C++: 3 in 1- Beginner's Guide+ Simple and Effective Tips and Tricks+ Advanced Guide to Learn C++ Programming Effectively

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Table of Contents

C++ A Comprehensive Beginner’s Guide to Learn About the Realms of C++ From A-Z Introduction Chapter 1: Writing a C++ Program General structure of a simple C++ code! Editing, Compiling and Running a Program Variations of Writing Our Simple Program Chapter 2: Variables and Values Integer Values Variables and Assignment Identifiers Additional Integer Types Floating-Point Types Constants Other Numeric Types Characters Enumerated Types Chapter 3: Arithmetic and Expressions Expressions Mixed Type Expressions Operator Precedence and Associativity Comments Formatting Errors and Warnings Integers vs. Floating-Point Numbers

Bitwise Operators Algorithms Chapter 4: Conditional and Iterative Statements Conditional Execution Boolean Expression The Simple IF Statement Compound Statements The IF/ELSE Statement Nested Conditionals Iteration Nested Loops Abnormal Loop Termination Infinite Loops Chapter 5: Using, Writing and Managing Functions and Data Introduction to Using Functions Standard Mathematic Function Maximum and Minimum Clock Function Character Function Random Numbers Writing Functions Function Basics Using Functions Commenting Functions Managing Functions and Data Overloaded Function Default Arguments Recursion Chapter 6: Sequences Vectors Declaring and Using Vectors Traversing a Vector Vector Methods

Vectors and Functions Multidimensional Vectors Arrays Code 6.6 Copying an Array Multidimensional Arrays C Strings Chapter 7: Sorting and Searching Sorting Flexible Sorting Search Binary Search Vector Permutations Randomly Permuting a Vector Chapter 8: Standard C++ Classes String Objects Input/Output Streams Complex Numbers Better Pseudorandom Number Generation Chapter 9: Memory Management Memory Available to C++ Programs Manual Memory Management Linked Lists Resource Management Smart Pointers Chapter 10: Generic Programming Function Templates Class Templates Conclusion C++ Simple and Effective Tips and Tricks

to learn C++ Programming Effectively Introduction Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of C++ The Fundamental Characteristics of C++ Object-Oriented Programming Translating and Creating a C++ Program Chapter 2: The Basic Data Types, Constants, and Variables Used in C++ The Fundamental Data Types The Fundamental Constants The Fundamental Variables Constant and Volatile Objects Chapter 3: Functions and Classes in C++ Declaring Functions Function Calls Functions Without Return Values or Arguments Header Files Using Classes in C++ Chapter 4: Operators For Fundamental Types Binary Arithmetic Operators Unary Arithmetic Operators Assignments Relational Operators Logical Operators Chapter 5: Controlling the Flow of a Program The ‘While’ Statement The ‘For’ Statement The ‘do-while’ Statement Selections of ‘If-Else’ Statements Else-If Chains The Conditional Operators The ‘Switch’ Statements Chapter 6: Arithmetic Data Type Conversions

Implicit Type Conversions Performing Some of the Usual Arithmetic Type Conversions Implicit Type Conversions with Assignment Operators Some Other Type Conversions Chapter 7: The Use of References and Pointers in C++ Defining References References as Parameters References as Return Values Expressions with Reference Types Defining Pointers The Indirection Operator Pointers as Parameters Chapter 8: The Basics of File Input and File Output in C++ The Basic Concept of Files File Stream Classes Creating Files through a C++ Program Modes when Opening Files Closing Files Read and Write Operation on Blocks Conclusion References C++ Advanced Guide to Learn C++ Programming Effectively Introduction Chapter 1: Using Pointers in C++ Introduction to Pointers How to Use Pointers in C++ Types of Pointers Chapter 2: References in C++ Difference Between References and Pointers

