Build Your Academic Vocabulary

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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Южно-Уральский государственный университет Кафедра иностранных языков

Ш143.21-9 Ж479

Е.А. Жежера, Е.А. Ненахова, М.В. Цытович

BUILD YOUR ACADEMIC VOCABULARY Учебное пособие

Челябинск Издательский центр ЮУрГУ 2018

ББК Ш143.21-923 Ж479 Одобрено учебно-методической комиссией института лингвистики и международных коммуникаций Рецензенты: О.В. Суслова, Л.А.Белова

Ж479

Жежера, Е.А. Build Your Academic Vocabulary: учебное пособие / Е.А. Жежера, Е.А. Ненахова, М.В. Цытович. – Челябинск: Издательский центр ЮУрГУ, 2018. – 88 с. Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для формирования лексического аспекта языковой компетенции магистрантов, аспирантов и всех тех, кто изучает английский язык для академических целей. В основе пособия лежит массив частотной академической лексики в объеме 570 лексических единиц, выявленных в ходе анализа научно-популярных текстов из различных областей знания, таких как маркетинг, менеджмент, юриспруденция, информатика, психология, история, биология (Averil Coxhead, 2000). Учебное пособие состоит из девяти разделов, имеющих унифицированную структуру и включающих систему упражнений, направленных на семантизацию, дифференциацию и активизацию изучаемых лексических единиц в иноязычной речи. В ходе работы с материалами пособия обучающиеся овладевают правилами соотнесения конкретной лексической единицы с другими лексемами, с синонимами и антонимами, овладевают правилами словообразования и сочетания; правилами выбора и употребления лексической единицы в контексте высказывания, в его грамматической и стилистической структуре. Учебное пособие может использоваться на занятиях в группах магистрантов и аспирантов, на курсах повышения квалификации преподавателей, а также для самостоятельного изучения. ББК Ш143.21-923

© Издательский центр ЮУрГУ, 2018

UNIT 1

One forgets words as one forgets names. One’s vocabulary needs constant fertilizing or it will die. Evelyn Waugh

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING

1. Match the typical suffixes with the parts of speech. Translate the derivatives. Say to what part of speech they belong.

1. -en; -ify; -ate; -ize/ise 2. -age; -ance; -dom; -ence; -er/or; -hood; -tion; -ist; -ment; -ness; -sion; -ship; 3. -able; -al; -ant; -ate; -ful; -ic/ical; -ish; -ive; -less; -ous; -y 4. - ly 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

define, definition; analyze, analyzer, analysis; identify, identification, identical; economy, economics, economical, economist; vary, variable, variation, variety ; process, processable, processing, processor, processability; require, required, requirement. 3

a) noun b) verb c) adverb d) adjective

FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. evident • benefit • proceed • approach • respond establish • occur • estimate • research

a) an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something b) a method of doing something or dealing with a problem c) easy to see, notice, or understand d) to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time e) to try to judge the value, size, speed, cost etc of something, without calculating it exactly f) serious study of a subject, in order to discover new facts or test new ideas g) to continue to do something that has already been planned or started h) to happen or exist in a particular place or situation i) to do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done 3. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Some words can be used twice. indication • factor • similar • analysis • research available • legally • analytical • contract

1. He did an _______________ of the way children learn language for his Master's thesis. 2. Environmental pollution seems to be an important _______________ in the increase in cancers all over the world. 3. There are wind-surfers and kayaks _______________ for rent at the lake. 4. The planet Mars has a surface which is somewhat _______________ to that of our moon. 5. Spencer's father is doing _______________ into the melting of the polar ice cap in the Arctic.

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6. The low number of people attending the lecture is a clear _______________ of lack of interest in the topic. 7. Using the Internet can dramatically speed up your __________ on a topic. 8. Immigrants often seek areas of their newly adopted country that are _________in some way to their original homeland. 9. In learning a second language, some people are very ________ and want a rule for everything, while others prefer to gather examples and imitate them. 10. She is working in an office downtown on a two-month__________, but is hoping to find a permanent job pretty soon. 11. In 1993, a Florida judge ruled that a twelve-year-old boy who didn’t want to be with his parents any longer could _______ divorce them. 4. From the list below, choose one word/collocation which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence.

fail to appreciate • going on • light • share • alters • command concerned • obligatory • revenue • important • work • totally changed 1. Mark Twain once joked, “Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? It is perhaps because we are not the person involved.” 2. Experts warn that many parents continue to underestimate the risks their children take using the Internet. 3. Mankind's consumption of the Earth's natural resources is proceeding at a phenomenal pace. 4. Online music stores such as iTunes have redefined the way people buy and listen to their favourite songs. 5. One's values should be viewed in the context of one's culture. 6. The diet of brown bears varies depending on what foods are available in that particular season or habitat. 7. Studies show that women are much less likely than men to occupy positions of authority at work. 8. Visas are not required for Americans who plan to stay in England for less than three months.

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9. Our family income was lower than usual last year because my wife quit work in August to have our baby. 10. Huang and van Naerssen have found that reading outside class is the most significant predictor of speaking ability in a second language. 11. She invests the certain percentage of her earnings in the stock market each month. 12. The labor of weeding the garden was too much for his weak back. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. Many theorists … 2. Canada's aboriginal population constitutes … 3. An important issue … 4. Denise and I have very different approaches … 5. At Computer schools, we offer individualized … 6. A proper diet offers many benefits … 7. I think we need legislation … 8. Management has been totally unresponsive … 9. I appreciate your individualism … 10. According to the attendance policy … 11. In order to establish an environment … ______________________________________________________________ a. …to the job, but I think we are both quite successful in what we do. b. …of trust in this office, we need to show respect for each other. c. …now believe that vocabulary development is even more important than grammar study for second language learners. d. …learning programs that fit your needs, and let you progress at your own rate. e. …such as improved health and a sense of well-being. f. …but sometimes you need to learn to work as part of a team. g. …a small but important part of our country. h. …under discussion in the world of sport today is the participation of professional athletes in the Olympic Games. i. …in this language program, you must attend at least 80% of classes. j. …to protect consumers from genetically-modified foods until it has been proven that this food is not harmful. k. …in dealing with our concerns.

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6. Make the collocations and match them with the gaps in the sentences given below. clearly • major • varying • clear

factor • cause • indication

secret • estimated • deciding

structure • similarity • formula

remarkable • traditional family

define • interpretation • population

1. The low number of people attending the lecture is a ___________ of lack of interest in the topic. 2. Alcohol was a ________ in a car accident which claimed three lives over the weekend. 3. The DNA of chimpanzees shows a ______________ to that of humans. 4. Warmer than average weather was the _____________ in our decision to postpone our ski trip. 5. Coca-Cola has a ________for its beverage that is only known to a small group of people. 6. _________ of the Bible has resulted in the creation of many different religious groups within Christianity. 7. The _______________ has undergone a great many changes in the last few decades, due to the increase in the divorce rate. 8. It can be quite difficult to ___________ abstract ideas such as love or friendship. 9. At an__________ of 40 million, there are more than twice as many kangaroos as people in Australia. 7. For each word from the list compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning. For example, the word: finance. Bad attempt: Most people do not understand corporate finance (tells you nothing about what finance is). Good illustration: Most people do not understand corporate finance because only accountants and other trained experts can follow how companies raise and spend money.

labour • authority • benefit • policy • data • environment • economy

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FOCUS ON: ACCURACY

8. Choose the right word. 1. The police have not yet been able to find out/establish the cause of death for a man who was found floating in the river. 2. The country covers a total area/space of over 1,725 square kilometers. 3. The world's superior/major rainforests are located in South and Central America, and in South-East Asia. 4. Jefferson has a largely defensive role/duty to play on the team, and is not known for scoring. 5. Heinrich W. Brandes made the first weather map in 1815, based on figures/data gathered in 1783. 6. We need an accountant to consider/interpret our financial statements. 7. Very young children formulate/conceptualize ideas of depth, height and size in different ways from adults. 8. We often make assumptions/conclusions about people from foreign countries based on a very limited knowledge of their culture. 9. Whether or not learning occurs/takes place depends on a variety of factors, including student motivation, effectiveness of presentation of materials, etc. 10. Much evidence/witness exists suggesting that the seafloors are constantly moving and continually being created and destroyed. 11. In order to understand our earth and the phenomena/processes which operate upon it, one must attempt to comprehend time spans of millions of years. 12. Many psychotherapists today follow the overall approach of Sigmund Freud, though they generally reject his theory/thesis. 13. A report made/issued by the International Labour Organization in 1996 said that Asia has the greatest number of children working, at 45 million. 9. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. He was arrested for drunk driving because he had drunk more than the _____________ limit of alcohol. a) legally (adv)

b) legal (adj)

c) illegal (adj)

2. The culture of the United States is quite _______________ to that of Canada. a) similar (adj)

b) same (adj) 8

c) similarly (adv)

3. The Canadian _______________ is largely based on natural resources. a) economical (adj)

b) economy (n)

c) economics (n)

4. The apartment will be _______________ on June first. a) acceptable (adj)

b) accessible (adj)

c) obtainable (adj)

5. The young pop star became famous while still in high school after winning a _______________ with a major record label. a) contract (n)

b) competition (n)

c) contest (n)

6. Your continued lateness for class _______________ to me that you are not really a very serious student. a) shows (v)

b) manifests (v)

c) indicates (v)

7. Living in Berlin during the _______________ when the Berlin Wall was torn down was an unforgettable experience. a) stage (n)

b) period (n)

c) era (n)

8. Some _______________ into second language learning suggests that oral fluency may increase with moderate amounts of alcohol. a) survey (n)

b) findings (n)

c) research (n)

FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

10. Read the text and complete it with the correct forms of the words given below. approach • impact (2) • survey • environment • policy • economy aspect • relevant • indicative • identify • factor • assess The environment in which people live has a profound (1) __________ on their quality of life and wellbeing. In (2) _________ the public have consistently (3) _________ local environmental factors as being one of the most important (4) __________ in their wellbeing. As a result, English Local Authorities spent over £6 billion on (5) _________ services in 2011. It is therefore important that the (6) _________ on the local environment of any proposed (7) ________, programme or project are understood and fully reflected in decision making. This page provides support on how such impacts can be reflected.

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The appropriate (8) _________ will depend upon the decision being made. These (9) _________ valuation tools provide a way to (10) _________ the scale of impact but may not be representative at a local level. Defra recommends using the tool to support: • prioritising between different (11) __________ of local environment; • valuing small changes from (12) __________ decisions; • producing (13) __________ estimates for larger changes. 11. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. Do you think that environment is a vital question of life and prosperity? 2. What environmental factors influence your life? 3. Should our local government spend more money on environment? 4. Do you take part in any environmental programmes or projects? 5. What would you choose: to live in a big industrial city with good career prospects but bad environment or in a small town with healthy environment?

12. Dwell upon the following quotes. 1. Don’t cry because it’s over, smile because it happened. (Dr. Seuss) 2. There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. (Albert Einstein) 3. In three words I can sum up everything I've learned about life: it goes on. (Robert Frost) 4. Good friends, good books, and a sleepy conscience: this is the ideal life. (Mark Twain) 5. It does not do to dwell on dreams and forget to live. (J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter) 6. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving. (Albert Einstein) 7. Life isn’t about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself. (George Bernard Shaw) 8. Sometimes the questions are complicated and the answers are simple. (Dr. Seuss)

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UNIT 2 Tell a man there are 300 billion stars in the universe and he’ll believe you. Tell him a bench has wet paint on it he’ll have to touch to be sure. Jaeger

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING 1. Sort out the words according to their part of speech. Name the most common nounforming, verb-forming and adjective-forming suffixes. tradition, appropriate, commission, potential, previous, achievement, computerize, conductor, distinctive, designer, resourceful, security, regional, categorize, assistant, construction, community, maintenance, finalize, itemize

Verbs

Nouns

Adjectives

FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. participate • previous • chapter • acquire • equate • impact purchase • survey • consume • journal • consequent

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

one of the parts into which a book is divided to obtain something by buying it or being given it; gain knowledge or learn a skill to use time, energy, goods etc; to eat or drink something a serious magazine produced for professional people or those with a particular interest to consider that two things are similar or connected the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on someone or something something you buy, or the act of buying it

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h) a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions or behavior i) having happened or existed before the event, time, or thing that you are talking about now j) to take part in an activity or event k) happening as a result of a particular event or situation 3. From the following list, use the words to complete the sentences below. items • focus • conducted • assists • texts • survey finalize • distinction • perceives • security 1. Since mobile phones now have computer keyboards, a lot of people nowadays communicate with each other by __________ rather than speaking. 2. The Scandinavian nation of Norway has the __________ of being repeatedly identified as the best place to live in by the United Nations. 3. The __________ of my talk today will be the importance of family. 4. Airport __________ has become extremely tight as a result of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre. 5. Only the most rigorously _________research can produce results which are truly meaningful. 6. We hope to ________ details of the agreement over the next couple of days. 7. _____________ teams working in China have spent the past three years searching for signs of giant pandas in the wild. 8. The short-term memory capacity for most people is between five and nine _____________ or numbers. 9. Our brain ____________ millions of bits of information every second of every day. 10. A human-looking robot which __________ the elderly with daily chores has recently been developed in Japan. 4. From the list below, choose one word or collocation which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. effect • takes part • look for • instructions • gain building • buy • assumed • sustainer • relevant

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1. Picasso once said, “I do not seek; I find.” 2. Automobile airbags inflate in the event of a sudden impact. 3. Did you purchase anything of value while you were travelling in the U.S.? 4. From all levels of government, Americans get 175,000 new laws, and two million new regulations every year. 5. A proper essay supports its thesis using appropriate details. 6. The sun is the generator and maintainer of all life and life processes on our Earth. 7. Everyone who participates in the run will receive a free T-shirt. 8. The government will soon begin construction on a new stadium for the Olympic Games. 9. Parrots, most famous of all talking birds, rarely acquire a vocabulary of more than twenty words. 10. The American Psychological Association has concluded that viewing violence on TV promotes aggressive behavior in children. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. One of the goals of the United Nations is to … 2. My uncle works in … 3. European diseases had a devastating … 4. In the future, we may have tiny computers inside us to monitor, and even … 5. If you are giving a speech, remember that if you conclude … 6. Karla had acquired … 7. ESL students in this program are encouraged to participate in … 8. We just moved into this community … 9. The university's regulations … 10. The administration is constructing … 11. According to a recent study, televised violence suggests to young children that aggression is… ____________________________________________________________ a. regulate functions such as heart rate or blood pressure. b. a new plan which they hope will reduce their expenditures. c. appropriate in some situations.

