Australian personal property securities law [2nd edition.] 9780409342635, 0409342637, 9780409342642, 0409342645

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Australian Personal Property Securities Law Second Edition

Anthony Duggan Honourable Frank H. Iacobucci Chair, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto Professorial Fellow, Melbourne Law School

David Brown Associate Professor and Co-Director, Regulation of Corporations Insolvency and Taxation Unit, Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide

LexisNexis Butterworths Australia

2016

AUSTRALIA

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LexisNexis, Miamisburg, OHIO National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Title: Edition:

Duggan A J. Australian personal property securities law. 2nd edition. 9780409342642 (hbk). ISBN: 9780409342635 (pbk). 9780409342659 (ebk). Notes: Includes index. Security law — Australia. Personal property Subjects: — Australia Other Authors/Contributors: Brown, David. Dewey Number: 346.940666 © 2016 Reed International Books Australia Pty Limited trading as LexisNexis. First edition, 2012. This book is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro and Univers LT Std. Printed in China. Visit LexisNexis Butterworths at www.lexisnexis.com.au

Foreword to the First Edition The modern law of secured transactions in personal property began, as one would expect, in the United States with the appearance, some 60 years ago, of Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. This was the first formulation of principles and rules to adopt a unitary concept of “security interest” based on function rather than form and abolishing the distinction between security in the traditional sense and title-retention devices serving a security purpose. Brilliant in its conception it became adopted throughout the United States and was imported into Canada in the shape of Personal Property Security Acts, similar legislation being adopted by New Zealand in 1999 and Australia a decade later. New Zealand had the advantage of being a unitary jurisdiction, whereas the other three countries had to produce legislation that would replace a myriad of State or Provincial laws. Each jurisdiction, though following the Article 9 template, has reworked the text to fit its own conditions, an unsurprising development given that the amount of detail now loaded into Article 9 has made it almost impenetrable for all but the specialist. If Article 9 is unrivalled for its complexity, the Australian PPSA is unmatched for its length, running to an amazing 343 sections, incorporating numerous amendments since it was first enacted. The adoption of the Act is in no small measure due to the dogged and Herculean efforts of the late Professor David Allan, who alas did not live to see the culmination of his endeavours. Faced with such a massive piece of legislation practising lawyers, banks and others involved with personal property security will find themselves in need of an up-to-date fully comprehensive guide through the statutory provisions. Happily one is at hand. Australian Personal Property Securities Law, available in both book and electronic form, is a work of astonishing erudition. Written by two outstanding scholars, Professors Anthony Duggan, of the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, and David Brown of the University of Adelaide Law School, it takes the reader step by step through what are often complex, and sometimes controversial, provisions, noting significant departures from comparable legislation elsewhere and combining

rigorous legal analysis with a deep understanding of secured transactions practice and of the economic rationale of personal property security. Instead of plunging the reader straight into an examination of the Act the book takes time to explain the pre-Act state of the law and the forms of security then in use, following the example of Grant Gilmore in his great two-volume work Security Interests in Personal Property. The two authors are equally at home with the New Zealand and Canadian legislation, which enables them to identify all the more readily the strengths and weaknesses of the Australian PPSA. Replete with helpful examples this work, in explaining the statutory provisions with great clarity, addresses typical problems and offers practical solutions. In short, it is a book which caters equally for the needs of the scholar and the practising lawyer. It is an indispensable vade mecum for those involved or interested in the subject and I have no doubt that it will enjoy great success. Roy Goode Oxford 28 July 2012

Preface to the First Edition The Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth) (PPSA), which came into effect on 30 January 2012,1 is a wholesale reform of the law governing secured transactions in personal property and it represents a major step in the development of Australian commercial law. The PPSA affects a wide range of transactions across the commercial spectrum: bank lending, inventory financing, accounts receivable financing, retail and consumer sales, investment dealings and so on. Correspondingly, the PPSA impacts on many aspects of commercial law including banking law, the law of mortgages (as it applies to personal property), sale of goods law, hire-purchase law, intellectual property law, the law relating to assignments, the law of restitution, insolvency law and last, but by no means least, property law. Given the sweep of the statute, it will be impossible for anyone practising, adjudicating or studying in any field of commercial law to avoid for long the task of coming to grips with the new law. Our aim in writing this book is to help ease the transition by providing an accessible but comprehensive account of the reforms. The PPSA is based in part on Canadian provincial legislation which, in turn, derives from Article 9 of the United States Uniform Commercial Code.2 Article 9 is a model statute drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in collaboration with the American Law Institute and it has been adopted in all States. The result is that United States secured lending law, although primarily a State responsibility, is substantially uniform throughout the country. The same is true in Canada. All the common law provinces and territories have enacted personal property security statutes which, with the exception of the Ontario PPSA,3 are based substantially on a model statute drafted by the Western Canada Personal Property Security Act Committee (now the Canadian Conference on Personal Property Security Law). The Ontario PPSA shares many common features with the Model Act, but there are quite a number of differences in the details.4 New Zealand enacted a personal property securities statute in 1999.5 The New Zealand PPSA closely follows the text of the Canadian Model PPSA, as enacted in

