Certificate in Bee Keeping (CIB)

Citation preview

Ilm~~

"* WT -.q m ~ ~I~

*

~~

R\ Cfid74&ft

0'llT3R

f~~m :JN

Programme Enrolment Number

I

Name

Date from

I

I

New Address Existing Study Centre Code ~

Town

I

State

I

State Code Signature:

I

I

Change

I

For change/correction of address and or change of study centre the form should be mailed to the Director of your concerned Regional Centre.

NOTE: TWO FROMS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS PAGE, USE THE RELEVANT FORM ONLY

effective

I

Code

D:=J

Pi~

I III I

(See Code List 2 of Guide to Applicant) Date:

New Study Centre Code:

~

Appendix-It/

To The Regional Director

Sub: Intimation of Non-receipt of Study Material & Assignments Enrolement No.

Programme I have not received the study Materials/Assignments SI. No.

Course Code

in respect of the following:

Blocks

Assignments

I have remitted all the dues towards the course fee and there is no change in my address given as follows: Signature:

Name and Address:

Date:

For Official Use Date of despatch of study material/assignments

to students

------43

.

Appendi.x

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

I EXAM

STUDENT EVALUATION DIVISION MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI-110 068 TERM-END EXAM JUNE I DECEMBER - 200__

-v

FORM I Form Number

Programme Code Enrolment No.

COURSE OPTION: Course Code (Exam already taken in last TEE but result awaited on the date of submission of the exam form) (For result please visit IGNOU site www.i nou.ac.in) NO EXAM FEE TO BE PAID S.No. Course Code

Course codes for which appearinq for the First time OR failed in t~~~;~rlierJEEs Fee @ Rs. 50/- PERCOlJRSE l' S.No.' 4:r;-.

Course Code

~.No

Course Code".:

1.

9.

1.

2.

10.

2.

3.

~=*=::=:::;==*:::::;~=::==*=,,,,,=;j~~:1 ~;_ ,

I

l

I

11.'

3.

h;.

4.

5.

~~=:=**=:=*=",;:;:::.~. '~"l" '12. 13.

6.

14.

6.

7.

15.

7.

B.

16.

B.

4.

FEE DETAILS (Please write your Name & Enrolment Total No. of

X50

Practical Courses

X 50

Late Fee

TOTAL

I

SIGNATUREOFTHESTUDENT (within the Bo~ only) I&'

]

5.

No. at the back of the Draft)

r------T~~~~~~~~--I

TotajAmt.

Courses

:=::=:=~~~===:=J :=:::::~~=::=:::;===*=J :==:::=~~~==*=J

Draft No.

ITIIJ ITIIJ ITIIJ ITIIJ

ITIIJ DJ / DJ / ITIIJ

Amount Date Issuing Branch Payable at

Control No. I&' (For Official use Only)

_

45

I

_

DECLARATION I hereby affirm that I have submitted/will submit all the required number of assignments as applicable for the above coursers) within the deadlines prescribed by the University to the appropriate authority for evaluation. I also affirm that my registration for the above course(s) is valid and not time barred. If any of my above statements are found to be untrue, I will have no claim for taking examination. I undertake that I shall abide by the rules and regulations of the University.

Date:

(Signature of the Student)

Dates for Submission of Exam Forms FORJUNETEE

1 Feb to 31 March 1April to 20 April 21 April to 15 May· 16 May to 28 May·

LATEFEE NIL Rs. 300/Rs. 500/Rs. 1000/-

FORDECTEE

1 Aug to 30 Sept. 1 Oct to 20 Oct. 21 Oct to 15 Nov" 16 Nov to 28 Nov"

LATEFEE NIL Rs. 300/Rs. 500/Rs. 1000/-

"Durinq these dates submit the examination form with late fees to the concerned Regional Centre (Outside Delhi). For Delhi submit to the Registrar (SED).

Please submit the examination form up to 20th April/20th by Regd. Post / Speed Post

Oct at the address mentioned below and no where else

THE REGISTRAR (SED) INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, BLOCK-12, MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI - 110068

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR FILLING UP THE EXAM FORM

1. Please send the examination form by Registered Post/Speed post and retain the proof of its mailing till you receive the Hall Ticket. 2. Students should submit the examination form only once for each Term-end Examination. 3. Examination fee @ Rs. 50/- per course in the form of demand draft drawn in favour of IGNOU and payable at New Delhi is required to be sent along with the Examination Form. 4. It is advisable that students fill-up the examination form without waiting for the result of the previous examination. No Examination fee is required to be paid for the courses for which the student appeared in the preceding TEE and the result has not been declared on the date of submission of the Examination form. 5. Term-end Examination result is also available on the university website i.e., www.ignou.ac.in. status before fil!ing examination form.

Please see the result

6. If you fail to receive Examination Intimation Slip one week before commencement of examination, you may visit our website www.ignou.ac.in and down load Hall Ticket and report to Examination Centre with your Identity Card. 7. Normally the Study Centre is the Examination Centre. In case you wish to take examination at a particular centre, the code of your chosen centre be filled up as Examination Centre Code. However, if Examination Centre chosen by you is not activated, you will be allotted another Examination Centre under the same Region. 8. Change of Examination Centre, once allotted, is not permissible under any circumstances. 9. Please write correct course code(s) as indicated in your Programme Guide, failing which the course(s) will not be included in Hall Ticket for taking examination. (For example ECO-01/MS-02.) 10. In case wrong/invalid course code is mentioned in examination form, the course will not be included in the Hall Ticket and the examination fee paid will not be refunded.

46

Appendix - VI ~

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY MAIDAN GARHI NEW DELHI - 110 068 APPLICATION FORM FOR RE-EVALUATION OF RESULT OF ANSWER SCRIPTS Name:

.

Programme:

.

Enrolment No. Address:

PIN: Month and Year of the Exam:

.

Name of Exam Centre:

.

Centre Code:

. COURSE CODE

Courses, in which Re-evaluation is sought

TITLE OF THE COURSE

Total amount paid Rs: .............................•.......•..........•....•.................. (Rs. 500/- per course/paper) Bank Draft No

(Issuing Bank)

.

Signature ofthe student Date:

. 47

NOTE: The request for re-evaluation by the students must be made before 31 st March for December TEE and 30th September for June TEE or within one month of declaration of results whichever is later. The date of declaration of results will be calculated from the date on which the results are placed on the IGNOU website. After re-evaluation, will be considered.

the better of the two scores of original marks/grade

and re-evaluated

marks

The revised marks after the re-evaluation shall be incorporated in the student record and the revised Grade card/Marks sheet shall be sent to the students within one month from the receipt of the application. Re-evaluation is not permissible for the Projects, Practicals, Assignments,

The filled in form with the requisite fee is to be sent to: Dy. Registrar (Exam-III) (Student Evaluation Division) Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi -110068

48

Seminar etc.

Appendix - VII

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-HO 068 APPLICATION

FORM FOR OBTAINING DUPLICATE GRADE CARD/ MARKSHEET

Name

.

Enrolment No. Address

Pin

Programme

.

Month and Year of the Exam

.

Centre from where appeared at last examination

.

Bank Draft / IPO No

Dated

.

for Rs. 150/- in favour ofIGNOU, New Delhi

.

Signature Dated

.

Note : Fee for duplicate grade card Rs.150. The duplicate grade card/mark sheet will be sent by Registered post. The filled in form with the requisite fee is to be sent to : The Registrar (SED) Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-l1 0 068

49

Appendix - VIII ~

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ( To be submitted at the concerned Regional Director) APPLICATION FORM FOR ISSUE OF MIGRATION CERTIFICATE (To be filled in by the Applicant - Before filling in the form, see instructions on reverse) 1.

Name

.

2.

Father's Name

.

3.

Address

4.

Particulars of last exarnination

PIN

Examination Passed (programme)

.

,

Year of Passing

Enrolment No.

. Grades Obtained

Marks Obtained

5.

Name of the Regional Centre and Study Centre to which the Candidate attached

6.

Name of the Uni versity to which the candidate wants to migrate

Draft Details Amount Rs. Bank Name &

D.D. No.'