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d. maintain international peace and security. e. five minutes early, your audience will be quite happy. f. construction as an electrician. g. as many activities as possible in order to get to know people, and practice speaking English. h. are posted on the website. i. impact on the native people of Guatemala. j. a bit of an English accent after living in London for 5 years. k. about a month ago, and are really enjoying the area.

6. Make the collocations and match them with the gaps in the sentences given below.

satisfying • academic face • distinctively textual • assigned • distinct positive • downturn • false

journal • in the economy consequence • the consequences • text analysis • climate zones • sense of security • marked • attitude

1. He broke the law, and now he has to ______________of his actions. 2. Japan covers four______________, from the tropics of Okinawa to the snow country of the far north. 3. The professor’s lecture just repeated what is written in our_________. 4. Killer whales are large, _______________ black and white dolphins, which can often be sighted off the coast of British Columbia. 5. The university library subscribes to hundreds of different newspapers, magazines and_____________. 6. Studies show that responses are strengthened when followed by_____________. 7. Seatbelts sometimes give motorists a ______________, and may encourage them to take risks. 8. Along with a __________ and a healthy diet, your fitness level plays a major role in how you feel. 9. Averil Coxhead did a __________ of university books to find out which words appear most frequently in academic books. 10. Luckily, the company has been largely unaffected by the _______________. 14

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY 7. Choose the right word. 1. She helped/assisted the doctor during the operation. 2. Achieving/receiving valid results is a major goal of all research. 3. World chess champion Gary Kasparov was recently beaten by a machine which was able to count/compute its moves almost instantly. 4. Teachers in the program are evaluated/estimated by the students at the end of each session. 5. Fire crews rushed to the site/place of the plane crash. 6. We did an informal research/survey in the class, and found that most people wanted to have the party this Friday. 7. We will be finalizing/concluding the details of the calendar of activities for the students at this afternoon's meeting. 8. We need an enumerated/itemized list of supplies that will need to be ordered for the new office. 9. Using a conductive/conductor metal eliminates the danger of sparks. 10. Ludwig Wittgenstein once observed that if we spoke a different language, we would understand/perceive a somewhat different world. 8. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. One of the most important steps in learning a second language is _______________ the course of study that's right for you. a) selecting

b) picking out

c) finding

2. Studies show that constant exposure to media content _______________ violence, with the result that children come to believe that society is violent. a) legalizes

b) popularizing

c) normalizes

3. Two of the people in the car accident were seriously hurt, but the third passenger was totally _______________. a) uninjured

b) suffered

c) unhurt

4. The average daily _______________ of salt in this country is much higher than recommended. a) consume

b) supply

c) consumption

5. Our __________ society is very wasteful in terms of using fossil fuels. 15

a) consumption

b) consumerist

c) consumerism

6. Schmitt and McCarthy have stated that vocabulary is now regarded as the key _______________ of learning a second language. a) aspect

b) feature

c) peculiarity

7. Playing games helps children to learn both social __________ and social skills. a) rules

b) norms

c) regulations

8. In September of 1996, American rap star Tupac Shakur died from gunshot wounds he received the _______________ week. a) previously

b) latest

c) previous

9. Your summary has too many _______________ details; you need to make it much more concise. a) relevant

b) proper

c) irrelevant

10. You can't always _______________ success with how much money a person has. There's more to life than that. a) equal

b) equate

c) estimate

9. Complete the sentences. 1. The present article is concerned with… 2. This essay touches upon… 3. The main concern of this paper will be on … 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The discussion will be concentrated on … I shall confine my attention strictly to …. We shall concern ourselves with the problem of … The problem here to be studied … I shall dwell upon the problem of …. We are facing the problem….

FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

10. Read the text and complete it with the appropriate words given below. protocol • definition • process • nature • research • requires data • way • knowledge • order • watching • experiment scientific • goal • reviews • fields • opinion

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In the broadest sense of the word, the (1) ______ of research includes any gathering of (2) ______, information and facts for the advancement of (3) ______. Reading a factual book of any sort is a kind of (4) ______. Surfing the internet or (5) ______ the news is also a type of research. Science does not use this word in the same (6) ______, preferring to restrict it to certain narrowly defined areas. The word ‘review’ is more often used to describe the learning (7) _______ which is one of the underlying tenets of the rigid structures defining (8) ______ research. The strict definition of scientific research is performing a methodical study in (9) ______ to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question. Finding a definitive answer is the central (10) ______ of any experimental process. Research must be systematic and follow a series of steps and a rigid standard (11) _______. These rules are broadly similar but may vary slightly between the different (12) ______ of science. Scientific research must be organized and undergo planning, including performing literature (13) _______ of past research and evaluating what questions need to be answered. Any type of ‘real’ research, whether scientific, economic or historical, (14) ______ some kind of interpretation and an (15) _______ from the researcher. This opinion is the underlying principle, or question, that establishes the (16) _______ and type of (17) _______. 11. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. What is research in the broad sense? 2. What is the strict definition of scientific research? 3. What is the standard protocol of any research? 4. Does any research involve an experimental process? 5. What is the goal of your research work? 12. Agree or disagree with the following quotes. 1. The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom. (Isaac Asimov) 2. Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing. (Wernher von Braun) 3. Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life. (Immanuel Kant) 4. Science never solves a problem without creating ten more. (George Bernard Shaw) 5. Equipped with his five senses, man explores the universe around him and calls the adventure Science. (Edwin Powell Hubble) 6. The fewer the facts, the stronger the opinion. (Arnold H. Glasow) 7. If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts. (Albert Einstein) 8. Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done. (Robert A. Heinlein) 17

UNIT 3 We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, while others judge us by what we have already done. H.W. Longfellow

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING

1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. a) funded

b) fund

c) funding

1. He donated $50 to a _______________ to help victims of the fire. 2. Before we had a publicly-__________ universal health care system in Canada, many people could not afford medical care, or faced bankruptcy with a serious illness. 3. When Romulo Betancourt became president of Venezuela in 1959, he used the profits from the oil industry for _______________ social programs in his country. a) considered

b) considerably

c) considerable

1. International oil and cocoa prices have ____________ impact on the economy of Cameroon. 2. Your chances of finding a job will improve ____________ if you can improve your computer skills. 3. Crime in this area is ____________ to have decreased since the police increased their foot patrols. a) documenting

b) documented

c) documents

1. I have to go to my lawyer's to sign some _______________ relating to the sale of our house. 2. Many aspects of school life were ____________. 3. I have been _______________ all the changes I've been making to the software program so you can see how it's done. a) minor

b) minority

c) minoring

1. I'm ___________ in computer science. 2. His injuries were relatively _______________, so he was released from the hospital within a couple of hours of being admitted. 3. French speakers form a large and important _______________ in Canada.

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a) proportion

b) disproportionate

c) proportional

1. The animal with the largest brain in _______________ to its size is the ant. 2. __________ to their size, cats have the largest eyes of all mammals. 3. Canada's small population is quite _______________ to its great land mass. a) interact

b) interactions

c) interactive

1. _____________ with friends often provide the first major social experiences for children outside the family circle. 2. Songs and story books are a wonderful way for parents to _____________ with their children. 3. An ___________computer program or television system is one which allows direct communication between the user and the machine. a) alternative

b) alternate

c) alternating

1. An ___________ current is an electric current that continually changes direction as it flows. 2. Cactus plants offer a perfect _____________ to clotheslines in the hot, dry climate of Haiti. 3. The buses are on strike, so you'll need to find an __________ way of getting to work.

FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. circumstance • constrain • deduce • ensure • framework imply • instance • justify • minor • sequence

a) an example of a particular kind of situation b) a set of ideas, rules, or beliefs from which something is developed, or on which decisions are based c) a series of related events, actions etc that happen or are done in a particular order d) to use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion about it e) the conditions that affect a situation, action, or event f) small and not very important or serious, especially when compared with other things g) to make certain that something will happen properly 19

h) to stop someone from doing what they want to do; to limit something i) to show or prove something to be right or reasonable j) to suggest that something is true, without saying this directly 3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word. task (n) • interact (v) • immigrate (v) • constrain (v) • correspond (v) core (n) • minor (adj) • scheme (n) • emphasis (n) • comment (n)

1. The company that I work at has a ____________ to increase its sales without increasing its costs. 2. One of the most important ____________ in learning a foreign language is to get over one's fear of making mistakes. 3. Stars can exist only as long as energy continues to move from their _____________ to their surfaces. 4. Tran is actually a dentist, but he could only find work as a janitor when he _____________ to this country. 5. There are three main patterns to family life in Guyana, and they ______________ generally to class or ethnic groupings. 6. ____________ by its island site, Montreal is a compact city of apartments and renters. 7. In his efforts to modernize Yugoslavia, Josip Tito placed strong ___________ on education, rebuilding schools and libraries, and retraining teachers. 8. The driver of the car that hit a school bus was treated for ___________ injuries, and released. 9. The ___________ on my son's report card suggested that he could do much better in school if he made a bit more effort. 10. Children seem to learn language more quickly than adults because they generally have more chances to __________ socially with others. 4. From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word. control • situation • step-by-step • void • permanent picturize • programme • company • issue • approve

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1. A car travelling at a constant speed of 100 kilometres per hour would take more than 48 million years to reach the nearest star. 2. In the 1530s, a printing press was set up in Mexico City, and the country's first newspaper was published there in 1541. 3. Racist comments against others are totally unacceptable, no matter what the circumstances. 4. A proper essay illustrates its ideas clearly and effectively. 5. We feel that animal testing should be reduced to a minimum and carefully justified in each case. 6. The increase in tax revenues has been negated by rising costs for the public health system. 7. For centuries, Korea was dominated by its larger and more aggressive neighbours. 8. Protein synthesis is a sequential process in which DNA is transformed into protein. 9. Denmark was one of the first countries in the world to introduce state social welfare schemes. 10. The major clothing retailer is trying to improve its corporate image by improving working conditions in its factories in the developing nations. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. When using new vocabulary or expressions, be sure to watch for the listeners' reaction… 2. The DVD of the movie features a special … 3. People usually take credit for actions which produce favourable outcomes… 4. I have a lot of admiration for immigrants … 5. She teaches a number of relaxation techniques … 6. It is important to learn a process which will help you to … 7. Police are trying to locate … 8. The United Nations has convened … 9. The children are very mean to the little boy … 10. We didn't specify a time exactly … ______________________________________________________ a. … commentary by the director and the film's stars. b. …because I think it takes a lot of courage to move to a new country, and adapt to a new culture. c. … a special meeting to deal with the conflict in the Middle East. d. …in order to see if you are using the language properly. e. … but blame the situation when their actions are questionable or lead to failure.

21

f. g. h. i. j.

…but we'll probably meet at the restaurant around noon. …a little girl who got separated from her parents while shopping. …to help patients deal with the pain of their illness. … deduce the meaning of new vocabulary from context. … and exclude him from all their games.

6. Make the collocations and match them with the spaces in the sentences below. unwilling • enough free and full • sufficient definite • quite • maximum contest for • framework volume • mental and physical

for the building • time volume • of traffic dominance • demonstrative power • consent (2) dive time • stress

1. Liquids differ from solids in that both have a ________ ________, but liquids do not have a definite shape. 2. The _______ _______ for a killer whale is about 15 minutes. 3. There is a Spanish proverb which notes that a friendly refusal is better than __________ ________. 4. The best time for you to learn a foreign language is when your need is clearest, and when you have _________ _________. 5. Now that the ________ ________ is up, the carpenters can begin putting up the walls. 6. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that marriage shall be entered into only with the _______ _______ of the intending spouses. 7. The San Diego freeway in California has the heaviest ________ _______ in the world. 8. A heart attack most often occurs in the morning when _______ ________ are at their peak. 9. When the leader of a group of gorillas dies, the younger males ________ ________. 10. Sue's children are _______ _______ – always ready to give a hug and a kiss to friends when they arrive at their home. 11. Modern man already possesses the _______ _______ to solve the problems of pollution, overpopulation, and dwindling natural resources. 7. Complete the sentences. 1. The question raises all sorts of problems …. 2. The current interest in the problem lies in … 3. The problem arises in connection with … 22

4. The problem which is setting is…. 5. Thus the core of the problem is … 6. The problem posed here is… 7. We turn our attention to a new and more urgent problem … 8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence, which clearly illustrates its meaning. The sentence must be a good illustration not a bad one. Example: Word: emphasis Bad attempt: In Japan there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. (tells you nothing about what emphasis means) Good illustration: The course places emphasis on practical work so we have a lot of laboratory works and practical classes. volume • rely • valid • sufficient • interact • exclude • considerable

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY 9. Choose the right word. 1. We are quite pleased with the results/outcome of the negotiations. 2. His lack of experience has been a significant constraint/limitation on his ability to move up in the company. 3. After the volcano erupted, all the houses in the town below were covered with a blanket/layer of ash. 4. Li-Ping has visibly improved her painting technique/method as a result of taking an art course last summer. 5. Religion persists in part because people experience dissatisfaction with modern industrial living and its stress/emphasis on rationalism and materialism. 6. She had a severe allergic response/reaction to the medication the doctor gave her, and almost died. 7. An increase in taxes has resulted in a corresponding/related rise in prices. 8. You have a number of different tasks/problems that you need to complete this morning.

