Book of Troilus and Criseyde 9781400886777

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TROILUS AND CRISEYDE

Xjondon: Humphrey ^Milford Oxford University Tress

THE 'BOOK OF

Troilus and Criseyde BY

GEOFFREY CHAUCER

Edited,from all the Known Manuscripts by ROBERT K I L B U R N R O O T PROFESSOROF ENGLISH I S PRINCETON U N I V E R S I T Y

TRINCETOli P R I N C E T O N U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS

1926

COPYRIOHT,

1926,

B,Y PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

SECONO PIlII/TING, WITH A FEW CORRECTIONS, 1ANUARY

19.30

Princeton Legacy Library edition 2017 Paperback ISBN: 978-0-691-62412-9 Hardcover ISBN: 978-0-691-65485-0

PRINTED av PRlNCETON UNlVERSITY PIlESS PIlINCETON NEW lEUEV, U.S.A.

PREFACE

T

ROILUS AND CRISEYDE is the only one of

Chaucer's major undertakings which he brought to final completion. If less universal in its appeal than the varied pageant 0/ the Canterbury Tales, it has, by way of compensation, the heightened power which comes from a work of creative imagination brilliantly sustained throughout a long and unified poem. It is of all Chaucer's works the most perfect expression of his art. In portrayal of character, in easy flow of dramatic action, in mastery of execution and grace of manner, it is the outstanding masterpiece of English narrative verse. For the integrity of its text Chaucer was deeply solicitous. The editor who has labored to purge the text of the miswritings and "mismetrings" which it underwent at the hands of the scribes and early prin.ters, and to incorporate into it the final revisions dictated by its a1lthor's exacting taste, has thus the satz's/action 0/ kno'wing that his work is in furtherance of the poet's own earnest wish. Fortunately the evidence is so full that this work of restoration can be done with a high degree of certainty. The prinCiples on which the text has been constituted are set forth at length in the closing pages of the Introduction. The work of an editor must always be one of many obligations. In the preparation of the text and variant readings, I have been reminded anew of the debt which v

Preface all Chaucerians owe to the -pioneer industry of Dr. Furnivall and his collaborators in the work of the Chaucer Society. It has materially lightened my labors to have in print literatim copies of seven of the manuscripts of Troilus, among them the two important manuscripts, Cp and J, which have served as primary authorities for my text. I have also had in my possession a complete and careful transcript of made for Dr. Furnivall but never printed. When, some years ago, I undertook to complete for the Chaucer Society a study of the tex­ tual tradition of the poem, Sir William McCormick most generously turned over to me his collations of seven of the original authorities. It is a pleasure to ex­ press anew my gratitude to him. I have myself, however, verified in large part both these collations and the Chau­ cer Society prints, and have gone to the original docu­ ments whenever any important question of the text was at stake. In my commentary 1 have laid under contribution the work of all the scholarswho have busied themselves with the poem. Most thoroughgoing is my debt to Dr. Skeat, the only editor hitherto who has given a detailed com­ mentary. I am under particular obligation also to the work of Professor George L. Kittredge in his Chaucer Society volume, The Date of Chaucer's Troilus, and in his paper on "Chaucer's Lollius" · and to that of Pro­ fessor Karl Young in The Origin and Development of the Story of Troilus and Criseyde. Other obligations I have indicated in the bibliographical list appended to the Notes. Tο my friend Professor Albert S. Cook my debt is of

Preface a more intimate character. It was he who, years ago, first taught my feet to walk in Chaucerian ways, and who, more important still, gave me the discipline of insistent accuracy, even de minimis, which is indispensable to the work of an editor. Tο him I have more than once turned for advice as to the procedure to be followed in this edi­ tion, and have found him always wise in his counsel and generous in his help. In the Introduction I have tried to present within rea­ sonable compass the material facts upon which the lit­ erary interpretation of the poem must rest; but I have not attempted, except incidentally and by implication, an aesthetic appraisal of Chaucer's art. Nor have I tried to discuss the grammar and phonology of the poem. The essential characteristics of Chaucer's language have already been established; such matters as still remain unsettled must ccwait for their solution a critical text of the poet's other writings. They cannot profitably be con­ sidered on the basis of a single poem. Instead of preparing a complete glossary, I have given in the Notes my interpretation of such passages as involve obscurity, and have glossed many of the less familiar words. For quotations illustrative of such words, I have usually been content to refer the reader to the appropriate section of the New English Diction­ ary. I assume that the reader of this edition will already be familiar with the common words and constructions of Chaucer's diction. With the ever increasing attention paid to Chaucer in schools and colleges, the number of readers to whom his language is no longer a serious barrier is large. Both in

Preface the Introduction and Notes I have had in mind the needs of this class of readers as well as those of the much smaller group of special students. Tο the still smaller group—though we are after all a goodly company—of professed Chaucerians, those scholars whose own studies have helped to make possible such a volume as this, I "direct" my book, begging them in the words of our kindly master, To vouchensauf, ther nede is, to correcte, Of youre benignites and zeles goode. R. K.R. Princeton, Tebruary 1, 1926.

CONTENTS 'Preface

v

Introduction I. A U T H O R S H I P A N D T I T L E II. D A T E OF COMPOSITION III. S O U R C E S IV. T H E R A N G E OF CHAUCER'S READING V. MORAL IMPORT VI. T H E T E X T

J^ist of ^Abbreviations

XI XIV XX xl

xlviii LI

xc

Troilus and Qriseyde BOOK ONE

3

BOOK TWO

57

BOOK THREE

143

BOOK FOUR

233

BOOK FIVE

317

U^Cotes

409

bibliography

567

Index of Proper tN^ames

571

INTRODUCTION I. A U T H O R S H I P A N D T I T L E

Troilus and Criseyde is the work of Geoffrey Chaucer is certain beyond dispute. It is referred to as Chaucer's in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women (B 332, 441, 469; A 265,431,459), and in the "Retractions" at the end of the Canterbury Tales (I 1086). It is explicitly attributed to Chaucer in three of the surviving manuscripts, R, S2, and H3, and by Lydgate in his Sege of Troye and in his Fall of Princes.1 By what title Chaucer wished his book to be known is not clear. Perhaps, as in the case of the Book of the Duchess and the Legend of Good Women, no single definitive title was established in his own mind. In the Prologue to the Legend the work is spoken of allusively rather than by title —"How that Crisseyde Troilus forsook"; though in B 441 (A 431) the name "Creseyde" is used as though it were a title. In the "Retractions" the work is called "the book of Troilus"; and the same phrase is used by Usk in his 'Testament of Love (3. 4. 258-9), and in the catalogue of John Paston's books (1482 ?).2 Lydgate called the poem "Troilus and Cresseide"; and from Lydgate's day until our own the double title has been in general use. Recent scholars seem to prefer the shorter title "Troilus," used by Chaucer himself in the lines addressed to Adam, his own scribe.3

THAT

See Spurgeon, 1.24, 27. Spurgeon, 1.60. 3 T h e testimony of the surviving manuscripts proves only that there was a divergence of usage during the century following Chaucer's death. H4 and Cp, in the colophons, call the poem "Liber T r o i l i " ; Ph and H2 call it merely " T r o y l u s , " Si has a colophon which echoes the opening line of the poem: "here endeth the book of T r o y l u s of double sorowe in loving of Cri[seyde1." H i , CI, S2, and J have the longer phrase "Liber Troili et Criseydis." R uses the English phrase "the book of T r o y l u s and of Cresseyde." T h e five remaining manuscripts, of which four have lost the end of the poem, and so lack a colophon, furnish no evidence. T h e colophon of Caxton's edition (circa 1483) reads: "Here endith 1

2

xi

t

Troilus Sf Criseyde

That the division into books originates with the poet himself is made clear b y 3.1818: My thridde book now ende ich in this wyse;

by 4. 26: This ilke ferthe book me helpeth fyne;

and by the formal proems which introduce the first four books.4 There is, however, some ground for believing that the proems to Books II, III, and IV were not present in the poet's earliest intention. Most striking is the fact that they are omitted by R. Since R is consistently a β manuscript, we must assume that these proems, which are present in all the other authorities, had already been composed before R was derived. Nor is there any reason to suppose that they were deliberately omitted by a scribe, or cancelled by the poet himself. The only plausible explanation of their ab­ sence in R is that they had been lost from the original be­ fore R was derived; and such an explanation implies that in the original they had been added later on loose leaves. It Troylus as touchyng Creseyde." In the 1517 edition of Wynkyn de Worde the title reads: "The noble and amerous auncyent hystory of Troylus and Cresyde in the tyme of the syege of Troye" ; and the colophon reads: "Thus endeth the treatyse of Troylus the hevy." Pynson's edition of 1526 has, both in title and colophon, "the boke of Troylus and Creseyde." The folio of Thynne (1532) has the title "Troylus and Creseyde"; but the colophon and the running title use the shorter form "Troylus." Stowe's edition of 1561, and Speght's editions of 1598 and 1602, follow the usage of Thynne. * In the Moulier edition, Filostrato is divided into nine cantos, of which the last is a short envoy. In the Paris edition of 1789 the divisions are different. In the absence of a critical edition, one can have no assurance as to the exact divisions of Boccaccio's poem in the copy which Chaucer used. But they must to some extent have' corresponded with those given by Moutier; for Book II of Troilus ends at the same point in the story as the second canto in Moutier. Book HI and Proem IV correspond with Canto III. Book IV corresponds with Canto IV. Chaucer's fifth book deals with the matter found in Cantos V-VIII of Moutier's edition.

zAuthorship and cFitle is significant also that none of the authorities has any proem to Book V.5 A further indication that these proems were an afterthought may be found in the fact that the y MSS. treat the proem to Book IY as a conclusion of Book III. The last two stanzas of Book III are addressed to Venus, and constitute a sort of exordium to the book. The first stanza of the succeeding proem closely continues the thought of this exordium. In all the 7 MSS., save S2 and D, the proem to Book IV is not marked off-in any way from Book III. At the end of the proem, CpClHi have the rubric: "Explicit liber Tercius. Incipit Liber Quartus," and AD begin line 29 with a special initial. In Sa, Book III ends at line 1806 with the rubric: "Explicit Liber Tercius," line 1807 begins with a special initial, and before4.29 there is a rubric: "Incipit quartus liber." In D, a contemporary hand, apparently that of the scribe, has written in the margin of 3. 1807 the word: "Prologue." The "mixed" text of H3 indicates the termination of Book III with the erroneous rubric: "Explicit Liber iiijtus"; and at the end of Proem IV writes: "Crt (Certe?) Sic explicit Liber quartus." The proem of Book I must, however, have been present from the first. It is found regularly in all the MSS., including R.6 5 The first two stanzas of Book V, which are based 011 stanzas of Teseide, are in the nature of a proem; but none of the authorities so mark them. 1 6 It may be noted that in HiS2DigH3H4R the proem of Book I is not set off in any way from the rest of the book. In JCpClAD, line 29 of Book I has a special initial, but there is no rubric such as follows the proems of Books II and III (and, in J, Book IV also). Though the division into books originates with the author himself, certain of the MSS. fail to indicate the division. Ph, which gives an a text throughout, originally indicated no break in the poem, save at the beginning of Book V, where there is a rubric and space for a special initial. Later the scribe himself supplied indications of books and proems in the margin, and by means of running tides. That these indications cartie from a y source is shown by the fact that the proem of Book IV is treated as in the 7 MSS. In the portion of H2 written by Hand 1, which is that of the same scribe who wrote Ph, there is similarly no indi-

Troilus II. D A T E O F

Criseyde COMPOSITION

Chaucer's T'roilns was completed and given to the public between the spring of 1385 and the end of the year 1386, or, at the very latest, the early months of 1387. The second of these dates, the terminus ad quem, is established by the following facts: (1) Troilus was already known to the reading public before the composition of the earlier, so-called B, version of the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women, in which Cupid accuses the poet of having undermined men's faith in women by saying as him list of Criseyde.7 Fortunately we are able to date the first version of the Prologue with a good deal of certainty. Professor Lowes has shown8 that in it Chaucer makes use of the Lay de Franchise of Deschamps, cation of division into books. T h i s portion of H 2 includes the beginnings of Books II, III, and I V . H 3 indicates no break between Book I and Book II. Proem I I I is introduced by a special initial, and between Proem I I I and Book I I I there is an appropriate rubric. A t the end of Book I I I is found the erroneous rubric, " E x p l i c i t Liber iiijtus," already noted above. T h e first stanza of Book V is treated as part of the preceding B o o k ; and, after 5.7, is written the curious rubric: " E x p l i c i t i j d a pars V t i Libri." Apparently the scribe regarded Book I V as "prima pars quinti l i b r i " ; f o r in H 3 line 26 of Book I V reads, T h y s fyfte and laste boke me helpyth to dyffyne, where the correct reading is " T h i s ilke ferthe book." T h i s curious aberration of H3 could be dismissed as mere scribal blundering, were i t Jiot that H4, a M S . which in this part of the text is totally unrelated to H3, reads in 4.26: " T h i s feerde & laste book," and shows no break whatever between Book I V and Book V . These readings of H 3 and H4, taken with the absence of a proem for Book V , raise the question whether the poet may not have originally intended a division into four books only, the number of parts into which the Knight's Tale is divided. Such a supposition gains some support from 4.26-8. T h i s ilke ferthe book me helpeth f y n e , So that the losse of l y f and love yfeere O f Troilus be f u l l y shewed here, lines which seem to imply that the death of Troilus is to be transacted, and the poem concluded, in the fourth book. 7 Legend, B 332-4. See also B 441, 469. 8 PMJLA. 20.753-71.

xiv

Date of Composition a poem written about May, 1385. It seems unlikely thiat Chaucer should have read this poem until some months after its composition; and ProfessorLowes has shown reason for believing that he did not see a copy of it before the spring or summer of 1386. But a passage of the Prologue is imitated by Thomas Usk in his Testament of Lovey9 a work written not later than the winter of 1387-88. The publication of the Prologue to the Legend falls, then, between the summer of 1385 at earliest and the autumn of 1387 at latest, with the probabilities favoring the year 1386. (2) Thomas Usk was well acquainted also with cTroilus. In Book III, Chapter IV, of the Testament of Love·, the allegorical personage, Love, cites as authority "the noble philosophical poete in Englissh," and the "tretis that he made of my servant Troilus"; and the book shows throughout a detailed familiarity with the poem.10 The Testament of Love was probably written in 1387. Its author was executed for treason on March 4,1388.11 (3) In 1387,12 died Ralph Strode, the London lawyer, who is probably the Strode to whom Chaucer addresses his poem.13 The earliest date for Troilus, the terminus a quo, is determined by the following considerations: (1) Chaucer can hardly have been acquainted with Boccaccio's Filostrato3 the primary source of Troilus, earlier than his first Italianjourney of 1373. (2) In the account of the popular tumult aroused by Hector's opposition to the exchange of Criseyde, and in the author's comment on the blindness of popular opinion (4. Tatlock, Development and Chronology, pp. 22-3. See notes to 1.217, 238; 2.807, 1335» 1380-3; 3.526, 1282; 4460; 5.1432, and Skeat, Oxford Chaucer 7. xxvii. 1 1 DNB s.v. Usk, Thomas. 1 2 DNB s.v. Strode', Ralph. 18 See note to 5-^578

10

cFroilus

& Criseyde

183-203)5 there seems to be, as Professor Carleton Brown has suggested,14 a reminiscence of the great Peasants' Revolt of 1381. (3) A date later than January 14, 1382, the date of the marriage of Richard II to Anne of Bohemia, is established, if we accept the brilliant suggestion of Professor Lowes15 that the curious mention of the letter A in 1.171 refers to the use of Queen Anne's initial intertwined with the initial R of her royal husband as a decorative device on courtly robes and tapestries, a use of the royal initials for which ProfessorLowes cites documentary evidence.16 (4) In lines 624-5 Book IHJ Chaucer supposes a conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn, and the crescent Moon in the sign Cancer. Conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn take place at intervals of approximately twenty years; but the periodicity of these conjunctions is of such a nature that there are periods of approximately two hundred years during which a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn occurs in any given sign at intervals of about sixty years, and other periods of over six hundred years during which the conjunction never occurs in that sign. Chaucer's life fell at the very end of one of these six-hundred-year periods during which Jupiter and Saturn are not conjoined in the sign Cancer; such a conjunction had not occurred since the year A.D. 769. Now the conjunction which Chaucer supposes involves not only Jupiter and Saturn, but the crescent Moon also. In order that the Moon' shall appear as a thin crescent, "with hire homes pale," in the sign Cancer, the Sun must be in, or approaching, the next preceding sign, Gemini, and the time of year must be May or early June; for, according Mod. Lang. Notes 26.208-11 (1911). "The Date of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde," P M . L A . 23.285-306 (1908). 10 For further discussion of this piece of evidence, see note to 1.171. 14

15

XV I

Date of Composition to Chaucer's calendar, the Sun entered Gemini on or about May 12. An approximate calculation, based on Newcomb's planetary tables, shows that on April 13,1385, Jupiter and Saturn were in exact astronomical conjunction in longitude 86° 35', i.e., near the end of the sign of Gemini, only three and a half degrees from the beginning of Cancer. But for the astrologer it is not necessary that the conjunction be exact; he would regard Jupiter and Saturn as being in "platic" conjunction when they are not more than nine degrees of longitude apart. In 1385 Jupiter entered Cancer on May i; and Saturn entered Cancer on May 14. On the latter date both planets were in the sign of Cancer, two and a half degrees of longitude apart, and hence still in "platic" conjunction. The Moon was new on or about May 10 (within a day); and on or about May 13 the pale horns of the crescent Moon were visible very close to Jupiter and Saturn—the very disposition which Chaucer has represented in his poem, and one that previous to 1385 had not occurred for more than 600 years. The conjunction of 1385 was remarkable enough to secure mention in Walsingham's Historia Anglicana:17 Conjunctio Jovis et Satumi Eodem tempore Conjunctio duarum maximarum planetarum facta est, videlicet Jovis et Saturni, mense Maio; quam secuta est maxima regnorum commotio, prout patebit inferius, cum attigerit stylus locum.

It is to be noticed that WaIsingham dates the conjunction as in the month of May, though the exact astronomical conjunction was on April 13. His interest in the event, as the entry shows, was astrological; and astrologically the platic conjunction in Cancer, which began on May 14, was much more significant than the exact astronomical conjunction of the preceding month, since it involved what the astrologers 17 Rolls Series, Vol. II, p. 126. The entry appears in nearly identical language in Walsingham's Chronicon Angliae (Rolls Series, p. 364) and in the same author's Ypodigma Neustriae (Rolls Series, p. 340·

cFroilus

& Criseyde

called a "permutation of triplicities," i.e., a change in the zodiacal place of major conjunctions from the "triplicity" of Gemini, Aquarius, and Libra to the "triplicity" of Cancer, Pisces, and Scorpio, where conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn had not occurred for six hundred years. Among the astrological results of this particular change should be floods and heavy rains, precisely the influence which Chaucer has supposed in the passage under discussion.18 We find, then, that Chaucer has introduced into his poem an astronomical phenomenon so unusual that it had not taken place until his time for many centuries, and one which entailed important astrological consequences. By bringing into his supposed configuration the crescent Moon also in the sign of Cancer, he has made it necessary that the phenomenon should take place in May or early June. In the month of May, 1385, occurred a conjunction which strikingly agrees with that which Chaucer has supposed, and one which attracted the attention of his contemporaries. It would be hard to believe that this is mere accidental coincidence. It is more reasonable to believe that Chaucer took directly from the night's starred face these symbols which he has woven into the high romance of Troilus. Since the passage in question was already present in the alpha text of the poem, it follows that the poem was not finished earlier than the spring of 1385. It'would not be profitable to attempt to push the ter­ minus a quo still later by arguing that the lines in question are found a little before the middle of the poem. We have no data by which to determine the rate at which Chaucer's literary work progressed; nor have we any assurance that he worked consecutively from episode to episode of his story, bringing one to final completion before he began the 18 For a more detailed discussion of the astrological import of this conjunction, and for a full statement of the astronomical data con­ cerned, see article by R. K. Root and H. N. Russell, "A Planetary Date for Chaucer's Troitus," P.M.L.A. 39.48-63 (1924),

Date of Composition next. We must be content to say that the completion of 'troilus falls between the spring of 1385 and the early months of 1387, the latest possible date for the first version of the Prologue to the legend of Good Women. The date 1385-86 accords with all the evidence summarized above, and with the known facts of Chaucerian chronology. By a writ dated February 17, 1385, Chaucer had been granted permission to administer by a permanent deputy his duties as comptroller of customs and subsidies, and hence should have had leisure for the prosecution ot literary work. By 1387 he was already engaged on the Prologue to the Canterbury Tlies. The displeasure expressed in the Prologue f to the Legend of Good Women, by Queen Alcestis and Cupid, at the heresy against Love's law in the story of Criseyde's falseness, takes on added significance as the echo of the sensation produced among English readers by a very recent poem. Against this date there is but one consideration of any moment.19 In lines 5245-56 of Gower's Mirour de I'Omme, an allegorical personage called Sompnolent goes to sleep in church, and dreams that he is hearing recited— la geste De Troylus et de la belle Creseide.

There is good evidence to show that this passage of the Mirour de I'Omme was written not later than 1377.20 If the 1 8 I think we may dismiss as the mistake of a not very reliable witness the statement of Lydgate in the Prologue to the Fall of Princes(283-7) that Chaucer wrote Troilus "in youthe," "longe or that he delde." In 1385-6 Chaucer was in his middle forties; but even in 1373, when he returned from his first Italian journey, he was some 33 years old, an age to which Lydgate would hardly have applied the phrase "in youthe." T h e date 1385-6 is sufficiently in accord with Lydgate's phrase, "longe or that he deide." It must be remembered that the very passage of Lydgate which contains these phrases says that the Italian book from which Troilus was "translated" bore the title "Trophe," a statement which is almost certainly a blunder (compare p. x l ) . 20 See Tatlock, Development and Chronology, pp. 220-5.

xix

Troilus

Criseyde

"geste" referred to is Chaucer's poem, it would be necessary to assign Troilus to a date earlier than 1377. But such an interpretation of the allusion is by no means inevitable. Troilus was already a famous lover. If in the one surviving manuscript of the Mirour his lady's name had appeared as "Briseide" instead of "Creseide," the allusion would have been accepted by every one as a vague reference to the story as it is found in the Roman de Troie of Benoit. But the substitution of "Criseida" for "Briseida" seems to have been the invention of Boccaccio,21 and there is no reason to believe that Gower read Italian. There is excellent reason, however, for supposing that, before 1377, Gower's good friend Chaucer was already acquainted with Filostrato, and if so, he may well have told Gower about it, and have called attention to the alteration of name.22 In the face of the very strong evidence that 'Troilus is to be dated in 1385-86, the name "Creseide" in Gower's poem must be explained in some such way as this.23

III.

SOURCES

As a narrative poem, Chaucer's Troilus is a work of great originality. One cannot exaggerate the startling sense of novelty with which its subtle blending of romance and realism, of sentiment and humor, must have impressed its earliest readers. Nothing like it existed in the literary 21

See p. xxvii,

Even Professor Tatlock (Development and Chronology, p. 221), who has argued at length that the reference in the Mirour is to Chaucer's poem, assumes that it was in conversation with Chaucer that Gower derived his slight but indisputable acquaintance with Dante. 2 3 For a f u l l presentation of the argument, based primarily on the passage in Gower, in favor of an early date for Troilus, see the article by Tatlock in Mod. Phil. 1.317-24 (1903) and the same author's Development and Chronology 15-33 ('907)- Tatlock's argument is combatted by Lowes in PM.L A. 20.823-33 (1905) and by Kittredge in his Chaucer Society volume, The Date of Chaucer's Troilus (1909). It is to be remembered that Tatlock's discussions antedate the evidence offered by Lowes and by Carleton Brown for a date later than 1381, and the evidence based on the great conjunction of M a y , 1385. 22

XX

Sources world of the Middle Ages—English, French, or Italian. For the reader of today it is still one of the greatest of verse narratives, with that highest sort of originality which resides in its energy, its freshness, its truth to life.. But its originality does not consist in the invention of a new story. Like many of the world's greatest poets, Chaucer was content to breathe new life into a story already old. Amongthefruitsof Chaucer's journeyings in Italy was the acquaintance that he made with the Filostrato of Boccaccio, a very lovely poetic narrative of 5704 lines in ottaoa rima, which recounts the love of Troilo for the faithless Criseida.24 So far as plot and dramatis personae are concerned, Troilus is a free reworking of Filostrato. The Italian poem, in its turn, is the poetic expansion of an episode found in the Roman de Troie of Benoit de Ste. Maure, and in the Latin paraphrase of Benoit made by Guido delle Colonne.25 Benoit's romance of Troy is an elaboration of the meagre epitomes of Dares and Dictys. So that Chaucer's story is a more than twice told tale. Dares and Dictys It will be necessary to treat only in outline the history of the Troy story as it shaped itself through the medieval centuries. This history begins, not with Homer, but with the DeExcidio Trojae Historia of "Dares Phrygius." The events of the Iliad include but an episode of the Trojan War—the wrath of Achilles and its consequences; neither the beginnings of the conflict nor the destruction of the city concern Homer's Muse. Moreover, as sober history the Iliad was discredited among medieval critics, because its author lived 24 The printed texts of Filostrato give the lady's name as Griseida; and this form is found also in certain of the MSS. It is probable, however, that Boccaccio wrote Criseida, In any event, the substitution of Gr for Cr is but a detail of Italian phonetics. See article by Ε. H. Wilkins, Mod. Lang. Notes 24.65-7. 2 5 Boccaccio seems to have used both Benoit and Guido. See the discussion of the matter by Young, Origin and Development, pp. 1-26.

XXl

cTroilus

& Criseyde

long after the events which he describes, because he is a pronounced partisan of the Greek side, and because he has included in his narrative such impossible details as the active participation in battle of the Olympian gods. To nearly all medieval scholars and authors, also, the Iliad in its original language was a closed book. If they read Homer at all, it was in the Ilias Lalina of Silius Italicus, which long went under the name of "Pindarus Thebanus," an epitome which condenses the poem into some noo lines of Latin hexameter, with the total loss of all the qualities which make Homer's poem great. The De Excidio Trajae Historia purports to be the work of an eye-witness, Dares the Phrygian, who was himself present in the beleaguered city.26 It survives to us in fortyfour short chapters,27 written in wretched Latin prose, which lacks not only literary charm, but the most elementary qualities of style. There is a prefatory letter, purporting to be from Cornelius Nepos to Sallust, in which Nepos declares that he found the history of Dares at Athens, and has translated it literally into Latin. But the existing text, which certainly is not by Nepos, cannot have been written earlier than the sixth century A.D.28 The narrative begins with the Argonautic expedition, and the first destruction of Troy during the reign of King Laomedon, gives a series of portraits of the principal Greek and Trojan leaders, recounts the various battles and intervening truces which make up the war, and describes the final destruction of the city. Also the supposed narrative of an eye-witness is the Epbemeris Belli Trojani of Dictys the Cretan. The preface 26 Homer, Iliad mentions Dares as a rich man and blameless, a priest of Hephaestus. 27 In the Teubner series, it fills 52 pages of text. 28 Constans, 6.194. There is some reason to believe that there may have existed a longer Latin text of "Dares," now lost, of which the version which we possess is a condensation. For a discussion of this hypothesis see Constans 6.224-34.

Sources

of this work informs us that Dictys was a citizen of Cnossus in Crete, who, with Idomeneus and Merion, joined in the expedition against Troy. During the war he kept a journal, written in Phoenician characters, of the events which were passing before his eyes. At his death, the six books of his journal were buried with him in a tin case, which was finally brought to light by an earthquake in the thirteenth year of the reign of Nero. At the command of Nero, the document was transliterated into Greek characters; and from this Greek text was made a Latin translation by one Septimius Romanus. This Latin version is more than twice as long as the Historia of Dares, and is written in excellent Latin, apparently of the fourth century A.D.29 While the romantic story of the metal box and the earthquake need not be taken seriously, there is conclusive evidence that the Latin version is indeed a translation from a Greek original. A papyrus found at Tebtunis in 1899 contains a fragment of the Greek Dictys which corresponds with seven chapters of Book IV of the Latin version.30 From the Greek original are derived also a number of Byzantine chronicles of the Trojan War, of which the most important is the Chronographia of MalaIas (sixth century A.D.).31 The narrative of Dictys begins with the rape of Helen, and concludes with the return of the Greek heroes to their homes. Benoit and Guido On the basis primarily of Dares and Dictys, more particularly of the former, Benoit of Sainte Maure (near Poitiers) composed in the second half of the twelfth century his Constans, 6.196. Papyri, ed. Grenfell, Hunt, and Goodspeed, London, 1907, Vol. 2, pp. 9-18. 31 For a list of these Byzantine writings, and for a discussion of their relation to the Ephemeris of Dictys, see Ν. E. Griffin, Dares and Dictys, Baltimore (Johns Hopkins Diss.), 1907, pp. 34-108, and Constans, 6.200-24. 20

3 0 Tebtunii

cTroilus

&? Criseyde

Roman de Troie,32 a spirited poem in rhymed octosyllabic couplets, which extends to the formidable length of 30,316 lines. Up to line 24,425 Benoit follows the outline of Dares; for the rest of the poem he draws on Dictys, with still an eye now and then on Dares. But into the dull and tedious narratives of his sources Benoit puts life and color and movement. Like many of the medieval romances, the Roman de Troie is unduly repetitious and prolix; but it is none the less a work of genuine literary merit. Of the additions which Benoit made to the story, the one that concerns us is the episode of Briseida, daughter of Calchas, who, sent from Troy to her father's gorgeous tent in the Grecian camp, forgets her love for Troilus, and gives her fickle heart to Diomede. For this episode there is no hint in Dares or in Dictys—at least in the texts of which we have any knowledge. In the Historia of Dares there is frequent mention of Troilus, son of Priam, who is described as "magnum, pulcherrimum, pro aetate valentem, fortem, cupidum virtutis";33 but it is always as the warrior, foremost in the field of batde, with no hint of any love-story. Among the portraits of famous personages, Dares describes also Briseida, who is "formosam, non alta statura, candidam, capillo flavo et molli, superciliis iunctis, oculis venustis, corpore aequali, blandam, affabilem, verecundam, animo simplici, piam." 34 But there is no hint of any relation of Briseida to Troilus, nor does Briseida ever figure in the narrative of Dares except for the portrait of her which has just been quoted. So far as we know, it was Benoit who invented the story 32 Of Benoit nothing is known beyond his name and residence, which he himself gives in line 132 of his poem. Other poems, Roman de Thebes, Roman d'Eneas, fonnerly attributed to him, are probably the work of other poets. Constans dates the poem between 1155 and 1160. This date depends on the identification of the"Riche dame de rich? rei." whom Benoit addresses in lines 13,457-70, with Eleanor, queen of Henry II of England. See Constans 6.165-91. 33 Cap. 12. 34 Cap. 13.

Sources

of Briseida's faithlessness in love. The story as Benoit tells it is only of the heroine's faithlessness; for it begins at the point where Briseida is to be restored to her father. Troilus is her accepted lover, but there is no account whatever of the course of their love before the separation is decreed. What we have is the portion of the story which fills Books IV and V of Chaucer's poem. The episode of Briseida occupies IJ49 lines. Some 500 additional lines are devoted to the death of Troilus at the hands of Achilles. But the passages given to the episode are not consecutive; they are intercalated between accounts of the various battles. The episode begins at line 13,065 of the poem, and ends with line 20,682, or3 if we continue to the death of Troilus and Hecuba's lament over her dead son, at line 21,782,35 In the year 1287, Guido delle Colonne3 a judge of Messina in Sicily, produced in a rhetorical Latin prose a paraphrase of Benoi t's poem, under the title of Historia Trojana. He somewhat abridged" the long speeches and ornate descriptions of Benoit, and added passages of sententious moral comment and learned digressions; but he altered so little the narrative content of his original that a summary of any portion of Guido would be nearly identical with a corresponding summary of Benoit. So nearly identical are the two works in their substance, that in a majority of cases it is impossible to assert with confidence that Boccaccio, or Chaucer, is following the one rather than the other. In accordance with the literary ethics of his day, Guido cites as authorities for his history the names of Dares and Dictys, whom he regards as the ultimate guarantors of his reliability as a sober historian, and suppresses all mention of Benoit. There is reason to believe that he had before his 85 A convenient summary of the 8718 lines of Benoit's poem which include the episode is given by Professor Kittredge in his Chaucer Society volume, The Date of Chaucer's Troilus, pp. 62-5. (Kittredge follows the line-numbering of Joly's edition, which differs somewhat from that of Constans.)

Hroilus & Criseyde eyes the Latin text of Dares;36 but his overwhelming dependence on Benoit is clear beyond any doubt.37 It seems probable that he had never read the Epbemeris of Dictys.38 Boccaccio It was the genius of Boccaccio which seized on the episode of the faithless Briseida, as it is found in the pages of Benoit and Guido, and made of it a unified and beautiful poetic narrative. What had been an episode in a history of the Trojan War becomes the dominant substance, while the battles about the beleaguered city become only a tenuous background for the story of passionate love and sorrow, in which Boccaccio saw an analogue to his own love for Maria d'Aquino, his "Fiammetta." Boccaccio is responsible not only for this fundamental change of emphasis. He has of his own invention devised the whole story of the falling in love of Troilo, the wooing, and the final winning of the lady—all the events, in short, which precede the decree which sends Criseida from Troy to her father's tent.39 In Benoit, and in Guido, the episode begins with Briseida's departure, and her status as mistress ofTroilus is merely taken for granted. As part of his narrative machinery, Boccaccio created the character of Pandaro, a young courtier, friend of Troilo and cousin of Criseida, to serve as confidant and go-between in the Wboing. 40 Constans, 6.322-7. Ibid., 6.318-22 38 Ibid·., 6.326 39 For his account of the innamoramento of Troilo, Boccaccio has drawn to some extent on another episode of Benoit's romance, the love of Achilles for Polyxena, on his own earlier prose romance, Filocolo, and on the actual events of his own relations with Maria d'Aquino. See Young, pp. 26-105. 40 There is in Benoit a Pandarus King of Sezile one of the allies of 1 1 Priam. He is mentioned but half a dozen times, and is in no way associated with the love of Troilus. There is a passing mention of a Pandarus, son of Lycaon, in Homer, Iliad 2.827, in the list of the Trojan allies; compare Virgil, Aen. 5496. 30 37

XXV i

Sources Another modification in the story, for which Boccaccio is responsible, is the change of the heroine's name from Briseis or Briseida to Criseida.41 In Homer there is Briseis, the lovely slave girl taken away from Achilles by Agamemnon, and so the occasion of Achilles' wrath, whose name appears in the accusative, Briseida, in Iliad I. 184, and Chryseis, daughter of the seer Chryses, whom Agamemnon relinquishes at the command of Apollo. The accusative of her name, Chryseida, occurs in Iliad 1.182. Dares mentions Briseida only in the portrait which he gives of her, and refers to Chryseida not at all. Dictys mentions neither name; though the two personages to whom the names apply appear as Astynome, daughter of Chryses, and Hippodamia, daughter of Brises. Benoit found in the text of Dares the portrait of a beautiful lady, Briseis, who bore no part in the story, and decided to utilize her as the heroine of one of his episodes. He seems not to have realized that the name Briseis means "daughter of Brises," and so gives her as daughter to the seer Calchas. From Dictys he later took over the Homeric story of the real Briseis, whom he knows only as Ypodamia, the daughter of Brises, and of Chryseis, who appears as Astinome, daughter of Crises.42 When Boccaccio wrote the Filostratoi he was probably not acquainted with Homer; but his knowledge of Ovid was sufficient to show him that Briseis was associated, not with Troilus, but with Achilles. The third epistle of the Heroides is addressed by Briseis to Achilles, and conveys by implication an account of her history.43 Of the associated story of Chryseis he could have learned something from Ovid's Remedia Amoris 467-84,44 a passage which, if carelessly 41 In the printed editions of Filostrato the name appears as Griseida ; see p. xxi, n. 24. 42 Troie 26,867-27,038. 43 Boccaccio refers to Briseida's true history in the Ameto (p. 136) and in the Filocolo (1.278); see Young, p. 1, n. 1. 44 In Ovid's Tristia 2.373, a majority of the MSS. read Chryseidos, instead of the correct reading Briseidos; see Wilkins, Mod. Lang. Notes 24.67, n. 22.

cFroilus

Criseyde

read, might suggest that Chryseis was daughter to Calchas.45 It would seem, then, that Boccaccio, even in his -youthful days, when he composed the Filostraid,*6 was scholar enough to be troubled by the conflict between Benoit's story of Briseida and that found in the Heroides of Ovid, and to replace the name by the related name of Criseida. If this substitution involved a new conflict, at least the authentic story of Chryseis was less widely known than that of the true Briseis. The Filostrato is a poem of great literary merit. If it is inferior to Troilus in psychological portraiture, in reality, in reflection and interpretation, it is superior to Chaucer's poem in simple directness and passionate intensity. Boccaccio has in large measure identified himself with Troilo, and has seen in the loveliness of Criseida the type of his own lady. Chaucer has told the story \vith a certain detachment. He is spectator rather than participant. He tells a tragic tale with the philosophic irony of great comedy. Boccaccio's narrative is sentimental, with no trace of humorous comment. Chaucer and Boccaccio For the main outline of his action Chaucer has been content to follow Filostrato faithfully; at one point only has the English poet drawn heavily on his own invention—the final surrender of Criseyde to Troilus. In stanza 131 of Boccaccio's second canto, the courtship of Troilo has progressed to the stage of an established interchange of letters, the lady's replies being sometimes Iietai sometimes amara. At the corresponding point of Chaucer's narrative his poem has reached line 1351 of Book II. Between this stanza Wilkins 1 Mod. Lang. Notes 24,67. The date of the Filostrato has not been determined with certainty. A probable conjecture places it about 1338; see H. Hauvette, Boccace, p. 88. In that year Boccaccio was twenty-five years old. 45

46

Sources of Filostrato and the moment when Troilo reaches his final reward in his lady's arms (3.31), there intervene 336 lines. In a scene which Chaucer has not reproduced, Pandaro pleads with Criseida to have pity on Troilo, breaks down her half-hearted reluctance, and secures the promise that she will yield as soon as time and place may serve (Fil. 3. 21-30). In Chaucer's narrative, 1715 lines, almost a quarter of the whole poem, are devoted to this final stage of the wooing. Chaucer has added to the story of his own invention two extended episodes: the scene laid at the house of Deiphebus, where Criseyde is brought to the feigned sick-bed of Troilus, and there promises her ultimate surrender (2. 1394—3. 231); and the even more elaborated scene of the supper at the house of Pandarus, which ends in the union of the lovers (3. 505-1309). For the first of these episodes, Chaucer found a hint in Fil. 7.77-85, a scene near the end of Filostrato not otherwise utilized by Chaucer, which is laid at the house of Deifebo. For the second, Professor Young has suggested an analogue in the episode of Boccaccio's Filocolo in which the lovers, Florio and Biancofiore, are secretly brought together. There is no reason why Chaucer should not have known the Filocolo; and there is positive reason for believing that he had read it before he wrote the Franklin's Tale.41 But in the present instance Chaucer's debt to the Filocolo, if there be any debt at all, is but a slight one, and confined to minor details of the episode. In each case we have a secret meeting of lovers arranged by a third party; but the scene in the Filocolo, which has many similarities with the secret meeting of the lovers .in Keats's Eve of St. Agnes, is in its essential and characteristic features wholly unlike that in Troilus. It is possible that, when Chaucer represents the impatient Troilus as watching the arrival of Criseyde "thoroughoute a litel wyndow in a stuwe" (3.601), he is remembering that 47 9ee Lowes, "The Franklin's Tale, the Teseide, and the Filocolo," Mod. Phil. 15.689-728.

lTroilus

& Criseyde

Florio, concealed in Biancofiore's apartments, watched the merry-making "per piccolo pertugio" (Filocolo 2. 172).48 In the remainder of his narrative Chaucer follows more closely the story of the Filostrato. At times he translates or closely paraphrases the Italian for many stanzas together, at times he condenses, at other times expands. Throughout he frequently interpolates into the narrative passages of comment—sometimes in his own person as author, sometimes in the person of one of the characters.49 Up to line 1351 of Book II, the point at which begins the long addition discussed above, Chaucer follows, in the fashion just described, the first two cantos of Boccaccio's poem. The episode in which Pandarus learns from Troilus the secret of his love (1. 547-1064) is expanded to more than twice the number of lines which it occupies in the Filostrato (Fil. 2. 1-34). The episode in which Pandarus reveals the secret to Criseyde (2. 78—595) fills only 244 lines of the Italian poem (Fil. 2.35-67). The striking episode in which Troilus, returning from battle, passes under Criseyde's window, and by his bearing reinforces all that Pandarus has said of him (2. 610-65) is developed from a single stanza {Fil. 2. 82), in which Pandaro and Ttoilo together ride by the lady's window. Entirely Chaucer's own is the 49 Professor Young has enumerated several other details in which the two episodes agree—the exchange of oaths, the use of rings, etc. These resemblances may easily be explained as the inevitable coincidences growing out of the general similarity of the two situations, each a clandestine meeting of lovers. But the student should see Professor Young's statement of the case, Origin and Development, pp. 139-68, and the adverse criticism of Professor Cummings, Indebtedness, pp. !-12. If Young tends to exaggerate the similarities, Cummings tends somewhat unduly to minimi2e them. Young has also pointed out a number of passages throughout the poem where Chaucer's language may be paralleled with a sentence from the Filocolo. Among the more striking of these passages are 1 .950 and 3.1192-3 (see notes on these passages); but even in them the evidence for indebtedness is not certain. Troilus has a total of 8239 lines as compared with the 5704 of Filo­ strato. W. M. Rossetti, in the Prefatory Remarks to his Chaucer Society volume, Chaucer's Troylus and Cryseyde compared with Boccaccio's Filostrato, estimates that 2583 lines of Troilus are close adaptations of lines in Filostrato.

Sources scene in Criseyde's garden where the heroine, musing on her new-found love,listens to the song of her niece Antigone, sung in praise of love.50 After the first night of the lovers has been brought to pass, Chaucer again follows Boccaccio's outline, though with a freedom only a little less than he has used in the first two books. In the latter part of the story, when he departs from his Italian model, it is, save for passages of interpolated reflection, chiefly because he has for this part of the narrative also before his eyes the version of tta story found in Benoit and in Guido. The Persons of the Story The chief personages of Chaucer's poem are taken over bodily from his Italian original, but their characters have been profoundly modified by the alchemy of his art.51 Troilus, to be sure, remains essentially what Boccaccio made him—the brave warrior and passionate lover, valiant as a lion on the field of battle, as a lover all that the code of courtly love demands that a lover should be. Chaucer has appreciably ennobled his character, making him more the idealist. He has also heightened the trait of sentimentalism, the tendency to luxuriate in his sorrows rather than manfully to seek their practical cure. It is this trait of character which, in league with adverse fate, brings about his tragedy. Criseyde has been more profoundly altered. Chaucer has shown in his portrayal of her character a power of subtle analysis thoroughly comparable with that of a Samuel Richardson. Her Italian original is simple and direct, a creature of sensuous instinct with a minimum of reflection, who, having once yielded her heart, moves forward to the full accomplishment of her passion with no need of elabo50 The song itself seems to have been adapted from Machaut; see p. xlvi. 51 I have elsewhere, Poetry of Chaucer, 2d ed., pp. 105-21, given at length my own interpretation of the chief characters of Chaucer's poem.

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& Criseyde

rate stratagem. Chaucer's heroine, with all her beauty and womanly loveliness and grace of demeanor, has from the beginning of the story a fatal weakness—the inability to make a deliberate choice. She thinks always too precisely on the event. No sooner has the love of Troilus found lodgment in her heart than she begins to reflect on the lost liberty of action which must ensue on her acceptance of it. She makes no decision, but drifts with circumstance; and the circumstances are so cleverly manipulated by her uncle that, without the need for conscious decision, her desire is accomplished. Though clearly aware whither she is drifting, she seems to herself to have been trapped, and can, without conscious hypocrisy, reproach her uncle for the perfidy that has brought her where she wished to be. In the later books of the poem, when circumstance is beyond her uncle's shrewd control, she continues to take always the easiest path. It is easier to leave Troilus, heartbroken though she be, than to defy the decree of the Trojan parliament; it is easier to remain with her father than to brave the perils of a return, though she still intends to keep her promise to her lover. Though she never quite tears the image of Troilus from her heart, it is beyond her power to resist the wooing of the "sudden" Diomede. And so she becomes the type of instability and treachery in love. The figure of Pandarus, perhaps the finest example of Chaucer's art of portraiture, is almost wholly the creation of the English poet. Boccaccio's Pandaro is the cousin of Criseida (and of Troilo also), a high-spirited young gallant, not much differentiated, save in his fortunes, from the hero, Troilo. He is messenger and go-between for the lovers; but he has no need for elaborate scheming and artifice, and he is quite devoid of the ironical humor which marks his English counterpart. In Chaucer, Pandarus is Criseyde's uncle, a relationship which suggests that he is by some years her senior. Yet he is young enough to be the inseparable companion of Troilus,

Sources and to be himself a courtly lover—though an unsuccessful one. As a friend he is untiring in his disinterested and loyal service, even when that service involves his own dishonor. For though the artificial code of courtly love blames Criseyde only for her final falseness to Troilus, it quite irrationally demands that her uncle be her jealous guardian. He is the most charming of companions—playful, witty, full of shrewd observation, never dull. He is always laughing—at himself and his own ill success in love, at the extravagances of his love-sick friend, at the irony of life which he so clearly sees. He is the dominating personage of Chaucer's poem, giving to it that pervading tone of humorous irony which is so characteristic of the poet who created him, and so foreign to the passionate intensity of Boccaccio's ,Filostrato. Tbe Conduct of the Action If Chaucer has made much more subtle the characters of Boccaccio's story, he has also heightened greatly its vividness, giving to it a compelling sense of actuality. One of the elements which contributes to this sense of the actual is the care with which Chaucer has marked the passing of his dramatic time. Boccaccio opens his poem in the springtime (FiL i. 18), but gives no further dating of his story beyond the fact that it is again springtime in Fil.7.78. In Chaucer most of the important episodes are definitely placed in the calendar. Troilus first; sees Criseyde at the feast of Palladion, in the month of April (1. 156). It is on the third of May (2. 56) that Pandarus makes his first visit to Criseyde; and on the morrow of that day he persuades his niece to write Troilus a letter. An interval elapses, during which Troilus is alternately elated or depressed, according to the tenor of Criseyde's answers to his letters (2.1338-54). Then comes the meeting at the house of Deiphebus, at which Criseyde promises full surrender. The time of year is not specified;

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& Criseyde

but a reference to "Aperil the laste" (3.360) shows that we are still within the first year of the story. There is again an interval, in which the lovers exchange letters, and occasionally see each other (3. 435-510). Then follows the first night together, which is dated as May or early June by the presence of the crescent Moon in the sign of Cancer.52 Apparently an entire year has passed since the beginning of the wooing. The episode of Criseyde's departure for the Grecian camp begins in late July, when the Sun is in the early degrees of Leo.53 At the beginning of Book V (lines 814), we are told that there have been three spring seasons since Troilus first began to love her. If one counts as one of these springtimes that in which the story begins, Troilus has enjoyed the full love of his lady during a period of some fourteen months. How long a time elapses between Criseyde's arrival at her father's tent and her final acceptance of Diomede, Chaucer expressly refuses to say.54 But if the action of the story extends over at least three years, the great bulk of the narrative is devoted to the events of a few critical days. Three-quarters of the lines of Book I are given to the day on which Troilus first sees Criseyde, and to the day shortly after when he confides his secret to Pandarus. Beginning with Book II, nearly 5000 lines are devoted to the events of eight days, presented in sets of two, a day and its morrow. These four groups of two centre on Pandar's first visit to Criseyde on his friend's behalf, on the meeting at the house of Deiphebus, on the first night of the lovers, and on Criseyde's departure from Troy. Over 900 lines are given to the nine days which follow her departure. A few significant episodes are thus narrated in full detail, largely by means of dramatic dialogue, while the intervening intervals are dismissed with concise summary. 52 See

note to 3.624-6, and Introd. p. xvi. See note to 4.31-2. 64 But see note to 3:.1086-92.

53

XXXlV

Sources Chaucer's Use of Earlier Authorities It is characteristic of Chaucer's methods as a literary workman that, when he undertook to retell Boccaccio's tale of romantic love in Troy, he was not content to follow his Italian source alone. He certainly consulted Benoit, and probably also looked into Guido.55 In Book IV he corrects by reference, to these authorities a mistake of Boccaccio as to the circumstances of Antenor's capture in the Fifth Battle.56 Where Boccaccio tells us that Criseyde was exchanged on even terms for An tenor, Chaucer follows the earlier authorities by bringing in the name of King Thoas, as coupled with Criseyde in the exchange of prisoners.57 In Book V he owes to these authorities Diomede's taking of Criseyde's glove,38 the episode of the fair bay steed, formerly the property ofTroilus, which Criseyde gives to Diomede,69 Criseyde's gift to Diomede of a "pencel of hire sieve" to be worn by him as a favor,60 her nursing of Diomede when he was wounded,61 and the account of Hector's, death at the hands of Achilles.62 To Benoit he owes also the lament of Criseyde as she contemplates her own infidelity.63 More significant than any of these minor borrowings is one which affects the very conduct of the story. In Boccaccio (.Fil. 5. 13), Diomede, after receiving Criseyde at the gates of Troy, conducts her to her father's tent without any attempt to pay court to her, deferring his love-making till a later day. Chaucer (5. 92-189) follows instead the authority of the Roman de Troie, where Diomede begins his courtship straightway, and receives from the lady the reply that 55 See

Young, pp. 105-39. See note to 4.50-4. 57 See note to 4.137-8. 58 See note to 5.1013. 58 See note to 5.1037-9. 80 See note to 5.1042-3. 01 See note to 5.1044-50. 82 See note to 5.1548-61. 03 See note to 5.1051-85. 56

XXXY

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& Criseyde

her heart is too sad for love, but were she to love, she would love no one sooner than Diomede.64 This borrowing from the earlier source, like a number of those mentioned just before, tends to emphasize the heroine's faithlessness. In Benoit, and in Guido, Chaucer found repeated appeals to the authority of Dares and Dictys. There is no evidence that Chaucer ever read the Ephemeris of Dictys, though he once (i. 146) echoes Benoit by appealing to Homer, Dares, and "Dite." 6:> There is no evidence, either, to show that he had read the prose Dares; but for the portraits of Diomede, Criseyde, and Troilus in 5. 799-840 he has drawn heavily on a poetical paraphrase of Dares, written in Latin hexameters of considerable merit, made in the latter part of the twelfth century by an Englishman, Joseph of Exeter. This work is given by modern editors the title De Bello Trojanof6 but in the three surviving manuscripts it is called '"Frigii Daretis Ylias," or "Liber Frigii Daretis.67 When he turned its pages, Chaucer may well have believed that he was reading the Latin translation of the original and ultimate source of Trojan history.68 Lollius Great as is Chaucer's debt to the Filostrato, he never in the course of his poem, or elsewhere in his works, mentions the Italian poet by name. Nor does he ever speak of Benoit. "Guido de Columpnis" is listed among the authorities on 64 For other instances in which Chaucer seems to have turned to Benoit or Guido, see notes to 4.18-21; 4.38-42; 4.57-8; 4.120-6; 4.203-5; 4.548; 4.813-19; 4.1401-7 ; 4.1411 ; 4.1415-21; 4.1478-82; 5.825; 5.1000-1 ; 5.1002-3; 5.1010-11; 5.1562-3. "•'•See note to 1.145-7. I" Fame 1467, Dictys appears under the form Tytus. 08 See Bibliography, s.v- Joseph of Exeter. 87 The editio princeps, printed at Basle in 1558, bears the title, "Daretis Phrygii . . . de Bello Trojano . . . libri sex a Cornelio Nepote in Latinum conversi." 88 See notes to 5.799-840, and my article, "Chaucer's Dares," Mod. Phil. 15.1-22.

XXXVl

Sources the tale of Troy in Fame 1469, and'as an authority for the story of Jason in Legend of Good Women 1396,1464; but his name is not mentioned in cTroilus. But, in suppressing the names of his actual sources, Chaucer had no desire that the reader should regard him as the inventor of the story. He assures us more than once than he is but retelling in English the history written by "myn auctour called Lollius." 69 The name Lollius has long been one of the puzzles of Chaucerian criticism; and many attempts, some of them highly fantastic, have been made to explain it. If one begins with the testimony of Chaucer himself, one finds that "Lollius," or "myn auctour," is the writer of an "old book"70 on the Trojan War written in Latin,71 whose story of Troilus and Criseida Chaucer is following with scrupulous fidelity. That the name is no mere figment of Chaucer's artistic imagination, invented expressly as a supposed authority for his Troilusi is made certain by the fact that "Lollius" is mentioned along with other Latin and Greek writers who have treated of the Trojan War—Homer, Dares, Dictys, Guido delle Colonne, Geoffrey of Monmouth —as one of the "bearers up of Troy" in Fame 1468. Though the House of Fame has never been dated with certainty, there is strong reason for believing that it antedates Troilus, possibly by as much as ten years.72 There could have been no motive for introducing into the House of Fame a fictitious name among the names of actual writers about 09 1.394. "Lollius" is named again near the end of the poem (5.16/3). When, as repeatedly, Chaucer refers to "myn auctour" (2.18; 2.700; 3.502; 3.575; 3.1196; 3.1402; 3.1817) or "the storie" (5.1037; 5.1044; 5.1051; 5.1094; 5.1651), one must assume that "Lollius" is the authority invoked. The name has the fullest MS. attestation; in 1.394, CIH5 read Lollyus, Gg Lollyous, H4 Lolkius, W Lellyus, the rest Lollius; in 5.1653, R reads bollius, GgCx lollyus, the rest Lollius. 70 3-9'; 3.1199. Compare also 2.23. T1 2.14. The suggestion, originating with Tyrwhitt, that "Latin" means Latino volgare, i.e. Italian, cannot be accepted. Unless qualified by some such adjective as "vulgar," the word Latin meant to Chaucer's readers just what it means to us. 72 See Kittredge, Date, pp. 53-5.

