Canon Law in the Age of Reforms (c. 1000 to c. 1150) (History of Medieval Canon Law) 0813237572, 9780813237572

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Canon Law in the Age of Reforms (ca. 1000 to ca. 1150)

H i s t o r y o f M e d i e va l C a n o n L a w Edited by Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington

Canonical Collections of the Early Middle Ages (ca. 400–1140): A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages The History of Western Canon Law to 1140 The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140–1234 The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Late Middle Ages, 1234–1500 The History of Courts and Procedure in Medieval Canon Law A Guide to Medieval Canon Law Jurists and Collections, 1140–1500 The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 Canon Law in the Age of Reforms (ca. 1000 to ca. 1150)

Canon Law in the Age of Reforms (ca. 1000 to ca. 1150)

1

Christof Rolker With contributions by Robert Somerville

The Catholic University of America Press Washington, D.C.

Copyright © 2023 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.­48-1984. ∞ Libr a ry o f C ong re ss C ata lo g i ng -i n-Pu b l i c ati on D ata Names: Rolker, Christof, 1979– author. | Somerville, Robert, other. Title: Canon law in the age of reforms (ca. 1000 to ca. 1150) / Christof    Rolker ; with contributions by Robert Somerville. Description: Washington : The Catholic University of America, 2024. |    Series: History of medieval canon law | Includes bibliographical    references and index. | Summary: “This monograph addresses the history    of canon law in Western Europe between ca. 1000 and ca. 1150,    specifically the collections compiled and the councils held in that    time. The main part consists of an analysis of all major collections,    taking into account their formal and material sources, the social and    political context of their origin, the manuscript transmission, and    their reception more generally”— Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2023046484 (print) | LCCN 2023046485 (ebook) |    ISBN 9780813237572 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780813237589 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Canon law—History. | Law reform—History. Classification: LCC KBR160 .R65 2024  (print) | LCC KBR160  (ebook) |    DDC 262.9/22—dc23/eng/20231010 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023046484 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023046485

Contents Contents

Contents

Preface ix Abbreviations xiii  Canonical Collections xiii  Other Abbreviations xv

1. Canon Law and Canonical Collections: An Introduction

1

1.1 ‘Canon id est regula’: A Medieval Definition  1 1.2 The Sources of the Law: The Case of a ­Not-So-Innocent Canon  3 1.3 ‘In uno volumine redigere’: Prefaces to Canonical Collections  8 1.4 Reading, Copying, Reworking: The Reception of Canonical Collections  12 1.5 Conclusion  18

2. Burchard of Worms: Canon Law in a ‘Europe of Bishops’

20

2.1 A ‘Europe of Bishops’  20 2.2 Transalpine Contacts and ­Non-Contacts Around the Year 1000  23 2.3 Burchard’s Liber decretorum: Genesis, Structure, and Reception  27 2.4 The Collection in Twelve Parts: Genesis, Structure, Versions  35 2.5 Burchard and 12P: A Comparative Analysis  44 2.6 The Italian Burchard(s) 72 2.7 A Forgery to End All Forgeries: ‘Forgery’ and Legal Change 80

3. Monastic Canon Law 3.1 Introduction: Monks, Canon Law, and Monastic Collections 84 3.2 Abbo of Fleury: Monastic Canon Law Around the Year 1000 89

84

vi  Contents 3.3 The Collection in Five Books: A Voice from Southern Italy 104 3.4 The Collection in 74 Titles: The ‘Manual of Monastic Reform’ 121

3.5 Monastic ‘Derivative Collections’ 136 3.6 The Farfa Collection (Farfensis) 155 3.7 Regular Canons, Monks, and Canon Law 165 3.8 Conclusions  182

4. The ‘Gregorian’ Collections

186

4.1 ‘Gregorian Collections’: A Working Definition 186 4.2 Atto of San Marco 191 4.3 Deusdedit 198 4.4 Anselm of Lucca 226 4.5 Bonizo of Sutri 246 4.6 Canon Law in Aquitaine: The Tarraconensis and Related Collections 256 4.7 Gregory of San Grisogono and his Polycarpus 267 4.8 The Gregorian Collections Between Polemic and Canon Law 281

5. The Schools of Northern France and Beyond 5.1 The Schools: Masters, Methods, Milieux 287 5.2 Lanfranc and the Collectio Lanfranci 289 5.3 The Collectio Britannica 294 5.4 The Tripartita 311 5.5 Ivo and his Decretum: Pastoral Canon Law at Chartres 329 5.6 Alger of Liège on ‘Mercy and Justice’ 357 5.7 The Panormia: A Textbook for Generations of Lawyers 368 5.8 The Caesaraugustana: The Strange Case of a Preand ­Post-Gratian Canon Law Collection 387 5.9 Conclusions: Ancient Authority, New Methods, and the Sacramentalisation of Canon Law 415

287

Contents   vii

6. Papal Councils, 1049–1179: Selected Topics (by Robert Somerville) 

421

6.1 Introduction 421 6.2 Historical Overview 423 6.3 ‘General Council’ 432 6.4 Sources 437 6.5 Conciliar Canons  442

7. General Conclusions 

Bibliography  461   Primary Sources: Manuscripts  461   Primary Sources: Editions, Translations, and Calendars  462  Secondary Literature 469 Indices  511  Canonical Collections 511  Councils 516  Manuscripts 517  Papal Letters 521  General Index 523

453

Preface Preface

Preface This book has been in the making for a very long time. It originally, in the 1990s, was planned as a ­multi-author edited volume, but in 2012 Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington as the series editors invited me to write a monograph on the p­ re-Gratian collections of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. It was, and still is, a great honour to have been trusted with this task, and I am also very grateful that the series editors stood by their offer even when I indicated that I was unlikely to begin, let alone finish, the book very quickly as I was working on completely different topics at the time. Indeed, I only began to work on the book after the end of my first paternal leave, with most of its chapters being drafted between 2014 and 2016, when I was working with Andreas Thier at Zurich University on a research project Changing Medieval Orders of Legal Knowledge. My move to Bamberg University in 2017 and most pleasantly one more year of paternal leave interrupted my research routine, so that I only returned to writing the History in early 2020. Having submitted the manuscript to CUA Press just before Christmas 2020, the publication process was slowed down considerably, partly due to the global pandemic which is still not over as I write these lines. In the ten years that I spent with this book, my ideas about the subject have changed in many respects. At the beginning I somewhat naively hoped to study all these collections from the manuscripts, and whatever would emerge from this would be interesting enough for my readers. This is not how I wrote the book in the end. To begin with, while the endeavour did provide me the opportunity to study a certain number of manuscripts in the original or at least from good reproductions, there evidently were limits to how many of them I could analyse in detail. There are several cases where this was particularly painful given the large number of unresolved questions on the genesis, development, and diffusion of the collections in question. Especially in the case of the Collection in Two Books / Eight Parts, the collections of Deusdedit and Anselm of Lucca, and the Caesaraugustana I expect (and hope) that my provisional findings will be checked, supplemented, and corrected by future scholarship. Also, as the footnotes and even the list of manuscripts in the appendix make

ix

x  Preface

painfully clear, pragmatic reasons played a much greater role than they should have when it came to selecting the manuscripts I studied. The collections at Bamberg, Cambridge, London, Munich, Paris, and (thanks to its digitization programme) the Vatican were much more easily accessible to me than other archives. I am thankful to the staff at all these places, and should add that my neglect to see comparable numbers of manuscripts kept in other libraries is almost exclusively due to my own laziness. This is particularly true for manuscripts today kept in archives on the Iberian Peninsula, in southern Italy, and in eastern Europe. On a brighter note, in some cases I could restrict myself to the rather modest task of ­double-checking particular readings, while others had done the real work of searching for, identifying, and collating large numbers of manuscripts in the preparation of critical editions. This is above all true for the Ivonian collections; while I was involved in the project to some degree, my contribution was minute compared to what Martin Brett over the past decades has achieved. His findings fundamentally have changed our understanding of the genesis, transmission, and mutual relation of the collections around Ivo of Chartres. Martin’s acumen, his learning, and his generosity are well known to anyone working on canon law history, and I am more than happy to admit that in writing this book, I have profited enormously from his publications, his editions, and his unfailing support. While I may have spent less time with collating manuscripts than I originally had hoped, rather more time and thinking than expected was needed to contemplate the selection of materials. Some choices were easy; as one can expect from a handbook, all ‘major’ collections of the period are covered. It would be strange indeed to write a history of ­pre-Gratian canon law without taking into account, for example, the Liber decretorum of Burchard of Worms, the Collection in 74 Titles, or the Panormia. Yet too narrow a focus on ‘major’ collections would be problematic. Clearly, the influence of ‘minor’ collections taken together was very considerable. This is not always evident from the secondary literature, not least because the collections in question are normally studied individually, if at all. The fact that they are not linked to known authors, that their place of origin often remains obscure, and that even their date can frequently be established only very approximately, does not help to attract the attention of many historians. In writing this book, I have tried to overcome the prejudice against these anonymous ‘minor’ collections, as I firmly believe that the diversity of canon law in the Middle Ages will never be understood properly if we focus on a small corpus of famous collections by known authors. Above all, it was the late Linda ­Fowler-Magerl (d. 2017) who