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9. Studies have shown that babies in the womb will respond/react to sudden loud noises or bright lights that are flashed on the mother's belly. 10. There is a Hebrew proverb which states, "Judge a man not by the words of his mother, but from the comments/notes of his neighbours." 10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. The _______________ between smoking and cancer is too strong to ignore. a) relation

b) coherence

c) link

2. Much of the modern _______________ used today in wristwatches was developed in Switzerland. a) machinery

b) technology

c) devices

3. He _______________ a lot of time and money to helping people with AIDS. a) invests

b) contributes

c) puts off

4. You'd better _______________ that everything the salesman promises is written into the contract. a) ensure

b) secure

c) trust

5. Over time, the world's human population has _______________ from rural to urban areas. a) moved

b) shifted

c) replaced

6. She didn't say she wanted to break up, but she certainly seemed to _______________ it when she said that it might be good for us to see other people. a) think

b) mean

c) suppose

7. You'd better _______________ for the course pretty soon before it fills up. a) book

b) check in

c) register

8. His discoveries in evolution lead him to __________ his former religious beliefs. a) neglect

b) negate

c) forget

9. She studied art for 4 years, and now works as an __________ for children's books and magazines. a) illustrator

b) animator

c) editor

10. We lost all our travel __________, and couldn't get over the border. a) papers

b) documents

c) luggage

11. You should leave by no later than 8:30 to __________ you arrive at the airport on time a) be able

b) ensure

c) guarantee

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FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

11. Read the article quickly. What is the main idea in each paragraph? 12. Find the places in the article where the following phrases should go. a) Carry a dictionary. b) Expand your vocabulary and use idiomatic phrases. c) Speak a little English every day. d) Read an English book, newspaper or magazine. e) Attend an English class or discussion group. f) Listen to English radio or podcasts. g) Work on your pronunciation. h) Watch English movies and TV shows. English is an excellent language to learn, whether it's for business, travel or personal reasons. Learning any language requires hard work, commitment and a willingness to make mistakes, and English is no different. Here are some practical tips for you to follow: (1) _____________ The absolute best way to learn any new language is just to speak it. It doesn't matter if you only know five English words or if you're practically fluent -- speaking English with another person is the fastest, most effective method of improving. Don't wait until you "feel more comfortable" speaking in English -- you probably won't reach that level for a long time, so push yourself outside of your comfort zone and start speaking English today. You’ll be amazed at how quickly your language skills improve. (2) ________________ Even if you have an acceptable grasp of the English language, with good grammar and an extensive vocabulary, native English speakers may find you very difficult to understand if you don't work on your pronunciation. (3) ________________ The wider your vocabulary and the more English phrases you learn, the easier speaking English will become. Again, spending time with native English speakers will help you to pick up on common vocabulary and phrases in a natural way. Although reading, watching English TV and listening to the news is also beneficial. (4) ________________ Another great way to incorporate some extra English conversation into your weekly routine is to sign up for a class of discussion group.

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(5) _______________ Carrying an English dictionary with you at all times (whether it's an actual book or a phone app) can be very useful. Having a dictionary means that you will never be stuck for a word. It can save you a lot of embarrassment if you're having a conversation with an English-speaker and forget a word in the middle of the sentence -- all you have to do is take a second to look it up! (6) ______________ One of the best ways to improve your English listening comprehension is to download English-language podcasts or radio apps on your phone or MP3 player. You should then make an effort to listen to the podcasts or radio shows for at least 30 minutes per day. Do it in the gym, on your commute to work, or while you're sitting at your computer. (7) ________________ Another fun way to improve your listening comprehension is to watch English movies and TV shows. Try to pick movies or TV shows that you will enjoy -this will make the exercise feel like less of a chore. (8) _______________ Reading is an essential part of learning a new language, so don't forget to practice! Find something you are really interested in -- whether that's a famous English novel, The New York Times or a fashion magazine and start working your way through it. If you find the content boring, you will be less inclined to persevere with it. 13. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. Do you consider knowing English to be very important nowadays? 2. Why do you learn English? What motivates you? 3. Did you study English at school or University? Were you good at it? 4. What is the best way to learn English in your opinion? 5. Have you got an English-speaking pen-pal? Do you find it useful? 14. Agree or disagree with the following quotes. 1. I am always ready to learn although I do not always like being taught. (Winston Churchill) 2. I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel. (Maya Angelou) 3. Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. (Mahatma Gandhi) 4. The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you'll go. (Dr. Seuss) 5. Any fool can know. The point is to understand. (Albert Einstein) 6. We learn from failure, not from success! (Bram Stoker) 7. Self-education is, I firmly believe, the only kind of education there is. (Isaac Asimov) 8. You cannot open a book without learning something. (Confucius) 26

UNIT 4 Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs. Henry Ford

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING

1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Remember that you may need to change some of the word forms. a) approximate (v)

b) approximately (adv)

c) approximation (n)

1. The total cost will _________________ £15 billion. 2. An _________________ of the numbers expected to attend would be 350. 3. The two buildings were _________________ equal in size. a) commit (v) b) commitment (n) c) committed (adj) 1. He is a ________________ member of the team. 2. The council has ________________ large amounts of money to housing projects. 3. The company's ________________ to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. a) emerge (v) b) emergence (n) c) emergent (adj) 1. This _________________ effect was noticed by the scientists of this research group. 2. After the elections opposition groups began to ________________. 3. Albania's ________________ from its long period of isolation impressed the world of business. a) integrate (v) b) integrated (adj) c) integration (n) 1. This hospital introduced an ________________ programme of patient care. 2. The aim is to ____________ into this economic community. 3. For successful __________ into this corporation, it is required to obtain financial and human resources, and effective management. a) occupancy (n) b) occupational (adj) c) occupy (v) 1. Prices are based on full ________________ of an apartment. 2. How much memory does the program ________________? 3. You can face an ________________ risk as this sphere of science is rather dangerous. a) predict (v) b) predictability (n) c) predictable (adj) 1. Many young offenders commit further crimes with alarming ________________. 2. Nobody could ________________ the outcome. 3. The disease follows a highly ________________ pattern.

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FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions.

approximate (v) • access (v) • commit (v) • conference (n) • debate (v) grant (n) • cyclic (adj) • annual (adj) • code (v) • hypothesis (n) • dimension (n) erroneous (adj) • goal (n) • obvious (adj) • summary (n) • despite (adv) a) not correct; based on wrong information b) a measurement in space, for example the height, width or length of something c) a sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for a particular purpose d) easy to see or understand e) to write or print words, letters, numbers, etc. on something so that you know what it is, what group it belongs to, etc. f) to calculate or estimate something fairly accurately g) to do something wrong or illegal or to spend money or time on something/somebody h) to reach, enter or use something i) repeated many times and always happening in the same order j) a large official meeting, usually lasting for a few days, at which people with the same work or interests come together to discuss their views k) an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct l) giving only the main points of something, not the details m) an aim or purpose n) used to show that something happened or is true although something else might have happened to prevent it o) happening or done once every year p) to discuss something, especially formally, before making a decision or finding a solution

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3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word.

status (n) • access (v) • hence (adv) • occupy (v) • attribute (v) • phase (n) internal (adj) • inaccessible (adj) • promote (v)

1. There's something wrong with our Internet connection; I can't _________________ my e-mail account. 2. Karen ________________ the failure of her marriage to her husband's inability to accept her change from a mother to a businesswoman. 3. The airline has more than 100 _________________ flights a day. 4. The students were well-prepared for the exam, _________________ they got high scores. 5. Children need something to _______________ their time; otherwise, they get bored. 6. Doctors and lawyers are high _________________ jobs in our society. 7. One of the goals of the United Nations is to _________________ respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. 8. Most teenagers go through a _________________ in which they argue a lot with their parents. 9. The weather station is _________________ during the winter time, due to the extreme weather conditions. 4. From the list below, choose one word or phrase which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word. device • number

•

enforce • in spite of • associate

alongside • estimated • incorporate • keep my mind on 1. Outside workers at the university are holding a series of meetings to discuss the possibility of joining a union. 2. My son communicates with his classmates by e-mail during the summer holidays. 3. She was wearing only a T-shirt and shorts, despite the cold weather. 4. As a safety feature, this machine has a special mechanism, which will shut it off if it begins to overheat.

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5. The approximate number of people we will invite is 100. 6. We agree that infrastructure rehabilitation must take place in parallel with community development initiatives. 7. Any attempt to impose democracy from outside will not work. 8. The transportation system of Vancouver integrates gas-powered buses, electric buses, sea buses, and light rapid-transit trains. 9. Can you please turn your music down, I'm trying to concentrate on my homework. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. This year, the annual... 2. Death is simply a part of the cycle... 3. Sophie did quite poorly on her first two math tests, but on subsequent... 4. He has applied for a job... 5. The leaders of the two major political parties will have a debate... 6. Police believe the murder was committed... 7. Asians are the fastest growing ethnic... 8. It is quite apparent... 9. Most adults learning a second language will retain... 10. Without any prior... 11. Information on labels... ___________________________________________________________ a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

... for products sold in Canada is written in both English and French. ... experience as a waitress, it will be hard to find a job in a restaurant in this town. ... their native accent to some degree. ... by two men who were known to the victim. ... on television tonight. ... to me that she is no longer in love with him; she just ignores him completely. ... convention is being held in Mazatlan, but next year it will be in Cancun. ... of life. ... at a department store. ... exams she averaged between 90 and 100%. ... group in the United States.

6. Make the collocations and match them with the spaces in the sentences below. new • leading • ultimate • valid

responsibility • role • concept

establish • tense • constant

the hypothesis • reason • results

put forward • initial

temperature • a link • atmosphere 30

1. If you submit work late, you will lose marks and may even be given a fail grade, unless you have a ____________ ____________ such as illness. 2. One travel company is now advertising a completely ____________ ____________ in tourism: flights into outer space by rocket. 3. At the bottom of the ocean, the water remains at a ____________ ____________ irrespective of changing weather conditions at the surface. 4. Students are expected not just to describe what they have done but also to ____________ ____________ when they write a research report. 5. Following the demonstrations by thousands of students, there was a very ____________ ____________ in the capital, with many choosing to leave the city and head for the countryside. 6. Investigators have been able to ____________ ____________ between childhood illnesses and industrial pollution. 7. Unfortunately, although the ____________ ____________ were very promising, the project failed in the long run because of a lack of interest. 8. Engineers have played a ____________ ____________ in improving our health by giving us clean water supplies, perhaps more so than doctors. 9. The managing director may run the company, but ____________ ____________ rests with the Board of Directors. 7. Complete the sentences. 1. … to impose strict limits on … 2. … the measures currently in force … 3. … is predicted to rise dramatically . 4. … few people take advantage of this opportunity … 5. … were not taken into consideration … 6. … in the experimental phase … 7. … easily accessible to … 8. … despite the fact that … 9. … support this hypothesis …

8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning. retention • retain • communicative • inadequately • adequacy • projection

31

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY

9. Choose the right word. 1. The students told the teacher that they felt they didn't have adequate/attributed time to finish the test. 2. The American civil/emerged War between the North and South cost thousands and thousands of young men their lives. 3. Their hypothesis/opinion was proven to be true in a number of experiments. 4. It's very difficult to predict/investigate the weather in Victoria. 5. Our teacher stressed/emerged the importance of learning vocabulary from context, rather than simply memorizing a definition. 6. Muhammad emerged/predicted as a prophet to his people around 610 A.D. 7. Firefighters are contrasting/investigating a mysterious fire which broke out at a local high school overnight. 8. Harriet's friendly manner contrasts/stresses somewhat with her quick temper. 9. You should look at all your different hypotheses/options before you make a decision. 10. Millions of people in the Soviet Union died or disappeared during the regime/time of Joseph Stalin. 11. The children wrote each other short messages in a secret manner/code they had made. 12. You should check your homework before handing it in so that you can find your own errors/pluses. 10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable.

a)

a)

a)

a)

1. A thorough knowledge of the Christian religion is an essential ______________ for understanding much of the history of European art. parameter b) value c) data 2. We'd better check the ______________ of the room again before we start cutting this new carpet. size b) dimensions c) width 3. The Great Wall of China is the largest construction project ever ______________ by man. calculated b) undertaken c) bought 4. A local development ______________ in the area has resulted in the construction of a small school and health clinic. speed b) tempo c) project

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5. Along with a positive ______________ and a healthy diet, your fitness level plays a major role in how you feel. a) attitude b) mood c) answer 6. Mario Lemieux had all the ______________ a hockey team could ask for: speed, a hard and accurate shot, and an ability to read the game. a) money b) aspects c) attributes 7. Our production costs have increased, ______________ our prices have gone up as well. a) hence b) because c) however 8. In Japan, the dog is believed to have been ______________ as early as the Jomon period, around 10,000 B.C. a) tamed b) brought up c) domesticated 9. Women generally focus more on a man's economic ______________ than his appearance, probably because the woman carries most of the responsibility of rearing and nurturing the children. a) status b) position c) style 10. Popstars Paul McCartney and Elton John have both had knighthoods ______________ on them by the Queen of England. a) given b) conferred c) presented 11. Explain the difference between the sentences in each pair. 1. Greig’s article supports Park’s theory. Greig’s article challenges Park’s theory. 2. Describe the new tax regulation. Discuss the new tax regulations. 3. Lodhi provides new data. Lodhi considers new data. 4. Titova conducted four sets of experiments. Titova examined four sets of experiments. 5. Lee established why such changes occur. Lee investigated why such changes occur. 6. Okaz assumed that the data were reliable. Okaz proved that the data were reliable. 7. Illustrate the magnitude of the deceleration. Find the magnitude of the deceleration. 8. The events effected economic state. The events affected economic state.

FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

12. Discuss these questions with your partner. a) What is hypothesis? b) Did you make a hypothesis while working on your scientific paper? c) What do you need to test your hypothesis?

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13. Read the text and do the task that follows. HYPOTHESIS TESTING The purpose of statistical inference is to draw conclusions about a population on the basis of data obtained from a sample of that population. Hypothesis testing is the process used to evaluate the strength of evidence from the sample and provides a framework for making determinations related to the population, it also provides a method for understanding how reliably one can extrapolate observed findings in a sample under study to the larger population from which the sample was drawn. The investigator formulates a specific hypothesis, evaluates data from the sample, and uses these data to decide whether they support the specific hypothesis. The first step in testing hypotheses is the transformation of the research question into a null hypothesis, H0, and an alternative hypothesis, HA. The null and alternative hypotheses are concise statements, usually in mathematical form, of 2 possible versions of “truth” about the relationship between the predictor of interest and the outcome in the population. These 2 possible versions of truth must be exhaustive (cover all possible truths) and mutually exclusive (not overlapping). The null hypothesis is conventionally used to describe a lack of association between the predictor and the outcome; the alternative hypothesis describes the existence of an association and is typically what the investigator would like to show. The goal of statistical testing is to decide whether there is sufficient evidence from the sample under study to conclude that the alternative hypothesis should be believed. 14. Mark the sentences True or False. a) Hypothesis is used for evaluating evidence. b) Testing provides a method for understanding how one can extrapolate observed findings in a sample under study to other nation. c) The investigator formulates a specific hypothesis. d) The hypothesis supports the specific data. e) The 2 possible versions of truth must be exhaustive and mutually inclusive. f) The null hypothesis is used to describe a lack of association between the predictor and the outcome.