Date

_

---------- Place of Issue ----------

(To be filled in by the Admissions Division) 1.

The information furnished by ShrilSmt.Km. is correct as per scholar register.

2.

He/She may be issued the Migration Certificate applied for

Date

_

_

_

Dealing Assistant

Section Officer

I hereby declare that the information provided is correct to the best of my knowledge and I have paid all the fee due to the University. In the event of any information being found incorrect the Certificate shall be liable to cancellation by the University. Received the Migration Certificate No.

dated

Dated

51

INSTRUCTIONS 1.

A fee ofRs. 200/- should be remitted by way of a Demand Draft drawn in favour ofIGNOU and payable at concerned Regional Centre City.

2.

At the time of submission of the application for issue Migration Certificate the applicant should attach xerox copy of consolidated Statement of Marks of Provisional Certificate issued by this University (duly attested) for verification.

3.

Duplicate Migration Certificate can be issue on payment ofRs. 200/- only in case the same has been lost, destroyed or mutilated on submission of an Affidavit drawn up on a non-judicial stamp paper ofthe value of Rs. 10/- to be sworn before a Magistrate on the following format.

"1,

son/daughter of

of Migration Certificate to me by the

,

resident

hereby solemnly declare that the

No

dated to enable me to join

issued .

University has been lost and J did not join any other University on the basis of the same nor have I submitted the same for joining any other University".

52

Appendix -IX

Student Registration and Evaluation Division INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY Maidan

Garhi, New Delhi-HO 068

Re-admission form for all programmes (other than MP & MPB - Details as shown in Table-A)

1. Name & Address of the student

,,! .

.............................................................

"""

_

Enrol. No.

4. Regional Centre Code

[[]

5. Study Centre Code

ITIIJ

.

.

",.:"

=

2. Programme Code 3.

Dates for submissions: 1st Aug to 31st Oct. or 1st Feb. to 20th April

6. Details ofcourseis) not completed for which re-admission is sought. : SI. No. .Course

Code

Title of the Course

Credits

Course Fee (Rs.)

Total Rs . . 7.

Details of re-registration for the missed year(s)/semester(s), Year(s)/ semester/ s)

8.

if any:

Course Code(s) of the missed year(s)/semester(s)

Total Fee (CoI.No. 6+7) Rs

enclosed vide Demand Draft No

Date of'..

(Name of Bank)

Re-registration fee Rs.

.

(DD should be drawn in favour of "IGNOU" payable at New Delhi. Signature ofthe Student Mail this Re-admission Form along with DD to Registrar, SED Division, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-l l 0068 on or before the last date mentioned above.

Note: Please retain a copy ofthis form for any future reference.

53

RULES & GUIDELINES 1.

FOR RE-ADMISSION

Re-admission is permissible in the following cases: a)

Students who failed to complete the requirements period prescribed.

in full or in part within the maximum span

b)

Students who failed to complete the requirement of attendance in practicals as prescribed in Programme Curriculum within the maximum span period prescribed.

2.

Students who do not register for all years/semesters of a Programme and fail to pay the prescribed full Programme fee during the maximum duration of the Programme are also eligible for Re-admission, provided they pay full fee for the missed year( s)/ semester( s) as per rate applicable for the session for which they seek re-admission, in addition to the pro-rata course fee for re-admission as per rate given in Table-A for each of the course( s) they failed to successfully complete within the maximum period prescribed.

3.

Course fee paid for re-admission would be valid for a period of six months/one year/two consecutive academic years or four consecutive semesters only, as given below:

a)

Six months

- for all Certificate Programmes of six months duration

b)

One year

- for all Diploma/PG Dip. Programmes of one year duration (including BLIS, MLIS, MADE,ADIT etc.)

c)

Two Years

- for all undergraduate and post-graduate programmes whose minimum duration is of2 years and above.

4.

The additional period indicated at point no. 3 above will commence from the date of completion of the maximum duration ofthe Programme for which the registration was done initially.

5.

Students shall not be on rolls of the university beyond the additional period indicated at point no.3 above.

6.

The credit earned by the student towards his/her courses and assignments successfully completed shall be retained for the revalidated period, provided the syllabus and methodology now in vogue are similar to the course( s) successfully completed earlier.

7.

No study material will be supplied on re-admission. If the earlier study material is replaced, the student will be required to buy changed course material.

8.

The students will be allowed to take re-admission the old course(s) is conducted by the University.

9.

For the Programmes containing practical component, the norms offee payable will be as decided by the respective Schools.

in the old course(s) as long as the examination in

10. Students are required to pay the pro-rata Re-admissionfee as per details given in Table-A, in lump sum, for all the courses they failed to successfully complete earlier. Fee once paid will not be refunded under any circumstances. Students of RCA -MCA Integrated Programme should pay the pro-rata readmission fee, in lump ~um, for all those courses of BC A as well as MCA that have not been successfully completed during the maximum duration of8 years.

11. Pro-ratafee for Re-admission would be changed and when the University revises the Programme fee for various Programmes.

12. Other conditions as prescribed by the University relating to the admission and re-admission

shall

remain the same. 13. The Demand Draft for Re-admission fee together with the re-registration fee of the missed year(s)/ semester(s), if any, should be drawn in favour ofIGNOU payable at New Delhi. Please write your Enrol. No., Name and Programme code and also the words' Re-admission' on the reverse of the DD.

54

Appendix -X ~

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY STUDENT EVALUATION DIVISION Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-ll0068

APPLICATION FORM FOR ISSUE OF PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE Enrolment No. Programme Regional Centre Name Father's Name Month and year of last examination in which you have completed the Programme

.

Mailing Address:

(Please enclose a copy of your complete grade card). Filled in Application Form should be sent to: Registrar (SED) Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-HO 068

Date

. Signature

55

Appendix-XI

Kind Attention: All Past and Present Students ofIGNOU! Now you rank our Performance ... Dear Student,

As the largest distance education institution in the world. We have always endeavoured

to imbibe values and skills for the development of knowledge and competencies. And it is our belief that you as the former or present student are the best person to judge how far we have succeeded in our efforts. To gain your invaluable impression, we present here a short questionnaire. All you have to do is fill it and maill it back to us. You can also fill this questionnaire online by logging on to www.ignou.ac.in. Your invaluable inputs shall guide us towards a direction where we shall imporve our services and evolve more student-friendly study programmes. Vice-Chancellor, IGNOU. Enrolment No Gender:

~

Name

0

Age Group :ISelow 3011

Programme of Study Year of Enrolment Regional Centre

31-40

1141-50 IIAbove

51

I . . .

Year of Completion Study Centre

State

Please indicate your satisfaction Serial No.

.

level by putting a tick mark on your choice.

Questions

Very Satisfied

1.

Concepts are clearly explained in the printed learning material

2.

The learning materials were received in time

3.

Supplementary study material (like video/audio) available

4.

Academic counsellors concepts clearly

5.

The counselling interactive

6.

Changes in the counselling schedule were communicated to you on time

7.

Examination procedures were clearly given to you

8.

Personnel in the study centres are helpful

9.

Academic counselling organised

10.

Guidance from the Programme Coordinators and Teachers from the School

11.

Assignments

12.

Feedback on the assignments clarifying the concepts

13.

Project proposals are clearly marked and discussed

14.

Studying in this programme knowledge of the subject

15.

Results and grade card of the examination were provided on time

16.