Preface   xi

made me aware of this problem in many discussions I enjoyed with her. It was also she who provided me—and the scholarly world at large—with the most important tool to study many of these collections, namely the invaluable Clavis canonum database. Indeed, I have used the Clavis database for every single chapter I wrote. Linda has supported my research ever since I began to study the ­pre-Gratian collections some twenty years ago, and I owe her an enormous debt of gratitude. Highlighting the diversity of canon law which I have seen in the manuscripts was indeed one goal in writing this book. Another question, which I enjoyed discussing with Martin Brett, Kate Cushing, my dear Doktorschwester Danica Summerlin, and many others well before I started writing this book, was how best to organise the material to give a coherent, but not monolithic account of canon law history. A purely chronological arrangement of the individual chapters was out of the question, as was the division of the material into ‘reform’, ‘­anti-reform’, and ‘other’ collections, a division which Paul Fournier famously had adopted for the Histoire des collections canoniques. My own solution, in the end, was to pay greater attention to the various groups within the Church—the episcopate, regular clergy, cardinals, and so on. In the end, four groups in particular seemed so relevant for the production and use of canonical collections in the period studied here that I devoted separate chapters (Chapters 2–5) to them and their contributions to canon law history: bishops, monks and canons, ‘Gregorian’ reformers, and the p­ re-university school masters in France and Italy. As for the reform papacy, I count myself lucky that Robert Somerville agreed to contribute a separate chapter on the papal councils ca. 1049 to ca. 1179, which demonstrates the importance of these assemblies for the development of canon law in masterly fashion. I have to thank him not only for providing these pages, and a very smooth cooperation at all stages of the work, but also for many discussions on all things canon law from which I have profited time and again. It is my hope that this division of material will help us to better understand how canon law was an integral part of social change, and in particular how the collections assembled in the eleventh and twelfth centuries interacted with the changing fabric of the Church in Western Europe. The point is not that some of the collections examined here were partisan or even polemical; this is indeed the case, but the discussion will also make clear that the most important contributions to the history of canon law were not the collections compiled by the most zealous reformers, but rather those that could be used by different groups within the Church. As already indicated, there is still much for future scholars to do.

xii  Preface

Any reader who wishes to use this book or one of its chapters as a starting point for the study of individual collections should have at hand Kéry’s indispensable manual (the first volume in the History of Medieval Canon Law series), ­Fowler-Magerl’s Clavis canonum, and her handbook of the same title. The next volume on such a reader’s desk should probably be Fournier’s Histoire; not only is it the most influential monograph on ­pre-Gratian canon law, but its condensed style and powerful arguments provide both clear guidance for the beginner and food for thought for the initiated. For more modern research, the other volumes of the History of Medieval Canon Law and various volumes in the Great Christian Jurists series provide an excellent starting point. Indeed, a number of very good books have appeared since the manuscript was completed in 2020, including a second edition of Brundage’s Medieval Canon Law, revised by Melodie H. Eichbauer, the Cambridge History of Medieval Canon Law edited by Anders Winroth and John C. Wei, and David d’Avray’s important study of Papal Jurisprudence 385–1234, a book I very much regret not having been able to take it into account. Research evidently goes on, and if this book helps to bring some of the research findings of the last three or four decades to the attention of a wider readership, it will have achieved its goal. Reading all these wonderful studies and thankfully using the critical editions has been a pleasure in itself. Writing this book gave me the opportunity to reconsider many questions I have been pondering since I first became acquainted with medieval canon law as a graduate student. It was a great pleasure to discuss many questions with friends and colleagues around the world, whether they concerned the definition of ‘canon law’ or the punctuation of individual canons. In addition to those already mentioned, Evangelos Chrysos, Roy Flechner, Adriaan Gaastra, Michela Galli, Lotte Kéry, Rob Meens, Przemysław Nowak, John S. Ott, Steven Schoenig, Andreas Thier, and Anders Winroth kindly shared their thoughts, and often also research materials, with me; I want to thank them all for their generosity. Needless to say, all remaining errors are my own.                Bamberg, 7 September 2022                C.R.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations Abbreviations Canonical Collections The titles and sigla by which medieval canonical collections are referenced can sometimes be confusing. Anonymous collections in particular are often given titles referring to their supposed place of origin, the current location of important manuscripts, or the division of the materials into books; this, however, has given rise to many homonymous collections (e.g. three Collectiones Sangermanenses and Collections in Nine Books each), and scholarly consensus about the place of origin and/or the division into books sometimes may change (e.g. in the case of the Collection in 17 Books / Collection of ­Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand, which is neither divided into seventeen books nor certainly from S­ aint-Hilaire). In addition, the use of both Latin and various modern languages for titles and abbreviations, and also diverging traditions concerning the use of Roman numbers, further multiply the ways any given collection may be referred to (‘Collection in Three Books’, ‘­Drei-Bücher-Sammlung’, ‘3L’, ‘Coll. IIIL.’). In the present book, I have tried to use the most common titles consistently, preferring English titles where they exist. Titles referring to names of persons oder places are normally in Latin, especially in the footnotes and the register, where I use shorter forms (‘Dionysiana’ rather than ‘Collectio Dionysiana’ or ‘Collection of Dionysius Exiguus’). For the numerous collections only known by their division into books, parts, or titles, I often use sigla based on the Latin titles (3L, 10P, 74T, and so on), especially in the footnotes. In some cases, I have extended conventional sigla for the sake of disambiguation (‘Berlin 13L’ and ‘Vatican 13L’, for example). For the few collections attributed to known authors, I retain the traditional titles of the collections but in the footnotes simply cite them by the name of the compiler. To cite specific canons, I quote the collection by author (or short title), book, and canon number (‘Anselm 2.1’, ‘3L 2.34’). For edited collections, the numbers are those of the editions unless otherwise stated; for other collections, I follow the division of canons in the Clavis canonum database unless otherwise stated. Small letters after the canon number indicate subdivisions within canons, often marked by an ‘item’ in the manuscripts (‘TC