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UNIT 5 I am neither especially clever nor especially gifted. I am only very, very curious. Albert Einstein

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING

1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Remember that you may need to change some of the word forms. a) alter (v) b) alterable (adj) c) alteration (n) 1. Prices did not _________________ significantly during 2014. 2. They are making some _________________ to the house. 3. You can’t apply these data in your research - they are rather _________________. a) consult (v) b) consultancy (n) c) consultant (n) 1. For our research we need a design ________________. 2. I need to ________________ with my colleagues on the proposals. 3. He is known to have been the President’s ________________ on economic affairs. a) discrete (adj) b) discretely (adv) c) discretion (n) 1. How much to tell terminally ill patients is left to the _________________ of the doctor. 2. Goldstein discusses these issues jointly rather than _________________. 3. The organisms can be divided into _________________categories. a) external (adj) b) externality (n) c) externalize (v) 1. He ________________ his worries about losing his job in angry outbursts at home. 2. A combination of internal and ________________ factors caused the company to close down. 3. Pollution is a negative ________________ that imposes a cost - reduced happiness on the victims. a) precise (adj) b) precisely (adv) c) precision (n) 1. Historians can’t estimate the date with any (degree of) ________________. 2. I can be reasonably ________________ about the time of the incident. 3. That's ________________ what I meant. a) sustain (v) b) sustainability (n) c) sustenance (n) 1. The strength and ________________ of the economic recovery are still in doubt. 2. When she lost her job, they could no longer ________________ their expensive lifestyle. 3. Arguing would only give further ________________ to his allegations. 35

FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. adjust (v) • challenging (adj) • discretely (adv) • decline (v) • expand (v) draft (v) • amend (v) • target (n) • logical (adj) • prime (adj) • clause (n) whereas (adv) • revenue (n) • exposure (n) • enforce (v) • modify (v)

a) to change something slightly to make it more suitable for a new set of conditions or to make it work better b) the money that a government receives from taxes or that an organization, etc. receives from its business c) seeming natural, reasonable or sensible d) used to compare or contrast two facts e) to become greater in size, number or importance; to make something greater in size, number or importance f) difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability g) in a way that is independent of other things of the same type h) to change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to correct a mistake or to improve it i) an item in a legal document that says that a particular thing must or must not be done j) to change something slightly, especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose k) the state of being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant l) to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule m) to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc. n) to be of first importance o) a result that you try to achieve p) to write the first rough version of something such as a letter, speech or book

36

3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word. prime (adj) • academy (n) • network (n) • entity (n) • stable (adj) logic (n) • challenge (n) • facilitate (v) • transition (n) • decline (v)

1. Learning a second language is a _________________, but with continued effort you can make continual progress. 2. You need to apply a proper system of _________________ to solve these problems. 3. A _________________ of volunteers is working to distribute food and blankets to the homeless on this cold winter night. 4. One of the poorest countries in the world, Yemen is struggling to build a _________________ government, and a strong economy. 5. His parents sent him to a military _________________, because they thought he was getting a little too wild. 6. The purpose of the trade deal is to _________________ the exchange of goods between the two nations. 7. In the last 30 years, the average family size in Ukraine has _________________ from 5 members to 3. 8. Gander, Newfoundland is an important _________________ point for international flights. 9. Rents for _________________ office space in Central Tokyo are the highest in the world. 10. The Soviet Union as a political _________________ ceased to exist in the late 1980s. 4. From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word.

seek advice from • changes • knowledgeable • misled • subject broadminded • view • change • well-being • token • refuse • power

37

1. After receiving a blow to the head, the player was confused and disoriented, and had to leave the game. 2. A copy of the suggested amendments has been sent to the members for their consideration. 3. Living in a foreign culture helps you to gain a different perspective on life. 4. My grandmother was very old, but she had quite liberal ideas. For example, she thought it was a good idea for young people to live together before getting married. 5. I'll have to consult with my boss before I make a decision this important. 6. The maple leaf is the internationally-recognized symbol of Canada. 7. Studies show that children who are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home have more ear infections, and other health problems. 8. Teachers often modify their language slightly when they speak to students who are learning English. 9. She rejected his requests for a date a number of times before finally saying yes. Now they are happily married. 10. Teenagers today are much more aware of the dangers of smoking than they were when my mother was young. 11. Hopefully, scientists will someday find a new source of energy which is less harmful for the environment than oil or nuclear power. 12. You should consider the welfare of your family before you decide to take a job in another city. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. We haven't altered... 2. It is hoped that the new program will help generate... 3. We have to base our students' marks on objective... 4. Princess Diana died in a car crash while being pursued... 5. Using a computer has enabled... 6. He has been able to expand... 7. We need food and water in order to sustain... 8. It is important for children to learn how to resolve conflicts... 9. Your little brother told me a different version... 10. The university tennis club has amended... 11. It will take a few days to orient... 12. Our handicapped 18-year-old son has a mental... ___________________________________________________ 38

a. … its rules to allow players to wear grey or light brown clothing, rather than just white. b. … his business through advertising on the Internet. c. ... by paparazzi through a tunnel in France. d. ... of the fight that you had with him. e. ... age of about 3. f. ... you to the routine in our office. g. ... through discussion. h. ... life. i. ... me to do my work much more quickly and efficiently. j. ... measures, such as test results. k. ... jobs for young people. l. ... our plans despite the poor weather. 6. Make the collocations and match them with the spaces in the sentences below. solar • Peace • invest • imperial sex and • give • dissipates enforce • on the premise

against • violence • power energy • control • that money • their consent Treaty

1. There is little evidence to suggest that ____________ ____________ as portrayed on television and in film actually cause antisocial behavior. 2. Many students make the mistake of reading without considering first why they are reading, which just ____________ ____________ for no reason. 3. The ____________ ____________ signed at Versailles marked the end of the First World War. 4. One obvious source of energy is ____________ ____________ since the sun produces so much heat. 5. It is almost impossible to ____________ ____________ people who use the Internet for criminal purposes. 6. During the 19th century, perhaps a quarter of the world’s population was under British ____________ ____________. 7. Some years ago, seat-belt legislation was introduced, ____________ ____________ this would reduce the number of serious injuries. 8. One common complaint is that companies do not ____________ ____________ in new developments for the long-term future. 9. In some countries, if both pairs of parents ____________ ____________ young people can get married below the age of 18. 39

7. Complete the sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

… reject suggestions that … … nothing can alter the fact that … … sustain economic growth. … make a slight adjustment … … make the transition from … to … … expand rapidly … … become stable …

8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning. evolve • adjust • decline • stabilize • liberalize • enable

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY

9. Choose the right word. 1. One American dollar is equivalent/subtract to approximately $1.35 Canadian. 2. The discrete/nominal sound difference between the vowels / ou / and / u / in French can be difficult for English speakers to hear. 3. The students voted by a large quote/margin to do an essay as homework rather than have a writing exam. 4. Jerome studied psychology/psychic at the University of Toronto because he is interested in working with people who have emotional problems. 5. Previous notions/topics regarding the nature of intelligence have changed considerably over the years. 6. Culture has been described as social tradition that is passed on to future nations/generations. 7. It has taken me a long time to adjust/adopt to life in North America. 8. The fundamental/principle elements of our planet's environment are water and air. 9. Teenagers put a lot of importance on wearing clothes that are in trend/style. 10. In this recipe, you can use honey as a substitute/exchange for sugar. 11. There are more than 4,000 different chemical compounds/drugs, including heavy metals and pesticides, found in tobacco smoke. 12. The city is drafting/drawing a plan to expand the network of bike lanes in the region.

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10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. My sister's hand-writing is always so neat, ______________ mine is a total mess. a) whereas

b) because

c) nevertheless

2. Any new law against cell phone use in cars will be difficult to ______________. a) apply

b) enforce

c) change

3. He lost his driver's ______________ for a year after being stopped for drunk driving for the third time. a) rights

b) license

c) confidence

4. Please feel free to ______________ me if you have any more questions. a) contact

b) disturb

c) touch

5. You need to be more ______________ in telling us what the problem is if you want us to help you. a) confused

b) absent

c) precise

6. The ______________ of this elevator is only 500 kilograms. a) capacity

b) weight

c) length

7. The ______________ walls of their house on the coast are being destroyed by the salt air. a) internal

b) big

c) external

8. The doctor has been ______________ the patient's heart to see if there is a possibility of another heart attack. a) evolving

b) monitoring

c) consulting

9. For the first time since we started our new business 3 months ago, our ______________ is greater than our expenses a) revenue

b) costs

c) stocks

10. Cigarette companies are ______________ Asian women in an attempt to increase sales in the Far East. a) approaching

b) targeting

c) forgetting

11. Look the text through and do one or more of the following. a) Identify what the text is about (the topic). b) Identify the main idea of the text. c) Decide how you will make use of the text.

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12. Choose the most suitable title for the text. A) MEMORY B) TYPES OF MEMORY C) SENSORY MEMORY In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to access the five senses. In this first stage the information must be altered so that it may be facilitated in the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage. This entails that information is retained over periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Hence, some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons. Sensory memory holds sensory information for less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling (1963) utilizing the "partial report paradigm". Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. Based on these partial report experiments, Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it declined very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal. 13. Mark the sentences True or False. 1. Outside information reaches the six senses. 2. There are three stages of encoding information. 3. Sensory memory holds information for more than one second after an item is perceived. 4. Sensory memory is an automatic response. 5. George Sperling conducted the first experiments on sensory memory. 14. Dwell upon the following quotes. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Good memory is a gift. Good memory is a matter of training. Scientific work requires excellent memory. One of the keys to happiness is a bad memory. 42

UNIT 6 You can tell whether a man is clever by his answers. You can tell whether a man is wise by his questions. Naguib Mahfouz

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING 1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Remember that you may need to change some of the word forms. a) accuracy (n) b) accurate (adj) c) accurately (adv) 1. Scientists have found a more _________________ way of dating cave paintings. 2. They questioned the _________________ of the information in the file. 3. The report _________________ reflects the current state of the industry. b) attached (adj) c) attachment (n) a) attach (v) 1. I ________________ a copy of my notes for your information. 2. They discussed the ________________ of new conditions to the peace plans. 3. Please, complete the ________________ application form. a) subsidiary (n) b) subsidize (v) c) subsidy (n) 1. She’s working for an overseas _________________ of the company. 2. The government had to reduce the level of _______________. 3. The housing projects are ________________ by the government. a) ignorance (n) b) ignorant (adj) c) ignore (v) 1. They fought a long battle against prejudice and ________________. 2. I made a suggestion but they chose to ________________ it. 3. He’s ________________ about modern technology. a) precede (v) b) precedence (n) c) precedent (n) 1. Such protests are without ________________ in recent history. 2. Environmental concerns must be given ________________ over commercial interest. 3. His resignation was ________________ by weeks of speculation. a) reveal (v) b) revealing (adj) c) revelation (n) 1. The document provided a ________________ insight into the government's priorities. 2. The report ________________ (that) the company made a loss of £20 million last year. 3. The company's financial problems followed the ________________ of a major fraud scandal.

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FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. abstract (n) • acknowledge (v) • citation (n) • diversity (n) • enhance (v) nevertheless (adv) • fee (n) • underlie (v) • traceable (adj) • scope (n) reassign (v) • aggregate (v) • furthermore (adv) • display (n)

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n)

to accept that something is true to give somebody a different duty, position or responsibility the range of things that a subject, an organization, an activity, etc. deals with a short piece of writing containing the main ideas in a document despite something that you have just mentioned to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of somebody/something to be the basis or cause of something words or lines taken from a book or a speech an arrangement of things in a public place to inform or entertain people or advertise something for sale an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services to put together different items, amounts, etc. into a single group or total you can find out where it came from, where it has gone, when it began or what its cause was a range of many people or things that are very different from each other in addition to what has just been stated

3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word.

presumed (adj) • attach (v) • flexible (adj) • instruction (n) enhance (v) • minister (v) • cooperate (v) abstract (adj) • incidence (n) • tape (n) 1. The _________________ for the DVD player are too complicated, and I can't figure out how to set the timer. 2. Research suggests that women are _________________ to social relations at work. 44

3. You could _________________ the value of your house considerably by having it repainted. 4. The suspect _________________ fully with police when questioned about his role in the incident. 5. It is best to teach arithmetic to children using solid objects such as apples or toys in order to introduce _________________ concepts like addition and subtraction. 6. One man is missing and _________________ dead after a fishing boat sank off the coast of Vancouver Island this weekend. 7. Billions of dollars have been spent on cancer research in the last forty years, yet the _________________ of cancer continues to increase. 8. She carefully removed the _________________ from her gift to avoid tearing the beautiful wrapping paper. 9. The doctor made his way through the wounded soldiers, _________________ first to those who were most gravely injured. 10. Trees which are more _________________ can withstand stronger winds than those trees that are very rigid. 4. From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word.

stimulus • travel • able • limits • distribute • start • before • national abroad • payment • correct • quote • prerogative 1. Grey whales migrate down the coast of our province every year. 2. The government made all kinds of impossible promises in the days preceding the election. 3. The federal governments of Canada and the U.S. have agreed on a plan to reduce air pollution. 4. He has been travelling overseas for over a year now, but should be back in Canada about a week from now. 5. The teacher gave the children little stars as an incentive to clean up their desks at the end of each day. 6. This car is capable of doing 0 to 100 in 3.5 seconds.