Overall, I am satisfied with the programme

explain the

sessions were

sessions are well

Satisfied

Average

Dissatisfied

Very Dissatisfied

o

0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 I I

o

o o o o

o

I

o o o

0000 0000

are returned in time helped in

provided the

0000 0000 0000 0000 I

I I

II

o o o

I I

After fifling cut out this questionnaire and mail it to: STRIDE, Slock-14, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068

56

I

I

I

IGNOU POLICY REGARDING SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT THE WORKPLACE In compliance with the guidelines of the Supreme Court, IGNOU has adopted a policy that aims to prevent/prohibit/punish sexual harassment of women at the workplace. Academic/non-academic staff and students of this University come under its purview. Information on this policy, rules and procedures can be accessed on the IGNOU website (www.ignou.ac.in). Incidents of sexual harassment may be reported to the Regional Director of the Regional Centre you are attached to or to any of the persons below:

Apex Committee Against Sexual Harassment

(ACASH)

Prof. Parvin Sinclair Chairperson

[email protected]

Ms. Neena lain EMPC

[email protected]

Regional Services Division Committee against Sexual Harassment

(RSDCASH)

Dr. Neeta Kapai Chairperson & Dy. Director, Campus Placement Cell

[email protected]

Dr. C. K. Ghosh Director, SSC

[email protected]

Ms. Kailash Saluja AR, SOL

[email protected]

Ms. Surekha AR, Library

[email protected]

lGNOU Committee against Sexual Harassment

(ICASH)

Prof. Rita Rani Paliwal Chairperson & Prof. ofHindi, SOH

rrpal [email protected]

Dr. Silima Nanda Director, ID

[email protected]

Dr. Himadri Roy Reader, SOGDS

[email protected]

Dr. Malti Mathur Reader, SOH

[email protected]

Ms. Vidya Sonal DR. Admin Div.

[email protected]

Mr. K. K. Kutty DR. SRD

[email protected]

Ms. Bharti Kharbanda SO, SOCIS

[email protected]

Ms. Sadhna Malhotra

[email protected]

AR,IGNOU [email protected]

Ms. Kanika Singh RTA, SOCE

57

//~irr

rffr ~.-JCPifxf ~ .'cf; ~ -q m- w MCf3fi?! ctT 1fPfC{

"ff~ 3RT 07' 230 (liP)

Dr. I\. K. Bhow mick Professor. Entomology College of Agriculture .INKVV. .labalpur-d S? 004 (MP)

Dr. C. R. Sathapathy Dr I\. K. Karnataka Professor Department 01" Entomology GBI'.lJ.A. & T Pantnagar US Nagar-263 145 (Uttrakhand)

Professor

(Entomology)

Department 01" Entomology OUAT. Bhubaneshwar-751

003 (Orissa)

Dr. M. 11. Kodandararn Scientist ICAR Research Complex for NUl Barapani. Shillong-793 103 (Meghalaya)

Dr. S. Devanscn Professor Department of Entomology Kerala Agricultural University Vellayani-695 500 t Kcrala)

Faculty from School of Agriculture Pro!". B. S. l lansra. Director Dr. M. K. Salooja. Professor Dr. s. K. Yadav. Reader Dr. 1'. K . .lain. Lecturer Dr. 1'. Vijayakurnar. Lecturer Er. Mukcsh Kumar, Lecturer Dr. Mita Sinharnahapatra. Lecturer

Dr. R. S. Singh Chief Scientist (Apiculture) Rajcndra Agricultural University Pusa. Samastipur-848 125 (Bihar)

Programme Coordinators:

Dr. S. K. Yadavand

BLOCK PREPARATION

Dr. D. Lallo

TEAM

Writers Dr. C. R. Sathapathy Professor (Entomology) Department 01" Entomology OUAL Bhubaneswar-75I 003 (Orissa)

Editors Dr. G S Gatoria

Sr. Entomologist Department of Entomology PAU, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab) Dr. S. K. Yadav Reader sox. IGNOU New Delhi-liD 068

Course Coordinator:

MATERIAL

Dr. S. K. Yadav

PRODUCTION

Mr. Rajiv Girdhar Section Officer (Publications) SOA. IGNOU, New Delhi November.

Ms. Rajshrcc SO!\" IGNOU.

New Delhi

2009

© fndira Gandhi National Open University, ISBN:

Saini

(ProofReader)

2(}(}9

978-81-266-4285-4

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form. by rnimeograph means. without permission in writing from the Copyright holder.

or any other

Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University s office at Maiden Garhi. New Delhi-II ()(}68 or the official website offGNOU at www.ignoLl.ac.in. Printed and published School of Agriculture.

on behalf of lndira Gandhi

Laser typeset by Rajshrcc

Printedat

Computers.

: Vijayalakshmi

V-166A,

National

Bhagwati

Open University,

New Delhi by Director,

Vihar (Near Sec 2, Dwarka),

N.D.-II

Printing Works Pvt. Ltd., B-117, Sector-S, Noida-201301

0059

BLOCK 2 BEE FLORA AND POLLINATION Honey bee rearing is an agro based enterprise. The honey bees are completely dependent upon the flowering plants and the favorable plant species are called bee flora. A farmer should have knowledge about the availability of bee flora where he/she is intending to establish an apiary, Before establishing an apiary, the farmers should survey the area for the availability of the suitable flowering plants. The flowering period or flower availability during the year should also be recorded so that during dearth period, the alternative diet for the bees may be arranged.Availability of good flora and in sufficient quantity is extremely important for the healthy bee rearing. The bees are an important medium of crop pollination. As we know most of the crops are cross-pollinated. The cross-pollinated crops are mostly pollinated by the honey bees. When trse bees are used for pollinating the crops, it is called managed bee pollination. In the managed bee pollination, the bee farmer and the other farmer both are benefitted. The pollination enhances the crop yield and in turn the bees take the floral nectar. In this block, there are two units about bee flora and bee pollination. The details of these units are given below. Unit 1 deals with the Bee Flora. Various characteristics ofthe flowering plants suitable for the honey bee rearing and their floral map indicating the duration of the flower availability have been described in this unit. Unit 2 is about the Bee Pollination. In this unit, the nature of crop pollination, medium of pollination and the characteristics of the bee pollination have been described. Managed bee pollination and benefits out of the bee pollination are the other information incorporated in this unit.

UNIT 1

BEE FLORA

Structure 1.0

Aims and Objectives

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Importance of Bee Pasturage and their Relative Utility to Honey Bees

1.3

Floral Map and Floral Calendar

1.4

Nectar Potential of Major Bee Floras

1.5

Development of Bee Pasturage

1.6

Let Us Sum Up

1.7

Key Words

1.8

Further References

1.9

Model Answers

1.0

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

After going through this unit, you will be able to: •

assess the nature of flora suitable for the honey bees; and

•

prepare a floral map and calendar for establishing an apiary.

1.1

INTRODUCTION

We know that Indi,ais one of the leading mega biodiversity countries of the world to have more than 750 species of bee flora. It is estimated that majority of the floral resources of India is still urider or unutilized. The existing bee flora in the country can very well support to 150-200 million colonies of bees but presently there are barely one million colonies tapping nectar from 0.5-0.7 per cent of the available bee floras. Honey bee is a social insect with excellent colony organisation. They have coevolved with angiosperm plants during the course of evolutionary process for mutual benefit, Bees depend solely upon the flowering plants to fulfill their dietary requirements and in turn render pollination of the plants. The proper pollinated plants produce good quality seeds for further perpetuation in the nature. The diet of the honey bees is composed chiefly of carbohydrates which they derive from the nectar. Nectar is a sugar solution in the flower secreted by special glands called nectaries. Nectar consists mainly of carbohydrates which provide energy to bees. Amino acids, terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, vitamins and oils are the other fractions presents in the nectar. Many dicotyledonous plants use this nectar to attract pollinating insects. The bees also draw protein and other nutrients from the pollen of the flowers. Pollen is highly proteinaceous material produced within the male reproductive part of the flower called anther. Honey bees require pollen essentially for their brood rearing. The hive bees, especially Apis mellifora L. and the sting less bees Trigona irridipennis Smith also collect enough natural resin from plants called propolis which is used for construction of their nest and defense.

5

Bee Flora and Pollination

The plant species which produce nectar, pollen, extra floral nectaries or propolis are visited by bees for one or the other material. These plant species are known as Bee flora or Bee pasturage or Bee forage.

