Campbell Biology in Focus 9780321962751, 1292109580, 9781292109589, 0321962753

Table of contents :
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS: SECOND EDITION......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Organization and New Content......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 12
Make Connections Visually......Page 14
Practice Scientific Skills......Page 16
Interpret Data......Page 18
Keep Current with New Scientific Advances......Page 19
Focus on the Key Concepts......Page 20
NEW......Page 22
More Instructor Resources......Page 23
Personalized Coaching in MasteringBiology®......Page 24
Self-Study Tools in MasteringBiology®......Page 26
Student and Lab Supplements......Page 27
Featured Figures......Page 28
Acknowledgments......Page 29
Reviewers......Page 30
Brief Contents......Page 34
Detailed Contents......Page 35
Inquiring About Life......Page 48
Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive Levels of Biological Organization......Page 49
Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information......Page 52
Theme: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment......Page 54
Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology......Page 55
Classifying the Diversity of Life......Page 56
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection......Page 57
The Tree of Life......Page 58
Gathering and Analyzing Data......Page 59
Forming and Testing Hypotheses......Page 60
The Flexibility of the Scientific Process......Page 61
Experimental Variables and Controls......Page 62
Theories in Science......Page 63
Science as a Social Process......Page 64
UNIT 1: Chemistry and Cells......Page 67
Elements and Compounds......Page 68
CONCEPT 2.2: An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms......Page 69
Isotopes......Page 70
The Energy Levels of Electrons......Page 71
Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties......Page 72
Covalent Bonds......Page 73
Ionic Bonds......Page 75
Molecular Shape and Function......Page 76
CONCEPT 2.4: Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds......Page 77
CONCEPT 2.5: Hydrogen bonding gives water properties that help make life possible on Earth......Page 78
Cohesion of Water Molecules......Page 79
Moderation of Temperature by Water......Page 80
Floating of Ice on Liquid Water......Page 81
Water: The Solvent of Life......Page 82
Acids and Bases......Page 83
Carbon Compounds and Life......Page 89
The Formation of Bonds with Carbon......Page 90
Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons......Page 91
The Chemical Groups Most Important to Life......Page 92
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers......Page 94
Sugars......Page 95
Polysaccharides......Page 97
Fats......Page 99
Phospholipids......Page 100
CONCEPT 3.5: Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions......Page 101
Amino Acid Monomers......Page 102
Protein Structure and Function......Page 104
The Components of Nucleic Acids......Page 110
Nucleotide Polymers......Page 111
CONCEPT 3.7: Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications......Page 112
DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution......Page 113
The Fundamental Units of Life......Page 118
Microscopy......Page 119
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells......Page 121
A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell......Page 123
The Nucleus: Information Central......Page 126
CONCEPT 4.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell......Page 128
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory......Page 129
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center......Page 130
Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments......Page 131
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments......Page 132
CONCEPT 4.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another......Page 133
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion......Page 134
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy......Page 135
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support and Motility......Page 136
Components of the Cytoskeleton......Page 137
Cell Walls of Plants......Page 140
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells......Page 141
Cell Junctions......Page 142
The Cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts......Page 143
CONCEPT 5.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins......Page 146
The Fluidity of Membranes......Page 147
Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid Composition......Page 148
Membrane Proteins and Their Functions......Page 149
Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes......Page 150
CONCEPT 5.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment......Page 151
Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance......Page 152
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by Proteins......Page 154
The Need for Energy in Active Transport......Page 155
How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential......Page 156
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Protein......Page 157
Endocytosis......Page 158
Local and Long-Distance Signaling......Page 160
Reception, the Binding of a Signaling Molecule to a Receptor Protein......Page 161