XXXVU

cJjTOilus

4· 3Ι-2 ί 5· II07; and in 1. 946-7 Pandarus translates Remedia Amoris 45-6. 92 In 4.1548-9 there is a clear echo of Amores I. 15. io. 93 I have found no instances of indebtedness to tTristia or to the Ex Ponto; nor is there clear evidence that Chaucer used the Fasti.91 Of Chaucer's intimate acquaintance with Virgil there can be no doubt; but he has drawn very slightly on him for the ornamentation of "Troilus. In 3.1495—8 there seems to be an echo of Eclogue 1.60-4. In 5.212 an allusion to Ixion, and in 5. 644 an allusion to Charybdis, may be traceable directly to the Aeneid.95 Ultimately from the Ars Poetica of Horace come two stanzas (2. 1030-43) in which Pandarus advises Troilus as to the literary style of his first letter to Criseyde. From the same source, apparently, are four lines (2. !22-5) in which the poet himself comments on the change which language undergoes "withinne a thousand yeer." However, the three passages of the Ars Poetica concerned are of the sort to be frequently quoted; so that we cannot assert that Chaucer knew Horace at first hand. Of indebtedness to other writings of Horace I have found no trace. 00 See note to 3.715-32· For a similar treatment of myth in the Knight's Tale, see article by W. C. Curry, "Astrologising the Gods," Anglia 47.213-43. 91 See also note to 4.1548-53. 02 See also notes to 4414-15; 4421-4. 93 See also notes 10-3.1433-5 ; 4407-12. 94 But see note to 2.77. 95 See also notes to 1.57-60; 5.892.

xliii

Froilus

c

Criseyde

Chaucer quotes a "sentence" from the tenth Satire of Juvenal at 4.197-201, and names Juvenal as his authority. Of the classic poets other than Ovid, Statius seems to have been most present in Chaucer's memory at the time when he was writing Troilus.m Pandarus finds Criseyde and her ladies reading the story of Thebes (2. 100-8), and special mention is made of the catastrophic death of Amphi^raus. 97 In lines 1485-510 of Book V the iThebais is summarized in some detail; and in the midst of this summary all but two of the manuscripts insert a Latin argument of the poem. 98 When Chaucer wrote Troilus, he was already familiar with the Divine Comedy of Dante." It would seem, indeed, that he must have owned, or at least had easy access to, a copy of the poem. In four passages of Troilus (3. 1262-7; 4. 225-7; 5. 1541—5; 5. 1863-5), he is clearly writing with the page of Dante open before him.100 Almost as striking is the debt to Dante in 3. 1419-20; 4. 1538-40; 5. 599-601. The Divine Comedy was probably in the poet's mind also when he wrote 2. 1-6; 3·. 45; 4. 22-^4; 4. 473-6; 4. 1187-8. Of the thirteen passages just cited, seven are from the In­ ferno, and three each from the Purgatorio and the Paradiso. Of the four passages which are most closely modelled on Dante, one is an address to the Blessed Virgin, which Chaucer turns to the praise of Love; one a simile which Dante in his turn owes to Virgil; one the elevated conception of Fortune as the agency of divine providence; and the For a general treatment of Chaucer's use of the T he bats, see B. A. Wise, The Influence of Statius upon Chaucer, Johns Hopkins Diss. 1911. Some of Dr. Wise's instances of supposed Stadan influence on Troilus I am not able to accept. 07 Perhaps Chaucer had in mind the old French Roman de Thebes rather than the Thebais of Statius. See note to 2.100-8, and compare notes to 3.1600; 4.300-1. 98 For further instances of Chaucer's debt to Statius, see notes to 1.6-9; 4.300-1 ; 4.762 ; 4.1408; 5.1789-92. 00 For a summary and discussion of Chaucer'? debt to Dante, see Lowes, "Chaucer and Dante," Mod. Phil. 14.705-35. 100 In 2.967-73 and 4.239-41, Chaucer closely reproduces from the Filostrato lines which Boccaccio had taken almost verbatim from the Divine Comedy.

xliv

Range of Chaucer's Reading last the address to the BlessedTrinity which brings iTroilus to its close. All of the passages where Dante's influence is manifest are of a character which adds to the tone of artistic and spiritual elevation which so markedly differentiates Troilus from the Filostrato. The influence of Dante on Chaucer's mind and art is not confined to the passages in which there is definite borrowing of a phrase or an idea. From Italy, and primarily I think from Dante, came the inspiration to tell the story of Troilus in the bel stilo alto, to write in the vernacular with the dignity and elevation which mark the great ancients. Particularly Dantesque is Chaucer's method of incorporating into his poem the philosophy of Boethius, and the considerable number of astrological and other scientific allusions which it contains. Similar in character to his debt to Dante is Chaucer's debt to the Teseide of Boccaccio, a poem in its style as ornate and elevated as the Filostrato is simple and direct. Whether the Knight's Tale, in which Chaucer retells, though with much compression, the story of the Teseide, was written before Troilus or immediately after it, is a question to which no final answer has yet been given. But there is no question that the Teseide was already familiar to him.101 Most important of the borrowings from the Teseide are the beautiful stanzas (5.1807-27) which follow the soul of Troilus on its flight through the heavens—stanzas which are of prime importance in enforcing the philosophical interpretation which Chaucer has given to his story. Two other stanzas of Book V (lines 8-11 and 274-80), both of them in the grand manner, are closely imitated from the Teseide. Single lines are taken over in 2. 435-6 and 5. 1. Indebtedness of a more general character is found in 1. 659-65; 4· 323-9; 5· 295-322.102 101 See Kittredge, Chaucer's Lollius, Appendix II (pp. 110-20), "Use of the Teseide in the Troilus." 102 See also notes to 5.207-10; 5.304; 5.321-2. It is possibly worthy of remark that the debt to Teseide is particularly noticeable in the fifth book of Troilus.

xlv

Croilus & Criseyde

c

To the third of the great Florentines the only case of clear indebtedness is in the song of Troilus in i. 400-20, which is closely translated from sonnet 88 of Petrarch. The courtly literature of thirteenth and fourteenth cen tury France, which contributed so heavily to the Book of the Ouchessi the Parliament of Fowls, and the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women3 has little place among the influences which helped to shape Troilus. The only important exception to this statement is the Roman de la Rose, a book with which Chaucer was minutely familiar,103 and which he had already, in part at least, translated into English verse. There are nineteen passages of Troilus which clearly show its influence, besides several others where the indebtedness is less certain. Of these nineteen passages, seven are from the portion of the poem written by Guillaume de Lorris,' and twelve from the continuation of Jean de Meun. Sometimes 104 it is merely the turn of a phrase which shows Chaucer's debt; more often 105 a bit of sententious wisdom has been appropriated. Once (1. 638-44) a whole stanza of moralizing is taken over from the Roman de la Rose. In 3. 351-4 a bit of May-time landscape betrays the same inspiration. In other passages 106 it is a conceit or maxim of courtly love. From the Paradis d'Amour of Guillaume de Machaut is apparently derived the general suggestion of the song in praise of love sung in 2. 827-75 by Criseyde's niece, Antigone.107 Though there are no close verbal parallels, the general similarity of situation and ideas is striking. But with the Roman de la Rose and this poem of Machaut ends Chaucer's debt to the courtly literature of France, so far at ίο» TJ le J jest treatment of Chaucer's use of the Roman de la Rose is by D. S. Fansler1 Chancer and the Roman de la Rose, Columbia Diss., New York, 1914. E.g. 1.969 ; 2.784 ; 4.519-20 ; 5445. 105 See notes to 1.449; 1.637; 1.960-1; 2.167-8; 2.716-18; 2.1564-6;

4-J30J-6. 108

107

See notes to 1435-48; 1.747-8; 1.810-12; 1.927-8; 3.1634; S-SS1-3· See article by Kittredge in Mod. Lang. Notes 25.158.

xlvi

Range of Chaucer's Reading least as modern scholarship has been able to discover. It is possible that Chaucer used the twelfth-century Roman de iThebes; see note to 2. 100-8. Besides bringing to his poem the fruits of a wide reading in Latin, French, and Italian literature, Chaucer has drawn also on his very considerable knowledge of medieval science. Most striking is his acquaintance with astronomy and astrology.108 The Sun's progress through the signs of the Zodiac marks out for the poem the seasons of the year. The passage of the Moon from Aries to the end of Leo is to measure the period of Criseyde's return to Troilus. A conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn, and the crescent Moon in the sign Cancer causes the heavy downpour of rain which makes impossible Criseyde's departure from the house of Pandarus. Without exception these references to astronomy and astrology are accurately in accord with the best scientific knowledge of Chaucer's day. Thoroughly scientific is the discussion of the significance of dreams.109 The poem reveals also some knowledge of physiology,110 and an acquaintance with the distinctions of scholastic dialectic.111 If Chaucer has enriched his poem and philosophized its story by borrowings from such wise clerks as Boethius and Seneca and Alanus de Insulis, and from such poems as the Divine Comedy and the cTeseidej he has not forgotten the homelier wisdom of the popular proverb. In the notes to this edition no fewer than fifty-seven instances are pointed out in which a proverb or proverbial phrase has been utilized. Twenty-one of these instances are in speeches of Pandarus; and it would seem that the poet intended the reader to recognize a love for proverbs as one of the marks of his character.112 Fourteen proverbs are spoken by Criseyde; 108 For his knowledge of pure astronomy, see notes to 2.54-5; 3.3; 3.1417-20; 4.31-2; 4.1590-6; 5.652-8; 5.1016-20. For astrological refer­ ences, see notes to 2.680-6; 3.22; 3.617-26; 3.715-17; 3.724; 3.1255-7. ioe See notes to 5.360-85; 5.1275-8. 110 See notes to 1.306-7; 3.1088-9. 111 See notes to 3404-6; 4.1505. 112 See 1.756.

xlvii

cFroilus

& Criseyde

and sixteen occur in the' comments of the author himself. Troilus invokes proverbial wisdom only three times, and Diomede once. The presence of this considerable mass of proverbial phrases contributes appreciably to the effect of the poem. If the more literary embellishments which Chaucer has added make for elevation of style, the use of proverbs makes the poem at the same time familiar, colloquial, real. V. MORAL IMPORT

The net result of all the additions which Chaucer has superadded out of his own reading to the story which Boccaccio had told more simply is greatly to heighten its seriousness. Chaucer's narrative is not only more human, more real, more genuine in its passion; it is much wiser. In the code of courtly love which Boccaccio accepts without question, Chaucer sees inherent contradictions and fallacies, which make for a tragic issue. The poem is, in truth, as Cupid in the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women calls it, a "heresy" against the "law" of courtly love. But Chaucer's wise analysis goes farther than this. In the fickleness and falsehood of Criseyde, a woman so lovely, so sweet and gracious, so much to be desired, he sees the type of mutability, of the transitoriness and fallacy of earthly happiness. Boccaccio had dedicated the Filoslrato to Fiammetta, his own mistress, and in his envoy had warned young lovers not to put trust too lightly in every fair lady, many of whom are, like Criseida, "unstable as leaf in the wind" (Fil. 8. 29-33). Chaucer's poem is dedicated to "moral" Gower and to "philosophical" Strode, a poet-moralist and a learned professor of philosophy. His warning to "yonge fresshe folkes" is that this world is but a transitory Vanity Fair, that only in God is there neither variableness nor shadow of change. And then, by way of enforcing his moral, he takes over from the Teseide, which had in its turn taken them from the Somnium Scipionis of Cicero, three xlviii

oral Import noble stanzas (5. 1807-27) which follow heavenward the soul of the slain Troilus. From his station in the eighth heaven Troilus looks down upon the spot where he was slain, and laughs at the woe of those who were weeping his death, condemning our human pursuit of "blind" pleasure, which of its very nature cannot last. Troilus laughs. He has not laughed before in the whole course of the poem since the very beginning of the story, before his first sight of Criseyde, when, himself heart-free, he made merry over the woes of foolish lovers. The ironist Pandar, though himself a disappointed lover, laughs often enough—a quiet, humorous laughter. He laughs even at his own ill success in love. But Troilus has set his heart too passionately on the things which at the very outset of the story, and now again at its close, he recognizes as "vanitee." He has taken life too seriously; now, like the poet who created him, he sees in life a high but comic irony. It is in this spirit of a wise and thoughtful irony that Chaucer has conceived and executed his poem, a spirit poles asunder from the tender sentiment and ardent passion which inform the Filostrato. He has called troilus a tragedy,* and it is a tragedy in the medieval sense of the term— the story of a man cast down by adverse fortune from great prosperity and high estate into misery and wretchedness.113 The five books into which he has disposed his story suggest the five acts of tragic drama.114 There is, moreover, a quite tragic insistence on the idea of destiny. It is "through his destiny" that Troilus first falls in.love with Criseyde. It is destiny again which sends him riding "an esy pas" below Criseyde's window, at the very moment when Pandarus has disposed the lady's thoughts to answer love by love. Troilus, when the Trojan parliament issues its decree for Criseyde's departure, sees the hand of destiny at work: 113

See note to 1.4 Horace, Ars Poetica 189-90.

114See

xlix

cTroilus

& Criseyde For ai that comth, comtk by necessitee;

Thus to be lorn, it is my destinee.

(4. 958-9)

And so he debates the question of man's freedom and God's foreknowledge, inclining his argument to the side of predestination. The fall of fortune is made to seem inevitable and ineluctable. And yet the story does not make on us a really tragic effect. It is rather a tragic story handled in the spirit of high comedy. Chaucer has not treated his theme with tragic intensity. Great tragedy leaves us with the sense of irreparable loss, of a hurt for which there is no healing. Hamlet dies with the unforgettably tragic words: "The rest is silence." The last we hear from Troilus is a peal of celestial laughter. The poem is, of course, not written merely as an apologue, to point the moral that earthly joy is but "fals felicitee." There is full understanding and appreciation of its human values. The modern reader who dissents from this moral may disregard it, if he will, and find the story but little injured for his taste by its concluding stanzas. Yet it is no mere tacked-on moral. It is implicit in the whole poem. Of its genuineness, of the poet's complete sincerity, no one who has read Chaucer's other writings with attention can doubt. Chaucer is not so much pointing a moral, as giving us at the end his own verdict as to the permanent values of those aspects of our human life which are for the moment of such passionate importance. For Chaucer, and for other of the finer spirits of the Middle Ages, this verdict implied no lugubrious doctrine of narrow Puritanism. Rather it made for a serene Catholic temper, which could thoroughly enjoy and understand the world, while still recognizing its "vanity," which could retain its serenity because it did not take either the joys or the sorrows of the world too seriously. The story conceived by Benoit de Ste. Maure, and developed by Giovanni Boccaccio, has been reshaped by the

The Text

c

creative genius of Chaucer, deepened and enriched in its human values by his keen observation, interpreted in the light of much reading and wise thought, and retold with exquisite grace and beauty. Much as it owes to "olde bokes," it remains —even for an editor who has laboriously scanned its every syllable, and pursued its every allusion— something perpetually fresh and new, one of the great original and authentic poems of the English-speaking race. VI. THE TEXT

Troilus and Criseyde is preserved in sixteen manuscript copies, of which two, H5 and Dig, are incomplete.115 Two of the early printed copies, those of Caxton and Thynne, present texts which are independent of the existing MSS., and therefore rank with the MSS. as authorities. The 1517 edition of Wynkyn de Worde is similarly an independent authority for the first 546 lines of Book I. All the other printed editions derive either from earlier prints* or from MSS. still extant, and have, therefore, no value as authorities. I have already given, in the publications of the Chaucer Society, detailed descriptions of the manuscripts.116 The account of them given in the following pages is, therefore, of a 115 There are also three brief fragments, none of which has any critical value. Three stanzas (3.302-22), incorporated into a short poem in rhyme royal, of which they constitute stanzas 4-6, are found in the Cambridge University Library, MS. Ff 1.6, fols. 150b, 151a. (Printed in the Chaucer Society volume of Odd Texisof Chaucer's Minor Poems, p. xii.) One stanza (1.631-7), with the title "Pandare to Troylus," is found in Trinity College, Cambridge, "MS. R. 3.20, fol. 361a, a MS. written by Shirley. (Printed in Odd Texts, p. x.) Two strips of vellum·, found in a book-binding, which contain longitudinal sections from 5.1443-98, are described in the Appendix to the Report of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, Vol. VI (1887), pp. 331-5. (This fragment I have not seen.) There are no variant readings in these passages which deter­ mine the affiliation of the fragments; but the last does not share a γ reading in 5.1449. 118 The Manuscripts of Chaucer's Troilus, with Collotype Facsimiles of the Various Handwritings, Chaucer Society, First Series, No. XCVIII, 1914; and The Textual Tradition of Chaucer's Troilus, Chaucer Society, First Series, No. XCIX, 1916, p. 1-33.

Ii

Troilus 53 For everi wight that hath an hous to founde Ne renneth naught the werk for to bygynne With rakel hond; but he wol bide a stounde, And sende his hertes line out fro withinne Aldirfirst his purpos for to wynne. Al this Pandare in his herte thoughte, And caste his werk ful wisly or he wroughte.

1065

1070

10*1. JH4H3GX Pandarus, R Now good Pandar. 1057- J H 3 T i l for T o ; Y ( - D S I ) to the deth me may, H4DS1 to the deth may me. 10J9. v ( - D S l ) than, T h he for tho. 1064. a H j H s R space. 1066. a H j D om. for. 1070. H4 A l this tho pandare, om. his.

C 53 3

troilus

Criseyde

154 But Troilus lay tho no lenger down, But up anon upon his stede bay, And in the feld he pleyde the leoun; W o was that Grek that with hym mette a day. And in the town his manere tho forth ay So goodly was, and gat hym so in grace, T h a t ech hym loved that loked on his face.

IOJJ'

1 5 5

For he bicome the frendlieste wight, The gentileste, and ek the moste fre, The thriftieste, and oon the beste knyght T h a t in his tyme was, or myghte be; Dede were his japes and his cruelte, H i s hye port, and his manere estraunge; And ech of tho gan for a vertu chaunge. 156 Now lat us stynte of Troilus a stounde, T h a t fareth lik a man that hurt is soore, And is som deel of akyng of his wownde Ylissed wel, but heeled no deel moore, And, as an esy pacyent, the loore Abit of hym that gooth aboute his cure; And thus he dryeth forth his aventure. E X P L I C I T

LIBER

1080

1085

1090

PRIMUS.

1074- C P C I H 1 S 1 H 3 tho /or the. 107J. C p C U W h o for W o ; C p J G r e k e ; H a P h H3CX met with hym, H 4 om. with ; a day, so C p H i S i J , rest that day. 1076. H 2 P h his name sprong for a y , A his name sprang in f a y , Cx hys manere he holdyth a y . 1077. H i P h so mych, A such for so in. 1078. a A S i H j R C x T h in for on. 1079. frendlieste, so C I H 4 , rest frendliest. 1080. gentHeste, so J C I H 4 R , rest g e n t i l e s t ; moste, so H 3 H 4 D T I 1 , rest moost or most. 1081. thriftieste, so C I , H i P h R trustiest, rest thriftiest; beste, so C l H 3 H 4 T h , rest best. 1082. myghte, so C l H i , rest myght. 1084. hye, so J R P h C x , C p C l heigh, H i hieghe, H 3 A D S i T h high, H2 hy, H 4 hih. Hy extre for hye. 1092. H 2 P h H j A S i C x T h driveth.

I 54 3

!BOOK

TWO

BOOK T W O INCIPIT P R O H E M I U M

O

SECUNDI

LIBRI.

1

W T of thise blake wawes for to saylle, O wynde, O wynde, the weder gynneth clere; For in this see the boot hath swych travaylle, Of my konnyng that unneth I it steere. This see clepe I the tempestous matere 5 Of desespoir that Troilus was inne; But now of hope the kalendes bygynne. 2 0 lady myn, that called art Cleo, Thow be my speed fro this forth, and my Muse, To ryme wel this book, til I have do; Me nedeth here noon othere art to use. Forwhi to every lovere I me excuse, That of no sentement I this endite, But out of Latyn in my tonge it write.

lo

3 Wherfore I nyl have neither thank ne blame Of al this werk, but prey yow mekely, Disblameth me, if any word be lame; For as myn auctour seyde, so sey 1. Ek though I speeke of love unfelyngly, No wonder is, for it no thyng of newe is; A blynd man kan nat juggen wel in hewis.

15

20

1.49. R omits proem. 1-84. Lacking in G g . 4. H j H + H / S i C x T h konnyng, y J H i P h commyng ( H i coniynge). 5• o D bis for the, H3 om. the. 11. a C l om. othere; a for to use. is. aM5 neiber have bonk. 20. a Ne wondr>t> not; Cp wondre, J wondir, 21. blynd, so Cla!Hj, rest blynde; J H 5 wight, H3 knyght for man; H4 deeme riht, H j wel demyn.

tS7l

Troilus

Criseyde

4

Ye knowe ek, that in forme of speche is chaunge Withinne a thousand yeer, and wordes tho That hadden pris, now wonder nyce and straunge Us thinketh hem, and yit thei spake hem so, And spedde as wel in love as men now do; Ek for to wynnen love in sondry ages, In sondry londes, sondry ben usages.

25

5

And forthi, if it happe in any wyse, That here be any lovere in this place That herkneth, as the story wol devise, H o w Troilus com to his lady grace, And thenketh, "so nolde I nat love purchace," Or wondreth on his speche, or his doynge, I noot, but it is me no wonderynge.

30

35

6 For every wight which that to Rome went, H a l t nat o path, nor alwey o manere; Ek in som lond were al the game shent, If that men ferde in love as men don here, As thus, in opyn doyng, or in chere, In visityng, in forme, or seyde hire sawes; Forthi men seyn, ech contree hath his lawes.

40

22. J H 3 H j S i S 2 D i g C x T h I knowe, A H e k n e w ; a bis for that. 25. C p C l thenketh. 29-42. In H2PI1 these stanzas follow line , 31. J H j C x can, H 3 gan for wol. 33. a bus for so. 34. a o f for on. 3S. a I note me semith it ( H 4 om. i t ) ; H 3 H J it is to me, C x unto me it i s : wonderynge, so C I D H 3 , rest wondrynge { C p w o n d r y n g ) . 36. C p H i J wente. 37. nor, so J H 3 , y S i or, a H ^ C x T h ne. 38. a A n d for E k ; C p H i J shente. 39. ySiCx they for first men . 40. a d e l y n g .

1:581

Book 'Two

7 Ek scarsly ben ther in this place thre, That have in love seid lik, and don in al; For to thi purpos this may liken the, And the right nought, yit al is seid, or shal; Ek som men grave in tree, som in ston wal, As it bitit; but syn I have bigonne, Myn auctour shal I folwen, if I konne.

45

EXPLICIT P R O H E M I U M SECUNDI LIBRI. 1NCIPIT LIBER SECUNDUS.

8 I N May, that moder is of monthes glade, That fresshe floures, blewe, white, and rede Ben quike agayn, that wynter dede made, And ful of bawme is fletyng every mede; Whan Phebus doth his bryghte bemes sprede Right in the white Bole, it so bitidde, As I shal synge, on Mayes day the thrydde,

50

55

9

That Pandarus, for al his wise speche, Felte ek his parte of loves shotes keene, That koude he nevere so wel of lovyng preche, It made his hewe a day ful ofte greene; So shope it, that hym fil that day a teene In love, for which in wo to bedde he wente, And made, or it was day, ful inany a wente.

60

44. C p J seide; a or for and. 46. a done for seid. 48. a as for syn. 51 C p C l H i A D J and white and rede. S4- C p H i J bryght. 55• o C l so it. 57. a T h i s for T h a t . 59. H i P h of love so wele, H 4 so weel in love, so wele of love, 63. H j P h H 3 T h were.

t: 59 3

troilus

Criseyde

10 The swalowe, Proigne, with a sorwful lay, Whan morwen com, gan make hire waymentynge, W h i she forshapen was, and evere lay Pandare a-bedde, half in a slomberynge, T i l she so neigh hym made hire cheterynge, H o w Tereux gan forth hire suster take, That with the noyse of hire he gan awake;

65

70

11

And gan to calle, and dresse hym up to ryse, Remembryng hym his erand was to doone From Troilus, and ek his grete emprise, And caste and knew in good plite was the moone T o doon viage, and took his wey ful soone Unto his neces paleys ther biside; Now Janus, god of entre, thow hym gyde!

75

12

Whan he was come unto his neces place, "Wher is my lady V" to hire folk quod he; And they hym tolde, and he forth in gan pace, And fond two othere ladys sete, and she, Withinne a paved parlour, and they thre Herden a mayden reden hem the geste O f the sege of Thebes, whil hem leste.

80

65. C p J c o m e ; a his for hire. 69. Y8I T i r e u x ( A C i r e u x , H i T r y t u x ) , H + R C x T e r e u s , H 3 Terous, H j T e r i u s , H l P h T h T h e reus. 71. a R H j A C x om. up, D f o r for up. 74- C p knewe, J knewgh. 78 a to for unto. 79. C l H i P h seyde he. 80. CI he y n forth, R forth in he, H * forth he in, T h in forthe he. 81. C p J fonde. 83. a H j al be geest.

I 60 3

Book tfwo 13 Quod Pandarus, "madame, god yow see, With al youre book, and al the compaignie." "Ey, uncle, now welcome iwys," quod she; AntJ up she roos, and by the hond in hye She took hym faste, and seyde, "this nyght thrie, To goode mot it turne, of you I mette"; And with that word she doun on bench hym sette. "Ye, nece, ye shal faren wel the bet, If god wol, al this yer," quod Pandarus; "But I am sory that I have yow let To herken of youre book ye preysen thus. For goddes love, what seith it? tel it us; Is it of love? O, som good ye me leere!" "Uncle," quod she, "youre maistresse is nat here." 15 With that thei gonnen laughe, and tho she seyde : This romaunce is of Thebes that we rede; Ami we han herd how that king Layus deyde, Th&rugh Edippus his sone, and al that dede; ArnJ here we stynten at thise lettres rede, How the bisshop, as the book kan telle, Amphiorax, fil thorugh the ground to helle."

85

90

95

100

105

ttGgHjR M a dame quod Pandare. 86. S i C x T h om. first a l ; y S l W i t h al youre fayre b o o k ; Cp and al the faire compaignie. 87. y S i T h myn for now, H 4 H 5 om. i ) o w ; ( j g unkele quo sche god jow save & se. 94. Cp lette, J lete. 95- R' to reden o n . 97. a C l om. O. 100. H4 T h i s book is al of thebes. 101. C p J herde. 103. CpJ [his, l o j . H4 pit for g r o u n d ; a A of for to.

[ 61 n

Troilus

Criseyde

16 Quod Pandarus: "al this knowe I my selve, And al thassege of Thebes, and the care; For herof ben ther maked bookes twelve; But lat be this, and tel me how ye fare; D o wey youre wympel, and shewe youre face bare; 110 D o wey youre book, rys up and lat us daunce, And lat us don to M a y som observaunce." 17 "I, god forbede!", quod she, "be ye mad? Is that a widewes lif, so god yow save? By god, ye maken me ryght sore adrad, Y e ben so wylde; it semeth as ye rave. It satte me wel bet ay in a cave T o bidde, and rede on holy seyntes lyves; Lat maydens gon to daunce, and yonge wyves." 18 "As evere thryve I , " quod this Pandarus, " Y i t koude I telle a thyng to doon yow pleye." "Now uncle deere," quod she, "telle it us, For goddes love; is than thassege aweye? I am of Grekes fered so that I deye." "Nay, nay," quod he, "as evere mote I thryve, It is a thing wel bet than swyche f y v e . " 110. YSIO youre barbe. 113. C I A , H j C x E y , T h E i g h t for me b y J o v i s . 124. Y S I C X SO f e r e d , a om. so.

C62

1

I.

115. o Y e

115

120

125 make

Book Two 19 "Ye, holy god!" quod she, "what thyng is that? What! bet than swiche fyve ? I, nay, ywys. For al this world, ne kan I reden what It sholde ben; som jape I trowe is this; And but youre selven telle us what it is, My wit is for tarede it al to leene; As, helpe me god, I not what ye meene."

130

20 "And I youre borugh, ne nevere shal," quod he, This thyng be tolde to yow, so mote I thryve." "And whi so, uncle myn, whi so*?" quod she. "By God," quod he, "that wol I telle as blyve; For prouder womman is ther noon on lyve, And ye it wiste, in al the town of Troye; I jape nought, so eve re have I joye!"

135

,140

21 Tho gan she wondren moore than biforn A thousand fold, and down hire eyen caste; For nevere, sith the tyme that she was born, To knowe thyng desired she so faste; And with a sik, she seyde hym at the laste: "Now, uncle myn, I nyl yow nat displese, Nor axen moore that may do yow disese."

145

128. H 4 R H 3 C X om. I . 133. C p C l H i H 3 I not nat what. S i I wote nat quhat, A I not what it may mene, D I not what bat, G g R as I not what. 134. v ( - S 2 D i g ) a G g H j for me for quod he. 13J. v S l T h as for so. 139. C p H i J w i s t ; a G g H j wist it ( H 4 om. it). 140. 7 S 1 H 4 as for so.

I

»63

3

'rroil us & Criseyde 22

So after this, with many wordes glade, And frendly tales, and with merie cheere, Of this and that they pleide, and gonnen wade In many an unkouth, gladde, and depe matere, As frendes doon whan thei ben met yfere ; Tyl she gan axen hym how Ector ferde, That was the townes wal, and Grekes yerde.

150

23

"Ful wel, I thonke it god," quod Pandarus, "Save in his arme he hath a litel wownde, And ek his fresshe brotber, Troilus, The wise, worthi Ector the secounde, In whom that aUe vertu list habounde, As aBe trouthe, and aIle gentiles::,e, Wisdom, honour, fredom, and worthinesse."

155

160

24

"In good feith, em/' quod she, "that liketh me Thei faren wei, god save hem bothe two! For treweliche I holde it grete deynte, A kynges sone in armes wel to do, And ben of good condiciouns therto; For grete power and moral vertu here Is selde yseyn in 0 persone yfere.

165

lSI. aGgHsCx om. an. 154. H3Cx wal of Tro;e for townes wal. ISS. H2H4GgCl y thonk god, PhH5 y thonkyd god; CpJ thonk. 159. aGgHsHlCxTh every, S2Dig evere for aile, JCIHI al; JCIH2Ph abounde. 160. CpJ trouth. 165. Cp soone, J son.

Book 'two

25

"In good feith, that is soth," quod Pandarus; "But by my trouthe, the kyng hath sones tweye,- 170 That is to meene Ector and Troilus,That certeynly, though that 1 sholde deye, Thei ben as v()ide of vices, dar I seye, As any men that lyve under the sonne; Hire myght is wyde iknowe, and what they konne. 175

26 erOf Ector nedeth no thing for to telle; In a1 this world ther nys a bettre knyght Than he, that is of worthynesse welle; And he wel moore vertu hath than myght; This knoweth many a wys and worthi wight. The same pris of Troilus I seye, God he1pe me so! I knowe nat swiche tweye."

180

27 Ce prys.

Troilus

Criseyde

28 " Y e seye right sooth, y w y s , " quod Pandarus; "For yesterday whoso hadde with hym ben M y g h t e han wondred upon Troilus; For nevere yit so thikke a swarm of ben N e fleigh, as Grekes f r o hym gonne flen; And thorugh the feld, in everi wightes ere, Ther nas no cry but 'Troilus is there!' 29 " N o w her, now ther, he hunted hem so faste, Ther nas but Grekes blood; and Troilus, N o w hym he hurte, and hym al down he caste; A y wher he wente, it was arayed thus: H e was hire deth, and sheld and lif for us; That, as that day, ther dorste non withstonde, W h i l that he held his blody swerd in honde.

190

195

200

3 0

"Therto he is the frendlieste man O f gret estat that evere I saugh my l y v e ; 205 And wher hym list, best felawshipe kan T o swich as hym thynketh able for to thryve." And with that word tho Pandarus as blyve, H e took his leve, and seyde, " I wol gon henne." " N a y , blame have I, myn uncle," quod she thenne. 210 190. H 2 P h G g - H j wele for sooth. 192. y ( - S 2 D i g ) H e myghte. 194. C p J D S l for hym. 199. C P C I H 1 H 3 H ; hem . . . hem ; H 2 P h H $ a doun, G g doun for a l down. 204. frendlieste, so H i G g H 4 , H3S1 frendelyest, rest frendliest. 209. A D S i His leve tok, H 3 C 1 T o k e of hem l e v e ; G g H j H j C x D he wolde gon. 209-217 defective and 218-247 lacking in R; leaf torn.

C 66 ]

Book 0U3te; H 2 ? h G g H 5 it were routhe ( G g a reuthe). 667. H 2 P h G g H 5 his for it. 669. firste, so C ! H i G g H ^ H 4 , rest first; syghte, so H4(sihte), rest syght, 670. a bat for s o ; a G g H j S l R nevere mote he ( H j evill for nevere); ythe, so C p H i J , rest the.

E 8 8 -}

.Book Two

97 For I sey nat that she so sodeynly Yaf hym hire love, but that she gan enclyne To like hym first, and I have told yow whi; And after that, his manhod and his pyne Made love withinne hire for to myne; For which, by proces and by good servyse, He gat hire love, and in no sodevn wyse.

675

98

And also blisful Venus, wel arrayed, Sat in hire seven the hous of hevene tho, Disposed wel, and with aspectes payed, To helpen sely Troilus of his woo; And, soth to seyn, she nas not al a foo To Troilus in his nativitee; God woot that wel the sonner spedde he.

680

685

99 Now lat us stynte of Troilus a throwe, That rideth forth, and lat us tome faste Unto Criseyde, that heng hire hed ful lowe, Ther as she sat allone, and gan to caste Where on she wolde apoynte hire at the laste, If it so were hire em ne wolde cesse, For Troilus upon hire for to presse.

690

675. a T h bo for first. 676. C p manhode, J manhed. 677. H i P h H j C x S i D i g wibin her hert f o r ; R M a d e love in her inwardly f o r ; T h M a d e that love within her gan to myne. 679. a G g H i T h He wan. 686. G g sonere, S i soner, R sunder.

C 89

3

Troilus

Criseyde 1 0 0

And, lord! so she gan in hire thought argue In this matere of which I have yow tolde, And what to don best were, and what eschuwe, That plited she ful ofte in many folde. Now was hire herte warm, now was it colde; And what she thoughte, somwhat shal I write, As to myn auctour listeth for tendite.

695

700

101 She thoughte wel, that Troilus persone She knew by syghte, and ek his gentilesse, And thus she seyde: "al were it nat to doone, T o graunte hym love, yit, for his worthynesse, It were honour with pleye, and with gladnesse, In honestee with swich a lord to deele, For myn estat and also for his heele.

705

102 " E k wel woot I, my kynges sone is he; And sith he hath to se me swich delit, If I wolde outreliche his sighte flee, Paraunter he myghte have me in despit, Thorugh which I myghte stonde in worse plit; Now were I wis, me hate to purchace, Withouten nede, ther I may stonde in grace*?

710

694. J H 4 A for A n d ; J R H 3 H 2 P I 1 herte for thought, C p thoughte, 696. G g H j C j c to eschewe, H i P h teschewe. 697. G g H $ R H 3 C x manye A f o l d . 701. thoughte, JO G g H $ H4, rest t h o u g h t ; J R H 4 H 2 F I 1 firit, G g H 5 ek bis for wel. 703- H l P h G g H j A n d seyd b u s ; J R H 4 And also thought i t were ( J nete). 709. C p H i J d t l i i e . 710. sighte, so C p H l , rest sight. 712, myghte, so C p J G g , rest myght. 714. H2PI1H4 wher.

[ 90

^

Book

'two

103 " I n every thyng, I woot, ther lith mesure; For though a man forbede dronkenesse, H e naught forbet that every creature Be drynkeles for alwey, as I gesse. Ek sith I woot for me is his destresse, I ne aughte nat for that thing hym despise, Sith it is so, he meneth in good wyse.

715

720

104 "And ek I knowe, of longe tyme agon, H i s thewes goode, and that he is nat nyce. Navauntour, seith men, certein he is noon; T o wis is he to doon so gret a vice; Ne als I nyl hym nevere so cherice, T h a t he may make avaunt, by juste cause, H e shal me nevere bynde in swich a clause.

725

105 " N o w sette a cas: the hardest is, ywys, Men myghten demen that he loveth me; W h a t dishonour were it unto me, this? M a y ich hym lette of that? why nay, parde! I knowe also, and alday heere and se, Men loven wommen al biside hire leve, And whan hem list no more, lat hem leve.

730

735

720. J R H 4 H 3 H 2 D om. ne. 721. J R H 4 Y i f it be so. 724. C p C l H l is he. 726. J G g H j R N e also, H i P h N e as, C x A n d eke. 729. H 2 P h N o w set y a cas, H 4 N o w I sette cas, T h N o w sette I case. 731. J R H 4 to m y n estat is this. 714. 7iS- H l P h G g H j A T h ( A late hand over erasure):—

(Gg

M e n l o v y n w y m m e n a l Jiis toun about B e they J)e wors whi n a y wij) outyn dout hour a l ; B 2 P h em. w h i ) . 735. C p H i namore, J no l e n g e r e ; y S i

C9I 3

b y 1 eve.

troilus

Criseyde

106 " I thenk ek how he able is for to have O f al this noble towne the thriftieste, T o ben his love, so she hire honour save; For out and out he is the worthieste, Save only Ector, which that is the beste; And yit his lif al lith now in my cure. But swich is love, and ek myn aventure. 107 me to love, a wonder is it nought; For wel wot I my self, so god me spede, A l wolde I that no man wiste of this thought, I am oon the faireste, out of drede, And goodlieste, whoso taketh hede, And so men seyn, in al the town of Troie. What wonder is, though he of me have joye?

740

tc Ne

108 " I am myn owene womman, wel at ese, I thank it god, as after myn estat, Right yong, and stonde unteyd in lusty leese, Withouten jalousie or swich debat; Shal noon housbonde seyn to me 'chek mat.' For either they ben ful of jalousie, Or maisterful, or loven novelrye.

745

750

755

736. E b P h G g A able he is, H $ he is a b y l l ; T h worthy for a b l e ; C l A D H b P h C x T h om. f o r . 736-738. J R H 4 : — E k wot I wel he worthy is to have O f wommen in this world the thriftyeste A s ferforth as she m a y hir honour save ( H 4 Y i t for E k ) . 737. y ( - S 2 D i g ) O f al this ilk noble. 738. H z P h G g H j T h T h a t woman is so she. 741. al lith now, so C p C l H i , G g H j S i H 3 C x now lyth al, J T h lith al now, P h D lith now a l , H 2 lith now in al, R om. al, H 4 A om. a l , om. now. 743749. H i omits stanza. 745. v noon for no m a n ; J R my for this, 746. J R H 4 G g D S l oon of the fayreste. 747. C p A D G g who that, T h S l who so that. 749. C l H a P h H 4 of. 491. v S i therto for to y o w . 493. H 2 P h H j to me, G g here for unto me. 498. C p . is it, G g ist. 753. C p J debate. 754. H 4 N c s h a l ; C p housbond, J housband; C p J mate.

I

92

3

Book Two 109 "What shal I doon? to what fyn lyve I thus? Shal I nat love, in cas if that me leste? What, pardieux! I am nat religious. And though that I myn herte sette at reste Upon this knyght, that is the worthieste, And kepe alwey myn honour and my name, By alle right it may do me no shame."

760

1 1 0

But right as whan the sonne shyneth brighte, In March, that chaungeth ofte tyme his face, And that a cloude is put with wynd to flighte, Which oversprat the sonne as for a space, A cloudy thought gan thorugh hire soule pace, That overspradde hire brighte thoughtes alle, So that for feere almost she gan to falle.

765

770

111 That thought was this: "alias! syn I am free, Sholde I now love, and putte in jupartie M y sikernesse, and thrallen libertee? Alias! how dorste I thenken that folie? May I nat wel in other folk aspie 775 Hire dredful joye, hire constreynte, and hire pevne? Ther loveth noon, that she nath wey to pleyne. 758. lcste, .so C p T h , . H 4 S 1 C * lest, rest liste (list). 761. J R H 4 Unwist to hym bat is ( J of for to). 768. H 3 H 2 ? h H 4 R S 2 C x herte. D i g thought for soule. 773, C p J put. 774. Cp dorst, J durst. 77J. J R by for in. 777. G g A why, J wex for wey; H2 wibout bobe care & peyn, H 4 that she noht owith to pleyne, H j bat he have cause to pleyne. '

I 93 1

cZroilus

& Criseyde 112

"For love is yit the moste stormy lyf, Right of hym self, that evere was bigonne; For evere som mystrust, or nice strif, Ther is in love; som cloude is over that sonne. Therto we wrecched wommen nothing konne, Whan us is wo, but wepe and sitte and thinke; Oure wreche is this, oure owen wo to drynke. 113 "Also thise wikked tonges ben so preste To speke us harm; ek men ben so untrewe, That right anon, as cessed is hire leste, So cesseth love, and forth to love a newe; But harm ydoonis doon, whoso it rewe; For though thise men for love, hem first to-rende, Ful sharp bygynnynge breketh ofte at ende. 114 "How ofte tyme hath it yknowen be, The tresoun that to wommen hath ben do! To what fyn is swich love, I kan nat see, Or wher bycometh it, whan it is ago. Ther is no wight that woot, I trowe so, Wher it bycometh; lo, no wight on it sporneth; That erst was no thing, into nought it torneth.

780

785

790

795

781. GgHiADRCxTh be for that. 792. JRHiHiPhGgHjTh How ofte tyme may men rede and sen. 795. Cp bycommeth, JClSi becomth; CpHiSiGgR whan that; ago, so CpHl JAH$, H2Cx gone, rest go. 797. Cp bycommeth, J becomth. 798. HiPhGgHj no Jiing for nought.

I 94 3

Book Two n5 "How bisy, if I love, ek moste I be To plesen hem that jangle of love, and dremen, And coye hem, that they seye noon harm of me. For though ther be no cause, yit hem semen Al be for harm that folk hire frendes quemen; And who may stoppen every wikked tonge, Or sown of belles whil that thei ben ronge?"

800

805

116 And after that, hire thought bygan to clere, And seide: "he which that nothing undertaketh, No thyng acheveth, be hyrn looth or deere." And with an other thought hire herte quaketh; Than slepeth hope, and after drede awaketh; Now hoot, now cold; but thus bitwixen tweye, She rist hire up, and wente hire for to pleye. 117 Adown the steyre anon right tho she wente Into the gardyn, with hire neces thre, And up and down they made many a wente, Flexippe, and she, Tarbe, and Antigone, To pleyen, that it joye was to see; And other of hire wommen, a grete route, Hire folwede in the gardyn al abowte.

810

815

800. H l P h H 4 G g A S l demtn. 801. C p C l H i D om. that. 806. H 3 H 4 H 5 A D C 1 gan to clere, C p H i S i R T h gan for to clere. 808. Y S l nacheveth. 812. C p wente here, J G g H j H U om, second hire. 813. J R H 4 And doun. 814. J R hir, H2PI1 a for the. 81J. y ther, H 3 the for they, A D ther made thel. 816. v S i om. first a n d ; C p C l H l S 2 T h a r b e , HfePh T a r k e . 819. C p foloweden, J folwed.

I 95 1

Troilus

Criseyde

118 This yerd was large, and rayled alle thaleyes, And shadwed wel with blosmy bowes grene, And benched newe, and sonded alle the weyes, In which she walketh arm in arm bitwene; T i l at the laste Antigone the shene Gan on a Troian songe to singen cleere, That it an hevene was hire vois to here. 119 She seyde: " O love, to whom I have and shal Ben humble subgit, trewe in myn entente, As I best kan, to yow, lord, yeve ich al, For evere mo, myn hertes lust to rente. For nevere yit thi grace no wight sente So blisful cause as me, my lif to lede In alle joie and seurte, out of drede.

820

825

CANTUS ANTICONE

120 "Ye, blisful god, han me so wel byset In love, iwys, that al that bereth lif Ymagvnen ne koude how to be bet ; For, lord, withouten jalousie or strif, I love oon which that is most ententif T o serven wel, unweri or unfeyned, That evere was, and leest with harm destevned.

830

835

840

822. J G g H 3 H 2 H 4 C x Ibenched (om. A n d ) . 823. H 3 H 4 G g H $ A walked, R walke. 82J. J R H 4 H 2 P h G g H 5 lay for songe ( H 4 say). 837. H 2 P h G g H 5 om. O. 834. J C l H l G g H j C x T h T h e for Y e ; H j goddis; J A C x T h hath. 838. J C l H 2 F h H j D om. t h a t ; C p H i A E U T h moost is. 840. C l H i A H 2 P h H 3 distreyned, H 4 disseynid.

[ 96

^

Book

TW

121 "As he that is the welle of worthynesse, Of trouthe ground, mirour of goodlyhede, Of wit Appollo, stoon of sikernesse, Of vertu roote, of lust fynder and hede, Thorugh which is alle sorwe fro me dede, Iwis, I love hym best, so doth he me; Now good thrifte have he, wherso that he be! 122 "Whom sholde I thanken but yow, god of love, Of al this blisse in whijch to bathe I gynne? And thanked be ye, lord, for that I love! This is the righte lif that 1 arp inne, To flemen all°6 1

Book tfwo 151 To that Pandare answerde: "if the lest, Do that I seye, and lat me therwith gon; For by that lord that formede est and west, I hope of it to brynge answere anon Right of hire hond, and if that thow nylt noon, Lat be, and sory mote he ben his lyve, Ayeins thi lust that helpeth the to thryve."

1055

152

Quod Troilus: "depardieux, ich assente; Sith that the list, I wol arise and write; And blisful god prey ich with good entente, 1060 The viage, and the lettre I shal endite, So spede it; and thow, Minerva the white, Yif thow me wit my lettre to devyse" ; And sette hym down, and wrote right in this wyse: 153 First he gan hire his righte lady calle, His hertes lif, his lust, his sorwes leche, His blisse, and ek thise other termes alle, That in swich cas thise loveres alle seChe; And in ful humble wise,,as in his speche, He gan hym recomaunde unto hire grace; T o telle al how, it axeth muchel space. lOSSom. Right. 1 0 r i g h t e , R C x T h ye, J the for thise.

so G g

( r y j t e ) , rest

t 107 -1

right.

1065

1070

1068.

GgH/H*

troilus

Criseyde

154 And after this, ful lowly he hire preyde To be nat wroth, thogh he of his folye So hardy was to hire to write, and seyde, That love it made, or elles moste he dye, And pitously gan mercy for to crye; And after that he seyde, and leigh f u l loude, H y m self was litel worth, and lesse he koude;

1075

155 And that she sholde han his konnyng excused, That litel was, and ek he dredde hire so, 1080 And his unworthynesse he ay acused; And after that than gan he telle his wo; But that was endeles, withouten ho; And seyde, he wolde in trouth alwey hym holde; And radde it over, and gan the lettre folde. 1085 156 And with his salte teris gan he bathe The ruby in his signet, and it sette Upon tbe wex deliverliche and rathe; Therwith a thousand tymes, or he lette, H e kiste tho the lettre that he shette, And seyde: "lettre, ablisful destine The shapen is, my lady shal the see.'

logo

1077. G g H j R aftyrward for after that, J f a P h C x em. that. 1079. S i C x And preyde hir have, H s Besechyng hir have. 1081. C p A S l H 3 T h ay he. 1083-1085. JRH4H2PhGgHj: B u t t a t was infenit for ay and 0, And how he wolde in trowth alwey hym holde. And his adieux made, and gan it f o l d e . (1083. H i And for B u t , rest of line omitted but supplied later by hand 3; P h omits line, Y reading supplied later by original scribe; J R endles for infenit. 1084. H 4 But h o w ; H2Ph him a l w e y : H j And he wolde ay in trowthe hym holde. 108J. J has Y reading for the line; H4 And thus an eend m a d e ; R he m a d e ; P h to for it.) 1091. J R iwis for l e t t r e ; G g And seyde a b l y s f u l desteny parde.

c 108:

Book Two 157 This Pandare tok thelettre, and that by tyme A morwe, and to his neces paleis sterte; And faste he swor, that it was passed prime, And gan to jape, and seyde: "ywys, myn herte, So fresshe it is, although it sore smerte, I may nat slepe nevere a Mayes morwe; I have a joly wo, a lusty sorwe."

i°95

158

Criseyde, whan that she hire uncle herde, 1100 With dredful herte, and desirous to here The cause of his comynge, thus answerde : "Now by youre fey, myn uncle," quod she, "dere, What maner wyndes gydeth yow now here ? Tel us youre joly wo and youre penaunce; 1105 How ferforth be ye'put in loves daunce?" 159 "By god," quod he, "I hoppe alwey byhynde." And she to-laugh, it thou'ght hire herte brest. Quod Pandarus: "lok alwey that ye fynde Game in myn hood, but herkneth, if yow lest; Ther is right now come into town a gest, A Greek espie, and telleth'newe thinges, For which I come to telle yow tydynges.

1110

1093. C p H l J t o k e ; C x right for and t h a t ; J J U K U H a P l i G g H j T h i s P a n d a r e up therwith and )>at b y t y m e . 1094. J R E U H a P h G g H f C x On morwe. S09S. C p H l J s w o r e ; J R H 4 H 2 P h G g r H 5 A n d seide slepe y e and it is pryme ( J slepe y e y i t and). 1096. J R H ^ H z P h G g H j seide thus. 1097. J"RH4'H2PhGgHj So fressh is it though love do it smerte ( J it i s ; H i om. i t ; H i P h om. d o ; H4 do me sterte). 1099. CpAH2PhH4Cx and a l u s t y . 1103. CIAS1H2H5H4CXTI1 f e y t h . 1104. H2PI1H4RCX w y n d . 1107. S i madame for quod h e ; C p hope, J hopp. 1108. D C x hir bought, G g H 4 & i>a"3te, H 2 P h H . f R S i as fcogh. 1109. y H 2 P h om. that. 1113. J H 4 F o r whi, R F o r t h y , C x W h e r f o r ; J R H 4 H 2 P h G g H j come I ; y ( - A ) K T h t e l l e y o w newe t y d y n g e s ( R om. yow).

n 109 3

Troilus

Criseyde 1 6 0

"Into the gardyn go we, and ye shal here, A l pryvely, of this a longe sermoun." With that they wenten arm in arm yfeere Into the gardyn, from the chaumbre down; And whan that he so fer was that the sown O f that he spak no man heren myghte, H e seyde hire thus, and out the lettre plighte: 161 "Lo, he that is al holly youres free H y m recomaundeth lowly to youre grace, And sente yow this lettre here by me; Avyseth yow on it, whan ye han space, And of som goodly answere yow purchace, Or, helpe me god, so pleynly for to seyne, H e may nat longe lyven for his peyne." 162 Fnl dredfully tho gan she stonden stylle, And took it naught, but al hire humble chere Gan for to chaunge, and seyde: "scrit ne bille, For love of god, that toucheth swich matere, Ne brynge me noon; and also, uncle deere, T o myn estat have more rewarde, I preye, Than to his lust; what sholde I more seye?

1115

1120

1125

1130

1119. H i D D i g H 3 T h spake, C I b e y spoke ; J S i O f J>at he s p a k t h e r ; H l P h G g H j I f y O f his wordis n o m a n ; R no m a n hit heer. 1120. H 2 P h G g H ; H 4 om, hire. 1122. C p lowely, J loughly, 1123. s e n t e , 10 C p J R H + T h , H z P h sent to, rest sent. 1125. H 2 P h G g H s om. o f .

[

no:

Book tfivo 163 "And loketh now if this be resonable, And letteth nought, for favour ne for slouthe, To seyn a sooth; now were it covenable To myn estat, by god, and by youre trouthe. To taken it, or to han of hym routhe, In harmyng of my self, or in repreve ? Ber it ayein, for hym that ye on leve!" 164 This Pandarus gan on hire for to stare, And seyde: "now is this the moste wonder That evere I say! lat be this nyce fare. T o dethe mot I smyten be with thonder, If, for the cite which that stondeth yonder, Wolde I a lettre to yow brynge or take To harm of yow; what list yow thus to make? 165 "But thus ye faren, wel neigh alle and some, That he that most desireth yow to serve, Of hym ye recche leest wher he bycome, Or whether that'he lyve or elles sterve. But for al that that evere I may deserve, Refuse it nat," quod he, and hente hire faste, And in hire bosom down the lettre he thraste,

1135

1140

1145

1150

1155

1141. H 4 bi god that, R for his love for for hym that. 1142. H 2 P h G g H * H 4 om. T h i s ; G g H j H 4 u p o n ; H 2 P h Pandare ban bygan for to stare (Ph gan ban). 1143. y H 3 T h grettest; G g H 4 moste, rest most. 1145. C I H 4 R be smet ( R smeten with a). 1147. y H 3 T h vnto;JR To yow a lettre wolde I . 1148- C p H l A S l H 3 G g thus it make. HJ2. C p C l H i H 3 J T h A n d , A D S i N e for Or. 1154. J H 3 S 1 Refuseth, H2PI1 Refuse je. 11S5- v H 3 G g H j T h the lettre d o w n ; H2PI1H4RCX om. he.

['11.1

c

.troilus

Criseyde

166 And seyde hire: "cast it now awey anon, T h a t folk may seen and gauren on us tweye." Quod she: " I kan abydie til they be gon," And gan to smyle, and seyde h y m : "em, I preye, Swich answere as yow list youre self purveye; For, trewely, I nyl no lettre write." " N o ? than wol I , " quod he, "so ye endite." 167 Therwith she lough, and seyde: "go we dyne." And he gan at hym self to jape faste, And seyde: "nece, I have so grete a pyne For love, that everich other day I faste," And gan his beste japes forth to caste, And made hire so to laughe at his folye, T h a t she for laughter wende for to dye. 168 And whan that she was comen into halle, " N o w , em," quod she, " w e wol go dyne anon," And gan som of hire wommen to hire calle ; And streight into hire chaumbre gan she gon. But of hire besynesse this was on: Amonges othere thynges, out of drede, Ful pryvely this lettre for to rede.

1160

1165

1170

1175

1156. H 2 P h G g H $ H 4 om. h i r e ; • y H j T h now cast i t ; J om. n o w . n$9. CIGgHj H 3 R C 1 om. h y m ; R I y o w preye. 1164. J G g H j R P a n d a r e for h e ; R a t h y m s e l f g a n j a p e . 1172. J G g f o r to, H ^ H j in to, C x to for to hire, H l P h om. to h i r e ; R A n d »om o f hir women g a n she c a l l e . 1174. C p S l T h besynesses.

C1191

Book Two 169 Avysed word by word in every lyne, And fond no lakke, she thoughte he koude good; And up it putte, and wente hire in to dyne. But Pandarus, that in a studye stood, 1180 Or he was war, she took hym by the hood, And seyde :"ye were caught or that ye wiste." "I vouche sauf," quod he, "do what yow liste." 170 Tho wesshen they, and sette hem down and ete; And after noon ful sleighly Pandarus 1185 Gan drawe hym to the wyndowe next the strete, And seyde: "nece, who hath arayed thus The yonder hous, that stant aforyeyn us?" "Which hous?" quod she, and gan for to byholde, And knew it wel, and whos it was hym tolde. 1190 171 And fillen forth in speche of thynges smale, And seten in the windowe bothe tweye, Whan Pandarus saugh tyme unto his tale, And saugh wel that hire folk were al aweye, "Now, nece myn, tel on," quod he, " I seye, How liketh yow the lettre that ye woot? Kan he theron? for, by my trouthe, I noot."

1195

1179. H a P h H 4 A n d p u t hit up. 1182. H 2 P h G g H j H 4 C l H 3 om-. that. 1184. H2PI1ACX to ete, H 3 H 5 to mete. 1189. H 2 P h H 4 C x come for gan. 1190. CpHiJ knewe. 1193. J C l G g H f to for unto. J19J. H 2 P h H 3 quod he tel on. 1196. H2PI1 ]jat he wrote.

C

3.13

]

troilus

Criseyde

172 Therwith al rosy hewed tho wex she, And gan to homme, and seyde: "so I trowe." "Aquite hym wel, for goddes love," quod he; M y self to medes wol the lettre sowe." And held his hondes up, and fel on knowe; " N o w , goode nece, be it nevere so lite, Y i f me the labour it to sowe and plite." 173 " Y e , for I kan so writen," quod she tho, "And ek I noot what I sholde to hym seye." " N a y , nece," quod Pandare, "sey nat so; Y i t at the leeste thonketh hym, I preye, O f his good wil, and doth hym nat to deye. Now for the love of me, my nece deere, Refuseth nat at this tyme my preyere." 174 "Depardieux," quod she, "god leve al be wel! God help me so, this is the firste lettre T h a t evere I wroot, ye, al or any del." And into a closet, for to avise hire bettre, She wente allone, and gan hire herte unfettre Out of the desdaynes prison but a lite, And sette hire down, and gan a lettre write.

1200

1205

1210

1215

1201. H 2 P h 6 g H j H 4 be media. 1202. y S l H 3 T h sat on knowe, H j St knelid lowe. 1203. C p J good. 1205. H 5 F u l l f e b l y can I write. 1206. H 2 P h G g H j J R H 4 om. to ( R P h w h a t that). 1207. S i N a y nece myn. 1210. J G g H j god for me. 1211. J G g H 2 P h H 4 tid for tyme. 1213.- firste, so C l H l G g H 4 , rest first. 1217. H1PI1H4CX disdeynous, H 3 disdeydens, R the deinous.

[ 114 3

Book Tivo 175 Of which to telle in short is myn entente Theffect, as fer as I kan understpnde. She thanked hym of al that he wel mente Towardes hire, but holden hym in honde She nolde nought, ne make hire selven bonde In love, but as his suster, hym to plese, She wolde ay fayri, to doon his herte an ese.

1220

1225

176 She shette it, and to Pandare in gan goon, Ther as he sat and loked into the strete, And down she sette hire by hym on a stoon O f jaspre, upon a quysshyn gold ybete, And seyde: "as wisly help me god the grete, I nevere dide a thing with more peyne Than writen this, to which ye me constreyne";

1230

177 And took it hym. H e thonked hire, and seyde: "God woot, of thyng ful ofte Iooth bygonne Comth ende good; and nece myn, Criseyde, That ye to hym of hard now ben ywonne Oughte he be glad, by god and yonder sonne. For whi, men seith, 'impressiouns lighte Ful lightly ben ay redy to the flighte.'

1235

122J. 7 H 3 om. ay. 1226. C p H i A D S i H 3 H j and into Pandare gan g o o n ; C l A H 3 G g P a n d a r u s ; C I C x om. i n ; H 2 P h T h to f o r gan. 1227. R to for i n t o ; C p J T h om. the, CI a for the. 1229. H 2 H 4 A wib gold ybete, P h R C i T h of gold ybete.

n

1

Troilus

Criseyde

178 "But ye han pleyed the tirant neigh to longe, And hard was it youre herte for to grave; Now stynt, that ye no lenger on it honge, A l wolde ye the forme of daunger save; But hastethyow to doon hym joye have; For trusteth wel, to longe ydoon hardnesse Causeth despit ful often, for destresse." 179 And right as they declamed this matere, Lo, Troilus, right at the stretes ende, Com rydyng with his tenthe somme yfere, A l softely, and thiderward gan bende Ther as they sete, as was his wey to wende T o paleis-ward; and Pandarus hym aspide, And seyde: "nece, isee who comth here ride.