xiii

xiv  Abbreviations

c. 129c’); additional canons found in some but not all manuscripts are designated by added capital letters (‘Burchard 3.15A’). For quotations from printed editions the editors’ names and page numbers are given; for full bibliographical details see the list below. If and only if texts are quoted from or checked against the manuscripts, shelf marks and folio numbers are provided. Where information on a specific canon is derived from the Clavis canonum database, an additional (hyperlinked) reference using the Clavis sigla is given (e.g. ‘LP0146’; for these sigla, see ­Fowler-Magerl’s book or https://data.mgh.de/databases/clavis/db/). The following list explains all sigla and short titles used for canonical collections. For all collections available in print, it also provides bibliographical details of the edition used in the present study. 2L/8P  The ­so-called Collection in Two Books / Eight Parts, partly ed. Jean Bernhard, ‘La collection en deux livres (Cod. Vat. lat. 3832),’ Revue de Droit canonique 12 (1962), 9–601. Commonly referred to simply as Collection in Two Books. 3L Collectio canonum trium librorum, ed. Giuseppe Motta (2 vols. MIC Corpus collectionum 8; Vatican City 2005/08). 4L  The Collection in Four Books (unedited), a derivative of 74T, sometimes referred to as Collection in Three (Four) Books in the ­pre-1983 literature. 5L  The Beneventan Collection in Five Books, partly edited in Collectio canonum in v libris (lib. I–III), ed. Mario Fornasari (CCCM 6; Turnhout 1970). 7L (Turin)  The Collection in Seven Books in Torino, BNU, D.IV.33 (unedited). 7L (Vienna) The Collection in Seven Books in Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 2186, Vat. lat. 1346, and Cortona, BC, 43 (unedited). 9L (San Pietro) The Collection in Nine Books in Città del Vaticano, Archivio del Capitolo di San Pietro, C. 118, a derivative of 3L (unedited). 9L (Vatican) The Collection in Nine Books in Vat. lat. 1349 (unedited). 9L (Wolfenbüttel) The Collection in Nine Books in Wolfenbüttel, HAB, Cod. Guelf. 212 Gud. lat. and Ghent, BU, 235, also known as Collection de Thérouanne or Collectio Sangermanensis IX voluminum (unedited).

Abbreviations   xv 10P  The Collection in Ten Parts, or sometimes Collectio X (IX) partium, extant in several manuscripts; essentially an enlarged version of the Panormia (unedited). 10P (Cologne)  Another collection in ten parts, extant only in Köln, Historisches Archiv, 199 (unedited). 12P  The Collection in Twelve Parts, closely related to Burchard (unedited). 13L (Berlin) The Collection in Thirteen Books in Berlin, SBPK, Savigny 3 (unedited). 13L (Vatican) The Collection in Thirteen Books in Vat. lat. 1361 (unedited); it is sometimes referred to as a copy of Anselm’s Collectio. 17L The Collection in Seventeen Books, also known as Collection of ­Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand (unedited). 20L  The Collection in Twenty Books in Vat. lat. 1350 (unedited). 74T  Diuersorum patrum sententie siue Collectio in LXXIV titulos digesta, ed. John T. Gilchrist (MIC Corpus collectionum 1; Vatican City 1973); it also is translated as The Collection in ­Seventy-Four Titles: A Canon Law Manual of the Gregorian Reform, tr. John T. Gilchrist (Mediaeval Sources in Translation 22; Toronto 1980). 183T The Collection in 183 Titles, also known as Collection of Santa Maria Novella, available in a critical edition: Liber canonum diuersorum sanctorum patrum siue Collectio in CLXXXIII titulos digesta, ed. Giuseppe Motta (MIC Corpus collectionum; Vatican City 1988). Abbo

Abbo of Fleury, Collectio canonum (PL 139.473–508).

Alger of Liège Alger’s Liber de misericordia et iustitia, ed. Robert Kretzschmar in idem, Alger von Lüttichs Traktat ‘De misericordia et iustitia’. Ein kanonistischer Konkordanzversuch aus der Zeit des Investiturstreits: Untersuchungen und Edition (Quellen und Forschungen zum Recht im Mittelalter 2; Sigmaringen 1985), 187–375. Ambrosiana I/II/III The three Milanese collections studied (and partly edited) by Giorgio G. Picasso, Collezioni canoniche milanesi del secolo XII (Pubblicazioni dell’Università cattolica del S. Cuore. Saggi e ricerche. Scienze storiche 2; Milan 1969).

xvi  Abbreviations Anselm Unless indicated otherwise indicated, the Collectio of Anselm of Lucca is quoted in the ‘A’ version, almost completely edited in Anselmi episcopi Lucensis collectio canonum una cum collectione minore, ed. Friedrich Thaner (Innsbruck 1915). Other versions are quoted from the manuscripts. Anselmo dedicata The Collectio Anselmo dedicata, partly edited by Jean Claude Besse, Histoire des textes du droit de l’Église au ­Moyen-Age de Denys à Gratien: Collectio Anselmo dedicata: étude et texte (Paris 1960) and idem, ‘Collectionis “Anselmo dedicata” liber primus’ Revue de Droit canonique 9 (1959) 207–296; the Roman law parts are edited in Giuseppe Russo, Tradizione manoscritta di Leges romanae nei codici dei secoli IX e X della Biblioteca capitolare di Modena (Modena 1980). Arsenal I/II  The two separate collections which must have been behind Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, 713, fols. 117–192 (unedited). Atto The Breviarium (or Capitulare) of Atto of San Marco, edited as ‘Attonis cardinalis presbyteri Capitulare seu Brevarium canonum: ex codice Vaticanum’, Scriptorum veterum nova collectio e Vaticanis codicibus edita, ed. Angelo Mai (10 vols. Rome 1825–38) 6.2:60–100. Barberiniana  The materials in Barb. lat. 538 labelled Collectio canonum Barberiniana and edited by Giuseppe Fornasari, ‘Collectio canonum Barberiniana’ Apollinaris 36 (1963) 127–141 (description) and 214–297 (edition). Bonizo Bonizo von Sutri, Liber de vita christiana, ed. Ernst Perels (Texte zur Geschichte des römischen und kanonischen Rechts im Mittelalter 1; Berlin 1930). Britannica The Collectio Britannica in London, BL, Add. MS 8873 (unedited). Burchard Unless otherwise stated, Burchard’s Liber decretorum (also known as his Decretum) is quoted from the editio princeps, available online and as a reprint: Decretorum libri XX [. . .]. Ergänzter Neudruck der editio princeps Köln 1548, ed. Gérard Fransen and Theo Kölzer (Aalen 1992). The reprint also contains Burchard’s preface not found in the editio princeps. Burdegalensis The Burdegalensis, occasionally also referred to as (Bordeaux) Collection in Seven Books. The collection is unedited, but see the analysis in Kriston R. Rennie, The Collectio Burdegalensis: A Study and Register of an ­Eleventh-Century Canon Law Collection (Medieval Law and Theology 6; Toronto 2013).

Abbreviations   xvii Caes. I/II/III The three versions of the Collectio Caesaraugustana (all unedited). Capitula Angilramni ­Karl-Georg Schon, Die Capitula Angilramni. Eine prozessrechtliche Fälschung Pseudoisidors (MGH Studien und Texte 39; Hanover 2006). Casinensis Collectio canonum Casinensis, ed. Roger E. Reynolds in idem, The Collectio canonum Casinensis duodecimi seculi (Codex terscriptus). . .: A Derivative of the ­SouthItalian Collection in Five Books: An Implicit Edition with Introductory Study (PIMS Studies and Texts 137 / Monumenta Liturgica Beneventana 3; Toronto 2001). Catalaunensis I/II The two versions of the Collectio Catalaunensis (unedited). Collectio Lanfranci The collection attributed to Lanfranc of Bec (unedited). correctores Romani

See below s.v. Gratian.

Cresconius Ed. in Klaus ­Zechiel-Eckes, Die Concordia canonum des Cresconius. Studien und Edition (2 vols. Freiburger Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte 5; Frankfurt 1992). Deusdedit  Die Kanonessammlung des Kardinals Deusdedit, vol. 1: Die Kanonessammlung selbst, ed. Victor Wolf von Glanvell (Paderborn 1905) [all published]. All quotations are by book number, canon number as found in the edition, and (in brackets) canon number as found in manuscript. editio Romana

See below s.v. Gratian.

Farfensis Collectio canonum regesto Farfensi inserta, ed. Theo Kölzer (MIC Corpus collectionum 5; Vatican City 1982). Gratian



editio Romana The Ordinary Gloss and the comments of the correctores Romani to Gratian are quoted from Decretum Gratiani emendatum et notationibus illustratum una cum glossis. Gregorii XIII pontificis maximi iussu editum, ad exemplar Romanum diligenter recognitum (Rome 1582). Gratian 1 The first recension of the Decretum as analysed by Anders Winroth; quoted from the provisional edition (5 October 2019 version) by Winroth et al. available at www.gratian.org.

xviii  Abbreviations

Gratian 2 The second recension of the Decretum; quoted from Decretum magistri Gratiani, ed. Emil Friedberg (Corpus iuris canonici 1; Leipzig 1879).