1.2

IMPORTANCE OF BEE PASTURAGE AND THEIR RELATIVE UTILITY TO HONEY BEES

You might have seen a flying honey bee around the flower. We have already discussed the honey bees depend upon the flowering plants for their dietary requirements. The flowering plants include fruit, vegetable, oilseed, ornamental, herb, shrub, bush, forest or avenue plants. The locations which are rich in nectar and pollen yielding plants for longer duration are ideal for beekeeping. In spite of rich bee flora, every region exhibits a Floral Dearth period of variable durations. During this period very few or hardly any flower providing nectar or pollen are available to the bees. This is a very critical period in beekeeping. During this period, you have to take adequate measures to prevent the decline in bee population and their desertion. The nectar and pollen production potential of plants vary widely due to their taxonomy, geographic distribution, age, season etc. Floral characteristics viz. flowering time, length of flowering, flower density, color of petals, amount, location and nutritional status of nectar and pollen influence the acceptability of a plant to the honey bees. Bees can distinguish green, blue, white and violet coloured flowers but insensitive to red flowers. Bees prefer flowers secreting nectar with higher sugar content. Considering the richness of available nectar and pollen, crop coverage in a locality and acceptability of the species for bee foraging, the plant species of a locality may be categorized into three utility groups as described below: 1)

Major utility group

Rich source of nectar, pollen or both. Abundant seasonal).

crop coverage

(may be

Frequently foraged by bees. 2)

Medium utility group

Rich or moderate source of nectar, pollen or both. Area under crop coverage is poor. Moderately foraged by bees.

3)

Minor utility group

Poor source of nectar or pollen. Less area coverage. Occasionally foraged by bees.

6

Plenty of information on occurrence of the species of bee flora and their relative utility to bees from different agro-climatic zones of the country is available. A precise annotated list of important bee flora of our country with their flowering period and dietary source for the honey bees is presented in Table 1.1 (These floras fall under major utility group).

Table 1.1: Important SI.

Plants Species

No. I

Mangifera

2

indica

Bee Flora

Indian Bee Flofa .

Common /English/ HindiName

Flowering Period**

Dietary Source For Bees

Mango

Mar-April

NP*

Cocus nucifera

Coconut

Jan-Dec.

NP

3

Citrus spp.

Lemon/orange

Mar.-May

NP

4

Terminalia arjuna

Arjun

May-June

NP

5

Helianthus

Sunflower

May-Sept.

NP

6

Plectranthus

Plectranthus

Aug.-Sept.

N

7

Carica papaya

Papaya

July-Aug.

NP

8

Brassica campestris

Sarson

Jan-March

NP

9

B. campestris var toria

Toria

Oct-Nov.

NP

10

B. oleracea

Cauliflower

Feb.-March

NP

11

B. rapa

Turnip

Feb.-March

NP

12

Raphanus sativa

Raddish

Feb-March

NP

\3

Eruca

Taramira

Feb.-March

NP

14

fberis amara

Candy!uft

Jan.-March

NP

15

Cucumis melo

Muskmelon

April-June

NP

16

Cucumis sativus

Kheera

May-Sep.

NP

17

Citrullus fistulosus

Tinda

April-Oct.

NP

18

Citrullus lanatus

Watermelon

April-June

NP

19

Cucurbita pepo

Chapankadu

April-June

NP

20

Luffa acutangula

Kali tori

May-Oct.

NP

21

Momordica

Pumpkin

April-July

NP

22

Zea mays

Maize

July-Aug.

P

23

Sorghum vulgare

Sorghum

July-Aug.

P

24

Pennisetum

Bajra

June-July

P

25

Cajanus cajan

Arhar

April-May

NP

26

Cicer arietinum

Bengal gram

Feb.- March

NP

27

Medicago sativa

Lucern

Mar-May

NP

28

Trifolium alexandrium

Berseem

Mar-May

NP

29

Crotolaria juncea

Sun hemp

Sept.-Oct.

N

30

Pisum sativum

Pea

Jan.-Mar.

NP

31

Allium cepa

May-June

NP

32

Allium sativum

Garlic

May-June

NP

33

Althea ofJicinales

Holly hock

April-July

NP

34

Abelmoschus

Okra

April-Sept.

NP

35

Morus alba

Mulberry

Feb.- March

P

36

Pongamia

Pugam/Karanj

Mar.- April

N

37

Psidium guajava

Guava

May-June

NP

38

Syzygium cumini

Jamun

May-June

NP

39

Eucalyptus sp.

Nilgiri

Mar-May

NP

annuus rugosus

sativa

moschata

typhoides

Onion

esculentus

glabra

etc.

7

Bee Flora and Pollination

SI.

Plants Species

No.

Common !English! HindiName

Flowering Period**

Dietary Source For Bees

Bottle brush

Mar-April

N

Til

July-Aug.

NP

' Ber

June-Nov.

NP

Mar.-April

NP

Rose

Jan.-Dec.

NP

Bhang

July-Aug.

P

Vitis vinifera

Grape

Mar.-April

NP

47

Vitax negundo

Bana

May-Aug.

NP

48

Lantana camara

Lantana

Mar-Sept.

NP

49

Azadirachta

Neem

April-May

NP

40

Callistemon

41

Sesamum indicum

42

Zizypus spp.

43

Pyrus pashia

Kantha

44

Rosa spp.

45

Cannabis

46

lanceolatus

sativa

indica

.

*

N-nectar, P-polIen

**

The flowering period of varies in different seasons and agro-climatic regions.

1.3

FLORAL MAP AND FLORAL CALENDAR

Till now you have learnt about the importance of plant species in beekeeping during different seasons. You may recall that flowers are not available during some period of a year. This period is called dearth period. Here come the importance of Floral Map and Floral calendar. In scientific beekeeping, three species of bees viz. Indian hive bee, (Apis cerena indica), Italian bees (Apis mellifera) and the stingless bees (Trigona irridipennis) have been successfully hived, managed and utilized for production of honey, other hive products and managed bee pollination. Development of floral map and floral calendar of a particular locality /region is a prerequisite for planned stationary and migratory beekeeping with any of the bee species. Preparation of the floral map and floral calendar can be done by adopting the following steps: i)

Through seasonal survey of the locality to identify nectar and pollen yielding plants and recording the bee activities.

ii)

Recording flowering time and duration.

ill)

Checking whether the flora is source of surplus honey collection or not.

It is very simple to identify a nectar and pollen yielding plant species in your locality. Simply observe the movement of bee around the flower. If the bees sit on the flower then it should be marked as nectar containing flower. Nectar collecting bees insert their tongue in the nectaries and identify the suitability of the flora for the source of pollen or nectar. The Photographs of some of the bee flora have been given on Plate 1 and 2.

8

-Pollen forages can be recognized by the collected pollens in the pollen basket located in the meta thoracic or hind legs. Such bees work on anthers to collect pollen.

Bee Flora

Fig. 1.1 : Pollen baskets

A person intending to start beekeeping must have adequate knowledge about the potentiality of bee flora of the locality within a radius of 1-3 km. Floral map and floral calendar related to beekeeping of different states are available. The beekeeper should collect such information and if not available, he/she should prepare the same for his/her locality. Apis mellifera bees generally visit flowers within 1-3 km radius. The A. cerana indica covers 1-1.5 km. Thus, for a successful beekeeping, abundant bee flora with extended period of flowering should be available within this range around the apiary. Further, density of bee hives in a unit area depends upon richness of available flora. Over crowding of bee hives will lead to the poor honey yield as well as other complications such as drifting and robbing. Based on the consistent surveys, the desired information is collected. This information can be depicted in various ways implying status of bee pasturage in relation to beekeeping. Scientists of Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana (Punjab) after three decades of beekeeping research had prepared beekeeping zones based on the density of bee flora available and number of colonies suitably utilized to explore these floras (Table 1.2). A pictorial illustration of the bee flora developed by Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar (Oris sa) is presented in Fig. 1.2. Table 1.2: Bee Production SI. No.

Name of the Zone

1.

High productivity

2.

3.