1240

1245

1250

180 " O fie nat in,—he seith us, I suppose,— Lest he may thynken that ye hym eschuwe." "Nay, nay," quod she, and wex as rede as rose. W i t h that he gan hire hum'blely saluwe, With dredful chere, and o f t his hewes muwe; And up his look debonairly he caste, And bekked on Pandare, and forth he paste.

1255

1260

1240. C p p l a y e d . J p l e i d ; Y(-A)SI am. the. 1247. H 2 P h H i H 4 A H 3 C x T h declarid, R desputed. 1249. G g H 4 A tensum, H 2 P h x • somme, D t w e l v e some, R companie, H j f o l k , C x people for tenthe somme. 12J2. y H j G g P a n d a r u s . 12J3. J R A D se, H j seth, G g S i C x lo for isee. 1257- v ( - A D ) H 3 H 2 P h h u m b l y to. 1258. J R e f t , G g H j e f t gan for o f t ; R colour for h e w e s ; H 2 P h G g H j H 3 A D newe, H4 m e r y n for m u w e ; C x his hew was new.

[ 116 ^

Book

fivo

181 God woot if he sat on his hors aright, Or goodly was biseyn, that ilke day! God woot wher he was lik a manly knyght! What sholde I drecche, or telle of his aray*? Criseyde, which that alle thise thynges say, T o telle in short, hire liked al in fere, His persone, his aray, his look, his chere,

1265

182 His goodly manere, and his gentilesse, So wel that nevere sith that she was born Ne hadde she swych routhe of his destresse; And how so she hath hard ben here byforn, T o god hope I, she hath now kaught a thorn; She shal nat pulle it out this nexte wyke. God sende mo swich thornes on to pike!

1270

183 Pandare, which that stood hire faste by, 1275 Felte iren hoot, and he bygan to smyte, And seyde: "nece, I pray yow hertely, Tel me that I shal axen yow a lite: A womman that were of his deth to wite, Withouten his gilt, but for hire lakke of routhe, 1280 Were it wel doon?" Quod she: "nay, by my trouthe." 1271. H 2 P I 1 H 4 H 3 C X bene h a r d . H 4 A C * om.

I,

1272.

I t o P h H + A C x good, H 3 g o d e ;

1273. n e x t e , so C p G g H 3 H 4 , rest

H f r P h H i C x be tryn, G g BE BORN.

next.

1280. Y ( - A D ) f o r hire l a k k e d routhe.

I "7 3

H2phGgH*

127J. G g S i P a n d a r u s .

1276

troilus

Criseyde 184

"God help me so," quod he, "ye sey me soth.1 Y e felen wel youre self that I nat lye. Lo, yond he r i t ! " " Y e , " quod she, "so he doth." " W e l , " quod Pandare, "as I have told yow thrie, 1285 L a t be youre nyce shame and youre folie, And spek with hym in esyng of his herte; Lat nycete nat do yow bothe smerte." But theron was to heven and to doone: Considered alle thing, it may nat be; And whi for speche? and it were ek to soone T o graunten hym so grete a libertee. For pleynly hire entente, as seyde she, W a s for to love hym unwist, if she myghte, And guerdon hym with no thing but with sighte. 186 But Pandarus thought: "it shal nat be so, Y i f that I may; this nyce opynyoun Shal nat be holden f u l l y yeres two." W h a t sholde I make of this a long sermoun? H e moste assente on that conclusioun, As for the tyme; and whan that it was eve, And al was wel, he roos and toke his leve.

1290

1295

1300

1283. H i P h G g H j H U ne for nat. 1284. G g H j H 4 yondir, C l H 2 P h y e n d ; C p H i T h quod she y e , C I A D H 3 C * om. ye. 1290. a l l e , so G g D , C I H 4 a l l e . rtst a l ; H h P h al t>ing w e l e ; Cx so be. 1291. y S i H 3 T h shame for speche. 1292. J G g H ^ C x T o graunt hym y i t . 1298. A D S l monthes. 1299. C p H i J longe.

c

u s :

Book Two 187 And on his wey ful faste homward he spedde, And right for joye he felte his herte daunce; And Troilus he fond allone abedde, That lay as don thise lovers in a traunce, Bitwixen hope and derk desesperaunce. But Pandarus, right at his in comynge, He song, as who seyth, "somwhat I brynge," 188 And seyde: "who is in his bed so soone Iburaed thus?" " I t am I, frende," quod he. "Who, Troilus? nay, help me so the moone," Quod Pandarus, "thow shalt arise and see' A charme that was right now sent to the, The which kan helen the of thyn accesse, So that thow do forthwith thi bisynesse." 189 "Ye, thorugh the myght of god!" quod Troilus. And Pandarus gan hym the lettre take, And seyde; "parde, god hath holpen us; Have here a light, and loke on al this blake." But ofte gan the herte glade and quake O f Troilus, whil that he gan it rede, So as the wordes yave hym hope or dTede.

1305

1310

1315

1320

130£ C p J fonde. 1309. S i quhoso for who ; A se w h a t , T h lo somwhat, S i sumwhat n o w ; X I be brynge. 1310. C p bedde, J bede. 1313. C p C l A D H j rise, S l R rys up, C x T h up ryse. 1314. v ( - D ) H 2 P h R T h sent right now ( R ysent). 1316. Y S 1 H 3 T I 1 I f t h o * do forth with al thi bisynesse, R So thow thy s e l f do forth thi bisynesse; H a P h G g om. with, H 4 weel for w i t h ; J a l over line before thy by early hand. 1320. H2 se for loke o n ; H 2 P h bes lettres blake (om. a l ) ; H i be, G g H ; H 4 A T h bese, Cx thise. 1321. J H 2 P h G g H j H 4 Lorde for B u t . 1323. J G g H j H j A R C x and for or.

I »9 3

Troilus

Criseyde

190 But finaly he took al for the beste T h a t she hym wroot; for somwhat he by held 1325 On which, hym thoughte, he myghte his herte reste, A l covered she the wordes under sheld. Thus to the more worthi part he held, That, what for hope and Pandarus byheste, His grete wo foryede he at the leste. 1330 191 But as we may alday oure selven see, Thorugh more wode or col, the more fir; Right so encrees of hope, of what it be, Therwith ful ofte encresseth ek desir; Or as an 00k comth of a litel spir, 1335 So thorugh this lettre, which that she hym sente, Encressen gan desir, of which he brente. 192 Wherfore I sey.e alwey, that day and nyght This Troilus gan to desiren moore Than he dede erst, thorugh hope, and dede his myght T o pressen on, as by Pandarus loore, 1341 And writen to hire of his sorwes soore, Fro day to day; he leet it nat refreyde, T h a t by Pandare he somwhat wroot or seyde; 1326. H 2 P h G g H * H 4 R H 3 D C x T h he for hym. 1327. C p G g H j S l tho wordes. 1333. J G g H j D encresseth h o p e ; H 4 w h a t that, C x w h a t so, R o r w h a t for of w h a t . 1338. H 2 P h S l bojje fer that, H 4 om. that, H S bat a l w a y . 1344. Y h 3 he wroot somwhat, H i P h f f y G g sumwhat he wrote.

C 12° 1

Book Two 193 And dide also his other observaunces, That til a lovere longeth in this cas; And after that his dees torned on chaunces, So was he outher glad, or seyde " a l i a s ! " And held after his gistes ay his pas; And after swiche answeres as he hadde, So were his dayes sory outher gladde.

1345

1350

194 But to Pandare alwey was his recours, And pitously gan ay to hym to pleyne, And hym bisoughte of reed and som socours; And Pandarus, that sey his woode peyne, Wex wel neigh ded for routhe, sooth to seyne, And bisily with al his herte caste Som of his wo to slen, and that as faste;

1355

195 And seyde: "lord, and frend, and brother dere, God woot that thi disese doth me wo, But wiltow stynten al this woful cheere, And, by my trouthe, or it be dayes two, And god to-forn, yit shal I shape it so, That thow shalt come into a certeyn place, There as thow mayst thi self preye hire of grace. 1347- Y ( - A D ) H 3 thise for

his, J hise.

1365

1349. gistes, so J C 1 , H 4 P h A D S i C x

H i g y l t e s , H l H 3 G g H 5 R T h gestes, C p gostes. H j A S 2 D i g w a s a l w e y , H 4 was a y .

1360

13J2. J C l G g H s P a n d a r a s ;

13J3. H i P h a l w e y for

giftes.

HaPhGg

a y ; C p C l H l t y l Jiym to,

J S i C x unto h y m , R uppon h y m , H 2 P h G g H 5 H 4 to h y m , T h on h i m to, H 3 A D hym to.

1354. G g R H 4 S l C x or for

1364. C p comme, J com.

and, J om.

and.

1365. y ( - D ) S i H 4

n 121 ]

to

1358. R to fleme and t a t in haste.

preye.

Troilus & Criseyde 196 "And certeynly I noot if thow it woost, But tho that ben expert in love it seye, It is oon of the thynges forthereth most A man, to have a leyser for to preye, And siker place his wo for to bywreye; For in good herte it mot som routhe impresse, T o here and see the giltlees in distresse.

1370

197 "Paraunter thynkestow; though it be so, T h a t kynde wolde hire don for to bygynne T o han a manere routhe upon my woo, 1375 Seyth daunger: 'nay, thow shalt me nevere Wynne'; So reulith hire hir hertes gost withinne, That, though she bende, yit she stant on roote; W h a t in effect is this unto my boote? 198 "Thenk here ayeins: whan that the sturdy 00k, On which men hakketh ofte for the nones, Receyved hath the happy fallyng strook, The grete sweigh doth it come al at ones, As don thise rokkes or thise milnestones; For swifter cours comth thyng that is of wighte, Whan it descendeth, than don thynges lighte.

1380

1385

1368. So C p H l S l J R T h , rest b a t furbereth. 1370. H 2 P H H 4 H 3 A n d a s y k i r ; H t e P h G g H * om. for, H 4 in for f o r ; H 2 P h H 4 A wrey. 1374- So J R H 4 T h , YH3PI1 don hire to b y g y n n e , G g H 5 H 2 S l don hire for to begynne, C x om. hire. 1383. J G g H j makith for d o t h ; C p C l H i doth it to c o m e ; H2PI1 ban f a l , G g C x f a l l e for come; H 2 P h H * C x om. al.

C

122 3

•Book T'wo 199 "But reed that boweth down for every blast, Ful lightly, cesse wynd, it wol aryse; But so nyl nat an 00k, whan it is cast; It nedeth me nat the longe to forbise. Men shal rejoyssen of a grete empryse

1390

Ac'heved wel, and stant withouten doute,

Al han men ben the lenger ther aboute. 200 "But, Troilus, now telle me, if the lest, A thing which that I shal now axen the: 1395 Which is thi brother that thow lovest best, As in thi verray hertes privetee?" "Iwis, my brother Deiphebus," quod he. "Now," quod Pandare, "or houres twyes twelve, He shal the ese, unwist of it hym selve. 1400 201 "Now lat malone, and werken as I may," Quod he; and to Deiphebus wente he tho, Which hadde his lord and grete frend ben a y ; Save Troilus, no man he loved so. To telle in short, withouten wordes mo, Quod Pandarus: " I prey yow that ye be Frend to a cause which that toucheth me."

1405

1387. ^ ( - S i D i g ) A n d , S i D i g F o r , H 4 A s for B u t ; H 2 G g H 3 C x with for for. 1389. J G g H j H 3 H 4 R S i w i l ; C p J caste. 1390. J G g R S i T h longe the ( R this for the); J G g R T h om. to. >394. C p C l H 3 y e t , H i bat for now, S z D i g S i H i P h om. now, A D telle now me, G g H j telle me now. 1395, Y ( - D ) now which that I s h a l ; H 2 P h H / H 4 H 3 em. t h a t ; R the which bat. C x the whyche for which t h a t ; H 2 P h G g H j R C x T h om. now. 1399. J H 2 P h G g H j H 4 Quod P a n d a r u s (om. N o w ) ; H2FI1H4 bries twelve. 1403. S l R and his gret.

n

i2

31

Troilus & Criseyde 202 "Yis, parde," quod Deiphebus, "wel thow woost, In al that evere I may, and god to-fore, Al nere it but for man I love moost, 1410 M y brother Troilus; but sey wherfore It is; for sith the day that I was bore, I nas, ne nevere mo to ben I thynke, Ayeins a thing, that myghte the forthynke." 203 Pandare gan hym thanke, and to hym seyde: "Lo, sire, I have a lady in this town, That is my nece, and called is Criseyde, Which som men wolden don oppressioun, And wrongfully han hire possessioun; Wherfore I of youre lordship yow biseche T o ben oure frend, withouten more speche." 204 Deiphebus hym answerde: " O , is nat this, That thow spekest of to me thus straungely, Criseyda, my frend?" H e seyde: "yis." "Than nedeth," quod Deiphebus, "hardely, No more of this; for trusteth wel that I W o l be hire champioun with spore and yerde; I roughte nat though alle hire foos it herde.

1415

1420

1425

1410. S I H J C X b a t I love. 141a. y P h that for the. 141.5. G g R A S i C x P a n d a r u s ; J h y m gan to t h a n k ; C p thank. 1420. H 3 D S 1 C X of y o u r lordshippe I y o u , J G g I of y o w r lordshipe I y o w . 1423. C I H 4 R C X so for thus. 1425. C r i s e y d a , so C p C l S l J , rest Criseyde or C r y s e y d ; H 3 pandare he seid sir y i s , R he seyde anon r i g h t y i s , S i and he seyde jis, C x he sayd she is, T h H e s a y d him y e s ; C p H l this for y i s . 1426. Y S 1 H 3 N o more to speke, T h N o more of this to speke. 1427. H i A D H 2 P h G g H 4 H 3 C x s p e r e ; C x swerd for yerde.

C

124 3

Book Two 205 "But telle me how,—thow'woost of this matere,— It myghte best avaylen; now lat se." 1430 Quod Pandarus: "if ye, my lord so dere, Wolden as now do this honour to me, To preyen hire to-morwe, lo, that she Come unto yow, hire pleyntes to devyse, Hire adversaries wolde of it agrise, 1435 206 "And yif I more dorste preye as now, And chargen yow to han so grete travaille, To han som of youre bretheren here with yow, That myghten in hire cause bet availle; Than, wot I wel, she myghte nevere faille For to ben holpen, what at youre instaunce, What with hire othere frendes governaunce." 207 Deiphebus, which that comen was of kynde To alle honour and bounte to consente, Answerde: "it shal be don; and I kan fynde Y i t grettere help to this in myn entente. What wiltow seyn, if I for Eleyne sente To speke of this? I trowe it be the beste; For she may leden Paris as hire leste.

1440

1445

1429, 1430. v ( - D ) S I H 3 : B u t telle me, thow that woost al this matere. H o w I m y g h t best a v a y l e n ; now l a t se. ( D S i of for a l ) . 1429. H2PI1 how f o r b»u woost, R how for thow knowest this, C x for thou wost t h y s ; H 4 om. of. 1430. m y g h t e , so G g D , rest m y g h t ; R I t m y g h t her best, C x I m y g h t hyr best. 1433. J G g H j H 4 A n d preyen. 1435. J G g H f adversarie. 1436. H 2 P I 1 R S ) S 2 H 3 C X if l>at; H 2 P I 1 R H 3 C X more y d u r s t ; C p C U p r e y ; y ( - A D ) H 3 prey yow as now, C x y o w prey as now. 1439. Y S 1 H 3 T I 1 to for in, C x om. in. 1441. C p H i other, J oothre; H s P h R C x sustenaunce. 1447. J H 4 A D S 1 C X y i f f o r E l e y n e I sente.

C

125 3

troilus

Criseyde

208 " O f Ector, which that is my lord, my brother, It nedeth naught to preye hym frend to be; For I have herd hym, o tyme and ek oother, Speke of Cryseyde swich honour, that he M a y seyn no bet, swich hap to hym hath she. It nedeth naught, his helpes for to crave; H e shal be swich, right as we wol hym have.

1450

1455

209 "Speke thow thi self also to Troilus On my byhalve, and pTey hym with us dyne." "Sire, al this shal be don," quod Pandarus; And took his leve, and nevere gan to fyne, 1460 But to his neces hous, as streyght as lyne, H e come, and fond hire fro the mete arise, And sette hym down, and spak right in this wise. 210 H e seide: " O verray god, so have I ronne! Lo, nece myn, se ye nat how I swete? I not whetheT ye the more thank me konne. Be ye nat war how false Poliphete Is now aboute eftsones for to plete, And brynge on yow advocacies newe?" "I ? no," quod she, and chaunged al hire hewe. 14SS- H i P h C x So, H 4 R She for I t ; J G g H f T h hise helpis more to crave, H 2 P h us more help to crave, C x 1460. C 1 R nevere wolde he f y n e . 1463. J G g H j R S i wheither, G g H f P h S l wher, J w h a r ; CIH3H2PI1H4 ye more y e j n e thank.

C 126 U

1465

1470

helpis moore crave, H 4 his 'hys help now for to crave. sat, B2PI1 sate. 1466. Cp me be more ba«k. C x the

Book Two 211

"What is he more aboute, me to drecche And don me wrong? What shal I doon, alias? Yit of hym selve nothing wolde I recche, Nere it for Antenor and Eneas, That ben his f rentes in swich manere cas. But, for the love of god, myn uncle deere, No fors of that, lat hym han al yfeere;

1475

212 "Withouten that, I have ynough for us." "Nay," quod Pandare, "it shal nothing be so; For I have ben right now at Deiphebus, At Ector, and myn oother lordes moo, And shortly maked eche of hem his foo; That, by my thrift, he shal it nevere wynne For aught he kan, whan that so he bygynne."

1480

213 And as thei casten what was best to doone, Deiphebus, of his owen curteisie, Com hire to preye, in his propre persone, To holde hym on the morwe compaignie At dyner, which she nolde nat denye, But goodly gan to his preyere obeye. He thonked hire, and wente upon his weye. 1473. selve, so A D , H 3 T h selfe, rest b y n g : C p H l R ne wolde, H3CI nolde.

1485

1490

s e l f ; J ryght nothinge; G g sit wolde I no 1471 H t e P h l f y S i C x of y t .

now spoke with deiphebus; G g r y j t now b e n ; C x wyth for

at.

1480. H2PI1 right

1481. C l H i H $ H 2 P h

And for A t .

1484. H 2 H * H 3 D S l C x T h whan so bat he, P h whan bat lie so, Gg whan

so evere he.

1489. C I H 1 A S 1 H 3 H 4 R C X wolde.

I 127:

Troilus

Criseyde 214

Whan this was don, this Pandare up anon, T o telle in short, and forth he gan to wende T o Troilus, as stille as any ston, And al this thyng he tolde hym, worde and ende, 1495 And how that he Deiphebus gan to blende, And seyde hym: "now is tyme, if that thow konne, T o bere the wel to-morwe, and al is wonne. 215 "Now spek, now prey, now pitously compleyne; Lat nat for nyce shame, or drede, or slouthe. 1500 Som tyme a man mot telle his owen peyne; Bileve it, and she shal han on the routhe; Thow shalt be saved by thi feyth in trouthe. But wel woot I, that thow art now in drede; And what it is, I leye, I kan arede. 1505 216 "Thow thynkest now: 'how sholde I don al this? For by my cheres mosten folk aspie That for hire love is that I fare amys; Y i t hadde I levere unwist for sorwe dye.' Now thynk nat so, for thow dost grete folie". 1510 For I right now have founden o manere Of sleyghte, for to coveren al thi cheere. 1492. R T h i s thing y done pandar rose up anon. 1493. y forth gan for to wende. 1497. H 2 P h G g R C x om. hym. 1499. J G g and pitously. ljoo. H a P h f U R C x Leve not. 1502. H 2 P h H 4 R C x T h wil for shal. 1503. H2PI1H3D and for in. 1504. - y H z P h l U R C x T h om. t h a t ; H 2 P h H 4 R C x T h in a drede ( H 4 om. in). 15OJ. R right wel, A he cause for I l e y e ; K h P h G g D R C x it rede, H S rede. 1506. J H 4 C X shal. 1511. C1R right now have I, H 3 ryght now I have, 1512. sleyghte, so C p C l H 4 , rest sleight (J s l y g h t ) .

C

128°

1

Book Two 217 "Thow shalt gon over nyght, and that bylyve, Unto Deiphebus hous, as the to pleye, Thi maladie a wey the bet to dryve,— For whi thow semest sik, soth for to seye. Soone after that, down in thi bed the leye, And sey, thow mayst no lenger up endure, And lye right there, and byd thyn aventure. 218 "Sey that thi fevere is wont the for to take The same tyme, and lasten til a-morwe; And lat se now how wel thow kanst it make, For, parde, sik is he that is in sorwe. Go now, farwel! and Venus here to borwe, I hope, and thow this purpos holde ferme, Thi grace she shal fully ther conferme,"

1515

1520

1525

219 Quod Troilus: "iwis, thow nedeles Conseilest me, that siklich I me feyne; For I am sik in ernest, douteles, So that wel neigh I sterve for the peyne." Quod Pandarus: "thou shalt the bettre pleyne, And hast the lasse nede to countrefete, For hym men demen hoot that men seen swete.

1530

i j i 3 . b y l y v e , JO J G g H 3 T h , H2PI1H4S1CX as b l y v e , rest b l y v e . 1516. H 2 P h H 4 R C x the jothe to sey, D be soth for to seye, H3 sothe to seye. 1.517. C p H i S i D i g H 3 And, C l A D S i H i P h So for Soone. l j i o . H j P h C g H j H U A C x om. for. i p 6 . H2PI1 f u l l y the, G g C x b« fulli, H j b « « t>« f u l l y , CI bert f u l l y , J R the f u l l y ther. 1J27H i P h G g H j C I A now for thow. 1528. H i P h Counceilist b°u me b»t sike.

C

29 3

Troilus

Criseyde

220 "Lo, hold the at the triste cloos, and 1 Shal wel the deer unto thi bowe dryve." Therwith he took his leve al softely, And Troilus to paleis wente bly ve; So glad ne was he nevere in al his lyve, And to Pandarus reed gan al assente, And to Deiphebus hous at nyght he wente.

1535

1 540

221 What nedeth yow to tellen al the cheere That Deiphebus unto his brother made, Or his accesse, or his siklich manere, H o w men gan hym with clothes for to lade, 1544 Whan he was leyd, and how men wolde hym glade? But al for nought; he held forth ay the wyse That ye han herd Pandare or this devyse. 222 But certeyn is, or Troilus hym leyde, Deiphebus had hym preied over nyght, T o ben a frend and helpyng to Criseyde. God woot, that he it graunted anon right, T o ben hire fulle frend with al his myght; But swich a nede was to preye hym thenne, As for to bidde a wood man for to renne.

1550

1537. H z P h H ; as b l y v e . 1541. H2PI1 me to telle 30W, R it to tell you, T h it you to tellen, J H l om. to, H j it for to. 1^46. H j P h R alwey for forth a y ; R C x his gyse. 1J49. J G g H j H 3 A C x T h preyd hym (H3 y p r a y d e ) . 1JJ0. J G g H j good frend, S i . g o o d lord. 1£$1. J G g H f H 3 H 2 P h T h om. it. 1552. H 3 A D here frynde wyth al his f u l myght. 1SS3. J S l T h need was it, A D C x nede it was, R nede was that, G g nede was for.

I

130 1

Book Two 223 The morwen com, and neighen gan the tyme Of meltid, that the faire queene Eleyne Shoop hire to ben, an houre after the prime, With Deiphebus, to whom she nolde feyne; But as his suster, homly, soth to seyne, She com to dyner in hire pleyne entente. But god and Pandare wist al what this mente.

1555

1560

224 Com ek Criseyde, al innocent of this, Antigone, hire suster Tarbe also, But fie we now prolixitee best is, For love of god, and lat us faste go Right to theffect, withouten tales mo, Whi al this folk assembled in this place; And lat us of hire saluynges pace.

1565

2 2 5

Grete honour dide hem Deiphebus, certeyn, And fedde hem wel with al that myghte like; But evere mo "alias!" was his refreyn, " M y goode brother, Troilus, the syke Lith y i t " ; and therwithal he gan to sike; And after that he peyned hym to glade Hem as he myghte, and cheere good he made. C p H l shapte, C I shapt. G g H ; he, R she, H2FI1 it for i/73- H a P f i G g H ; gan he, om. H 5 R C X hem for he, H 3 D om.

1570

1575

1561. C I H 1 A S 1 H 4 what a l ; H 2 F h R C a t non for

this. to.

1563. T h nece for

suster.

1575- H 2 P h H j H 3 R S i C x

he.

C 131 3

al;

1570. R C x hem like. good c h t r e ;

H2?hGg

Troilus & Criseyde 226 Compleyned ek Eleyne of his siknesse So feythfully, that pite was to here; And every wight gan wexen for accesse A leche anon, and seyde: "in this manere Men curen folk; this charme I wol yow leere"; But ther sat oon, al liste hire nat to teche, That thoughte: "best koude I yit ben his leche." 227 After compleynte, hym gonnen they to preyse, As folk don yit, whan som wight hath bygonne T o preise a man, and up with pris hym reise A thousand fold yit hyer than the sonne: " H e is, he kan that fewe lordes korine"; And Pandarus, of that they wolde afferme, He naught forgat hire preisynge to conferme. 228 Herde alwey this Criseyde wel inough, And every word gan for to notifie; For which with sobre cheere hire herte lough; For who is that nolde hire glorifie, T o mowen swich a knyght don lyve or dye? But al passe I, lest ye to longe dwelle; For, for o f y n is al that evere I telle. 1577- J it. the for y o w . R knyghtes. alwey. 1593. P h her nold B u t for.

1580

1585

1590

1595

T h that it for t h a t ; G g H j a pete it was. lj8o. J G g S l A H l P h f M T h i j 8 $ . v H 3 H , ( T h om. up. 1586. C p heigher, J hiere. IJ87. H 3 folkes, 1589. C p J naughte. 1590. YH3TI1 Herde al this thyng, H 4 T h i s herde J G g it that, R D that that, H2 he bat for t h a t ; v ( - D ) H 3 T h ne wolde, not. 1594. JH2PI1S1CX to for don, C I om. don. 1596. J G g H f H 4 T h

C 132 3

Book 'two 229 The tyme com, fro dyner for to ryse, And, as hem oughte, arisen everichon, And gonne a while of this and that devise; But Pandarus brak al this speche anon, And seyde to Deiphebus: "wol ye gon, If it youre wille be, as I yow preyde, To speke here of the nedes of Criseyde?"

1600

230 Eleyne, which that by the hond hire helde, Took first the tale, and seyde: "go we bly ve"; 1605 And goodly on Criseyde she bihelde, And seyde: "Jovis lat hym nevere thryve, That doth yow harm, and brynge hym soone of lyve; And yeve me sorwe, but he shal it rewe, If that I may, and alle folk be trewe." 1610 231 "Tel thow thi neces cas," quod Deiphebus To Pandarus, "for thow kanst best it telle." "My lordes and my ladyes, it stant thus; What sholde I lenger," quod he, "do yow dwelle?" He rong hem out a proces lik a belle 1615 Upon hire foo, that highte Poliphete, So heynous, that men myghte on it spete. 1598. H i P h C x )>et risyn ; C p J everichone. 1600. C p S i H 2 P h G g C x that for t h i s ; Cp anone. 1601. C p C l H l gone. 1602. y H 3 C x T K om. if. 1607. y H a S i T h J o v e J, H ; Jovous. 1608. T h reve for brynge. 1612. H 2 P h H 4 it best, H3 it best it. 1614. C p D H 2 C x om. quod he. 161 J. C p J ronge. 1616. J R H 4 Unto, G g H j Onto for U p o n ; highte, so C i H i G g S i , rest hight.

Cm l

Troilus

Criseyde 2 3 2

Answerde of this eche worse of hem than other, And Poliphete they gonnen thus to warien: "Anhonged be swich oon, were he my brother; And so he shal, for it ne may nat varien." What sholde I lenger in this tale tarien? Pleynlich, al at ones, they hire highten T o ben hire frend in al that evere they myghten. 233 Spak thanne Eleyne, and seyde: "Pandarus, Woot ought my lord my brother this matere, I meene Ector? or woot it Troilus?" H e seyde: " y e ; but wole ye now me here? Me thynketh this, sith that Troilus is here, It were good, if that ye wolde assente, She tolde hire self hym al this, or she wente.

1620

1625

1630

234 "For he wol have the more hir grief at herte, By cause, lo, that she a lady is; And, by youre leve, I wol but in right sterte, And do yow wyte, and that anon, iwys, 1635 If that he slepe, or wol ought here of this." And in he lepe, and seyde hym in his ere: "God have thi soule, ibrought have I thi beere!" >624- Y H 3 helpe, H z P h S i frendis for frend. 1628. C p wolle, J wol. 1629. H2FI1 om. t h i s ; H l R C x om. that. 1630. R right good. 1634. CIDH3H2PI1 right yn, H4CX om. right. 1637. - y H 3 S l T h l e p t e ; R A n d lepe in faste.

n j 341

Book Tivo 235 To smylen of this gan tho Troilus, And Pandarus, withouten rekenynge, Out wente anon to Eleyne and Deiphebus, And seyde hem; "so ther be no taryinge, Ne moore prees, he wol wel that ye brynge Criseyda, my lady, that is here; And as he may enduren, he wol here.

1640

1645

236 "But wel ye woot, the chaumbre is but lite, And fewe folk may lightly make it warm; Now loketh ye,—for I wol have no wite, To brynge in prees that myghte don hym harm, Or hym disesen, for my bettre arm— Wher it be bet she bide til eft sonys; Now loketh ye, that knowen what to doon is. 237 "I sey, for me, best is, as I kan knowe, That no wight in ne wende, but ye tweye, But it were I ; for I kan, in a throwe, Reherce hire cas, unlik that she kan seye; And after this, she may hym ones preye To ben good lord, in short, and take hire leve; This may nat muchel of his ese hym reve. 1639. H 3 H 2 P h H $ of this tho gan ( H a P h bigan), H4S1 gan of this tho for tho), C * gan o f thya, om. tho. 1644. Criseyda, so C p C l H l D ; S 1 R C 1 anon. 1648. H 2 P h H 4 om. ye. 1649. C p J harme. i 6 j i . T h Y e t were J G g H $ H 4 S i C x she abide. 1654. P h H 4 yn now wend, H2 y n wend now, wend in, H3 om. n e ; v H 3 S l G g wente. 1656. G g H 5 H 3 C x cause.

[ 135 3

1650

1655

( H 4 the Criseide it b e t ; Ct now

Troilus & Criseyde 238 "And ek for she is straunge, he wol forbere His ese, which that hym thar nat for y o w ; Ek oother thing, that toucheth nought to here, H e wol yow telle, I woot it wel, right now, That secret is, and for the townes prow." And they, that nothyng knewe of his entente, Withouten more, to Troilus in they wente. 239 Eleyne, in al hire goodly softe wyse, Gan hym salue, and wommanly to pleye, And seyde: "iwys, ye moste algate arise; Now, faire brother, be al hool, I preye." And gan hire arm right over his shulder leye, And hym with al hire wit to reconforte; As she best koude, she gan hym disporte. 240 So after this quod she: "we yow biseke, M y deere brother, Deiphebus, and I, For love of god, and so doth Pandare eke, T o ben good lord and frende, right hertely, Unto Criseyde, which that certeynly Receyveth wrong, as woot wel here Pandare, That kan hire cas wel bet than I declare."

1660

1665

1670

1675

1680

1661. C 1 C * he for h y m ; G g H j C i T h dar, H 2 P h oght. 1662. Gg hire. 1663. C p C l H i S 2 D i g me, G g H ^ T h i t for yow. 166J. J G g H j H 4 R S i T h knowen nothing ( R S l k n e w ) ; y S i C x this for his. 1666. H 4 H 5 R C X om. they, G g sche for they. 1669. J G g R C x T h m o t e ; YH3 alweies. 1670. YH3S1 beth. 1673. C p H i A D H 3 T h " hym to disporte. 1679. H 4 R weel wot.

C

136 3

Book Two 241 This Pandarus gan newe his tonge affile, And al hire cas reherce, and that anon. Whan it was seyd, soone after in a while, Quod Troilus: "as sone as I may gon, I wol right fayn with al my myght ben oon, 1685 Have god my trouthe, hire cause to sustene." "Good thrift have ye," quod Eleyne, the queene. 242 Quod Pandarus: "and it youre wille be, That she may take hire leve or that she g o ? " " 0 , elles god forbede," tho quod he, "If that she vouche sauf for to do so." And with that word quod Troilus: "ye two, Deiphebus, and my suster, lief and deere, To yow have I to speke of 0 matere, H3 "To ben avysed by youre reed the bettre"; And fond, as hap was, at his beddes hed, The copie of a tretys and a lettre, That Ector hadde hym sent to axen reed, If swych a man was worthi to ben ded, Woot I nat who; but in a grisly wise He preyede hem anon on it avyse.

1690

1695

1700

1681. H i P h H j A ' D C x now. 1683. C p H i J R H 3 seyde. 1686. C l H 3 H 4 G g H j justeyne. 1687. TI1S1 N o w good t h r i f t have y e ; GgH} quod |je quene E l y n e ; R heleyn tho the queene; J E l e n a , H 4 helena. 1688. J G g H f S i y i f for and. 1690. H a P h G g H i H a A D Or, S i C x N o w for O , H 4 R om. O ; C p H i D H 3 S i H 2 P h H 4 C x T h forbede i t ; C l H j H n P h om. tho. 1691. C p H j om. t h a t ; J R y e , G g H / b°u for s h e ; C p H l D H l P h voucheth. 1694. H i H i P h G g H j C x T h a for 0. 1696. H2PI1H4S1CX had for fond. 1699. G g H j H 4 C x were, J war for was. 1700. H z P h F U S i C x N o t e y not who ( H a P h h o w ) ; C p H l grisely, J grislich. 1701. C p J preyde, J G g H 5 faste, C x bothe anon for anon; G g H j P h A S i to avise, H 4 tavyse.

t 137 3

Troilus & Criseyde 244 Deiphebus gan this lettre to unfolde In ernest gret; so dede Eleyne the queene; And, romyng outward, faste it gonne byholde, Downward a steire, and in an herber greene, This ilke thing they redden hem bitwene; And largely, the mountaunce of an houre, Thei gonne on it to reden and to poure. 245 Now lat hem rede, and tome we anon T o Pandarus, that gan f u l faste prye That al was wel, and out he gan to gon Into the grete chaumbre, and that in hye, And seyde: "god save al this compaignye! Com, nece myn, my lady, queene Eleyne, Abideth yow, and ek my lordes tweyne. 246 "Rys, take with yow youre nece, Antigone, Or whom yow list; or no fors; hardyly The lasse prees the bet; com forth with me, And loke that ye thonken humblely Hem alle thre, and, whan ye may goodly Youre tyme se, taketh of hem youre leeve, Lest we to longe his restes hym byreeve."

1705

1710

1715

1720

1702. C p H i S i for tonfolde, R T h for to unfolde. 1705. Y H 3 S i H 2 P h T h into, C x and into for and in. 1707. J G g H j H 4 H 3 C x T h mountenaunee. 1712. S l H j C x on hie. 1719. JH2FI1 loketh.

C 138 3

Book Two 247 Al innocent of Pandarus entente, Quod tho Criseyde: "go we, uncle deere"; And arm in arm inward with hym she wente, Avysed wel hire wordes and hire'cheere; And Pandarus in ernestful manere, Seyde: "alle folk, for goddes love, I preye, Stynteth right here, and softely yow pleye.

1725

248 "Aviseth yow what folk ben here withinne, And in what plit oon is, god hym amende!" And inward thus: " f u l softely bygynne; Nece, I conjure, and heighly yow defende, On his half, that soule us alle sende, And in the vertue of corounes tweyne, Sle nat this man, that hath for yow this peyne.

173°

1735

249 "Fy on the devel! thynk which on he is, And in what plit he lith; com of anon; Thynk al swich taried tid, but lost it nys; That wol ye bothe seyn, whan ye ben oon. Secoundely, ther yit devyneth noon Upon yow two; com of now, if ye konne; Whil folk is blent, lo, al the tyme is wonne.

1740

1726. H 2 P h C x T h Avising. 1729. JGgHsHiCx ye. 1730. C p hire, J hir. 1733. J G g H j H 4 0 nece; C p heigly, J heyly. 1734. C I H 3 by halve, H 5 behalve, R b e h a l f ; C p H i A D S l C x T h which that, H2FI1 which for t h a t ; H2PI1C1 us soule hath sende, CI us alle sowle sende. 1735. J G g H $ H 4 om. the; R eke for in the; H 1 D H 3 C X of b e : H j om. o f ; R his reignes, H j owre goddis for corounes. 1739. H 2 P h G g H 3 R A C x is. 1741. H4 Sekirly, C x And sikerly, H j Sertaynly.

H 139 ]

Troilus

Criseyde

250 "In titeryng, and pursuyte, and delayes, The folk devyne at waggyng of a stree; That, though ye wolde han after merye dayes, Than dar ye naught, and whi? for she, and she, Spak swich a word, thus loked he, and he; Las tyme ilost, I daT nought with yow dele; Com of, therfore, and bryngeth hym to hele."

174.5

1750

251 But now to yow, ye loveres that ben here, Was Troilus nat in a kankedort1? That lay, and myghte whisprynge of hem here, And thoughte: " O lord, right now renneth my sort Fully to deye, or han anon comfort"; 1755 And was the firste tyme he shulde hire preye O f love; O myghty god, what shal he seye ? EXPLICIT LIBER

SECUNDUS.

1744. H2PI11H4CX in, R & in for first and, H j om. 1746. y H 3 T h A n d for T h a t ! Cp mirye, J myrie. 1747. H2PI1H4D for why, R why for, A C * f o r why for for and whi for. 1749. S i P h Lasse, H4 A l i a s , H 2 H / R lest, T h Leste, H 3 D Last, C x T h u s : A D is ylost, H4PI1 is lost, H i R T h be lost. After 1750 R has the following stanza: For ye must outher chaungen [ n o w ? ] your face, T h a t is so f u l of mercy and bountee. Or elles must ye do this man sum g r a c e ; For this thyng folweth of necessytee. A s sothe as god ys in his magestee, T h a t crueltee, with so benigne a chier, N e may not last in o persone yfere. 1752. H2PI1H4CX kankerdorte. 17/3. H 4 R H ; C x T h the whispryng, H2PI1 the whistryng. 17J4. H h P h G g H j R C x om. right. 17$$. H 2 P h G g H * dethe. 1756. H2PI1H1D shold, rest shulde.

I H° 3

'BOOK

THREE

BOOK

THREE

INCIPIT P R O H E M I U M TERCII LIBRI

O

1

B L I S F U L light, of which the hemes clere Adorneth al the thridde hevene faire; O sonnes lief, O Joves doughter deere, Plesaunce of love, O goodly debonaire, In gentil hertes ay redy to repaire; O verray cause of heele and of gladnesse, Iheryed be thy myght and thi goodnesse.

2 In hevene and helle, in erthe and salte see, Is felt thi myght, if that I wel descerne; As man, brid, best, fisshe, herbe, and grene tree The fele in tymes with vapour eterne. God loveth, and to love wol nat werne; And in this world no lyves creature, Withouten love, is worth, or may endure.

3

Ye Joves first to thilke effectes glade, Thorugh which that thynges lyven alle and be, Comeveden, and amoreux hem made On mortal thyng, and as yow list, ay ye Yeve hym in love ese or adversitee; And in a thousand formes down hym sente For love in erthe, and whom yow list, he hente.

5

1o

15

20

1-49. R omits proem. 1.56. Lacking in G g . leaf lost. 5. H 2 F h H 4 H 3 C x om. a y . 8. H 4 H 5 A S 1 in for first a n d ; H 4 H j A in for second and. 9. wel, so C p A H j C x T h , C 1 S I H 3 wole, H i D wol, S 2 D i g w o l d , H 2 P h w i l , J w h i l , H 4 rnyht. 11. C p A D T h e y . H4 Y e , H l P h T o for T h e . 12. H4PI1S1CX he wil for wol. 15. C p t h i l k . ' J thikke. 17. C p H j C x Contended, H 3 H 4 T h Comcnden, A D S i C o m e v t d hem, H 2 P h Commodious, J Commocveden, C l H i Comeveden. 19. H 2 P h H 4 C x Y a f ; H 3 H 4 S 1 C X T I 1 hem for hym. 20. C I D S 1 H 3 H 4 C X hem, H i hath for h y m .

C 143

1

troilus

Criseyde

4

Y e fierse Mars apaisen of his ire, And, as yow list, ye maken hertes digne; Algates hem that ye wol sette a-fire, They dreden shame, and vices they resigne; Y e don hem curteys be, fressh and benigne; And heighe or lowe, after a wight entendeth, The joies that he hath, youre myght it sendeth.

25

5 Y e hoi den regne and hous in unitee; Y e sothfast cause of frendship ben also; Y e knowe al thilke covered qualitee Of thynges, which that folk on wondren so, Whan they kan nought construe how it may jo, She loveth hym, or whi he loveth here,— As whi this fissh, and naught that, cometh to were.

30

35

6 Y e folk a lawe han set in universe; And this knowe I by hem that loveres be, T h a t whoso stryveth with yow hath the werse. Now lady bryght, for thi benignite, A t reverence of hem that serven the, Whos clerk I am, so techeth me devyse Som joye of that is felt in thi servyse.

40

30. C p J sothfaste. 31. C p t h i l k , J thikke. 32. J H + C x folkes ; J H j C x wondre on 50, H4' wondren also (em. on), T h om. on. 33. H 2 P I 1 A D m a y for kan. 3J. H 4 H j D A n d , J A l , C x O r for A s . 37. C p lovers, J loverys.

I

ml

Book Three

7 Ye in my naked herte sentement Inhielde, and do me shewe of thy swetnesse. Caliope, thi vois be now present, 45 For now is nede; sestow nat my destresse, How I mot telle anon right the gladnesse Of Troilus, to Venus heryinge? To which gladnesse, who nede hath, god hym brynge! EXPLICIT P R O H E M I U M IKCIPIT LIBER

TERCII

LIBRI.

TERCIUS.

8 E a l this mene while Troilus, 50 Recordyng his lessoun in this manere: " M a f e y , " thoughte he, "thus wol I seye and thus; Thus wol I pleyne unto my lady dere; That word is good, and this shal be my eheere; This nyl I nat foryeten in no wise." 55 God leve hym werken as he kan devyse!

9 And, lord, so that his herte gan to quappe, Heryng hire come, and shorte for to sike! And Pandarus, that ledde hire by the lappe, Com ner, and gan in at the curtyn pike, And seyde: "god do boote on alle syke! Se who is here yow comen to visite; Lo, here is she that is youre deth to wite";

60

43. H 2 P h H 4 H j S i H 3 C * hcrtis. 44. C I D H 4 H 5 Inhelde, H2Ph Inheld, T h Inhylde. 49. YH3TI1 om. gladnesse. 52. Cp M a f a y , J M a y f e y ; C p J sey. 33. H4RH2Ph heite for lady. 54. H3H4 thus, C x that for this. 53, 54. J H $ transpose lines ( G g missing). 56. CIH1AH2PI1H4CX gan. 58. J C x sor for shorte; R and often sore sike, H4 gan ofte forto sike (om. and), H3 and short gan to syke.

[

145 3

Troilus

Criseyde 10

Therwith it semed as he wepte almoost. "Ha a," quod Troilus so reufully, "Wher me be wo, O myghty god, thow woost; Who is al there? I se nought, trewely." "Sire," quod Criseyde, "it is Pandare and I." "Ye, swete herte? alias, I may nat rise, To knele, and do yow honour in som wyse"; 11 And dressed hym upward; and she right tho Gan bothe hire hondes softe upon hym leye. "O, for the love of god, do ye nat so To me," quod she, " I ! what is this to seye? Sire, comen am I to yow for causes tweye: First yow to thonke, and of youre lordshipe eke Continuance 1 wolde yow biseke." 12 This Troilus, that herde his lady preye Of lordshipe hym, wex neither quyk ne dede, Ne myghte 0 word for shame to it seye, Although men sholde smyten of his hede; But, lord, so he wex sodeynliche rede, And, sire, his lessoun that he wende konne, To preyen hire, was thorugh his wit ironne.

65

70

75

80

65. Ha a 10 CpHiA, JGg Ha a a, SlTh A i.fest A ha. 66. JRAPh al for o. 72. RH5 softly; G g H j R on for upon. 74. G g H j R he for she ; H=PhHjTh ey for I, RCx om. I. „79. H2PhRSl Hym of lordship, H4 Lordshippc of him. 80. JRCx hir for it. 84. yHsTh is for was ; H2PhCx hert for wit.

C 146 ]

Book Three 13 Criseyde al this aspied wel ynough, For she was wis, and loved hym nevere the lasse, Al nere he malapert, or made it tough, Or was to bold to synge a fool a masse; But whan his shame gan somwhat to passe, His wordee, as I may my rymes holde, I wol yow telle, as techen bokes olde. H In chaunged vois, right for his verray drede, Which vois ek quook, and therto his manere Goodly abaist, and now his hewes rede, Now pale, unto Criseyde, his lady dere, With look down cast, and humble iyolden chere, Lo, thalderfirste word that hym asterte Was, twyes: "mercy, mercy, swete herte!"

85

90

95

And stynte a while, and whan he myghte out brynge, The nexte word was: "god woot, for I have, 100 As ferforthlich as I have had konnynge, Ben youres al, god so my soule save, And shal, til that I, woful wight, be grave; And though I dar, ne kan, unto yow pleyne, I wis, I suffre nat the lasse peyne. 105 90. YH3TH resons, G g H j R werkis. 91. C p C l H l I yow wol telle. 96. CpJ caste; iyolden, so CPH1H3H4TI1, S l D i g humbely jolde, G g S: 3o!dyn, J yold, C i lowly, rest yolden. 101. ferforthlich, so J G g , HzPhRSi ferforthly, H4H5CX ferforth, yH3Tt. fcithfuliy. 102. H4PI1 as for a l ; CSCx also god, H2 so god, R al as god for al god so. 104. H2H4H3RCX ne dare ne can.

i

147

]

troilus

Criseyde

16 "Thus muche as now, O wommanliche wif, I may out brynge, and if this yow displese, That shal I wreke upon myn owen lif Right soone, I trowe, and do youre herte an ese, If with my deth youre wreththe may apese; For sithen ye han herd me somwhat seye, Now recche I nevere how soone that I deye."

110

17

Therwith his manly sorwe to biholde, It myghte han made an herte of stoon to rewe; And Pandare wep as he to water wolde, And poked evere his nece newe and newe, And seyde: "wo bigon ben hertes trewe; For love of god, make of this thing an ende, Or sle us bothe at ones, or ye wende."

115

18 "I, what?" quod she, "by god, and by my trouthe, 120 I not nat what ye wilne that I seye." "I, what?" quod he, "that ye han on hym routhe, For goddes love, and doth hym nat to deye." "Now thanne thus," quod she, " I wolde hym preye T o telle me the f y n of his entente; 125 Y i t wiste I nevere wel what that he mente." 107. H a P h S i C x it for this. n o . YH3S1H2CX herte for wreththe; H 2 y may 30m h e r t ; G g I m a y , P h m a y y , H f om. m a y . t u . y T h B u t for F o r ; sithen, so J H 4 S 1 , a C x sith, YH3TI1R syn that. l l j . C p vep, JH2PI1D wepe, R. weepe, G g H j S l wepte, H 3 C x T h wept. H 4 wepid. 119. y T h H 4 er t h a t ; J H 2 we, C x we hens for ye. 120. H 5 C * E y for I . 121. wilne, so C p H i J G g T h , H s H j C x wold, rest wille, wil, or wol. 122. G g H j R on him h a n ; H2PI1H4S1CX of for on. 124. S i I wold ryt f a y n hym preye (om. thus).

C 148 1

Book Three 19 "What that I mene, 0 swete herte deere?" Quod Troilus, " O goodly fresshe free! That with the stremes of youre eyen cleere, Ye wolde frendly somtyme on me see, And thanne agreen that I may ben he, Withouten braunche of vice in any wise, In trouthe alwey to don yow my servise, 20 "As to my lady right and chief resort, With al my wit and al my diligence; And I to han, right as yow list, comfort, Under youre yerde, egal to myn offence, As deth, if that I breke youre defence; And that ye deigne me so muche honoure, Me to comanden aught in any houre;

130

135

140

21

"And I to ben youre, verray, humble, trewe, Secret, and in my peynes pacient; And evere mo desiren fresshly newe To serve, and ben ay ylike diligent; And with good herte, al holly youre talent Receyven wel, how sore that me smerte: Lo, this mene I, myn owen swete herte."

145

130. YH3TI1H4 somtyme f r e n d l y ; H z P h H f om. frendly (H2 on me rewe and se). 131. H 2 P h R H 3 C x ye, H 4 if that y e for thanne; H3CX souffren, R vouche sauf, H4 agreve for agreen; H 4 thanne for that, R om. that. 133. C x Y o w for to serve lyke as ye w y l devyse. 136. C p C l H i S a D i g om. I, 137, Cp. omit} line. 139. J G g R S i yow for ye, H2PI1 yow for that ye. 143. a fresshe, R fressh & for fresshly. 144. G g H ; ay ben, H 2 P h H 3 C x om. a y ; H 4 lik, R eke for, ylike. 146. H2PI1S1H3CX Receyve in gre.

I 149 1

'Troilus

Criseyde 22

Quod Pandarus: "lo, here an hard requeste, And resonable a lady for to werne! Now, nece myn, by Natal Joves feste, Were I a god, ye sholden sterve as yerne, That heren wel, this man wol no thing yerne But youre honour, and sen hym almost sterve, And ben so loth to suffren hym yow serve." 23 With that she gan hire eyen on hym caste Ful esily, and ful debonairly, Avysyng hire, and hied nat to faste With nevere a word, but seyde hym sobrely: " M y n honour sauf, I wol wel trewely, And in swich forme as he gan now devyse, Receyven hym fully to my servyse, 24 "Besechyng hym, for goddes love, that he Wolde in honour of trouthe and gentilesse, As I wel mene, ek mene wel to me, And myn honour, with wit and bisynesse, A y kepe; and if I may don hym gladnesse, From hennesforth, iwys, I nyl nat feyne; Now beth al hool, no lenger ye ne pleyne.

150

155

160

165

151. H 4 I t were good. 1J4. G g H j I f y P h A D H a R C x T h jow to serve. 1/6. J csiliche. 1J7. H 2 P h A C x hyed her. i j 8 . y H 3 T h s o f t e l y , G g sekyrly. 160. J G g H j C x y e , H l P h T h y for h e ; a H U C l S l T h can, C x conne for gan. 164. G g H 5 om. ek, H 2 P h mene eke wele, R mene w e l e k e ; C p menene, J meene. 168. H2PI1H4RCX l>at } e p l e y n ,

C 150 3

Book Three 25 "But, natheles, this warne I yow," quod she, "A kynges sone although ye be, ywys, Ye shal no more han sovereignete Of me in love, than right in that cas is; Ny nyl forbere, if that ye don amys, To wreththe yow, and whil that ye me serve, Chericen yow right after ye deserve. 26 "And shortly, deere herte, and al my knyght, Beth glad, and draweth yow to lustinesse; And I shal trewely, with al my myght, Youre bittre tornen al into swetnesse, If I be she that may do yow gladnesse; For every wo ye shal recovere a blisse"; And hym in armes took, and gan hym kisse.

170

175

180

2 7

Fil Pandarus on knees, and up his eyen To hevene threw, and held his hondes hye; "Immortal god," quod he, "that mayst nat dyen, Cupide I mene, of this mayst glorifie; And Venus, thow mayst maken melodie; Withouten hond, me semeth that in towne, For this miracle, ich here ech belle sowne.

185

169. H i weme. 178. J G g H j H $ T h with al my f u l myghte. 180. v ( - D ) S i G g yow do. 183. J hise, C p om. his. 184. C p J heven ; C p C l H i J hise. 185. J O mortal, G g H j O inmortal, H 4 Thou mortal. 186. H 2 P h G g D mayst t o u . 188. C p C l ' H j S 2 D i g in the towne. 189. C p C l H i S 2 D i g merveille.

i 151 ]

Troilus

_ Criseyde 28

"But ho, no more as now of this matere; For whi this folk wol comen up anon, T h a t han the lettre red; lo, I hem here; But I conjure the, Criseyde, and oon, And two, thow Troilus, whan thow mayst goon, T h a t at myn hous ye ben -at my warnynge, For I ful wel shal shape youre comynge;

190

195

29 "And eseth there youre hertes right ynough; And lat se which of yow shal bere the belle T o speke of love aright,"—therwith he l o u g h — "For ther have ye a leiser for to telle." 200 Quod Troilus: "how longe shal I dwelle, Or this be don?" Quod he: "whan thow mayst ryse, This thyng shal be right as I the devyse." 3 0

With that Eleyne and also Deiphebus Tho comen upward, right at the steires ende; And, lord, so tho gan gronen Troilus, His brother and his suster for to blende. Quod Pandarus: "it tyme is that we wende; Tak, nece myn, youre leve at alle thre, And lat hem speke, and cometh forth with me."

205

210

190. a C l T h om. as, H4 om. as now. 193. H4 adjure, H2Ph ajorne, C x adjourne; G g H ; H 4 C x anon, C p an oon. 194. C p A H 4 P h to, G g H j H k C x t>e, H4 eek for t w o ; J A the for thow, H l H j C x om. thow. 199. G g H 4 R H 3 and r y j t , C x a lytel for aright; H l T h aright and therwith. 200. S i may 3e have, A 3c may have for have ye a. 203. YH3S1 I yow, J G g thow wolt. H i X woll, H4 thei, T h you list for I the. 205. H2PI1S1H3CX om. right. 206. Y ( - A D ) H 3 H * thanne ( H i schame) for t h o ; H l P h so gronith (om. tho g a n ) ; C x to grone tho gan.

I 152 3

Book Three 31 Sh< took hire leve at hem ful thriftily, As she wel koude, and they hire reverence Urto the fulle deden, hardyly, And wonder wel speken in hire absence Of hire, in preysing of hire excellence, Hire governaunce, hire wit; and hire manere Ccmendeden, it joie was to here. 32 Now lat hire wende unto hire owen place, Aid tome we to Troilus ayein, Tkat gan ful lightly of the lettre pace, Tkat Deiphebus hadde in the gardyn seyn. Aid of Eleyne and hym he wolde feyn Delivered ben, and seyde that hym leste To slepe, and after tales have reste.

33

Eleyne hym kiste, and took hire leve blyve, E^iphebus ek, and hom wente every wight; Aid Pandarus, as faste as he may dryve, T5 Troilus tho com as lyne right; And on a pailet al that glade nyght Bf Troilus he lay, with blisful chere, To tale; and wel was hem they were yfeere.

215

220

225

230

211. H 3 t h r i f t f u l l y , H.J discretly, C x honestly, 214. J G g H j speken wonder wel. 217 Cp Comendede, H2PI1H4 Comendid, H j C x Comendyng, S i G g R Commenden; CPom. i t ; R that for i t ; S l T h fcat it joye was, A hit joye it was, H 4 they that joie was, C x it that joy it was, H2PI1 it was j o y , H j hir it was joye for it joie was. 22? J H 4 R C I H J f a y n . 224. .H4 to han a reste, C x to have rest, C p H i J han reste, H & X h han a reste, G g h a v y n rest, R hym to reste. 228. H 2 P h H S C x come b o ; H j > h H 4 C x as b l y v e , H s anon for as lyne. 229. Cp paillet, J paylet. 230. f H j T h m»y for b l i s f u l .

n 1531

Troilus

Criseyde

34

Whan every wight was voided but they two, And alle the dores weren faste yshette, T o telle in short, withouten wordes mo, This Pandarus, withouten any lette, U p roos, and on his beddes syde hym sette, And gan to speken in a sobre wyse T o Troilus, as I shal yow devyse.

