warner Books. Boyd, D. 1974. Rolling Thunder. New York: Delta. Boyer, E. 1994. "Creating the New American College." The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 9): A 48. Brown, L., C. Flavel, and S. Postel. 1991. Saving the Planet. New York: W. W. Norton. Brown, L., et al. 1995. State of the World. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. Buber, M. 1948. Israel and the World. New York: Schocken Books. Burger, J. 1990. Gaia Atlas of First People. New York: Doubleday. Burns, D. 1980. Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy. New York: William Morrow. ———. 1989. The Feeling Good Handbook. New York: William Morrow. Buscaglia, L. 1972. Love. New York: Fawcett Books. ———. 1982. Living, Loving, and Learning. New York: Fawcett Books. Casey, K., and M. Vanceburg. 1983. The Promise of a New Day. New York: HarperCollins. Catacchione, L. 1979. The Creative Journal, The Art of Finding Yourself. Athens, Ga.: Swallow Press. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 7 (no. 2). Chakravarty, A. Ed. 1961. A Tagore Reader. New York: Macmillan. Checkoway, B. 1996. "Combining Service and Learning on Campus and in the Community." Phi Delta Kappan (May): 600–606.
Page 408
Coleman, S., and M. Porter. 1991. Seasons of the Spirit. Center City, Minn.: Hazelden Press. Conn, S. 1995. In Ecopsychology: Healing the Mind, Restoring the Earth, ed. T. Rosak, M. Gomes, and A. Kanner. New York: Sierra Club Books. Corey, G., and M. S. Corey. 1993. I Never Knew I Had a Choice. California: Brooks Cole. Curfman, G. D. 1993. "The Health Benefits of Exercise: A Critical Appraisal." New England Journal of Medicine 528 (8): 574–575. Cushman, P. 1990. "Why the Self Is Empty: Toward a Historically Situated Psychology." American Psychologist 45: 599–610. Dennis, B. G. 1990. "Living a Balanced Life." Journal of Reality Therapy 9: 18–32. DeVitis, J. L., R. W. Johns, and D. J. Simpson. Eds. 1997. To Serve and Learn: The Spirit of Community in Liberal Education. New York: Peter Lang. Dewey, J. 1922. Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology. New York: Henry Holt. Dunn, H. 1967. High Level Wellness. Arlington, Va.: Charles B. Slack. Durning, A. 1992. How Much Is Enough? The Consumer Society and the Future of the Earth. New York: Norton. Dyer, W. 1976. Your Erroneous Zones. New York: Avon. E: The Environmental Magazine. Norwalk, Conn: Earth Action Network. Edlin, G., E. Golanty, and K. McCormack Brown. 1996. Health and Wellness. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett. Ehrlich, T. Ed. 1995. "Taking Service Seriously." AAHE Bulletin 47, no. 7 (March): 8–10. Fanning, P. 1988. Visualization for Change. Oakland, Calif.: New Harbinger. Fenley, M. A., et al. 1993. The Prevention of Youth Violence: A Framework for Community Action. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 50 Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Earth. 1989. Berkeley, Calif.: The Earthworks Group. Floyd, P. A., S. E. Minus, and C. YeldingHoward. 1995. Personal Health: A Multicultural Approach. Englewood, Colo.: Morton. Fortunato, J. E. 1987. AIDS: The Spiritual Dilemma. San Francisco: Harper. Foster, S., and M. Little. 1992. The Book of the Vision Quest: Personal Transformations in the Wilderness. Rev. ed. New York: SimonSchuster. Fox, M. 1991. Creation Spirituality: Liberating Gifts for the People of the Earth. San Francisco: Harper. Frankl, V. 1984. Man's Search for Meaning, New York: Pocket Books. Fritz, R. 1991. Creating. New York: Fawcett Columbine. Fromm, E. 1956. The Art of Loving. New York: Harper and Row. Glaser, R., andJ. KiecoltGlaser. 1994. Handbook of Human Stress and Immunity. New York: Academic Press. Glendinning, C. 1994. My Name is Chellis and I'm in Recovery from Western Civilization. Boston: Shambhala. Glouberman, D. 1989. Life Choices and Life Changes through Imageworks: The Art of Developing Personal Vision. London: Unwin Hyman. Goleman, D., and J. Gurin. Ed. 1996. Mind/Body Medicine. Consumer Reports Books. Gordon, S. 1989. When Living Hurts. Des Plaines, Ill.: Dell. Gottman, J. 1994. Why Marriages Succeed or Fail. New York: Simon and Schuster. Gray, J. 1993. Men Are from Mars; Women Are from Venus. New York: HarperCollins. Greer, S., T. Morris, and K. W. Pettingale. 1979. "Psychological Response to Breast Cancer: Effect on Outcome." The Lancet 2: 785–87. Griffin, S. 1995. The Eros of Everyday Life: Essays on Ecology, Gender, and Society. New York: Doubleday. Hahn, K. 1930. "The Seven Laws of Salem" Appendix I. In Ten Years of Gordonstoun: An Account and an Appeal. Welshpool, Wales: Country Times.