Individual canons in Gratian D.1 c.2 Distinctio 1, capitulum 2 C.2 q.3 c.4 Causa 2, questio 3, capitulum 4 d.a.c. / d.p.c. 5 dictum ante/post capitulum 5

Hibernensis Edited and translated in Roy Flechner, The Hibernensis (2 vols. SMCL 17; Washington, D.C. 2019). Hinschius

See below s.v. ­Pseudo-Isidore.

Hispana La colección canónica Hispana, ed. Gonzalo Martínez Díez and Félix Rodríguez (6 in 7 vols. Monumenta Hispaniae sacra. Series canonica 1–6; Madrid 1966–2002). Ivo Ivo of Chartres, Decretum, ed. Martin Brett at https://­ ivo-of-chartres.github.io/ (date/revision stamp: ­2015-0923 / 898f b). Ordinary Gloss

See above s.v. Gratian.

The ­Pseudo-Ivonian Panormia, ed. Panormia  Martin Brett and Bruce Brasington at https://­ivo-ofchartres.github.io/ (date/revision stamp: ­2015-09-23 / 898f b). Polycarpus The Polycarpus compiled Gregory of San Grisogono. A provisional edition by Carl Erdmann and Uwe Horst is available at https://www.mgh.de/de/­mgh-digital/­ digitale-angebote-zu-mgh-abteilungen; the page numbers quoted are that of the pdf file. Pragensis I The canonical collection in Praha, Universitní Knihovna, VIII.H.7; siglum ‘PR’ in the Clavis database. ­Pseudo-Isidore For the sake of convenience, the ­Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries are normally quoted from Decretales ­PseudoIsidorianae et Capitula Angilramni, ed. Paul Hinschius (Leipzig 1863). A new edition is prepared by Eric Knibbs (MGH, Munich). Quadripartitus The ­ninth-century collection analysed in Franz Kerff, Der Quadripartitus. Ein Handbuch der karolingischen Kirchenreform. Überlieferung, Quellen und Rezeption (Quellen und Forschungen zum Recht im Mittelalter 1; Sigmaringen 1982).

Abbreviations   xix Quadripartitus The Latin collection of English laws made early in (saec. XII) the twelfth century, first edited by Felix Liebermann, Quadripartitus. Ein englisches Rechtsbuch von 1114 (Halle 1892). Reginonis abbatis Prumiensis libri duo de synodalibus Regino  causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis, ed. Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Wasserschleben (Leipzig 1840). An almost complete critical edition is found in Das Sendhandbuch des Regino von Prüm, ed. and tr. Wilfried Hartmann (FSGA 42; Darmstadt 2004). Sandionysiana An early version of 74T from ­Saint-Denis extant only in Paris, BnF, nouv. acq. lat. 326 (unedited). Sangermanensis The early medieval collection edited by Michael Stadelmaier in idem, Die Collectio Sangermanensis XXI titulorum. Eine systematische Kanonessammlung der frühen Karolingerzeit: Studien und Edition (Frankfurt 2004) 121– 351. Not to be confused with the Wolfenbüttel Collection in Nine Books (on which see above). Sinemuriensis The collection in ­Semur-en-Auxois, BM, M. 13 and a handful of other manuscripts (unedited); also referred to as as Collection de ­Semur-en-Auxois or, rarely, Collectio Remensis (unedited). Tarraconenesis I/II The two versions of the Collectio Tarraconensis (unedited). Sometimes referred to as Liber Tarraconensis or Collection in Seven Books in the older literature. Taurinensis The collection in Torino, BNU, E.V.44 (unedited). TC  The collection found in Paris, BnF, lat. 13368 (siglum ‘TC’ in the Clavis database) and other manuscripts, analysed in Christof Rolker, ‘Genesis and influence of the canon law collection in BN lat. 13368’, ZRG Kan. Abt. 91 (2005) 74–105. Toletana Collectio Toletana: A Canon Law Derivative of the ­SouthItalian Collection in Five Books: An Implicit Edition with Introductory Study, ed. Douglas Adamson and Roger E. Reynolds (PIMS Studies and Texts 159; Toronto 2008). Tripartita The Collectio Tripartita (or Collectio trium partium) sometimes attributed to Ivo of Chartres, ed. Martin Brett and Przemysław Nowak at https://­ivo-of-chartres. github.io/ (date/revision stamp: ­2015-09-23 / 898f b). The first two parts are referred to together as ‘Tripartita A’, the last part as ‘Tripartita B’.

xx  Abbreviations

Other Abbreviations Abh. Akad. [. . .] Abhandlungen der [. . .] Akademie [. . .] (see below) ACA

Archivo General de la Corona de Aragón

ACO

Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum

AHC

Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum

AKKR

Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht

Barb. lat. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Barberiniani latini BC

Biblioteca comunale

BEC

Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes

BL

British Library

BM

Bibliothèque municipale (see below)

BMCL

Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, New series

BML

Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana

BN

Biblioteca Nacional / Biblioteca Nazionale

BNC

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale

BnF

Bibliothèque nationale de France

BNU

Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria

Böhmer, Regesta imperii ­Böhmer-Frech Papstregesten 1046–1058, bearbeitet von Karl Augustin Frech ( J. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii Abt. III, Band 5, Teil 1; Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar 2011). ­Böhmer- Papstregesten 844–858, bearbeitet Herbers von Klaus Herbers ( J. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii Abt. I, Band 4, Teil 2, Lieferungen 1–2; Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar 1999/2012). ­Böhmer-Unger Papstregesten 872–882 (Johannes VIII.), bearbeitet von Veronika Unger ( J. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii Abt. I, Band 4, Teil 3. Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar 2013). ­Böhmer- Papstregesten 911–1024, bearbeitet von Zimmermann Harald Zimmermann ( J. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii Abt. II, Band 5; 2nd edition Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna 1998).

Abbreviations   xxi BP

Biblioteca Pública del Estado

BU Bibliothèque Universitaire / Biblioteca Universitaria C.Th. Theodosiani libri xvi cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis, ed. Paul Krüger and Theodor Mommsen (Berlin 1905). Catalogue général  Catalogue général des manuscrits des Bibliothèques publiques de France (116 vols. Paris 1849–1993). CC Corpus Christianorum CCCM Continuatio mediaevalis CCL Series latina COGD Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Generaliumque Decreta CCC

Corpus Christi College, College Library

CFC

Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West

Cgm München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codices germanici Monacenses CHR

Catholic History Review

Clavis database The database first published with Linda ­Fowler-Magerl, Clavis canonum: Selected Canon Law Collections Before 1140: Access with Data Processing (MGH Hilfsmittel 21; Hanover 2005). An updated version is now found online at https://data.mgh.de/databases/clavis/db/. Clm München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Codices latini Monacenses Cod.  Codex Iustinianus, ed. Paul Krüger (Corpus Iuris Civilis 2; 15th edition Berlin 1970). COD  Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta, ed. Giuseppe Alberigo, ­Péricles-Pierre Joannou, Claudio Leonardi, and Paulo Prodi (Freiburg 1962; 3rd edition Bologna 1973). COGD Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Generaliumque Decreta CPL Eligius Dekkers, Clavis patrum latinorum (CCL; 3rd edition Steenbrugge 1995). CSEL

Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum

CSS

Variorum Collected Studies Series

DA

Deutsches Archiv für die Erforschung des Mittelalters

Dig. / Digest Digesta, ed. Theodor Mommsen and Paul Krüger (Corpus Iuris Civilis 1; 22nd edition Berlin 1973).

xxii  Abbreviations Ep(p).