235

35 " M y n alderlevest lord, and brother deere, God woot, and thow, that it sat me so soore, When I the saugh so langwisshyng to-yere For love, of which thi wo wax alwey moore, That I, with al my myght and al my loore, H a v e evere sithen don my bisynesse T o brynge the to joye out of distresse; 36 "And have it brought to swich plit as thow woost, So that, thorugh me, thow stondest now in weye T o faren wel. I seye it for no boost; And wostow whi? for shame it is to seye: For the have I bigonne a gamen pleye Which that I nevere don shal eft for other, Although he were a thousand fold my brother.

240

245

250

333. H 4 T h e dores o f the chambir faste ishett. 235. H 4 anon with oute lett. 236. H 4 Fro there as he w a s leid upright him sett. 243. a wit for m y g h t . 246, 247. R A n d thus trowe I that tfiow thyselven w o s t / A n d how that I han set the now in weye. 248. C p J sey. 250. C I H 3 a game b y g o n n e ; CIH3H2PI1CX to pleye. 2J1. o shal nevere do ( G g . om. do), R nevere shal d o n ; ' H 2 P h G g R om. e f t ; H 3 never e f t shal do. 2J2. H 3 tymes.

Z 154 3

Book Three

37 "That is to seye, for the am I bicomen, Bitwixen game and ernest, swich a meene As maken wommen unto men to comen; Thow woost thi selven what I wolde meene; For the have I my nece, of vices cleene, So fully maad thi gentilesse triste, That al shal ben right as thi selven liste.

255

38 "But god, that al woot, take I to witnesse, 260 That nevere I this for coveitise wroughte, But oonly for tabregge that distresse, For which wel neigh thow deidest, as me thoughte. But, goode brother, do now as the oughte, For goddes love, and kepe hire out,of blame; 265 Syn thow art wys, so save alwey hire name.

39 "For wel thow woost, the name as yit of hire Among the peple, as who seyth, halwed is; For nevere was ther wight, I dar wel swere, That evere wiste that she dide amys. But wo is me, that I, that cause al this, May thenken that she is my nece deere, And I hire em, and traitour ek yfeere.

270

2j6. v S l H 3 T h R A l sey I nought thow wost w e l w h a t I meene ( R wost what I wolde mene). 262. aJDCx om. f o r ; H s P h R C i thy distresse. 266. v S i T h and save, R to save, J G g H j so kepe; H 4 For thou art wis inouh to save hir n a m e ; C x So as thou art wyse kepe hyr out of shame; H3 omits line. 267. H 2 P h G g J D i g om. as, 268. Cp peeple, J people. 269. v H 3 T h H 2 P h R For that man is unborc. 273. H 4 C 1 bothe for ek.

i 155 3

Troilus

Criseyde

40 "And were it wist that I, thorugh myn engyn, Hadde in my nece yput this fantasie, T o doon thi lust, and holly to ben thyn, Whi, al the world wolde upon it crie, And seyn that I the worste trecherie Dide in this cas, that evere was bigonne, And she forlost, and thow right nought ywonne. 41 "Wherfore, or I wol ferther gon a pas, The preye ich eft, althogh thow sholdest deye, T h a t privyte go with us in this cas, That is to seyn, that thow us nevere wreye; And be nought wroth, though I the ofte preye T o holden secree swich an heigh matere; For skilfull is, thow woost wel, my praiere. 42 "And thynk what wo ther hath bitid or this, For makyng of avauntes, as men rede; And what meschaunce in this world yit ther is, Fro day to day, right for that wikked dede; For which thise wise clerkes that ben dede H a n writen or this, as yit men teche us yonge, That firste vertu is to kepe tonge.

275

280

285

290

277. J R C z H 2 P h a l be p e e p l e ; Y upon it w o l d e ; G g H j wolde on it gaure & crie ( H s b a t for i t ) ; H 4 A l this word wolde on me pleyne & cry. 280. H 4 forlorn, J R C x S l H 3 H 2 p h T h fordon. 281. C p ferthere, J further. 282. Y H 3 S l T h G g H $ Y e t e f t ' I the biseche and f u l l y seye ; J preyen, shuldest. 284. H 4 F o r no myschef thou never us thre bewreye. 290. H 2 P h S i mischef y e t in bis w o r l d b«r is ( P h in this world jet is) ; C x y i t in thys world i s ; C l S 2 D i g G g H f R T h om. ther. 293. Y ^ S l T h a H a n evere y e t proverbed to us yohge ( C p S 2 D i g thus, H 1 H 3 T I 1 this for y e t ; H2PI1 proverbyd y e t ) ; H 4 a l w e y for or t h i s ; J men y i t . 294. firste, so C P C I D H 4 , rest first; H 3 H 4 H j P h T h T h a t be. H 2 C x be for T h a t ; H 2 P h kepe wele be t o n g e ; H 4 H J S 1 S 2 C x T h the tunge, R D i g t h y tonge, H 3 his tonge.

C 156 1

Book Three

43 "And nere it that I wilne as now tabregge Diffusioun of speche, I koude almoost A thousand olde stories the alegge Of wommen lost thorugh fals and foles bost; Proverbes kanst thi selve inowe, and woost, Ayeins that vice, for to ben a labbe, Though men soth seyde as often as thei gabbe.

295

300

44 " 0 tonge, alias, so often here byforn Hath made ful many a lady bright of hewe Seyd: 'weilaway! the day that I was born!' And many a maydes sorwe for to newe; And, for the more part, al is untrewe That men of yelpe, and it were brought to preve; Of kynde non avauntour is to leve.

305

45 "Avauntour and a Iyere, al is on; As thus, I pose a womman graunteth me Hire love, and seith that other wol she non, And I am sworn to holden it secree, And after I go telle it two or thre; Iwis, I am avauntour at the leeste, And lyere, for I breke my bihest'e. 195-364. A D emit.

315

299. H 4 A n d proverbis riht inowe as weel thou wost.

E h F h T h b l a b b e ; H 4 D e c l a r y n that men auhte not to l a b b y n . seyde men s o t h ; H 4 -as tonges g a b b y n .

Al 303.

304. R C x H f S i D i g S e y ; J H 4 t a t d a y ;

30J. H j G g H / R H i S ^ D i g maydens, C x mayden.

Y H 3 S 1 T I 1 H 4 graunte, G g grauntede.

300.

301. VS1H3TJ1

302. H 4 C X F o r tonge, F l 0 f a l s e tong.

Y H 3 S l T h G g H 5 H a s t o n m a d e many a l a d y . G g H ; t a t evere I was born.

[

310

310.

315. C p S 2 D i g S i H 3 H 2 P h F i C x A n d a lyere.

157 3

Troilus

Criseyde

46 "Now loke thanne, if they ben aught to blame, Swich manere folk; what shal I clepe hem? what? That hem avaunte of wommen, and by name, That nevere yit bihyghte hem this ne tfrat, Ne knewe hem more than myn olde hat ? 320 No wonder is, so god me sende hele, Though wommen dreden with us men to dele.

47 " I sey nat this for no mystrust of yow, Ne for no wis man, but for foles nyce, And for the harm that in the world is now, As wel for folie ofte as for malice; For wel woot I, in wise folk that vice No womman drat, if she be wel avised; For wise ben by foles harm chastised. 48 "But now to purpos, leve brother deere; Have al this thyng that I have seyd in mynde, And kepe the clos, and be now of good cheere; For at thi day thow shalt me trewe fynde. I shal thi proces sette in swych a kynde, And god toforn, that it shal the suffise; For it shal ben right as thow wolt devyse.

325

330

335

31(5. y S l T h be nought, C x be right nought. 3'9- C p H i S 2 D i g H 3 T h T h a t yet bihyghte hem nevere. 324. v T h wise men, H 4 wismen. 335. H3H4S1 this world. 328. K h P h l f y C x T h dTedith. 332. R right for now.

C 15s 1

Book 'three

49 "For wel I woot, thow menest wel, parde, Therfore I dar this fully undertake. Thow woost ek what thi lady graunted the; And day is set, the chartres up to make. Have now good nyght; I may no lenger wake; And bid for me, sith thow art now in blysse, That god me sende deth or soone lisse." Who myghte tellen half the joie or feste Whiche that the soule of Troilus-tho felte, Heryng theffect of Pandarus byheste"? His olde wo, that made his herte swelte, Gan tho for joie wasten and to-melte; And al the richesse of his sikes sore A t ones fledde, he felte of hem no more. 51 But right so as thise holtes.and thise hayis, That han in wynter dede ben and dreye, Revesten hem in grene, whan that M a y is, Whan every lusty listeth best to pleye, Right in that selve wise, soth to seye, W a x sodeynliche his herte ful of joie, That gladder was ther nevere man in Troie.

340

345

350

355

342. y H 3 syn for sith. 349. H2PI1 rehetyng, H 4 tresour, C * thought!* for richesse. 352. dreye, so C l S i , rest drye. 3J4. y S i liketh. 355. y S i C x soth f o r to seye.

C 159 1

Troilus

Criseyde 5 2

And gan his look on Pandarus up caste Ful sobrely, and frendly for to se, And seyde: "frend, in Aperil the laste,— As wel thow woost, if it remembre t h e , — How neigh the deth for wo thow fownde me! And how thow dedest al thi bisynesse, T o knowe of me the cause of my destresse!

53

"Thow woost how longe ich it forbar to seye T o the, that art the man* that I best triste; And peril non was it to the bywreye, That wiste I wel; but telle me, if the liste, Sith I so loth was that thi self it wiste, How dorste I mo tellen of this matere, That quake now, and no man may us here?

360

365

370

54 "But natheles, by that god I the swere, That as hym list may al this world governe,— And if I lye, Achilles with his spere M y n herte cleve, al were my lif eterne, As I am mortal, if I late or yerne Wolde it bywreye, or dorste, or sholde konne, For al the good that god made under sonne;—

375

3J9- a H 4 H 3 C x T h on to for for to ( H 2 P h C x un to). 360. A p e r i l , so H i , J Aperel, R A v e r i l l e , G g H j H 4 P h A p r i l l e , S i A p r i l e , rest A p r i l . 364. H 4 axe. 366. H2PI1H3 most for best. 367- C I S 1 H 3 H 4 was it noon. 371. man, so p ( J R C x ) , rest wight.

I 160]

Book Three 55 "But rather wolde I dye, and determyne, As thynketh me, now stokked in prisoun, In wrecchednesse, in filthe, and in vermyne, Captif to cruel kyng Agamenoun: And this in alle the temples of this town, Upon the goddes alle, I wol the swere To morwe d a y ; if that it like the here. 56 "And that thow hast so muche idon for me, That I ne may it nevere more deserve, This knowe I wel, al myghte I now for the A thousand tymes on a morwe sterve; I kan no more but that I wol the serve Right as thi sclave, whider so thow wende, For evere more unto my lyves ende.

380

385

390

57 "But here, with al myn herte, I the biseche, That nevere in me thow deme swich folie As I shal seyn: me thoughte, by thi speche, That this which thow me doost for compaignie, I sholde wene it were a bauderye. I am nat wood, al if I lewed be; It is nat so, that woot I wel, parde.

395

37!)-38I. H J omits stanza. 379- B u t , so P ( H 4 R C X S 1 ) , G g W h a t , rest T h a t ; wolde I dye, so P ( J R C x ) , rest dey I wolde. 380. C p prisone, J prison. 383. C p a l l , J al. 385. like the here, so S i , C p H i D S i G g liketh the here, J H 4 R C I A liketh here, H3TI1 the lyketh here, H 2 C 1 if it lyke the to here ( C x lyketh), F h if the it Iyke to here. 391. C I G g K U R knave ( C I corrected from slave), A f e l a w e , H 2 F h own for s c l a v e ; H s I can for thi sclave. 395. H 4 A s thou hast seid. 39®- J R S i doost me, C x hast me for me doost. 398. H 2 P h H 4 G g D a .Jjogh for al if. 399- J a oon, C x bawdry for 30.

Z 161 3

Troilus

Criseyde

58 "But he that gooth, for gold or for richesse, On swich message, calle hym what the list; And this that thow doost, calle it gentilesse, Compassioun, and felawship, and trist; Departe it so; for wyde wher is wist, How that ther is diversite requered Bytwixen thynges like, as I have lered.

400

405

59 "And that thow knowe I thynke nat, ne wene, That this servise a-shame be or jape, I have my faire suster, Polixene, Cassandre, Eleyne, or any of the frape; Be she nevere so faire or wel yshape, Tel me which thow wilt of everychone, To han for thyn, and lat me thanne allone. 60 "But sith thow hast idon me this servyse, M y lif to save, and for non hope of mede, So, for the love of god, this grete emprise Parforme it out; for now is most nede. For heigh and lough, withouten any drede, I wol alwey thyne hestes alle kepe; Have now good nyght, and lat us bothe slepe."

410

415

420

401. 0H4 as for w h a t : C p H i J liste. 403. C p H i J triste. 404. C p H i J wiste. 408. H2PI1H4RDS1CX or a jape. 411. R A l be she. 412. y om. m e ; H 4 to whiehe. S i which t a t for which. 413. H 4 I speke for the and. 414. C p C l H l T h sith that (CI syn b a t ) ; idon, so JRS1H2PJ1, rest don. 417. T h nowe is the moste {om. for), D moste, rest most. 419. H4 I wil thi lore & eek thin hestes keepe.

n 162 2

Book Three 61 Thus held hym eche of other wel apayed, That al the world ne myghte it bet amepde; And on the morwe, whan they were arayed, Eche to his owen nedes gan entende. But Troilus, though as the fir he brende For sharp desir of hope and of plesaunce, He nought forgat his wyse governaunce,

425

62 But in hym self with manhood gan restreyne Eche rakel dede, and ech unbridled cheere, That alle tho that ly ven, soth to seyne, Ne sholde han wist, by word or by manere, What that he mente, as touchyng this matere. From every wight as fer as is the cloude He was, so wel dissimulen he koude. 63 And al this while which that I yow devyse, This was his lif: with al his fulle myght By day he was in Martes heigh servyse, Tliat is to seyn, in armes as a knyght; And for the more part, the longe nyght He lay, and thoughte how that he myght serve His lady best, hire thonk for to deserve.

430

435

440

411. H4S1 om. h y m ; R eche of hem other, H 2 P h eche o f hem with ofcir. 422. H4 So weel that no wiht myht. 42;. J C I H 1 D H 3 H J R C X thoght. 427. v H $ S l T h gode (Cp good) Sot wyse. 431. C1H4DCX ne for or. 433. a From eche in that as ( H j whiche /or ethe). 435. YH3TI1 the for this, 436. C p all, J alle, 437- S i emprise. 438. 1 (-A) T h U for T h a t ; D omits line. 439- o R C x most for more. 440. D mot, H5 myte, R m j g h t hir, rest myght.

[

163 3

troilus

Criseyde

64 I nyl nat seyn that, though he lay f u l softe, T h a t in his thought he nas som what disesed; And that he torned on his pilwes ofte, And wolde of that he missed han ben sesed,— But in swich cas men ben nought alwey plesed, For aught I woot, no more than was h e — This kan I deme of possibilitee.

445

65 And certeyn is, to purpos for to go, This mene while, as writen is in geste, 450 H e say his lady som tyme, and also She with hym spak, whan that she dorste and leste; And by hire bothe avys, as was the beste, Apoynteden ful warly in this nede, In every thing how they wolden procede. 455

66 But it was spoken in so short a wise, In swich await alwey, and in swich feere, Lest any wight devynen or devyse Wolde on this thing, or to it leye an ere, T h a t al this world so lef to hem ne were As Cupido wolde hem a space sende T o maken of hire speche aright an ende.

460

442-476. Cx omits five stanzas. 442. So fJSl ( S i though feat; J l a y e s o f t e , om. f u l ) , y H 3 T h a N i l I n a u g h t swere although he l a y s o f t e . 444. y H 3 T h o N e for A n d . 44*. J H 4 H 3 G g H 5 esed, C I s of sesed partly erased. 446. C p C l H l A G g H j is for ben. 448. y T h a T h a t for T h i s . 449. y H ^ T h a B u t for A n d . 4*0. v H 3 T h a T h a t in this while ( A D T h a t in this mene while j C p H l S l D i g which for while). 4*2. C p H l J G g H j or for and. 45J. y H 3 T h a So as they durstc how t h e y ; H2PI1 how ferre. H 3 D R how bat, G g so as for how. 459. on this thing, so 3 S i ( R of for o n ; H 4 these thynges), a in bis speche, Y H 3 T I 1 of hem two. 461. Y H 3 S 1 T I 1 A s t h a t ; Cupido, so C l A D S l H 4 R , rest C u p i d e ; y H 3 S i T h a om. a ; y H i S l T h R grace. 462. A D S l of this t h y n g ; a om. an.

C 164

U

Book 'three 6? But thilke litel that they spake or wroughte, His wise goost took ay of al swych heede, It seemed hire he wiste what she thoughte

Withouten word, so that it was no nede

465

To bidde hym ought to doon, or ought forbeede; For which hire thoughte that love, al come it late, Of alle joie hadde opned hire the yate.

68 And shortly of this proces for to pace, So wel his werk and wordes he bisette, That he so ful stood in his lady grace, That twenty thousand tymes, or she lette, She thonked god she evere with hym mette; So koude he hym governe in swich servyse, That al the world ne myghte it bet devyse. 69 For whi, she fond hym so discret in al, So secret, and of swich obeisaunce, That wel she felte he was to hire a wal Of steel, and sheld from every displesaunce; That to ben in his goode governaunce, — So wis he was,—she was ho more afered, I mene, as fer as oughte ben requered.

470

475

480

464. C p J Hise. 468. y H 3 S i T h o she ( C p he) for h i r e ; thoughte, so C l G g H 4 R . rest thought. 470. H 2 P h H 4 forth to passe. 474. C p H i H i P h R that evere she with hym. 476. myghte, so G g H 4 , rest m y g h t ( H 3 c o w d e ) ; C p H i H 3 avyse. 481. S i T h a t for to ben; goode, so G g H 3 A , rest good.

n 165 3

troilus

Criseyde 70

And Pandarus, to quike alwey the fir, Was evere ylike prest and diligent; T o ese his frend was set al his desir. H e shof ay on; he to and fro was sent; H e lettres bar whan Troilus was absent; That nevere wight, as in his frendes nede, Ne bar hym bet to don his frend to spede.

485

490

. 71 But now, paraunter, som man wayten wolde That every word, or look, or sonde, or cheere Of Troilus that I rehersen sholde, In al this while unto his lady deere. I trowe it were a long thyng for to here, Or of what wight that stant in swich disjoynte, His wordes alle, or every look, to poynte.

495

72 For sothe, I have nat herd it don or this, In story non, ne no man here I wene; And though I wolde, I koude nat, y wys; For ther was som epistel hem bitwene, That wolde, as seyth myn auctour, wel contene An hondred vers, of which hym liste nat write; H o w sholde I thanne a lyne of it endite?

500

484. J H 4 R this for the, 487. H 2 to and fro he went, Ph he to and fro went, R & to and fro he went. 488. C p J b a r e ; C p H i J absente. 489. v H 3 T h a man for wight. 490. v H j S i T h a bet than he withouten drede. 491. H j P h H 3 R men. 492. So J H 4 C X , R look or every sond (om. word), v H j S i T h G g H j word or sonde or look, H 2 P h sond or word or loke. 495. G g H $ tyme, R tune for thyng. 503. v H 3 S l T h a N e i g h h a l f this book of which.

n 166:

Book Three

73 But to the grete effect: than seye I thus, That, stondyng in concord and in quiete Thise ilke two, Criseyde and Troilus, As I have seyd, and in this tyme swete,— Save only often myghte they nat mete, Ne leiser have hire speches to fulfille— That it bifel, right as I shal yow telle,

^05

510

74 That Pandarus, which that alwey dide his myght Right for the fyn that I shal speke of here, As for to bryngen to his hous som nyght His faire nece and Troilus yfere, Where as at leiser al this heigh matere, Touchynghire love, were at the fulle up bounde, Hadde, as hym thought, a tyme to it founde.

515

75 For he, with gret deliberacioun, Hadde every thyng that herto myghte availle Forncast, and put in execucioun, And neither left for cost ne for travaille; Come if hem list, hem sholde no thyng faille; And for to ben in ought espied there, That thoughte he wel an impossible were.

$20

525

J07- C p H l J ilk. 508. y H 3 T ) i a tolde. j m . J G s H S speche; T h ful/ell. 512. H2PI1R P a n d a r e ; Y H 3 S i T h om. which, J G g H f om. t h a t ; Y H 3 S l T h a evere for alwey. 517. Cp here for hire. Ji8. Y H 3 T h a Hadde out of doute; R C x therto for to it. 520. H 3 A D S i C x T b therto; myghte, so C I G g , rest myght. J24, a N e for And ( H j N o r ) . SV- Y H 3 T h a w i s t e ; - C p J G g P h D and for an, H s om. a n ; H3H4HJ it were.

[ 167 3

Troilus

Criseyde

76 Dredeles, it clere was in the wynd O f every pie and every lette-game; Thus al is wel, for al the world is blynd In this matere, bothe wilde and tame. This tymber is al redy up to frame; Us lakketh nought but that we weten wolde A certeyn houre, in which she comen sholde.

530

77 And Troilus, that al this purveiaunce Knew at the fulle, and waited on it ay, Hadde here upon ek made his ordinaunce, And founde his cause, and therto al the aray, T h a t if that he were missed, nyght or day, Ther while he was abouten this servyse, T h a t he was gon to don his sacrifise, 78 And moste at swich a temple allone wake, Answered of Apollo for to be; And first to sen the holy laurer quake, Or that Apollo spake out of the tree, T o telle hym whan the Grekes sholden flee, And forthy lette hym no man, god forbede, But preye Apollo that he wolde hym spede.

535

,40

545

526. H 3 S 1 C X T I 1 A n d d r e d l e s ; C p H i J wynde. J27. C p C I S 2 D i g From for Of: J H 4 R G g H 5 D of for and ( H 4 or o f ) . J28. y H 3 T h o N o w for T h u s ; H 2 P h J R C x bis w o r l d ; C p H i J b l y n d e . J29. y T h H j fremed, H i P h G g frende for wilde ( J wild). J3l. C p H i S i t t a P h C x witen. J34. CI waytede. J3J. y H 3 S i T h grete for his. 536. y ( - A D ) H 3 T h his for al the. J37. y T h I f that, H 3 A n d y f that, 'H4 T h a t y i f for T h a t if that. 538. H a G g H j C x T h e while. 543. a O r bat the god o u j t spalc out of the tre ( H a P h om. o u j t ) . J44. y H 3 S l T h a hym next w h a n : C p C l H l A H 3 T h H 4 H j om. the, J bat, H 2 P h b»t be for the. 546. C p C U p r e y ; y H 3 S l T h o helpen in this nede (H2PI1D help hym in his nede) ; H 4 R wil for wolde.

c 168 n

Book Three

79 Now is ther litel more for to doone, But Pandare up, and, shortly for to seyne, Right sone upon the chaungynge of the moone, Whan lightles is the world a nyght or tweyne, And that the wolken shop hym for to reyne, He streyght o morwe unto his nece wente; Ye han wel herd the fyn of his entente. 80 Whan he was there, he gan anon to pi eye As he was wont, and at hym self to jape; And finaly he swor and gan hire seye, By this and that, she sholde hym nought escape, Ne make hym lenger after hire to gape; But certeynly she moste, by hire leve, Come soupen in his hous with hym at eve. 81 At which she lough, and gan hire faste excuse, And seyde: "it reyneth; lo, how sholde I gon?" "Lat be," quod he, "ne stond nat thus to muse; This moot be don, ye shal be there anon." So at the laste, herof they fille at oon, Or elles, softe he swor hire in hire ere, He wolde nevere comen ther she were.

550

555

560

565

J49. a Lo for Right. j j i . wolken, so Cp, J wolkne, CI walkene, H i walken, G g A walkyn, rest welkyn or welken. SS4• y H j T h a come for there. SSS- v ( - D ) H 3 T h o of for at. j j 8 . v T h N e lenger don hym, H 3 N e lenger hym doon, a N e done hym lenger; C p H i T h cape, J kape. 563. C p H l stant, J stonde. 567. C p C l H t S i T h H j nolde, H 3 s h u l d e ; H 3 R C x ther as.

C >693

Troilus

Criseyde 82

And she agayne gan to hym for to rowne, And axed hym if Troilus were there. H e swor hir nay, for he was out of towne, And seyde: "nece, I pose that he were, Y o w thurste nevere han the more fere; For rather than men sholde hym ther aspie, M e were levere a thousand fold to dye." 83 Nat list myn auctour fully to declare W h a t that she thoughte whan he seyde so, That Troilus was out of towne yfare, As if he seyde soth therof or n o ; But that she graunted with hym for to go Withoute await, syn that he hire bisoughte, And, as his nece, obeyed as hire oughte. 84 But natheles, yit gan she hym biseche, Although with hym to gon it was no fere, For to be war of goosissh poeples speche, That dremen thynges whiche that nevere were, And wel avyse hym whom he broughte there; And seyde hym: "em, syn I most on yow triste, Loke al be wel, for I do as yow liste."

570

575

580

585

J68. y H 3 T h a Soone a f t e r this she gan to h y m to rowne ( C P H 1 S 2 A H 3 she to hym gan, C I to h y m she g a n ; H 2 P h H j H 3 D om. second to), S i Soon a f t e r t h a t she gan unto him r o w n e ; H 4 C * om. first to. 569. J G g H j S i was. 571. H2FI1 A n d seyd y suppose that he were t h e r e ; G g (by corrector) A n d seyde w h a t I pose, H 5 A n d he sayde w h a t I suppose ; H3CX that he where t h e r e ; H 4 I suppose he ther w e r ; R And nyece I pose that he ther were. 572. H i P h bow, G g H e , J H 4 R C X S 1 H J Y e for Y o w ; C p H i thruste, J thorstc, H 4 thurste, H 3 A thurst, D thurte, G g bourrste, S 1 H 5 t h u r f t , C I dorste, H i P h C x durst, T h durste, R aghten. $73. y H 3 T h a myghte. 576. C p C l H 2 P h whan that he. 578. H 3 H 4 R T h A n d for A s ; v ( - A D ) T h o therof soth. J79, j8o. v H 3 T h a : — B u t that, withowten await, with h y m to go She graunted hym, sith he hire that bisoughte ( H 2 P h om. await, H $ ( P h over line) more for a w a i t ; G g H $ bat he hire, it for h y m ; H 2 P h om. that). 587. C p D moste, H 2 P h H j C x must, G g H 4 mot. 588. v H 3 S i T h a and do now as yow liste ; J bat for as.

I 170 1

Book Three

85 He swor hire this by stokkes and by stones, And by the goddes that in hevene dwelle, Or elles were hym levere, fel and bones, With Pluto kyng as depe ben in helle As Tantalus. What sholde I more telle? Whan al was wel, he roos and took his leve; And she to soper com, whan it was eve,

590

595

86 With a certein of hire owen men, And with hire faire nece, Antigone, And other of hire wommen nyne or ten; But who was glad now, who, as trowe ye, But Troilus, that stood and myght it se Thorughoute a litel wyndow in a stuwe, Ther he bishet syn mydnyght was in muwe, 87 Unwist of every wight but of Pandare ? But now to purpos: whan that she was come With alle joie, and alle frendes fare, Hire em anon in armes hath hire nome, And after to the soper, alle and some, Whan tyme was, ful softe they hem sette; God woot, ther was no deynte for to fette.

600

605

589. Y H 3 S l T h yis ( C p yes), C * tho for this, H2PI1H4 om. this. J91. Y T h a soule and bones. 593. H 4 R C X lenger duelle, J longe telle. J94. H2 W h a n Jjis was do. Ph W h a n tyme was. 598. a A n d of her wymmen wele a ix or x ( H a P h om. o f , G g H ; om. a). 599. a is glad. 601. a T h u r g h out an hole wi|> y n a litil stewe ( G g of for wi[> y n ; H j a l y t y l l hole of a stewe). 604. v H j T h a B u t to the point n o w ; C l H i A D H 3 H 2 P h H 4 om. t h a t ; CI ycome. 607. R And after ward to souper. 608. J H 4 S 1 C X to soper they hem sette ( C x be for h e m ) ; R - W h a n it was tyme faste they hem sette.

[ 171 3

troilus

Criseyde 88

And after soper gonnen they to rise, A t ese wel, with hertes fresshe and glade, And wel was hym that koude best devyse T o liken hire, or that hire laughen made. H e song; she pleyde; he tolde tale of Wade. But at the laste, as every thyng hath ende, She took hire leve, and nedes wolde wende. 89 But O, Fortune, executrice of wyerdes, O influences of thise hevenes hye, Soth is that, under god, ye ben oure hierdes, Though to us bestes ben the causes wrie. This mene I now, for she gan homward hye, But execut was al bisyde hire leve The goddes wil, for which she moste bleve. 90 The bente moone with hire homes pale, Saturne, and Jove in Cancro joyned were, That swych a reyn from hevene gan avale, That every maner womman that was there Hadde of that smoky reyn a verray feere; At which Pandare tho lough, and seyde thenne: "Now were it tyme a lady to gon henne!

610

615

620

625

630

612. a H 3 belt coudc ( H 2 P h coube). 614. C I tales. H 3 S 1 H 5 C X a tale, H2PI1 be t a l e ; R and eke he toldc of wade. 616. CI she wolde wende, H 3 S 1 H ; wolde she wende, C x wold home wende. 620. a is be cause y w r y e ; R be the cause. 621. a I mene it now for she gan home to hye ( H 5 om. to). 623. y ( - A D ) T h A t the goddes wil. 626. a bat madyn such a reync fro hevyn avale. 627. R H j C x man & womman. 629. a om. tho, R that for tho.

t 172 1

Book

three

91 "But, goode nece, if I myghte evere plese Yow any thyng, than prey ich yow," quod he, " T o don myn herte as now so grete an ese As for to dwelle here al this nyght with me, For, nece, this is youre owen hous, parde. Now, by my trouthe, I sey it nat a game, To wende as now, it were to me a shame."

635

9 2

Criseyde, which that koude as muche good As half a world, took hede of his preyere; And syn it ron, and al was on a flood, She thoughte, as good chepe may I dwellen here, And graunte it gladly with a frendes chere, And have a thonk, as grucche and thanne abide; For hom to gon, it may nat wel bitide.

93

"I wol," quod she, "myn uncle lief and deere, Syn that yow list, it skile is to be so; I am right glad with yow to dwellen here; I seyde but a game, I wolde go." "Iwys, graunt mercy, nece," quod he tho, "Were it a game or no, soth for to telle, Now am I glad, syn that yow list to dwelle."

640

645

650

631. C p J good. 63J. v H 3 T h a For whi this is. 636. y T h For, H3S1 A n d for N o w ; CI f o r no game. 637. J K U S i G g P h to me it were, R to me were it, H 3 om. to me. 642. H l D f r c n d l y , P h prevy, G g H j f r e l y for g l a d l y . 648. H 2 P h H j H 4 C x f t y wold go. 650. a n o n e ; H 2 P h R be sobe to tell. 651. a J je wolyn dwelle ( G g je wele with me dwelle, J wol).

t m 3

Troilus

Criseyde

94 Thus al is wel; but tho bigan aright The newe joie, and al the feste agayn; But Pandarus, if goodly hadde he myght, H e wolde han hyed hire to bedde fayn, And seyde: "lord, this is an huge rayn! This were a weder for to slepen inne; And that I rede us soone to bygynne,

655

95

"And, nece, woot ye where I shal yow leye, For that we shul nat liggen fer asonder, And for ye neither shullen, dar I seye, Heren noyse of reynes nor of thonder? By god, right in my litel closet yonder. And I wol in that outer hous allone Be wardein of youre wommen everichone. 96 "And in this myddel chaumbre that ye se Shul youre wommen slepen, wel and softe; And al withinne shal youre selven be; And if ye liggen wel to nyght, com ofte, And careth nought what weder is alofte. The wyn anon, and whan so that yow leste, Than is it tyme for to gon to reste."

660

665

670

6JJ. H a P h G g hym, H * hem for hire. 659. y S ' T h a wol, H 3 wold for shal. 660. C p f a r , J for for fer. 661. H a P h sholdyn neifcer, H j C x shall neyther. 663. C l H i J lite. 66S- JH4H2PI1 yow ( P h corrected later to yower) for youre. 667. S l H j C x shall all. 668. v H 3 T h a And there I seyde shal. 670. J H 4 B u t for A n d . 671. H2PI1 Goth yn anone, H { L e t all alone, C x T h e wyne was b r o u g h t ; H 3 T o wyn. 672. y T h a So go we slepe I trowe it be the beste ( H 2 P h om. S o ; T h Go we to slepe).

C 174

1

Book 'three

97 Ther was no more, but hereafter soone, The voide dronke, and travers drawe anon, Gan every wight, that hadde nat to done More in the place, out of the chaumbre gon; And alweye in this meene while it ron, And blew therwith so wonderliche lpude, That wel neigh no man heren other koude. 98 Tho Pandarus, hire em, right as hym oughte, With wommen swiche as were hire most aboute, Ful glad unto hire beddes syde hire broughte, And took his leve, and gan ful lowe loute, And seyde: "here at this closet dore withoute, Right overthwart, youre wommen liggen alle, That whom yow list of hem ye may hire calle."

675

680

685

99 So whan that she was in the closet leyd, And. alle hire wommen forth by ordinaunce Abedde weren, ther as I have seyd, There was no more to skippen nor to traunce, But boden go to bedde, with meschaunce, If any wight was steryng any where, And lat hem slepen that abedde were.

690

673. was, so BSi, C p C l H i G g T h nys, H 2 P h H / A D is. 674. So Y S 1 H 4 ; J C x T h T h e y for T h e ; G g bey voydyn dronkyn; H 3 T h e i dranke v o y d e d ; R Drynk voide & travers; H 2 P h T h e y voydid & drunk & curtyns drew anone; H j W h a n they had dronke than fast & bat anon. 676. a C l H i bat place. 677. \ H 3 T h o And evere mo so sterneliche it ron.' 678. C p iblewe, J blewgh. 679. H4CX othir heer. 683. o to lout ( G g & low & gan to loute; H j and lowe gan to lowte). 686. C p C l H i here, J H 4 S 1 D hir, H^PhA her, G g H 3 om. hire ; H$ ye may to yow calle (to deleted); C x T h ye may soone c a l l e ; R ye mowen calle. 687, CpJ l e y d e ; R in closet was ileyde. 689. R S l H j C x I have 30W seyd. 690. J R H 3 H 2 P h G g C x ne for nor. 692. 01JH4CX man for wight.

C 175 1

Troilus

Criseyde 1 0 0

But Pandarus, that wel koude eche a del The olde daunce, and every point therinne, Whan that he sey that alle thyng was wel, H e thought he wolde upon his werk bigynne, And gan the stuwe doore al softe unpynne, And stille as stoon, withouten lenger lette, By Troilus adown right he hym sette. 101 And, shortly to the point right for to gon, O f al this thing he tolde hym worde and ende, And seyde: "make the redy right anon, For thow shalt into hevene blisse wende." "Now seint Venus, thow me grace sende," Quod Troilus, "for nevere yit no nede Hadde ich or now, ne halvendel the drede." 102 Quod Pandarus: "ne drede the nevere a del, For it shal be right as thow wolt desire; So thryve I, this nyght shal I make it wel, Or casten al the gruwel in the fire." " Y i t , blisful Venus, this nyght thow me enspire," Quod Troilus, "as wys as I the serve, And evere bet and bet shal til I sterve.

695

700

705

710

694. a A n d for B u t . 696. a he wist ( G g H % woste) ; alle, so H l A G g H j H 3 , rest al. 699. C p H i S 2 T h A s stille a s ; a more l e t ; H4 any lett. 702. y H 3 S i T h a O f al this werk. 705. seint V e n u s , so J H 4 C X S 1 ((5), R Now V e n u s p r a y I l>at thow, y H 3 T h a b l i s f u l Venus. 710. a H 4 C x y shal. 712. a N o w seynt V e n u s ,

C >76 3

Book

Three

103 "And if ich hadde, O Venus f u l of myrthe, Aspectes badde of Mars or of Saturne, Or thow combust or let were in my birthe, Thy fader prey al thilke harm disturne Of grace, and that I glad ayein may turne, For love of hym thow lovedest in the shawe, I meene Adon, that with the boor was slawe.

715

720

104 " O Jove ek, for the love of faire Europe, The which in forme of bole awey thow fette, Now help; O Mars, thow with thi blody cope, For love of Cipres, thow me nought ne lette; O Phebus, thynk whan Dane hire selven shette Under the bark, and laurer wax for drede, Y i t for hire love, O help now at this nede. 105 "Mercurie, for the love of Hierse eke, For which Pallas was with Aglauros wroth, Now help; and ek Diane, I the biseke, That this viage be nat to the looth. O fatal sustren, which or any cloth M e shapen was, my destine me sponne, So helpeth to this werk that is bygonne."

725

730

735

715. C p A s , J A n for A n d , 717. a. cumbrid ( H j encumbryd). 722. C p C l A D S l om. O. 724; H 4 R rede for b l o d y . 72;. J G g C i p r i s , H2PI1 Ciphis ( P h Altered to T y p h i s ) , H 3 Cyphres, C * C i p a c , D Cipresse, T h Cipria, H j V e n u s . 726. H 2 p h C x S i D i a n e , R don, T h Daphne. 729. G g hirie, H f C x T h hir, R hyeas. 730. H i A A g l o w r o s , H 4 R A g l a u r e s , H 5 A g l o u r s , G g aglouros, S i C x A g l a u r u s , 73;. a N o w helpith.

I 177 1

Troilus

Criseyde

106 Quod Pandarus: "thow wrecched mouses herte! Artow agast so that she wol the bite? W h y , don this furred cloke upon thy sherte, And folwe me, for I wol han the wite; But bide, and lat me gon biforn a lite." And with that word he gan undon a trappe, And Troilus he broughte in by the lappe. 107 The sterne wynd so loude gan to route, T h a t no wight oother noise myghte heere; And they that layen at the dore withoute, Ful sikirly they slepten alle yfere; And Pandarus, with a ful sobre cheere, Goth to the dore anon withouten lette, There as they laye, and softely it shette. 108 And as he com ayeynward pryvely, H i s nece awook, and axed: "who goth there?" " M y dere nece," quod he, "it am I ; N e wondreth nought, ne have of it no f e r e " ; And ner he com, and seyde hire in hire ere: " N o word, for love of god, I yow biseche; L a t no wight risen and heren of oure speche." 737. H i P h R lest, H 4 for for so. 741. H a P h C x [ * trappe. 755- G g H j R C x f o r Jje love. 7J6. G g H j L e t hem not rysyn.

C 178

751. ctR seid for

740

745

750

755

axed.

1

Book 'three iog "Whsat! which wey be ye comen, benedicite?" Quocfl she, "and how thus unwist of hem alle?" "Herre at this litil trappe dore," quod he. Quocfl tho Criseyde: "lat me som wight calle." " I ! g^od forbede that it sholde falle," Quocd Pandarus, "that ye swich folye wroughte; Theyy myghte demen that they nevere er thoughte. 110 "It iis nat good a slepyng hound to wake, Ne y/eve a wight a cause to devyne; Yourre wommen slepen alle, I undertake, So tlhat for hem the hous men myghte myne, Andl slepen wollen til the sonne shyne; Andl whan my tale brought is to an ende, Unwist, right as I com, so wol I wende.

760

765

770

1 1 1

nece myn, ye shul wel understonde," Qucod he, "so as ye wommen demen alle, Thait for to holde longe a man in honde, Andl hym hire lief and deere herte calle, Andl maken hym an howve above a calle,— I mieene as love another 'in this while,— She: doth hire self a shame, and hym a gyle. "NCDW,

775

7577. J bendiste. 758. v H 3 T h R om. thus. 759. v H 3 T h a secre for litil ( J lite). 761. I H 2 P h H j E y , T h E y g h , C x O for I ; R quod he for that. 762. R om. Quod Pandiarus, folie in any maner wroughte. 763. C p C l J m y g h t ; v ( - D ) T h a thyng, H 3 S 1 I D bing that for that. 764. C p H i J hounde. 766. H f I dar undirtake. 766. 767. H2PM1 Y o u r wymmen alle y dare undirtake/Slepe b*t for hem men myght bis house mynee. 769. J H 3 D S 1 ibrought is, CI al brought is, H 2 P h H j H 4 T h is broght. 773. v S i T T h a in love for longe; R C x a man longe. 775. C p in, J at, A and, (1H4D a for an. ^776. v H 3 S i T h J C x in this meene while (Si om. this; D C x be for this).

z J79 n

Troilus

Criseyde 112

"Now wherby that I telle yow al this? Y e woot youre self, as wel as any wight, How that youre love al fully graunted is T o Troilus, the worthieste knyght, Oon of this world, and therto trouthe yplight, That, but it were on hym alonge, ye nolde Hym nevere falsen, while ye lyven sholde. "Now stant it thus, that sith I fro yow wente, This Troilus, right platly for to seyn, Is thorugh a goter, by a pryve wente, Into my chaumbre come in al this reyn, Unwist of every manere wight, certeyn, Save of my self, as wisly have I joye, And by that feith I shal Priam of Troie.

780

785

790

114 "And he is come in swich peyne and distresse, That, but he be al fully wood by this, He sodeynly mot falle into woodnesse, But if god helpe; and cause whi this is ? 795 He seith hym told is of a frende of his, How that ye sholden loven oon that hatte Horaste, For sorwe of which this nyght shal ben his laste." 781. 0 H 4 H 3 C I O n , D S i C i T h O n e ; G g H * H 3 T h )»e for this. 78*. S i syn b i t , H 4 C * em. that. 789. H a P h H j C x eny for every. 791. C p H l H j T h the for t h a t ; H a C x T h owe ( H a ow), H 4 H J owe to for shal. 79J. this is, so C p H l A S i J G g , rest is this. 796. C p H i J tolde. 797. CI loven sholde, J R H j H i P h om. second that, C * om. that hatte.

[

'Son

Book Three Criseyde, which that al this wonder herde, Gan therwith al aboute hire herte colde, And with a sik she sodeynly answerde: "Alias! I wende, who so tales tolde, M y deere herte wolde me nat holde So lightly fals; alias! conceytes wronge, What harm they don! for now lyve I to longe. 116 "Horaste, alias! and falsen Troilus! I know hym nat, god helpe me so," quod she, "Alias! what wikked spirit tolde hym thus? Now certes, em, tomorwe, and I hym se, I shal of that as ful excusen me As evere dide womman, if hym like"; And with that word she gan ful soore sike. 117 " 0 god!" quod she, "so worldly selynesse, Which clerkes callen fals felicitee, Imedled is with many a bitternesse! Ful angwisshous than is, god woot," quod she, "Condicioun of veyn prosperitee; For either joies comen nought yfeere, Or elles no wight hath hem alwey here.

800

805

810

815

799. a o f for »1. 800. v H 3 T h o sodeynly for therwith >1; C x om. al. 801. y H 3 T h a s o r w f u l l y . 802. H 4 who that, R S i who so that for who so. 810. Y H 3 S 1 T I 1 therof, H i o f bis for of t h a t ; C l A H l P h C x f u l l y . 811. H a P h C x if bat hym. 813. J H 1 H 4 R H 3 wordly, G g H / wordeli, A wordily. 819. a long for a l w e y ( G g longe here by corrector).

I

l8l

•}

Troilus

Criseyde

118 " O brotel wele! O worldly joie unstable! W i t h what wight so thow be, or how thow pleye, Either he woot that thow, joie, art muable, Or woot it nought, it mot ben oon of tweye. Now if he woot it nought, how may he seye That he hath verray joie and selynesse, That is of ignoraunce ay in derknesse? 119 " N o w if he woot that joie is transitorie, As every joie of worldly thyng mot flee, Than every tyme he that hath in memorie, The drede of lesyng maketh hym that he M a y in no parfit selynesse be; And if to lese his joie he sette a myte, Than semeth it that joie is worth ful lite. 120 "Wherfore I wol deffyne in this manere: T h a t trewely, for aught I kan espie, Ther is no verray weele in this world heere. But O, thow wikked serpent, jalousie, Thow mysbyleved, envyous folie, W h y hastow Troilus made to me untriste, That nevere yit agilte hym, that I wiste?"

820

825

830

835

840

820. y H 3 T h o o f marines for o w o r l d l y , C x of for O , J H 4 R w o r d l y . 821. H2PI1 om. s o ; G g H j bat, H4CX so that for s o ; a how so ( H 2 how so bat) for or h o w ; R om. how, C x om. how thow. 822. R C x art joye ; a mevable ( G g movabele). 82$. H4 seklrnesse. 828. H i H 3 G g H 4 R w o r d l y . 831. H 4 C x T h seklrnesse. 834. C p H i D S 2 H 2 P h T h matere, 838. y ( - A D ) T h and envyous. 839. H2PI1 W h y hast bou b u s ; H 1 C I H 3 H J C X made T r o i l u s ; H s P h A D to me made ( H 2 om. t o ) ; H 4 me to, R C x om. to.

C '82 3

Book Three 121 Quod Pandarus: "thus fallen is this cas." "Why, uncle myn," quod she, "who tolde hym this? Why doth my deere herte thus, alias?" "Ye woot, ye nece myn," quod he, "what is. I hope al shal be wel that is amys; 845 For ye may quenche al this, if that yow leste; And doth right so, for I holde it the beste." 122 "So shal I do tomorwe, ywys," quod she, "And, god to-forn, so that it shal suffise." "Tomorwe? alias, that were a faire," quod he; "Nay, nay, it may nat stonden in this wise. For, nece myn, thus writen clerkes wise, That peril is with drecchyng in ydrawe; Nay, swiche abodes ben nat worth an hawe.

850

123 "Nece, alle thyng hath tyme, I dar avowe; For whan a chaumbre afire is, or an halle, Wel more nede is it, sodeynly rescowe Than to dispute, and axe amonges alle How is this candele in the straw if alle? A'! benedicite! for al among that fare The harm is don, and farewel feldefare!

855

860

841. H 3 H 4 H J D the for this. 846. H2PI1H4H3CX ye for, yaw. 847'- H j H y C x T h om. f o r ; H l H 3 H s C x T h for be beste. 850. F h P h C x T h om. a ; H 5 a l l lost. Si to ferr, A fer for a faire. 85J. alle, so H i A D S i G g , rest al. 857. C I R om. w e l ; a H i t nedith more sodenly ( H j the more); H3 is nede h i t ; C 1 J A to rescowe, R it rescowe, H2PI1 hit to rescow. 8/9. y T h C x H o w this candele in the straw is f a l l e (CpDS2.Th the for this; C x dyde f a l l c ) . 860. J bendiste; J R H 3 this for that.

[ 183 ]

Troilus

Criseyde

124 "And, nece myn, ne take it nat agrief, If that ye suffre hym al nyght in this wo, God helpe me so, ye hadde hym nevere lief, That dar I seyn, now is ther but we two; But wel I woot that ye wol nat do so; Ye ben to wys to doon so grete folie, To putte his lif al nyght in jupartie."

865

125 "Hadde I hym nevere lief! By god, I weene Y e hadde nevere thyng so lief," quod she. 870 "Now, by my thrift," quod he, "that shal be seene; For, syn ye maken this ensaumple of me, If ich al nyght wolde hym in sorwe se, For al the tresour in the town of Troie, I bidde god I nevere mot have joie. 875 126 "Now loke thanne, if ye, that ben his love, Shul putte his lif al night in jupartie For thyng of nought, now, by that god above, Nat oonly this delay comth of folie, But of malice, if I shal nat lye. W h a t ! platly, and ye suffre hym in destresse, Y e neyther wisdom don ne gentilesse."

880

862. o J C l om. ne. 869. J ich. S i Iche, 870. C I C x I hadde, G g N e hadde I , H j Y e ne yet ne hadde, H i P h Y e t had y . 871. H2PI1H4 it for that. 871. G g H j H 3 H 4 b y for of. 875. a I pray to god, H3 I pray g o d e ; H 2 P h H j H 4 y never more have j o y , G g C x ncvcrcmore have I joye. 877. G g H j D T h scholde; C l G g H y R C x al nyght his l y f . 880. YH3S1TI1 if that for if. 882. y H s S i T h a bounte don ( H 2 F h Y e done hym nciber g o o d ; H j bote for bounte), C x wysely don.

C 184

1

Book Three 127 Quod tho Criseyde: "wol ye don o thyng, And ye therwith shal stynte al his disese? Have here, and bereth hym this blewe ryng, For ther is no thyng myghte hym bettre plese, Save I my self, ne more hys herte apese; And sey my deere herte, that his sorwe Is causeles, that shal be sen tomorwe." 128 "A ryng!" quod he, "ye, haselwodes shaken! Ye, nece myn, that ryng moste han a stoon, That myghte dede men aly ve maken; And swich a ryng, trowe I, that ye have non. Discrecioun out of youre hed is gon, That fele I now," quod he, "and that is routhe; 0 tyme ilost, wel maistow corsen slouthe!

885

890

895

129 "Woot ye nat wel that noble and heigh corage Ne sorweth nat, ne stynteth ek, for lite? But if a fool were in a jalous rage, 1 nolde setten at his sorwe a myte, But feffe hym with a fewe wordes white Another day, whan that I myghte hym fynde; But this thing stant al in another kynde.

900

884. J R C x H b P h G g stynten for stynte al. 88j. Cp heere, J her. 889. a Is nedeies ( H j endles); H 4 R A C x T h he see. 890. a H 4 C i hasilwode is shakyn. 892. C 1 R a dede man. 898. R N e sore oght nat 4>e stynted for so lite. 900. H 2 P h R his sorow a t 2 myte.

1:

>185

3

Troilus

Criseyde

130 "This is so gentil and so tendre of herte, That with his deth he wol his sorwe wreke; For trusteth wel, how sore that hym smerte, He wol to yow no jalous wordes speke. And forthi, nece, or that his herte breke, So speke youre self to hym of this matere; For with o word ye may his herte stere.

905

910

131

"Now have I told what peril he is inne, And his comyng unwist is to every wight; And, parde, harm may ther be non, ne synne; I wol my self be with yow al this nyght. Ye knowe ek how it is youre owen knyght, 915 And that bi right ye moste upon hym triste, And I al prest to fecche hym whan yow liste." 132 This accident so pitous was to here, And ek so lik a sooth at prime face, And Troilus hire knyght to hir so deere, 920 His prive comyng, and the siker place, That though that she dede hym as thanne a grace, Considered alle thynges as they stoode, No wonder is, syn she dide al for goode. 90S. v H 3 S i T h G g H j sorwes. 906. J H 4 he for hym. 912. G g H j H 4 H 3 D C x om. i s ; H 3 H 4 H * A C X of for to. 9'3- v H 3 S . T h N e for A n d ; H 2 P h G g here. 91S- H 2 P h C x wele eke, H 4 weel eek how, H 5 ek for ek h o w ; 187

3

Troilus

Criseyde

136 "That is wel seyd," quod he, "my nece deere, Ther good thrift on that wise gentil herte! But liggeth stille, and taketh hym right here; It nedeth nought no ferther for to sterte. And ech of yow ese otheres sorwes smerte, For love of god; and, Venus, I the herye; For soone hope I we shul alle be merye."

950

137

This Troilus ful soone on knees hym sette Ful sobrely, right by hire beddes heed, And in his beste wyse his lady grette; But, lord, so she wex sodeynliche reed! Ne, though men sholde smyten of hire heed, She myghte nat a word aright out brynge So sodeynly, for his sodeyn comynge.

955

138

But Pandarus, that so wel koude feele In every thyng, to pleye anon bigan, And seyde: "nece, se how this lord kan knele! Now, for youre trouthe, se this gentil man! And with that word he for a quysshen ran, And seyde: "kneleth now, whil that yow leste, Ther god youre hertes brynge soone at reste!"

960

965

946. a H i C x T h i s for T h a t ! H 4 R was for i s ; C p H i J seyde. 950. H 3 H 4 R A D C X T I 1 other, J oothre. 952. H 2 P I 1 H 4 R 7 h o p e ; v H 3 H 2 P h G g ben a l l e , S l H j T h om. a l l e . 951-959- H 3 omits stanza. 9J3- ct on knees sone {om. f n l ) ; C p knewes, H i knowes, J knowe. 9J4- C p J hede. 956. C p C I J s o d e y n l i c h ; C p H l J rede. 9*7. C p J . h e d e ; a A n d bogh she shold a n o n ' h a v e be dede ( H j anon s h u l d e ; G g omits line). g;8. y H 3 T h a koude ( C p k o u t h ) . 962. a A n d seyd nece how wel lord can he knele ( P h & seyd lord how longe wil j e knele). 966. R C x T h a t for T h e r ; H 2 P h S t sone b r y n g ; H 3 H 4 H J A to for at.

C 188

1

Book Three 139

Kan I nat seyn, for she bad hym nat rise, If sorwe it putte out of hire remembraunce, Or elles that she took it in the wise Of dewete, as for his observaunce; But wel fynde I she dede hym this plesaunce, That she hym kiste, although she siked sore, And bad hym sitte adown withouten more. 140 Quod Pandarus: "now wol ye wel bigynne; Now doth hym sitte, goode nece deere, Upon youre beddes syde al ther withinne, That eche of yow the bet may other heere." And with that word he drow hym to the feere, And took a light, and fond his contenaunce As for to looke upon an old romaunce. 141 Criseyde, that was Troilus lady right, And clere stood on a grounde of sikernesse, Al thoughte she, hire servaunt and hire knyght Ne sholde of right non untrouthe in hire gesse, Yit natheles, considered his distresse, And that love is in cause of swich folie, Thus to hym spak she of his jalousie:

970

975

980

985

969. H4HCX this, H l P h such a for the. 971. J H 4 R wot I , C x I rede, H 3 I f y n d e . 97J. C l H z H j sitte now, P h sittyn doun, R thanne sitten (om. goode). 986. G g om. in, D om. in cause. 987. S i spak she to hym.

C 1893

Troilus

Criseyde

142 "Lo, herte myn, as wolde the excellence Of love, ayeins the which that no man may, Ne oughte ek goodly, maken resistence, And ek bycause I felte wel and say Youre grete trouthe and servise every day, And that youre herte al myn was, soth to seyne, This drof me for to rewe upon youre peyne.

990

H3 "And youre goodnesse have I founden alwey yit, 995 Of which, my deere herte and al my knyght, I thonke it yow, as fer as I have wit, Al kan I nought so muche as it were right; And I emforth my connyng and my might, Have, and ay shal, how sore that me smerte, 1000 Ben to yow trewe and hool with al myn herte;— 144 "And dredeles, this shal be founde at preve. But, herte myn, what al this is to seyne Shal wel be told, so that ye nat yow greve, Though I to yow right on youre self compleyne. For therwith mene I fynaly the peyne, That halt youre herte and myn in hevynesse, Fully to slen, and every wrong redresse.

1005

988. H 4 R thexcellence. 989. C1H4RCX om. t h a t ; a wight. 994. H i P h G g H j C x om. f o r ; CI first. H i fer for for. 998. v H 3 S i T h H 2 P h C x as muche. 1002. YH3TI10CX that for this. 1004. C l D H 2 P h H j C x ye yow not. 1008. C p H l J wronge.

n 190

2

Book Three HS

"My goode myn, noot I for why, ne how, That jalousie, alias, that wikked wyvere, So causeles is cropen into yow; The harm of which I wolde fayn delyvere. Alias, that he, al hool, or of hym slyvere, Sholde han his refut in so digne a place, Ther Jove hym soone out of youre herte arace!

1015

146 "But O, thow Jove, O auctour of nature, Is this an honour to thi deyte, That folk ungiltif suffren here injure, And he that giltif is, al quyt goth he? O, were it leful for to pleyne on the,

1020

1010

That undeserved suffrest jalousie,

Of that I wolde upon the pleyne and crye. 147 "Ek al my wo is this, that folk now usen To seyn right thus: 'ye, jalousie is love'; And wolde a busshel venym al excusen, For that 0 greyn of love is in it shove. But that woot heigh god that sit above, If it be liker love, or hate, or grame; And after that it oughte be re his name.

1025

1009. H s P h H 3 hert myn, D C * herte, C I (corrected) love far myn. i o n . v H 3 T h a T h u s for So. s o i j . H 2 P h H 4 C x T h J>at- for T h e r . 1019. - y G A D J H s T h a who for he. 1024- J H 2 P h H 3 C x that, H j jje, H4 y a for ye. 102J. H 2 P h of jelosy, H 4 A C x T h of venym, H3 of women for venym. 1026. YS1TI1H4 on for in. 1027. H 3 T h J o v t . 1028. J H 4 H J A S 1 and for second or.

1: >91 3

Troilus

Criseyde 148

"But certeyn is, som maner jalousie Is excusable more than som, iwys; As whan cause is, and som swich fantasie With piete so wel repressed is, That it unnethe doth or seyth amys, But goodly drynketh up al his distresse; And that excuse I, for the gentilesse.