Page 409
Hawkin, P. 1993. The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. New York: HarperCollins. Herbert, V., and G. J. SubakSharpe. Ed. 1995. Total Nutrition from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Griffin, N.Y.: St. Martin's. Howard, J. Ed. 1993. Praxis I: A Faculty Casebook on Community Service Learning. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Office of Community Service Learning Press. Irvin, M., M. Daniels, E. T. Bloom, T. L. Smith, and H. Weiner. 1987. "Life Events, Depressive Symptoms, and Immune Function." American Journal of Psychiatry 144: 437–41. Jampolsky, G.. 1979. Love is Letting Go of Fear. Berkeley, Calif.: Celestial Arts. Jensen, D. Ed. 1995. Listening to the Land: Conversations about Nature, Culture, and Eros. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. Johnson, R. 1986. Inner Work: Using Dreams and Active Imagination for Personal Growth. New York: Harper and Row. Jones, R. B. 1995. Listen to the Drum: Blackwolf Shares His Medicine. Salt Lake City: Communekey. Jung, C. G. 1964. Man and His Symbols. New York: Anchor Press. Jung, C. G. 1973. Mandalas of Symbolism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Kahne, J., and J. Westheimer. 1996. "In the Service of What? The Politics of Service Learning." Phi Delta Kappan (May): 593–599. Kendall, J. Ed. 1990. Combining Service and Learning: A Resource Book for Community and Public Services. Raleigh, N.C.: National Society for Internships and Experiential Education. Kilby, R. 1993. The Study of Human Values. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. Klein, A. 1989. The Healing Power of Humor. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher. Kluckhohn, F. R., and F. L. Strodtbeck. 1961. Variations in Value Orientations. New York: Harper and Row. Kohlberg, L. 1981. The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row. –——. 1984. The Psychology of Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Koss, Mary P., et al. 1994. No Safe Haven: Male Violence against Women at Home, at Work, and in the Community. American Psychological Association. KublerRoss, E. 1987. Death, The Final Stage of Growth. New York: Touchtone Books. Kupiec, Tamar. Ed. 1993. Rethinking Tradition: Integrating Service with Academic Study on College Campuses. Providence, R.I.: Campus Compact. Laszlo, E. 1994. The Choice: Evolution or Extinction? New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Lerner, H. 1985. The Dance of Anger. New York: Harper and Row. ———. 1989. The Dance of Intimacy. New York: Harper and Row. Lewis, C. S. 1947. The Abolition of Man. New York: Macmillan. Lewis, H. 1990. A Question of Values. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Lindbergh, A. M. 1978. Gift from the Sea. New York: Vintage Books. Macy, J. 1983. Despair and Personal Power in the Nuclear Age. Philadelphia: New Society. Mahdi, L. C. 1987. Betwixt and Between: Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court. Martz, H. 1993. If I Had to Live My Life Over Again, I Would Pick More Daisies. Watsonville, Calif.: Paper Maché. May, G. 1988. Addiction and Grace: Love and Spirituality in the Healing of Addictions. San Francisco: Harper. ———. 1992. Care of Mind, Care of Spirit: A Psychiatrist Explores Spiritual Direction. San Francisco: Harper. Mayeroff, M. 1971. On Caring. New York: Harper and Row. McGaa, E. 1990. Mother Earth Spirituality: Native American Paths to Healing Ourselves and Our World. San Francisco: Harper Collins.