Epistola(e)

Epitome Juliani  Epitome Latina novellarum Iustiniani, ed. Gustav Hänel (Leipzig 1873). Fournier, Mélanges Paul Fournier, Mélanges de droit canonique, ed. Theo Kölzer (2 vols. Aalen 1983). ­Fowler-Magerl, Clavis Linda ­Fowler-Magerl, Clavis canonum: Selected Canon Law Collections Before 1140: Access with Data Processing (MGH Hilfsmittel 21; Hanover 2005). FSGA ­Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe, Reihe A: Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters Gallia pontificia 3 Beate Schilling, Gallia pontificia. Répertoire des documents concernant les relations entre la papauté et les églises et monastères en France avant 1198, vol. 3: Province ecclésiastique de Vienne (3 vols. Göttingen 2006–18). Germania pontificia Germania pontificia sive repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a Romanis pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII Germaniae ecclesiis monasteriis civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum (Göttingen 1911–) [ongoing]. GW  Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke (Berlin 1925– ) and https://gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de/ (especially for all ‘M’ numbers). HAB ­Herzog-August-Bibliothek ­Hefele-Leclercq Henri Leclercq’s augmented translation of the second edition of the Conciliengeschichte by Karl Joseph von Hefele (and, for two volumes, Joseph Hergenröther) published as Charles Joseph Hefele, Histoire des conciles d’après les documents originaux: nouvelle traduction française faite sur la deuxième édition allemande corrigée et augmentée [. . .] (11 in 22 vols. Paris 1907–49). Histoire Paul Fournier and Gabriel Le Bras, Histoire des collections canoniques en Occident, dépuis les Fausses Décrétales jusqu’au Décret de Gratien (2 vols. Paris 1931/32). HMCL

History of Medieval Canon Law

Inst. / Institutes Institutiones, ed. Theodor Mommsen and Paul Krüger (Corpus Iuris Civilis 1; 22nd edition Berlin 1973). Isidore, Etym. The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville: Isidori Hispalensis episcopi etymologiarum sive originum libri XX, ed. Wallace M. Lindsay (2 vols. Oxford Classical Texts; Oxford 1911).

Abbreviations   xxiii Italia pontificia Italia pontificia sive repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a Romanis pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII Italiae ecclesiis monasteriis civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum, ed. Paul Fridolin Kehr et al. (10 vols. Göttingen 1906–75). Jaffé The second and third editions of the Regesta pontificum; individual entries are quoted by Jaffé numbers: JK, JE, JL Regesta pontificum romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, ed. Philipp Jaffé, rev. second ed. by Samuel Löwenfeld, Friedrich Kaltenbrunner, and Paul Ewald (2 vols. Leipzig 1885/88). J³  Regesta pontificum Romanorum: ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, ed. Philipp Jaffé, rev. third ed. Klaus Herbers (4 vols. Göttingen 2016–19). JEH

Journal of Ecclesiastical History

Kéry Lotte Kéry, Canonical Collections of the Early Middle Ages (ca. 400–1140): A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature (HMCL; Washington, D.C. 1999). Liber pontificalis  Le Liber pontificalis: texte, introduction et commentaire, ed. Louis Duchesne (2 vols. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome, 2e série; Paris 1886/92). Life and Thought

Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought

Maassen, Quellen Friedrich Maassen, Geschichte der Quellen und der Literatur des canonischen Rechts im Abendlande bis zum Ausgange des Mittelalters. Vol. 1: Die Rechtssammlungen bis zur Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts [all published] (Graz 1870). Mansi  Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, ed. Giovanni Domenico Mansi (31 vols. Venice 1758–78). MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica Briefe dt. Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit Kaiserzeit Capit. Capitularia Capit. episc. Capitularia episcoporum Conc. Concilia Conc. suppl. Concilia. Supplementa Const. Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum

xxiv  Abbreviations



DD Diplomata Deutsches Deutsches Mittelalter. Kritische Mittelalter Studientexte Epp. Epistolae (in Quart) Epp. sel. Epistolae selectae Fontes iuris Fontes iuris Germanici antiqui in usum scholarum separatim editi Ldl  Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI. et XII. conscripti, ed. Ernst Dümmler, Lothar von Heinemann, Friedrich Thaner, and Ernst Sackur (3 vols. Hanover 1891–97). LL Leges Necr. Necrologia Germaniae Ordines Ordines de celebrando concilio SS Scriptores SS rer. Germ. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi SS rer. Germ. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, N.S. Nova series

MIC

Monumenta Iuris Canonici

Miscellanea

Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali

MS

Mediaeval Studies





Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche NA  Geschichtskunde Nachrichten Akad. [. . .]

Nachrichten der [. . .] Akademie [. . .] (see below)

N.F.

Neue Folge

Nov. / Novels Novellae, ed. Rudolf Schöll and Wilhelm Kroll (Corpus Iuris Civilis 3; 10th edition Berlin 1972). NRHDFE

Nouvelle revue historique de droit français et étranger

Ottobon. lat. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Ottoboniani latini Pal. lat. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Palatini latini Patrologiae graecae cursus completus, ed. ­Jacques-Paul PG  Migne (161 vols.; Paris 1857–66). PIMS

Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies

Abbreviations   xxv PL  Patrologiae latinae cursus completus, ed. ­Jacques-Paul Migne (221 vols.; Paris 1844–64). Potthast  Regesta pontificum romanorum inde ab a. post Christum natum MCXVIII ad a. MCCCIV, ed. August Potthast (2 vols. Berlin 1874/75). Proceedings [. . .]  The proceedings of the International Congress of Medieval Canon Law published in the MIC Subsidia series since 1965 are quoted by the venue and year of the congress, the series volume number, and the page number (e.g. ‘Proceedings Munich 1992 MIC Subsidia 10.149’). PS The Pauli Sententiae, edited as ‘Iulii Pauli libri quinque sententiarum ad filium’ Ulpiani liber singularis regularum / Pauli libri quinque sententiarum / Fragmenta minora, ed. Paul Krüger (Collectio librorum iuris anteiustiniani in usum scholarum 2; Berlin 1878), 41–137. Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und QF  Bibliotheken Reg.

The registers of Gregory I and Gregory VII.

Reg. lat. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Reginenses latini Reg. Vat. Città del Vaticano, Archivio Apostolico Vaticano, Registra Vaticana Regesta Imperii

See above s.v. Böhmer.

Regesta pontificum

See above s.v. Jaffé.

SB Staatsbibliothek SBPK

Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz

Sb. Akad. [. . .] Sitzungsberichte der [. . .] Akademie [. . .] (see below) Settimane Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto medioevo SMCL Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Canon Law UB Universitätsbibliothek Vat. lat. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codices Vaticani latini WH The ­Walther-Holtzmann-Kartei, available at https:// www.kuttner-institute.jura.uni-muenchen.de/ holtzmann_formular.htm

xxvi  Abbreviations ZRG

Zeitschrift der ­Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte Kan. Abt. Kanonistische Abteilung Rom. Abt. Romanistische Abteilung

Abh., Nachrichten, and Sb. Akad. are used for the serial publications of the academies of Berlin, Göttingen, Munich, and Vienna; in each case, the abbreviations are understood to refer to the subseries for the humanities (‘­Historisch-philosophische Klasse’ etc.). The Proceedings of the International Congress of Medieval Canon Law are abbreviated in the notes and the bibliography (see above). Library names are often abbreviated in the notes and the register, using conventional abbreviations (BAV, BM, BN, BnF, and so on) and traditional names; thus, some ‘médiathèques’ are quoted as ‘BM’, and university libraries are quoted as ‘BU’ or ‘UB’ only. The bibliography provides full names in all cases.