Zones Developed Based on the Availability Floral Map Area or District

Important

Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Hosiarpur, Ropar

Egyptian clover, Sunflower, Rape seed mustard, Eucalyptus, Pear, Shisham Litchi, Citrus

Medium productivity Zone

Kapurthala, Jalandhar Ludhiana, Patiala, Fatehgarhsahib

Egyptian clover, Eucalyptus, Pigeon pea Sunflower, Mustard, Shisham and Cotton (in parts of Rajpura)

Low productivity Zone

Faridkot Ferozepur Bhatinda Sangrur Mansa Muktsar

Egyptian clover, Eucalyptus, Indian Mustard, Cotton, Citrus

Zone

Bee Flora

Some parts of Bhatinda and Manas have good potential for visiting the bee colonies to Indian mustard during December-February. 9

Bee Flora and Pollination WESTBEffGAL

f s

-. l

'. Fig. 1.2:

The productive zones (Highly potential, Potential, Moderately potential and Low potential) of Orissa, ear marked for beekeeping based on floral map

Floral Calendar of a locality guides the beekeeper for efficient bee management to derive maximum benefit from beekeeping. Every region rich in bee flora has a floral dearth period. Similarly, the region amenable for beekeeping has honey flow period of reasonably longer duration. The calendar months when appreciable number of bee floras produce ample nectar is called as Major honey flow season and when the bee flora yield low quantum of nectar is called Minor honey flow season. Period when nectar availability is very scanty it is referred to as Dearth period. A Minor dearth period is often experienced between minor and major honey flow seasons. A typical status of bee flora and honey flow period of coastal Orissa is depicted in Table 1.3 and Fig. 1.3.

10

Calendar months, duration and number of honey flow and dearth period vary from one location to other. Area with short duration of dearth period, one or two major honey flow period of longer duration and remaining period with minor honey flow is the ideal location for beekeeping. Major honey flow coincides in general with the warm summer months of April-May and the dearth period with monsoon months of June-July.

Table 1.3: Status of Bee Flora and Honey Flow Period of Coastal Orissa SI.No.

Status of Honey Flow

Period (month)

Bee flora Available

1)

Major Honey flow

Feb.-May

Lemon, Tamarind, Mahua, Mango, Karanja, Jamun, Neem, Sesamum, Niger, Sunflower, Maize, Capsicum

2)

Dearth period

June-Sept.

Papaya, Bitter gourd, Okra, Brinjal, Guava, Moringa, some flowering Weeds

3)

Minor Honey flow

Oct.-Dec.

Brassica, Niger, Sesamum, Sunflower, Maize, Capsicum, Moringa, Rose Crysanthemum, Onion

4)

Minor Dearth period

January

Brassica, Moringa, Rose,

Bee Flora

Crysanthemum

HONEY FLOW AND DEARTH PERIOD OF BEE FLORA IN ORISSA

.MAJOR HONEY FLOW - ( February DEARTH

-May)

- ( June -Sestem ber)

MINOR HONEY FLOW - ( October-December) oMINOR DEARTH

- (January) ,

Fig. 1.3 : Honey flow and dearth period in Orissa

1.4

NECTAR POTENTIAL OF MAJOR BEE FLORAS

In beekeeping, the availability of nectar and pollen for the consumption of bees is essential. A good number of bee floras have been recognized as high potential source of the nectar or pollen by many scientists and progressive beekeepers through their keen observations and experiences. However, information based on true estimate of potentiality of bee flora in this regard is very scanty. The following few plants have been estimated for their nectar production potential: Eucalyptus: Eucalyptus tree on an average produces 4.0 lakh flowers yielding 15.5 kg of nectar having 54.7% sugar concentration. Thus, Eucalyptus tree producing nectar equivalent to llkg of honey. This tree has been identified as one of the high potential floral sources to honey bees. Pigeon pea (Arhar): Pigeon Pea on an average produces 88 x 10 flowers yielding 106 kg of nectar/ha. The nectar sugar concentration of the crop is estimated to be 38 per cent. Thus, pigeon pea produces nectar equivalent to 50 kg honey/ha.

1]

Bee Flora and Pollination

Brassica spp.: One hectare of Brassica campestris var. Toria crop produces 390 million flowers with an average of 0.242mg nectarlflower. The mean Total Soluble Sugar value of its nectar is 40.4 per cent. Thus, on an average, one hectare Toria crop produces 94.38 kg nectar equivalent to 47.7 kg honey. Honey production potential of B. nap us has been estimated to be 11.98 kg.

1.5

DEVELOPMENT OF BEE PASTURAGE

Bee pasturage is a prime factor in successful beekeeping. India with great diversity of climate and geographic location, supports varied types of vegetations and cultivated crops. Even then, any locality chosen for beekeeping is not free from floral dearth. Through a systematic programme of afforestation, it is possible to develop continuous bee pasturage by judicious selection of bee friendly plant species. Bee pasturage development programmes may be undertaken with any non-government or government programmes like Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) or National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP). This will lead to continuous availabilityof nectar and pollen for successful beekeeping in addition to the aesthetic value, healthy environment and overall economic return to the people of the locality.

Plectranthus

Hollyh9ck

Canabis

Onion

Sunhemp

Luffa

Taramira

Arjuna

Ponqarnla

Plate 1:

12

Bottle Brush

Bee Floras

Bee Flora

Maize

Seasamum

Pongamia

Mustard

Niger

Sun Flower

Pumpkin

•

Neem

Eucalyptus

Tamarind

Plate 2: Bee Floras

Check Your Progress Exercise 1 Note:

1) Space is given below for answers. 2) Compare your answers with that given at the end of the unit.

1)

What is the importance of bee pasturage in beekeeping?

2)

How can you identify a nectar and pollen yielding plant?

................................................................................................................... 3)

What approach do you suggest to develop bee pasturage in your locality?

••••••••••••••

0.0

••••••••••••••••••••••••

0 ••••••••

; ••••••••••••••••

0.0.0

••••••••

0 ••••••

0.0

•••••

,_ •••••••••••••••••

13

Bee Flora and Pollination

1.6

LET US SUM UP

The plant species which support the growth and development of the honey in terms of providing the required nectar are termed as Bee flora. The nectar is available in the flowers of the plants. The suitability of the flora depends upon the liking and disliking of the nectar by the honey bees. The availability of the bee flora in a location determines the potential of the area for the honey production. Suitable bee flora with well distribution of the flower availability over the time is essential for rearing of the healthy bees. Sometimes in a year the flowers are absent. This period is called dearth period. During this period, special care is required to maintain the honey bees. The detailed description about the maintenance of the honey bees during different stressed periods is explained in the Course 2. The healthy bees with healthy bee floras produce healthy honey.

1.7

KEY WORDS

Bee Flora

Group of flowering plants having nectar and pollen in their flowers suitable to honey bee growth and development.

Bee Pasturage

Group of plants that are visited by bees either for nectar or pollen.

Floral Fidelity/Constancy

Visiting flowers of a particular crop in consecutive foraging trips for a long period.

1.8

FURTHER REFERENCES

Abrol, D.P. (1997). Bees and Beekeeping in India, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, pp450. Singh S. (1982). Beekeeping New Delhi, India.

1.9

in India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

MODEL ANSWERS

Check Your Progress Exercise 1

14

1)

Bees depend solely upon the bee pasturage to fulfill their dietary requirement. The diet of honey bees is composed chiefly of carbohydrates and the vitamins, which they derive from the nectar and the pollen of the flowers respectively. Further, Pollen is required essentially for brood rearing in bees and no suitable substitute for pollen is developed so far.

2)

Pollen yielding plant is easily recognized by observing the pollen basket in the meta thoracic or hind pair of legs of the bees which is laden with pollen pellets while foraging on a crop while the nectar yielding plant is identified by observing the glistening drop of liquid ejaculated from honey stomach when anterior region of the abdomen of the bee is pressed a little while returning after foraging the plant.

3)

Primarily the aforestation is the answer. Now how it can be executed depends upon the schemes or available resources with the locality. The schemes of Govt. like NREGS may be implemented for aforestation programmes. The flowering plants which are visited by the honey bees should be promoted.

UNIT 2 BEE POLLINATION Structure 2.0

Aims and Objectives

2.1

Introduction

2.2

Importance of Insect Pollination

2.3

Advantages of Bee Pollination

2.4

Benefits from Bee Pollination

2.5

Managed Bee Pollination 2.5.1

Important Considerations for Managed Bee Pollination

2.6

Income Generation through Pollination Service

2.7

Let Us Sum Up

2.8

Key Words

2.9

Further References

2.10

ModelAnswers

2.0

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

After going this unit, you will be in a position to : •

explain the role of honey bees in crop pollination; and

•

assess the benefits of bee pollination in crops productivity products.