1030

1035

149

"And som so ful of furie is and despit, That it sourmounteth his repressioun; But, herte myn, ye be nat in that pi it, That thonke I god, for which youre passioun I wol nat calle it but illusioun, Of habundaunce of love and besy cure, That doth youre herte this disese endure.

104.0

150

"Of which I am right sory, but nat wroth; But, for my devoir and youre hertes teste, Wher so yow list, by ordal or by oth, By sort, or in what wise so yow leste, For love of god, lat preve it for the beste; And if that I be giltif, do me deye. Alias, what myghte I more don or seye?"

1D45

1050

1033. piete, 30 C p H l J S i , rest pite or pete. 104>. a clepe. 1044. C p J wrothe. 1046. G g H s C x Whefcer; a ye wil ( G g wolde) for so y o w list. 1047- G g H j Jsat, H3CX so that for so, H2PI1 om. so.

C 192

1

Book Three 151

With that a fewe brighte teris newe Oute of hire eyen fille, and thus she seyde: "Now god, thow woost, in thought ne dede untrewe To Troilus was nevere yit Criseyde." With that hire hed down in the bed she leyde, 1055 And with the sheete it wreigh, and sighte soore, And held hire pees; nought o word spak she more. 152

But now help god to quenchen al this sorwe! So hope I that he shal, for he best may; For I have seyn, of a ful misty morwe Folwen ful ofte a merye someres day; And after wynter foloweth grene May. Men sen alday, and reden ek in stories, That after sharpe shoures ben victories.

1060

153

This Troilus, whan he hire wordes herde, 1065 Have ye no care, hym liste nat to slepe; For it thoughte hym no strokes of a yerde To heere or seen Criseyde, his lady, wepe; But wel he felte aboute his herte crepe, For everi tere which that Criseyde asterte, 1070 The crampe of deth, to streyne hym by the herte. 1063. a F o l k , H 3 For men for M e n ; H l F h and eke men rede in story. is o f t victory. 1067- o Eke for For.

C 193 1

1064. H l P h

'troiliis

Criseyde

154 And in his mynde he gan the tyme acorse That he com there, or that he was born; For now is wikke torned into worse, And al the labour he hath don byforn, H e wende it lost, he thoughte he nas but lorn. " O Pandarus," thoughte he, "alias, thi wile Serveth of nought, so weylaway the while!"

1075

155

And therwithal he heng adown the hed, And fil on knees, and sorwfully he sighte. 1080 What myghte he seyn? H e felte he nas but ded; For wroth was she that sholde his sorwes lighte. But natheles, whan that he speken myghte, Than seyde he thus: "god woot, that of this game, Whan al is wist, than am I nat to blame." 1085 156 Therwith the sorwe so his herte shette, That from his eyen fil ther nought a tere; And every spirit his vigour in knette, So they astoned or oppressed were. The felyng of his sorwe, or of his fere, 1090 Or of aught elles, fled was out of towne; And down he fil al sodeynly a-swowne. 1073. H 3 T h a t e v e r ; C p J c o m e ; v T h and for o r ; R yborn. 1074. JCIS1H2PI1 itorned. \aj$. y ( - C l ) S i T h a t h a r for the; G g H 3 S i bat he. 1076. H 2 P h H $ H 3 it for third he. 1077- a H 4 H 3 A D be while ( D whyle corrected to wile). 1078. H 2 P h b*i wyle. 1079. a H ^ R T h his for the. 1080. J sorwfullisch. 1082. a daies for sorwes. 1083. Ha whanne he Jjanne, P h ban whan he, G g H $ A D C x om. that. 1084. a bus seide he jet god woot of bis game ( G g god wot jit). 1086. o for for t h e ; H2 swelt, P h H j swette. 1089. C1CIH4CX and for or. 1091. C p H i A D G g T h were for was.

I

194 U

Book Three 157 This was no litel sorwe for to se; But al was hust, and Pandare up as faste, " O nece, pes, or we be lost," quod he, "Beth nat agast"; but alwey, at the laste, For this or that, he into bedde hym caste, And seyde: "thef, is this amannes herte?" And of he rente al to his bare sherte,

1095

158 And seyde: "nece, but ye helpe us now, I wis, youre owen Troilus is lorn!" "Alias, so wolde I, and I wiste how, Ful fayn," quod she; "alias, that I was born!" " Y e , nece, wol ye pullen out the thorn That stiketh in his herte," quod Pandare, "Sey 'al foryeve,' and stynt is al this fare." 159 " Y e , that to me," quod she, " f u l levere were Than al the good the sonne aboute gooth"; And therwithal she swor hym in his ere: "Iwys, my dere herte, I am nat wroth, Have here my trouthe, and many another ooth; Now speke to me, for it am I Criseyde." But al for nought; yit myghte he nat abreyde.

1100

1105

1 llo

1094. H 2 p h H 4 H 3 C x For for B u t ; H 2 P h l > C x but, GgUi for for and, H 5 om. and. 1096. y T h u certcyn for a i n t y . 1097- J R H 3 S ) C x A H 2 into the bedde. 1098. y S l T h a O thef. t l o i . Y T h a A l i a s for Iwis. 1 1102. y T h a Iwis for A l i a s , 1106. C p H i H 3 H 4 p h C x 3tyme for stynt i s ; J H 4 R H J his for this.

C l9S 1

Troilus

Criseyde

160 Therwith his pous and paumes of his hondes They gan to frote, and ek his temples tweyne; And to deliveren hym fro bittre bondes, She ofte hym kiste; and shortly for to seyne, H y m to revoken she did al hire peyne. So, at the laste, he gan his breth to drawe, And of his swough sone after that adawe,

1115

1120

161 And gan bet mynde and reson to hym take; But wonder soore he was abayst, iwis; And with a sik, whan he gan bet awake, H e seyde: " O mercy, god, what thyng is this?" " W h y do ye with youre selven thus amys?" Quod tho Criseyde, "is this a mannes game? W h a t ! Troilus, wol ye do thus for shame?"

1125

162 And therwithal hire arm over hym she leyde, And al foryaf, and ofte tyme hym keste. H e thonked hire, and to hire spak and seyde As fil to purpos for his hertes reste. And she to that answerde hym as hire leste; And with hire goodly wordes hym disporte She gan, and ofte his sorwes to comforte.

1130

1114-1161). C x omits eight stanzas. I l l J. y T h a wete for ek. 1118. H 4 H 5 revyvyn, T h rewaken. 1119. y T h And for So. 1127. a W o l e T r o i l u s do bus alias for schame. 1129. keste, so C p A H 4 T h , H i kyssed, rest kyste. 1132. H 2 F h H j H 3 om. hym.

C 196 1

Book Three 163 Quod Pandarus: "for aught I kan espien, I nor this candel serven here of nought; Light is nat good for sike folkes yen; But, far the love of god, syn ye ben brought In thus good plit, lat now non hevy thought Ben hangyng in the hertes of yow tweye"; And bar the candel to the chymeneye. 164 Soone after this, though it no nede were, Whan she swiche othes as hire liste devyse Hadde of hym take, hire thoughte tho no fere, Ne cause ek non, to bidde hym thennes rise. Yit lasse thyng than othes may suffise In many a cas; for every wyght, I gesse, Thatloveth wel meneth but gentilesse. 165 But in effect she wolde wite anon Of what man, and ek where, and also why, H e jalous was, syn ther was cause non; And ek the signe that he took it by, This bad she hym to telle hire bisily: Or elles, certeyn, she bar hym on honde, That this was don for malice, hire to fonde. 1136. YH3S1 C p J sik. 1139. first the; C p C l 1151. H4 cause T h i s , f T h She

1135

1140

1145

1150

1155

T h i s light nor I ne serven; R M e thynk this candel serveth. U37. H i A H 3 H 2 P h G g R ])is for thus. 1141. C p J b a r e ; J H 4 H 3 G g his for chymeney, J chymenaye. 1147. o A om. a, i l j o . C p wheer, J wher. was ther, R ther cause was. 1153. So P S i , H 3 T h u s , o T h a t for bad hym that ( C p badde). 1155. v S i T h a of malice.

I

197 1

Troilus

Criseyde

166 Withouten more, shortly for to seyne, H e moste obeye unto his lady heste; And for the lasse harm, he moste feyne. H e seyde hire, whan she was at swiche a feste She myghte on hym han loked at the leste; Noot I nat what, al deere ynough a rysshe, As he that nedes moste a cause fisshe.

1160

167 Criseyde answerde: "swete, al were it so, What harm was that, syn I non yvel mene ? For, by that god that wrought us bothe two, In alle thyng is myn entente cleene. Swiche argumentes ne ben nat worth a beene. Wol ye the childissh jalous contrefete? Now were it worthi that ye were.ybete."

1165

168 Tho Troilus gan sorwfully to sike; 1170 Lest she be wroth, hym thoughte his herte deyde; And seyde: "alias, upon my sorwes sike Have mercy, swete herte myn, Criseyde. And if that in tho wordes that I seyde Be any wrong, I wol no more trespace; 1175 Doth what yow list, I am al in youre grace." 1160. myghte, so H 4 G g D , rest myght. 1163. v T h A n d she answerde, a And sche answeride him. Ji6/. YH3TI1 bought for wrought. 1166. alle, so J C l A D H 4 G g , rest al. 1167. H 2 F h G g H 4 R H 3 A om. ne. 1168. C l J H 3 H 4 H 2 P h jalousye. 1169. R ye wurthy for to ben ibeete. 1170. R gan changen al his hewe. 1171. G g H j H 3 A C x were for be. 1172. R sorwes newe, om. my. 1176. G g Seith what je w i l ; C x I put me in youre grace.

C

198 3

Book 'three 169

Criseyde answerde: "of gilt misericorde; That is to seyn, that I foryeve al this; And evere more on this nyght yow recorde, And beth wel war ye do no more amys." 1180 "Nay, dere herte myn," quod he, "iwys." "And now," quod she, "that I have don yow smerte,

Foryeve it me, myn owene swete herte." 170

This Troilus, with blisse of that supprised, Putte al in goddes hond, as he that mente N o thyng but wel; and, sodeynly avysed, H e hire in armes faste to hym hente. And Pandarus, with a ful good entente, Leyde hym to slepe, and seyde: "if ye be wise, Swouneth nat now, lest more folk arise."

1185

1190

171 W h a t myghte or may the sely larke seye, W h a n that the sperhauk hath it in his f o o t ? I kan no more, but of thise ilke t w e y e , — T o whom this tale sucre be or soot,— Though that I tarie a yer, som tyme I moot, After myn auctour, telle of hire gladnesse, As wel as I have told hire hevynesse.

1195

1177- Y T h a And she answerde. 1178. J H 4 H 3 S i H 2 P h G g T h i s for T h a t . 1183. H2PI1H3D dere for swete. l l S j . C p hand, J H i honde, H 2 P h . s o n d e . >194. CI sour, R sowie for s u c r e ; H 4 swete, A swoot, C x swoote, D boote for soot. 1196. y S i T h a tellen hire.

C 199 1

Troilus

Criseyde

172 Criseyde, which that felte hire thus itake, As writen clerkes in hire bookes olde, Right as an aspes leef she gan to quake, Whan she hym felte hire in his armes folde. And Troilus, al hool of cares colde, Gan thanken tho the bryghte goddes sevene: Thus sondry peynes bryngen folk to hevene. 173 This Troilus in armes gan hire streyne, And seyde: " O swete, as evere mot I gon, Now be ye kaught, now is ther but we tweyne, Now yeldeth yow, for other bote is non." T o that Criseyde answerde thus anon: "Ne hadde I or now, my swete herte deere, Ben yolde, iwys, I were now nat here." 174 0 sooth is seyd, that heled for to be As of a fevere or other gret siknesse, Men moste drynke, as men may alday se, Ful bittre drynke; and for to han gladnesse, Men drynken ofte peyne and gret distresse; 1 mene it here as for this aventure, That thorugh a peyne hath founden al his cure.

1200

1205

1210

1215

1200. H 3 H 4 R H 2 P h C x T h aspen, D aspe. 1202. v T h B u t for And. 1203. v S l T h blisful for bryghte. 1204. C p H i D S i J in for to. 1205. H 2 P h G g T h u s . 1210. H2PhGg Nad. 1211. H 3 H 5 R I had not now ben here ( H 3 nad). 1212. C p H i J seyde. 1214. y T h a f R first copy) ofte for alday. 1216. H4 suffre, C x duren for drynken. 1218. J R H 3 C X now for al.

I

200 ]

Book Three 175 And now swetnesse semeth more swete, That bitternesse assaied was byforn; For out of wo in blisse now they flete, Non swich they felten, syn they were born. Now is this bet than bothe two be lorn. For love of god, take every woraman heede T o werken thus, whan it comth to the neede. 176 Criseyde, al quyt from every drede and tene, As she that juste cause hadde hym to triste, Made hym swich feste, it joye was to sene, Whan she his trouthe and clene entente wiste; And as aboute a tree, with many a twiste, Bytrent and writhe the swote wodebynde, Gan eche of hem in armes other wynde.

1220

1225

1230

177 And as the newe abaysed nyghtyngale, That stynteth first whan she bygynneth to singe, Whan that she hereth any herde tale, 1235 Or ih the hegges any wyght sterynge, And after, siker, doth hire vois out rynge; Right so Criseyde, whan hire drede stente, Opned hire herte, and tolde al hire entente. 1222. ClDHjSiHjH^RCco^y 2)Cx sith (syn) bat, H2Ph sefcen, G g sithe, T h sens, A 01 bat for syn. 1225. y T h a if for whan (JH4 when) ; H4RCXH5 comyth to need. 1228. Cp emits line; H2Ph joye it was, H j C x that joie it was, H$ om. it. 1233. CICxTha abaysshed. 1234. a D J R T h om. to. 1239. y T h « hym, H4 him al for al.

i

201

1

'troilus

Criseyde l?8

And right as he that seth his deth yshapen, And deyen moste in ought that he may gesse, And sodeynly rescous doth hym escapen, And from his deth is brought in sykernesse; For al this world, in swych present gladnesse Is Troilus, and hath his lady swete. With worse hap god lat us nevere mete!

1240

1245

179 Hire armes smale, hire streyghte bak and softe, Hire sydes longe, flesshly, smothe, and white H e gan to stroke, and good thrift bad ful ofte Hire snowissh throte, hire brestes rounde and lite; 1250 Thus in this hevene he gan hym to delite, And therwithal a thousand tyme hire kiste, That what to don for joie unnethe he wiste. 180 Than seyde he thus: " O Love, O Charite, Thi moder ek, Citherea the swete, After thi self next heried be she, Venus mene I, the wel-willy planete; And next yow, Imeneus, I the grete; For nevere man was to yow goddes holde As I, that ye han brought fro cares colde.

1255

1260

1240. H3R(co/iy 2 ) C x saw, H 4 sauh, R ( c o p y 1) saght, G g sey. 1241. Y"ThH2PhGg mot for m o s t e ; H2PI1S1 can, H 3 C * gan for m a y ; R(co0y 2) y can for he m a y . 1245. y S l T h o W a s for Is. 1248-. C p flesshy, J H l flessly. 1250. 01H3R snowe whit. 12/2. H 2 P h H f H 3 H 4 S i D T h cymes, Gg s i b " . 12/7. H4R weel willid. vTha that (CI be) for yow, Cx om. yow.

1260. y S l T h a which for

C 202 J

that.

Book Three 181 "Benigne love, thow holy bond of thynges, Whoso wol grace, and list the nought honouren, Lo, his desir wol fle withouten wynges. And noldestow of bounte hem socouren That serven best, and most al wey labouren, 1265 Yit were al lost, that dar I wel seyn, certes, But if thi grace passed oure desertes. 182 "And for thow me, that koude leest deserve Of hem that noumbred ben unto thi grace, Hast holpen, ther I likly was to sterve, And me bistowed in so heigh a place, That thilke boundes may no blisse pace, I kan no more; but laude and reverence Be to thy bounte and thyn excellence!"

1270

183 And therwithal Criseyde anon he kiste, Of which, certein, she felte no disese. And thus seyde he: "now wolde god I wiste, Myn herte swete, how I yow myghte plese. What man," quod he, "was evere thus at ese, As I, on whom the faireste and the beste That evere I say deyneth hire herte reste?

1275

1280

1261. H4 Hemane love. 1262. C p H i J liste. 1264. y S i T h a For for And. 1265. CPDJRH3TI1 moste. 1268. y S i leest koude, T h lest thonke coude. 1272. o H j C x D ilke. 1278. H2PI1DH4RCX mijte j o u ; C p H i J myght. 1280. y T h t i which for whom.

n

209

3

Troilus

Criseyde

184 "Here may men seen that mercy passeth right; Thexperience of this is felt in me, That am unworthi to yow, lady bright. But, herte myn, of youre benignite, So thynketh, though that I unworthi be, Y i t mot I nede amenden in som wyse, Right thorugh the vertu of youre heigh servyse.

1285

185 "And, for the love of god, m y lady deere, Syn god hath wrought me for I shal yow serve,— 1290 As thus I mene, he wol ye be my steere, To do me lyve, if that yow list, or sterve,— So techeth me how that I may deserve Youre thonk, so that I, thorugh myn ignoraunce, Ne do no thing that do yow displesaunce. 1295 186 "For certes, fresshe wommanliche wif, This dar I seyn, that trouthe and diligence, That shal ye fynden in me al my l i f ; Ne I wol nat, certein, breken youre defence; And if I do, present or in absence, For love of god, lat sle me with the dede, If that it like unto youre wommanhede."

1300

1183. v S i T h a that, H 4 thos for this; C p J felte.. 1284. y S i T h o to so swete a wight. 1287. G g H j H j H 4 A nedis. 1289-1428. Musing in H2, two leaves lost. 1291. J H 4 R C X H 3 A s thus he wol hat y e ben my steere ( H 3 H 4 how that ye be) ; C p H i S 2 ye for he ; C I P h bat y e wole be, G g T h wil je ben for he wol ye be. 1295. y T h a that yow be displesaunce ( G g b ° w be, H 5 be to y o w ) , R unto jour displesaunce. 1296. C p J wommanlich. 1297. C p J trouth. 1298. H 4 R C X om. T h a t ( R je shullen f y n d y n , C i Y e shul in me fynden). 1299. C p H i N y wol, C1R N e X wole, D N e wol not. Si N e n y l l , S2 N e I nylle, Hf N o r I n y l , C x I n y l for N e I wol not.

I 204 ]

Book tfhree 187 "Iwys," quod she, "myn owen hertes lust, M y ground of ese, and al myn herte deere, Gramercy, for on that is al my trust; But lat us falle awey fro this matere; For this suffiseth, which that seyd is heere. And at o word, withouten repentaunce, Welcome, my knyght, my pees, my suffisaunce."

1305

188 Of hire delit or joies oon the leeste Were impossible to my wit to seye; But juggeth, ye that han ben at the feste Of swiche gladnesse, if that hem liste pleye! I kan no more, but thus thise ilke tweye That nyght, bitwixen drede and sikernesse, They felte in love the grete worthynesse.

1310

1315

189 O blisful nyght, of hem so longe isought, H o w blithe unto hem bothe two thow weere! W h y ne hadde I swich oon with my soule ybought, Ye, or the leeste joie that was there? 1320 Awey, thow foule daunger and thow feere, And lat hem in this hevene blisse dwelle, T h a t is so heigh that no man kan it telle. 1303. C p C l H i S i P h list, R leste. 1304. C p H i J grounde. 130*. C p C l H i A D P h triste. 1307. y T l i a it for this, this ( P h bat) for w h i c h ; C p H i J seyde. 1310. H 3 H 4 P h T h oon o f the leste. 1316. y S i T h a Felten in love ; R Felten the love o f grete. 1317. G g H * f u l longe, D f u l l soor. 1319. C p H i D P h R H 3 nad I, G g naddi for ne hadde I . 1323. y S i T h a that al ne kan I telle.

C 2°s 3

Troilus

Criseyde

190 Thise ilke two, that ben in armes laft, So loth to hem asonder gon it were, 1325 That ech from other wende ben biraft, (1340) Or elles, lo, this was hir mooste feere, Lest al this thyng but nyce dremes were; For which ful ofte ech of hem seyde: " O swete, Clippe ich yow thus, or elles I it meete?" *33o 191 And, lord, so he gan goodly on hire se, (1345) That nevere his look ne blente from hire face, And seyde: " O deere herte, may it be That this be soth, that ye ben in this place?" "Ye, herte myn, god thanke I of his grace," 1335 Quod tho Criseyde, and therwithal hym kiste, (1350) That where his spirit was, for joie he nyste. 192 This Troilus ful ofte hire eyen two Gan for to kisse, and seyde: " O eyen clere, It weren ye that wroughte me this wo, Ye humble nettes of my lady deere. Though ther be mercy writen in youre cheere, God woot the text ful hard is, soth, to fynde; How koude ye withouten bond me bynde?"

1340 (1355)

1324. In v T h a stanzas 201, 202 are found between stanzas 189 and 19a. H4 has them here with ay readings and again in the later position with 3 readings. Line• numbers in parentheses indicate the sequence of ay. 1324-1330. H j omits stanza. 1325. H 4 C * asondir to gon, R to gon asonder. 1326. Ph have bene, H4 a ben. 1328. y S l T h o T h a t for L e s t ; J List. 1330. P h C x do y , T h do I it for I it. 1331-1400. D omits ten stanzas. 1334. v S l T h a C - x it for this ( G g om. it) ; a A we for ye. 1335. C p C l thank, J thonk. 1340. v S i T h a swiche ( A al be) for this. 1343. G g H ; A H 3 . H4CX bat for the.

C 206 :

Book Three 193 Therwith he gan hire faste in armes take, And wel a thousand tymes gan he syke, N a t swiche sorwful sikes as men make For sorwe, or elles whan that folk ben sike, But esy sykes, swiche as ben to like, T h a t shewed his affeccioun withinne; O f swiche sikes koude he nat blynne.

1345 (1360)

1350 (1365)

194 Soone after this they spake of sondry thynges, As fil to purpos of hire aventure, And pleyinge entrechaungeden hire rynges, O f which I kan nat tellen no scripture; But wel I woot a broche, gold and asure, In which a ruby set was lik an herte, Criseyde him y a f , and stak it on his sherte.

1355 (1370)

195 Lord, trowe ye a coveytous, or a wrecche, T h a t blameth love and halt of it despit, 1360 T h a t , of tho pens that he kan mokre and crecche, C 1 3750 W a s evere yit yyeven hym swich delit, As is in love, in o poynt, in som p l i t ? N a y , douteles; for, also god me save, l365 So parfit joie may no nygard have. 1346 v T h o an honored. 1347. C p J swich. 1348. y S i T h a For wo. 13JI. C p J swich; K nothyng, H j A nevere for n a t ; H i biiynne. 1353. v S l T h a this for hire. 13J6. G g H ; A D H 4 R C x T h of gold & asurc. 1359. H 4 S i P h C * T h trowe ye that a ; or a wrccchc, so C p C l H i S : J (J by corrector), G g S s om. or, rest ov1. or a. 1361, J C I A H j P h H j C x the for tho; C p H l J G g pans, H3H4HJ p t y n e s ; crecche, jo GgH^CGg crache), J C l C x T h kccchc (J keehehe), C P A D H 3 H 4 tecche, H i S i R P h theche.

[ 207 ]

Troilus

Criseyde 196

They wol seyn " y i s " ; but, lord, so that they lye, (1380) Tho besy wrecches, ful of wo and drede! They clepen love a woodnesse or folie; But it shal falle hem as I shal yow rede: They shal forgon the white and ek the rede, 1370 And lyve in wo, ther god yeve hem mischaunce, (1385) And every lovere in his trouthe avaunce! 197 As wolde god, thise wrecches that dispise Servise of love, hadde erys also longe As hadde Mida, ful of coveytise, And therto dronken hadde as hoot and stronge As Crassus dide for his affectis wronge, T o techen hem that coveytise is vice, And love is vertu, though men holde it nyce.

1375 (1390)

198 Thise ilke two, of which that I yow seye, Whan that hire hertes ful assured were, Tho gonne they to speken and to pi eye, And ek rehercen how, and whan, and where, Thei knewe hem first, and every wo and feere That passed was; but al that hevynesse, I thanke it god, was tomed to gladnesse. 1366, C p H i H 3 H j C x T h om. '373-1379. H 3 omits stanza. as for also.

that.

1368. y S i T h a

137J. a A f o r his coveytise.

hem nyce ( S i bough bat men for wel,

H 3 bothe for

1376. C1H4A St as stronge.

swiche, H 3 their for god; o H 4 H l C x

that.

1380. y ( - A ) T h

1384. C p H i A S i T h

1386. C p t h a n k ; J H 3 C X

into.

c 208:

thise.

mesehaunce. 1374. 0 H 4

1378, 1379- y S i T h a

loveres n o u g h t a l t h o u g h they holde

a l t h o u g h they). ful.

1385 (1400)

1371. C p J

1373. - y S l T h a tho ( C I bat, P h be) for

T o techen hem t h a t they ben in the v i c e / A n d 1381. y T h o

callsn.

1380 (1395 )

whom for

or feere.

138J.

Ithonked god, H i

which. ySlTha

Blessyd

be

Book Three 199 And evere mo, whan that hem fil to speke Of any wo of swich a tyme agoon, With kissyng al that tale sholde breke, And fallen in a newe joye anoon; And diden al hire myght, syn they were oon, For to recoveren blisse and bfen at eise, And passed wo with joie countrepeise.

1390 (1405)

200 Reson wol nat that I speke of slepe, For it acordeth nought to my matere;— God woot, they took of that ful litel k e p e ; — But lest this nyght, that was to hem so deere, Ne sholde in veyn escape in no manere, It was byset in joie and besynesse Of al that souneth into gentilesse.

1395" (1410)

1400

2 0 1

But how although I kan nat tellen al, As kan myn auctour of his excellence, Y i t have I seyd, and god toforn, and shal, In every thing the gret of his sentence; And if that I at loves reverence, Have any thing in eched for the beste, Doth therwithal right as youre selven leste. 1388. y ( - A ) T h

t h y n g for

1393- H i G g H 5 H 3 C x 1401-1414. In yTho

stanzas

and in the earlier

position

B u t a l be i t b a t I . P h A T h om. and.

wo.

1392. C p eise, A T h

countrepese.

1396. J K H j T h

201, 202 fellow with

eyse, J

hit for

(1325")

*405 (1330)

esye, rest

that.

ese

line 1323. H 4 has them here with 0

a y readings.

(ease).

1397. C p H i J

list.

readings

1401. y T h a B u t sooth is t h o u g h I ,

1403. and s h a l , so C p C l H i S i J , 1404. y T h a a l h o l l y his sentence.

n 209 3

G g H j D R C x I for

and,

1406. y T h a word for

Si

H3H4

thing.

Troilus

Criseyde 202

For myne wordes, heere and every part, I speke hem alle under correccioun Of yow that felyng han in loves art, And putte hem hool in youre discrecioun, Tencresce or maken diminucioun Of my langage, and that I yow biseche; But now to purpos of my rather speche.

1410 (1335)

203 Whan that the cok, comune astrologer, Gan on his brest to bete, and after crowe, And Lucifer, the dayes messager, Gan for to rise, and oute hire stremes throwe, And estward roos, to hym that koude it knowe, Forfuna Major, that anoon Criseyde, With herte soor, to Troilus thus seyde:

1415

1420

204 " M y n hertes lif, my trust and my plesaunce, That I was born, alias, what me is wo, That day of us moot make disseveraunce! For tyme it is to ryse and hennes go, Or ellis I am lost for evere mo. O nyght, alias, why nyltow overe us hove, As longe as whan Almena lay by Jove?

1425

1408. H 4 ( c o p y 2 ) P h C x & in, H j in, H 4 ( c o p y 1) & on for a n d ; C p H i J parte. 1410. C p H i J arte. 1411. y T h a it a l , S i tham a l l e for hem hool. 1412. a C x and for or. 141J. y T h a B u t w h a n the cok. 1417. C p G g H j H 3 H 4 R C x messanger. 1418. G g heae, H j his for h i r e ; y S l T h a . b e m e s for stremes, J stremyes. 1419. C l A G g H i a f t e r w a r d , D a f t e r J>at for e s t w a i d . 1422. C p H i A S i T h a l , D S 2 and a l l e for and.

1210:

Book 'three 205 " O blake nyght, as folk in bokes rede, That shapen art by god this world to hide At certeyn tymes with thi blake wede, That under that men myghte in rest abide, Wel oughten bestes pleyne, and folk the chide, That there as day with labour wolde us breste, That thow thus fleest, and deynest us nat reste.

1430

1435

206 "Thow doost, alias, to shortly thyn office, Thow rakel nyght, ther god, maker of kynde, For thow so downward hastest of malice, The corse and to oure hemysperie bynde, That nevere mo under the ground thow wynde! For thorugh thy rakel hying out of Troie, Have I forgon thus hastili my joie."

1440

207 This Troilus, that with tho wordes felte, As thoughte hym tho, for pietous distresse The blody teris from his herte melte, As he that nevere yit swich hevynesse Assayed hadde, out of so gret gladnesse, Gan therwithal Criseyde, his lady deere, In armes streyne, and seyde in this manere: 1431. S l

termes;

y T h a derke for

folake.

C J US fleest and l a t e us h a v e no rest. full shortly. 1439. y S l T h a grounde.

1438. y S i T h a So f a s t e a y

The

1433. a om.

the

(HiPh

1445

folkis).

1435.

1436. C p H 2 F h H 4 so s h o r t l y , A so w o r t h y ,

f o r t h y n haste a n d t h y n u n k y n d e v i c e ; J

to ouTe; H 4 C X T h i

cours.

1440. y T h a C x

more;

CpJ

1441. y T h a F o r now f o r thow so hiest (H2PI1 F o r now bou h i j e s t so. H i

be cause \>ov so f a s t h i e s t ) ; S l w i t h for H i piteous, H J pitouse, rest

thorugh; J

pitous.

C 211 ]

lying.

D

hasteth.

1444. pietous, so

For

CpSi,

Troilus

Criseyde

208 " O cruel day, accusour of the joie H50 T h a t love and nyght han stole and faste iwryen, Acorsed be thi comyng into Troye, For every bore hath oon of thi bryghte eyen! Envyous day, what list the so tespien ? W h a t hastow lost? what sekist thow in this place? 1455 Ther god thi light so quenche for his grace! 209 "Alias, what han thise loveris the agilt, Dispitous d a y ? thyn be the pyne of helle! For many a lovere hastow slayn, and wilt; T h i pourynge in wol no wher late hem dwelle. W h a t profrestow thi light here for to selle? Go selle it hem that smale selys grave; W e wol the nought, us nedeth no day have."

1460

210 And ek the sonne, Titan, wolde he chide, And seyde: " O fool, wel may men the dispise, 1465 T h a t hast al nyght the dawyng by thi syde, And suffrest hire so soone up fro the rise, For to disesen loveris in this wyse. W h a t ! hold thy bed ther, thow and ek thi Morwe, I prey to god, so yeve yow bothe sorwe!" 1470 1451. y S l T h o T h a t n y g h t a n d l o v e . 1454. C p C l H i T h to s p i e n , J C x a to espien, R so aspien, H 3 H 4 A D S 1 tespien. 14JJ. y S i T h a w h y sekestow t h i s p l a c e ( C p sekes t h o w ) ; J om. in. 1458. p y n e , so C l H i S i J G g , C x p y t , H l P h p e y n e s , rest p e y n e . 1463. H 2 P h H { H 4 C x to h a v e . 1464. y T h o g a n for w o l d e . 1466. v S i a the d a w y n g a l n y g h t ; HiPh fie biside. 1467. H i P h G g to for so. 1469. C p J holde ; v ( - D ) S l T h H f y o u r e b e d , G g j o w , om. b e d . 1470. v T h a I bidde g o d .

C 212 1

Book Three 2U Therwith ful soore he syghte, and thus he seyde: " M y lady right, and of my wele and wo The verray roote, 0 goodly myn Criseyde, And shal I rise, alias, and shal I so? Now fele I that myn herte moot a-two. For how sholde I my lif an houre save, Syn that with yow is al the lyf ich have?

1475

212 "What shal I don? for certes I not how, Ne whanne, alias, I may the tyme see, That in this plit I may ben eft with yow; And of my lif, god woot how that shal be, Syn that desir right now so streyneth me, That I am dede anon, but I retoume. How sholde I longe, alias, fro yow sojourne?

1480

213 "But natheles, myn owen lady bright, Yit were it so that I wiste outrely, That I, youre owen servant and youre knyght, Were in youre herte iset as fermely As ye in myn,—the which thyng, trewely, Me levere were than thise worldes tweyne,— Yit sholde I bet enduren al my peyne." 1471. G g H s H s C x om. second he. and roote.

U79. v T h a s h a l for m a y . H i bitleth). owen.

1472. y S i T h a or for and.

1474. G g om. a l i a s ; C 1 D go, G g so go for so. 1480. H 2 P h H 3 C x p l a c e .

i486. v T h om. Y i t ; C x Y f it were so.

2 ,

3 3

1490

1473. y T h a T h e w e l l t

>477. R H y j o y e for

lyf.

1482. v T h biteth ( C I brenneth, 1487. v S i T h H 2 P h humble

1488. J ishet, G g H j H 4 C x schet, H 3 s h i t t e ; v T h so for

n

1485

as.

for

Troilus

Criseyde

214 T o that Criseyde answerde thus anon, And with a sik she seyde: " O herte deere, The game, ywys, so ferforth now is gon, That erst shal Phebus fallen fro his spere, And everich egle ben the haukes feere, And every roche out of his place sterte, Or Troilus out of Criseydes herte.

1495

2 1 5

" Y e ben so depe inwith myn herte grave, That, though I wolde it torne out of my thought, As wisly verray god my soule save, T o dyen in the peyne, I koude nought. And, for the love of god that us hath wrought, Lat in youre brayn non other fantasie So crepe, that it cause me to dye.

1500

1505

216 "And that ye me wolde han as faste in mynde As I have yow, that wolde I yow biseche; And, if I wiste sothly that to fynde, God myghte nat a poynt my joies eche. But, herte myn, withouten more speche, Beth to me trewe, or ellis were it routhe; For I am thyn, by god and by my trouthe.

1510

1491. v T h H 2 P h r i g h t . G g H i & b a t for thus. 1453- H 3 H 4 C X om. O . 149J. y S l T h o first for erst, H j om. erst. 1496. v S l T h a d o w v e s for haukes. 1497. H 2 l o c k , G g H j P h rok, T h C x rocke. 1499. inwith, so C p C l H i J G g , H2PI1 r i j t in, rest w i t h i n n e ; J H 4 S 1 C X igrave. 1500. C p J thoughte. 1503. G g H j R h a b us. IJ06. H 2 P h w o l d e me h a v e , H j R w o l d e h a v e me. 1512. H 2 P h joures, H s y o u r e for t h y n .

C 214 3

Book Three 217 "Beth glad, forthy, and lyve in sikernesse; Thus seyde I nevere or now, ne shal to mo; And if to yow it were a gret gladnesse To torne ayeyn soone after that ye go, As fayn wolde I as ye that it were so, As wisly god myn herte brynge at reste"; And hym in armes tok and ofte keste. 218 Ayein his wil, sith it mot nedes be, This Troilus up ros, and faste hym cledde, And in his armes took his lady free An hondred tyme, and on his wey hym spedde; And with swieh voys as though his herte bledde, He seyde: "fare wel, dere herte swete, Ther god us graunte sownde and soone to mete."

1515

1520

1525

219 To which no word for sorwe she answerde, So soore gan his partyng hire distreyne; And Troilus unto his paleys ferde, As wobygon as she was, soth to seyne; So harde hym wrong of sharp desir the peyne For to ben eft there he was in plesaunce, That it may nevere out of his remembraunce. 1514. v S i T h a this for at.

now,

1517. y T h J G g om. t h a t .

1519. keste, so C p C U f y S l T h , rest kiste ( k y s t ) .

herte b l e d d e ; J thoght.

1525. v T h H j ( H j over

1518. C p H l A C i T h

1514. y T h

erasure)

1530

my

to

for

swich wordes as his

dere herte swete.

1526.

H 3 sounde and s a u f , D save and sounde, H j son and sownd here to mete, G g sone f o r to mete (om. sownde a n d ) .

1527. H 2 P h H f f o r sorwe no word, R om. f o r sorwe.

C 21S 1

Troilus

Criseyde

220 Retorned to his real paleys soone, H e softe into his bed gan for to slynke, T o slepe longe, as he was wont to doone; But al for nought; he may wel ligge and wynke; But slep ne may ther in his herte synke, Thynkyng how she, for whom desir hym brende, A thousand fold was worth more than he wende, 221 And in his thought gan up and down to wynde Hire wordes alle, and every contenaunce, And fermely impressen in his mynde The leeste point that to hym was plesaunce; And, verraylich, of thilke remembraunce Desir al newe hym brende, and lust to brede Gan more than erst, and yit took he non hede.

1535

1540

1545

222 Criseyde also, right in the same wyse, O f Troilus gan in hire herte shette H i s worthynesse, his lust, his dedes wise, H i s gentilesse, and how she with hym mette, Thonkyng love he so wel hire bisette, Desiryng eft to han hire herte deere In swich a plit, she dorste make hym cheere. 1538. C p H i J slepe ; H 4 ther here non, T h m a y there non for f e r m e l i s o h ; H2PI1CX impressid, selve wyse. 1552. H 4 he gan H a P h G g A t for I n ; T h p l a c e ;

1SS°

may non, R ne may noon, C x m a y none. S i ne m a y ne m a y ther. 1541. H 2 P h G g A D wende. 1543. J H 3 H 4 H 3 impressynge, G g in p r e y s y n g . 1J48. J G g R H 3 the so weel bisette. 1*53. C p A H 2 P h H j T h o f t e . 1JJ4. H2PI1H5H4S1 bat sche, T h as she.

n 216 3

Book 'three 223 Pandare, a-morwe which that comen was Unto his nece, and gan hire faire grete, Seyde: "al this nyght so reyned it, alias, That al my drede is that ye, nece swete, Han litel leiser had to slepe and mete; Al nyght," quod he, "hath reyn so do me wake, That som of us, for god, oure hede may ake."

1555

1560

224 And ner he com, and seyde: "how stant it now, This brighte morwe, nece, how kan ye fare?" Criseyde answerde: "nevere the bet for yow, Fox that ye ben, god yeve youre herte care! 1565 God help me so, ye caused al this fare, Trowe I," quod she; "for al youre wordes white, O ! whoso seth yow knoweth yow ful lite." 225 With that she gan hire face for to wrye With the shete, and wax for shame al reed; And Pandarus gan under for to prie, And seyde: "nece, if that I shal be ded, Have here a swerd, and smyteth of myn heed." With that his arm al sodeynly he thriste Under hire nekke, and at the laste hire kyste. 1SSS- C p H l 0, J o f , H 2 P h H y H 4 A D on, R at for H4CX it reyned so, H f reyned i t so.

harde.

1JJ6. H 4 R C * Into.

15J7.

1563. y S i T h a mery ( m u r y ) for

brighte

I j 6 j . H 2 P I 1 A D J R H 3 y o w for y o u r e ; H 2 P h hertis, J D herde,

1567. R T r a y t o u r for

Trowe I.

s w e r d e ; smyteth, so J R S i D T h , H3 thruste.

1575

1561. y S i T h o I trowe hire hedes ake, C x our

heedis ought to a k e ; J hir, H 3 his for oure. (BH3 bright).

a.

1570

ij68. C I D G g f i f e R C x om. 0 .

C p smyten, rest smyte.

1575. C I H 4 keste.

C2231

H3R

1J73- C p H i J

1574. J H 4 G g H j A

threste,

Troilus

Criseyde

226 I passe al that which nedeth nought to seye, W h a t ! god foryaf his deth, and she also Foryaf, and with hire uncle gan to pleye, For oother cause was ther non than so. But of this thing right to theffect to go, W h a n tyme was, hom to hire hous she wente, And Pandarus hath hoolly his entente.

1580

227 N o w torne we ayeyn to Troilus, T h a t resteles ful longe a-bedde lay, And pryvely sente after Pandarus, T o hym to come in al the haste he may. H e com anon, nat ones seyde he " n a y " ; A n d Troilus ful sobrely he grette, And down upon his beddes syde hym sette.

228 T h i s Troilus, with al thaffeccioun O f frendes love that herte may devyse, T o Pandarus on knowes fil adown, And or that he wolde of the place arise, H e gan hym thonken in his beste wise A thousand tyme, and gan the day to blisse, T h a t he was born to brynge hym fro destresse,

3-59°

1595

1576-1582. Cp omits stanza; text based on J C i H i . 1576. y ( - D ) T h a chargeth for nedeth; R which is not goodly for to seye. 1J79. C l H 3 H 2 P h H j but, D ne for than. 1581. C l H i til for to. 1582. y S i T h a fully for hoolly. 1584. H2PI1H4 in bedde. IJ88. J sobrelich. 1592. knowes, so C p H i A J , H i know, GgSl kneis, rest knees. 159J- y T h a An hondred; y jythe, H2PI1H4S1CX tymes for tyme; C p H l A S 2 T h he for and ; y T h a tyme for day to ; H3 gan he day blisse, Si be day gan blysse; CpH2Ph C x T h biesse.

[

218 ]

Book Three 229 And seyde: " O frend, of frendes alderbeste T h a t evere was, the sothe for to telle, Thow hast in hevene ybrought my soule at reste Fro Flegiton, the fery flood of helle; That, though I myght a thousand tymes selle, Upon a day, my lif in thi servise, It myghte nat a moote in that suffise.

1600

230 " T h e sonne, which that al the world may se, Saugh nevere yit, my lif that dar I leye, So inly fair and goodly as is she, Whos I am al, and shal, tyl that I deye; And that I thus am hires, dar I seye, T h a t thanked be the heighe worthynesse O f love, and ek thi kynde bysynesse.

1605

1610

231 "Thus hastow me no litel thing yyive, For which to the obliged be for ay M y lif, and whi"? for thorugh thyn helpe I l y v e ; Or elles ded hadde I ben many a day." And with that word down in his bed he lay, 1615 And Pandarus ful sobrely hym herde, T i l al was seyd, and thanne he thus answerde: 1597. YSiThGg He for And; C p C l H i S i J T h the. A that alderbeste. 1J99- H3H4D my souk brought, Sl my souk ybrot in heven ; H2PhH3Si to rest. 1600. Cp flegtoun, H l J flagitoun (J flag- over erasure), H3 conciton, H4 contoun, R coichyton, Cx Cochita, Th Phlcgetor,; H:Ph fcende for flood. 1603. CpClHiJ myght. 1605. SiRCx Was for Saugh. 1608 GgH5H4 may I say, H3 "lay iche bodei seye, Cx I dar wel seye. 1616. J sobrtlich. 1617. C p H l J seyde; vTh hym for thus, H3 thus him for thanne he thus.

1:

> 21 9

3

Troilus

Criseyde 2 3 2

" M y deere frend, if I have don for the In any cas, god wot, it is me lief; And am as glad as man may of it be, 1620 God help me so; but—take it nat a - g r i e f — For love of god be war of this myschief: That there as thow now brought art in thy blisse. T h a t thow thi self ne cause it nat to misse.

233 "For of fortunes sharp adversitee The worste kynde of infortune is this: A man to han ben in prosperitee, And it remembren whan it passed is. Thart wis ynough, forthi do nat amys; Be nat to rakel, though thow sitte warme, For if thow be, certeyn, it wol the harme. 234 " T h o w art at ese, and holde the wel therinne; For also seur as reed is every fir, As gret a craft is kepe wel as wynne. Bridle alwey wel thi speche and thi desir; For worldly joie halt nat but by a wir. T h a t preveth wel, it brest alday so o f t e ; Forthi, nede is to werken with it softe."

1625

1630

1635

1621. C p H i S z T h t r g now JOT It. 1621. v T h a T h a t I s h a l s e y n be w a r . 1623. C x T h om. t h o w ; 3 n o w t h o w ; H 2 P h G g H 4 now bou a r t b r o u g h t ( G g . om. b o u ) , H 3 thou a r t b r o u g h t n o w , D b o w a r t n o w b x o u g h t e ; C I G g H j in to, H2PI1 i n , T h C x to t h y for in t h y . 1627. H 4 f e l e c i t e . 1629. T h a r t , so C p H i A D J R , rest T h o w art. 1630. C p theigh, J thogh. 1632. H 3 and h o l d e the n o w e , R C x h o l d e the n o w ( R w erased before n o w ) , H 4 n o w hold the for and holde t h i w e l . 1633-1636. C p H l J fire, desire, wire. 1634. H 2 F h H 4 H 3 C x is to. kepe.

I 220 ^

Book Three 235 Quod Troilus: " I hope, and god toforn, M y deere frend, that I shal so me bere, That in my gylt ther shal no thing be lorn, N y nyl nat rakle as for to greven here. It nedeth nat this matere ofte stere; For wystestow myn herte wel, Pandare, By god, of this thow Voidest litel care." 236 Tho gan he telle hym of his glade nyght, And wherof first his herte dredde, and how, And seyde: "frende, as I am trewe knyght, And by that feyth I shal to god and yow, I hadde it nevere half so hote as now; And ay the more that desir me biteth T o love hire best, the more it me deliteth. 237 " I not my self nat wisly what it is; But now I feele a newe qualitee, Ye, al another than I dede or this." Pandare answerde and seyde thus: that he, That ones may in hevene blisse be, " H e feleth other weyes, dar I leye, Than thilke tyme he first herde of it seye."

1640

1645

1650

1655

1639. J H 4 R H 3 biforn. 1642. N y nyi, so C p H i S l , C l A D C x T h Ne. I nyl, J H 4 R H 3 G g N e I wol (R om. N e ) ; H2PI1 N e rakyl nel y be f o r ; A be rakle; H3H4R wrathin for greven. 1643. a al day J>is b'mg to tere ( H j al w e y ; G g bis byng al d a y ) ; ttere, so H3RSICX(H3CJC ofte to stere), rest tere. 164*. y T h a God woot for B y god. 1647. C p H i dred, J drede. 1649. I f y H j C x T h owe for shal. 1657. C p H i hevenes.

1:

>221

3

Troilus

Criseyde

238 This is a word for a l ; this Troilus Was nevere ful to speke of this matere, And for to preisen unto Pandarus The bounte of his righte lady deere, And Pandarus to thanke and maken cheere. This tale was ay span newe to bygynne, Til that the nyght departed hem atwynne. 239 Soone after this, for that fortune it wolde, Icomen was the blisful tyme swete, That Troilus was warned that he sholde, There he was erst, Criseyde his lady mete; For which he felte his herte in joie flete, And feithfully gan alle the goddes herie; And lat se now if that he kan be merie! 240 And holden was the forme and al the wise, Of hire commyng, and ek of his also, As it was erst, which nedeth nought devyse. But pleynly to theffect right for to go, In joie and seurte Pandarus hem two A-bedde brought, whan that hem bothe leste, And thus they ben in quyete and in reste. 1660. H j And yet in trowthe for a l l ; C p H i D S 2 S i T h G g ay was, H 3 H J was ever, C x was a l w e y , H2PI1 om. his hert, H 3 for yoit is hert. 167/. Y { - A ) H 3 S i T h om. to devyse. 1677. H 2 P h H 4 right to be effect, G g H ; H 3 C x >679, J b r o u g h t e ; J H 4 G g H 3 A C x T h om. that.

C 222 3

that ay. ek. om.

i C60

1665

1670

1675

] 680

/or this. 166;. C p C l H i 1671. H 2 P h S i C x in j o y 1676. H 4 w h a t nedith it right. 1678. C p J suerte.

Book 'three 241 Nat nedeth it to yow, syn they ben met, To axe at me if that they blithe were; For if it erst was wel, tho was it bet A thousand fold, this nedeth nat enquere. Agon was every sorwe and every feere; 1685 And bothe, y wys, they hadde, and so they wende, As muche joie as herte may comprende. 242 This is no litel thyng of for to seye; This passeth every wit for to devyse; For eche of hem gan otheres lust obeye; Felicite, which that thise clerkes wise Comenden so, ne may nat here sufRse. This joie may nat writen be with inke; This passeth al that herte may bythynke.

1690

243 But cruel day, so weylawey the stounde, Gan for taproche, as they by sygnes knewe, For which hem thoughte feelen dethes wownde; So wo was hem, that changen gan hire hewe, And day they gonnen to despise al newe, Callyng it traitour, envyous, and worse; And bitterly the dayes light thei corse. 1682. H 2 P h H i H 4 H 3 D C x om. that. S l R wo, H 4 j o i e , C x care for

sorwe.

1684. a H 4 H 3 A C x to enquere.

1700

drede,

>687. H 3 as tonge coude t e l l or-sende-; com-

prende, so C p J , C I complende, rest comprehende. om. of.

1685. J

1695

1688. J G g H l A T h nys • H 2 P h H f H 3

1694. H 3 C x t h a t aney hert m a y thynke, H 5 [jat hert m a y speke or thynke.

1696. H 4 H i s briht hornys in every wiket g a n shewe. t>ei f e l t for

1697. H 4 thei f e l t e n , H2PI1H3

feelen.

C 223

1

Troilus

Cnseyde

244 Quod Troilus: "alias, now am I war That Pirous and tho swifte steedes thre, Which that drawen forth the sonnes char, H a n gon som bipath in dispit of me; That maketh it so soone day to be; And, for the sonne hym hasteth thus to rise, Ne shal I nevere don hym sacrifise."

1705

245 But nedes day departe hem moste soone, And whan hire speche don was and hire cheere, 1710 They twynne anon as they were wont to doone, And setten tyme of metyng eft yfeere; And many a nyght they wroughte in this manere. And thus Fortune a tyme ledde in joie Criseyde and ek this kynges sone of Troie. 1715 246 In suffisaunce, in blisse, and in singynges, This Troilus gan al his lif to lede; H e spendeth, jousteth, maketh festeyinges; H e yeveth frely ofte, and chaungeth wede, And held aboute hym ay, withouten drede, A world of folk, as com hym wel of kynde, The fressheste and the beste he koude fynde;

1720

1703. P i r o u s , so H b P h A T h , C p C I D P i r o s , G g P i r u s , H s P y r e u s , H 3 P i r e y s , H 1 S 1 R P i r o r s , H 4 P i r c r s , C x P i e r e r s , J P i r o r a ; J G g H 2 P h R H i D C x the for tho, H 3 em.- and tho. 1707. H l P h G g A so, H 3 H s f o r for thus. 1708. Y ( - A ) hire for h y m . 17". J H 2 P h H 3 C x 'ben for w e r e . 1718. H 2 P h H 3 C x T h and m a k i t h , R m a k y t h e k e ; f e s t e y i n g e s , so S i , C l H i f e s t e y n y n g e s , rest f e s t y n g e s . 1720. H h P h h o l t . S i h a l t . H i h o l d , A h o l d e ; y S i T h c t a l w e y out o f drede.

I

22

4 1

Book 'three 247 That swich a vois of hym was and a stevene Thorughout the world, of honour and largesse, That it up rong unto the yate of hevene. And as in love he was in swich gladnesse, That in his herte he demed, as 1 gesse, That ther nys lovere in this world at ese So wel as he; and thus gan love hym plese. 248 The goodlihede or beaute which that kynde In any other lady hadde iset Kan nat the mountaunce of a knotte unbynde, Aboute his herte, of al Criseydes net. He was so narwe ymasked and iknet, That it undon on any maner syde, That nyl nat ben, for aught that may bitide. 249 And by the hond ful ofte he wolde take This Pandarus, and into gardyn lede, And swich a feste and swich a proces make Hym of Criseyde, and of hire womanhede, And of hire beaute, that, withouten drede, It was an hevene his wordes for to here; And thanne he wolde synge in this manere:

1725

1730

1735

1740

1723. v S i T h was of hym. 1714. CpJ worlde. 1725. CIH3 into, G g H j r y j t to for unto. 1730. J G g H j C x bountc. 1732. Cp montancc, J G g H j H < A D C x T h mountenaunce. 1736. H2PhH4 H i t for T h a t .

C 225

1

Troilus

Criseyde

250 "Love, that of erthe and se hath goveraaunce, Love, that his hestes hath in hevenes hye, Love, that with an holsom alliaunce Halt peples joyned, as hym list hem gye, Love, that enditeth lawe of compaignie, And couples doth in vertu for to dwelle, Bynd this acord that I have told and telle.

1745

1750

251 "That that the world, with feith which that is stable, Diverseth so his stQwndes concordynge, That elementz that ben so discordable Holden a bond perpetuely durynge, That Phebus mote his rosy day forth brynge, 1755 And that the mone hath lordshipe over the nyghtes, A l this doth Love; ay heried be his myghtes! 252 "That that the se, that gredy is to flowen, Constreyneth to a certeyn ende so His flodes, that so fiersly they ne growen T o drenchen erthe and al for evere m o : — And if that Love aught lete his bridel go, Al that now loveth asonder sholde lepe; And lost were al that Love halt now to hepe.

1760

1744-1771. Omitted in Hi; on inset leaf later in P h . 174J- v ( - A ) H $ T h a hevene. 1746. J H 4 R which feat, H 5 t h a t whiche for that. 1748. y S i T h P h knetteth, H 3 k e n n y t h , C x endueth, H j cndith. 1751 H 3 R P h S 2 om, second t h a t ; J G r g H j A C x om. w h i c h ; H 4 S 2 om. third t h a t ; J G g H j H 4 unstable. 17/4. J R C x G g H * H o l d e in, P h H o l d y n y n for H o l d e n . 17J5. H i P h carte for d a y . 1758. R A n d b a t . 1760. C I D H j R C x f r e s h l y . 1764. H 3 R kepe.

I

226 J

Book 'three 253 "So wolde god, that auctour is of kynde, That, with his bond, Love of his vertu liste T o cerclen hertes alle, and faste bynde, That from his bond no wight the wey out wiste; And hertes colde, hem wolde I that he twiste T o make hem love, and that hem liste ay re we On hertes sore, and kepe hem that ben trewe."

1765

1770

254 In alle nedes for the townes werre H e was, and ay, the firste in armes dyght; And certeynly, but if that bokes erre, Save Ector, most ydred of any wight; And this encres of hardynesse and myght Com hym of love, his ladies thank to wynne, That altered his spirit so withinne.

1775

2 5 5

In tyme of trewe, on haukyng wolde he ride, Or elles honte boor, bere, or lyoun; The smale bestes leet he gon biside. And whan that he com ridyng into town, Ful ofte his lady from hire wyndow down, As fresshe as faucon comen out of muwe, Ful redy was hym goodly to saluwe.

1780

1785

1767. H/fCxTh serchyn, CIPh cerchen, H3 cherysson. 1771, C p Or, A O f , J G g P h And for On. 1772. H1AS1H2PI1 In alle the nedes. 1773. H4HJ om. and; CpJ first; R He was ay first al in hys armes digh. 1777. JRHJH2P(IHJCX l a d y ; H2Ph grace. 1782. H 2 F h C x tofc>e,H i T h into be for into. 1784. C l H 2 P h H 3 C x cometh, H4 com, H s cam.

C 227

1

Troilus

Criseyde 256

And moost of love and vertu was his speche, And in despit hadde alle wrecchednesse; And, douteles, no nede was hym biseche To honouren hem that hadden worthynesse, And esen hem that weren in destresse. And glad was he if any wyght wel ferde, That lovere was, whan he it wiste or herde.

*79o

257 For soth to seyn, he lost held every wyght But if he were in loves heigh servise, I mene folk that oughte it ben of right. And over al this, so wel koude he devyse Of sentement, and in so unkouth wise Al his array, that every lovere thoughte, That al was wel what so he seyde or wroughte.

1795

258 And though that he be come of blood roial, Hym liste of pride at no wight for to chace; Benigne he was to ech in general, For which he gat hym thank in every place. Thus wolde Love, yheried be his grace! That pride, cnvye, ire, and avarice H e gan to fle, and everich other vice.

1800

1805

1787. H 3 R hade he al. 1793. H i G g H j lorn, P h love for l o s t ; H z P h G g had, H j hald for held. >79*. H 3 H 4 R C * be for of. 1796. H 3 R he cowde. 1802. R a l l e for ech. 1804. J H 3 T h i s for T h u s . 180J. C p H t S 2 C x T h T h a t pride and Ire E n v y e and A v a r i c e ; J A S i and ire and avarice. 1806. S2 ( R u b r i c ) E x p l i c i t L i b e r T e r c i u s .

n 228 3

Book 'three 259 Thow lady bryght, the doughter to Dyone, T h y blynde and wynged sone ek, daun Cupide, Ye sustren nyne ek, that by Elicone, In hil Parnaso listen for tabide, That ye thus fer han deyned me to gyde, I kan no more, but syn that ye wol wende, Y e heried ben for ay withouten ende. 260 Thorugh yow have I seyd fully in my song Theffect and joie of Troilus servise, Al be that ther was som disese among, As to myn auctour listeth to devise-. M y thridde book now ende ich in this wyse; And Troilus in lust and in quiete Is with Criseyde, his owen herte swete. EXPLICIT LIBER

1810

1815

1820

TERCIUS.