Transduction by Cascades of Molecular Interactions......Page 163
Response: Regulation of Transcription or Cytoplasmic Activities......Page 165
Metabolic Pathways......Page 168
Forms of Energy......Page 169
The Laws of Energy Transformation......Page 170
Free-Energy Change (ΔG), Stability, and Equilibrium......Page 171
Free Energy and Metabolism......Page 172
The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP......Page 174
How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work......Page 175
The Regeneration of ATP......Page 176
The Activation Energy Barrier......Page 177
Substrate Specificity of Enzymes......Page 178
Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site......Page 179
Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity......Page 181
CONCEPT 6.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism......Page 182
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes......Page 183
Organization of Enzymes Within the Cell......Page 184
Life Is Work......Page 187
Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction......Page 188
The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview......Page 191
CONCEPT 7.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate......Page 193
CONCEPT 7.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules......Page 194
CONCEPT 7.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis......Page 195
The Pathway of Electron Transport......Page 196
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism......Page 197
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration......Page 199
CONCEPT 7.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen......Page 200
Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration......Page 202
The Versatility of Catabolism......Page 203
Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)......Page 204
The Process That Feeds the Biosphere......Page 207
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants......Page 208
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific Inquiry......Page 209
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview......Page 210
The Nature of Sunlight......Page 211
Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors......Page 212
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light......Page 214
A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes......Page 215
Linear Electron Flow......Page 216
A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria......Page 217
CONCEPT 8.3: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar......Page 219
Evolution of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates......Page 221
The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review......Page 222
The Key Roles of Cell Division......Page 228
Distribution of Chromosomes During Eukaryotic Cell Division......Page 229
The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look......Page 231
Cytokinesis: A Closer Look......Page 234
Binary Fission in Bacteria......Page 236
The Evolution of Mitosis......Page 237
Checkpoints of the Cell Cycle Control System......Page 238
Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells......Page 241
UNIT 2: Genetics......Page 245
Variations on a Theme......Page 246
Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction......Page 247
Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells......Page 248
Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle......Page 249
The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles......Page 250
The Stages of Meiosis......Page 251
A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 254
Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring......Page 256
The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within Populations......Page 258
Drawing from the Deck of Genes......Page 260
The Law of Segregation......Page 261
The Law of Independent Assortment......Page 265
The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses......Page 267
Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability......Page 268
Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene......Page 269
Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More Genes......Page 271
A Mendelian View of Heredity and Variation......Page 272
Pedigree Analysis......Page 274
Recessively Inherited Disorders......Page 275
Genetic Counseling Based on Mendelian Genetics......Page 277
Locating Genes Along Chromosomes......Page 282
Correlating Behavior of a Gene’s Alleles with Behavior of a Chromosome Pair......Page 284
The Chromosomal Basis of Sex......Page 285
Inheritance of X-Linked Genes......Page 286
X Inactivation in Female Mammals......Page 287
How Linkage Affects Inheritance......Page 288
Genetic Recombination and Linkage......Page 289
Mapping the Distance Between Genes Using Recombination Data: Scientific Inquiry......Page 291
Abnormal Chromosome Number......Page 294
Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations......Page 295
Life’s Operating Instructions......Page 299
The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry......Page 300
Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry......Page 302
CONCEPT 13.2: Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair......Page 305
DNA Replication: A Closer Look......Page 306