Canon Law in the Age of Reforms (ca. 1000 to ca. 1150)

1 Canon Law and Canonical Collections An Introduction

1

1.1 ‘Canon id est regula’: A Medieval Definition The present study is mainly about the canonical collections compiled ­ id-twelfth century, bein Latin Europe between the late tenth and the m fore or at least independently of the Decretum Gratiani. They are commonly labelled ‘­pre-Gratian collections’ in recognition of the importance of Gratian as ‘the father of the science of canon law’.1 Indeed, the compilation of the Decretum Gratiani around 1140 together with its wide reception in the course of the twelfth century was a turning point in legal history. For the period before, this also implies that one should not assume that ‘canon law’ meant the same as in the ­so-called classical period of canon law (ca. 1140 to 1234), let alone in modern times. So what was ‘canon law’ in p­ re-Gratian times? This question is a difficult one, partly because before the twelfth century there was little if any legal theory.2 In the following, three different approaches will be used 1. Stephan Kuttner, ‘The Father of the Science of Canon Law’ The Jurist 1 (1941) 2–19. 2. Charles Munier, Les sources patristiques du droit de l’église du VIIIe au XIIIe siècle (Mulhouse 1957), here at 210; Stephan Kuttner, Harmony from Dissonance: An Interpretation of Medieval Canon Law (The Wimmer Lecture 10; Latrobe, Penn. 1960), here at 7–8; Wilfried Hartmann, ‘Autoritäten im Kirchenrecht und Autorität des Kirchenrechts in der Salierzeit’, Gesellschaftlicher und ideenge­

1

2  Canon Law and Canonical Collections

to answer this question. First, and very briefly, the medieval semantics of ‘canon’ will be studied; second, an early medieval text addressing the question of ‘canonical authority’ will be analysed; and finally, the prefaces of canonical collections will be used to establish what the compilers chose to tell their readers about ‘canon law’. Let us therefore begin with the term ‘canon’. It is a medieval, and indeed an ancient term to refer to texts claiming normative authority in the Church.3 As in modern usage, it can designate both a set of canonical texts (‘the biblical canon’) and single texts or indeed portions of such texts (‘Nicaea, canon 1’). In medieval usage, biblical books were canonical (or not), there was a ‘canon’ of councils which merited particular reverence, and later papal letters were attributed ‘an authority not unlike that of the councils’.4 The w ­ idely-quoted Etymologies of Isidore of Seville are a good example how broadly the term was understood.5 Isidore explains the Greek κανών with the Latin term ‘regula’; according to him, a canon is a rule, a ruler, or indeed a ‘measuring rod’ for the right (Christian) way of life.6 From this, one can deduce that a ‘canon’ was a text claiming normative validity—but as the use of ‘canonical’ for biblical books and councils implies, ‘canonical authority’ depended also on the reception of these schichtlicher Wandel im Reich der Salier, ed. Stefan Weinfurter and Hubertus Seibert (Die Salier und das Reich 3; Sigmaringen 1991) 425–446; Christoph H. F. Meyer, Die Distinktionstechnik in der Kanonistik des 12. Jahrhunderts. Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Hochmittelalters (Mediaevalia Lovaniensia. Studia 29; Leuven 2000), esp. 12; Martin Brett, ‘Finding the Law: The Sources of Canonical Authority Before Gratian’, Law Before Gratian: Law in Western Europe c. 500–1100: Proceedings of the Third Carlsberg Academy Conference on Medieval Legal History, ed. Per Andersen et al. (Copenhagen 2007) 51–72; Christof Rolker, ‘Kollisionen und Interferenzen in den Sammlungen des kanonischen Rechts (8.–12. Jahrhundert)’, Kollision und Interferenz normativer Ordnungen im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Stefan Esders and Karl Ubl (Vorträge und Forschungen; Ostfildern) [forthcoming]. 3. As Ohme established, κανών (and later ‘canon’) from early on referred not only to dogma but also to discipline: Heinz Ohme, Kanon ekklesiastikos. Die Bedeutung des altkirchlichen Kanonbegriffs (Berlin 1998). 4. On this important formula and its history up to and including the Hispana, see Dominic Moreau, ‘Non impar conciliorum extat auctoritas: l’origine de l’introduction des lettres pontificales dans le droit canonique’, L’étude des correspondances dans le monde romain de l’Antiquité classique à l’Antiquité tardive: permanences et mutations, ed. Janine Desmulliez et al. (Travaux et recherches 3; Lille 2010) 487–509. It is first found in JK 255; for an edition see Klaus Z ­ echiel-Eckes, Die erste Dekretale. Der Brief Papst Siricius’ an Bischof Himerius von Tarragona vom Jahr 385 (JK 255). Aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben von Detlev Jasper (MGH Studien und Texte 55; Hanover 2013). 5. See Isidore, Etym. 6.1–16 (ed. Lindsay) for a biblical canon (Etym. 6.1 and 2), the ‘canon of the Gospels’ (Etym. 6.15) and, immediately afterwards, the ‘canon of councils’ (Etym. 6.16). For a translation, see The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, tr. Stephen A. Barney et al. (Cambridge 2006), here at 142–143. 6. Isidore, Etym. 6.16.1 (ed. Lindsay): ‘Canon autem Graece, Latine regula nuncupatur. Regula autem dicta quod recte ducit, nec aliquando aliorsum trahit. Alii dixerunt regulam dictam vel quod regat, vel quod normam recte vivendi praebeat, vel quod distortum pravumque quid corrigat.’ The same definition is also found in the Hispana preface (ed. Martínez Díez and Rodriguez 1.46) and other prefaces to canonical collections.

1.2 The Sources of the Law: The Case of a ­Not-So-Innocent Canon   3

materials. For this reason already, the body of canonical texts in principle could change over time,7 and so it did. In the case of the ‘canons’ under discussion in this book, the most important aspect of their reception was their insertion into canonical collections. These works in turn were called ‘canonical’ because of the authority of the normative texts they contained, not because they derived their authority from any form of promulgation.8 In other words, the authority of individual norms and the works that contained them was intertwined. So ‘canon law’ in the Middle Ages was not a code of ecclesiastical laws, but a diverse body of normative texts the Church had come to accept as authoritative. Indeed, the sources of the collections studied in the following chapter included the Bible, conciliar canons, and papal decretals, but also material from very different backgrounds: exegetical literature, penitential books, p­ re-Christian and Christian Roman law, royal legislation, monastic rules, episcopal capitularies, hagiography, sermons, and liturgical books. These were the ‘sacred scriptures and canons’ priests administering penance and bishops acting as judges had to know.9

1.2 The Sources of the Law: The Case of a ­ Not-So-Innocent Canon In principle, therefore, ‘canon law’ in the Middle Ages was found in a large body of canonical texts of very diverse nature. For the compilers of the collections studied in the present volume, these were the sources of the law. Every collection was the result of selecting, omitting, rearranging, and sometimes reworking a large number of canons which itself was only a small selection from these sources. Making available canons in such collections on the one hand presented them as uniform, as far as all canons included were (implicitly at least) accorded canonical authority. On the other hand, such collections of canons coming from diverse backgrounds—divine scriptures, councils, papal letters, and so on—also made the differences between the canons evident to any diligent reader. Large collections in particular could, somewhat paradoxically perhaps, affirm the canonical authority of the normative texts they assembled while at the same time calling the authority of single texts into question simply because they also included other, and divergent, materials on the same issue 7. See already Isidore, Etym. 6.16.10 (ed. Lindsay). 8. Stephan Kuttner, ‘Liber canonicus: A Note on the “Dictatus papae” c. 17’ Studi Gregoriani 2 (1947) 387–401, esp. at 387. 9. Toledo IV c. 24, as found in very many ­pre-Gratian collections (e.g. Burchard 1.100; editio princeps, fol. 15ra): ‘Sciant igitur sacerdotes scripturas sacras et canones [. . .].’