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7. Western women are not encouraged to initiate a handshake with men in India, as it is not customary. 8. TOEFL instruction is not included within the scope of classes at the lower levels. 9. Teaching in elementary school remains largely the domain of women in our society. 10. The new budget allocates an increase of over a billion dollars to the Ministry of Health. 11. The company received a large subsidy from the government in return for a guarantee to create at least 100 permanent jobs in the city. 12. He cited over twenty different studies in his research paper. 13. You should edit your own essays before handing them in so that you can find your own errors. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. He didn't agree with her right away, but acknowledged … 2. Uruguay has always tried to remain neutral … 3. Getting fired from his job has completely transformed … 4. Police have announced that they have succeeded in recovering … 5. A lot of people seem to be happily ignorant … 6. Our chemistry lecture … 7. Let's try to keep this discussion brief … 8. African religions were brought to Cuba by the thousands of slaves transported … 9. With Internet technology nowadays, photos and films of explicit … 10. The young woman was so shy that it inhibited … 11. Montreal has beaten Toronto three times this season, with an aggregate … 12. Canadian society today is quite culturally diverse … ____________________________________________________________ a. ... everyone is tired, and wants to go home. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

... with immigrants from all over the world. ... score of 10 - 6. ... content are just a mouse click away on the home computer. ... her ability to make friends. ... to the island by the Spanish. ... in conflicts between Brazil and Argentina. ... was so boring today that I fell asleep in class. ... of the real threat of global warming. ... all the cash stolen in this week's bank robbery. ... him; he went from being a very confident, outgoing person to being very nervous and reserved. l. ... that her suggestion was worth considering. 46

6. Make the collocations and match them with the spaces in the sentences below. full • highest • umbilical

of science • work • areas

frontiers • gained • drastic

velocity • cord • government

voluntary • rural • federal

momentum • actions • potential

1. In the United States, the ____________ ____________ has overall responsibility for foreign affairs and defence. 2. The company was losing so much money that only ____________ ____________ by the management – including the dismissal of 15 % of the employees – enable it to survive. 3. Until very recently, most people lived and worked in ____________ ____________ whereas today most of us live in cities. 4. Young children need a stimulating environment so that they can develop the ____________ ____________ of intellectual and social skills. 5. Researchers work at the ____________ ____________ in order to increase our knowledge. 6. While walking in space, the astronauts are connected to the spacecraft by a long lifeline, often referred to as the ____________ ____________. 7. After retiring, many people choose to do some type of ____________ ____________ even though they receive no pay for this. 8. Political change in Central Europe ____________ ____________ when President Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. 9. All teenagers enjoy ____________ ____________ sports, such as snowboarding, mountain cycling and racing. 7. Complete the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The study revealed … The research focuses on … The writer makes a powerful approach to ... The writers take an original case … I think you should broaden … The bulk of our work is concerned with … We have noticed that … We couldn’t find any reason for … We succeeded in … 47

8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning.

abstract • reassign • exceed • aggregate • flexibility • incidence

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY 9. Choose the right word. 1. It is illegal to discriminate/protest against someone based on their race, sex, age or sexual orientation. 2. Students feel more relaxed/motivated to learn when they enjoy what they are doing. 3. I got my book signed by the producer/author when I bought it. 4. Reading is an excellent way to increase your vocabulary. Furthermore/Nevertheless, it can also help you improve your grammar. 5. She is a very intelligent/absent-minded student, and is able to learn quickly. 6. I think we need to talk about this calmly and try to make a rational/optional decision together. 7. If your son's temperature falls to/exceeds 38.9 degrees, call the doctor immediately. 8. I'm not sure of the time; my watch doesn't seem to be very careful/accurate. 9. Ewan can trace/date his family's roots all the way back to the 15th century in Scotland. 10. Our new marketing strategy will establish/incorporate both Internet and e-mail advertising. 11. Their Internet site offers an index/dose of the news stories of the past year. 12. In French, nouns show either masculine or feminine gender/sex only. 13. The kids on the hockey team really united/bonded together during their first out-oftown tournament. 10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. It took me all day to ______________ the data you gave me. a) input

b) utilize

c) estate

2. This factory is the first in the country to ______________ solar power for over 50% of its energy needs. a) allocate

b) utilize

c) aggregate

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3. When my grandmother died, she left her entire ______________ to charity. a) estate

b) house

c) will

4. You'll need to find the ______________ cause of the problem before you can hope to find any solution. a) basic

b) input

c) underlying

5. If you want to register for the program, you must pay an application ______________ of $50 by January 3rd. a) fee

b) sum

c) total

6. It will take a ______________ of three days to complete the report. a) number

b) minimum

c) reason

7. Your final evaluation total is calculated from your marks on ______________ and tests throughout the session. a) assignments

b) estate

c) aggregate

8. The policeman was given a ______________ for bravery after saving a child from a burning car. a) citation

b) punishment

c) reward

9. The policeman has been ______________ for bravery after saving a child from a burning car. a) fired

b) rewarded

c) reassigned

11. There is one mistake in each sentence. Find and correct it. 1. According to me, courses in academic writing should be compulsory for all new students. 2. It hasn’t yet been proof that the virus can jump from species to species. 3. Richardson emphasizes on a number of weaknesses in the theory. 4. Taylor mentions to several studies which looked at the problem in the past. 5. Pratt’s suggest that the poet may have suffered from depression is an interesting one. 6. Our latest results cast doubt to our original hypothesis. 12. Discuss these questions with your partner. a) What is the purpose of scientific papers? b) Who is the audience of your paper? c) What is the structure of a scientific paper?

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13. Read the text and check your ideas. STRUCTURING YOUR SCIENTIFIC PAPER Scientific papers are for sharing your own original research work with other scientists or for reviewing the research conducted by others. As such, they are critical to the evolution of modern science, in which the work of one scientist builds upon that of others. To reach their goal, papers must aim to inform, not impress. They must be highly readable — that is, clear, accurate, and concise. They are more likely to be cited by other scientists if they are helpful rather than cryptic or self-centered. Scientific papers typically have two audiences: first, the referees, who help the journal editor decide whether a paper is suitable for publication; and second, the journal readers themselves, who may be more or less knowledgeable about the topic addressed in the paper. To be accepted by referees and cited by readers, papers must do more than simply present a chronological account of the research work. Rather, they must convince their audience that the research presented is important, valid, and relevant to other scientists in the same field. To this end, they must emphasize both the motivation for the work and the outcome of it, and they must include just enough evidence to establish the validity of this outcome. Papers that report experimental work are often structured chronologically in five sections: first, Introduction; then Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion (together, these three sections make up the paper's body); and finally, Conclusion. The Introduction section clarifies the motivation for the work presented and prepares readers for the structure of the paper. The Materials and Methods section provides sufficient detail for other scientists to reproduce the experiments presented in the paper. In some journals, this information is placed in an appendix, because it is not what most readers want to know first. The Results and Discussion sections present and discuss the research results, respectively. They are often usefully combined into one section, however, because readers can seldom make sense of results alone without accompanying interpretation — they need to be told what the results mean. The Conclusion section presents the outcome of the work by interpreting the findings at a higher level of abstraction than the Discussion and by relating these findings to the motivation stated in the Introduction. Although the above structure reflects the progression of most research projects, effective papers typically break the chronology in at least three ways to present their content in the order in which the audience will most likely want to read it. First and foremost, they 50

summarize the motivation for, and the outcome of, the work in an abstract, located before the Introduction. In a sense, they reveal the beginning and end of the story — briefly — before providing the full story. Second, they move the more detailed, less important parts of the body to the end of the paper in one or more appendices so that these parts do not stand in the readers' way. Finally, they structure the content in the body in theorem-proof fashion, stating first what readers must remember (for example, as the first sentence of a paragraph) and then presenting evidence to support this statement. 14. Answer the questions. 1. What is the title of your scientific paper? 2. What structure does it have? 3. What problems are discussed in it? 4. What is the practical application of your work? 5. What methods are used in your work? 15. Dwell upon the following quotes. 1. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. (Albert Einstein) 2. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. (Albert Einstein) 3. Most people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character. (Albert Einstein) 4. Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because that nation will remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and intelligence. (Louis Pasteur) 5. Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing. (Wernher von Braun)

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UNIT 7 A conference is a gathering of important people who singly can do nothing but together can decide that nothing can be done. Fred Allen

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING 1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Remember that you may need to change some of the word forms. a) adapt (v)

b) adaptation (n)

c) adaptive (adj)

1. _________________ of existing equipment would be much cheaper than replacing it all with new technology. 2. Some animals have a remarkable ability ________________ to changing environments. 3. ________________ learning is a computer-based and/or online educational system that modifies the presentation of material in response to student performance. a) innovate (v)

b) innovation (n)

c) innovative (adj)

1. Candidates must be ________________ and creative, and must possess superb communications skills and a collegial leadership style. 2. We must constantly adapt and ________________ to ensure success in a growing market. 3. Successful ________________ requires the definition of goals, knowledge of the materials and processes involved, financial and human resources, and effective management. a) confirm (v)

b) confirmation (n)

c) confirmative (adj)

1. The study _________________ the findings of earlier research. 2. He had prepared a file containing all the _________________ evidence. 3. Walther Bothe shared the Nobel prize in 1954 with Max Born for his experimental _________________ of Albert Einstein's theory of light quanta.

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a) infer (v)

b) inference (n)

c) inferable (adj)

1. From archaeological evidence we can reasonably ________________ that these people used stone cutting tools. 2. ________________ is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. 3. Information may not be specifically stated in the documents, but it may be ________________ from them.

FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. A confirm • aid • comprehensive • empirical • grade • deny • unique 1.

something that makes it easier to do something

2.

being the only one of its kind

3.

broad in scope

4.

a position or degree in a scale, as of quality, rank, size, or progression

5.

based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories

6.

to establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment

7.

to say that something is not true

B submit • advocate • infer • extract

• quote • survive • prohibit

1.

to choose information from a book, a computer, etc. to be used for a particular purpose

2.

to repeat the exact words that another person has said or written

3.

to reach an opinion or decide that something is true on the basis of information that is available

4.

to give a document, proposal, etc. to somebody in authority so that they can study or consider it

5.

to publicly support a particular policy or way of doing things

6.

to officially stop something from being done, especially by making it illegal

7.

to continue to exist, especially in a difficult or dangerous situation 53

3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word. A infer (v) • paradigm shift (n) • ultimate (adj) • empirical (adj) unique (adj) • priority (n) • comprehensively (adv) • confirmation (n)

1. Science is a search for the ________________ truths about the universe. 2. The term "_______________" is used in epistemology and the philosophy of science whenever observational data and evidence "speak in favor of" or support scientific theories and everyday hypotheses. 3. ________________, suggested by Thomas Kuhn, is not just a small change in science, or the modification of a theory. It is a scientific revolution and completely changes the way in which science looks at the world. 4. ________________ evidence is a source of knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation. 5. Each archaeological site is ______________ and, once destroyed, cannot be replaced. 6. The book deals _________________ with every aspect of Greek civilization. 7. We assign a high _________________ to research and development. 8. 99 percent of what you see is not what comes in through the eyes. It is what you _________________ about that room. (Henry Markram) B guarantee (n) • eliminate (v) • equip (v) • media (n) reverse (n) • adult (n) • somewhat (adv) 1. Can you give me a _________________ that the machine won’t break down? 2. The acid must be added to the water – the _______________ can be highly dangerous. 3. The ambassador looked _________________ irritated by the interruption to his work. 4. The airline hopes to _________________ needless deaths in fires by using more fireresistant materials. 5. The school aims to _________________ students to deal with the kind of problems they will face in the outside world. 6. Many ______________ modify their speech when speaking to young language learners. 7. The broadcast and print _________________ have different approaches to gathering and presenting the news. 54

4. From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word. A infer • confirm • refute • transfer extract • advocate • differentiate • Earth

1. David Dickson was a strong proponent of the need to improve access to science, and devoted his whole career to quality journalism. 2. The data cited in this article is excerpted from a carefully selected list of journals and patent literature. 3. The notion that women are worse drivers than men is simply not supported by the facts. 4. Much of the meaning can be deduced from the context. 5. The next speaker quickly disposed of his weak argument. 6. The two paintings are so similar that only an expert can distinguish between the original and the copy. 7. The data will be automatically transmitted from one part of the system to another. 8. The boats are capable of circling the globe in 65 days. B exclude • noticeable • constitute • consist of foundation • model • means • developing 1. There has been a visible improvement in your work. 2. We can only be certain once we have eliminated every other possible explanation. 3. The course comprises 3 modules selected from an offering of 15-20 modules on a wide variety of topics. 4. People aged 65 and over now comprise nearly 20% of the population. 5. The machine is designed to simulate conditions in space. 6. A relationship between two people is a dynamic process. 7. Email is becoming an increasingly popular mode of communication. 8. Since its establishment in 1950, the organization has played a unique role in contributing to the safety and welfare of humanity.

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5. Match the sentence halves. 1. Five groups were invited to submit... 2. I’ve analysed the system and made changes... 3. This is the largest and most comprehensive study... 4. She claimed to be quoting... 5. The contract contains a guarantee... 6. Factories are using the river to dispose... 7. Each book is filed... 8. It is prohibited... 9. Many people regard him as a likely successor... 10. This agreement laid a sound foundation... 11. We questioned the prisoner for several hours, but we were unable to extract... 12. The builders took careful measurements... ______________________________________________________________________ a. ...for future cooperation between the two countries. b. ...from an official report. c. ...proposals for the research. d. ...to the current managing director. e. ...where I thought they were needed. f. ...of their industrial waste. g. ...ever made of the city’s social problems. h. ...before laying the foundations of the house. i. ...to photocopy this work without permission. j. ...any further information. k. ...alphabetically under the name of its author. l. ...that the building will be finished within 6 months. 6. Make the collocations and match them with the spaces in the sentences below. (Note that some words appear more than once.)

empirical • comprehensive • real

opportunity • inspection • aid evidence • foundation • study phenomena • pollution • readers simulation • contributions survivor • procedure

useful • reverse • adult • unique natural • global • sole • voluntary archaeological • computer

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1. A video recorder is a ____________ ____________ in the classroom. 2. Assemble the equipment according to the instructions and then use the ____________ ____________ to dismantle it. 3. The nuclear plant was given a ____________ ____________ before being declared safe. 4. A thorough understanding of mathematics is sufficient to explain a wide variety of ____________ ____________. 5. We can infer from the____________ ____________ that there was slavery in Carthage. 6. They claim that the new pills can dramatically increase life expectancy, but there’s no ____________ ____________to support this. 7. The team has developed a ____________ ____________ that recreates the exact weather conditions in a particular area. 8. His accusations have no ____________ ____________ at all. 9. Although the book is intended mainly for ____________ ____________, it should appeal to most children. 10. Most charities rely on ____________ ____________ from the public. 11. The tour gave us the ____________ ____________ of seeing what life was really like in the desert. 12. There were 40 other people on the plane and she was the____________ ____________. 13. Something must be done to reverse the effects of____________ ____________. 14. A ____________ ____________ of electoral behaviour proves that people vote for personalities and not policies. 7. Complete the sentences. 1. There is growing evidence that… 2. This is the largest and most comprehensive study ever made of... 3. From this study we can reasonably infer that... 4. The report presents data collected from a random sample of... 5. The implementation of comprehensive school reform resulted in a visible improvement of... 6. The data cited in this article is extracted from… 7. These results provide further confirmation of...