Evolutionary Significance of Altered DNA Nucleotides......Page 312
CONCEPT 13.3: A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins......Page 313
DNA Cloning: Making Multiple Copies of a Gene or Other DNA Segment......Page 316
Using Restriction Enzymes to Make a Recombinant DNA Plasmid......Page 317
Amplifying DNA: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Its Use in Cloning......Page 318
DNA Sequencing......Page 319
Editing Genes and Genomes......Page 320
The Flow of Genetic Information......Page 324
Evidence from the Study of Metabolic Defects......Page 325
Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation......Page 326
The Genetic Code......Page 328
Synthesis of an RNA Transcript......Page 330
Alteration of mRNA Ends......Page 332
Split Genes and RNA Splicing......Page 333
Molecular Components of Translation......Page 334
Building a Polypeptide......Page 337
Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein......Page 338
Making Multiple Polypeptides in Bacteria and Eukaryotes......Page 342
Types of Small-Scale Mutations......Page 344
What Is a Gene? Revisiting the Question......Page 346
CONCEPT 15.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription......Page 349
Operons: The Basic Concept......Page 350
Repressible and Inducible Operons: Two Types of Negative Gene Regulation......Page 351
Positive Gene Regulation......Page 353
Differential Gene Expression......Page 354
Regulation of Transcription Initiation......Page 355
Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Regulation......Page 360
Effects on mRNAs by MicroRNAs and Small Interfering RNAs......Page 361
CONCEPT 15.4: Researchers can monitor expression of specific genes......Page 362
Studying the Expression of Single Genes......Page 363
Studying the Expression of Groups of Genes......Page 364
Orchestrating Life’s Processes......Page 367
Cytoplasmic Determinants and Inductive Signals......Page 368
Sequential Regulation of Gene Expression during Cellular Differentiation......Page 369
Pattern Formation: Setting Up the Body Plan......Page 372
Genetic Analysis of Early Development: Scientific Inquiry......Page 373
Cloning Animals: Nuclear Transplantation......Page 376
Stem Cells of Animals......Page 378
Types of Genes Associated with Cancer......Page 380
Interference with Cell-Signaling Pathways......Page 381
The Multistep Model of Cancer Development......Page 382
Inherited Predisposition and Other Factors Contributing to Cancer......Page 383
CONCEPT 17.1: A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat......Page 388
Capsids and Envelopes......Page 389
General Features of Viral Replicative Cycles......Page 390
Replicative Cycles of Phages......Page 391
Replicative Cycles of Animal Viruses......Page 393
Evolution of Viruses......Page 395
Viral Diseases in Animals......Page 397
Emerging Viruses......Page 398
Viral Diseases in Plants......Page 400
Prions: Proteins as Infectious Agents......Page 401
Reading Leaves from the Tree of Life......Page 403
CONCEPT 18.1: The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques......Page 404
Understanding the Functions of Protein-Coding Genes......Page 405
Understanding Genes and Gene Expression at the Systems Level......Page 406
CONCEPT 18.3: Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density......Page 407
Number of Genes......Page 408
CONCEPT 18.4: Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families......Page 409
Transposable Elements and Related Sequences......Page 410
Genes and Multigene Families......Page 411
Alterations of Chromosome Structure......Page 413
Duplication and Divergence of Gene-Sized Regions of DNA......Page 414
Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and Exon Shuffling......Page 415
CONCEPT 18.6: Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development......Page 417
Comparing Genomes......Page 418
Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes Among Animals......Page 420
UNIT 3: Evolution......Page 424
Endless Forms Most Beautiful......Page 425
Ideas About Change over Time......Page 426
Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution......Page 427
Darwin’s Research......Page 428
Ideas from The Origin of Species......Page 430
Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change......Page 433
Homology......Page 435
The Fossil Record......Page 436
Biogeography......Page 437
What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life?......Page 438
Investigating the Evolutionary History of Life......Page 441
Hierarchical Classification......Page 442
Linking Classification and Phylogeny......Page 443
Applying Phylogenies......Page 444
Sorting Homology from Analogy......Page 445
Evaluating Molecular Homologies......Page 446
Cladistics......Page 447
Phylogenetic Trees with Proportional Branch Lengths......Page 448
Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses......Page 451
Molecular Clocks......Page 452
Applying a Molecular Clock: Dating the Origin of HIV......Page 453
From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains......Page 454
The Important Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer......Page 455
The Smallest Unit of Evolution......Page 459
Genetic Variation......Page 460
Sources of Genetic Variation......Page 461
The Hardy-Weinberg Equation......Page 463