Page 410
McKay, M. D. 1995. Messages: The Communication Skills Book. Oakland, Calif.: New Harbinger Publications. McWhirter, J. J. 1988. Seek Wisdom. Tempe, Ariz.: Minden. Menchu, R. 1993. "Preface." In Endangered Peoples. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. Meyer, W. B. 1996. Human Impact on the Earth. New York: Cambridge University Press. Michaud, E. L., and E. Torg. 1995. Total Health for Women. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale Press. Naess, A. 1988. In Thinking Like a Mountain, ed. J. Seed and J. Macy. Philadelphia: New Society. Noddings, N. 1984. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Ornish, D. 1990. Dr. Dean Omish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease. Random House Ornstein, R., and D. Sobel. 1987. The Healing Brain: Breakthrough Discoveries about How the Brain Keeps Us Healthy. New York: Simon and Schuster. Pate, R. R., et al. 1995. "Physical Activity and Public Health: A Recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and the American College of Sports Medicine." Journal of the American Medical Association 273 (5): 402–407. Peck, M. S. 1978. The Road Less Traveled. New York: Touchtone Press. ———. 1987. The Different Drum. New York: Touchtone Books. Peter, L., and B. Dana. 1982. The Laughter Prescription. New York: Ballantine Press. Piorkowski, G. K. 1994. Too Close for Comfort: Exploring the Risks of Intimacy. New York: Insight Books. Radest, H. B. 1993. Community Service: Encounter with Strangers. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Ray, P. H. 1996. "The Rise of Integral Culture." Noetic Sciences Review no. 37 (Spring): 1–15. Rokeach, M. 1972. Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Roszak, T. 1992. The Voice of the Earth. New York: Simon and Schuster. Roszak, T., M. Gomes, and A. Kanner. 1995. Ecopsychology: Healing the Mind, Restoring the Earth. New York: Sierra Club Books. Sacks, P. 1996. Generation X Goes to College. Chicago: Open Court. Sampson, E. E. 1997. "Psychology and the American Ideal." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 309–320. Sanford, J. 1978. Dreams and Healing. New York: Paulist Press. Schumacher, E. F. 1975. Small Is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered. New York: Harper and Row. Seaward, B. L. 1997a. Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies for Health and Wellbeing. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. ———. 1997b. Health and Wellness Journal Workbook. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. ———. 1997c. Stand Like Mountain, Move Like Water: Reflections on Stress and Human Spirituality. Deerfield Beach, Fla.: Health Communications, Inc. Seed, J., and J. Macy. 1988. Thinking Like a Mountain. Philadelphia: New Society. Seligman. M. 1990. Learned Optimism. New York: Pocket Books. Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday. Shaffer, C. R., and K. Anundsen. 1993. Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World. Los Angeles: Tarcher/Putnam Siegel, B. 1988. Love, Medicine & Miracles. New York: Harper and Row. ———. 1990. Peace, Love, & Healing, New York: Perennial Press. Simon. S., L. W. Howe, and H. Kirschenbaum. 1978. Values Clarification: A Handbook of Practical Strategies for Teachers and Students. New York: A & W. Visual Library. Simonton, O.C., S. Simonton, and J. Creighton. 1978. Getting Well Again. New York: Bantam Books.