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8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning. The sentence must be a good illustration not a bad one. Example: Word: comprehensive Bad attempt: This is by no means a comprehensive study. (tells you nothing about what comprehensive means) Good illustration: This is by no means a comprehensive glossary, but as complete as we could make it for these pages.

mode • successor • prohibit • survive • submit • eliminate • release

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY 9. Choose the right word. 1. The invention of the X-rays was a classic / classical case of discovering something by accident. 2. She made the classic / classical mistake of trying to drive away without releasing the hand brake. 3. I doubt whether classic / classical education ever has been or can be successfully carried out without corporal punishment. (George Orwell) 4. Historic / historical evidence seems to support this conclusion. 5. Another interesting phenomenon / phenomena is that of magnetic fields. 6. I do not regard advertising as entertainment or an art form, but as a medium / media of information. 7. These stars are barely visual / visible to the naked eye. 8. These results run opposite / contrary to our expectations. 9. She’s one of those people who refuse / deny to change their opinion. 10. He refused / denied that there was any need for drastic reform. 11. Effective actions will be needed to return / reverse the economic decline. 12. The government hopes to settle the dispute through diplomatic channels / canals. 13. Large format papers edit / publish more news about world affairs than tabloids. 14. The course comprises / consists of a substantial programme of laboratory work. 15. As journalists, we have to differentiate / divide between facts and opinions.

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10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. Darwin’s observations led him to ______________ that plants and animals could adapt to their surroundings. a) imply

b) judge

c) deduce

2. This computer system ______________ typed signals into synthesized speech. a) alters

b) converts

c) modifies

3. When engine parts become jammed, mechanics know exactly what to do to ______________ them. a) loosen

b) release

c) relax

4. We haven’t arranged a ______________ date for our visit yet. a) definite

b) true

c) firm

5. Their wool is suitable for finer ______________ of cloth. a) standards

b) grades

c) brands

6. You must wear gloves when handling any of these ______________. a) chemists

b) chemistries

c) chemicals

7. From this, astronomers can ______________ the presence of many more ‘black holes’. a) imply

b) infer

c) confirm

8. The universe is ______________. a) infinite

b) finite

c) definite

FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

Making an Inference In making an inference, the reader is required to reach a decision based on evidence he thinks to be true. For example, perhaps you pass a man on the street who is wearing overalls covered with black stains. His calloused hands are also covered with grime. You might infer that he is a garage mechanic. Making inferences challenges the mind to work on a high level. It forces the mind to bridge the gaps between the obvious and the suggested, the stated and the unstated. An inference is not a fact. An inference is an educated or informed guess based on an observation. For example, you may walk into a building and say to a friend, "It is sure hot out there today." The statement you have made is an inference, not a fact, for to someone else the weather may not be hot but comfortable. If you say, "The temperature is 90," then this is a 59

fact – not an inference. A fact is verifiable: you look at a thermometer; the temperature records 90. As another example, you can read that the Civil War was fought in 1860–1865. This is a fact. Based on this fact, you then say, "The Civil War was a long war," a statement that is not a fact but an inference. It's a safe inference, a reasonable inference, but, nonetheless, it is an inference because it is your observation stated in the language of opinion rather than in the language of fact. An inference requires the reader to move beyond the printed word and understand the author's point. Furthermore, an inference involves the discovery of the author's main thought which has been suggested but not clearly stated. (It is not a wild guess. It is not stated in the paragraph. It must be based on the author's actual words, logic and purpose.) Notice how many inferences can be made in the following sentence. "When the phone finally rang, Joe leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it." The word finally suggests that Joe probably had been waiting for the call for some time. Leaped and grabbed support this inference and imply that he felt nervous and anxious. His position on the edge of the chair indicates uneasiness and expectation. The call was important, as can be inferred by the key words. A reader can make accurate and reasonable inference based on what appears to be true if:  he determines the author's point of view and his reasons for writing. 

he analyzes all the information presented.



he reads and thinks beyond the printed words.

11. The following passages were selected to give you practice with "inferences." Select the answer which, in your judgement, is the closest inference that can be made about the passage. A. UP FROM SLAVERY Booker T. Washington In order to be successful in any kind of undertaking, I think the main thing is for one to grow to the point where he completely forgets himself; that is, to lose himself in a great cause. In proportion as one loses himself in this way, in the same degree does he get the highest happiness out of his work. From this passage, one can infer that the author is a) ambitious. b) foolhardy. c) dedicated. d) lazy. 60

B. THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS Kenneth Grahame ..."Ho, ho!" he said to himself as he marched along with his chin in the air, "What a clever Toad I am! There is surely no animal equal to me for cleverness in the whole world! My enemies shut me up in prison, encircled by sentries, watched night and day by warders; I walk out through them all, by sheer ability coupled with courage. They pursue me with engines, and policemen, and revolvers; I snap my fingers at them, and vanish, laughing, into space. I am, unfortunately, thrown into a canal by a woman fat of body and very evil-minded. What of it? I swim ashore, I seize her horse, I ride off in triumph, and I sell the horse for a whole pocketful of money and an excellent breakfast! Ho, ho! I am The Toad, the handsome, the popular, the successful Toad!" An obvious conclusion is that Toad is a) b) c) d)

contemptuous of himself. ashamed of himself. pleased with himself. worried about himself.

C. BAKER'S BLUEJAY YARN Mark Twain A jay hasn't got any more principle than a Congressman. A jay will lie, a jay will steal, a jay will deceive, a jay will betray; and four times out of five, a jay will go back on his solemnest promise. The sacredness of an obligation is a thing which you can't cram into no bluejay's head. Now, on top of all this, there's another thing; a jay can outswear any gentleman in the mines. Yes sir, a jay is everything a man is! From this description, we may infer that the author is a) bitter, to an extreme. b) critically humorous. c) informed about birds in general. d) an unhappy person. D. VICTORY Joseph Conrad Ricardo nodded, satisfied. Both these white men looked on native life as a mere play of shadows. A play of shadows the dominant race could walk through unaffected and disregarded in the pursuit of its incomprehensible aims and needs. No. Native craft did not count of course. It was an empty, solitary part of the sea, Schomberg expounded further. These words imply a feeling of white a) compassion. b) understanding. c) superiority. d) appreciation. 61

12. Read the article quickly. What is the main idea in each paragraph? NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES The harnessing of the atom in the 1940s changed the nature of war forever, offered a new source for electric power generation, and improved medical diagnostic techniques. The awesome and compact power of nuclear arms has transformed the military arsenals, strategies, and psyches of nations around the world. It has also greatly improved the range and comfort of submarines, and had a significant impact on peacetime activities. (1) ______________________________________, but the engineering achievements related to their development remain among the most important of the 20th century. Einstein’s relativity theory marked, above all, the point from which there was no return. The inevitable development that changed the world, however, occurred in 1942 when Enrico Fermi conducted the first controlled chain reaction, (2) ______________________________. The developments that immediately followed were directed by Robert Oppenheimer, working with engineers and physicists from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Their work came amid worldwide competition to be the first to have the atom bomb as (3) ____________________________________. The nature of war changed when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. As a destructive power the atomic bomb has been unequalled, and its potential threat alone drives peace and war initiatives worldwide. Peacetime uses were pursued with equal fervor with the first nuclear-reactor radioisotopes for civilian medical use delivered in 1946. Both military adaptation in submarines and aircraft carriers and (4) _________________________________________ resulted from this work. Through most of the 20th century energy production has relied on fossil fuels. (5) __________________________________________, while these fuel sources race towards being exhausted. The International Energy Agency projects a 65 percent growth in world energy demand by 2020. Engineers worldwide have made impressive strides in the use of nuclear fission for electrical power production. The great advantage of nuclear power is its (6) _________________________________. Nuclear fission, transforming matter directly into energy, is several times as energetic as chemical burning. One metric ton of nuclear fuel produces energy equivalent to 2 to 3 metric tons of fossil fuel. A 1,000-megawatt-nuclear plant releases no noxious gases or pollutants and less radioactivity per capita than is encountered from airline travel, a home smoke detector, or a television set. Nuclear power is meeting the annual electrical needs of more than 1 billion people with more than 400 operating reactors worldwide.

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Nuclear safety and efficiency have improved significantly since 1990. New generations of small, modular power plants are on the horizon. Innovations in reactor and shielding design have achieved considerable success. New mathematical methods, new measurement technology, new fuel-element production, and a new metallurgical science evolved with this technology. Basic engineering equations had to be reconsidered (7) ______________________________________. Design of safe nuclear energy conversion systems required extensive programs of fluid and thermal hydraulic measurements, expanding the field of engineering itself. Because of its lack of emissions, nuclear energy has potential over fossil-fuel technology as a lasting solution to energy demand. Projected global warming and international hostilities over scarce energy supplies also drive engineers (8) _________________________________. Furthermore, what has been learned from these technologies – the use of radiation, particularly for medical diagnosis treatment – has and continues to improve our lives. 13. Find the places in the article where the following phrases should go. a) in light of new chemical elements and nuclear reactions b) the use of nuclear energy for commercial power plants c) ability to extract enormous energy from a small volume of fuel d) a defense priority in World War II e) nuclear technologies have stirred emotions and controversy f) consumption increases globally g) to find solutions toward adopting nuclear and other renewable sources h) releasing energy from the atom’s nucleus

14. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. Is the use of nuclear absolutely essential to the sustainability of progress? 2. Is nuclear power vital to ensuring the security of energy supply? 3. What is good about nuclear energy? 4. Do you approve of nuclear power plants? 5. Would you feel comfortable living near a nuclear power station? 6. If there were plans to build a nuclear power plant in your local area, would you be in favour of it or against it? 7. What are the arguments against nuclear power? 8. Are you concerned about the disposal of radioactive waste or not? 9. Does the spread of nuclear energy increase the risk of nuclear proliferation?

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10. How would you assess the benefits and risks of nuclear power in general? Do benefits overweigh the risks? Is nuclear power actually worth the trouble it can cause?

15. Dwell upon the following quotes. 1. Only a man who has felt ultimate despair is capable of feeling ultimate bliss. (Alexandre Duma) 2. I think the older I get, the more I realize that the ultimate luxury is time. (Michael Kors) 3. The key is not to prioritize what's on your schedule, but to schedule your priorities. (Stephen Covey) 4. Arguments only confirm people in their own opinions. (Booth Tarkington) 5. We are stimulated to emotional response, not by works that confirm our sense of the world, but by works that challenge it. (Joyce Carol Oates) 6. Human beings, who are almost unique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others, are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so. (Douglas Adams) 7. From a drop of water a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other. (Arthur Conan Doyle)

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UNIT 8 It is crucial for scientists to be willing to be wrong; otherwise, you might not do the most important experiments, or you may ignore your most important findings. Stanley Prusiner

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING 1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Remember that you may need to change some of the word forms. a) appreciate (v)

b) appreciation (n)

c) appreciative (adj)

1. I would ________________ any comments you might have. 2. Our new boss is a real joy to work for. She’s so ____________ of anything you do for her. 3. In ________________ of Mr Morgan’s years of service, the company presented him with a gold watch. a) exhibit (v)

b) exhibition (n)

c) exhibitory (adj)

1. He longed for the chance to ________________ his work publicly. 2. Such permits may be issued only for scientific, educational or ________________ purposes. 3. Milan is hosting an international trade ________________ this month. a) bias (v)

b) bias (n)

c) biased (adj)

1. Their methodology resulted in ________________ findings. 2. The experiment contained an error which could ________________ the results. 3. The decision was made without ________________. a) reinforce (v)

b) reinforcement (n)

c) reinforced (adj)

1. All this simply ________________ my earlier point. 2. “All modern revolutions have ended in a ________________ of the power of the state. “ (Albert Camus) 3. ________________ wire is made from carbon steel of varying carbon content. a) clarify (v)

b) clarification (n)

c) clarifying (adj)

1. Let me ________________ my position on this matter. 2. I would like to add a few ________________ responding thoughts. 3. We will need some ________________ from the head office before we can sign the contract. 65

FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. A exhibit (v) • chart (n) • guidelines (n) • append (v) practitioner (n) • prospect (n) • highlight (v) • crucial (adj)

1. a page or sheet of information in the form of diagrams, lists of figures, etc. 2. a person who regularly does a particular activity, especially one that requires skill 3. a set of rules or instructions that are given by an official organization telling you how to do something 4. to display something to the public for interest or instruction 5. to add something to the end of a piece of writing 6. extremely important, because it will affect other things 7. to emphasize something, especially so that people give it more attention 8. the possibility that something will happen B clarify (v) • arbitrary (adj) • ambiguous (adj) • implicit (adj) widespread (adj) • commodity (n) • currency (n) • bias (v)

1. existing or happening over a large area or among many people 2. a product or a raw material that can be bought and sold 3. the system of money that a country uses 4. that can be understood in more than one way; having different meanings 5. to make something clearer or easier to understand 6. suggested without being directly expressed 7. not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair 8. to have an effect on the results of research or an experiment so that they do not show the real situation

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3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word.