Genetic Drift......Page 467
Gene Flow......Page 469
Natural Selection: A Closer Look......Page 470
Balancing Selection......Page 472
Sexual Selection......Page 473
Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms......Page 476
CONCEPT 22.1: The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation......Page 480
The Biological Species Concept......Page 481
Other Definitions of Species......Page 484
Allopatric (“Other Country”) Speciation......Page 485
Sympatric (“Same Country”) Speciation......Page 486
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review......Page 489
CONCEPT 22.3: Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation......Page 490
Hybrid Zones over Time......Page 491
CONCEPT 22.4: Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes......Page 492
The Time Course of Speciation......Page 493
Studying the Genetics of Speciation......Page 494
From Speciation to Macroevolution......Page 495
CONCEPT 23.1: The fossil record documents life’s history......Page 498
Fossils Frame the Geologic Record......Page 500
CONCEPT 23.2: The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates......Page 502
Plate Tectonics......Page 504
Mass Extinctions......Page 506
Adaptive Radiations......Page 509
Effects of Developmental Genes......Page 511
The Evolution of Development......Page 512
CONCEPT 23.4: Evolution is not goal oriented......Page 514
Evolutionary Novelties......Page 515
Evolutionary Trends......Page 516
UNIT 4: The Evolutionary History of Life......Page 519
The First Cells......Page 520
Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth......Page 521
Self-Replicating RNA......Page 522
Fossil Evidence of Early Life......Page 523
Cell-Surface Structures......Page 524
Internal Organization and DNA......Page 526
Nutritional and Metabolic Adaptations......Page 527
Adaptations of Prokaryotes: A Summary......Page 528
Rapid Reproduction and Mutation......Page 529
Genetic Recombination......Page 530
An of Prokaryotic Diversity......Page 532
Archaea......Page 533
Chemical Recycling......Page 536
Impact on Humans......Page 537
CONCEPT 25.1: Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis more than 1.8 billion years ago......Page 543
The Fossil Record of Early Eukaryotes......Page 545
Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution......Page 546
Independent Origins of Complex Multicellularity......Page 549
Steps in the Origin of Multicellular Animals......Page 550
Four Supergroups of Eukaryotes......Page 551
Excavates......Page 554
SAR: Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians......Page 555
Archaeplastids......Page 557
Unikonts......Page 558
Photosynthetic Protists......Page 561
Effects on Human Health......Page 562
The Greening of Earth......Page 566
Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land......Page 567
Early Plants......Page 569
CONCEPT 26.2: Though not closely related to plants, fungi played a key role in the colonization of land......Page 570
Fungal Adaptations for Life on Land......Page 571
Diversification of Fungi......Page 573
Bryophytes: A Collection of Basal Plant Lineages......Page 576
Seedless Vascular Plants: The First Plants to Grow Tall......Page 577
Terrestrial Adaptations in Seed Plants......Page 579
Early Seed Plants and the Rise of Gymnosperms......Page 581
The Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms......Page 582
Physical Environment and Chemical Cycling......Page 585
Biotic Interactions......Page 586
CONCEPT 27.1: Animals originated more than 700 million years ago......Page 591
Early-Diverging Animal Groups......Page 592
Evolutionary Change in the Cambrian Explosion......Page 593
Dating the Origin of Bilaterians......Page 594
Animal Body Plans......Page 595
The Diversification of Animals......Page 596
Bilaterian Radiation I: Diverse Invertebrates......Page 597
Bilaterian Radiation II: Aquatic Vertebrates......Page 600
Summary: Effects of Bilaterian Radiations I and II......Page 603
Early Land Animals......Page 604
Colonization of Land by Arthropods......Page 605
Terrestrial Vertebrates......Page 606
Terrestrial Adaptations in Amniotes......Page 608
The Origin and Radiation of Amniotes......Page 609
Human Evolution......Page 613
Ecological Effects of Animals......Page 614
Evolutionary Effects of Animals......Page 615
UNIT 5: Plant Form and Function......Page 620
Are Plants Computers?......Page 621
The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves......Page 622
Dermal, Vascular, and Ground Tissue Systems......Page 624
Common Types of Plant Cells......Page 625
CONCEPT 28.2: Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth......Page 628
Gene Expression and Control of Cell Differentiation......Page 629
Primary Growth of Roots......Page 630
Primary Growth of Shoots......Page 632
CONCEPT 28.4: Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants......Page 634
The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular Tissue......Page 636
The Cork Cambium and the Production of Periderm......Page 637
A Whole Lot of Shaking Going On......Page 639
Shoot Architecture and Light Capture......Page 640
Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals......Page 641
Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma Membranes......Page 642