Page 411
Smith, H. 1982. Beyond the PostModern Mind. New York: Crossroad. Some, M. 1993. Community, Power, and Ritual. Portland: SwanRaven. Suzuki, D., and P. Knudtson. 1992. Wisdom of the Elders. New York: Bantam Books. Tannen, D. 1990. You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Ballantine Books. Thomashow. M. 1995. Ecological Identity: Becoming a Reflective Environmentalist. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Travis, J., R. Travis, and S. Regina. 1988. The Wellness Workbook. 2nd. ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. United States Department of Health and Human Services. 1979. Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. PHS 91–55071. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ———. 1990. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. PHS 91–50212. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. von Oech, R. 1983. A Whack on the Side of the Head. New York: Warner Books. ———. 1986. A Kick in the Seat of the Pants. New York: Perennial Library. Warner, N. 1983. Make Anger Your Ally: Harnessing Our Most Baffling Emotion. New York: Simon and Schuster. Watchel, P. 1989. Poverty of Affluence. Philadelphia: New Society. Weisinger H. 1985. The Anger Workout Book, Harlington, Tex.: Quill Books. Weiten, W., M. A. Lloyd, and R. L. Lashley. 1991. Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the '90's. 3rd. ed. Pacific Grove, Calif.: BrookCole. Westheimer, R. K. 1995. Sex for Dummies. Foster City, Calif.: IDG Books. World Press Review. New York: Stanley Foundation. World Watch. Washington. D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. Yalom, I. D. 1931. Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books. Yesalis, C. E., et al. 1993. "AnabolicAndrogenic Steroid Use in the United States." Journal of the American Medical Association. Zlotkowski, E. 1996. "Linking ServiceLearning and the Academy." Change (JanuaryFebruary): 21–27. Zukav, G. 1989. The Seat of the Soul. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Page 412
Page 413
Contributors David Anderson is a research professor in the Center for the Advancement of Public Health, in the Institute of Public Policy of George Mason University. David is a coeditor of Charting Your Life. His published research includes The College Alcohol Survey 1979–1997, The Drug and Alcohol Survey of Community, Technical, and Junior Colleges, and Evaluation of Teen Drinking Prevention Program. Kristin Anundsen is a writer and writing collaborator based in San Francisco. She is coauthor of Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World. Kristin has contributed to many books and periodicals focusing on community and has written extensively in the fields of business, management, and psychology. Joe Baker is Environmental Health and Safety Coordinator of Student Health Programs at Southern Illinois University. He holds a master's degree in Rehabilitation Counseling and has nineteen years of experience of working with people suffering emotional illness, substance abuse, and other adjustment issues. He has also worked in substance abuse evaluation and case management for the judicial system. Jim Coleman is a coordinator and peer support person for a mental health agency that is operated by persons living with mental illness. Previously he was in the field of human resources where he had twentyfive years of experience. Sally Coleman, a marriage and family therapist and addictions counselor, has been a counselor at the University of Notre Dame for the past twelve years. She is the originator of Challenge 2000 and coeditor of Charting Your Course. Her previously published books include Seasons of the Spirit, Can't Buy Me Love, Our Best Days, Lifework and Escaping Love Captivity. Christine G. Conway received her doctorate in counseling psychology from the University of Notre Dame and is assistant director of Counseling Services at Franklin and Marshall college in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. She works primarily in the field of alcohol and drug abuse prevention and is also interested in women's issues and selfesteem. Lisa Faithorn is a research anthropologist and currently Director of Research at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco. She cofounded the Social and Cultural Anthropology Graduate Program and served as its chair for fourteen years. Her research contributions include work on organizational development, gender identity, ethnography, and indigenous cultures and sustainable development. Sonia Gernes is Professor of English at the University of Nore Dame, where she teaches creative writing and women's literature. She has published one novel and three books of poetry, including A Breeze Called Fremantle Doctor. Annann Hong is currently a health educator at Northwestern University. She received her master's degree in Public Health from Columbia University while working as Assistant Program Coordinator for Columbia's Health Education Department. She is also a certified HIV/AIDS instructor and sexual assault counselor. George S. Howard received his doctorate in counseling psychology from Southern Illinois University and is presently a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame. A fellow in six divisions of the