A

chart (n) • restore (v) • commodity (n) • revise (v) clarify (v) • virtual (adj) • bias (v) • accompanying (adj)

1. Crude oil is the world’s most important _________________. 2. Drastic action is needed to _________________ our economic and financial independence and we must begin immediately to rebuild our industries. 3. The report aims to _________________ how these conclusions were reached. 4. The results are set out in the _________________. 5. These errors may _________________ the statistics. 6. The procedures are continually _________________ – it is very difficult to keep up with the latest version. 7. The machine has an _________________ booklet which contains full operating instructions. 8. ____________ reality uses computers to create a simulated three-dimensional world. B infrastructure (n) • abandon (v) • ambiguity (n) • dramatic (adj) crucial (adj) • contradict (v) • append (v) • plus (prep)

1. The government does not propose to _________________ the project altogether. 2. The _________________ of the country, including the communications and transportation systems, was seriously damaged by the earthquake. 3. In the second semester students take four further core courses ____________ three electives. 4. Psychologist Carl Rogers suggested that, in general, people act in ways that support rather than _________________ their own beliefs about themselves. 5. You might want to _________________ a clause onto a contract if you feel something has been left unsaid in it. 6. Remember, when giving a presentation, one _________________ statistic is better than three boring statistics. 7. Making good decisions is a _________________ skill at every level. 8. A tolerance for _________________ is crucial to being a good language learner. 67

4. Match the sentence halves. 1. I am happy to clarify... 2. Paradigm shifts tend to be most dramatic... 3. The measures are intended to restore... 4. During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated... 5. The figure has now been revised... 6. It is impossible to predict what the eventual... 7. The company has been successful in exploiting... 8. All buildings are now reinforced... 9. The entire manufacturing process has been totally automated... 10. Costs were minimized... 11. The document gives clear guidelines... 12. Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby... 13. He never deviated... 14. The results of the experiment were ambiguous, ... 15. Do consider carefully the pluses and minuses... _____________________________________________________________ a. ...between $50 and $60 a barrel. b. ...and no conclusions could be made. c. ...in sciences that appear to be stable and mature, as in physics at the end of the 19th century. d. ...from the raw material processing to the final product. e. ...any points that are still unclear. f. ...public confidence in the economy. g. ...from his original plan. h. ...new technology to the full. i. ...of starting your own business. j. ...reducing the risk of heart attack. k. ...on the implementation of the International Safety Management Code. l. ...by using plastic instead of leather. m. ...outcome will be. n. ...from $1 million to $2 million. o. ...to withstand earthquakes. 68

5. From the list below, choose one word / phrase which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word.

A

float • perspective • collect • explain highlight • tense • support • refute • current

1. The report emphasizes the need to automate evidence collection. 2. There are one or two issues that need to be clarified. 3. We have accumulated a great amount of evidence. 4. Contemporary approaches to research often fail to produce adequate evidence or knowledge about practice for use in variable situations. 5. The results of his experiment seem to contradict the findings of earlier studies. 6. These latest figures reinforce the view that economic growth is increasing. 7. Long-term prospects for the economy have improved. 8. The U.S. dollar’s value fluctuated against the basket of major currencies. 9. Relations between the two nations have become strained in the past few years. B tool • terminate • compensate for • exploit via • signify • radical • critical • intense 1. Fuel prices have risen to offset the increased costs of crude oil. 2. The issue has been a subject of fierce debate in political circles. 3. Winning this contract is absolutely crucial to our long term success. 4. He was determined to harness the potential of this new discovery. 5. Art may be used as a vehicle for propaganda. 6. In 1993, local stations began to transmit their programmes through satellite, which has increased the number of channels available to each region. 7. It is most probable that diplomatic relations between the two countries would be broken off immediately. 8. The white belt denotes that he’s an absolute beginner. 9. This book recognises the need for profound changes in education and for goals that are critically important to education, economic advancement, and social involvement.

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6. Make the collocations and match them with the spaces in the sentences below.

contemporary • tight • random predominant • widespread radical • intense • inevitable eventual • total • crucial • hot visual • ambiguous

phenomenon • debate • design sample • changes conformist • skill • consequence •

language • response • composers aids • topic schedule

1. English is the ____________ ____________ in two of the six inhabited continents. 2. The performance will include a selection of pieces by both classical and ____________ ____________. 3. Online free education has become a ____________ ____________ in recent years. 4. He spoke of the need for ____________ ____________ in education. 5. They interviewed a ____________ ____________ of head teachers. 6. An issue that is the subject of ____________ ____________ among academics and financial professionals is the Efficient Market Hypothesis. 7. It was an ____________ ____________ of the decision. 8. We're working to a ____________ ____________. 9. Henry is a ____________ ____________ who does things simply to fit in with those around him. 10. His ___________ ___________ probably meant that he had not made a decision yet. 11. ____________ ____________ can be a great way of enhancing a presentation. 12. Knowing how to use a computer is a ____________ ____________ in today's professional job market. 13. The ____________ ____________ was a great improvement on the one we originally considered. 14. Corruption is a ____________ ____________ and has been the subject of intense public and political debate. 7. Complete the sentences. 1. The report highlights... 2. In order to analyse the long-term growth prospects... 3. Resolving this issue is crucial to… 4. Can you clarify exactly... 5. What the article did not clarify is… 6. The study provides a comparative analysis of different approaches to... 7. Some of the results observed in the present experiment seem to contradict... 8. Errors and bias may arise if... 70

8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning.

abandon fluctuate

•

•

ambiguous

implicit

•

•

contemporary

inevitable

•

random

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY

9. Choose the right word. 1. Nuclear power has always been a theme/topic that has sparked off considerable debate. 2. This equipment conforms/confirms to the latest safety regulations. 3. The old viaduct is unsafe. They’re going to replace/displace it with a bridge made of concrete. 4. Economic growth has not been uniform/unified across the country. 5. Each player is different and the good thing is we all compliment/complement each other. 6. The text has been thoroughly revised/reviewed to highlight recent developments. 7. We cannot always anticipate the ways in which natural systems will adjust to changes deduced/induced by the activities of modern society. 8. By explicit/implicit instruction, we mean teaching where the instructor clearly outlines what the learning goals are for the student, and offers clear, unambiguous explanations. 9. I quoted his final/eventual words of the interview. 10. The company’s final/eventual collapse in 2001 in part stemmed from these events. 11. The entire program will finally/eventually cost them fifty billion rubles. 12. The wind was accompanied/combined by a mixture of snow and rain. 13. Heat treatment is most effective if accompanied/combined with regular physiotherapy. 14. Further studies are thus required to confirm or refute/refuse this association. 15. He refutes/refuses to give his experiences over to the historian and let him examine them according to the rules of scientific discourse.

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10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. A _________________ is a group of sentences that tell about one thing and usually have a topic sentence, detail sentences, and a closing sentence. a) passage

b) paragraph

c) excerpt

2. The work requires _________________ concentration. a) intense

b) tense

c) intensive

3. The atmosphere was _________________ in the UNESCO conference room where the 3-day session took place and several participants spoke up to calm down their more agitated colleagues. a) intense

b) tense

c) intensive

4. Before moving to Paris, Michael went on a/an _________________ course to improve his French. a) intense

b) tense

c) intensive

5. His interests and my interests_________________ each other: there is no conflict. a) combine

b) complement

c) accompany

6. Over 30% of the _________________ world's people identify themselves as either Muslims or Hindus. a) comprehensive

b) existing

c) contemporary

7. Be as precise as possible in your answer, so that there is no _________________. a) bias

b) ambiguity

c) contradiction

8. The system is so sensitive that it can _________________ changes in temperature as small as 0.03 degrees. a) detect

b) deduce

c) induce

9. The country was sliding into a state of _________________ civil war. a) nearly

b) almost

c) virtual

10. Most of the anomalies that are discovered are only _________________ with the use of expert knowledge a) visual

b) distinctive

c) detectable

11. _________________ B lists and explains the abbreviations used in this report. a) complement

b) appendix

c) addition

FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

11. Read the article and decide which answer (a, b, c, d) is correct. 72

1. The advice of American doctors is all about... a) b) c) d)

ways to reduce negative effect of modern technologies. complex measures that ensure healthy sleep. positive effect of herbal therapy. the process of restoring from unexpected psychological stress.

2. Americans are referred to as a "somnambulant nation" because... a) b) c) d)

they need special help to fall asleep. are sleepwalkers. regularly wake up at night. don't get enough sleep to function effectively.

3. Experiments with sleep deprivation proved that... a) b) c) d)

it inevitably leads to death. its repercussions have finally become predictable. it is likely to result in cardio or nervous problems. animal and human reaction are almost alike.

4. There is a tendency to sleep less because... a) b) c) d)

people want to look tough at any cost. people think they can reduce sleeping hours without any harm. people have learned to cope with less sleep just as they have learned to lower cholesterol. otherwise they lose career and social opportunities.

5. Having naps during the day would be nice, but... a) b) c) d)

doctors do not find them effective. people won't take them voluntarily. bosses are against this. it is difficult to arrange.

6. People who work at night can hardly... a) b) c) d)

fulfill traditional family obligations. consult doctors when needed. socialize to their liking. ever sleep without ear-plug

7. The main aim of specially designed shift-work lighting system is... a) b) c) d)

to help people feel alert at night. to provide better lightning. to prevent heart diseases. to stimulate human growth hormones.

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A GOOD NIGHT’S SLEEP – AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM? Tonight, do yourself a favor. Shut off the TV, log off the Internet and unplug the phone. Relax, take a bath, maybe sip some herbal tea. Then move into the bedroom. Set your alarm clock for a time no less than eight hours in the future, fluff up your pillows and lay your head down for a peaceful night of restorative shut-eye. That's what American doctors advise. American sleep experts are sounding an alarm over America's sleep deficit. They say Americans

are

a

somnambulant

nation,

stumbling groggily through their waking hours for lack of sufficient sleep. They are working longer days — and, increasingly, nights — and they are playing longer, too, as TV and the Internet expand the range of round-the-clock entertainment options. By some estimates, Americans are sleeping as much as an hour and a half less per night than they did at the turn of the century — and the problem is likely to get worse. The health repercussions of sleep deprivation are not well understood, but sleep researchers point to ills ranging from heart problems to depression. In a famous experiment conducted at the University of Chicago in 1988, rats kept from sleeping died after two and a half weeks. People are not likely to drop dead in the same way, but sleep deprivation may cost them their lives indirectly, when an exhausted doctor prescribes the wrong dosage or a sleepy driver weaves into someone's lane. What irritates sleep experts most is the fact that much sleep deprivation is voluntary. "People have regarded sleep as a commodity that they could shortchange," says one of them. "It's been considered a mark of very hard work and upward mobility to get very little sleep. It's a macho attitude." Slumber scientists hope that attitude will change. They say people have learned to modify their behavior in terms of lowering their cholesterol and increasing exercise. Doctors also think people need to be educated that allowing enough time for sleep and taking strategic naps are the most reliable ways to promote alertness behind the wheel and on the job.

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Well, naps would be nice, but at the moment, employers tend to frown on them. And what about the increasing numbers of people who work at night? Not only must they work while their bodies' light-activated circadian rhythms tell them to sleep, they also find it tough to get to sleep after work. Biologists say night workers have a hard time not paying attention to the 9-to-5 day because of noises or family obligations or that's the only time they can go to the dentist. There are not too many dentists open at midnight. As one might imagine, companies are springing up to take advantage of sleeplessness. One of the companies makes specially designed shift-work lighting systems intended to keep workers alert around the clock. Shift-work's theory is that bright light, delivered in a controlled fashion, can help adjust people's biological clocks. The company president says they are using light like a medicine. So far, such special lighting has been the province of NASA astronauts and nuclear power plant workers. He thinks that in the future, such systems may pop up in places like hospitals and 24-hour credit-card processing centers. Other researchers are experimenting with everything from welder's goggles (which night workers wear during the day) to human growth hormones. And, of course, there is always what doctors refer to as "therapeutic caffeine use," but everyone is already familiar with that. So, is a good night's sleep an impossible dream for Americans? Maybe so. 6 SIGNS YOU ARE SLEEP DEPRIVED Signs and symptoms that indicate you may be sleep deprived:  Inability or decreased ability to handle stress. Sleep deprivation wears down our normal capacities to deal with daily routines that may include aggravations and challenges, such as normal rush hour traffic on the roads or the rush hour in your kitchen getting kids ready for school each morning.  Mood swings – situations may seem more irritable or even overwhelming affecting your relationships with those around you.  Inability to concentrate or make decisions – putting strain on your brain’s prefrontal cortex affects your decision-making abilities. 

Poor Memory – you may become uncharacteristically forgetful.



Medical problems – the immune system begins to lower its defences.

 Increased appetite – difficulty controlling your cravings as your body attempts to increase its fuel to keep going.

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12. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. What is your sleep requirement? 2. What happens if you are sleep-deprived? 3. Can a person either become sick or die after complete sleep deprivation? 4. Why do some people go to sleep earlier and others go to sleep late? 5. What are common sleep problems? 6. What causes insomnia and what is the best way to treat it? 7. Is there a relationship between certain foods and drinks and sleep? 8. Are sleep disorders serious problems? 9. Can sleeplessness interfere with memory, intellect, and creativity? 10. Can sleeplessness lead to psychological or psychiatric problems?

13. Dwell upon the following quotes. 1. I am definitely going to take a course on time management... just as soon as I can work it into my schedule. (Louis E. Boone) 2. Mistakes are a part of being human. Appreciate your mistakes for what they are: precious life lessons that can only be learned the hard way. Unless it's a fatal mistake, which, at least, others can learn from. (Al Franken) 3. Any kind of creative activity is likely to be stressful. The more anxiety, the more you feel that you are headed in the right direction. Easiness, relaxation, comfort – these are not conditions that usually accompany serious work. (Joyce Carol Oates) 4. In order to carry a positive action we must develop here a positive vision. (Dalai Lama) 5. Hope never abandons you, you abandon it. (George Weinberg)

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UNIT 9 Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at death. Albert Einstein

FOCUS ON: WORD BUILDING

1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list. Remember that you may need to change some of the word forms. a) minimal (adj)

b) minimum (n/adj)

c) minimally (adv)

1. The episode was reported _________________ in the press. 2. There's only a _________________ amount of risk involved. 3. We must reduce costs to a _________________. a) supplement (v)

b) supplement (n)

c) supplementary (adj)

1. He ______________ his income by giving private lessons. 2. This document is a ______________ to the main report. 3. A ______________ reading list is attached. a) coherent (adj)

b) coherence (n)

c) coherently (adv)

1. She was struggling to organize her ideas into a _________________ whole. 2. The _________________ of his argument helped him to win the debate. 3. The student has trouble expressing his ideas _________________. a) coincide (v)

b) coincidence (n)

c) coincidental (adj)

1. Our views on this issue ________________ closely with yours. 2. Scientists have no explanation for the ________________ of these phenomena. 3. All characters and events depicted are fictional, and any resemblance to actual persons, places or events is purely _________________. a) mutual (adj)

b) mutuality (n)

c) mutually (adv)

1. I don't like her, and I think the feeling is _______________. 2. I have a proposal to make to you which I believe may be ______________ beneficial. 3. In the marriage relationship, ______________ involves face-to-face interaction that includes caring, loving, co-operation, empathy, respect, friendship, comfort, help, and communication (both verbal and non-verbal).