2.1

and quality of the

INTRODUCTION

. In nature, broadly two types of reproduction mechanism exit in the crop plants. One is cross pollination and another is self pollination. Now, we shall be explaining the pollination in detail as it an important phenomenon in determining the crop yield. Pollination is an essential stage in reproduction of flowering plants. It is the process of transfer of pollen from male part (anthers) to the female part (receptive stigma) of the flower. Three types of pollinations are seen in flowering plants, as explained below:

',EARNING ACTIVITY 1) Indentify the major insect helping in crop pollination including honey bee. 2) Jndentify the non insect crop pollinator of your area A report may be prepared on the learning activity. If possible, photographs of SUCL1111sects and animals may also be taken while they are in action.

15

Bee Flora and Pollination

1)

Autogamy: It is the process of transfer of Pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same flower. It is also called as self pollination or pollination of flower by its own pollen.

2)

Xenogamy: It is the process of transfer of Pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower borne on another plant. It is also called as cross pollination.

3)

Geitonogamy: In this process of pollination, pollen grains from anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of another flower borne on same plant. Genetically, it is self pollination but physically it is cross pollination.

For xenogamy and geitonogamy plants depend upon pollinating agents. Self sterile plants also depend upon pollinating agents for xenogamy. lllustrations of insect and non-insect pollinators have been given on the Plate 3 and 4. The pollinating agents fall into two distinct categories viz. Biotic and Abiotic agents. Abiotic pollination is accomplished either by water (Hydrophyly) or by wind (Anemophily). Similarly, the biotic pollination (Zoophily) is accomplished by different class of animals. Pollination is performed by insects (Entomophily), birds (Omithophily), bats (Cheiropteriphily), snails, slugs (Malacophily) and many other animal species during their course of actions. Insects are the most important source of pollination in many crop plants. The honey bees visit the flowers to collect nectar and perform pollination while they move from one flower to another.

2.2

IMPORTANCE OF INSECT POLLINATION

It is estimated that in nature 5 per cent of flowers are self pollinated and rest 95 per cent plants are cross pollinated. Out of95 per cent cross pollinate crops plants, 10 per cent crops depend upon wind and water and 85 per cent upon insects. In the course of evolution of angiosperms, enotomophily (insect pollinators) have played a vital role. Both angiosperms and insects have been evolved to benefit each other. Large groups of insects like bees, butterflies, flies, moths, beetle and thrips carry heavily grains of pollen (Entomophilous grains) and transfer them on to the stigma of other plants assisting in cross pollination. Insect pollinated flowers develop certain adaptations to attract insects. They are:

16

•

Large sized flowers

•

Bright colored petals

•

Scent and odors

•

Special nectar secreting glands

•

Edible nectar

•

Edible pollen

•

Special mechanisms of advantage to plant itself

Over 20000 species of bees belong to super family Apoidea of order Hymenoptera pollinate the crops widely .Members of Apoidae are the most reliable agent for pollination and about 80 per cent insect pollination is done by the bees alone. Other insects normally switch over from one type of flower to other type during successive visit, so fail to pollinate the flowers as efficiently as honey bees. Among bees, the following five species are most important:

Common Name

Scientific Name

SubFamily

Family

l.

Rock bee

Apis dorsata F.

Apinae

Apidae

2.

Little bee

Apis florae F.

Apinae

Apidae

3.

Indian hive bee

Apis cerana indica F.

Apinae

Apidae

4.

Italian honey bee

Apis mellifera L.

Apinae

Apidae

5.

Sting less bee

Trigona iridipennis Smith

Melliponinae

Apidae

SI.No.

Bee

Pollination

Indian hive bee and Italian bees are hived in wooden boxes and extensively used for pollination of field and orchard crops. The stingless bee is very small and known to pollinate over six dozen of crops. They produce very little honey but the quality of honey is much superior to others. These bees can be hived in small wooden box of 25 x 15 x 13 cm size for pollination of crops in the backyard. Please refer the Fig. 2.1 to acquaint yourself about this species of bee.

Fig.2.1:

Stingless bee in wooden hive

Check Your Progress Exercise 1 Note: 1) 2)

Space is given below for answers. Compare your answers with that given at the end of the unit.

1)

Describe the crop pollination.

2)

How bees perform the pollination?

17

1 Bee Flora and Pollination

3)

2.3

Why the bees are most effective crop pollination?

ADVANTAGES OF BEE POLLINATION

Honey bees are by far the most efficient crop pollinator among all the insect species associated in pollination. If you closely see the body of the honey bee, it has many pollen grains attached to it. This is because:

18

•

Honey bee is as social insect. In their colony the young ones are nursed and fed with mixture of honey and pollen by the adult bees throughout the year. The larvae and adults of bees depend fully on flowering plants to meet their dietary requirement thereby rendering efficient pollination.

•

Body of honey bees is specifically adopted to carry the pollen grains. Entire body is hairy and the meta-thoracic pair oflegs bears pollen baskets to carry pollen grains.

•

Honey bees have evolved special communication systems by which thousands of field workers can be deployed when good food is available. Competitive forage sources when interfere with the pollination of a crop, it is possible to decondition and recondition the bees and direct them to a particular crop through simple manipulation.

•

Forager bees visit many species of plants in a given day, but individual forager displays flower fidelity. When a forager start collecting nectar or pollen from the flowers of one species of plant they will continue to visit flowers of only that species for at least one foraging trip and more often for several days or until the resource is exhausted fully. Pollen purity in honey bee is 98 per cent which proves their floral constancy.

•

Unlike other insect pollinators and few species of solitary bees, the honey bees work for a long hour constantly on the same crop and the same field.

•

Honey bees are the only pollinators which can be made readily available in considerable numbers, whenever and wherever needed. Like other agro-inputs (Fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, irrigation etc.) honey bees can be exploited as another vital agro inputs to enhance crop productivity.

•

Honey bees do not limit their pollination service to a single plant species or genus rather pollinate a wide range of agricultural, horticultural crops, forest trees and innumerable shrubs and weeds, thus playing a vital role in conservation offloristic biodiversity.

•

A farmer would be interested in keeping honey bees as they also procuce honey, beeswax, royal jelly, propolis, bee venom etc. Exploitation of honey bees for pollination service also enhances the yield of hive products giving back the extra monetary return to the beekeeper. A. cerana indica and A. mellifera collect nectar load of 15-30 and 30-40 mg respectively in each trip. A bee brings about 10-20 full loads of nectar in one day and for each load it attend 50-500 flowers. Similarly, the pollen load of A. cerana indica and A. mellifera varies from 7-14 mg and 12-29 mg, respectively which they collect

from 50-200 flowers. Each pollen load is collected in -10-20 min. time and as many as 47 loads are collected in one day.

Bee

Pollination

This long period and intimate association of bees for nectar and pollen gathering facilitate high rate of pollination. Thus the honey bees are accurately described as the best pollinator.

2.4

BENEFITS FROM BEE POLLINATION

About 75 per cent of the cultivated flowering plants require cross pollination. Even self pollinated crops are partially benefited by the cross pollination. Many of our important crops (Table 2.2) need bee pollination. Pollination service rendered by bee improves our national income through enhanced yield of agricultural and horticultural crops. This service of bee has hardly been fully realized. Reports of some Western countries are evident that, the annual income through augmentation of crop yield due to bee pollination is 20-25 times more than that of honey and beeswax. The case cannot be different for our country. The yield increase due to bee pollination in different crops experimented in our country is presented in Table 2.3: Table 2.2: Principal Crops in Different States Needing Pollination Service by Insects State

.Principal Crops

Andhra Pradesh

Sesames, Sunflower, Safflower, Red gram, Horse gram, Cotton, Chili, Coriander, Cumin, Coco palm, Coffee, Cucumber, Ivy gourd, Melons, Cashew, Citrus fruits.

Assam

Rapeseed and Mustards, Areca palm, citrus spp., Loquat, Litchi.

Bihar

Rapeseed and Mustards, Linseed, Niger, Red gram, Guava, Litchi, Cucurbits.

Gujarat

Sesame, Cotton, Lucerne, Vegetable crops, Red gram.

Haryana

Rapeseed and Mustards, Cotton, Lucerne.