4  Canon Law and Canonical Collections

from different sources. From early on, therefore, there were attempts to give some order to the texts that had to be consulted in order to help pastors and judges ‘finding the law’.10 One such text, which will be taken as an example here, was a canon often attributed to Pope Innocent I.11 It first surfaced in the eighth century, but only from the early eleventh century on was it received into many canon law collections, including those compiled by Burchard of Worms (d. 1025), Ivo of Chartres (d. 1115), and Gratian.12 Its earliest version (that of the Hibernensis) reads as follows:13 Innocent says concerning sources [causae] in which there is authority to loose and bind: These are the t­ wenty-two books of the Old Testament and the four Gospels together with all the writings of the Apostles. Should an answer not present itself, turn to the divine texts that are called ‘Hagiographa’ in Greek. If you do not find the answer in them, reach for the catholic histories of the catholic Church, written by catholic doctors. If they do not have it, examine the canons of the apostolic see. If they do not have it, observe the examples of saints after having acutely searched for them. But if, after consulting all of these, the essence of the matter is not clearly revealed, convene the elders of the province and ask them. For something is more easily found if sought from many of one mind. For the true surety, the Lord, said: ‘Should two of you come together upon the earth in my name, concerning anything whatsoever they shall ask, it shall be done for them’.14 10. See Gérard Fransen, Les collections canoniques (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental 10; Turnhout 1973), here at 8 and Brett, ‘Finding’. 11. JK †320 (CPL 1641). See Fransen, Collections canoniques 8; idem, ‘L’aspect religieux du droit’, Chiesa, diritto e ordinamento della «Societas Christiana» nei secoli XI e XII: atti Mendola 1983 (Miscellanea 11; Milan 1986) 159–170, here at 163–164; Bruce Clark Brasington, ‘“Congrega seniores provinciae”: A Note on a ­Hiberno-Latin Canon Concerning the Sources of Authority in Ecclesiastical Law’, Plenitude of Power: The Doctrines and Exercise of Authority in the Middle Ages: Essays in Memory of Robert Louis Benson, ed. Robert C. Figueira (CFC; Aldershot 2006) 1–10; Greta Austin, Shaping Church Law Around the Year 1000: The Decretum of Burchard of Worms (CFC; Farnham and Burlington 2009), here at 85–87; Brett, ‘Finding’ 55; Roy Flechner, The Hibernensis (2 vols. SMCL 17; Washington, D.C. 2019), here at 1.67*–68*. 12. Hibernensis 19.1 (ed. Flechner 1.111); Burchard 3.128 (editio princeps, fol. 68vb); Bonizo, Liber 4.131 (ed. Perels 174); Deusdedit 1.109 (90) (ed. Wolf von Glanvell 83); Britannica (London, BL, Add. MS 8873, fol. 184v); Ivo 4.70 (ed. Brett); Tripartita B6.3 (ed. Brett and Nowak); Polycarpus 7.2.4 (ed. Erdmann and Horst 747); Gratian 2, D.20 c.3 (ed. Friedberg 66). Note that it is not in Gratian 1. See below for details. 13. Hibernensis 19.1 (ed. Flechner 1.111): ‘Innocentius dicit de causis in quibus solvendi ligandique auctoritas est: XXII librorum veteris testamenti, IIII quoque evangeliorum cum totis apostolorum scriptis. Si non appareat, ad divina recurrito scripta, que grece agiographa dicuntur. Si nec invenies in illis, ad catholice aeclesie historias catholicas doctoribus catholicis scriptas manum mitte. Si nec in his, canones apostolicae sedis intuere. Si nec in istis, sanctorum exempla perspicaciter explorata inspice. Quod si his omnibus inspectis huius questionis qualitas non lucide investigatur, seniores provinciae congrega et eos interroga. Facilius namque invenitur quod a plurimis in unum sentientibus queritur. Verus enim repromissor Dominus ait: “Si duo ex vobis conueniant super terram in nomine meo de omni re quamcumque petierint fiet illis” [Mt. 18.19].’ 14. Translation largely adopted from Flechner, Hibernensis 2.556. For a translation based on Gratian 2 (D.20 c.3), see Gratian, The Treatise on Laws (Decretum DD. 1–20): Translated by Augustine

1.2 The Sources of the Law: The Case of a ­Not-So-Innocent Canon   5

It is characteristic that many of the terms used here are difficult to translate15—and that the whole canon is found in several versions in various collections from the Hibernensis to the Decretum Gratiani. The two phenomena are related, as the textual vagrancy has to do with different interpretations of the passage; problems to make sense of the text were both cause and effect of its instability. From this it is evident that already in the Middle Ages the canon meant different things to different readers, and hence the textual history deserves closer attention. Some of the textual variants are rather significant. The first sentence, for example, in later versions contains a ‘non’ or ‘minime’, and sometimes even a double negative.16 Other changes are rather subtle, but do affect the meaning; in the case of causae, the meaning changes completely without any change to the letter of the text, as will be argued in the following. Let us look at the textual history of ­Pseudo-Innocent sentence by sentence. The first difficult term (after causae) is agiographa as a designation of the third part of the Old Testament.17 This meaning seems to have been obscure to some medieval readers, as it was changed and glossed already Thompson with the Ordinary Gloss Translated by James Gordley and an Introduction by Katherine Christensen (SMCL 2; Washington, D.C. 1993), here at 86. This translation is based on the 1582 Roman edition of Gratian and the Glossa ordinaria (quoted as editio Romana in the following); yet it omits the reference to the Old Testament as found in the editio Romana, col. 115 (‘in libris Veteris Testamenti’). For Gratian’s text and its history, also see below (note 21). 15. See Flechner, Hibernensis 1.67* on causae (as ‘sources’); for Gratian’s version of the text, however, the best translation is ‘cases’ as in Fransen, ‘Aspect religieux’ 163 and Gratian, Treatise on Laws 86. See also Flechner, Hibernensis 1.68* on seniores provinciae (with the meaning ‘presbyters’ in some manuscripts) and 111 (apparatus) on provincia itself, which could also be translated as ‘kingdom’. 16. Deusdedit 1.109 (90) (ed. Wolf von Glanvell 83): ‘De causis, de quibus auctoritas minime in libris veteris testamenti et quattuor Evangeliorum cum scriptis totis Apostolorum apparet: ad divina recurrito scripta.’ Polycarpus 7.2.4 (ed. Erdmann and Horst 475): ‘De quibus nulla solvendi ligandique auctoritas in libris veteris testamenti et IIIIor evangeliorum cum scriptis totis apostolorum non apparet, ad divina recurrito scripta Grece.’ 17. Flechner, Hibernensis 2.556 n. 151 seems to be the first to have spelt out that ‘agiographa’ refers to the third division of the Old Testament books. However, the way the Hibernensis uses the term, it does not seem to refer to a subset of the Old Testament books as, for example, Saint Jerome had done. Maybe the confusion is with the Hibernensis compiler, or the main text of the Hibernensis; as Flechner (ibid.) further relates, the whole passage has a parallel to Cummian’s Easter letter: ‘For a whole year, Cummian says, he studied what various authorities had to say about the date of Easter: first he consulted the Old and the New Testaments, then he inquired into the practices of the Hebrews, Greeks, “Latins” and Egyptians, afterwards he sought advice from the writings of Greek and Latin Fathers (Origen, Jerome, Cyprian, Gregory) and only then he resorted to convening a synod.’ The parallel to Cummian’s letter is important, and extends to the quotation Dt. 32.7 (Cummian’s Letter, ed. Walsh and Ó Cróinín 90), but does not explain the ‘hagiographa’; if anything, Cummian seems to have consulted ‘Greek holy writings’ (specifically, Origen’s Homilia in Leviticum). Cummian also mentions synodal legislation (Cummian’s Letter, ed. Walsh and Ó Cróinín 68, 70, 72, 86, and 88) and ‘canonical statutes of the fourfold apostolic see’ (ibid. 71). The genuine letter by Innocent that may have served as a model for the forgery ( JK 293) contains a biblical canon, but does not mention ‘agiographa’.