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FOCUS ON: MEANING

2. Match the words with their definitions. A attain (v) • coherent (adj) • concurrent (adj) • inherent (adj) commence (v) • controversy (n) • cease (v) • diminish (v)

1. to begin to happen; to begin something 2. to succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort 3. to stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing 4. logical and well organized; easy to understand and clear 5. that is a basic or permanent part of somebody/something and that cannot be removed 6. existing or happening at the same time 7. public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by 8. to become or to make something become smaller, weaker, etc.

B compatible (adj) • insight (n) • distort (v) • duration (n) temporary (adj) • mutual (adj) • assure (v) • supplement (n)

1. to change the shape, appearance or sound of something so that it is strange or not clear 2. the length of time that something lasts or continues 3. (of machines, especially computers, or software) able to be used together 4. the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations 5. having the same relationship to each other; possessed in common 6. a thing added to something else in order to complete or enhance it; an extra section in a book, or an additional book that gives more information 7. to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to happen, especially when they have doubts about it 8. lasting for only a limited period of time; not permanent

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3. From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that you may need to change the form of the word. A insight (n) • on behalf of (prep) • commence (v) • concurrent (adj) intermediate (adj) • accommodate (v) • relax (v) • format (n)

1. ________________ the department I would like to thank you all. 2. The hotel can ________________ up to 500 guests. 3. For this year, we have decided to change the ________________ of the conference slightly. 4. The research will provide direct ________________ into molecular mechanisms. 5. Liquid crystals are considered to be ________________ between liquid and solid. 6. He was imprisoned for two ________________ terms of 30 months and 18 months. 7. A Hebrew proverb advises that if you ________________ a good action, leave it not incomplete. 8. You cannot afford to ________________ your concentration for a moment.

B mediation (n) • rigid (adj) • controversy (n) • normalization (n) mutually (adv) • team (n) • revolutionize (v) • restrain (v)

1. A ________________ of experts have been called in to investigate. 2. His ________________ adherence to the rules made him unpopular. 3. The government is taking steps to ________________ inflation. 4. The book raised a storm of ________________. 5. Aerial photography ________________ the study of archaeology. 6. ________________ is a good mechanism for the peaceful settlement of conflicts. 7. It took some time for a ________________ of relations between the two countries to occur following the end of the conflict. 8. After weeks of discussion the two sides have reached a ________________ acceptable settlement. 79

4. From the list below, choose one word which could be used in place of the language shown in bold without changing the meaning of the sentence. You may need to change the form or in some cases the grammatical class of the word. A begin • prior • initial • ordinary • subsidiary adapt •

scenario • spark off • coincide • confine

1. I needed to accommodate to the new schedule. 2. In the normal course of events these things take months. 3. The meeting is scheduled to commence at noon. 4. Debates were not restricted to only local issues and events. 5. This report provides preliminary findings from the current survey. 6. The management team looked at a number of different courses of action for how the company could expand over the next five years. 7. All other issues are subordinate to this one. 8. His unpleasant remark triggered an argument that almost cost them their friendship. 9. This is just a pilot study preliminary to a full-scale study. 10. Our views on this issue correspond closely with yours. B

majority • blue-collar • anticipate • communicate • tool comprehension • found • improve • erode • devote

1. The technology requires a great deal of refinement. 2. It is expected that inflation will stabilize at around 7 percent. 3. There is a shortage of skilled manual workers in the country. 4. The bulk of the nation’s population lives in cities. 5. The pressure towards uniformity constantly threatens to gradually destroy local traditions. 6. Skypecasts allow you to converse with new people across the globe on just about any topic you can think of. 7. Leslie is the managing director of the company that he first established 20 years ago. 80

8. She experimented with the blog as a new medium for exploring issues. 9. With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem. 10. The economical success of her husband permitted her to dedicate herself entirely to writing. 5. Match the sentence halves. 1. She drew an analogy... 2. It is anticipated... 3. It took some time for a normalization... 4. We were assured... 5. The new system will be compatible... 6. His views have excited a lively controversy... 7. Now connect the device... 8. I could only devote... 9. Their marriage was founded... 10. The objective of the research is to gain a better insight... 11. The course is different in ... 12. Some central banks use a formula that triggers... 13. The management team looked at a number of different scenarios... 14. All students must take a placement test at the commencement... 15. She experimented with the blog as a new medium... __________________________________________________________ a. ...that everything possible was being done. b. ...of relations between the two countries to occur following the end of the conflict. c. ...with existing equipment. d. ...that inflation will stabilize at 3%. e. ...among fellow scientists. f. ...format from previous ones. g. ...for exploring issues. h. ...between running the economy and a housewife’s weekly budget. i. ...of the program. j. ...to your computer. 81

k. ...two hours a day to work on the project l. ...on love and mutual respect. m. ...into labour market processes. n. ...a change when certain conditions are met (like need for adjustment for inflation). o. ... for how the company could expand over the next five years. 6. Make the collocations and match them with the gaps in the sentences given below. (Note that some words appear more than once.)

distorted • ethical • academic hold • diminishing • minimal revolutionary • temporary international • military considerable • common • complete

picture • vision • ideas sphere • conversations • issue norms • service • solution portion • grounds • revolution enrollment • cost

1. His work is little known outside the ____________ ____________. 2. The article gave a ____________ ____________ of his childhood. 3. ____________ ____________ take years for the conventional thinkers to understand and accept. 4. The best way to energize thinking is to ____________ ____________ rather than meetings. 5. The use of human embryos in medicine is a difficult ____________ ____________. 6. He's completed 30 years of active ____________ ____________. 7. Salaries take up a ____________ ____________ of our total budget. 8. ____________ ____________ has led to a reduction in staff at the college. 9. The work was carried out at ____________ ____________. 10. The government claims that background radioactivity is well below ____________ ____________. 11. Jupiter makes a ____________ ____________ around the sun every 12 years. 12. They share a ____________ ____________ for the development of health services. 13. She objected on purely ____________ ____________. 14. I’m afraid using volunteers can only be a ____________ ____________ to the problem. 82

7. Complete the sentences. 1. The article is devoted to the analysis of... 2. The findings provide insight into... 3. It is anticipated that... 4. These results are based on preliminary... 5. Certain risks are inherent in... 6. The preliminary analysis provides... 7. The project provides the foundation for... 8. These findings coincide with... 8. For each word in the box, compose a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning.

coherent diminish

•

•

concurrent

inherent

•

•

compatible

mutual •

overlap

FOCUS ON: ACCURACY

9. Choose the right word. 1. The government communicates through the media / medium of television. 2. The following scenario / script is an example of how we can help your company to increase business while lowering costs. 3. The ethic / ethics of personal achievement is very strong in western societies. 4. A Chinese proverb observes that knowledge that is not replenished reduces / diminishes every day. 5. The overall duration / continuation of the flight was 11 hours. 6. He shows a/an mature / adult and sensible attitude. 7. In geological terms, Mars represents a/an medium / intermediate phase in planetary development which is transitional between a body like our moon and a planet like Earth. 8. The lack of mutual / two-way understanding between health authorities and other departments may lead to insufficient resourcing. 9. I hope you have gained some insight / vision into the difficulties we face. 10. The United States threatened militant / military action against Iraq. 83

10. In each of the sentences below, decide which word in bold is more suitable. 1. Through his leadership skills, the faculty and students ________________ into a cohesive team. a) unified b) united c) joined 2. Team-building is a continuous process that helps a team develop into a ________________ group of people. a) unified b) united c) joint 3. The management team looked at a number of different ________________ for how the company could expand over the next five years. a) routes b) scenarios c) courses 4. I don't wish to ________________ the importance of their contribution. a) reduce b) decrease c) diminish 5. We only consider applicants who have ________________ a high level of academic achievement. a) accomplished b) attained c) obtained 6. ________________ data is the data collected by someone else other than the researcher himself. a) subordinate b) minor c) secondary 7. The language of science ________________ with that of everyday life. a) overlaps b) corresponds c) coincides 8. My wife's and my views ___________ on most issues, except when it comes to politics. a) overlap b) correspond c) coincide

FOCUS ON: READING & DISCUSSION

11. Read the article and do the task after it. DISCOVERY INFORMATICS: SCIENCE CHALLENGES FOR INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS Computing has been a crucial enabling force for science in recent decades, creating in turn numerous opportunities for fundamental research in computer science. Ongoing investments in cyberinfrastructure have a tremendous impact on scientific discoveries. These investments have radially changed many sciences, and (1) ___________________________. However, scientists in all disciplines openly acknowledge their (2) _________________________________ that is already available to them and that continues to expand so rapidly. The volume, variety, and velocity of the data available across all areas

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of science and engineering are already surpassing (3) ______________________________. Three hallmarks of 21st century science highlight major challenges for discovery:  Discovery processes are increasingly complex. This complexity often hampers scientists’ knowledge and ability to analyze large amounts of data at their disposal. We have reached a point where cognitive limitations are constraining scientific progress. We need to make scientific processes (4) _______________________________. Innovations are needed to augment human abilities to analyze complex data through sophisticated processes, and enable understanding and insight. Our ability to understand and (5) _____________________________________ could be greatly increased with appropriate intelligent assistance and automation. New computational approaches are needed to manage the complexity of discovery processes that surpass human cognitive abilities.  Tight connections between knowledge and data are central to discovery processes around complex phenomena. Data leads to new scientific knowledge, but the connection between knowledge and data is often not explicitly preserved in existing computational frameworks. This scientific knowledge is captured in a variety of forms: publications, influence networks, taxonomies, Bayesian models, etc. Keeping knowledge and data separate makes it harder for scientists to keep track of what hypotheses have been considered, what data supports them, what models have been created from the data, and how new hypotheses are formulated from those models. As more complex data becomes available with increasing volume, variety, and velocity, the exploration of models becomes unmanageable. We must develop general mechanisms for (6) ______________________________________, data collection guided by models, and model-driven data analysis. New computational approaches are needed to increase the connections between knowledge and data and exploit them to facilitate scientists’ understanding of complex phenomena.  Innovative social processes can enable new discoveries. Although collaborations among scientists are common we currently lack the ability to facilitate unplanned, crossdisciplinary collaborations. A researcher addressing a complex scientific question in one field often only realizes the need for expertise in another field during the course of the work. In addition, the public’s participation in science makes it possible to have massive contributions of effort that result either in precious data that would not otherwise be available or in valuable problem solving (7) ___________________________________. New computational approaches are needed to flexibly combine diverse human abilities to tackle science problems that may not be otherwise considered possible.

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A major research initiative focused on understanding and improving scientific discovery processes would have a profound impact on all sciences, accelerating the pace of scientific advances and innovation. Fundamentally new computational frameworks to address these challenges would make those processes significantly more manageable, (8) _________________________________________. Those processes could also be made more efficient, making scientists significantly more productive. Moreover, new processes that do not exist today could be designed, enabling innovations to the scientific process that open doors to new discoveries. Find the places in the article where the following phrases should go. a) gain insight from data of unprecedented complexity b) existing analytic capabilities to understand complex phenomena c) d) e) f) g) h)

enabling scientists to explore more complex phenomena than ever before opened new doors to discovery and innovation inability to exploit all the data and information easily inspectable and reproducible that only humans can perform automated data-driven model refinement

12. Agree or disagree with the following quotes. 1. What we anticipate seldom occurs: but what we least expect generally happens. (Benjamin Disraeli) 2. There is only one way to happiness and that is to cease worrying about things which are beyond the power of our will. (Epictetus) 3. There are two ways of being happy: We must either diminish our wants or augment our means – either may do – the result is the same and it is for each man to decide for himself and to do that which happens to be easier. (Benjamin Franklin) 4. The highest activity a human being can attain is learning for understanding, because to understand is to be free. (Baruch Spinoza) 5. Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow. (Anthony J. D'Angelo) 6. When a thing ceases to be a subject of controversy, it ceases to be a subject of interest. (William Hazlitt) 7. No great advance has been made in science, politics, or religion without controversy. (Lyman Beecher)

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REFERENCES 1. Coxhead, A. The Academic Word List 10 Years On: Research and Teaching Implications / Averil Coxhead. – Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL). Vol. 45, No. 2 (June 2011). – P. 355–362. 2. Coxhead, A. Vocabulary and English for Specific Purposes Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives / Averil Coxhead. – Routledge, London, 2018. – 210 p. 3. Coxhead, A. Essentials of Teaching Academic Vocabulary / Averil Coxhead. – Boston: Houghton Mifflin (Since 2007 this book is published through Heinle Cengage), 2006. – 176 p. 4. Slaght , J. English for Academic Study: Extended Writing & Research Skills Course Book / John Slaght , Joan McCormack. – Garnet Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom, 2012. – 154 p. 5. O'Dell, F. Academic Vocabulary in Use, Second Edition / Felicity O'Dell , Michael McCarthy. – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. – 2016. – 174 p. 6. Harmer, J. The Practice of English Language Teaching / Jeremy Harmer. – Longman, 2001. – 386 p. 7. Bailey, S. Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students / Stephen Bailey. – Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, United Kingdom, 2015. – 284 p. 8. Byram, M. From Foreign Language Education to Education for Intercultural Citizenship / Michael Byram. – Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters, 2008. – 258 p.

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CONTENTS Unit 1

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3

Unit 2

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11

Unit 3

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18

Unit 4

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27

Unit 5

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35

Unit 6

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43

Unit 7

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52

Unit 8

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65

Unit 9

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77

References ...........................................................................................................................

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Техн. редактор А.В. Миних Дизайн обложки А.В. Коноваловой Издательский центр Южно-Уральского государственного университета Подписано в печать 01.11.2018. Формат 6084 1/8. Печать цифровая. Усл. печ. л. 10,23. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 499/129. Отпечатано в типографии Издательского центра ЮУрГУ 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76.

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