Himachal Pradesh

Apple, Cherry, Co le crops (seed crops), Buckwheat, Rapeseed and Mustards, Plums, Persimmon.

Jammu & Kashmir

Rapeseed and Mustards, Apple, Cherry, Cole crops (seed crops), Apricots', Buckwheat.

Karnataka

Sesame, Sunflower, Niger, Red gram, Cotton, Horse gram, Coco palm, Areca palm, Citrus spp., Avocado, Cardamom, Coffee.

Kerala

Areca palm, Coco palm, Cardamom, Coffee.

Madhya Pradesh

Sesame, Rapeseed and Mustards, Linseed, Niger, Red gram, Cotton, Coriander, Vegetables, Citrus spp.

Maharastra

Sesame, Sunflower, Safflower, Niger, Linseed, Red gram, Cotton, Lucerne, Chilies, Coco palm, Cashew, Mandarin, Orange, Grape fruit, Guava, Sweet Orange, Lime, Melons, Cucumber, Onion, Strawberry.

Orissa

Sesame, Niger, Rapeseed and Mustards, Coconut, Cucurbits.

Punjab

Rapeseed and Mustards, Red gram,. Cotton.

TamilNadu

Sesame, Sunflower, Niger Red gram, Cotton, Chi lies, Coriander, Coco palm, Areca Palm, Coffee, Cardamom, Mandarin Orange, Lime Lemon, Cashew, Cucurbits, Pear, Plum, Peach.

Uttar Pradesh

Rapeseed and Mustards, Sesame, Linseed, Litchi, Peach, Plum, Citrus sp., Loquat, Berseem, Lucerne, Red gram, Chilies, Buck wheat, cucurbits and Co le crops.

West Bengal

Rapeseed and Mustards, Litchi.

0

19

Bee Flora and Pollination

Table 2.3 : Yield Increase in Different Crops due to Bee Pollination SI. No.

1

Crop

Mustard

Yield Increase (%)

131

SI. No.

7 "

Crop

Yield Increase (%)

Carrot

500

Radish

700

2

Safflower

511

8

3

Niger

1121

9

Brinjal

25-150

4

Sunflower

675-3600

10

Citrus

35-900

, 5

Linseed

232

11

Guava

200

6

Onion

178

12

Coffee

83

Other benefits of bee pollination 1)

Bee pollination not only increases the yield but also improves the quality of seed and fruits.

2)

Oil content in oilseed crop increases due to bee pollination.

3)

Adequate pollination ensures early seed set, uniform maturity and early harvest.

4)

Increases viability of seed embryo and plants.

5)

Enhances resistance to diseases and other adverse environmental conditions.

2.5

MANAGED BEE POLLINATION

India has about 143 million hectare of cropped area of which more than 55 million hectare is under bee pollinated crops other than forest, pastures, waste lands and non-cultivated lands. At the minimum recommended number of2- 3 calonieslha to achieve satisfactory pollination, India requires 150-200 million colonies as against only one million colonies presently available in the country. It has been discussed earlier that, honey bees are the 'best pollinator and can be made available in considerable number whenever and wherever needed. Planned or managed bee pollination in this context is of paramount importance to improve production of agricultural, horticultural and other use full crops.

2.5.1

Important Considerations for Managed Bee Pollination

Production of honey and pollination service to crop is two important gifts honey bees have offered to mankind. Although honey production remains as the prime interest of the beekeepers but pollination service is more important. Therefore, managed pollination is practiced. It should be based on the following considerations.

20

• .

It is a help to the farmers.

•

Migration of colonies is essential for effecting managed bee pollination. Crop needing pollination service, area under the crop, number of colony required for cropped area and economics of migration are the points to be considered for managed bee pollination. Normally, 3-5 bee colonies of good strength are required per hectare. More number of colonies are required if crop is not attractive, however overcrowding of colony should be avoided. Optimum number of colonies required per hectare in different crops is furnish' in Table 2.4.

•

Prosperous or strong colonies i. e. colony with young laying queen, healthy brood in all stages new brood comb, comb with adequate honey and pollen store and ideal bee strength covering at least six brood comb should be utilized for the purpose.

•

Appropriate management practices should be adopted to keep the colonies in peek foraging activity and with predominant pollen gatherer.

•

Visit to the crop by forager can be enhanced by providing stimulant food during night hours comprising of sugar solution in which few flowers and pollen of the target crop are soaked for some hour.

•

Fanners requiring pollination service should have planned cropping system to avoid competition between crops for bee pollination and safety measures against the honeybees for better pollination.

Bee

Pollination

Table 2.4: Optimum Number Bee Colony Required per Hectare for Adequate Pollination SI. No.

Colonies/ ha (No.)

SI. No.

Crop

Colonieslha (No.)

1.

Almond

2

11

Mango

8-15

2.

Apple

2

12

Onion

12-36

3.

Apricot

2.5

13

Orange

4

4.

Brassica

2.5

14

Peach

1-2.5

5.

Cauliflower

2-3

15

Pear

1-5

6.

Carrot

24

16

Radish

5

7.

Citrus

34

17

Sesame

5

8.

Cotton

1-12

18

Sunflower

14

9.

Litchi

5

19

Safflower

2

10.

Lucerne

4-8

20

Watermelon

1-30

•

/

Crop

12.6

Colonies should be safely migrated during night hours when bees are calm and quite and should be placed near crops at 10-20% flowering stage. Hives should be placed in the vicinity of the crop field.

INCOME GENERATION THROUGH POLLINATION SERVICE

Scientific beekeeping provides multi facet income to the beekeeper. Apart from income generation through sale of hive products, bee colony, beekeeping equipment, sharing intellectual skill of beekeeping, beekeeper can earn by renting the boxes for pollination service. Besides rent amount, the farmer also ~arvests more honey from the hive that add to his income. Himachal Pradesh is the leading state in India and South East-Asia renting honeybee colonies in scientific way for pollination of apple orchards .The state department of horticulture in the state is providing bee colonies to the orchardists at a very nominal rent for pollination. Due to increased awareness among the orchardists about the importance of bee pollination inenhancing apple production, there is an increased demand and the orchardists are unable to get required number of colonies for their orchard. These practice has been initiated in Bihar also to harness the honey from litchi. In many parts of the world beekeeper are charging 40-70$ per colony as the rental charge for pollination.

21

Bee Flora and Pollination

.Increased awareness among fanners and beekeeper for mutual benefit will increase the income of both deriving pollination service of the hived honey bees.

Check Your Progress Exercise 2 Note: 1) 2)

Space is given below for answers. Compare your answers with that given at the end ofthe unit.

1)

How one can get the managed bee pollination?

2)

What are the benefit of bee pollination?

2.7

LET US SUM UP

Bees depend solely upon the flowering plants to.fulfill their dietary requirement and iI1turn render pollination service to the plants to produce good seeds. The plant species which produce nectar, pollen, extra floral nectaries or propolis and attended by the bees are called Bee flora, Bee pasturage or Bee friendly plants. A person intending to start beekeeping must have adequate knowledge about potentiality of bee flora of the locality within a radius of1-3 km. Pollination is an essential stage in reproduction of flowering plants. It is the process of transfer of pollen from male part (anthers) to the female part (receptive stigma) ofthe flower. About 75 per cent of our cultivated flowering plants require cross pollination. Many of our important crops need bee pollination, Pollination service by bees improve our national income through enhanced yield of agricultural and horticultural crops. The annual income through augmentation of crop yield due to bee pollination is 20-25 times more than that of honey and beeswax. Managed bee pollination further renders mutual benefit to both fanners and beekeeper.

2.8

KEY WORDS

Bee Pasturage

Group of plants that are visited by bees either for nectar or pollen.

22

Floral Fidelity IConstancy

Visiting flowers of a particular crop in consecutive foraging trips for a long period.

Managed Bee Pollination

Exploitation of honey bees by human for pollination of crops

Pollination

It is an essential

stage in reproduction

of

flowering plants which involves the process of transfer of pollen from male part (anthers) to the female part (receptive stigma) of the flower.

Pollinators

Bee

Pollination

Biotic agents accomplishing the act of pollination in flowering plants.

