Beginning Oracle SQL: for Oracle Database 12c [3rd New edition] 9781430265566, 1430265566

Table of contents :
Contents at a Glance......Page 3
Contents......Page 414
About the Authors......Page 426
About the Technical Reviewer......Page 428
Acknowledgments......Page 429
Introduction......Page 4
1.1 Information Needs and Information Systems......Page 7
Entities and Attributes......Page 8
Generic vs. Specific......Page 9
Consistency, Integrity, and Integrity Constraints......Page 10
Data Modeling Approach, Methods, and Techniques......Page 11
Information Systems Terms Review......Page 12
Kernel......Page 13
DBMS Tools......Page 14
1.4 Relational Database Management Systems......Page 15
Tables, Columns, and Rows......Page 16
Keys......Page 17
Missing Information and Null Values......Page 18
1.6 Relational Operators......Page 19
1.7 How Relational Is My DBMS?......Page 21
1.8 The Oracle Software Environment......Page 22
1.9 Case Tables......Page 23
The ERM Diagram of the Case......Page 24
Table Descriptions......Page 25
2.1 Overview of SQL......Page 29
Data Manipulation and Transactions......Page 30
Retrieval......Page 31
Security......Page 32
Privileges and Roles......Page 33
GRANT and REVOKE......Page 34
Constants (Literals)......Page 35
Arithmetic Operators......Page 37
Logical Operators......Page 38
Functions......Page 39
Comments......Page 40
Installing and Configuring SQL Developer......Page 41
Connecting to a Database......Page 45
Exploring Objects......Page 46
Schema Browser......Page 47
Entering Commands......Page 48
Run Statement......Page 49
Run Script......Page 50
Saving Commands to a Script......Page 51
Running a Script......Page 52
Exporting Your Data......Page 55
User-Defined Reports......Page 56
Tuning Your SQL......Page 58
Writing PL/SQL......Page 60
Running PL/SQL Code for Testing......Page 61
Debugging Code to Find Errors......Page 62
Data Modeller......Page 64
3.1 Schemas and Users......Page 65
3.2 Table Creation......Page 66
Character Datatype......Page 67
Date Datatype......Page 68
3.4 Commands for Creating the Case Tables......Page 69
3.5 The Data Dictionary......Page 70
4.1 Overview of the SELECT Command......Page 75
4.2 The SELECT Clause......Page 76
Column Aliases......Page 77
The DISTINCT Keyword......Page 78
Column Expressions......Page 79
The DUAL Table......Page 80
4.3 The WHERE Clause......Page 81
4.4 The ORDER BY Clause......Page 82
The OR Operator......Page 85
The AND Operator and Operator Precedence Issues......Page 87
The NOT Operator......Page 88
The BETWEEN Operator......Page 89
The IN Operator......Page 90
The LIKE Operator......Page 91
4.7 CASE Expressions......Page 92
4.8 Subqueries......Page 95
When a Subquery Returns Too Many Values......Page 96
Comparison Operators in the Joining Condition......Page 97
When a Single-Row Subquery Returns More Than One Row......Page 98
Null Value Display......Page 99
The Nature of Null Values......Page 100
The IS NULL Operator......Page 101
Null Values and the Equality Operator......Page 102
Null Value Pitfalls......Page 103
4.10 Truth Tables......Page 104
4.11 Exercises......Page 105
5.1 Overview of Functions......Page 107
5.2 Arithmetic Functions......Page 109
5.3 Text Functions......Page 112
5.4 Regular Expressions......Page 115
Regular Expression Operators and Metasymbols......Page 116
Influencing Matching Behavior......Page 117
REGEXP_LIKE......Page 118
REGEXP_REPLACE......Page 119
5.5 Date Functions......Page 120
ROUND and TRUNC......Page 121
MONTHS_BETWEEN and ADD_MONTHS......Page 122
5.6 General Functions......Page 123
DECODE......Page 124
5.7 Conversion Functions......Page 125
TO_NUMBER and TO_CHAR......Page 126
Conversion Function Formats......Page 127
CAST......Page 129
5.8 Stored Functions......Page 130
Function in WITH Clause of Query......Page 131
5.9 Exercises......Page 132
Chapter 6: Data Manipulation......Page 134
Standard INSERT Commands......Page 135
INSERT Using Subqueries......Page 137
6.2 The UPDATE Command......Page 140
6.3 The DELETE Command......Page 142
6.4 The MERGE Command......Page 145
6.5 Transaction Processing......Page 147
Read Consistency......Page 149
7.1 The CREATE TABLE Command......Page 151
7.2 More on Datatypes......Page 153
Comparison Semantics......Page 154
7.3 The ALTER TABLE and RENAME Commands......Page 155
Out-of-Line Constraints......Page 158
Constraint Definitions in the Data Dictionary......Page 160
Case Table Definitions with Constraints......Page 161
A Solution for Foreign Key References: CREATE SCHEMA......Page 163
Deferrable Constraints......Page 164
7.5 Indexes......Page 165
Bitmap Indexes......Page 166
Index Management......Page 167
7.6 Performance Monitoring with SQL Developer AUTOTRACE......Page 169
7.7 Sequences......Page 172
7.8 Synonyms......Page 173
7.9 The CURRENT_SCHEMA Setting......Page 175
7.10 The DROP TABLE Command......Page 176
7.11 The TRUNCATE Command......Page 177
7.12 The COMMENT Command......Page 178
7.13 Exercises......Page 179
8.1 Tuple Variables......Page 181
8.2 Joins......Page 183
Equijoins......Page 184
Non-equijoins......Page 185
Joins of Three or More Tables......Page 186