Short-Distance Transport of Water Across Plasma Membranes......Page 643
Macronutrients and Micronutrients......Page 645
Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency......Page 646
The Living, Complex Ecosystem of Soil......Page 647
CONCEPT 29.4: Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms......Page 648
Bacteria and Plant Nutrition......Page 650
Fungi and Plant Nutrition......Page 652
Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants......Page 653
Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem......Page 655
Bulk Flow Transport via the Xylem......Page 656
Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss......Page 658
Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing......Page 659
Adaptations That Reduce Evaporative Water Loss......Page 660
Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks......Page 661
Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: The Mechanism of Translocation in Angiosperms......Page 662
Flowers of Deceit......Page 665
Flower Formation......Page 666
The Angiosperm Life Cycle: An......Page 668
Pollination: A Closer Look......Page 670
Seed Development and Structure......Page 671
Fruit Structure and Function......Page 673
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction......Page 676
Totipotency, Vegetative Reproduction, and Tissue Culture......Page 677
Plant Breeding......Page 679
Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering......Page 680
The Debate over Plant Biotechnology......Page 681
A Chameleon Vine......Page 685
The Discovery of Plant Hormones......Page 686
A Survey of Plant Hormones......Page 688
Photomorphogenesis......Page 694
Biological Clocks and Circadian Rhythms......Page 696
Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons......Page 697
CONCEPT 31.3: Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light......Page 699
Mechanical Stimuli......Page 700
Environmental Stresses......Page 701
CONCEPT 31.4: Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens......Page 703
Defenses Against Pathogens......Page 704
UNIT 6: Animal Form and Function......Page 708
Diverse Forms, Common Challenges......Page 709
CONCEPT 32.1: Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization......Page 710
An of Coordination and Control......Page 714
Regulation of Endocrine Signaling......Page 715
Neuroendocrine Signaling......Page 716
Hormone Solubility......Page 717
Evolution of Hormone Function......Page 718
Homeostasis......Page 719
Thermoregulation: A Closer Look......Page 720
Osmosis and Osmolarity......Page 723
Nitrogenous Wastes......Page 724
Excretory Processes......Page 725
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look......Page 728
Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney......Page 730
The Need to Feed......Page 734
Essential Nutrients......Page 735
Dietary Deficiencies......Page 736
Digestive Compartments......Page 737
The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus......Page 739
Digestion in the Stomach......Page 740
Digestion in the Small Intestine......Page 741
Absorption in the Small Intestine......Page 742
Processing in the Large Intestine......Page 743
Mutualistic Adaptations in Humans......Page 744
Mutualistic Adaptations in Herbivores......Page 745
Energy Allocation......Page 746
Regulation of Appetite and Consumption......Page 749
Trading Places......Page 752
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems......Page 753
Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems......Page 754
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look......Page 756
CONCEPT 34.3: Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels......Page 758
Blood Flow Velocity......Page 759
Blood Pressure......Page 760
Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System......Page 761
Blood Composition and Function......Page 763
Cardiovascular Disease......Page 765
CONCEPT 34.5: Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces......Page 766
Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange......Page 767
Respiratory Surfaces......Page 768
Tracheal Systems in Insects......Page 769
Lungs......Page 770
How a Mammal Breathes......Page 772
Control of Breathing in Humans......Page 773
Respiratory Pigments......Page 774
Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 775
Respiratory Adaptations of Diving Mammals......Page 776
Recognition and Response......Page 779
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates......Page 780
CONCEPT 35.2: In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition......Page 783
Antigen Recognition by B Cells and Antibodies......Page 784
B Cell and T Cell Development......Page 785
Helper T Cells: Activating Adaptive Immunity......Page 788
B Cells and Antibodies: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens......Page 789
Summary of the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses......Page 790
Active and Passive Immunity......Page 791
Disruptions in Immune System Function......Page 792
Cancer and Immunity......Page 794
Let Me Count the Ways......Page 797
Sexual Reproduction: An Evolutionary Enigma......Page 798
Variation in Patterns of Sexual Reproduction......Page 799
Ensuring the Survival of Offspring......Page 800
Variation in Reproductive Systems......Page 801
Human Male Reproductive Anatomy......Page 802