2.9 FURTHER REFERENCES The following references may be explored for further information: Abrol, D .P. (1997). Bees and Beekeeping in India. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, pp 450. Annonymous. Crop Pollination and Beekeeping. Technical Bulletin-l O.Directorate of Beekeeping Industry, Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC), Bombay. Jhajj, H.S., Gatoria, G.S and Bakhetia, D.R.C. (1996). Three Decades Beekeeping Research in The Punjab, Dept.of Entomology, PAU, Ludhiana. Singh, S. (1982). Beekeeping (ICAR), New Delhi, India.

2.10

in India. Indian Council of Agricultural

of

Research

MODEL ANSWERS

Check Your Progress Exercise 1 I)

The crop pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the stigma. This may happen within the same plant or between two plants. The transfer of pollen grain to the stigma requires proper medium. These medium may be air or water or insect or animal etc.

2)

Body, especially the hind leg of honey bees with pollen basket is specifically adapted to carry the pollen. Honey bees work a long period constantly on the same crop and the same field and individual forager displays flower fidelity or constancy. Further, honey bees are the only pollinators, field workers of which can be deployed in thousands numbers, whenever and wherever needed to render pollination services.

3)

You may recall that the body of honey bee is hairy which can carry many pollen grains from one destination to another. Moreover, the honey bees are fully dependent upon the flowers for their dietary requirements.

Check Your Progress Exercise 2 1)

The managed bee pollination is profession. In this profession, a farmers and the beekeeper both are mutually benefitted. Now-a-day, even many government agencies are arranging the managed bee pollination in which they charge a nominal fee.

2)

Honey bees pollinate about 75 per cent of the cultivated flowering plants and pollination improves our national income through enhanced yield of agricultural and horticultural crops. In addition, bee pollination also improves the quality of seed, fruits, oil content in oilseed crops, early seed set, increases viability of seeds, uniform maturity, early harvest and confer resistance to diseases and other advance environmental conditions.

23

Bee Flora and Pollination

HoneyBee

SphinxMoth

HoneyBee

ButterFly

ButterFly

ButterFly

Beetle

SyrpbidFly

Tbrips

Plate 3. Insect Pollinators

Bat

Bird

Bat

Bird

Humming Bird

24

Snail Plate 4 : Non-insect PoIIinators

OAPI-Oll

INTRODUCTIONTO BEEKEEPING

Block 1 Introduction to Bees and Beekeeping Unit 1

An Overview of Beekeeping History

Unit 2

Species Diversity and Social Organization

Unit 3

Structure of Honey Bee

Unit 4

Starting of Beekeeping

Block 2 Bee Flora and Pollination Unit 1

Bee Flora

Unit 2

Bee Pollination

Certificate in Beekeeping (CIB)

man l1RCf q;) Gr~ -B ~ ~ % am: ~ ~ ~ -q err ~ ~il ctl d 51 qff 'l1TCAlCfiT31f~ tIT % I \l8l Cf~ ,:ap:f CfiRUTf -B ~.~ ~ crrfim 11

fCilSilOidl3TI q;) ~ ~

~

~

q;) ~ ~

~

~~tI

"Education is a liberating farce, and in our age it is also a democratising force, cutting across' the barriers' of caste and class, smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstance. " - Indira Gandhi

· ~~ ~

"

IT~~O?c~ UNIVERSITY

lndira Gandhi National Open University School of Agriculture

OAPI-Oll Introduction to Beekeeping

PRACTICAL MANUAL EXERCISE 1 Acquaintance with the Traiditional and Modern Beekeeping through Educational Visit

5

EXERCISE 2 Identification of Honeybee Species and Castes

8

EXERCISE 3 Handling and Examination of Honeybee Colony

"11

EXERCISE 4 Studies on Honeybee Colonies for Examining Various Development Stages of the Bees

15

EXERCISE 5 Study of Honeybees Body Structure and Appendages

18

EXERCISE 6 Studies on the Hive Structure

22

EXERCISE 7" Acquaintance with Bee Appliances

26

EXERCISE 8 Familirization with Bee Flora

29

EXERCISE 9 A Study on the Foraging Behaviour of Honeybees

32

PROGRAMME

DESIGN COMMITTEE

Shri R.R. Aggarwal S.C.F.17, Sector-6 Bahadurgarh -124 504 (Haryana) Dr. GS. Gatoria Sr. Entomologist Department of Entomology PAU, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab) Dr. AK. Bhowmick Professor Entomology College of Agriculture JNKVV, Jabalpur-482 004 (MP) Dr. AK. Kamataka Professor Department of Entomology GB.P.U.A & T., Pantnagar US Nagar-263 145(Uttrakhand)

Dr. P.K. Chhuneja Professor Department of Entomology PAU, Ludhiana-141 ()()t (Punjab) Dr J.K. Gupta Senior Scientist Department of Entomology and Apiculture UHF, Nauni, Solan-I73 230 (HP) Dr. C.R. Sathapathy Professor (Entomology) Department of Entomology ~UAT, Bhubaneswar-75I 003(Orissa) Dr. M.H. Kodandaram Scientist ICAR Research Complex for NEH Barapani Shillong- 793 103(Meghalaya)

Dr. S. Devansen Professor Department of Entomology Kerala Agricultural University Vellayani-695 500 (Kerala)

Faculty from School of Agriculture

Dr. R.S. Singh Chief Scientist (Apiculture) Rajendra Agricultural University Pusa, Samastipur-Sdf 125 (Bihar)

Dr. P.K. lain, Assistant Professor

Prof. Neera Kapoor School of Sciences IGNOU, New Delhi-I 10 068

Prof. M.K. Saiooja,

Director

Prof. B.S. Hansra Dr. S.K. Yadav, Associate Professor

Dr. P. Vijayakumar, Assistant Professor Er. Mukesh Kumar, Assistant Professor Dr. Mita Sinhamahapatra, Assistant Professor

Programme Coordinators: Dr. S.K. Yadav and Dr. D. Laloo

PRACTICAL MANUAL PREPARATION TEAM Writer Dr. P.K. Chhuneja Professor Department of Entomology PAU, Ludhiana-I41 004 Dwarka Phase-I, New Delhi-I 10 075

Editor Dr. S.K. Yadav Associate Professor School of Agriculture, IGNOU New Delhi-ll0068

Course Coordinators: Dr. S.K. Yadav

MATERIAL PRODUCTION Sh. Babu La! Rewadia Section Officer (Publication) MPDD,IGNOU

Ms. Rajshree Saini Jr. Consultant (P)

SOA,IGNOU

March,20I2 © lndira Gandhi National Open University, 2012 ISBN:

ISBN-9i8-81-266-6020-9

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the lndira Gandhi National Open University. Further information on lndira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University's office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068 orthe official website oflGNOU at www.ignou.ac.in. Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, the Director, School of Agriculture, IGNOU and Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU. Lasertypesetted

New Delhi by

at Graphic Printers, 204, Pankaj Tower, Mayur Vihar, Phase-I, Delhi-91.

Printet at : Educational

stores, S-5, Ind. Area Dsr. Road,· Ghaziabad

(u.P.)

OAPI-Oll

INTRODUCTION TO BEEKEEPING

Beekeeping is a noble profession. It is also one of the agro based village level enterprises. Day by day the demand of honey is increasing. Accordingly, this enterprise has evolved itself over the time. Presently, many commercialized honey production centres have been established across the country. The commercialization of the honey production has further advanced this sector. Many improved technologies have evolved by different institutions and being adopted by the bee keepers across the states in our country. The real development has taken place since the introduction of the European honeybee species. This species is higher productive compared to our native breed. Starting a beekeeping requires certain understanding on the part of a beekeeper. In this practical manual, different exercises have been described to make you aware about the basic requirement for starting an Apiary. Objectives After doing all the exercises of this manual, you will be in a position to comprehend about various requirements and basic information about staring a beekeeping. Study Guide

;~.~ !; '(

cou~1

The practical course involves total of nine exercises. You should brush up OAPI-Oll ~eory prior attending these exerci.ses. This will enable you to get be~e#' understanding about the concept of the exerCIse.. . '. ~, ~