Self-Joins......Page 187
8.3 The JOIN Clause......Page 188
Natural Joins......Page 189
Equijoins on Columns with the Same Name......Page 190
8.4 Outer Joins......Page 191
New Outer Join Syntax......Page 192
Outer Joins and Performance......Page 193
8.5 The GROUP BY Component......Page 194
Multiple-Column Grouping......Page 195
8.6 Group Functions......Page 196
Group Functions and Duplicate Values......Page 197
Grouping the Results of a Join......Page 198
The COUNT(*) Function......Page 199
Valid SELECT and GROUP BY Clause Combinations......Page 201
HAVING Clauses Without Group Functions......Page 202
A Classic SQL Mistake......Page 203
Grouping on Additional Columns......Page 204
GROUP BY ROLLUP......Page 206
CUBE, ROLLUP, and Null Values......Page 207
The GROUPING_ID Function......Page 208
8.9 Partitioned Outer Joins......Page 210
8.10 Set Operators......Page 212
8.11 Exercises......Page 214
9.1 Subqueries Continued......Page 216
The ANY and ALL Operators......Page 217
Rewriting SQL Statements Containing ANY and ALL......Page 218
Correlated Subqueries......Page 219
Subqueries Following an EXISTS Operator......Page 221
EXISTS, IN, or JOIN?......Page 222
NULLS with NOT EXISTS and NOT IN......Page 224
9.2 Subqueries in the SELECT Clause......Page 225
9.3 Subqueries in the FROM Clause......Page 226
9.4 The WITH Clause......Page 227
9.5 Hierarchical Queries......Page 229
START WITH and CONNECT BY......Page 230
LEVEL, CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE, and CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF......Page 231
Hierarchical Query Result Sorting......Page 232
9.6 Analytic Functions......Page 234
Partitions......Page 236
Function Processing......Page 238
9.7 Row Limiting......Page 240
9.8 Flashback Features......Page 242
AS OF......Page 243
VERSIONS BETWEEN......Page 244
FLASHBACK TABLE......Page 245
9.9 Exercises......Page 246
10.1 What Are Views?......Page 248
10.2 View Creation......Page 249
Creating a View from a Query......Page 250
Getting Information about Views from the Data Dictionary......Page 251
10.3 What Can You Do with Views?......Page 253
Simplifying Data Retrieval......Page 254
10.4 Data Manipulation via Views......Page 256
Updatable Join Views......Page 258
Nonupdatable Views......Page 259
Inserting Invisible Rows......Page 260
Preventing These Two Scenarios......Page 261
Constraint Checking......Page 262
10.6 Views and Performance......Page 263
10.7 Materialized Views......Page 264
Properties of Materialized Views......Page 265
Query Rewrite......Page 266
10.9 Invisible Columns......Page 267
10.10 Exercises......Page 268
Chapter 11: SQL*Plus Basics and Scripting......Page 270
Entering Commands......Page 271
Using the SQL Buffer......Page 272
Using an External Editor......Page 273
Using the SQL*Plus Editor......Page 274
Using SQL Buffer Line Numbers......Page 277
Using the Ellipsis......Page 278
Saving Commands......Page 279
Running SQL*Plus Scripts......Page 281
Specifying Directory Path Specifications......Page 282
Adjusting SQL*Plus Settings......Page 283
Executing Commands from the Operating System......Page 287
SQL*Plus Substitution Variables......Page 288
SQL*Plus User-Defined Variables......Page 291
User-Friendly Prompting......Page 292
SQL*Plus System Variables......Page 293
11.3 Bind Variables......Page 298
Bind Variables in SQL Statements......Page 299
Script Execution......Page 300
Script Parameters......Page 302
SQL*Plus Commands in Scripts......Page 303
11.5 Report Generation with SQL*Plus......Page 305
The SQL*Plus COLUMN Command......Page 306
The SQL*Plus TTITLE and BTITLE Commands......Page 309
The SQL*Plus BREAK Command......Page 310
The SQL*Plus COMPUTE Command......Page 313
The Finishing Touch: SPOOL......Page 315
HTML in SQL*Plus......Page 316
What Is a SQL*Plus Script?......Page 319
Capturing and Using Input Parameter Values......Page 320
Mechanism 2: Bind Variables......Page 321
Handling Error Conditions......Page 322
SQL*Plus Error Logging......Page 324
11.8 Exercises......Page 325
12.1 More Datatypes......Page 326
Methods......Page 327
Creating the Array......Page 328
Querying Array Columns......Page 330
Creating Table Types......Page 332
Populating the Nested Table......Page 333
Querying the Nested Table......Page 334
Creating User-Defined Types......Page 335
Showing More Information with DESCRIBE......Page 336
Which SQL Multiset Operators Are Available?......Page 337
Preparing for the Examples......Page 338
Using POWERMULTISET......Page 339
Using MULTISET UNION......Page 340
12.6 Exercises......Page 341
ERM Diagram......Page 343
Table Structure Descriptions......Page 344
Columns and Foreign Key Constraints......Page 345
Contents of the Seven Tables......Page 346
Hierarchical Employees Overview......Page 350
Course Offerings Overview......Page 351
Chapter 4 Exercises......Page 353
Chapter 5 Exercises......Page 362
Chapter 7 Exercises......Page 367
Chapter 8 Exercises......Page 369
Chapter 9 Exercises......Page 378
Chapter 10 Exercises......Page 386
Chapter 11 Exercises......Page 388
Chapter 12 Exercises......Page 392
Index......Page 396