Gametogenesis......Page 803
CONCEPT 36.3: The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals......Page 806
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles......Page 807
Human Sexual Response......Page 809
CONCEPT 36.4: Development of an egg into a mature embryo requires fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis......Page 810
Cleavage and Gastrulation......Page 811
Conception and Embryo Implantation in Humans......Page 813
Contraception......Page 814
Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization......Page 816
Lines of Communication......Page 818
Neuron Structure and Function......Page 819
Introduction to Information Processing......Page 820
Formation of the Resting Potential......Page 821
Modeling the Resting Potential......Page 822
Graded Potentials and Action Potentials......Page 824
Generation of Action Potentials: A Closer Look......Page 825
Conduction of Action Potentials......Page 827
CONCEPT 37.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses......Page 829
Modulated Signaling at Synapses......Page 830
Neurotransmitters......Page 831
CONCEPT 38.1: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells......Page 836
Glia......Page 837
The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 838
Arousal and Sleep......Page 839
Emotions......Page 842
The Brain’s Reward System and Drug Addiction......Page 843
Lateralization of Cortical Function......Page 844
Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates......Page 845
Neuronal Plasticity......Page 846
Sensory Reception and Transduction......Page 847
Types of Sensory Receptors......Page 848
Hearing and Equilibrium in Mammals......Page 850
Evolution of Visual Perception......Page 853
The Vertebrate Visual System......Page 855
The How and Why of Animal Activity......Page 860
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle......Page 861
Other Types of Vertebrate Muscle......Page 866
Types of Skeletal Systems......Page 867
Types of Locomotion......Page 869
CONCEPT 39.3: Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors......Page 871
Animal Signals and Communication......Page 872
Learning......Page 874
Evolution of Foraging Behavior......Page 877
Mating Behavior and Mate Choice......Page 878
Case Study: Variation in Prey Selection......Page 880
Inclusive Fitness......Page 881
UNIT 7: Ecology......Page 885
Discovering Ecology......Page 886
Regional Effects on Climate......Page 889
Climate and Terrestrial Biomes......Page 890
General Features of Terrestrial Biomes......Page 891
CONCEPT 40.2: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth......Page 895
Dispersal and Distribution......Page 898
Abiotic Factors......Page 899
Density and Dispersion......Page 900
Demographics......Page 902
Changes in Population Size......Page 903
Carrying Capacity......Page 904
The Logistic Growth Model......Page 905
The Logistic Model and Real Populations......Page 906
“Trade-offs” and Life Histories......Page 907
Population Dynamics......Page 908
Communities in Motion......Page 913
Competition......Page 914
Exploitation......Page 915
Positive Interactions......Page 918
Species Diversity......Page 919
Trophic Structure......Page 921
Species with a Large Impact......Page 922
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Controls......Page 923
Characterizing Disturbance......Page 924
Ecological Succession......Page 925
Human Disturbance......Page 926
Latitudinal Gradients......Page 927
Area Effects......Page 928
Community Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases......Page 929
Transformed to Tundra......Page 932
Conservation of Mass......Page 933
CONCEPT 42.2: Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems......Page 934
Ecosystem Energy Budgets......Page 935
Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 936
Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 937
Production Efficiency......Page 938
Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids......Page 939
Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 941
Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest......Page 944
Bioremediation......Page 945
Ecosystems: A Review......Page 947
Psychedelic Treasure......Page 952
Three Levels of Biodiversity......Page 953
Biodiversity and Human Welfare......Page 954
Threats to Biodiversity......Page 955
Small-Population Approach......Page 958
Declining-Population Approach......Page 960
CONCEPT 43.3: Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity......Page 961
Landscape Structure and Biodiversity......Page 962
Establishing Protected Areas......Page 963
Nutrient Enrichment......Page 965
Toxins in the Environment......Page 966
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change......Page 967
The Global Human Population......Page 972
Global Carrying Capacity......Page 973
Sustainable Development......Page 974
The Future of the Biosphere......Page 975
Appendix A: Answers......Page 978
Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 1013
Appendix C: The Metric System......Page 1014
Appendix D: A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope......Page 1015
Appendix E: Classification of Life......Page 1016
Appendix F: Scientific Skills Review......Page 1018
Credits......Page 1021
Glossary......Page 1027
Index......Page 1058