How to Create References Chapter 3: Introduction to Data Structures in C++ The Struct Statement How to Access Members Using Structures as Arguments Using Pointers Typedef Keyword Chapter 4: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Definition of Classes Defining Class Objects How to Access the Class Members Classes and Objects Chapter 5: Differences Between Classes and Structures Chapter 6: Encapsulation in C++ Chapter 7: Understanding Inheritance Introduction to Base and Derived Classes Inheritance and Access Inheritance Types Multiple Inheritance Chapter 8: Overloading in C++ Introduction to Function Overloading Introduction to Operator Overloading Chapter 9: Polymorphism in C++ Understanding Virtual Functions Chapter 10: Abstraction in C++ Benefits How to Enforce Abstraction Example Why Use Abstraction? Chapter 11: Abstract Classes or Interfaces Chapter 12: Constructors in C++

Constructor Types Chapter 13: Copy Constructors in C++ Definition When Do You Call a Copy Constructor? When Should You Define a Copy Constructor? Assignment Operators Versus Copy Constructors Example Where You Use Copy Constructors What Happens When You Remove a Copy Constructor From the Code? Chapter 14: Destructors in C++ Properties When Do You Call a Destructor? Difference Between Destructors and Member Functions Chapter 15: Virtual Destructors in C++ Pure Virtual Destructors Chapter 16: Introduction to Private Destructors Chapter 17: Exception Handling in C++ Importance of Exception Handling Exception Handling Examples Chapter 18: Stack Unwinding Chapter 19: Identifying Exceptions in Base and Derived Classes Differentiating Between Block and Type Conversions Chapter 20: Object Destruction and Error Handling Chapter 21: Searching Algorithms Linear Search Binary Search Jump Search Chapter 22: Sorting Algorithms Bubble Sort Selection Sort Insertion Sort Quicksort

Chapter 23: Tips to Optimize Code in C++ Using the Appropriate Algorithm to Optimize Code Optimizing Code Using Input and Output Operators Optimizing the Use of Operators Optimization of Conditional Statements Dealing with Functions Optimizing Loops Optimizing Data Structures Sequential or Binary Search? Optimizing the Use of Arrays Chapter 24: Debugging and Testing Definition Conditions for Debugging Debugging Requirements Debugging Principles Functionalities to Use Techniques for Debugging How to Correct the Errors In Your Code Conclusion References

C++ A Comprehensive Beginner’s Guide to Learn About the Realms of C++ From A-Z

BENJAMIN SMITH

Introduction

C++ is a computer programming language, and as from one perspective, a computer program language is a sequence of instruction fed into a computer that dictate to the computer what to do. These instructions are executed through the flow of electrical impulses that affects the computer’s memory through interaction with the input and output devices. There are different types of computer programs playing different roles; one program might let a computer perform the role as a financial calculator, while another computer program could transform the computer into a worthy chess opponent. In the mid-1980s, Bjarne Stroustrup of AT and T Bell Labs developed the C++ programming language. C++ is an extension of the previously developed C programming language by AT and T Labs in the early 1970s. Originally, AT and T developed the C programing language to write UNIX operating systems, system-level software, and embedded system development. Initially, following after the development of the C++ programming language, it provided object-oriented programming features, and later on, generic programming capacities were added. The C++ programming language is useful in both commercial and industrial software development. C++ is a powerful programming language used for developing complex engineering, sciences, and business systems. Some common software written in C++ include Adobe Creative Suites, macOS, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows 8, and so on. The C++ programming language is complex itself so that it can meet up with the needs of commercial software development. Experienced software developers can accomplish great things with C++, but beginners may have a difficult time with it because it is closer to machine language than human language. We’re keen on understanding in this book, and so, to fully understand everything you need to know about C++ programing language, there are some development tools you need to acquit yourself to how they work.

This book is not aimed to cover all facets of the programming language, but to guide you on all, you ought to know about the C++ programming language. Despite the plethora of things you need to know about C++, this book will bring as much of it into ten concise chapters letting you learn all you need to know about C++ from A-Z.

Chapter 1 Writing a C++ Program

C++ has a particular structure of writing them. The syntax of the code much be correct. If not, the compiler would give an error message, and it would not be executable. In this chapter, we shall be introducing C++ with simple executable examples you can try. Most C++ codes are executable in a lot of other programming languages like C, Ada, C#, and Java but with a slightly different syntax. The General Structure of a Simple C++ Code Below is a one of the simplest C++ code that does something: #include int main() { std::cout