6  Canon Law and Canonical Collections

in copies of the Hibernensis,18 and the whole phrase was changed in later collections. In Burchard and many later collections, the phrase ‘divine texts called “Hagiographa” in Greek’ was changed into the more straightforward ‘Greek holy scriptures’.19 Deusdedit in his collection renders it as ‘holy scripture’.20 Both variants already alter the meaning significantly. In Gratian, the phrase was turned into a warning not to look up ‘Greek divine writing’.21 In all of these collections from Burchard to Gratian, the Hibernensis’ reference to ‘­twenty-two’ books of the Old Testament was dropped too; as a side effect of this, the ‘(Greek) holy scriptures’ appear to be ­extra-biblical books.22 18. Flechner’s manuscripts A (‘agiographia’) and O (‘id est sancta scripta’), respectively: Hibernensis 19.1 (ed. Flechner 1.111), apparatus. 19. In Burchard 3.128 (editio princeps, fol. 68vb, here checked against Bamberg, SB, Msc.Can.6, fol. 92vb, Freiburg, UB, Hs. 7, fol. 94vb, and Frankfurt, UB, Ms. Barth. 50, fol. 91vb) the canon reads as follows: ‘Ex decretis Innocentii pape, cap. XVIII. De causis de quibus nulla solvendi ligandique auctoritas in libris veteris testamenti, quatuor Evangeliorum, cum scriptis totis apostolorum non appareat, ad divina recurrito scripta Graece. Si nec in illis, ad catholicae Ecclesiae historias catholicas [catholicasque, ms Freiburg] a doctoribus catholicis scriptas manum mitte [Si nec in illis – mitte om. sed add in marg. ms Frankfurt]. Si nec in illis, canones apostolicae sedis intuere. Si nec in his, sanctorum exempla perspicaciter recordare. Quod si in [om. ms Bamberg] his omnibus inspectis huius questionis qualitas non lucide investigatur, seniores provinciae congrega et eos interroga. Facilius namque invenitur, quod a pluribus sentientibus quaeritur. Verus enim repromissor, Dominus, ait: Si duo ex vobis vel tres conveniant super terram in nomine meo, de omni re quancumque petierint, fiet illis a patre meo.’ Burchard seems to have taken the canon directly from the Hibernensis accordning to Hartmut Hoffmann and Rudolf Pokorny, Das Dekret des Bischofs Burchard von Worms. Textstufen – Frühe Verbreitung – Vorlagen (MGH Hilfsmittel 12; Munich 1991), here at 195. The chapter number introduced by Burchard’s spurious inscription (‘cap. 18’) may well have been inspired by the place of the canon in the Hibernensis (as the only canon in book 19). 20. Deusdedit 1.109 (90) (ed. Wolf von Glanvell 83): ‘divina scripta’. The end of the canon is also different here; it seems to conflate the standard version as found in Burchard with a reading found in some Hibernensis manuscripts. In Flechner’s manuscripts H, V, and (interlineally) O, the last sentence (‘seniores provinciae congrega et eos interroga’) is rendered as ‘interroga patrem tuum et adnuntiabit [annuntiauit V] tibi presbiteros tuos et dicent tibi’, a paraphrased citation of Dt. 32.7 (ed. Flechner 1.111). Deusdedit has ‘seniores provinciae congrega et iusta illud interroga patrem tuum et annuntiabit tibi presbiteros tuos et dicent tibi’ (ed. Wolf von Glanvell 83). Deusdedit’s version is also found in Caes. 2.4. 21. Gratian 2, D.20 c.3 (ed. Friedberg 66): ‘De quibus causis nulla solvendi ligandique auctoritas in libris Veteris Testamenti, quatuor Evangeliorum cum totis scriptis Apostolorum appareat, non ad divina recurratur scripta greca.’ Friedberg does not report that any of his ‘Gratian 2’ manuscripts lacked the ‘non’. Late medieval Gratian manuscripts and early prints seem to lack it, though. See Frankfurt, UB, Ms. Barth. 7, fol. 14vb (‘ad divina recurrite scripta greca’) and the Mainz 1472 printed edition [GW 11353], here at fol. 20r (‘ad divina recurratur scripta greca’). The Roman edition of Gratian and the Glossa ordinaria, finally, gives a mixed version. It has ‘divina scripta graeca’ in the main text, with the variant reading ‘grece’; the Gloss in this edition paraphrases this as referring to ‘Graecorum scriptura’, and quotes Huguccio, who inserts ‘scriptura Greca’ after papal decretals: editio Romana, col. 115. See Tatsushi Genka, ‘Hierarchie der Texte, Hierarchie der Autoritäten. Zur Hierarchie der Rechtsquellen bei Gratian’ ZRG Kan. Abt. 95 (2009) 101–127. 22. Both Burchard’s and Gratian’s version of the canon seem to juxtapose the biblical writings (the Old Testament, the Gospels, and the writings of the Apostles) to ‘Greek holy scripture’, while the Hibernensis in this order listed ­twenty-two books of the Old Testament, the Gospel, the writings of the Apostles, and hagiographa (i.e. the third division of the Old Testament).

1.2 The Sources of the Law: The Case of a ­Not-So-Innocent Canon   7

The next authorities mentioned are the ‘catholic histories of the catholic Church, written by catholic doctors’. Again, it may not have been clear to every reader which writings were referred to exactly. Many readers would have thought of the writings of patristic ‘doctors’ such as Saint Augustine, but it is difficult to determine this with any precision. Given that there was an intense debate in the eleventh and twelfth centuries over the respective authority of patristic sentences and (recent) papal legislation,23 the fact that the ‘catholic doctors’ are mentioned before the popes is noteworthy. Whatever the precise meaning of the sentence, and the relevance of its position within the ­Pseudo-Innocentian text, the Polycarpus dropped the whole sentence.24 Only in the following sentence, decretal letters (‘canons of the apostolic see’) are mentioned. Like the preceding sentence, this sentence too is missing in an important branch of the transmission including the Decretum Gratiani. Given the discussions on the status of papal legislation just mentioned, such lacunae are potentially very significant. In the case of the Decretum Gratiani, the missing part of the Innocent canon can be explained by the formal source Gratian (Gratian 2, to be precise) relied on.25 Later readers clearly felt something missing; anonymous glossators reintroduced papal decretals in the list of canonical authorities. Significantly, though, they achieved this not by changing the text of the Decretum but by way of a (rather stretched) comment.26 Only in the sixteenth century, the correctores Romani indeed emended Gratian’s text.27 Finally, ­Pseudo-Innocent advised, if searching all these books failed to provide an answer, to ‘convene the elders of the province and ask them’. If the ‘elders’ are indeed bishops, and not priests,28 and if gathering the ‘elders of the province’ meant ‘celebrating a synod’ (as one could infer), the 23. For an excellent analysis, see Genka, ‘Hierarchie’. 24. Polycarpus 7.2.4 (ed. Erdmann and Horst 475). In at least one copy of Burchard (Frankfurt, UB, Ms. Barth. 50, fol. 91vb) the sentence was dropped too, but added at the lower margin and marked for insertion by the same scribe. 25. Gratian  1 did not yet contain D.20 c.3. Gratian 2 (ed. Friedberg 66) lacks the reference to the ‘canones apostolicae sedis’. This is probably due to the use of the Tripartita B6.3 by Gratian  2, as some Tripartita manuscripts already have this gap. See Brett’s edition for his manuscripts RSWNBP: https://­ivo-of-chartres.github.io/tripartita/trip_b_a.pdf (date/revision stamp ­2014-06-03 / b8a41). 26. As Fransen, ‘Aspect religieux’ 164 observed, the Glossa ordinaria ‘reintroduced’ papal decretals by glossing ‘scriptis totis apostolorum’ by ‘Apostolorum id est Apostolicorum’ (here checked against Frankfurt, UB, Ms. Barth. 7, fol. 14vb and the 1472 Mainz edition [GW 11353], fol. 20r). 27. The correctores Romani restored the phrase from the Polycarpus, see editio Romana, cols. 117/118 s.v. ‘Canones’. 28. The Glossa ordinaria has ‘seniores, id est sapientes’ and ­cross-references to D.84 c.6 (‘Presbiteri seniores dicuntur’): editio Romana, col. 115/116 n. i. Flechner’s manuscripts H, V, and O replace the reference to ‘seniores’ by a biblical reference to priests, see Flechner, Hibernensis 1.67*. Note the parallel to Cummian (Cummian’s Letter, ed. Walsh and Ó Cróinín 90).

8  Canon Law and Canonical Collections

question remained what the province in question was? The way the Hibernensis defined the term in the very next canons,29 it could well mean ‘kingdom’,30 but most later readers almost certainly understood the phrase as referring to a synod of a metropolitan and his suffragan bishops. (This in itself could mean very different things, given the different size of dioceses; the province of Mainz stretched from the Alps to the North Sea, while many Italian cathedral churches were less than a day’s march aparat.) As for the reasons why convening the ‘elders’ helped to find a solution, rea