1807. D in margin P r o l o g u s .

1807-1810. Lading

in G g , leaf

lost.

1807. J H 4 R H 2 P I 1

Y o w , H i N o w for T h o w ; P h 3e. R y o u for the, H j A C x om. t h e ; H a P h H 3 A T h o f to.

1808. H i T h y b l y n d sone eke I mene d a u n C u p i d e .

H3H4CX Y o u r , A T h sende. boke,

T h e for

1813. H f C x I h e r i e d ben H3

My

fierde

booke.

Ye.

1811. C p H i J

1809. C p Y e e , J R P h

namore;

Hi

1814. C x N o w h a v e I y o w . 1820. H 3 C X

lady

for

herte.

s y n this grace 1818. H2FI1 M e

Rubric,

so

for

Yow je my

JRSlA(Ay

later A a n i f ) T h , H 3 E x p l i c i t L i b e r i n j t u s , H i E x p l i c i t i i j l i b e r , C x H e r e endeth the thyrde B o o k e A n d foloweth

the F o u r t h B o o k e , rest

C 229 1

emit.

'BOOK

FOUR

BOOK FOUR JNCIPIT

P R O H E M I U M

Q U A R T I

LIBRI.

1

B

U T al to litel, weylawey the whyle, Lasteth swich joie, ythonked be Fortune, T h a t semeth trewest whan she wol bygyle, And kan to fooles so hire song entune, That she hem hent and blent, traitour comune; And whan a wight is from hire whiel ythrowe, Than laugheth she, and maketh hym a mowe.

5

2 From Troilus she gan hire brighte face Awey to wrythe, and took of hym non heede, But caste hym clene oute of his lady grace, And on hire whiel she sette up Diomede; For which right now myn herte gynneth blede, And now my penne, alias, with which I write, Quaketh for drede of that I moste endite.

10

3 For how Criseyde Troilus forsook, Or at the leeste how that she was unkynde, Moot hennesforth ben matere of my book, As writen folk thorugh which it is in mynde. Alias! that they sholde evere cause fynde T o speke hire harm! and if they on hire lye, Iwis, hem self sholde han the vilanye. Rubric,

so H 4 S 1 , J

H3 om. a.

lost.

1-28. R omits

9. C1H4H3CX w r y e .

evere («i s h o l d .

20

P r o h e n n i u m q u a r t i l i b r i , C x H e r e e n d e t h the thy i d book o f

T r o y l u s A n d here b e g y n n e t h the p r o l o g o f the f o u r t h book, rest omit. in G g ; two leaves

15

proem.

3. H 2 P h t r u s t y .

12. v ( - C l ) T h m y n herte r i g h t n o w .

1-112.

Lacking

7. v T h a the for

a,

19. H 2 P h A D S i C x

21.' H s D C x s h a l l , H 4 s h u l .

C 233

1

Troilus

Criseyde 4

0 ye Herynes, Nyghtes doughtren thre, T h a t endeles compleynen evere in pyne, Megera, Alete, and ek Thesiphone, Thow cruel Mars ek, fader to Quyryne, This ilke ferthe book me helpeth fyne, So that the losse of lyf and love yfeere O f Troilus be fully shewed here. EXPLICIT 1NCI PIT

PROHEMIUM

LIBER

QUARTI

25

L1BRI.

gUARTUS.

5

L I G G 1 : N G in oost, as 1 have seyd or this, The Grekys stronge aboute Troie town, - V B y f e l that, whan that Phebus shynyng is Upon the brest of Hercules lyoun, T h a t Ector, with ful many a bold baroun, Caste on a day with Grekes for to fighte, As he was wont to greve hem what he myghte.

30

35

6 Not I how longe or short it was bitwene This purpos and that day they fighten mente; But on a day, wel armed bright and shene, W i t h spere in honde and bigge bowes bente, Ector and many a worthi wight out wente; And in the berd, anon withouten lette, Hire fomen in the felde hem faste mette.

40

24. CxTh Allccto; HzPh bow, H5 and bou for and ek. 25. aH3 god for Mars; aTh of for to. 26. H4 This feerde & lastc book, H3 Thys fyftc and lastc bokc. 27. CpJ !yve. Rubrics, so JSl (J prohennium). For other variants, see Introd., p. xiii. 29. C p H i J seyde; H4H3RCX told for seyd. 33. oClTh om. ful. 3j. PhCx if he, H j as he, D with his for what he. 37. JPh day thei issen mente (Ph issu), H2 day be bus ment, H5 day of assignement. 39, 40. v S l T h H ) transpose lines. 40. D C x T h knight. 41. y T h a withouten Icnger lette. 42. y S ^ h a anon hem mctte ( 0 om. anon; H2PI1 D S i they for hem); R ful for hem ; H3 faste they mette.

n 2 34 3

Book Four

7 The longe day, with speres sharpe igrounde, W i t h arwes, dartes, swerdes, maces felle, They fighte and bringen hors and man to grounde, 45 And with hire axes out the braynes quelle; But in the laste shour, soth for to telle, The folk of Troie hem selven so mysledden, T h a t with the wors at nyght homward they fledden.

8 At which day was taken Antenor, Maugre Polydamas or Monesteo, Santippe, Sarpedon, Polynestor, Polite, or ek the Troian daun Rupheo, And oothre lasse folk, as Phebuseo; So that for harm that day the folk of Troie Dredden to lese a gret part of hire joie.

50

55

9 But natheles a trewe was ther take, At Grekes request, and tho they gonnen trete. O f prisoners a chaunge for to make, And for the surplus yeven sommes grete. This thing anon was couth in every strete, Bothe in thassege, in towne, and every where, And with the firste it com to Calkas ere.

60

43. CI faste for sharpe. 46. aH4 brayn. 47. H2PI1R be *othc to telle, H3 the south for to telle, Cx forth for to telle, Th sothe to tell. 49. H2RH3CX homward at nyght. 51. H3 om. Maugre. Palidomas and also Menestes; H2 Penestio, Ph Polestio, H5 Pont'stes. 52. JH4R or Polynestor, D ande Polemestor. 53. H3 and for or; a Or Polyte or the troian. 54. a Or for And. 55. H3 For al Ector so that the folk. 57-59- v H 3 T h a : — Of Priamus was yeve' at Grekes requeste, A tyme of trewe, and tho they gonnen ttttt. Hire prisoners to chaungen, meste and lestc. (H3HJ To pryamus: CpHl a greke, H5S2 a gret, H3 at his for at Grekes) 57. H4 ntverthelcs : RSl ther was. 58. JH4 At gret. Si At Greke; H4R gonne thci.

£ 235 3

Troilus & Criseyde 1 0

Whan Calkas knew this tretis sholde holde, In consistorie among the Grekes soone H e gan in thringe forth, with lordes olde, And sette hym there, as he was wont to doone, And with a chaunged face hem bad a boone, For love of god, to don that reverence, T o stynte noyse, and yeve hym audience. 11 Than seyde he thus: "lo, lordes myn, ich was Troian, as it is knowen, out of drede; And if that yow remembre, I am Calkas, That alderfirst yaf comfort to youre nede, And tolde wel how that ye sholden spede; For dredeles, thorugh yow shal in a stownde Ben Troie ybrend, and beten dowti to grownde; 12 "And in what forme, or in what manere wise, This town to shende, and al youre lust tacheve, Y e han or this wel herd me yow devyse; This knowe ye, my lordes, as I leve. And for the Grekis weren me so leeve, I com my self, in my propre persone, T o teche in this how yow was best to doone,

65

70

75

80

71. C I R T h myne, 74. R counsel. 75. a C x om. that. 77. H2PI1 T r o y be brent, C x T h i s T r o y e be brent. 78. (1H4RCX and for or. 79. C p J towne. 80. C p H i J h e r d e ; •y wel herd it m e ; H 4 me herd w e e l ; H 3 me herde or this (om. w e l ) ; C x me herd w e l ; R C x em. y o w . 84. H 2 w h a t you was best, C x what ye were best, P h H j how hit was best.

1*3*1

Book Four 13

"Havyng unto my tresour ne my rente Right no resport, to respect of youre ese; Thus al my good I lefte, and to yow wente, Wenyng in this, my lordes, yow to plese. But al that los ne doth me no disese. I vouchesauf, as wisly have I joie, For yow to lese al that I have in Troie.

85

90

H

"Save of a doughter that I lefte, alias! Slepyng at hom, whan out of Troie I sterte; 0 sterne, O cruel fader that I was! How myghte I have in that so harde an herte? Alias! I ne hadde ibrought hire in hire sherte! For sorwe of which I wol nat lyve to morwe, But if ye lordes rewe upon my sorwe.

95

15

"For, by that cause I say no tyme or now Hire to delivere, ich holden have my pees; But now or nevere, if it like yow, 1 may hire have right soone, douteles. 0 help and grace! amonges al this prees, Rewe on this olde caytyf in destresse, Syn I thorugh yow have al this hevynesse.

100

105

85. H 3 H 4 A and, D and to for ne. 87. lefte, so J H 3 A D S 1 S 2 C X T I 1 , C p leeste, H i leste, rest loste or lost. 88. y ( - A D ) T h yow lordes for to plese. 89. C p . tha, J H 3 C X this, a my for t h a t ; C1H4H3S2CX om. ne. 93. a toun for Troie. 94. C I A D S 1 J C 1 and for second O . 96. C p J ibroughte. 101. v ( - H l ) S i T h if that it. 102. a for b»t is for right soone. 103, amonges, so C p J A , rest among or amonge. 105. a am broght in wrecchidnes.

C 237 1

Troilus

Criseyde

16 "Ye have now kaught and fetered in prisoun Troians ynowe; and, if youre willes be, My child with oon may han redempcioun. Now, for the love of god, and of bounte, Oon of so fele, alias, so yeve hym me. WhatJiede were it this preiere for to werne, Syn ye shul bothe han folk and town as yerne"?

1 lo

17

"On peril of my lif, I shal nat lye, Appollo hath me told it feithfully; I have ek founde it by astronomve, By sort, and by augurye ek, trewelv, And dar wel sevn, the tyme is faste by, That fir and flaumbe on al the town shal sprede, And thus shal Troie torne into asshen dede. 18 "For, certein, Phebus and Neptunus bothe, That makeden the walles of the town, Ben with the folk of Troie alwey so wrothe. They wol eft brynge it to confusioun, Right for despit of kyng Lameadoun. Bvcause he nolde payen hem hire hire, The town shal yit be set upon a fire."

115

120

12 ^

107. C I D a R C x wille. 108. C p H l J childe. n o . C p H i y i f , J y i v e ; a grnunt for yeve (H2PI1 so grauntith me). 112. H j S i C x have bothe, H 2 P h om. b o t h e ; He tvallis. 123. v S l T h a T h a t they wol brynge i t : H3 it e f t brmge. 124. y S i T h a in for f o r ; H 3 H 4 H 5 T h I.amedon, Si I.eamydoun, C x L a o m r . don. 126. y T h a T h e town of T r o i e shal ben sette on fire; H4CX on a fire.

C 238 3

Book Four }9

Tellyng his tale alwey, this olde greye, Humble in his speche and in his lokyng eke, The salte teris from his eyen tweye Ful faste ronnen down by either cheke. So longe he gan of socour hem biseke, That, for to hele hvm of his sikes soore, They yave hym Antenor withouten nioore. 20 But who was glad ynough but Calkas tho'? And of this thyng ful soone his nedes levde On hem that sholden for the tretis go, And hem for Antenor ful ofte preyde To bryngen hom kyng Thoas and Criseyde; And whan Priam his save garde sente, Thembassadours to Troie streight they wente. 21 The cause itolde of hire comyng, the olde Priam the kyng ful soone in general Let her-upon his parlement to holde, Of which theffect rehersen yow I shal. Thembassadours ben answerd for fynal, Theschaunge of prisoners and al this nede Hem liketh wel; and forth in they procede.

130

135

140

145

130. a on for by. 131. 0 mercy for socour. 132. v T h a sorwes for sikes. 13J, C p C l J hise; a his nede he leyde ( G g his nede f u l sone). 137. H3 And hem f u l ofte specyally preyde. 138. C l A J G g C x hem for hom; y G g Toas, H2Ph K o a s ; H3 For Antenor to bringe home Creseide, H j T o brvng (for antenor his dowtcr Creseyde. 139. Si king Priam, H4CX P r i a m u s ; H 4 R S 1 C X saufguard (R hym sente), H3 sone gan. H j soun g a r d e ; H 2 P h G g his safe conduyt hem sent (H2 her for his). 140. H4RH3CX streiht to troie went (Cx ful streyghte). 143. a Gan b»upon (H2Ph om. on). 147. H2Ph gan for in.

[ 239 1

'troilus

Criseyde

22 This Troilus was present in the place, Whan axed was for Antenor Criseyde; For which ful soone chaungen gan his face, As he that with tho wordes wel neigh deyde; But, natheles, he no word to it seyde, Lest men sholde his affeccioun espye; With mannes herte he gan his sorwe drye,

150

23

And ful of angwissh and of grisly drede, 155 Abood what oother lordes wolde seye; And if they wolde graunte, as god forbede, Theschaunge of hire, than thoughte he thynges tweye: First, how to save hire honour, and what weye He myghte best theschaunge of hire withstonde; 160 Ful faste he caste how al this myghte stonde. 24 Love hym made al prest to don hire bide, Or rather dyen than she sholde go; But resoun seyde hym on that other syde: "Withoute assent of hire ne do nat so, If thow debate it, lest she be thy fo, And seyn, that thorugh thy medlynge is iblowe Youre bother love, ther it was erst unknowe."

16$

l j i . o wel ny with be wordis ( G g bo). >53- C p H i L i s t , J Liste. 154. y S i H 3 T h H 2 P h H y sorwes. Ij6. y S i a A b o d e w h a t lordes wolde to it seye ( C p C l H i S i unto i t ) ; T h wolde to it sey. 159. C p F o r how, H 2 P h H 4 S l S 2 C * F e r j t f o r , J G g First for F i r s t how. 160. a H e m y g h t best be g r a u n t y n g withstonde ( H j to withstonde). i6t. u bis cast he bo how. 163. y T h A n d for O r . 165. C p H t W i t h o u t e n , J W i t h o u t . 166. y T h a L e s t for thi werk she wolde be thy f o ; Cx L e s t thow h y r wrath Jt she than be thy f o o ; H 4 R om. it.

t 2 4° H

Book Four 25

For which he gan deliberen for the beste, That though the lordes wolde that she wente, He wolde late hem graunte what hem leste, And telle his lady first what that they mente; And whan that she hadde seyd hym hire entente, Therafter wolde he werken also blvve, Theigh al the world ayeyn it wolde stryve. 26 Ector, which that wel the Grekis herde, For Antenor how they wolde han Criseyde, Gan it withstonde, and sobrely answerde: "Sires, she nys no prisoner," he seyde; I not on yow who that this charge leyde, But, on my part, ye may eftsone hem telle, We usen here no wommen for to selle."

170

i 75

180

27 The noyse of peple up sterte thanne at ones, As breme as blase of straw iset on fire; For infortune it wolde, for the nones, 185 They sholden hire confusioun desire. "Ector," quod they, "what goost may yow enspire, This womman thus to shilde, and don us leese Daun Antenor?—a wrong wey now ye chese,— 171. a told 181. a peple.

H z P h suffre for late. 172. H 2 P h H j S 2 D J R C x om. that. 173. C p H i J s e y d e ; hym ( H 5 om. told hym). 179. 0 H 4 R H 3 A is. 180. C l H 2 F h H j H 3 C x om. that. for for on. 182. J H 4 W e ne usen. 183. H2PI1 v o y s ; H2PI1HJH3CX of [ie i8j. a om. it.

I 241 J

Troilus

Criseyde

28 "That is so wys and ek so bold baroun, And we han nede of folk, as men may se.

190

•He is ek on the grettest of this town.

O Ector, lat tho fantasies be! O kyng Priam," quod they, "thus syggen we, That al oure vois is to forgon Criseyde"; And to deliveren Antenor they preyde. 29 O Juvenal, lord! soth is thy sentence, That litel wyten folk what is to yerne, That they ne fynde in hire desir offence; For cloude of errour lat hem nat discerne What best is; and, lo, here ensaumple as yerne. This folk desiren now deliveraunce Of Antenor, that broughte hem to meschaunce.

195

200

30

For he was after traitour to the town Of Troye; alias, they quytte hym out to rathe! O nyce world, lo thy discrecioun! Criseyde, which that nevere dide hem scathe, Shal now no lenger in hire blisse bathe; But Antenor, he shal come hom to towne, And she shal out; thus seyde here and howne.

205

210

191. y ( - A ) T h to for o f . 192. o H e eke is one. 193. C1H4R such. D T h bi for tho, H 3 that f a n t a s y e . 195. H 2 P h b a t our w i l ( P h v o y s for w i l over erasure) ; G g H 5 > a t oure acord. 197. H 2 , with a change of hand, becomes a ft MSclosely related to H 4 ; y S i T h trewe for s o t h ; H3CX f u l sothe. 200. l a t hem nat, so J C l A D S i , H i ne l a t hem, C p H 2 H 4 T h l a t hem. R l e t t y t h hem. H 3 C X let hem to. 20f. q u y t t e , so H 3 R T I 1 , C p H i J C x q u y t e . H2PI1 quytt, rest q u y t . 206. G g B u t bus it f e l ry3t in coticlusioun, H j B u t b " ' to f e l l e to conclusioun. 209. C p C l H i J c o m ; G g in to, H j in to be, P h in for hom to. 210. H 5 bus seyde bei u p & down ; C x thus al they sayde & sowne ; R he, H 2 H 4 her, A heer, J hecre ; G g hounne, H 2 H 3 hown, R S i houn.

c 242:

Book Four 31

For which delivered was by parlernent, For Anterior to yelden out Criseyde, And it pronounced by the president, Altheigh that Ector "nay" ful ofte preyde; That fynaly, what wight that it withseyde, It was for nought; it moste ben, and sholde, For substaunee of the parlernent it wolde.

215

32

Departed out of parlernent echone, This Troilus, withouten wordes mo, Into his chaumbre spedde hym faste all one, But if it were a man of his or two, The which he bad out faste for to go, Bycause he wolde slepen, as he seyde, And hastily upon his bed hym leyde.

33

And as in wynter leves ben biraft, Ech after other, til the tree be bare, So that ther nys but bark and braunche ilaft.Lith Troilus, byraft of eche welfare, Ibounden in the blake bark of care, Disposed wood out of his wit to breyde, So sore hym sat the chaungynge of Criseyde.

220

225

230

211. Y ( - A ) S I T H delibered. 212. a T o iilde anon for Antenore Crisseyde. 2IJ. That, so H2H4CX, . I B H 3 W h a t . y T h And, aSi But. 220. ySiTh Unto. 222. a dfde fcr bad. 224. Cp.T bedde, 231. H 2 R H 3 the eschaunge, H 4 A the ehaunge.

I 243 3

Troilus

Criseyde

34

H e rist hym up, and every dore he shette And wyndow ek, and tho this sorwful man Upon his beddes syde adown hym sette, Ful lik a ded ymage, pale and wan; And in his brest the heped wo bygan Out breste, and he to werken in this wise In his woodnesse, as I shal yow devyse.

235

35

Right as the wylde bole bygynneth sprynge Now her, now ther, idarted to the herte, And of his deth roreth in compleynynge, Right so gan he aboute the chaumbre sterte, Smytyng his brest ay with his fistes smerte; His hed to the wal, his body to the grounde, Ful ofte he swapte, hym selven to confounde.

240

245

36

His eyen two, for piete of herte, Out stremeden as swifte welles tweye; The heighe sobbes of his sorwes smerte His speche hym refte; unnethes myghte he seye: " O deth, alias, why nyltow do me deye"? Acorsed be that day which that nature Shoop me to ben a lyves creature V

250

134- H 3 P h R C x T h doun. 238. o distresse. 239. G g H ? g y n n y t h , H 3 P h g y n n e t h to, H 2 H 4 A b e g y n n y t h to. 241. C p d e t h e , J wo. 244. R S i C x om. first the. 246. p i e t e , so J H 2 S 1 , rest pite or p e t e ; C l F h R C x T h o f h i s herte, H 2 H 4 of the herte. 247. a So w e p y n b a t t>ey s e m y n w e l l e s t w e y e ( G g w e p t y n ) . 248. G g H j b e r w ' t h be sobbis.

C 244. 3

Book Four 37

But after, whan the furie and al the rage Which that his herte twiste and faste threste, By lengthe of tyme somwhat gan aswage, Upon his bed he leyde hym down to reste; But tho bygonne his teeris more out breste, That wonder is the body may suffise To half thiswo, which that I yow devyse. 38 Than seyde he thus: "Fortune, alias the while! What have I don, what have I thus agilt? How myghtestow for rowthe me bygile? Is ther no grace, and shal I thus be spilt? Shal thus Criseyde awey, for that thow wilt? Alias, how maistow in thyn herte fynde To ben to me thus cruel and unkynde?

255

260

265

39 "Have I the nought honoured al my lyve, As thow wel woost, above the goddes alle? Whi wiltow me fro joie thus deprive? 0 Troilus, what may men now the calle But wrecche of wrecches, out of honour falle Into miserie, in which I wol bewaille Criseyde, alias, til that the breth me faille?

270

253. C p J alle ; G g H 3 P h whan al bis f u r y e and b'S rage ( G g Jc al bis r a g e ) ; H * whan his fury & a l l his r a g e ; J H 4 C X this rage. 254. R sore thresste. 258. a b a t wel onebe be body. 262. a How mayst bu bus for reuthe (Ph m y g h t ) , H 4 Hou myst thou for reuthe thus. 266. a H 4 so for thus. 269. a banne of j o y e me deprive (Ph of b*5 joy). 272. G g Into myn deb-

C 24s 3

TroilusC5?Criseyde 40 "Alias, Fortune, if that my lif in joie Displesed hadde unto thi foule envye, W h y ne haddestow my fader, kyng of Troye, Byraft the lif, or don my bretheren dye, Or slayn my self, that thus compleyne and crye, I, combre-world, that may of no thyng serve, But alwey dye, and nevere fulli sterve.

275

280

41 " I f that Criseyde allone were me laft, Nought roughte I whiderward thow woldest steere; And hire, alias, than hastow me biraft. But evere more, lo, this is thi manere, T o reve a wight that most is to hym deere, 285 T o preve in that thi gerful violence. Thus am I lost, ther helpeth no defence. 42 " O verrey lord of love, O god, alias, That knowest best myn herte and al my thought, W h a t shal my sqrwful lif don in this cas, If I forgo that I so deere have bought? Syn ye Criseyde and me han fully brought Into youre grace, and bothe oure hertes seled, H o w may ye suffre, alias, it be repeled? 280- y T h evere for a l w e y . 282. y S ' T h a whider inserted over line before steere. 285. H 3 H 4 most to A S l G g P h C x T h O for of ( G g love O lord). 289. a H o w for W h a t . 2911 292. C p J boughte, broughte.

[ 246 3

290

thow woldest me steere; J me h y m is. 286. a g e r y . 288. J H l k n o w y n ; C p J thoughte. 290. n 294» C1S2 bat for a l i a s .

Book Four 43 "What shal I don? I shal, while I may dure On lyve in torment and in cruel peyne, This infortune or this disaventure, Allone as I was born, iwys, compleyne; Ne nevere wol I seen it shyne or reyne; But ende I wol, as Edippe, in derknesse My sorwful lif, and dyen in distresse.

295

300

44 "O wery goost, that errest to and fro, Why nyltow fleen out of the wofulleste Body that evere myghte on grounde go? 0 soule, lurkynge in this wo, unneste, Fie forth out of myn herte, and lat it breste, And folwe alwey Criseyde, thi lady dere; Thi righte place is now no lenger here.

305

45 :'0

woful even two, syn youre disport Was al to sen Criseydes eyen brighte, What shal ye don but, for my discomfort, Stonden for naught, and wepen out youre sighte? Syn she is queynt, that wont was yow to lighte, In veyn fro this forth have ich even tweye Iformed, syn youre vertu is aweye.

310

315

29*. v T h W h a t I may don. 296. a In ivo, R C x A y l y v e for On lyve. 297. o mysaventure. 298. a alias, D C x T h I wol, A I mote for iwys. 300. C p H i derkenesse, J dirknesse. 300, 301. a : — N e hevenys ly3t li bus I in derknesse M y n woful l y f wele endyn for distresse (Hi Xo for N e ; Ph om. Ne, as for &); H3 .— N e see no lyght And thus in derkenesse M y sorowful Iyfe w y l enden in distresse. 301. J H j for destresse. 302. C l H i . \ D P h H 2 H 4 R C x verray, J veery, C p S 2 H 3 S i H j T h wery. G g werray. 30J. H4RCXTI1 woful nest, Ph wo unhonest, A woo un oneste, G g H / wonest. S2 wo unrest, H3 wrecchydnesse. 306. a Fie forb anon & do myn herte brest (Ph to brest) ; Cx Flee fer oute of myn hert or it brest.

c 247:

Troilus"WITH ( P H BAT WITH) for

PCYNTS.

LYETH THUS, T H AS.

FOR WHICH.

342. C p H i S 2 T h OR, H 3 P I 1 H J R A NE for

348. H 3 P H C X

om.

LYTTH for WOOD.

LITH FORTH.

3J4- J G G C X

341.

NOR.

ASATH

343. P H Ay

344. Y S I T H A

THIS, Y S I T H H J

3 J J . H 2 H 4 S L C X SOFTLY FOR TO GONE.

n 249 3

355

IN for

THE for

AT. HIS;

3 J 7 . A S T C X WAS AL AWEYE.

Troilus C5? Criseyde 52 And with his chere and lokyng al totorn For sorwe of this, and with his armes folden, H e stood this woful Troilus byforn, And on his pitous face he gan byholden; But, lord, so ofte gan his herte colden, Seyng his frend in wo, whos hevynesse His herte slough, as thoughte hym, for destresse.

360

53 This woful wight, this Troilus, that felte His frend Pandare yeomen hym to se, Gan as the snow ayeyn the sonne melte, For which this sorwful Pandare, of pitee, Gan for to wepe as tendreliche as he; And specheles thus ben thise ilke tweye, T h a t neither myghte o word for sorwe seye.

365

370

54 But at the laste this woful Troilus, Neigh ded for smert, gan bresten out to rore; And with a sorwful noise he sevde thus, Amonge his sobbes and his sikes sore: ''Lo, Pandare, I am ded withouten more. Hastow nat herd at parlement," he seyde, "For Antenor how lost is my Criseyde"?"

375

358. a B u t for A n d ; C p J totorne. 3J9. o N y dede for wo k with ( H 3 omits line) 360. a sorweful. 361. a And for B u t . 367. C p snowe, J snowgh. 373. a F o r crewel smert ( H 3 P h h e n ) . 374. P h A vois. 377. C p J herde.

[

250 3

Book Four

55 This Pandarus, ful dede and pale of hewe, Ful pitously answerde, and seyde: "yis; As wisly were it fals as it is trewe, That I have herd, and woot al how it is. 0 mercy, god, who wolde have trowed this? Who wolde have wend that, in so litel a throwe Fortune oure joie wolde han overthrowe? 56 "For in this world ther is no creature, As to my dome, that evere saw ruyne Straunger than this, thorugh cas or aventure. But who may al eschue, or al devyne? Swich is this world; forthi I thus deffyne, Ne trust no wight to fynden in Fortune Ay propretee: hire yiftes ben comune.

380

383*

390

57 "But tel me this, whi thow art now so mad To sorwen thus? whi listow in this wise, Syn thi desir al holly hastow had, So that by right it oughte ynough suffise? But I, that nevere felte in my servyse A frendlv cheere, or lokyng of an eye, Lat me thus wepe and wailen, til I dye. 384- C p H i J

wende.

386. a O f o r F o r ; J G g H i R C x

393. P h R S i now w h y bou a i t so m a d , J H 1 H 4 H ; om. artow. lokyng.

395. C p H i J desire.

397. o f o n d for f e l t e .

nys no.

395

388. a C x

n o w ; H4HJCX a r t

Strengere. thou,"H3

398. « c a s t v n g ( G g s c h a u n g y n g )

for

Troilus iseive hi pees f u l wel herafter make. 607. G g H j for ferd, P h C x T h for fere, S l D of fere; H 2 thyne herte for drede, H 4 thyn herte for feer, R thyn herte thanne of fer 608. y S i ek how for how that, H 2 H 4 T h om. first that.

n 261 J

Troilus & Criseyde 88

" A n d Troilus, o thyng I dar the swere, T h a t if Criseyde, which that is- thi lief, Now loveth the as wel as thow dost here, God help me so, she nyl nat take a-grief, Theigh thow do boote anon in this myschief. Ajrid if she wilneth fro the for to passe, Thanne is she fals; so love hire wel the lasse. 89 "Forthi take herte, and thynk right as a knyght; Thorugh love is broken alday every lawe. Kith now somwhat thi corage and thi myght; H a v e mercy on thi self, for any awe. L a t nat this wrecched wo thyn herte gnawe, But manly set the world on sixe and sevene; Amd if thow deye a martyr, go to hevene.

61 o

615

620

90 " I wol my self ben with the at this dede, Theigh ich and al my kyn, upon a stownde, 625 Shulle in a strete as dogges liggen dede, Thorugh girt with many a wid and blody wownde; In every cas I wol a frend be founde. And if the list here sterven as a wrecche, Adieu, the devel spede hym that recche!" 630 611. H 2 H 4 H 5 |,e for thi. 617. P h H j bus as, G g bus b a t I , J H j thus for right as. 622. H2H4PI1CX at for o n ; C p J A S i sex, G g sexe. 624. C 1 R nede. 626. G g H j P h A C x T h schulde. 627. H 3 a depe, P h a grete, H i arwe for a wid. 628. C p J frende. 630. a have for s p e d e ; H i A S l H i R H j bat it reche.

C 262 J

Book Four 91

This Troilus gan with tho wordes quyken, And seyde: "frend, graunt mercy, ich assente; But certeynly thow maist nat so me priken, Ne peyne non ne may me so tormente, That, for no cas, it is-nat myn entente, At shorte wordes, though I deyen sholde, To ravysshe hire, but if hire self it wolde."

635

92 "Whi so mene I," quod Pandare, "al this day. But telle me thanne, hastow hire wil assayed, That sorwest thus?" And he answerde! "nay." 640 "Wherof artow," quod Pandare, "thanne amayed, That nost nat that she wol ben yvele apayed To ravysshe hire, syn thow hast nat ben there, But if that Jove tolde it in thyn ere?

93 "Forthi ris up, as nought ne were, anon, 645 And wassh thi face, and to the kyng thow wende, Or he may wondren whider thow art goon. Thow most with wisdom hym and othere blende; Or, upon cas, he may after the sende Or thow be war; and, shortly, brother deere, 650 Be glad, and lat me werke in this matere. 632. JPI1H4DCX gramercy. 633. H 3 P h G g H j me not so, CIH2H4 not me so. 637. H3PhGgRCx om. it. 638. o Pandare answerde of bat be as be may (H3 be as it may, Hs be as it be m a y ) ; C p C l H l C x T h Pandarus. 639. C l A D G g H r l f e T h wel. 640. C p H l A S l H 2 R T h answerde hym, H4 him ansuerde. 641. H3 quod he thus amayede, Ph ban quod Pandare bus amayed, G g quod Pandarus art b o u bus amayed, H f art bou banne amayde (om. quod Pandare). 642. G g P h H 4 R D S l wost, H2 knowest. 644. o But any aungel; G g H 5 H 2 H 4 it be in byn ere, P h be hit in thi ere. 647. o why thow art thus gon ( G g P h whedyr) - .

[263]

Troilus &

Criseyde

94 "For I shal shape it so, that sikerly Thow shalt this nyght som tyme, in som manere, Come speken with thi lady pryvely, And by hire wordes ek, and by hire cheere, Thow shalt ful sone aperceyve and wel her.e A l hire entente, and of this cas the beste; And fare now wel, for in this point I reste."

655

95

The swifte Fame, which that false thynges Egal reporteth lik the thynges trewe, W a s thorughout Troie yfled with preste wynges Fro man to man, and made this tale al newe, H o w Calkas doughter, with hire brighte hewe, A t parlement, withouten wordes more, Ygraunted was in chaunge of Antenore.

660

665

96 The whiche tale anon right as Criseyde Hadde herd, she which that of hire fader roughte, As in this cas, right nought, ne whan he deyde, Ful bisily to Jupiter bisoughte Yeve hym meschaunce that this tretis broughte. 670 But shortly, lest thise tales sothe were, She dorste at no wight axen it for fere. 6 j j . Y ( - C l ) S i T h H i as for and. 6J7. f S i T h in for of. 661. P h W a s burgh the toua fled, H 3 W a s thurgh flede. 662. H j P h G g om. a l ; H 2 H 4 R bes tidinges new ( H 4 alle these; R this t y d y n g ) . 663. brighte, so C I G g , rest bright. 66j. H 3 P h G g for for of. 666. C p H i J which. 667. C p H i herde, J hard. 670. C P A D H 2 H 4 R T I 1 hem, S i tham for hym. 672. H 3 P I 1 H J H 2 H 4 R C X of for at.

C 264 n

Book Four

97 As she that hadde hire herte and al hire mynde On Troilus iset so wonder faste, That al this world ne myghte hire love unbynde, Ne Troilus out of hire herte caste, She wol ben his while that hire lif may laste. And thus she brenneth bothe in love and drede, So that she nyste what was best to reede. 98 But as men seen in towne, and al aboute, That wommen usen frendes to visite, So to Criseyde of wommen com a route, For pitous joie, and wenden hire delite, And with hire tales, deere ynough a myte, Thise wommen, which that in the cite dwelle, They sette hem down, and seyde as I shal telle.

675

680

685

99 Quod first that oon: " I am glad, trewely, Bycause of yow, that shal youre fader see." Another seyde: "y wis, so nam nat I ; For al to litel hath she with us be." Quod tho the thridde: " I hope, ywis, that she Shal bryngen us the pees on every syde, That, whan she goth, almyghty god hire gide!"

690

674. a biset ( P h and bat). 679- C p beste, J beest. 680. a in townes al aboute. 686. With this line H j ends. 688. G g C i ie. CI bat ye for that. 689. C l A S 2 G g H 4 R C x T h am not. 691. a T h e thridde a n s w e r d i - I hope.

1 2 6 5 :

Troilus & Criseyde 100 Tho wordes and tho wommanysshe thynges, She herde hem right as though she thennes were; For, god it woot, hire herte on oother thyng is, Although the body sat among hem there. Hire advertence is alwey elleswhere; For Troilus ful faste hire soule soughte; Withouten word, on hym alwey she thoughte. 101 Thise wommen, that thus wenden hire to plese, Aboute naught gonne alle hire tales spende; Swich vanyte ne kan don hire non ese, As she that al this mene while brende O f other passioun than that they wende; So that she felte almost hire herte dye, For wo and wery of that compaigpie. 102 For which no lenger myghte she restreyne Hire teeris, so they gonnen up to welle, T h a t yaven signes of the bittre peyne In which hire spirit was, and moste dwelle, Remembryng hire fro heven into which helle She fallen was, syn she forgoth the syghte O f Troilus; and sorwfully she sighte.

695

700

705

710

695. a C x om. hem. 696. a For al this while hir herte ( G g tyme). 697. C p satte, J H i sate. 698. a God wot hir advertence is elliswhere. 700. J G g H 3 C l H 4 C * alwey on h y m . 701. a so for thus. 702. a thus gonne hir ( P h gun her talis b u s ; H 3 they for thus). 703. H 3 P h G g H 4 om. ne. 706. a So bat she wende anon right for to dye. 708-714. v omils stanza; text based on J . 708. H 3 she m y g h t ; H 2 H 4 G g T h m y g h t she no lenger. 712. R e m e m b r y g , whiche ; H 3 P h in. 713. J forgothe. 714. G g O f T r o y l u s hire owene hertys k n y j t .

C 266

3

Book Four 103 And thilke fooles sittynge hire aboute Wenden, that she wepte and siked sore Bycause that she sholde out of that route Departe, and nevere pleye with hem more. And they that hadde yknowen hire of yore, Seigh hire so wepe,-and thoughte it kyndenesse, And eche of hem wepte ek for hire destresse. 104 And bisyly they gonnen hire comforten Of thyng, god woot, on which she litel thoughte, And with hire tales wenden hire disporten; And to be glad they often hire bysoughte. But swich an ese therwith they hire wroughte Right as a man is esed for to feele, For ache of hed, to clawen hym on his heele. 10 5 But after al this nyce vanyte They toke hire leve; and hom they wenten alle. Criseyde, ful of sorweful pite, Into the chaumbre up wente out of the halle, And on hire bed she gan for ded to falle, In purpos thennes nevere for to rise; And thus she wroughte, as I shal yow devyse.

715

720

725

730

735

717. o from for out o f ; H 3 P h H 2 H 4 T h the for second that. 721. G g H z F U C x om. ek. 723. H3H4 that she ful litel thoght. 724. « hir wordes. 728. Gg eche, H2H4 CXH3AS2 the for his. 731. C p S i piete. 732. y T h hire chambre. 733. o (or ded she gan. 734- v S i J G g nevere thennes, H 3 there never.

H267H

Troilus

Criseyde

106 Hire ownded heer, that sonnyssh was of hewe, She rente, and ek hire fyngeres longe and smale She wrong ful ofte, and bad god on hire rewe, And with the deth to doon boote on hire bale. Hire hewe, whilom bright, that tho was pale, Bar witnesse of hire wo and hire constreynte; And thus she spak, sobbyng in hire compleynte: 107 "Alias," quod she, out of this regioun I, woful wrecche and infortuned wight, And born in corsed constellacioun, Moot goon, and thus departen fro my knyght. W o worth, alias, that ilke dayes light, On which I saugh hym first with eyen tweyne, T h a t causeth me, and ich hym, al this peyne!" 108 Therwith the teris from hire eyen two Down fille, as shoure in Aprille swithe; Hire white brest she bet, and for the wo After the deth she cryed a thousand sithe, Syn he that wont hire wo was for to lithe, She moot forgon; for which disaventure She held hire self a forlost creature.

740

745

750

755

736. H 3 clere, C x y e l o w e , P h ornyd, G g owene, A ownne, S2 undid, H 2 ougne, H 4 o w y n for ownded ; ' C p sonnysshe, J snowyssh. 737. H 3 longe f y n g r e j smale. 739. a om. t o ; J P h upon for on. 747. a W o w o n h bat day and n a m e l y bat n y g h t . 7JO7J6. In a this stanza follows line 73J. 750. a T h e salte teeris from hir eyne tweyne. 7J1. o O u t ronne as s h o u r e ; C p f a l l e ; H 4 shoures; C p J H s C x A p r i l , C I A p t r i l l . H i aperil, R A v e r y 11; G g P h R f u l s w y b e , C x S i doth s w y t h e . 7J2. o f o r the peyne. 7J4. H 3 P h G g H 4 R D S 2 wonte w a s h y r woo.

c

^

n

Book Four 109 She seyde: "how shal he don, and ich also? How shal I lyve, if that I from hym twynne? O deere herte ek, that 1 love so, Who shal that sorwe si en that ye ben inne? 0 Calkas, fader, thyn be al this synne! O moder myn, that cleped were Argy ve, Wo worth that day that thow me bere on lyve!

760

110

"To what f y n sholde I lyve and sorwen thus? How sholde a fissh withouten water dure? What is Criseyde worth from Troilus? How sholde a plaunte, or lyves creature, Lyve withoute his kynde noriture? For which ful ofte a byword here 1 seye, That 'roteles moot grene soone deye.'

765

770

111 "I shal doon thus: syn neither swerd ne darte Dar I noon handle, for the crueltee, That ilke day I moot from yow departe, If sorwe of that nyl nat my bane be, Than shal no mete or drynke come in me Til I my soule out of my breste unshethe; And thus my selven wol I don to dethe.

775

757. a W h a t shal he don what shal I do also. 758. Y S l T h H 2 H 4 sholde. 762. S i C x D art. 762, 763. a And corsed be bat day which that A r g y v e / M e of hir body bir to ben on l y v e , 767. a or oother creature ( P h of eny creature). 770. a ertheles; C j rootles. 771. C p H i J swerde. 773- I moot, 10 P. J H 3 G g I shal, y S i T h P h that I lot I moot. 774. P h H 4 R S i S 2 C x wil. 775- a T h e r ; C p H i T h a n n e ; G g P h J ^ R C x S i ne, D noT, S2 no, H 2 & /or or.

r.

269 ]

Troilus & Criseyde

112 "And, Troilus, my clothes everychon Shul blake ben, in tokenyng, herte swete, That I am as out of this world agon, That wont was yow to setten in quiete; And of myn ordre, ay til deth me mete, The observaunce evere, in youre absence, Shal sorwe ben, compleynte, and abstinence. 113 " M y n herte, and ek the woful goost therinne, Byquethe I with youre spirit to compleyne Eternaly, for they shul nevere twynne; For though in erthe ytwynned be we tweyne, Y i t in the feld of pite, out of peyne, That hight Elisos, shal we be yfeere, As Orpheus with Erudice his fere. 114 "Thus, herte myn, for Antenor, alias, I soone shal be chaunged, as I wene. But how shul ye don in this sorwful cas, How shal youre tendre herte this sustene? But, herte myn, foryete this sorwe and tene, And me also; for, sothly for to seye, So ye wel fare, I recche nat to deye."

J$o

785

790

795

780. H 2 H 4 oute as, H I D J R om. a s ; H 3 F h G g » ygoon, H 1 S 2 H 2 gon. 781. a holden in ( P h >at was wont to hold j o w ) , 782. « til bat for ay t i l ; H i R ay till be dethe. 783. J observaunces. 789. C p piete. 790. a T h e r P l u t o regneth shal ( P h has 0Y reading written later in space left blank); C p H i heighte. 791. v ( - D ) S i T h and for with. 793. a yolden. 794- a w o f u l .

C 27° ]

Book Four 1]

5

How myghte it evere yred ben or ysonge, The pleynte that she made in hire destresse? I not; but, as for me, my litel tonge, If I discryven wolde hire hevynesse, It sholde make hire sorwe seme lesse Than that it was, and childisshly deface Hire heigh compleynte, and therfore ich it pace. 116 Pandare, which that sent from Troilus Was to Criseyde,—as ye han herd devyse, That for the best it was acorded thus, And he ful glad to doon hym that servyse,— Unto Criseyde, in a ful secree wise, Ther as she lay in torment and in rage, Com hire to telle al holly his message, 117 And fond that she hire selven gan to trete Ful pitously; for with hire sake teris Hire brest, hire face, ybathed was ful wete: The myghty tresses of hire sonnyssh heeris, Unbroiden, hangen al aboute hire eeris; Which yaf hym verray signal of martire Of deth, which that hire herte gan desire.

800

805

810

815

789. J H 3 evere a ! red ben. 804. J P h om. t h a t , G g as for t h a t . 806-826. G g omits four stanzas. 807. C!Cx om. W a s ; y S i T h C x u n t o ; C p H i J herde. 809. a this ( P h his) for t h a t . 8)7. H 2 h a n g e , H 4 hceng, Cx h y n g , J P h R hongynge. 8)8- C p J R D S i macirc, C l H l A S 2 H 3 P h mat ere, C x T h matyere, H 2 martir, H 4 m a r t y r e . 819. a which for wo she gan desire.

C271s3

Troilus £•? Criseyde 118

Whan she hym saugh, she gan for sorwe anon Hire tery face atwixe hire armes hide; For which this Pandare is so wobygon, T h a t in the hous he myghte unnethe abyde, As he that pite felte on every syde. For if Criseyde hadde erst compleyned soore, T h o gan she pleyne a thousand tymes more.

820

825

119 And in hire aspre pleynte thus she seyde: "Pandare first of joies mo than two W a s cause causyng unto me, Criseyde, T h a t noA - transmuwed ben in cruel wo. Wher shal I seye to yow 'welcome' or no, T h a t alderfirst me broughte into servyse O f love, alias! that endeth in swich wise? 120 "Endeth thanne love in w o ? Ye, or men lieth, And al worldly blisse, as thynketh me. The ende of blisse ay sorwe it occupieth; And whoso troweth nat that it so be, L a t hym upon me, woful wrecche, ysee, T h a t my self hate, and ay my burthe acorse, Felyng alwey, fro wikke I go to worse.

830

835

840

820. a for shame anon. 823. a in the chambre. 828. a M y n em P a n d a r e of joyes. 829. a first to me. 831. P h H 3 A H 4 R C x T h W h e b e r . H 2 W h e i d e r for W h e r . 834. H 3 H 4 G g C x than, D [>en. 835. o A n d every w o r l d l y j o y e ( J G g w o r d l y , H 3 worldes).

I

272

]

Book Four

121 "Whoso me seeth, he seeth sorwe al at onys, Peyne, torment, pleynte, wo, distresse. Out of my woful body harm ther noon is, As angwissh, langour, cruel bitternesse, Anoy, smert, drede, fury, and ek siknesse. I trowe, ywys, from hevene teeris reyne, For pite of myn aspre and cruel peyne." 122 "And thow, my suster, ful of discomfort," Quod Pandarus, "what thynkestow to do? Whi ne hastow to thy selven som resport? Whi wiltow thus thi self, alias, fordo? Leef al this werk, and take now heede to That I shal seyn; and herkne of good entente This which by me thi Troilus the sente."

845

850

123 Tornede hire tho Criseyde, a wo makynge 855 So gret that it a deth was for to see. "Alias," quod she, "what wordes may ye brynge? What wol my deere herte seyn to me, Which that I drede nevere mo to see? Wol he han pleynte or teris or I wende? 860 1 have ynough, if he therafter sende!" 842. S i Peyne and torment; C I D S j R P h C x T h and distresse, G g S l & ek distresse. J43. a sorwfal, 848. R my nyece. 8fl. H 3 H 4 R C X alias thyself, 8 p . C p J werke. 853- J G g H 3 W h a t . 854. C p H i D S 2 T h H 4 T h i s message for T h i s ; a T h bat, S2 which b»t for which. 860. C I A D H 3 ye for he.

C m

3

Troilus

Criseyde 124

Sne was right swich to seen in hire visage As is that wight that men on beere bynde; Hire face, lik of Paradys the ymage, Was al ychaunged in another kynde. The pleye, the laughter, men was wont to fynde In hire, and ek hire joies everiehone, Ben fled; and thus lieth Criseyde allone. 125 Aboute hire eyen two a purpre ryng Bytrent, in sothfast tokenyng of hire peyne, That to biholde it was a dedly thyng; For which Pandare myghte nat restreyne The teeris from his eyen for to reyne. But natheles, as he best myghte, he seyde From Troilus thise wordes to Criseyde: 126 " L o , nece, I trowe ye han herd al how The kyng, with othere lordes, for the beste, Hath made eschaunge of Antenor and yow, That cause is of this sorwe and this unreste. But how this cas dooth Troilus moleste, That may non erthely mannes tonge seye;— As he that shortly shapeth hym to deye.

865

870

875

880

86s. H 3 G g H 4 C x into. 866. G g P h H 4 R C x T h were. 867. C p H i S i C x T h On for I n ; a and oother joyes. 868. lieth, JO H 2 H 3 S 1 D C X , rat l i t h ; C p C l H i D S i Iith now C r i s e y d e ; o and thus for hem she lith allone. 869. C p H i J rynge. 873. C p eighen, J eyne. 875. C p F r a m , J For. 876. a R S i I trowe wel ye han. 878. J R theschaunge, H 3 thys chaunge, G g b e eschaung, H2H4 he chaunge, C x a chaunge, F h chaunge. 879. a this wo. 881. a no wordly (Ph worldly). 882. y S l T h For verray wo his w i t is al aweye.

[

274 H

Book Four 127 "For which we han so sorwed, he and I, That into litel bothe it hadde us slawe; But thorugh my conseyl this day, finaly, He somwhat is fro wepynge now withdrawe. And semeth me that he desireth fawe With yow to ben al nyght, for to devyse Kemedie in this, if ther were any wyse. 128 "This, short and pleyn, theffect of my message, As ferforth as my wit kan comprehende; For ye, that ben of torment in swich rage, May to no long prologe as now entende; And herupon ye may answere hym sende. And, for the love of god, my nece deere, So lef this wo or Troilus be here." 129 ''Gret is my wo," quod she, and sighte soore, As she that feleth dedly sharp distresse; "But yit to me his sorwe is muche more, That love hym bet than he hym self, I gesse. Alias, for me hath he swich hevynesse1? Kan he for me so pitously compleyne*? Iwis, this sorwe doubleth al my peyne. 886. o D C x bis GgPhH4 for I w i s ;

885

890

895

900

hath fro wepynge hym withdrawe. 889. H 3 P h S 2 C x T h of this. 890. G g H 4 is. 891. a And ek the beste as my w i t ; C I D S 1 H 3 R may /or Van. 892. in for o f ; G g for, P h of, H 4 Jc in for in. 903. J G g P h N o w iwis ( J wys) o C x his for this.

I 75 3

Troilus & Criseyde 130 "Grevous to me, god woot, is for to twynne," Quod she, "but yit it hardere is to rhe 905 T o sen that sorwe which that he is inne; For wel I wot, it wol m y bane be, And deye I wol in certeyn," tho quod she; " B u t bid hym come, or deth, that thus me threteth, D r y v e out that goost which in myn herte he beteth." 131 Thise wordes seyd, she on hire armes two Fil gruf, and gan to wepen pitously. Quod Pandarus: "alias, whi do ye so, Syn wel ye woot the tyme is faste by, T h a t he shal come? Aris up hastily, T h a t he yow not bywopen thus ne fynde, But ye wol have hym wood out of his mynde. 132 "For wiste he that ye ferde in this manere, H e wolde hym selven sle; and if I wende T o han this fare, he sholde nat come here For al the good that Priam may dispende. For to what f y n he wolde anon pretende, T h a t knowe I w e l ; and forthi yit I seye, So lef this sorwe, or platly he wol deye.

911

915

920

904. G g H j R C x f o r for to. 906. a T o sen -hym in bat wo bat he is inne. 907 y S i T h woot I . 910. C l A D S i P h R be for t h a t ; G g H j P h H 4 C x T h om. he. 911. C p H l seyde, J seid. 914- f a s t e , so C l A D S l H j H U G g T h , rest f a s t . 915. a s o f t l y ( P h s h o r t l y ) . 916. ne f y n d e , so v S i T h R , J G g i f y n d e , H3PI1CX f y n d e , H 2 H 4 you finde. 923. a T h a t wot I ; a C x therfore. 924. a L a t be this s o r w e ; C x Soo lete.

C 276

3

Book Four 133 "And shapeth yow his sorwe for tabregge, And nought encresse, leeve nece swete; Beth rather to hym cause of flat than egge, And with som wisdom ye his sorwe bete. What helpeth it to wepen ful a strete, Or though ye bothe in sake teeris dreynte5? Bet is a tyme of cure ay than of pleynte. 134 "I mene thus: whan ich hym hider brynge, Syn ye ben wise, and bothe of oon assent, So shapeth how destourbe youre goynge, Or come ayeyn soone after ye be went. Wommen ben wise in short avysement; And lat sen how youre wit shal now availle, And that that I may helpe, it shal nat faille." 135 "Go," quod Criseyde, "and, uncle, trewely, I shal don al my myght me to restreyne From wepyng in his sight, and bisily H y m for to glade I shal don al my peyne, And in myn herte seken every veyne; If to his sore ther may be fownden salve, It shal nat lakke, certeyn, on my halve."

925

930

935

940

945

926. H 3 P h G g H 4 to encrece; a O leve nece. 928. y ( - H 0 S i T h P h H 2 sorwes. 933. C p J assente. 934- H3CXTI1 how to, G g R to, D S i you to, H i you -hou to, H 4 hou y e may for h o w ; t t C I D this for youre. 93/. C p H i J wente. 936. o D o f , H 4 a t for in. 937. C I H 2 H 4 now how youre wit shal, H 3 now how shal your w y t t e , C x now youre w y t how shal. 938. y S l T h what that, fJPh b a t for that t h a t ; a kan helpe. 944. Y ( - C l ) T h J H 3 P h this for his. 94;. G g H 4 R S i lak in serteyn ; H 2 H 3 C X behalve.

C

277 3

Troilus C5? Criseyde 136 Goth Pandarus, and Troilus he soughte, Til in a temple he fond hym al allone, As he that of his lif no lenger roughte; But to the pitous goddes everichone Ful tendrely he preyde, and made his mone, To doon hym sone out of this world to pace; For wel he thoughte ther was non other grace. 137 And shortly, al the sothe for to seye, He was so fallen in despeir that day, That outrely he shop hym for to deye. For right thus was his argument alway: He seyde he nas but lorn, weylaway ! "For al that comth, comth by necessitee; Thus to be lorn, it is my destinee. 138 "For certeynly, this wot I wel," he seyde, "That forsight of divine purveyaunce Hath seyn alwey me to forgon Criseyde, Syn god seeth every thyng, out of doutaunce,

950

955

960

A n d hem disponeth, thorugh his ordinaunce,

In hire merites sothly for to be, As they shul comen by predestyne.

965

947. C p H l f o n d e , J f o w n d e ; al a l l o n e , so C p S l J H 3 C x T h , rest om. al. 948. H3PI1 S1H2H4CX no m o l t , G g no \>yng. 950-9/2. H3PI1 :— H e f a s t m a d e hys c o m p l e y n t and hys m o o n , B c s y k y n g hem to sende hym o t h e r g r a c e . O r f r o t h y s worlde to doon h y m sone pace. ( P h to p a c e ) . . 951. C p H i J worlde. 9J1. J G g H i R A nas. 953-1078. Omitted by GgH3H4; later on inset leaf in Ph. QS7- JDSlCx I am for he n a s ; JDSlSlRCx lorn so w e y i a w 964. C p J d i s p o n y t h ; H 2 R C X A D S 2 dtsposeth.

[

278

3

Book Four

m

"But natheles, alias, whom shal I leeve? For ther ben grete clerkes man)' oon, That destyne thorugh argumentes preve; And soni men seyn that, nedely, ther is noon, But that fre chois is yeven us everychon. 0, weilawey! so sleighe arn clerkes olde, That I not whos opynyoun I may holde. 140

"For som men seyn, if god seth al biforn, Ne god may nat deceyved ben, parde, Than moot it fallen, theigh men hadde it sworn, That purveiaunce hath seyn byfore to be. Wherfore I seye, that from enterne if he Hath wist byforn oure thought ek as oure dede, We han no fre chois, as thise clerkes rede. 141

"For other thought, nor other dede also, Myghtenevere ben, but swich as purveyaunce, Which may nat ben deceyved nevere mo, Hath feled byforn, withouten ignoraunce. For yf ther myghte ben a variaunce To writhen out fro goddes purveyinge, Ther nere no prescience of thyng comynge; 973.H2R whiche for whos.

984. RDSiCx felt.

C 279 ]

987. HaRSiSsCx wer.

cFroilus

£s? Criseyde

142 "But it were rather an opynyoun Uncerteyn, and no stedfast forseynge; And, certes, that were an abusioun, That god sholde han no parfit cler wytynge, More than we men that han doutous wenynge. But swich an errour upon god to gesse Were fals and foul, and wikked corsednesse.

990

143 "Ek this is an opynyoun of some 995 That han hire top ful heighe and smothe yshore: They seyn right thus, that thyng is nat to come For that the prescience hath seyn byfore That it shal come; but they seyn, that therfore That it shal come, therfore the purveyaunce 1000 Woot it byforn, withouten ignoraunce; 144

"And in this manere this necessite Retorneth in his part contrarie agayn. For nedfully byhoveth it nat to bee, That thilke thynges fallen in certayn That ben purveyed; but nedly, as they seyn, Byhoveth it that thynges whiche that falle, That they in certayn ben purveyed alle.

1005

989· JPhCx Unstldefast and no certein (Cx not) : Cp stedfaste. 994.. ClCx corsed wykkednessc. 997. CpH2 right this. 1003. Cp agayne, J again. 100J. Cp certayne, J certain. 1006. H2PhS2Th nedfully; Cp sayne, J seyne.