Page 414
American Psychological Association, he is author of numerous articles and books, including Understanding Human Nature: An Owner's Manual and Ecological Psychology: Creating a More EarthFriendly Human Nature. Kelly Hundt is a communications consultant and founder of Reliance Media Resources, a media and marketing consulting company working with small and midsized organizations. She has taught an advertising class at Columbia College in Chicago. Robert W. Johns received a doctorate from Stanford University in social studies, education, and humanities. He recently contributed to School Reform in the Deep South and coedited To Serve and Learn: The Spirit of Community in Liberal Education. His particular interest is in educational programs which have a strong emphasis on crosscultural perspectives and community service. Jeffrey Kane received his doctorate at New York University and currently serves as Dean of the School of Education at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University. He is editor of Holistic Education Review and author of Michael Polanyi Reconsidered. Gerda Weissman Klein is a historian, columnist, and speaker. She has received many awards including the prestigious Lion of Judah in Jerusalem in 1996. Her works include an autobiography All But My Life, Promise of a New Spring, and A Passion for Sharing, a biography of the New Orleans philanthropist Edith Rosenwald Stern. Bobbie M. Knable is currently Dean of Students at Tufts University. Frequently an invited speaker and panelist for conferences on alcohol, she has served on a number of governing boards, including the Massachusetts Association of Women Educators and the Massachusetts Institute of Psychoanalysis, and as member of the Steering Committee of the New England Collegiate Alcohol Network. Jim Langford is the Director of the University of Notre Dame Press, an Assistant Professor in the College of Arts and Letters, and a Chicago Cubs historian. A noted scholar on Galileo, he and his wife Jill are cofounders of There Are Children Here, a program providing enrichment in a safe environment for innercity children. Hanoch McCarty is an internationally known speaker, educational psychologist, and author. His works include the bestselling The 4th Course of Chicken Soup for the Soul: 101 More Stories That Touch the Soul and Rekindle the Spirit and Acts of Kindness: How to Create a Kindness Revolution. Geraldine K. Piorkowski, Ph.D., is currently Director of the Counseling Center and Clinical Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She is the author of Too Close for Comfort: Exploring the Risks of Intimacy. Her areas of expertise include alcoholism and relationships and couples therapy, which have been the focus of her magazine, radio, and television appearances in recent years. Helen Ridder is a Sister in the Community of the Adorers of the Blood of Christ who is living at Earthworks, an ecological farm community which provides educational experiences for adults and children on sustainable, earthfriendly living. Maura Ryan received her doctorate from Yale University and is Assistant Professor of Christian Ethics at the University of Notre Dame. Her research interests include bioethics, moral theology, feminist theory, and issues of sexuality and society. Brian Luke Seaward, Ph.D., is the author of Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies for Health and Wellness and the best seller, Stand Like a Mountain, Flow Like Water: Reflections on Stress and Human Spirituality. Laura Sewall is an educator and experimental psychologist. She received her doctorate in perceptual psychology from Brown University and teaches psychology, ecopsychology, and women's studies at Prescott College, an environmental college in the Arizona Highlands. Her work is currently concerned
Page 415
with the ways in which perceptual habits and tendencies preclude deeper experience with the natural world. Elan Shapiro founded Sustainable Living Associates, which designs handson teambuilding programs. He integrates the perspectives of ecopsychology, bioregionalism, and multiculturalism in projects which include gardening, nature study, and habitat restoration. C. Michael Smith, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist and codirector of the Haelan Counseling Center in Niles, Michigan. A research fellow for the Center of Theology, Ethics, and the Human Sciences at the Chicago Theological Seminary, he is the author of Psychotherapy and the Sacred: Religious Experience and Religious Resources in Psychotherapy and Jung and Shamanism in Dialogue: Retrieving the Soul—Retrieving the Sacred. Steve Truitt is Coordinator of the Harvard—Outward Bound Project in ExperienceBased Education, an academic program offering graduatelevel courses in the use of active learning methods. He is also an instructor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and spends his summers instructing Outward Bound rafting and kayaking courses.