£ 280 J

Book Four 145 " I mene as though I laboured me in this, T o enqueren which thyng cause of which thyng be: 1010 As wheither that the prescience of god is The certeyn cause of the necessite Of thynges that to comen ben, parde; Or if necessite of thyng comynge Be cause certeyn of the purveyinge. 1015 146 "But now nenforce I me nat in shewynge How the ordre of causes stant; but wel woot I, That it byhoveth that the bifallynge Of thynges wist byforn certeynly Be necessarie, al seme it nat therby That prescience put fallynge necessaire To thyng to come, al falle it foule or faire. 147 "For if ther sit a man yond on a see, Than by necessite bihoveth it That, certes, thyn opynyoun sooth be, That wenest, or conjectest, that he sit; And further overe now ayeinward yit, Lo, right so is it of the part contrarie, As thus—nowe herkne, for I wol nat tarie—: 1019. C p H i P h b y f o r , H 2 A S 1 before.

n

1028. C 1 C * it is.

2 8 1 3

1020

1025

troilus

&

Criseyde

148 " I seye, that if the opynyoun of the Be soth, for that he sit, than seye I this: T h a t he mot sitten by necessite; And thus necessite in eyther is. For in hym nede of sittynge is, y w y s , And in the nede of soth; and thus, forsothe, Ther mot necessite ben in yow bothe. 149 " B u t thow mayst seyn, the man sit nat therfore, T h a t thyn opynyoun of his sittynge soth is; But rather, for the man sit ther byfore, Therfore is thyn opynyoun soth, ywis. And I seye, though the cause of soth of this Comth of his sittyng, yit necessite Is entrechaunged, bothe in hym and the.

1030

1035

1040

150

" T h u s in this same wise, out of doutaunce, I may wel maken, as it semeth me, M y resonyng of goddes purveyaunce, And of the thynges that to comen b e ; B y which resoun men may wel yse, T h a t thilke thynges that in erthe falle, T h a t by necessite they comen alle. 1031. C p J sey.

1038. P h S 2 om. his.

on for in ; C p D H 2 C x T h the for this.

1043. H 2 S 2 T I 1 in him & in the. 1047. A R C x Jx> for

I

282 ]

the.

1045

1050 1044. C I S i

Book Four

151 "For although that, for thyng shal come, ywys, Therfore is it purveyed, certeynly, Nat that it comth, for it purveyed is; Yit, natheles, bihoveth it nedfully, That thing to come be purveyd, trewely; Or elles, thynges that purveyed be, That they bitiden by necessite. 152 "And this suffiseth right ynough, certeyn, For to destroye oure fre chois every del. But now is this abusioun to seyn, That fallyng of the thynges temporel Is cause of goddes prescience eternel. Now, trewely, that is a falssentence,. That thyng to come sholde cause his prescience.

1055

1060

*53

"What myghte I wene, and I hadde swich a thought, But that god purveyeth thyng that is to come, 1066 For that it is to come, and ellis nought"? So myghte I wene that thynges alle and some, That whilom ben byfalle and overcome, Ben cause of thilke sovereyn purveyaunce, 1070 That forwoot al withouten ignoraunce. 1052. ClDPh it is, JCx they ben. KCx shal.

1065-1071. Ph omits stanza.

1062. PhSiTh of t>c goddis. 1067. HiAJ om. it.

C 283 3

1064. Ph shul,

troilus

&

Criseyde

154 "And overe al this, yit seye I more therto, T h a t right as whan I wot ther is a thyng, Iwys, that thyng moot nedfully be so; Ek right so, whan I woot a thyng comyng, So mot it come; and thus the bifallyng O f thynges that ben wist bifore the tyde, They mowe nat ben eschued on no syde." 155 Thanne seyde he thus: "almyghty Jove in trone, T h a t woost of al this thyng the sothfastnesse, Rewe on my sorwe, and do me deyen sone, Or bryng Criseyde and me fro this destresse." And whil he was in al this hevynesse, Disputyng with hym self in this matere, Com Pandare in, and seyde as,ye may here. 156 " O myghty god," quod Pandarus, "in trone, I ! who say evere a wis man faren so? Whi, Troilus, what thinkestow to doone? Hastow swich lust to ben thyn owen f o ? What, parde, yit is nat Criseyde ago! W h i list the so thi self fordoon for drede, T h a t in thyn hed thyn eyen semen dede ?

1075

1080

1085

1090

1072. C p H i D S i H 2 herto. 1078. J S 1 S 2 C X m a y . 1079-1085. Stanza omitted in H 3 H 4 , added later in P h . 1079. G g god, A one for J o v e . 1080. C p C l H i R om. this. 1081, C p C l H i A S i P h R or for and. io8j. J C x s h a l , P h shul for m a y ; D R and said in Jiis manere. 1087. G g H 2 C x E y , T h E y g h , H 4 R S 2 om. I . 1090. J H 2 C X nis. 1091. G g H 3 P h fordon byn s e l f . 1092. C p thyne, J H i t h y .

C 2 8 4 :

Book Four 1 5 7

"Hastow nat lyved many a yer byforn Withouten hire, and ferd ful wel at ese? Artow for hire and for noon other born? Hath kynde the wrought al only hire to plese? Lat be, and thynk right thus in thi disese: That in the dees right as ther fallen chaunces, Right so in love ther come and gon plesaunces. 158 "And yit this is my wonder most of alle, Whi thow thus sorwest, syn thow nost nat yit, Touchyng hire goyng, how that it shal falle, Ne yif she kan hire self destourben it. Thow hast nat yit assayed al hire wit. A man may al bytyme his nekke beede Whan it shal of, and sorwen at the nede.

1095

1100

1105

159 "Forthi take hede of that I shal the seye: I have with hire yspoke and longe ybe, So as acorded was bitwixe us tweye. And evere mo me thynketh thus, that she Hath somwhat in hire hertes privete, Wherwith she kan, if I shal right arede, Destourbe al this of which thow art in drede.

1110

1093. a lyved al thy l y f biforn (J of, G g oftyn in for al). 1096. J G g P h C x iwrought the ( G g C x w r o u j t ) ; a R C x om. a l ; C x om. hire, H3 hir oonly; H3CX for to plese. 1097. a Kanstow nat thinken thus. 1098. G g P h H 3 R H 4 on, H2 un for in. 1099. tt(-Gg) In love also ther com. noo. v S i T h a wonder; H2 And y e t of bis I merveyle. 1101. G g P h l f y C x D T h wost not, H2 knowest nat. 1106. G g W h a n be hed schal of. 1107. J P h what bat, H 3 G g what, C I A of bat bat, H1DS2TI1 of al b»t for of t h a t ; y T h P h om. the, Si 30W for the. 1113. o Stynt al this thing of which.

C 285 3

Troilus at t « for first the, H 3 om. 127c. v ( - A ) S i T h H 2 sholden. 1280. G g A H 2 H . ) R C x T h om. a,

r. 293 ]

Troilus & Criseyde 184 "For which I wol nat make long sermoun, For tyme ylost may nat recovered be; But I wol gon to my conclusioun, And to the beste, in aught that I kan see. But, for the love of god, foryeve it me, If I speke aught ayeyns youre hertes reste; For, trewely, I speke it for the beste, 185 " M a k y n g alwey a protestacioun, That now thise wordes, which that I shal seye, Nis but to shewen yow my mocioun, T o fynde unto oure help the beste we ye; And taketh it non other wise, I preye. For in effect what so ye me comaunde, T h a t wol I don, for that is no demaunde. 186 " N o w herkneth this: ye han wel understonde M y goyng graunted is by parlement So ferforth that it may nat be withstonde, For al this world, as by my jugement. And syn ther helpeth non avisement T o letten it, lat it passe out of mynde; And lat us shape a bettre wey to fynde.

1285

1290

1295

1300

1282. J G g P h n y l nat. 1284. A right to conclusioun ( H 3 to r y g h t ) . 1286. y S i T h A n d for B u t . 1289. G g here, P h ay here for a l w e y , H 3 M a k e here I shal. 1290. J G g P h T h a t in effect this thing l>at, H 3 T h a t doutles thys thing that in effect I sey. 1291. H 4 A r n . 1292. G g H 3 H 2 H 4 C x joure. 1294. J G g P h F o r f y n a l y . 129J. H3PI1 I w y l it doo. 1301. H 3 A s in thys cas lat d r y v e it oute o f mynde. 1302. H3 fonde for shape.

C 294 3

Book Four 187 "The soth is this: the twynnyng of us tweyne Wol us disese and cruelich anoye; But hym byhoveth som tyme han a peyne That serveth love, if that he wol have joye. And syn I shal no ferther out of Troie Than I may ride ayeyn on half a morwe, It oughte lasse causen us to sorwe. 188 "So as I shal nat so ben hid in muwe, That, day by day, myn owne herte deere,— Syn wel ye woot that it is now a trewe,— Ye shal f u l wel al myn estat yheere. And or that trewe is doon, I shal ben heere; And thanne have ye bothe Antenor ywonne And me also; beth glad now, if ye konne. 189 "And thenk right thus: 'Criseyde is now agon, But, what! she shal come hastely ayeyn'; And whanne, alias? by god, lo, right anon, Or dayes ten, this dar I saUfly seyn. And thanne at erst shal we be so feyn, So as we shul togideres evere dwelle, That al this world ne myghte oure blisse telle.

1305

1310

1315

1320

1303. C p S 2 A D S l T h om. this, H i om. is this, C I H 3 fcat for this, G g fcis i s ; J G g P h that for second the. 1304. H 3 F u l cruelly oure hertis wolde anoye. 1308. H3PI1 R S i C x in for on. 1309. C I A S 1 H 3 H 2 H 4 C X be lasse. 1310. H 3 Syn that, C x S y t h as for So a s ; F I 1 H 2 H 4 A D C X om. second so, G g now, R pyarde for so. 1312, 1313. H 3 Considereth now that tyme it is of t r e w e / Y e may not f a i l l e of myn estat to here. 1315. o And thus. 1318. C p G g hastiliche. 1320. J G g P h that, H 2 bus for this. 1321. CpHl erste; J G g P h ye for we. 1322. J G g P h T h a t we shul everemo to geddere dwelle (Ph wil), H3 T h a t I may have a liberie to dwelle. 1323. H 3 c o w d e ; o joye ( H 3 joyes) for blisse.

C 2 95 U

Troilus & Criseyde 190 "I se that often, ther as we ben now, That for the beste oure counseyl for to hide, Ye speke nat with me, nor I with yow, In fourtenyght, ne se yow go ne ride. May ye naught ten dayes thanne abide, For myn honour, in swich an aventure? Iwys, ye mowen ellis lite endure! 191 " Y e knowe ek how that al my kyn is heere,— But if that onliche it my fader b e , — And ek myn othere thynges alle yfeere, And, namely, my deere herte, ye, Whom that I nolde leven for to se For al this world, as wyde as it hath space; Or ellis se ich nevere Joves face! 192 "Whi trowe ye my fader in this wise Coveyteth so to se me, but for drede Lest in this town that folkes me despise Bycause of hym, for his unhappy dede? What woot my fader what lif that I lede? For if he wiste in Troie how wel I fare, Us neded for my wendyng nought to care.

1325

1330

1335

134°

1324. v S i T h ofte tyme. 1325. H3 O f pourviaunce our counseil. 1331. H 3 eke wele, H2H4CX wel eke, Ph eke for ek h o w ; C p J kynne. 1332. J G g P h Oonly but y i f it, H 3 A l holy but y f it. 1336. J G g P h muche, H 3 brode for wyde. 1337. H3 And elleys come I never oute of thys place. 1338. H 3 gesse. 1341. H 3 that doon hath suche a dede. 1342. H 3 For what woote ye what l y v e ys that I lyde. 1343. H 3 A n d y f ye wyst. 1344. C p A G g H 3 C x nedeth; G g H 3 not f o r myn . . . to care ( H 3 f o r to care); J G g P h H 2 H 4 going.

C 296 3

Book Four

193 "Ye sen that every day ek, more and more, Men trete of pees; and it supposed is, That men the queene Eleyne shal restore, And Grekis us restoren that is mys. So, though ther nere comfort non but this, That men purposen pees on every syde, Ye may the bettre at ese of herte abyde. 194 "For if that it be pees, myn herte deere, The nature of the pees moot nedes dry ve That men moste entrecomunen yfeere, And to and fro ek ride and gon as blyve Alday, as thikke as been fleen from an hyve, And every wight han liberte to bleve Where as hym liste the bet, withouten leve. 195 "And though so be that pees ther may be non, Yit hider, though ther nevere pees ne were, I moste come; for whider sholde I gon, Or how, meschaunce, sholde I dwelle there Among tho men of armes, evere in feere? For which, as wisly god my soule rede, I kan nat sen wherof ye sholden drede.

1345

1350

1355

1360

1365

134J- H 3 C * eke that every day, Ph eke every day bat, G g ek every day, om. that. 1348. H3 Repairen. 1350. R purSuen, H3 supposen. 1359. H3 y f it, G g 3'if for though.

1363-1365- H3:—

In hoste amonge the grekys, ever in fere? Hit nyl not bee, and gode soo wysly rede M y soule, as ye have cause noon to drede.

r.

2

97

]

Troilusou for doth h e ; H 3 T u c i u s ; G g {by corrector) as thow he leye in helle. 214. C I S i G g P h R a not f y n d e tenbrace. 225-231. H 3 omits stanza. 226. C p H i lete, J l a t ; H4RPI1 so for to, E f o C x T h om. to.

C 327 1

Troilus £«? Criseyde

34

"Who seth yow now, my righte lode sterre? Who sit right now or stant in youre presence ? Who kan conforten now youre hertes werre? Now I am gon, whom yeve ye audience? Who speketh for me right now in myn absence ? Alias, no wight; and that is al my care; For wel I woot as yvele as I ye fare.

235

35

"How sholde I thus ten dayes ful endure, Whan I the firste nyght have al this tene? How shal she don ek, sorwful creature? For tendernesse how shal she ek sustene Swich wo for me? O pitous, pale, and grene Shal ben youre fresshe wommanliche face For longynge, or ye torne into this place."

240

245

36

And whan he fille in any slomberynges, Anon bygynne he sholde for to grone, And dremen of the dredfulleste thynges That myghte ben: as mete he were allone In place horrible, makyng ay his mone, Or meten that he was amonges alle His enemys, and in hire hondes falle,

250

232. righte, so G g (ry3te), H 3 r y g h t f u l l , R b r y g h t , H 4 riche, rest right. 236. P h H 4 C x om. right. 238. Y T I 1 S 1 H 3 woot I . 241. H 3 D S 1 C X y e for she. 242. H 3 S 1 C X y e for she -, y S i T h this for ek. 244. H 3 here for youre. 245. y S i T h F o r l a n g o u r ( C p langoure) ; H 3 that she for y e ; C p H i G g H 2 R T h unto. 247. J S i w o l d e . 149. m y g h t e , so C I G g E U , H 3 A m y g h t e n , rest m y g h t . 250. H 4 R al for a y . 252. H 3 in hir hondes like to f a l l e (om. and).

C

328

3

Book

Five

37 And therwithal his body sholde sterte, And with the sterte al sodeynliche awake, And swiche a tremour fele aboute his herte, That of the fere his body sholde quake; And therwithal he sholde a noyse make, And seme as though he sholde falle depe From heighe olofte; and thanne he wolde wepe, 38 And rewen on hym self so pitously, That wonder was to here his fantasie. Another tyme he sholde myghtyly Conforte hym self, and seyn it was folie, So causeles swich drede for to drye, And eft bygynne his aspre sorwes newe, That every man myghte on his sorwes rewe.

255

260

265

39

Who koude telle aright or ful discryve His wo, his pleynte, his langour, and his pyne"? Naught alle the men that han or ben on lyve! Thow, redere, maist thi self ful wel devyne That swich a wo my wit kan nat defvne. On ydel for to write it sholde I swynke, Whan that my wit is wery it to thynke.

270

2jJ. H 3 A R f a l l e , H 2 H 4 f e l l , G g f e l , Ph fil. 256. H3 T h a t wyth the drede h i j hert. 264. R D C * d r e d e s ; H3 drede and woo to drye. 265. H 2 R peynes, H 3 om. sorwes. 266. H3S1 w y g h t for m a n ; S i R peynes. 269. H 3 foikis. 271. H 4 R D may for kan. 273. H3 Syn that.

I 329 H

Troilus

Criseyde

40 On hevene yit the sterres weren seene, Although ful pale ywoxen was the moone; And whiten gan the orisonte shene Al estward, as it wont is to doone; And Phebus with his rosy carte soone Gan after that to dresse hym up to fare, Whan Troilus hath sent after Pandare.

275

280

41

This Pandare, that of al the day biforn Ne myghte han comen Troilus to se, Although he on his hed it hadde sworn, For with the kyng Priam alday was he, So that it lay nat in his libertee Nowher to gon,— but on the morwe he wente To Troilus, whan that he for hym sente.

285

4 2

For in his herte he koude wel devyne That Troilus al nyght for sorwe wook; And that he wolde telle hym of his pyne, This knew he wel ynough withoute book. For which to chaumbre streyght the wey he took, And Troilus tho sobreliche he grette, And on the bed ful sone he gan hym sette.

290

274. P h H 3 H 2 H 4 C x were ysene. 27J. G g wexen gan. 276. R the firmament f u l . 277. H i E s t a r w a r d e ; G g was wone, F h D S l R was wont, A C x is w o n t ; J H 4 R for to doone. 283. C p H i sworne, J C l S l iswoni. 291. C p knewe, J kncught.

C 33° 3

Book

Five

43

"My Pandarus," quod Troilus, "the sorwe Which that I drye, I may nat longe endure. I tr&we I shal nat lyven til to-morwe; For which I wolde alweys, on aventure, To the devysen of my sepulture Th« forme; and of my moeble thow dispone, Ri§ht as the semeth best is for to done.

295

300

44 "Bit of the fir and flaumbe funeral In which my body brennen shal to glede, Ani for the feste and pleyes palestral At my vigile, I prey the, tak good hede That that be wel; and offre Mars my steede, M} swerd, myn helm, and, leve brother deere, M? sheld to Pallas yef, that shyneth cleere.

305

45

"The poudre in which myn herte ybrend shal torne, That preye I the thow take and it conserve 310 In a vessell, that men clepeth an urne, Of gold, and to my lady that I serve, For love of whom thus pitousliche I sterve, Soyeve it hire, and do me this plesaunce, T8. C l A D H 3 G g H l R a l w e y . 306. G g A D b a t it, C I H 3 bat al far T h a t that. 308. CpJph swerde for sheld. 310. P h Y p i a y fee bow hit take. 311. H i l f y P h D clepe, H 3 i S i R ciepen, G g c a l l y n . 315. f ( - H i ) T h H 3 H 4 C x to kepe it.

C 331 3

Troilus

&

Criseyde

46 "For wel I fele, by my maladie, And by my dremes now and yore ago, Al certeynly that I mot nedes dye. The owle ek, which that hette Escaphilo, Hath after me shright al thise nyghtes two. And, god Mercurye, of me now, woful wrecche, The soule gyde, and, whan the list, it fecche!"

320

47

Pandare answerde and seyde: "Troilus, My deere frende, as I have told the yore, That it is folye for to sorwen thus, And causeles, for which I kan no more. But whoso wol nat trowen red ne loore, I kan nat sen in hym no remedie; But lat hym worthen with his fantasie. 48 "But, Troilus, I prey the, telle me now, If that thow trowe or this that any wight Hath loved paramours as wel as thow? Ye, god woot; and fro many a worthi knyght Hath his lady gon a fourtenyght, And he nat yit made halvendel the fare. What nede is the to maken al this care ? 319. hette. so C p H i , CI hatte, h y g h t , H 4 clepid is (om. w h i c h ) ; liste. 329. H i C x T h worchen, G g f u l for f r o ; G g & so hab m a n y . G g W h a t nedib it b e ; H 3 W h a t

325

330

335

J H 2 hete, D heet, R A h a t , P h hit, H 3 G g S i T h T h A s c a p h y l o . 321. H 3 H 2 H 4 om. now. 322. C p J werchyn. 332. G g P h H 2 H 4 C x paramour. 333. P h R 334. G g P h R D forgon. 336. P h D W h a t nedib b«: cause hastow.

C 332

]

Book

Five

49

"Syn day by day thow maist thi selven se That from his love, or ellis from his wif, A man mot twynnen of necessite, Ye, though he love hire as his owene lif; Yit nyl he with hym self thus maken strif. For wel thow woost, my leve brother deere, That alwey frendes may nat ben yfeere.

340

5 0

"How don this folk that seen hire loves wedded By frendes myght, as it bitit ful ofte, And sen hem in hire spouses bed ybedded"? God woot, they take it wisly, faire, and softe. Forwhi good hope halt up hire herte o lofte, And for they kan a tyme of sorwe endure; As tyme hem hurt, a tyme doth hem cure.

345

350

51

"So sholdestow endure, and laten slide The tyme, and fonde to ben glad and lyght. Ten dayes nys so longe naught tabide. And syn she the to comen hath bihight, She nyl hire heste breken for no wight. For drede the nat that she nyl fynden weye To come ayein, my lif that dorste I leye.

355

342, P h owne brother, G g owene l a d y . 344. H 4 G g S i C x these, H 2 thes. 349. H3CX ionnt; H 3 harde for sorwe. 350. B h P h C x om. a ; C x tyme w y l hem reeure. 353. G g P h R C x i s ; H 3 P h G g D R C x T h not so longe ( R om. s o ) ; R S l for tabide. 3*6. H3RCX f y n d e a w a y .

C 333 3

Troilus & Criseyde

52 "Thy swevenes ek and al swich fantasie Drif out, and lat hem faren to meschaunce; For they procede of thi malencolie, That doth the fele in slepe al this penaunce. A straw for alle swevenes signifiaunce! God helpe me so, I counte hem nought a bene: Ther woot no man aright what dremes mene.

53

"For prestes of the temple tellen this: That dremes ben the revelaciouns Of goddes; and as wel they telle, ywis, That they ben infernals illusiouns. And leches seyn that of complexiouns Proceden they, or fast, or glotonye. Who woot in soth thus what thei signifie?

.360

365

370

"Ek oothre seyn that thorugh impressiouns, As if a wight hath faste a thyng in mynde, That therof comen swich aVysiouns.

And oothre seyn, as they in bokes fvnde, That after tymes of the yer by kynde Men dreme, and that theffect goth by the moone. But leve no dreme, for it is nought to doone.

375

363. H j H U P h A C x at a btne. 364. H 3 P h wha t th&t thty m t t n . 368. infernals, so C p C l H i A S i T h J . rest infernal. 373. H 3 H 4 R S 1 have. 374. v S i T h H 3 P h G g cometh.

C 334

3

Book Five

55

"Wel worthe of dremes ay thise olde wives, And treweliche ek augurye of thise fowles; For fere of which men wenen lese hire lyves, As ravenes qualm, or shrichyng of thise owles. To trowen on it bothe fals and foul is.

380

Alias, alias, so noble a creature

As is a man shal dreden swich ordure!

385

56

"For which with al myn herte I the biseche, Unto thi self that al this thow foryive; And ris now up, withowten more speche, And lat us caste how forth may best be dryve This tyme, and ek how fresshly we may lyve 390 Whan that she comth, the which shal be right soone; God helpe me so, the best is thus to doone.

57

"Ris, lat us speke of lusty lif in Troie That we han led, and forth the tyme dryve; And ek of tyme comyng us rejoie, That bryngen shal oure blisse now so bly ve; And langour of thise twyes dayes fyve We shal therwith so foryete or oppresse, That wel unnethe it don shal us duresse.

395

379. G g H 4 C x alle for ay. 381. H3FI1ACX to lese. 382. C p qualyn, J qualin, R qualine; CIH3PI1H2H4CX shrykyng. 385. C x T h shold. 391. G g T i l bat sche come & Jjat may ben. 392- J H 1 H 4 thy, P h bis for the, G g . om. t h e ; R as thus is best be done, C x this thynk me best to done. 398. or, 40 H 3 P h H 4 R T h , rest oure. 399H 3 f i g H 4 R C x shal doon.

C 335 1

Troilus £«? Criseyde 58

"This town is ful of lordes al aboute, And trewes lasten al this mene while. Go we pleye us in som lusty route To Sarpedoun, nat hennes but a myle. And thus thow shalt the tyme wel bygile, And dryve it forth unto that blisful morwe, That thow hire se that cause is of thi sorwe.

400

405

59

"Now ris, my deere brother Troilus; For, certes, it non honour is to the To wepe, and in thi bed to jouken thus. For, trewelich, of o thyng truste me: If thow thus ligge a day, or two, or thre, The folk wol seyn that thow for cowardise The feynest sik, and that thow darst nat rise." 60 This Troilus answerde: "O brother deere, This k'nowen folk that han ysuffred peyne, That though he wepe and make sorwful cheere, That feleth harm and smert in every vevne, No wonder is; and though ich evere plevne. Or alwey wepe, I am no thyng to blame, Syn I have lost the cause of al my game.

410

415

420

401. H 3 P h G g C x lastith. 402. S l R and pleye. 403. H 3 h a l f a myle. 406. H 3 T h a t she shal c o m e ; R causeth al thys sorowe. 407. G g P h rys u p ; H 3 faire. 410. C p H i D S l T h P h truste to, CI | » w trust to, H3S2CX trust thou. 412. y S l T h wene for seyn. 416. H 3 a sory, R sory. 419. J H i nam.

C

336 3

Book Five 61 "But syn of fyn force I mot arise, I shal arise as soone as evere I may; And god, to whom myn herte I sacrifise, So sende us hastely the ten the day ! For was ther nevere fowel so fayn of May, As I shal ben, whan that she comth in Troie, That cause is of my torment and my joie. 62 "But whider is thi reed," quod Troilus, That we may pleye us best in al this town?" "By god, my conseil is," quod Pandarus, "To ride and pleye us with kyng Sarpedoun." So longe of this they speken up and down, Til Troilus gan at the laste assente To rise, and forth to Sarpedoun they wente. 63

This Sarpedoun, as he that honourable Was evere his lyve, and ful of heigh largesse, With al that myghte yserved ben on table, That deynte was, al coste it grete richesse, He fedde hem day by day, that swich noblesse, As seyden both the meste and ek the leeste, Was nevere or that day wist at any feste.

425

430

435

440

421-J6O. Missing in R ; two leaves lost. 421. H i D S i H i P h T h f y n e ; H4A om. f y n : H4 i\edis I must. 426. J G g to, F h H 2 into for in. 432. JH3PH spaken, G g spoke. 436. y S i T h prowcsse. 441. H3 sayn or that day. G g or bat day sen, Cx seen or wyst (om. or that day).

n 3371

Troilus £•? Criseyde 6 4

Nor in this world ther is non instrument Delicious, thorugh wynd or touche of corde, As fer as any wight hath evere ywent,

That tonge telle or herte may recorde, That at the feste it nas wel herd acorde; Ne of ladys ek so fair a compaignie On daunce, or. tho, was nevere yseyn with eye.

445

65

But what availeth this to Troilus. That for his sorwe nothyng of it roughte? For evere in oon his herte pietous Ful bisyly Criseyde, his lady, soughte. On hire was evere al that his herte thoughte, Now this, now that, so faste ymagynynge, That glade, iwis, kan hym no festeyinge.

450

455

66 Thise ladies ek that at this feste ben, Syn that he saugh his lady was aweye, It was his sorwe upon hem for to sen, Or for to here on instrumentes so pleye. For she that of his herte berth the keye Was absent, lo, this was his f^ntasie, That no wight sholde maken melodie.

460

442. H3PI1 om. ther J H 2 C x nys. 443- J G g C l or; H 3 H i S i T h on for of. 444. J G g every for any. 446. v ( - D ) S l T h that for the. 447. J H i S i H s N o f , C x O f for N e o f . 448. C p iseye. J er seyn. 451. pietous, so C p H i A S l J , C x pytevous, rest pitous. 454. C p ymagenynge, J ymagnynge. 4J5. festeyinge, so J , S i f e s t y i n g t , C p C l C x festenynge, H 2 t i n g , rest festynge. 4$6. J G g H 3 C x the feste. 459. J G g S i H 2 instrument ; C p G g P h H 4 to, H 3 so to for so, D C x T h om. so.

C 338 II

Book Five 67

For ther nas houre in al the day or nyght, Whan he was there as no wight myghte hym heere, That he ne seyde: "O lufsom lady bryght, 465 How have ye faren syn that ye were heere? Welcome, ywis, myn owne lady deere." But, weylaway, al this nas but a maze; Fortune his howve en tended bet to glaze.

68 The lettres ek, that she of olde tyme Hadde hym ysent, he wolde allone rede An hondred sithe atwixen noon and prime, Refiguryng hire shap, hire wommanhede, Withinne his herte, and every word or dede That passed was; and thus he drof tan ende The ferthe day, and seyde he wolde wende. 69 And seyde: "leve brother, Pandarus, Intendestow that we shal here beleve Til Sarpedoun wol forth congeyen us? Yit were it fairer that we toke oure leve. For goddes love, lat us now soone at eve Oure leve take, and homward lat us torne; For, treweliche, I nyl nat thus sojourne."

470

475

480

+63. G g P h ne, C x nor for or. 464. C p H i A D S i nought, HsGgHiCxTh no man, H4 non for no wight. 469. C l A H 3 P h H 2 H 4 entendeth. 472. G g H 3 P h A D H 2 C x betwixt. 474. H 3 P h G g C l H 2 C x T h and for or. 476. o and thennes wolde he wende. 478. v ( - A ) S i T h J bleve. 479. H 2 H 4 C x T h eonveien. 4S3. CI wol, H 2 H 4 wil, H 3 can for nyl.

I 339 1

troilus„ e p e y n c s . ) 2 3 8 . J H 3 P h H 2 H 4 C x H y m mette ( P h C x boght). 1239. C I H 1 S 1 H 2 T I 1 slepte, H 4 slepyd.

C

375 1

Troilus £«? Criseyde 178 And by this boor, faste in hire armes folde, L a y , kissynge ay, his lady bright, Criseyde. For sorwe of which, whan he it gan biholde, And for despit, out of his slep he breyde, And loude he cried on Pandarus, and seyde: " O Pandarus, now knowe I crop and roote. I nam but ded; ther nys non oother boote. 179 " M y lady bright, Criseyde, hath me bytrayed, In whom I trusted most of any wight; She elliswhere hath now hire herte apayed. T h e blisful goddes, thorugh hire grete myght, H a n in my drem yshewed it ful right. T h u s in my drem Criseyde have I b i h o l d e : " — And al this thing to Pandarus he tolde. 180 " O my Criseyde, alias, what subtilte, W h a t newe lust, what beaute, what science, W h a t wraththe of juste cause han ye to me? W h a t gilt of me, what fel experience, H a t h fro me raft, alias, thyn advertence? O trust, O feith, O depe aseurance, W h o hath me raft Criseyde, al my plesaunce?

is. rest

1240

1245

1250

125J

1260

1240. C I H 4 his for hire, H 3 P h H 2 C x om. hire. 1246. G g P h D I f y C x a m : H i G g H l 1252, C I A H 3 R I h a v e . 1253. S i al his dreme. 12J4. s u b t i l t e , so C l S i P h H 2 T h , subtilite. 12J8. G B H 2 H 4 C X joure, P h m y n for t h y n . 1260. J C l H i r e f t .

C 376

3

Book

Five

181 "Alias, why let I yow from hennes go, For which wel neigh out of my wit I breyde ? Who shal now trowe on any oothes mo? God wot, I wende, O lady bright, Criseyde, That every word was gospel that ye seyde! But who may bet bigile, if hym liste, Than he on whom men weneth best to triste?

1265

182 "What shal I don, my Pandarus, alias? I fele now so sharp a newe peyne, Syn that ther lith no remedy in this cas, 1270 That bet were it I with myn hondes tweyne My selven slow alwey, than thus to pleyne. For thorugh the deth my wo sholde have an ende, Ther every day with lif my self I shende." 183 Pandare answerde and seyde: "alias, the while That I was born! Have I nat seyd or this, That dremes many a maner man bygile? And whi? for folk expounden hem amys. How darstow seyn that fals thy lady is For any drem, right for thyn owene drede? Lat be this thought; thow kanst no dremes rede.

1275

1280

1266. H3PI1DS1 if that. 1267. G g P h S i H 2 H 4 R C x T h wenyn. 1270. y S i T h is for lith. 1272. H 4 G « C x than thus a l w e y . H 3 T h than a l w e y thus. 1276, C p H i J seyde.

n

3771

Troilus &

Criseyde

184 "Paraunter, ther thow dremest of this boor, It may so be that it may signifie, Hire fader, which that old is and ek.hoor, A y e y n the sonne lith in poynt to dye, And she for sorwe gynne'th wepe and crie, And kisseth hym, ther he lith on the grounde; Thus sholdestow thi dremes right expounde."

1285

185 " H o w myghte I than don," quod Troilus, T o knowe of this, ye, were it nevere so l i t e ? " 1290 " N o w seystow wisly," quod this Pandarus; " M y red is this: syn thow kanst wel endite, T h a t hastily a l'ettre thow hire write, Thorugh which thow shalt wel bryngen it aboute, T o knowe a soth, ther thow art now in doute. 1295

186 " A n d se now w h i : for this, I dar wel seyn, T h a t if so is that she untrewe be, I kan nat trowen that she wol write ayeyn. And if she write, thow shalt ful sone se, As wheither she hath any liberte T o come ayeyn, or ellis in som clause, If she be let, she wol assigne a cause.

1300

128S- C p C l H i A 0, G g D a, T h on, J up for in. 1288. C p C l H i S i H j T h d r e m e ; Y S i T h H 3 G g a r i g h t . 1289. G g H 4 banne. 1295. v S l T h H 3 of t h a t thow a r t in doute ( H 3 of w y c h ) ; J C x om. now. 1298. J G g H s R C x om. that. 1299. G g D H z H ^ t R C r om. f u l , H 3 r y g h t , P h w e l for f u l .

c 378:

Book Five

187 "Thow hast nat writen hire syn that she wente, Nor she to the; and this I dorste leye: Ther may swich cause ben in hire entente, That hardily thow wolt thi selven seye, That hire abood the best is for yow tweye. Now write hir thanne, and thow shalt feele sone A soth of al; ther is no more to done." 188 Acorded ben to this conclusioun, And that anon, thise ilke lordes two; And hastily sit Troilus adown, And rolleth in his herte to and. fro, How he may best discryven hire his wo. And to Criseyde, his owen lady deere, He wrot right thus, and seyde as ye shal here:

1305

1310

^ ^

189 "Right fresshe flour, whos I ben have and shal, Withouten part of elleswhere servyse, With herte, body, lif, lust, thought, and al, I, woful wyght, in everich humble wise That tonge telle or herte may devyse, As ofte as matere occupieth place, Me recomaunde unto youre noble grace.

LITERA TROILI

!32o

1303- G g P h H 2 H 4 C x T h to h y r e ; H 3 H 4 R C X om. that. 1304. G g P h H 2 H 4 R C x N e . 1308. G g H 4 to, hire. 1309. J H 3 H 2 R nys. 1316. Y S 1 T I 1 H 3 H 2 may for shal. 1317. G g P h I ) H 2 C x T h have ben. 1321. S i C x T h can telle, H 2 H 4 telle can for telle.

C

379 1

Troilus £«? Criseyde 190 "Liketh yow to witen, swete herte, As ye wel knowe, how longe tyme agon T h a t ye me lefte in aspre peynes smerte, W h a n that ye wente, of which yit boote non H a v e I non h a d ; but evere wors bigon Fro day to day am I, and so mot dwelle, W h i l e it yow list, of wele and wo my welle.

1325

^So

191 " F o r which to yow, with dredful herte trewe, I write, as he that sorwe drifth to write, M y wo, that everich houre encresseth ijewe, Compleynyng as I dar or kan endite. And that defaced is, that may ye wite *335 The teris, which that fro myn eyen reyne, T h a t wolden speke, if that they koude, and pleyne.

192 " Y o w first biseche I, that youre eyen clere T o loke on this defouled ye nat holde, And, over al this, that ye, my lady deere, W o l vouchesauf this lettre to byholde. And by the cause ek of my cares colde, T h a t sleth my wit, if aught amvs masterte, Foryeve it me, myn owen swete herte. 1324. C I G g T h L i k i t h it y o w , H 4 L y k e it y o u , H 3 A n d like it y o u , R Like h y t to y o w m y n owne sweete herte. 1328. H 3 S 1 y i t for n o n ; R N e han y h a d ; D om. non had. 1329. H3PI1 I am, G g l y n for am I . 1334. G g H 3 can or d a r ( H 3 and). 1337. H 4 R C * om. second t h a t ; G g H 2 H 4 R C x om. a n d ; C x c o m p l e y n e ; P h T h a t if bei coube speke bei wold p l e y n e . 1340. C p J overe ; P h H 2 H 4 R om. a l .

C 380 3

Book Five 193 "If any servant dorste or oughte of right Upon his lady pitously compleyne, Than wene I that ich oughte ben that wight, Considered this, that ye thise monthes tweyne Han taried, ther ye seyden, soth to seyne, But dayes ten ye nolde in oost sojoume; But in two monthes yit ye nat retourne.

1345

1350

194 "But for as muche as me moot nedes like Al that yow list, I dar nat pleyne moore; But humblely, with sorwful sikes sike, Yow write ich myn unresty sorwes soore, Fro day to day desiryng evere moore To knowen fully, if youre wille it were, How ye han ferd and don, whil ye be there; 195 "The whos welfare and hele ek god encresse In honour swich, that upward in degree It growe alwey, so that it nevere cesse. Right as youre herte ay kan, my lady free, Devyse, I prey to god so moot it be; And graunte it, that ye soone upon me rewe, As wisly as in al I am yow trewe.

1355

1360

1365

1345-1428. Twelve stanzas missing tn H i ; leaf lost. 13J4. humblely, so J , C I humbely, G g S i humili, rest h u m b l y . 13JJ. ich, so C p C l S i J , rest I. 1362. H 3 D H 2 can ay, Cx best can. P h . om. a y . 1364. J H 4 R C * om. it. 1365. C1ADH2H4 to y o w 390. Y ( - C ! ) S i T h H 3 owen for hertes. 1391. G g H ^ D to me. 1392. righte, so C I G g , rest r i g h t . 1394. J H 4 R do. 1396. G g R C x b e . 1397. H 3 H 4 T I 1 e o n f o r t e , C x supports. 1407. H 3 F I 1 A unnethe m y l y f .

C 383

1

Troilus &

Criseyde

202 " I sey no more, al have I for to seye T o yow wel more than I telle m a y ; But wheither that ye do me lyve or deye, Y i t prey I god, so yeve yow right good day. And fareth wel, goodly, faire, fresshe may, As she that lif or deth me may comande; And to youre trouthe ay I me recomande

1410

203 " W i t h hele swich that, but ye yeven me The same hele, I shal non hele have. In yow lith, whan yow list that it so be, The day on which me clothen shal my grave. In yow my lif, in yow myght for to save M e fro disese of alle peynes smerte! And fare now wel, myn owen swete herte! Le vostre T . "

1420

204 This lettre forth was sent unto Criseyde, O f which hire answere in effect was this : Ful pitously she wroot ayeyn, and seyde, T h a t also sone as that she myghte, ywys, She wolde come, and mende al that was mys. And fynaly she wroot, and seyde hym thanne, She wolde come, ye, but she nyste whanne.

1425

1408. C p J namore. 1412. G g P h H 4 f a r w e l . 1413. y S i T h C x y e for she. 1418. y S i T h in. for on. 1419. P h is m i g h t to s a v e . 1421. C p f a r , G g S i f a r e f c ; L e vostre T , so C p J T h , S i L e vostre T r o i l u s n H 4 Finis littere troili, rest omit. 14H3PhADH4 R T h om. that, C x ever for that. 1426. H3PI1CX om. a l ; G g H 3 H 2 R C x T h amys.

C

384

1

Book Five 2 0 5

But in hire lettre made she swich festes, That wonder was, and swerth she loveth hym best; 1430 Of which he fond but botmeles bihestes. But, Troilus, thow maist now, est or west, Pipe in an ivy lef, if that the lest. Thus goth the world; god shilde us fro meschaunce, And every wight that meneth trouthe avaunce! 1435 206 Encressen gan the wo fro day to nyght Of Troilus for tarying of Criseyde; And lessen gan his hope and ek his myght, For which al down he in his bed hym leyde; He rje eet, ne dronk, ne slep, ne no word seyde, Tmagynyng ay that she was unkynde; For which wel neigh he wex out of his mvnde. 207 This drem, of which I told have ek byforn, May nevere come out of his remembraunce; He thoughte ay wel he hadde his lady lorn, And that Joves, of his purveyaunce, Hym shewed hadde in slep the signifiaunce Of hire untrouthe and his disaventure, And that this boor was shewed hym in figure.

1440

1445

1430. F h D R C x T h swore, lovid. 1432- H2RS1TI1 & for or. 1438. J H 3 P h H z C x lassen, R lissen. 1440. H2S1TI1 slepte ; ne no word seyde, so H4RCX, H3 ne worde ne seyde, G g H e net ne drank ne no word he ne seyde, rest om. no. 1443. C p H i J tolde. 1445. thoughte, so G g . H3 thynketh, rest thought. 1446. J G g P h H 4 F 3 And bat that Joves. 1449. y S i T h H 3 the for this.

C 3 8 5

3

Troilus£«?Criseyde

208 For which he for Sibille his suster sente, 14.50 That called was Cassandre ek al aboute; And al his drem he tolde hire or he stente, And hire bisoughte assoilen hym the doute O f the stronge boor with tuskes stoute; And fynaly, withinne a litel stounde, 1455 Cassandre hym gan right thus his drem expounde. 209 She gan first smyle, and seyde: " O brother deere, If thow a soth of this desirest knowe, Thow most a fewe of olde stories heere, T o purpos how that Fortune overthrowe 1460 H a t h lordes olde; thorugh which, withinne a throwe, Thow wel this boor shalt knowe, and of what kynde H e comen is, as men in bokes fynde. 210 "Diane, which that wroth was and in ire For Grekis nolde don hire sacrifise, Ne encens upon hire auter sette afire, She, for that Grekis gonne hire so despise, Wrak hire in a wonder cruel wise; For with a boor, as gret as oxe in stalle, She made up frete hire corn and vynes alle.

1465

1470

1453. G g A to asoylyn, H + tassoilen. 1454. H 3 G g S i with hys tuskes. 1458. GgFli A C x T h to knowe, H 4 forto knowe. 1461. H 4 H 2 R C X hie for o l d e ; P h R C x om. t h o r u g h ; H 3 omits line. 1466. H 1 H 3 R Nencens.

C 386

3

Book

Five

211 "To sle this boor was al the contre reysed, Amonges which ther com, this boor to se, A mayde, oon of this world the best ypreysed; And Meleagre, lord of that contree, He loved so this fresshe mayde free, That with his manhod, or he wolde stente, This boor he slough, and hire the hed he sente;

1475

212 "Of which, as olde bokes tellen us, Ther ros a contek and a gret envye; And of this lord descended Tideus By ligne, or ellis olde bookes l y e ; But how this Meleagre gan to dye Thorugh his moder, wol I yow nat telle, For al to longe it were for to dwelle."

1480

213 She tolde ek how Tideus, or she stente, Unto the stronge citee of Thebes, To cleymen kyngdom of the citee, wente, For his felawe, daun Polymytes, Of which the brother, daun Ethiocles, Ful wrongfully of Thebes held the strengthe; This tolde she by proces al by lengthe.

H85

1490

1472. C p R T h A m o n g c , G g P h D H 4 A m o n g . 147J. C p H i P h R T h m a y d e n . 1479. H j P h G g H l R om. second a. 1484. G g f o r us to, R f o r you to. 1485. P h R he for second she.

C 387

3

Troilus£«?Criseyde 214 She tolde ek how Hemonydes asterte, W h a n Tideus slough f i f t y knyghtes stoute. She tolde ek alle the prophecyes by herte, And how that seven kynges, with hire route, Bysegeden the citee al aboute; And of the holy serpent and the welle, And of the Furies, al she gan hym telle;

1495

215 O f Archymoris burying and the pleyes, And how AmphiOrax fil thorugh the grounde; H o w Tideus was slayn, lord of Argeyes, And how Ypomedon in litel stounde W a s d'reynt, and ded Parthonope of wownde; And also how Cappaneus, the proude, W i t h thonder dynt was slayn, that cride loude. 216 She gan ek telle hym how that eyther brother, Ethiocles and Polymyte also, A r a scarmuche ech of hem slough oother, And of Argyves wepynge and hire w o ; And how the town was brent, she tolde ek tho, And so descendeth down fro gestes olde T o Diomede, and thus she spak and tolde:

1500

1505

1510

1494. G g al be p r o f e c y . 149$. H 3 R k n y g h t e s . Between 1498 and 1499 all MSS. except H 4 R have the following verses which summarize the T h e b a i s of Statius: A s s o c i a t p r o f u g u m T i d e o primus P o l y m y t e m ; T i d e a i e g a t u m docet insidiasque s e c u n d u s : T e r c i u s H e m o d u d e n canit et vates l a t i t a n t e s ; Q u a r t u s habet reges incuntcs prelia septem ;

(1. A

M o x furie Lenne quinto n a r r a t u r et anguis ; Archiittori b u s t u m sexto hadityue \ c g u n l u r ; D a t G r a i o s T h e b e s et vatem septimus umbris ; O c t a v o cecidit T i d e u s , spes, v i t a P e l a s g i s ; Y p o m e d o n nono. moritur cum P a r t h e n o p e a ; F u l m i n e percussus, decimo C a p p a n e u s s u p e r a t u r ; Undecimo sese perimunt per v u l n e r a f r a t r e s ; A r g i v a flentem n a r r a t duodenus et ignem. ( C o r r e c t o r in margin) Polynicem. 3. A { C o r r e c t o r ) harmoniam.

C 388 3

(.5)

(10)

5. A

(Cor-

Book Five 217 "This ilke boor bitokneth Diomede, Tideus sone, that down descended is Fro Meleagre, that made the boor to blede. And thy lady, wher she be, ywis, This Diomede hire herte hath, and she his. Wepe if thow wolt, or l e f ; for, out of doute, This Diomede is inne, and thow art oute."

1515

218 "Thow seyst nat soth," quod he, "thow sorceresse, 1520 With al thy false goost of prophecye! Thow wenest ben a gret devyneresse; Now sestow nat this fool of fantasie Peyneth hire on ladys for to l y e ? Awey," quod he, "ther Joves yeve the sorwe! 1525 Thow shalt be fals, paraunter, yit to-morwe!

219 "As wel thow myghtest lyen on Alceste, That was of creatures, but men lye, That evere weren, kyndest and the beste. For whan hire housbonde was in jupartye To dye hym self, but if she wolde dye, She ches for hym to dye and gon to helle, And starf anon, as us the bokes telle."

!53°

rccicr) l e m n i a d u m f u r i a e ; H i T h n a r r a n t u r . 6. C p A i e h y m o r y , J A r c h e m o r i . 7. A (Corrector) d a t T h e b i s v a t e m g r a i o r u m septimus umbris. 12. H z has unique additional line: F e r v i d u s y p o m e d o n timidique in g u r g i t e mersus.) 1499. C l H i J b u r y n g e , D G g b r e n n y n g e . 1502, C p T h a, H 4 C * in a, C I y for i n ; J G g with b l o d y w o w n d e . 1503. C p d e d e ; J G g A n d ek P a r t h o n o p e in l i t e l stownde ( G g om. ek). 1J04- J ^ g B « s l a y n and h o w , H 3 A n d eke how k y n g e , P h She told eke h o w . 1507. P h T h Polymytes. IJ08. C I H l s c a r m y c h , H j F h H 2 H 4 T h s c a r m y s s h , R s c y r m y j s h y n g . IJIO. G g P h h y m b«. l i " - H 2 H 4 R C * T h descended. 1J16. C p H i S 2 S i T h G g R wherso, C 1 C * w h e r t a t for wher. 1521. f a l s e , so G g H 2 T h , rest f a l s . 1522. G g P h A H 2 H 4 R C x to be. IJ26. G g P h er for y i t . 1529. G g P h H 4 C x be kyndest. g«-

1532. J G g She chcs to dye and ek to gon ( G g deb for

C 389 3

to d y e ) , P h & eke

troilus ow). 1790. R C x be thow, H 4 be thou ever. 1791. C I P h l f y T h ' p a c e . 1792. A D S 1 C x T h O f V i r g i l ( A O for O f ) ; H 2 R of for and. 1 7 9 a C x So prey to god, C p H i S 2 H 2 H4TI1 S o prey I to god, A Go praye thi god. 1798. C p C l A J om. I ; R I god byseche. 1800. C p H i wrath, J wrechche. 1802. C p J hise, CI hese. 1806. y S i T h C x Dispitously (om. F u l ) .

C

402 3

Book Five 259 And whan that he was slayn in this manere, His lighte goost ful blisfully is went Up to the holughnesse of the eighte spere, In con vers letyng everich element. And ther he saugh, with ful avysement, The erratik sterres, herkenyng armonye With sownes ful of hevenyssh melodie.

18 i o

260 And down from thennes faste he gan avyse This litel spot of erthe, that with the se Enbraced is, and fully gan despise This wrecched world, and held al vanite To respect of the pleyn felicite That is in hevene above; and at the laste, Ther he was slayn, his lokyng down he caste. 261 And in hym self he lough right at the wo Of hem that wepten for his deth so faste, And dampned al oure werk that folweth so The blynde lust, the which that may nat laste; And sholden al oure herte on heven caste. And forth he wente, shortly for to telle, Ther as Mercurve sorted hym to dwelle.

1815

1820

1825

1807-1827. H 2 H 4 P h omit three stanzas-, P h adds them later an inset leaf. 1809. J holwenesse, H 3 A C x T h holowncsse, R halghnes, P h hynesse; J v i i j , R viijthe, C x t y g h t ; rest seventh*. 1817. P h C x it for al. 1821-1869. Missing in A ; leaf lost. 1I22. J P h D C x wepen.

n

4031

Troilus & Criseyde 262 Swich f y n hath, lo, this Troilus for love! Swich f y n hath al his grete worthynesse! Swich f y n hath his estat real above! Swich f y n his lust! swich f y n hath his noblesse! Swych f y n hath false worldes brotelnesse! And thus bigan his lovyng of Criseyde, As I have told, and in this wise he deyde. 263 O yonge fresshe folkes, he or she, In which that love up groweth with youre age, Repeyreth hom fro worldly vanyte, And of youre herte up casteth the visage T o thilke god that after his ymage Y o w made, and thynketh al nys but a faire This world, that passeth soone as floures faire,

1830

1835

1840

264 And loveth hym which that right for love Upon a cros, oure soules for to beye, First starf, and roos, and sit in hevene above; For he nyl falsen no wight, dar I seye, T h a t wol his herte al holly on hym leye. And syn he best to love is, and most meke, What nedeth feyned loves for to seke? 1831. S i hath l u s t ; H 3 P h H 4 C x om. h a t h ; R Suche f y n hath his lust 4- ek hys noblesse. 1836. J H 3 P I 1 H 2 H 4 ay for that. 1839. H3CX lorde. 1840. H4S2CX is. 1842. v S l T h the which. 1846. C I J H 3 wole. 1848. H2RFI1 nedeb it.

Z 404 .1

Book Five

265 Lo here, of pa yens corsed olde rites! Lo here, what alle hire goddes may availle! Lo here, thise wrecched worldes appetites! Lo here, the f y n and guerdoun for travaille Of Jove, Appollo, of Mars, of swich rascaille! Lo here, the forme of olde clerkes speche In poetrie, if ye hire bokes seche!

1850

^55

266 0 moral Gower, this book I directe To the, and to the philosophical Strode, To vouchensauf, ther nede is, to correcte, Of youre benignites and zeles goode. And to that sothfast Crist, that starf on rode, With al myn herte of mercy evere I preye; And to the Lord right thus I speke and seye: 267 Thow oon, and two, and thre, eterne on ly ve, That regnest ay in thre, and two, and oon, Uncircumscript, and al maist circumscrive, Us from visible and invisible foon Defende; and to thy mercy everichon, So make us, Jesus, for thi mercy digne, For love of mayde and moder thyn benigne!

i860

1865

AMEN

EXPLICIT LIBER TROILI ET CRISEYDIS. I&I9- H 2 H , f H 3 C x T h p a y n y m e s . 18/3- P h S i R om. second o f ; P h R T h and, H 4 & of for third o f , C x om. third of. 1856. H 3 ( r u b r i c ) L e n v o y e D u C h a u c e r . 18J7. C l H i S2PI1R om. second t o ; C p D om. second the, H 3 H 2 thy for t h e ; H 2 R sophistical, H 4 philosophic o f , P h philosophre 0 for philosophical. 1857-1862. S i torn; most of lines lost. 1866. H 2 R T r i n e unite us from oure cruel foone. 1868. H 2 R take. 1869. Amen, so C p C l H 3 P h , H i after colophon, rest omit. Colophon, so C l H i D J (CI Criseide, J D C r i s e i d ) ; S 2 E x p l i c i t liber t r o y l y et Criseide quod C h a u c e r . Anno domini m i l l t s i m o quadringentesimo primo A n n o R e g n i R e g i s H e n r i c i S e x t i post conquestum A n g l i e d e c i m o n o n o ; C p H 4 E x p l i c i t L i b e r T r o i l y ( H 4 adds M e r c i dieu Ic grant merci quod S t y l e ) ; P h E x p l i c i t T r o y l u s ; H 3 E x p l i c i t ; H 2 T r o i l u s adest mete/Venit e x p l i c i t e r g o v a l e t e ; S i here endeth the book of T r o y l u s o f double sorowe in l o v i n g of Cri . . . ; R T r e g e n t y l l : H e e r endith the book of T r o y l u s and of C r e s s e y d e : C h a u c e r ; C x H e r e endeth T r o y l u s / a s t o u c h y n g C i e s e y d e / E x p l i c i t per Caxton; T h T h u s endeth the f y f t h and laste booke o f T r o y l u s .

C 405

3

U ^ O T E S TO "BOOK THREE

NOTES TO BOOK ONE 1.The opening line of the poem contains a descriptive title. With this line, and with 1.54-5, *n mind, the scribe of Si supplies a colophon: "Here endeth the book of Troylus of double sorowe in loving of Cri. . . ." 2. "That was the son of King Priam of Troy." 4. Chaucer's poem, with its double change of fortune, is, in the medieval sense of the terms, first a comedy and then a tragedy. Dante, Epist. 10.10, says: "Comoedia vero inchoat asperitatem alicuius rei, sed eius materia prospere terminatur." Tragedy, on the other hand, "in principio est admirabilis et quieta, in fine sive exitu est foetida et horribilis." For Chaucer's definition of Trag edy, see Monk's Tale, B 3163-7. Compare also Chaucer's Boethius, 2. pr 2.51-2: "Tragedie is to seyn, a ditee of a prosperitee for a tyme, that endeth in wrecchednesse." At 5.1786, Chaucer calls his poem a tragedy. 5. "Before I depart from you."The rhyme Troye: fro ye shows that ye is not the nominative (with long vowel), but the unemphatic form of the accusative yow (with the indefinite vowel). Skeat cites Two Gentlemen of Verona 4.1.3. 6-9. Chaucer invokes Tisiphone, one of the Furies, to help him write his sorrowful story. In Thebais 1.56-9 Oedipus prays: Di, sontes animas, angustaque Tartara poenis Qui regitis, tuque umbrifero Styx livida fundo, Quam video, multumque mihi consueta vocari Annue, Tisiphone, perversaque vota secunda. In Tkebais 1.88 Tisiphone is addressed as "crudelis Diva." Compare Roman de Thebes 510: "Tesiphone, fure d'enfer." See.note to 4.22-4. 7. "These woful verses, which weep as I write them." Compare Fil. 1.6: Cio che dira Ί mio verso lagrimoso. 13. Feere, companion, i.e. Tisiphone. 15-18. Compare Fame 615-40. ί

4°9 1

^troilus & Criseyde ι6. Ne dar, dare not. 21. From Fil. 1.5: Tuo sia l'onore, e mio si sia l'affanno. Compare 1.1042-3. 24-28. Note a reading recorded in variants. The variation is so considerable as to point clearly to authentic revision. Some of the steps of the revision can be traced. Line 24 in α is hypermetrical. In the original, olde had apparently been revised to read passid; but in H2 (Hand 3) and Ph both adjectives are retained. H4 omits passid. Similarly in 26, an original somtyme had been cor rected to that. H4 again gives the original reading, while HiPh are conflate. Note also the conflate reading of H5 in line 28. 28. "If you have not felt the pangs of despised love, the course of your love has been too smooth to conform to the code of courtly love." 29-46. These lines suggest the form of a "bidding prayer," when the priest exhorts the congregation to pray successively for various categories of persons. See Catholic Encyclopaedia s.v. Bede. 36. CpClJ read desespeired. The longer form is metrically necessary in the a reading, but is hypermetrical in the revised text; see variant readings. For the two forms of the word, see NED s.v. Despair, vb. For despeired in the sense of "desperate," see NED s.v. Despaired. Compare Franklin's Tale, F 943, He was despeyred, no thing dorste he seye, and see line 42 below. 57-60. The number of the ships, and the ten-years' duration of the war, are not mentioned by Boccaccio; but Virgil, Aen. 2.198, gives both facts: Non anni domuere decern, non mille carinae. Benoit gives the number of the ships as 1130; see Troie 5701-2, and the note by Constans, Vol. 5, p. 6. For the ten years, see Trote 5805-6: al disme an, senz nule faille, Iert tote fin de la bataille. I 410 H

tHotes to l. 16-109 Guido gives the number of ships as 1222; but cites the statement of Homer that the number was 1186. See Historia, sig. e 3, b, col. 2: Numerus navium, and I lias Latina 221. 70. Apollo's oracle was situated at Delphi. He is called "Delphicus" by Ovid, Met. 2.543' F a s t l 3-856. 71-76. Calchas foresaw the destruction of Troy by several means of divination: by "calkulynge," i.e. by astrological computation; by the responses of Apollo's oracle; by "sort," i.e..by casting lots, or the chance opening of sacred books. Compare 4.114-17 and note. 81. Stal is the regular Chaucerian preterite sing, of stele, steal; see Ten Brink 142. 85. That the aTh reading, "Grete rumour gan," is an authentic a reading, is proved by Fil. 1.10: "Fu romor grande." Note conflate reading of W. 87. The y reading is certainly corrupt. 88-91. Chaucer is following Fil. 1.10: Ne quasi per la piu gente rimase Di non andargli col fuoco alle case. Benoit, Troie 13107-13, says: Li reis Prianz jure e afie, S'aveir le puet en sa bail lie, Que male fin li fera traire, C'iert a chevaus rompre e detraire: "Se por 90 non que la pucele Est franche e proz e sage e bele, Por lui fust arse e'desmembree." 93. Al unwist of, quite uninformed of. The a text reads Unknowyng for Al unwist. Fil. 1.11 reads: Senza niente farlene assapere. Unuist is to be referred to the verb wisse, instruct, rather than to witen, know. Elsewhere in Chaucer, unwist means "unknown." 99. In the word lady, Chaucer regularly preserves the O.E. fem. gen. sing, without -s; see Ten Brink 212. 109. Large, ample, flowing. For large, JGgH5H3 read blak. This is inconsistent with broun; but compare 1.170, 177, 309. :

4 1 1 3

c Froilus

& Criseyde

in. The a reading, "With chere & voys ful pytous & wepyng," is somewhat nearer to Fit. 1.12. E con Yoce e con vista assai pietosa. 114. In this line, H4 presents a conflate reading; see variants. 117-118. "Dismiss your father's treason from your mind, with a curse of ill luck to him." See NED s.v. Mischance, 3. Compare also 5-359· 1.13 reads: lascia con la ria ventura Tuo padre andar, 119. "While it is well pleasing to you." 121. "As completely as when your father dwelled here." 1 25. "And would have done so again, if HectOT had wished." 126. "And went home and lived quietly." 132-133. Chaucer must have read the specific statement of Boccaccio, Fil. 1.15, that Criseida had never had either son or daughter. In Benoit, Briseida is not even a widow; in Troie 13Ul, Priam refers to her as "la pucele." 139. "Fortune wheeled them aloft, and then under again, in accordance with her revolving course·" Compare Chaucer's For­ tune 45-6, Thou born art in my regne of variaunce, Aboute the wheel with other most thou dryve,

and Boethius, 2. pr2. 37-9: "I [Fortune] torne the whirlinge wheel with the torning cercle; I am glad to chaungen the lowest to the heyest, and the heyest to the lowest." See 1.837-54 and note. I adopt the reading xvhielen (_ie representing long close e) as that which best explains the variants. The verb "to wheel" seems to have puzzled the scribes. H4 reads werle, i.e. "whirl." The reading turne of H5 is obviously a gloss. Weylen and wailen are certainly blunders. 145-147. Chaucer is citing the ultimate sources for the story of the Trojan war; see Introd. pp. xxi-xxiii. Benoit, in his Prologue, cites Homer and Dares as his authorities. Linesgi-2 of the critical text of Troie read : L'estoire que Daire ot escrite, En greque langue fake e dite;

I 412 3

Jiotes to l . l l 1 - 1 6 8 but two MSS. present a variant reading: Et en lengue gre^ise dite. With such a MS. before him, Guido in his Prologus cites, after naming Homer, Virgil, and Ovid, "Ditem Graecum et Phrigium Daretem, qui tempore Troiani belli continue in eorum exercitibus fuere presentes et horum quae videre fuerunt fidelissimi relatores" (Historia, sig. a 1, a, col. 2: Prologus). Chaucer's form of the name Dictys (Dite) may be due to a similar reading of this passage in Benoit; or it may be an adaptation of Benoit's regular form Ditis (Ditkis), or of the Latin accusative Ditem of Guido (e.g. Historia, sig. 0 7, a, col. 1). On this passage see Young, pp. 129-30, and Hamilton, pp. 69-71. Compare also Fame 1466-70, where Homer, Dares, "Tytus" (Dictys), "Lollius," Guido delJe Colonne, and Geoffrey of Monmouth are named as. "bearers up" of Troy. 152-154. Chaucer is following FiL 1.17-18. The Palladium was a sacred image of Pallas; so long as it remained in the city, Troy was immune from capture. Shortly before the fall of the city, the treachery of Antenor and Aeneas removed it, and gave it to the Greeks. Compare 4.203-5 and note. According to Benoit, Troie :5406-8 : Rien en terre n'av-ons si chiere. C'est l'esperanee as Troi'ens, C'est lor refuiz e toz lor biens. See also Guido, Historia, sig. m 3, b, col. 2: Proditio Trojae, and Virgil, A en. 2.162-70. 157. Veer, the pryme, i.e. the Spring; compare Gower, ConfA m. 7.1014: "Whan Ver his seson hath begonne." 161. The festival of the Palladion is thought of as a pagan equivalent of Easter. Chaucer places it specifically in the month of April. Boccaccio, Fil. 1.18, merely says that it was springtime. Boccaccio himself first saw Fiammetta in church on an Easter Even (Ftlocolo 1.5) ; the date was March 30, 1336 (Young, p. 31). Palladions is apparently to be stressed on first and third syllables; but see variant readings. 162-168. This stanza is expanded from two lines in Filostrato, 1 ' 1 ®"

Alia qual festa e donne e cavalieri Fur parimente, e tutti volentieri. C 413:

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There is no need to seek any source for the expansion, other than Chaucer's personal experience of such occasions; but one may compare Benoit's account, Troie 17489-524, where knights, ladies, and townspeople throng to the tomb of Hector on the anniversary of his death. It is a time of truce; and Achilles is present, and is taken with the love of Polyxena. 171-172. In the corresponding lines of Boccaccio, Fil. 1.19, one reads: La qual, quanto la rosa la viola Di belta vince, cotanto era questa Piu ch'altra donna bella. Chaucer has substituted for the comparison of rose to violet the curious statement that "Just as our first letter is now an A, so she stood first and matchless in - beauty." In order to rhyme his line, he has in 169 given the lady's name as Criseyia instead of the usual Criseyde. Skeat cites the phrase A-per-se, i.e. the first of its kind, which is applied to the "fair Cresseid" by Henryson, Testa­ ment of Cresseid 78. But Henryson may well be echoing the present passage; he seems, at any rate, to be the first to apply A-per-se figuratively (see NED s.v. A, IV, 1, b). Professor Lowes (P.M.L.A. 23.285-306) has made the brilliant suggestion that Chaucer is referring to the initial of Queen Anne's name, used decoratively together with Richard's initial. Now, since the advent of Anne of Bohemia, an A is the first letter in our land of England. If this interpretation is accepted, the allusion serves to date the present passage later than January 14, 1382, the date of Richard's marriage. See lntrod., p. xvi. 174.1 retain yit, which has a preponderance of MS. authority, even though the line would be metrically more regular without it; see variant readings. 189. Lakken, find fault with; see NED s.v. Lack, vb., 5, 6. 192. Baiten z feed, feast; see NED s.v. Bait, vb., 8. 198. Lewed, ignorant, foolish; see NED s.v. Lewd, 4. 203. Compare 3.329 and note. 205. Ascaunces i as if to say; see NED s.v. Askances, conj. adv., 2. 208. Kidde, pret. of kythe, to make known; see NED s.v. Kithe. 210. "Love can pull out the feathers of other peacocks as proud I 4H 1

ZNotes to l. 171-238 as Troilus." Compare Prologue, A 652, and the proverb: "proud as a peacock" (Hazlitt, 3 6 5 ) . 211-213. From Fil. 1.25: O cecita delle mondane menti, Come ne seguon sovente gli effetti T u t t i contrarii a'nostri intendimenti! Compare Statius, Theb. 5.718-19. Lines 214-66 have no counterpart in Filostrato. 214-216. "Pride will have a f a l l " (Hazlitt, 3 6 4 ) . See note on lines 218-24. 217. A proverb. Compare Usk, Testament of Love 2.8.122: "Alday fayleth thinges that fooles w e n d e " ; Barbour, Bruce 1.582: "Bot oft failyeis the f u l i s thocht." 218-224. Bayard was the name of the bay-colored magic steed given by Charlemagne to Renaud in the chansons de gestes, and hence a kind of mock-heroic name given to any horse (see NED s.v. Bayard). Compare Canon's Yeoman's Tale, G 1413. T h e spirited simile contained in this stanza is somewhat like a French proverb cited by Diiringsfeld, 1. no. 7 4 1 : Quand orgueil chevauche ou va le galoppe, Daim et honte le suit en croppe. 229. A-fere, on fire!. 232-252. These lines on the power of love somewhat resemble Benoit's moralizing on the sudden and complete conquest of Achilles by the beauty of Polyxena, Troie 18443-59. Compare: Qui est qui vers Amors est sage ? Qo n'est il pas ne ne puet estre: En Amors a trop grevos maistre; T r o p par lit grevose leqon. £0 pa rut bien a Salemon. Compare also Filocolo 1.96-8. 237. Compare 3.1744-71 and note. 238. " N o man can undo, set at nought, the law of nature." Compare Usk, Testament of Love 3.1.129-30: " T r e w l y , lawe of kynde for goddes own lusty wil is verily to mayntene." Compare also Knight's Tale, A 1165-6: Love is a gretter lawe, by my pan, T h a n may be yeve to any erthly man.

C

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3

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241-247 · Compare Gower, Conf. Am. 6.78-9: It falleth that the moste wise Ben otherwhile of love adoted. Gower cites as examples of wise men in love: Solomon, Virgil, and Aristotle. Compare also Wife of Bath's Prologue, D 721-32, where Samson, Hercules, and Socrates are cited. 257-258. Compare the proverb: "Better to bow than break" (Hazlitt, 100) ; "Mieux vaut ployer que romp re" (Le Roux de Lincy, 2.349). Compare also 2.1387-9. 266. "I will return to it"; see NED s.v. Refer, 11. 270. "Whether she lived in the town of Troy, or at some country-seat in the region round about." 274. The α text apparently read: And sodeynly for wonder wax astoned. See variant readings. 281. Boccaccio, FiL 1.27, says: "Ell* era grande." Chaucer is following another authority; see 5.806 and note. 285. "And also the mere manner of her bodily movements"; see NED s.v. Pure, adj. 3. 292. Ascaunces i compare 1.205 a n d note. 297-298. Young (p. 169) cites a parallel from Boccaccio's Fiammetta, p. 9, "E gia nella mia mente essendo la effige della sua figura rimasa," and Benoit, Troie 17555. Compare also Boethius 5. m 4.1-15, 29-32 ; and see 3.1499. 299-331. Compare Boccaccio's account of his own falling in love with Fiammetta, Filocolo 1.5: "Ma dopo alquanto spazio . . . presi ardire, e intentivamente cominciai a rimirare ne' begli occhi dell' adorna giovane, ne' quali io vidi dopo lungo guardare Amore in abito tanto pietoso, che me, cui lungamente a mia istanza avea risparmiato, fece tornare . . . subietto." 300. He was glad to "draw in his horns," i.e. to lower his pre tensions, as the snail, when disturbed, draws in his horn-like tentacles; see NED s.v. Horn, 4 b. 306-307. The "spirit of the heart" is the "vital spirit." The "natural spirit" had its seat in the liver, the "animal spirit" in the brain. Medieval medicine supposed that these highly refined substances, or fluids, passed through the arteries, permeated the vital organs, and controlled their processes. The "vital spirit" Π 416 1

U^otes to ι. 241-359 controls pulse and breathing (Thorndike, History of Magic, 1 .6^8) · The phenomenon of vision was explained on the theory that a "spirit" passes from the brain to the eye through the optic nerve. From the eye it passes with marvelous celerity to the object seen, and thence back to the eye and brain (Thorndike, 2-33)· Thomas of Cantimpre explains that the rays proceeding from the eye of a wolf may so dry up the spiritus of a man that the power of speech will be taken from him (Thorndike, 2.385). TJie "subtil stremes" of Criseyde's eyes produce a similar effect on Troilus. "Right with hire look," the "vital spirit" of Troilus is so affected that his heart stops beating, and his breath fails. Compare Knight's Tale, A 1096-7. One is tempted to believe that Chaucer wrote not deyen but dreyen, dry up; but the MSS. offer no confirmation for such a conjecture. If deyen is an error, it goes back to Chaucer's own scribe. 313. "In order to maintain his usual manner of behavior"—as already described in lines 183-210. 316. Awkaped, stupefied; see NED s.v. AwhapeH, and Whaped. 320. Fille, pret. subj. of falle. 327. Borneth, polishes, brightens up; see NED s.v. Burn, vb. 2, H2Ph read unournitk, of which mourned of H4 seems to be a corruption. It would look as though β had read anornetk, adorns; see NED s.v, Anorn. 333· Hym tit, to him betideth; see NED s.v. Tide, vb. 1. 336-350. "The religious order to which you belong is governed by an excellent rule of life!" Troilus ironically develops the idea in the two succeeding stanzas. All the observances of the order are uncertain—except a few unimportant points—and yet your ordinance (lay) demands unremitting attention. One of the articles of the "rule" is that lovers must submit patiently to the unreasonable displeasure of their ladies. 349. Groyn, grumbling complaint; compare Knights Tale, A 2460, and see NED s.v. Groin, sb. 1. 353. "Love caught him as one catches birds, with bird-lime." Compare Wife of Bath's Tale, D 934 and see NED s.v. Lime, vb. 1-3· 359. "He seated himself on the foot of his bed." For the plural feet, compare Reeve's Tale, A 4213, where feet is authenticated by the rhyme. See also NED s.v. Foot, 5 a.

I 417 J

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363. And temple. Skeat, following the unique reading of Cl, prints a temple, i.e. in the temple. Globe, adopting the a reading in part only, prints in temple. See variant readings. And temple has overwhelming MS. attestation as the authentic revised read ing. It was, despite Cl and S2Dig, certainly the reading of γ; it is also supported among the β MSS. by JGgH3 · R substitutes at for and; Cx is noncommittal. 365. Compare Boethius, 5. m 4. 7-9 (gloss) : "Thilke Stoiciens wenden that the sowle hadde ben naked of itself, as a mirour or a clene parchemin." 384-385. Adapted from Fil. 1.36: Pensando, che amore a molti aperto Noia acquistava, e non gioia per merto. Chaucer has supplied the horticultural metaphor. 388. Arten y constrain; see NED s.v. Art, vb. 1. 393-399. For the name "Lollius," see Introd., pp. xxxvi-xl. Chaucer declares that, whereas his author, Lollius, gives only the "sentence" of the song, i.e. its general purport, he will give every word of it fully ("pleinly"), just as Troilus said it, except for the difference inr languages. Boccaccio merely says, Fil. 1 Al ι Equindilietosidiedeacantare Bene sperando. (Compare line 389 above.) The song in Chaucer, which has no counterpart in Boccaccio, is from Petrarch; see next note. 400-420. The Song of Troilus is closely translated from Petrarch, Sonnet 8.8 (Rima 133, Carducci) : S'amor non e, che dunque e quel ch'io sento? Ma, s'egli e Amor, per Dio che cosa e quale ? Se bona, ond' e l'effetto aspro mortale"? Se ria, ond' e si dolce ogni tormento ? S'a mia voglia ardo, ond' e Ί pianto e lamento S'a mal mio grado, U lamentar che vale ? O viva morte, 0 dilettoso male, Come puoi tanto in me, s'io no'l consento E s'io'l consento, a gran tort ο mi doglio. Fra si contrari venti in frale barca Mi trovo in alto mar, senza governo, C 418 π

Viotes to ι. 363-448 Si lieve di saver, d'error si carca, ChT medesmo non so quel ch'io mi voglio; E tremo a mezza state, ardendo il verno. Notice that Chaucer's stanza 58 corresponds to Petrarch's first quatrain, stanza 59 to the second, and stanza 60 to the sestet, except that line 410 seems to correspond to line 13 of the sonnet. Lines 406 and 419 have no parallels in the Italian. 409. Petrarch reads: "S'a mal mio grado," which in modern Italian would be "Se malgrado mio," (French, "Si malgre moi"), i.e. "If against my will." Chaucer's phrase suggests that the text before him may have read: "Se mal mi agrada." "If evil gives me pleasure." (For English agree in the sense of "give pleasure" see NED s.v. Agree, I), Chaucer's phrase seems to have troubled the scribes, see variant readings. (In the reading of JGgH^ etc. the first I must be interpreted as an exclamation; note that H5 reads ey.) 420. The corresponding line in Petrarch ("E tremo, etc.") means, "And I shiver in midsummer, burning in the spring." Chaucer's line suggests Petrarch, Rima 182.5 : Trem' al piu caldo, ard' al piu freddo cielo. For the antithesis of heat and cold, compare 1.523-5; 4 511; and Gower, Conf. A m. 6.249. 425-426. Chaucer is translating FiL 1.38: Non so s'io dico a donna, ovvero a dea A servir dato. Boccaccio may have been thinking of Virgil, A en. 1.327-8. Troilus's doubt is echoed by Palamon, when he first sees Emily; Knight's Tale, A 1101-2: I noot wher she be womman or goddesse; But Venus is it, soothly, as I gesse. Compare Tes. 3.13-14; but the passage in K.T. is nearer to Troilus than to Teseide. 435-448. Compare Rose (Langlois) 2339-57, where there is a similar playing with the idea of fire: E saches que dou regarder Feras toi^cuer frire e larder, Et tot ades en regardant Aviveras Ie feu ardent, etc. (2341-4.) C 419 3

Tfoiius ato, was a source of confusion to the scribes; see variant readings. 470. FiL 1.45 reads: L'aspre battaglie e gli stormi angosciosi Ch'Ettore e gli altri suoi frate' faceano. Chaucer's felle , cruel, dreadful, seems to translate angosciosi. Shoures, which seems to translate stormi , has its common M.E. sense of "attack, assault"; see NED s.v. Shower, sb. 1, 5. The whole line apparently means: "The sharp and dreadful assaults, of martial prowess the proof." 472. "Did not once make him move on their account," i.e. in emulation. 480-481. Chaucer's Squire also fought, In hope to stonden in his lady grace. (Prologue, A 88.) C 420 3

D^otes to ι. 449-630 483. The deth, the pestilence; see NED s.v. Death, 8. Compare prologue, A 605, and Pardoner's Tale, C 675. 517-518. Compare Fame 639-40: Although thou mayst go in the daunce Of hem that him [Love] list not avaunce. 523-525. From Fil. 1.^3: Fredda come al sereno interza il ghiaccio, Ed io qual neve al fuoco mi disfaccio. Compare 1.420; 4.511.

526-527. Chaucer's figure of the "port of death" is derived from Fil, 1-54 · Compare 1.606. 530. "For if my hidden sorrow be blown abroad." 532. There would seem to be a specific allusion to some medieval Dunciad; but I have not been able to identify it. 557. NED defines Attrition, in its' theological sense, as "An imperfect sorrow for sin, as if a bruising which does not amount to utter crushing (contrition) 'horror of sin through fear of punishment, without any loving sense, or taste of God's mercy' (•Hooker), while contrition has its motive in the love of God." 559. Skeat glosses Ieye on presse as "compress, diminish," and cites Prologue, A 81. Presse has rather, I think, the sense of "cupboard with shelves" (NED s.v. Press, sb. 1, 14; compare Miller's Tale, A 3212). The whole phrase would mean "shut up in the closet, lay on the shelf." 560. Holynesse, religious piety; see article by Tatlock, Studies in Philology 18.422-5 (1921). 569. The Brit. Mus. MS. of Filostrato (Addit. 2 I j 246) reads in 2.2.

Troyolo disse pandar qual fortuna t a qui condotto a vedermi qui languire.

This is nearer to Chaucer than Moutier's reading, "vedermi morire." 570. Refus, a participial adjective, "rejected, thrown aside as worthless"; see NED s.v. Refuse, adj., A. 617-618. In the Roman de la Rose, one is advised to have a friend to whom one can speak of one's love (Langlois 2686-716). 626. "That one whom excess causes to fare full evilly." 630. Compare the proverb: "A fool may give a wise man counts 421 ]

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sel" (Hazlitt, 13; Diiringsfeld 2. no. 151). See Rabelais, Pantaffruel 3.37 : "J'ay souvent ouy en proverbe vulguaire qu'un fol enseigne bien un saige." Compare 1.635 j 3.329. Fil. 2.10 reads: E benche l'uom non prenda buon consiglio, Donar Io puote nell' altrui periglio. 631-632. The spelling wheston for "whetstone" has overwhelming MS. authority. Hazlitt (p. 43) records the proverb; whetstone, though it can't itself cut, makes tools cut." 637. Compare Rose (Michel) 25582-5 : Ainsinc va des contraires choses. Les unes sunt des autres gloses, Et qui l'une en vuet defenir, De l'autre Ii doit sovenir. These lines from Rose follow closely on those quoted in the next note. 638-644. This stanza, which has no counterpart in Boccaccio, is based on Rose (Michel) 22562-74, where it is explained that the gourmand tries various dishes— Et set Ioer et set blasmer Liquex sunt dous, liquex amer, Car de plusors en a goustes. Ausinc sachies, et n'en doutes, Que qui mal essaie n'aura, Ja du bien gaires ne saura ; Et qui ne set d'onor que monte, Ja ne saura congnoistre honte; N'one nus ne sot quel chose est aise, S'il n'ot avant apris mesaise, etc. Compare 3.1212-20, and note on 3.1219-20. See also Piers Plow· man, C 21.209-21. 651. "It shall less injure thee"; see N E D s.v. Dere, vb. 653-655. The allusion is to Ovid's epistle of Oenone, Her. 5. 659-665. Apollo, as patron of the arts, is the inventor of medicine. Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum Doctrinale, Lib. 14, Cap. 1, says, citing "Ysidorus in libro ethy. iiij" : "Hujus artis invfentor apud Grecos (ut fertur) Apollo fuit. . . . Prima methodica in-

C^otes to ι. 631-707 venta est ab apolline." In Ovid, Her. 5.149-53, Oenone writes to Paris: Me miseram, quod amor non est medicabilis herbis! Deficior prudens artis ab arte mea. Ipse repertor opis vaccas pavisse Pheraeas Fertur et e nostro saucius igne fuit. (Pherae was the capital city of King Admetus, whom Apollo served as a herdsman.) In Boccaccio, Tes. 4.46 we read:

Siccome te alcuna volta Amore Costrinse il chiaro cielo abbandonare, E lungo Anfriso in forma di pastore Del grande Admeto gli armenti guardare; and in Tes. 3.25: Poiche Apollo, sentita Cotal saetta, che i succhi mondani Tutti conobbe, non seppe vedere Medela a se che potesse valere ? 674. Compare Knight's Tale, A 1133, That never, for to dyen in the peyne; and 3.1502. 687-688. "It is equally wrong to mistrust everyone, or to believe everyone." Compare Seneca, Ad Lucilium, Ep. 3.4: "Utrumque enim vitium est, et omnibus credere et nulli." 694-695. R has marginal gloss: "Salamon Ve soly"; and Sl: "Ve so. . . ." The reference is to Ecclesiastes 4.10: "Vae soli; quia cum ceciderit, non habet sublevantem se." 699-700. Niobe, weeping for her seven sons and seven daugh ters, slain by Apollo and Diana, was turned into a stone, "et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant." (Ovid, Met. 6.312.) Compare "Etiam nunc" and "yit." 701-707. The first three lines of this stanza follow closely the first three lines of FiL 2.13. The remainder of the stanza, which is not in Boccaccio, seems to reproduce Seneca, Ep. 99.26: "Quod enim est turpius quam captare in ipso luctu voluptatem, immo per luctum, et inter lacrimas quis specke, was altered to avoid the repetition of the phrase in 462. It may be of significance that, in 462, ADSi read of this thyng for of hire specke. 490. The β text substitutes a significant phrase for the color less tag of ay; see variant readings. 501-504. Boccaccio, at the corresponding stage of his story, says nothing of letters. In 503, the β text substitutes An hondred vers for Neigh half this book of ay. In Fil. 2.96-106, 121-7, Boccaccio gives in full letters which Chaucer (2.1065-851 1219-25) is content to summarize. The first of these letters consists of 88 verses. 510. The MSS., without exception, read fulfille, and hence give a faulty rhyme. Th emends to fulfelle. O.E. y (umlaut of u) is regularly represented by i in Chaucer (Ten Brink 10, β); but the Kentish form with e sometimes appears (Ten Brink 11, e).

L 471 1

Troilus & Criseyde Gower uses the form felle ("fill") in Conf. Am. 2.3448; 8.34. Compare Wild, p. 56, and in general for Chaucerian forms derived from O.E. y, Wild, pp. 49-70. 512. This line offers both syntactical and metrical difficulties. That seems to introduce a clause dependent on bifel in 511; but bifel is itself in a subordinate clause introduced by That. The That of 511, in its turn, resumes the That of 506. Pandarus is the subject of Hadde in 518. The whole passage, 505-18, is awkwardly involved. Metrically, Pandarus has the value of two syllables (note that HfePhR substitute Pandare). y has attempted to improve the line by omitting which, and JGgH5 by omitting that. 526-527. The arrangements kept, like hunters, on the leeward side of chattering magpies, who might discover and reveal the secret. A lette-game is a "spoil-sport"; compare Usk, Testament of Love 1.3.124. In the Manciple's Tale, a crow is the spoil-sport who reveals to the injured husband his wife's secret amours. For the magpie as a tell-tale, compare Fame 703; Parliament 345. 529. /?H3Si substitute wilde for the less familiar synonym fremed (see NED s.v. Fremd, 2, b). Note that H2PhGg corrupt fremed into frend. 531. The MSS. favor in this line the form weten rather than witen; see Wild, p. 344. 540. According to Benoit, theTe was in Troy a temple of Apollo near the gate of Timbree; in this temple was erected the tomb of Hector. See Troie 16635-44, and compare Guido, Historia sig. i 6, b, col. 1: Sepultura Hectons. 542-543. Skeat cites Ovid, Met. 1.566-7 : factis modo laurea ramis Adnuit 5 utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen. These lines conclude Ovid's account of Daphne, beloved of Apollo, who was metamorphosed into a laurel tree. The laurel was thus sacred ("holy") to Apollo; but I know of no authority for Chaucer's idea that Apollo speaks from out the tree. In the Knight's Tale, the temple doors "clatereden ful faste," and the statue of Mars made its armor ring before the response of the god (A 2422-31). So also the statue of Venus shakes after the prayer of Palamon (A 2265). 549-55 1 · The ckaungynge of the moone is the phase opposite C 472 1

otes /03.512-587 to that of full moon, when the Moon is in conjunction with the Sun, and is hence not visible. The sky was also overcast. The night would thus be a very dark one. So in Boccaccio, the first night of the lovers, though very differently managed, is on a dark and cloudy night (Fil. 3.24). 570. Pandarus's statement that Troilus is "out of towne" may have been suggested by the fact that, in Fit. 3.21, Troilo is actually away from the city ("alquanto di lontano"), when Criseida first finds an opportunity to summon him to her house. 572. Yow thurste, it were necessary for you. Out of the con fusion of forms given by the MSS., 1 adopt thurste as having the best attestation; see variant readings. The preterite-present verb tkarf early developed a variant thar (see NED s.v. Tharf, thar). The new preterite of tharf is thurfte (note readings of SiH5). From the alternative form thar was derived the new preterite thurte (note reading of D), and with intrusive s (perhaps on the analogy of dar, dorste) the form thurste. The latter form, with minor variations of orthography, is found in JH4GgH3A, and with metathesis of r in CpH 1. ClH2PhCxTh substitute forms of the verb dar, dorste, with which tharf, thar was early confused ; and R incorporates a gloss aghten. For the present tense, Chaucer seems to have used the form thar (cf. 2.1661, and see Wild, p. 348). This is the only instance in Chaucer of the preterite. (In Rose 1089 and 1324, where Skeat prints thurte, the authorities both read durst, though the context makes clear that a form of thar was intended.) The MSS. are also divided on the form of the accompanying pronoun; see variant readings. The citations in NED show that beside the older impersonal construction, with dative of person, there was an alternative use, with personal subject in the nominative. In 2.1661, the construction with dative hym is clearly attested. 575. Since the whole episode of the supper at the house of Pandarus is Chaucer's addition to the story, it is not strange that his "auctour" should be silent on this detail. This seems to be merely a literary device to suggest to the reader's mind a doubt as to Criseyde's sincerity. 587. I take trisie to be present indicative, and most the superlative; but it is possible that Chaucer wrote moste (pret. of moot) with infinitive triste. See variant readings.

C

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Troilus & Criseyde

593· The story of Tantalus is alluded to in Boethius 3. m 12.27; compare Ovid, Met. 4458. I reject the β reading lenger duelle, because dwelle is the rhyme word in 590. Note that J only partially incorporates the β reading. If an authentic revision, which 1 doubt, it is not a happy one. 596. For certein as noun, "a certain number," compare Miller's Tale , A 3193, and see NED s.v. Certain, B, 5. The men who accompanied Criseyde were doubtless servants. She is a lady of high station, attended by a numerous retinue. 601. A "stew" is a small heated room, sometimes specifically a room used for hot air or vapor baths; see NED s.v. Stew, sb. 2, 2 and 3. In Fil. 3.25, Troilo awaits Criseida's readiness "in certo luogo rimoto ed oscuro" of her house. In Filocolo (2.172) Florio, concealed in a neighboring room, watches the merry-making of Biancofiore and her companions "per piccolo pertugio"; see Introd., p. xxx. 608. I reject the reading of JH4S1CX as a clear case of error. Note the emendation of R. 609. Pandarus had provided every imaginable dainty. 614. Wade is a mythical hero of Teutonic legend, to whose magic boat Chaucer alludes in Merchant's Tale , E 1424. His story, which was apparently current in Chaucer's time, survives to us only in scattered allusions, and in a single episode of the Thidreks Saga (ed. Bertelsen, Copenhagen, 1905-11, pp. 73-80), where he is represented as a giant, the father of Wayland the Smith. For a discussion of the story, see article by K. Miillenhoff in Zeits. f. Deutsches Alterthum 6.62-9 (1848) entitled "Wado." Speght in his Chaucer ed. of 1598, commenting on the allusion in Merchant's Tale , says: "Concerning Wade and his bote called Guingelot, as also his strange exploits in the same, because the matter is long and fabulous, I passe it over." See also Skeat's note on Cant. Tales, E 1424 (Skeat refers to Thidreks Saga under the name Wilkina Saga). 617-623. Fortune is the agency which, under God, executes the decrees of weird, or fate. Compare Fortune 65-7 : Lo, thexecucion of the magestee That al purveyeth of his rightwisnesse, That same thing Fortune clepen ye, Ye blinde bestes, ful of lewednesse.

Π

474 1

!λ{otes to

3. 593-671

In Knight's Tale, A 1663-6, Destiny is the "ministre general" of divine providence. This conception of Fortune is to be traced to Dante, Inf. 7.78-80. Compare 5.1541-5 and note, where the lines from Dante are quoted. See also Boethius 4. pr 6.35-56; 5. m 1.13-16. The particular astrological influences of the high heav ens which, under God, brought about the tarrying of Criseyde are specified in lines 624, 625. Chaucer here accepts the orthodox opinion that astrological influences are subject to the will of God, and are, like Fortune, a means through which the divine providence is executed. We men. are too dull (like beasts) to understand astrological causes clearly; compare Man of Law's Tale, B 194-6. See T. O. Wedel, Mediaeval Attitude toward Astrology (Yale Studies in English, 60). 624-626. Bente moone, the new, crescent Moon ( compare 3.549, and Boethius, 1. m 5.6-7). The crescent Moon, Saturn, and Jupiter were in conjunction in the sign Cancer. If the moon is a pale crescent in the sign Cancer, the Sun must be in, or approaching, the next preceding sign, Gemini; and the time of year when Pandarus gave his supper party is clearly designated as May or early June. By Chaucer's calendar, the Sun entered Gemini on or about May 12. The conjunction supposed in these lines, a configuration of extremely rare occurrence, actually took place in May 1385. For a fuller discussion of the passage, see lntrod., pp. xvi-xviii. 640. Ron, rained. O.E. τϊηαη, properly a weak verb, was also inflected as a strong verb of Class i; with a preterite ran, which regularly developed into Chaucerian ron, with long open 0. The same form appears in 3.677 ; in 3.15571 the weak preterite reyned is used. See NED s.v. Rine,'vb. 2 and Rain, vb. 648. A game, i.e. on game, in jest. 659-668. The evening's merriment presumably took place in the great hall of Pandar's house. Criseyde is to sleep in a small inner room, a "closet," opening out of the hall. By drawing the traverse (3.674), the hall is divided into two rooms. Criseyde's attending women occupy the "myddel chaumbre," the curtained off portion of the hall nearest to Criseyde's "closet"; Pandarus proposes to sleep in the "outer hous," the farther portion of the curtained hall. 671. A cup of wine was the regular preliminary to going to bed; compare Prologue, A 819-20:

Π 475 3

c

Troilus & Criseyde

And therupon the wyn was fet anon; We dronken, and to reste wente echon, 674. The voide was "a collation of wine accompanied by spices, comfits, or the like, partaken of before retiring to rest"; the name is applied "with reference apparently to the withdrawing from a hall or chamber of those who were jiot to sleep there" (NED s.v. Voidee). NED quotes from Shirley's Dethe of King James, ed. 1818, p. 13: "Wlthyn an owre the Kyng askid the voidee, and drank, the travers yn the chambure edraw, and every man departid and went to rist." Compare Merchant's Tale, E 1817 :

Men drinken and the travers drawe anon. The travers was a curtain drawn across a room to partition off a portion of it for sleeping; see NED s.v. Traverse, sb., 13. 694-695. Compare Prologue, A 476: For she coude of that art the olde daunce. NED, s.v. Dance, sb., 5, quotes Cotgrave: "Elle scait assez de la vieille danse, she knowes well enough what belongs to the Game," Compare also Physician's Tale, C 79. 696. Kittredge (Language, -p. 109) suggests that alle thyng, "originally plural, became a stock phrase, of which the syntax was forgotten or obscured, so that even when a singular was used the plural form alle might be retained." 705. Seint Venus. Note that ay read blisful Venus. In 712, where βγ read blisful Venus, a reads seynt Venus. For the phrase compare Wife of Bath's Prologue, D 604. 7 1 1 . "To throw the gruel in the fire" is a proverbial phrase, meaning to end the business in failure; compare Richard the Redeless 2.50-2: Tyl 3e of 30ure dulnesse deseveraunce made, Thoru joure side signes that shente all the browet, And cast adoun the crokk the colys amyd. Compare the modern colloquial phrase, "To spill the beans." 715-732. This passage contains an interesting blending of mythology and astrology. Troilus prays first to Venus, as goddess of love, and as an astrological influence, favorable unless she was "combust or let" at his birth. He asks her to intercede with her father, Jupiter (who is astrologically benefic), to turn aside any evil planetary influence. Troilus next appeals to the gods C 476 1

U^otes to 3. 674-725 who are identified with the several planets: Jupiter, Mars, Apollo (the Sun), Mercury, Diana (the Moon). They are named in the order of their distance from the Earth according to the old astronomy (compare note on 3.1-2). Venus, whose place is between the Sun and Mercury, has already been invoked at the beginning of the prayer. Saturn, most distant from the Earth, is not invoked, since his influence is inalterably malefic, and since there is no Ovidian myth which relates any Saturnine amour. Detailed notes on the passage follow. 715-717· Mars and Saturn are malefic planets, whereas Jupiter and Venus are benefic. The term aspect is used to denote the angular distance of one planet from another, as seen from the Earth, and is measured in degrees of the zodiac. Literally, it is the way in which they look at one another. Thus, if two planets are 30 degrees or 60 degrees apart, they are said to be in "semisextile" or "sextile" aspect respectively; and these are benefic aspects. The "quartile" (90 degrees) and "semi-quartile" (4J degrees) are malefic or "bad" aspects, which bring evil to the person born under them. Saturn and Mars in quartile aspect form a very powerful influence for evil. A planet is said to be combust, i.e. burnt up, when it is within eight and a half degrees of the Sun. Venus, if combust, loses her benefic power. This power may be let, i.e. hindered, by an unfavorable position, or by receiving a bad aspect of another planet. Compare Knight'.· Tale, A 1087-90. 718. H4 glosses fader as iupiter; compare 3.3. 720-721. H4 has marginal gloss: "Methomorphoseos x°, hos tu care mihi." The reference is to Ovid, Met. 10.705. The story of Adonis is told in Met. 10.503-739. Compare Tes. 7.43 \ Knights Tale, A 2221-5. 722-723. H4 has marginal gloss: "Perlege methomorphoseos ij." The story of Europa is told by Ovid, Met. 2.833-75. 724. Mars, as god of war, is appropriately dressed in a "blody cope." The planet, as seen in the sky, has a reddish light; its astrological color is also red. 725. Cipres t Venus, the Cyprian; compare Fame 518. Th reads Cipria, and H5, substituting a gloss, reads Venus. In 5.208, Venus is called "Cipride." Troilus prays Mars, who has himself been in love with Venus, that he will not hinder him ("nought

t 477 1

Troilus & Criseyde me lette"). Since Mars is a malefic planet, he cannot help; but he may, by taking up a position in which his power is weakened, refrain from hindering. 726-728. H4 has marginal gloss: "Methomorphoseos i, Vix precatur prece finita, etc." This is an inaccurate citation of Met. 1.548, the line at which Daphne's metamorphosis into a laurel tree begins. The story of Daphne is told in Met. 1.452-567. 729-730. H4 has marginal gloss: "Methomorphoseos ij." The story of Herse, beloved of Mercury, is told by Ovid, Met. 2.708832. Herse's sister, Aglauros, incurred the enmity of Pallas. Pallas caused her to envy her sister Herse; and Mercury turned her to stone. Chaucer's statement that Mercury's love for Herse was the cause of the anger of Pallas against Aglauros is not correct. 733-735. H4 has marginal gloss: "Tres sorores fatales, Cloto 1 Lathesis, et Attropos. Una, Cloto, colum baiulat." The three Fates are a literary commonplace for which no definite source need be sought. Clotho and her sisters had spun for Troilus the thread of his fate, before any earthly cloth had been shaped to cover his body. Compare Legend 2629-30 : Sin first that day that shapen was my sherte, Or by the fatal sustren had my dom; and Knight's Tale, A 1566: That shapen was my deeth erst than my sherte. Compare also Lydgate, Complaint of Black Knight 489-90. For a full, though rather fanciful, discussion of these passages see L. A. Hibbard, "Chaucer's 'Shapen was my Sherte.' " Philological Quarterly (Univ. of Iowa) 1.222-4. Compare 4.1208, 1546;

S-3-7·

741-749. The trappe is a tTap-door, as is explicitly stated at line 759. Ordinarily a trap -door is in floor or ceiling; but, since there is no mention of any ladder, perhaps Chaucer is thinking of a secret door (see ay reading in line 759) in the panelling. The trap -door seems to open directly from the "stuwe," where Troilus is concealed, into Criseyde's bedroom. By this door, PandaTus enters, leading Troilus by a flap of his cloak (742). He first softly closes the door which communicates with the room where Criseyde's women are sleeping (749). Troilus, though in the

C 478 3

V^otes to 3. 726-836 room during the whole colloquy between uncle and niece, is not seen by Criseyde till line 953. 757. Benedicite. See note to 1.780. 764. Hazlitt (p. 269) cites this proverb in the form: "It is evil waking of a sleeping dog." For various forms of this widely current proverb, see Diiringsfeld, 2.110. 599. 775. "To give him a hood above his cap"; see NED s.v. Houve and s.v. Caul. The context shows that the phrase means "to deceive." Compare "sette his howve" (Cant. Tales, A 3911), which means "make him look ridiculous." 776. The reading of yH3SiThJCx is hypermetrical, and clearly wrong. The introduction of a second mene before while is an easy scribal blunder; but the corruption was apparently not present in the original at the time when the a MSS. were derived. I suspect that what we have is an authentic revision bungled by the scribe. "As love another in this meene while" would suit metre and context perfectly. Note that H4R preserve the a reading. 782. Oon of this world, i.e. unique. 783. On hym alonge, chargeable to him; see note to 2.1001. 787. Hypermnestra plans to have Lino escape from her room "out at this goter" (Legend 2703"), i.e. by help of the eavestrough ; see NED s.v. Gutter, sb. 1, 2. 791.1 shal, I owe. 797. Kittredge has pointed out (Language, p. 347) that the name Horaste is a.variant of Orestes. Gower, Conf. Am. 3.2176, calls Orestes "Horeste." Chaucer has invented, without any hint from his sources, this imaginary rival lover, and has chosen for him a name from classic story, just as he appropriated the name Antigone for Criseyde's niece. Sholden loven, are said to love. 808. The wicked spirit is that of jealousy; compare 3.837; 5.1212-14. See also Ftlocolo 1.259-60. 813-836. Criseyde's discussion of false felicity draws heavily on Boethius, 2. pr 4. 56-132: "The swetnesse of mannes welefulnesse is sprayned with many biternesses" (86, 87). "For why fui anguissous thing is the condicioun of mannes goodes; for either it cometh nat al togider to a wight, or elles it last nat perpetuel" (56-8). "What man thai: this toumbling welefulnesse (caduca ista felicitas) ledeth, either he woot that it is chaungeable, or

C 479 3

c

Hroilus

Criseyde

elles he woot it nat. And yif he woot it nat, what blisful fortune may ther be in the blindnesse of ignorance And yif he woot that it is chaungeable, he moot alwey ben adrad that he ne Iese that thing that he ne doubteth nat but that he may lesen it. . . . For which, the continuel dreed that he hath ne suffreth him nat to ben wcleful" (109-17). "How mighte than this present Iyf maken men blisful?" (130). With this speech of Criseyde 1 compare Arcite's speech in Knight's Tale, A 1255-67, and see B. L. Jefferson, Chaucer and Boethius 81-93. It is an effective piece of irony that Criseyde, who utters these stanzas, should in the end become herself the type of worldly joy unstable. 837. In 3.1010, Criseyde speaks of "jalousie . . . that wikked wyvere." In Ovid, Met. 2.768-77, Invidia eats "vipereas carries," and her tongue is suffused with venom. In Gower, Mirour de I'Omme 2641-5, Detraction, the first of the daughters of Envy, is compared to a snake in the grass. See also Mirour de I'Omme 3709-56. 839. Untriste i not trustful; see NED s.v. Trist, adj. 1 and Tristy, adj. 1. 850. A faire. Skeat glosses "a fair thing, excellent thing (sarcastically)." I think the word is rather to be referred to Fair, market, with some such sense as "a bad bargain"; but 1 have no citations in support of the conjecture. In 5.1840, "a faire" is used as type of the transitoriness of the world; see note on that passage. Note the reading of H5, αίί lost, which may be a substituted gloss. 853. Hl and H4 have marginal gloss: "Mora trahit periculum." This seems to be a proverb. Compare Havelok the Dane 1352: "Dwelling haveth ofte scajje wrouht." See also Lucan, Pharsalia 1.281: "Tolle moras; semper nocuit differre paratis." Drecchyng, delaying; see NED s.v. Dretch, vb. 2. 855. H4 has marginal gloss: "Omnia tempus habent." The quotation is from. Ecclesiastes 3.1. For the form alle, compare note to 3.696. 860. Benedicite. See note to 1.780. 861. The fieldfare is "a species of Thrush (Turdus pilaris), well known as a regular and common autumnal visitor through out the British Isles" (NED). At the end of winter, it migrates northward. The phrase "Farewell fieldfare" seems to be a proC 480 3

Notes to 3. 837-938 verbial expression, meaning "good-bye, I am done with you." It is so used in the Chaucerian Romaunt of the Rose 5510, where the French text has no corresponding phrase. 880. The final e of malice, protected by the caesura, is not elided; but note the reading of yi^SiTh. 885. Blue is the color of constancy; see NED s.v. Blue, 1, e. 890. "Hazel-woods shake," apparently a proverbial term of derision; compare 5.505. 891-892. For the magic properties of various stones, consult the index of Thorndike's History of Magic s.v. Gems. Apparently the power to bring the dead to life was beyond even the magic virtues of gems. 896. This line seems to be proverbial; but 1 have not been able to identify the proverb. 901. Feffe, present; see NED s.v. Feoff, and compare Boethius, 2. pr 3.44-5: "tho feffedest thou Fortune with glosinge wordes and deceivedest hir."

919. A t p r i m e f a c e , prima facie. 931-938. Dulcarnon is a medieval Latin corruption of an Arabic term meaning "two-horned," and hence a dilemma. Criseyde says she is in a dilemma, "at my wittes ende." Pandarus takes up the word and plays on the. fact that "Dulcarnon" was used as a name for the 47th proposition of the first book of Euclid (perhaps on account of the two-horned figure used in the demonstration). But he plays mistakenly; for he confuses the proposition called "Dulcarnon" with another (the 5th proposi tion of Book I, the "Pons Asinorum"), which was known as "Eleufuga" or "Fuga Miserorum." (H4 has marginal gloss: "Dulcarnon: fuga miserorum.") It is this phrase which Pandarus translates as "flemyng of wrecches," a "putting to flight of wretches." He goes on to explain that the Euclidian proposition is not really so hard; it puts wretched schoolboys to flight only because of their "verray slouthe" and other wilful "tecches" (moral blemishes, vices; see NED s.v. Tache, sb. 1). But Criseyde is wise; and the problem of conduct before her is neither hard, nor one reasonably to be balked. This explanation of Dulcarnon was given in part by Speght in the Annotations of his edition of 1598, who cites Alexander Neckam, De Naturis Rerum, Cap. 173 (Rolls Series, p. 295). It was extended by Skeat in Π 481 3

cFroilus

& Criseyde

Athenaeum, Sept. 23, 1871, p. 393, and in notes of Oxford Chau­ cer. See also NED s.v. Dulcarnon, where an allusion to the Chaucerian passage is cited from the works of More (1534). 936. Fecches, vetches, a variety of bean, used as something of little value. 957. Compare 3.81 and note. Chaucer permits himself the identical rhyme of heed, used figuratively of a bed (954), and heed in its literal sense; but see variant readings. 978. There was a fire-place in Criseyde's room; compare 3.1141. 979. Fond his contenaunce, made a show, pretended; see NED s.v. Countenance, sb., 2, b, c, d. 989-990. Compare Knight's Tale, A 1169. 1010. Wyvere, viper; see 3.837 and note. 1016-1019. Criseyde's questioning of divine justice suggests Boethius, l. m 5 ("O stelliferi conditor orbis"), particularly lines 22-35 metre. 1021. "That permittest undeserved jealousy." 1035. Compare 2.784 and note. 1046-1049. Criseyde proposes to establish her innocence by one of three methods: by ordeal, i.e. by some such test as plunging her arm into molten lead; by a solemn oath, in which she should assert her innocence and call down terrible penalties on herself in case she were swearing falsely; by sortilege, i.e. a solemn drawing of lots, in the faith that divine justice would so declare her innocence. For the part played by the first two of these methods in English jurisprudence, see Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law 2.595-9. Proof by ordeal was abolished by the Lateran Council of 1215; and the decree became at once effective in England, except for the continuance of ordeal by battle. Purgation by oath was still a customary procedure in Chaucer's time, and even now survives half seriously in various colloquial formulas of asseveration. Proof by drawing lots plays an important part in the story of George Eliot's Silas Marner. 1060-1061. The merry summer day which follows on a misty morning is proverbial; see Hazlitt, p. 3 I r : "A misty morning may have a fine day." Compare Tale of Beryn 3955-6: For aftir mysty cloudis Jjere comyth a clere sonne; So aftir bale comyth bote, whoso byde conne.

C

482 3

J^otes to 3. 936-1203 Compare also 1.951-2. 1064. " A f t e r sharp battles come victories"; see NED s.v. Shower, 5. 1067. T o T r o i l u s his lady's tears were no slight pain, such as being beaten with a stick. 1088-1089. Every spirit, i.e. the three "spirits" which, according to medieval physiology, controlled the bodily functions; see note to 1.306-7. Each of these "spirits" contracted (in knette) its vigor, as though stunned or oppressed. T h e result is a swoon. 1104-] 105. Compare 2.1272-3. 1113. Abreyde, come out (of his swoon) ; see NED s.v. Abraid, 2, and compare Clerk's Tale, E 1061. 1 1 1 5 . In ay, they wet his temples. 1120. Adawe, wake up, literally, d a w n ; see NED s.v. Adaw, vb. 1, l . 1154. She bar hym on honde, she maintained against him, i.e. accused him. Bere on honde seems to be a translation of the French main-tenir; see NED s.v. Bear, vb. 1 , 3 c. Hym is dative. 1155. Hire to fonde, to make trial of her; see NED s.v. Fand, 1. 1 1 6 1 . What Troilus said was of so little value that it would be dear at the price of a stalk of rush. For the rush as a type of worthlessness, see NED s.v. Rush, sb. 1, 2. Compare 3.1167. 1184. Supprised, seized, violently affected, from O.F. sousprendre, a variant of surprendre; see NED s.v. Supprise, 2. 1189. Pandarus "laid himself down to sleep," i.e. he went to his own bedroom. 1192-1193. Compare Filocolo 2.165-6: "dove Filocolo timido, come la gTu sotto il falcone, o la colomba sotto il rapace sparviere, dimorava." T h e circumstances are, however, quite different. 1194. "Regardless of whether, to a given reader, the tale may seem (sweet as) sugar or (bitter as) soot." Compare Usk, Testament of Love 2.9.37-9: " a l sugre and hony . . . ben but soot and galle in comparison"; and Political Songs (Camden Society, Vol. 6 ) , p. 1 9 5 : " H i t falleth the K y n g of Fraunce bittrore then the sote." {NED s.v. Soot.) 1199. Chaucer's appeal to the old books of the clerks is delightfully ironic. Boccaccio's heroine (Fil. 3.32) does not tremble with fear. 1203. T h e "bryghte goddes sevene" are the seven planets,

n 483 3

cTroilus

& Criseyde

which control our destiny. The phrase is repeated in Envoy to Scogan 3. The reading blisful for bryghte found in ySiTh is certainly corrupt. 1204. Troilus has passed through Purgatory into Heaven. 1212-1215. Compare the proverb: "Bitter pills may have sweet effects" (Hazlitt, p. 104). 1219-1220. Compare Alanus de lnsulis, Liber Parabolarum, ed. Migne, col. 592: Dulcius haerescunt humano mella palato, Si malus hoc ipsum mordeat ante sapor. See also Boethius, 3. m 1.4-5: "Hony is the more swete, yif mouthes han first tasted savoures that ben wikkid." Compare 1.638-44 and note. 1230-1232. Bytrent and writhe are both present indicative, the termination -etk being absorbed in the dental which ends the word. Bytrent means "winds about"; see NED s.v. Betrend. The tree and vine as a figure for a close embrace is a literary commonplace; see Ovid, Met. 4.365; Dante, Inf. 25.58-60; Petrarch, Sonn. 277.8; Filocolo 1.262. 1235. "When she hears any shepherd speak." 1241. Moste, pret. subj. with present meaning, indicating a weaker obligation than the present mot·, see Wild, p. 350. Note that ay read mot. 1255-1257. Venus is astrologically a benevolent ("wel-willy") planet. Note the blending of mythology and astrology. Dante, Purg. 27.95, applies the name "Citerea" to the planet Venus. 1258. Hymenaeus, or Hymen, patron of marriage. H4 in margin of line 1261 has gloss: "Hemaneus deus vinculorum." 1261. Compare 3.1744-71 and note. 1262-1267. Chaucer's lines are modelled on Dante, Par. 33. !3-18: Donna, sei tanto grande e tanto vali, Che qual vuol grazia ed a te non ricorre, Sua disianza vuol volar senz' ali. La tua benignita non pur soccorre A chi domanda, ma molte fi'ate Liberamente al domandar precorre. Dante's lines are addressed to the Blessed Virgin; Chaucer transC 484 1

CN^otes to 3. 1204-1341 fers them to the praise of Love. Lines 1266-7 resemble Chaucer's A.B.C. 180: That, nere thy tender herte, we weren spilt. 1282. Compare Knighis Tale, A 3089, For gentil mercy oghte to passen right, tvhere Theseus urges Emily to show her "wommanly pitee" to the faithful Palamon; and Legend, Prol. B 161-2: Yet Pitee, through his stronge gentil might, Forgaf, and made Mercy passen Right. The language of courtly love has transferred to its own use the theological opposition of divine mercy and strict justice. Com pare Psalm 84.11: "Misericordia et Veritas obviaverunt sibi: justitia et pax osculatae sunt." See also Usk 5 Testament of Love 3·1"133-71291.1 retain the ay reading in this line because the β reading, though possibly originating in an authentic revision, is in the existing β MSS. clearly corrupt. As found in JRCx, it is unmetrical; and the reading how that of H3H4 seems to be a not very happy scribal emendation. Note the other variant readings. 1310. From here to the end of Book III, Chaucer follows, though freely and with numerous additions, Fit. 3.31-73, 90-3. 1316. Compare FiL 3.32: D'amor sentzron l'ultimo valore; but Chaucer has either misunderstood, or deliberately changed, the meaning of the Italian line. 1323. Between lines 1323 and 1324, αγΤΚ insert stanzas 201 and 202. See note on 3.1401-14. Since Skeat and Globe follow the αγ arrangement, I have, for convenience of comparison, given in parentheses the line-numbering of Skeat's text for the whole passage affected by the shift. 133°. From FiL 3.34: O t'ho io in braccio, 0 sogno, 0 se' tu desso ? 1341. Compare FiL 3.36: Voi mi tenete e sempre mi terrete, Occhi miei bei, nell'amorosa rete. C 485 3

c Troilus

& Criseyde

1346· yTha read an hondred. The reading a thousand is nearer to FiL 3.37 : "mille sospiri." 1352-1358. This stanza has no counterpart in Filostrato. In Filocolo (2.181) Florio solemnly espouses Biancofiorewitharing 1 which she had previously given to him. Tlie lovers then leave the bed, and exchange formal vows before the image of Cupid. The gift of the ring symboli2es the fact that Florio regards the lady not as "arnica," but as "inseparabile sposa." No such significance attaches to the episode in Chaucer. The interchange of rings is a commonplace of the ritual of love, for which no definite source can be assigned. l SSS· Scripture, inscription, or motto, engraved on the rings; see NED s.v. Scripture, 3. 1359^372. From Fil. 3.38-9. 1361. Mokre and crecche, hoard and scrape together; see NED s.v.Mucker, vb. l,and compare Boethius, 2.pr 5. 11: "for avarice maketh alwey mokereres to ben hated." The verb is apparently derived from Muck, dung, contemptuously applied to accumulated wealth. I adopt the reading crecche, though attested only by the unreliable authority of GgH5, as best fitting the context, and serving best to explain the MS- variants. It is a dialectal variant of cracche; see NED s.v. Cratch, vb., 2, and note particularly the citation of Thomas Becon (1564), Wks. Pref. (1843) 26: "He that doth nothing but rake and take, cratch and snatch, keep and sweep all that he can get." The meaning "scrape together" continues and extends the idea of mokre. A scribe, unfamiliar with the form, might easily misread the initial c as a