the province of Saskatchewan.6 Australia has elected to take a more free-wheeling approach. The Australian PPSA takes the Canadian Model statute as its starting point, but it departs from the model in numerous significant respects in terms of both drafting and substance. On the other hand, it would be a mistake to treat the Australian PPSA as sui generis and to insist on reading the statute as if it bore no relation to its North American counterparts. The truth is that many of the PPSA’s provisions cannot be properly understood without referring back to either the Canadian Model Act or Article 9 and, with this point in mind, we have incorporated frequent cross-references throughout the book to other statutes in the growing PPSA world family, including the Canadian PPSAs, the New Zealand PPSA and, of course, Article 9. We also draw frequently on cases from these other jurisdictions, Canada in particular, as a means of identifying issues that are likely to arise in Australia and providing some guidance as to how Australian courts might approach them. For ease of exposition, we have used the Saskatchewan version of the Canadian Model PPSA as our main point of reference for Canadian law and this is the reason for the frequent citations throughout the book to the Saskatchewan PPSA. The Saskatchewan PPSA was the logical choice for this purpose, given that it was the model for the New Zealand PPSA and the inspiration, if not quite the model, for the Australian statute. The PPSA is a novel and complex statute and the reader’s first, or even second and subsequent, encounters with it may be a daunting experience. Unlike the ordinary run of statutes, it is not possible to read the PPSA from cover to cover and come away with a working knowledge of what it is about. The PPSA has its own internal logic which requires mastery before its secrets can be unlocked. The key concepts of attachment and perfection and the relationship between them are part of this logic. Attachment and perfection are simply old wine in new bottles, in other words, they are no more than new and economical means of expressing wellestablished common law principles. But there is a tendency for the novelty of the expressions to mask the familiarity of the ideas they represent and this can be offputting for newcomers to the statute. The various PPSA priority rules and the relationship between them are another frequent source of confusion. The rules are for the most part easy to apply in practice, but they can be hard to understand in the abstract. We have attempted to compensate for the PPSA’s abstractions and complexities by framing each chapter of the book around a series of short practical examples designed to illustrate the application of particular provisions. We have also tried, as far as possible, to identify and explain the policies underlying the different parts of the statute. Policy considerations loom large in the PPSA context because,

whereas pre-PPSA law depended to a great extent on doctrinal distinctions between forms of secured transaction, the PPSA is openly policy-driven. It follows that much of the statute is difficult to understand without an appreciation of the policy objectives the law makers had in mind. In this connection, the PPSA is very much in the tradition of American legal realism, inherited from Article 9, and it may require some adjustment on the part of readers who are more accustomed to formalism in legal analysis. The division of labour between us was as follows: Tony Duggan wrote Chapters 1–11, 12.1–12.73 of Chapter 12, Chapter 14 and Chapter 17; David Brown wrote 12.74–12.80 of Chapter 12, and Chapters 13, 15 and 16. Earlier versions of Chapters 6 and 8 were published, respectively, in the Melbourne University Law Review and the Sydney Law Review.7 We are grateful to the Melbourne University Law Review and the Sydney Law Review for permission to re-publish. We also owe a substantial debt to Bruce Whittaker (Ashurst, Melbourne) who took collegiality to a new level by generously reading a substantial part of the manuscript in draft and making numerous invaluable comments. Last, but certainly not least, we would like to thank Emma Hutchinson and her production team at LexisNexis Butterworths for their efficiency in pushing this project through the pre-publication process at lightning speed and our copy editor, Megan Hutchison, for her superb work on the manuscript. Needless to say, all errors are ours. Anthony Duggan David Brown 31 July 2012

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Or, to be precise, at 11.59 pm on 29 January 2012. United States Uniform Commercial Code — Secured Transactions [Article 9]. Personal Property Security Act, RSO 1990, c P-10 (Ontario PPSA). For a fuller account, see Ronald C C Cuming, Catherine Walsh and Roderick J Wood, Personal Property Security Law, Irwin Law, Toronto, 2005, pp 8–11. Personal Property Securities Act 1999 (NZ) (New Zealand PPSA). Personal Property Security Act, RSS 1993, c P-6.2 (Saskatchewan PPSA). Anthony Duggan ‘A PPSA Registration Primer’ (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 865; ‘Romalpa Agreements Post-PPSA’ (2011) 33 Sydney Law Review 645.

Preface to the Second Edition It is three years since the publication of the first edition of this book and close to four years since the Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth) (PPSA) commenced operation. Undoubtedly, the most significant development since the PPSA came into force was the release, on 18 March 2015, of the Statutory Review Report mandated by PPSA s 343.1 The Report is 530 pages long and makes 349 recommendations for improving the statute and the register. We have incorporated in this new edition comprehensive references to the Statutory Review’s recommendations, along with critical analysis where appropriate. PPSA case law is starting to emerge and there are encouraging signs that that the courts will be open to looking at Canadian and New Zealand PPSA cases and secondary materials as guides to decision-making in the Australian context. There may have been some grounds for concern on this front in the early days of the legislation because the Australian PPSA is different in so many respects from the Canadian and New Zealand versions, and the courts might have taken the view that these differences make it unsafe to rely on Canadian and New Zealand sources. Fortunately, at least in some of these early cases, the courts appear to have been able to separate the similarities from the differences and to identify where the overseas authorities might be relevant. Perhaps the most important decision to date is Re Maiden Civil (P&E) Pty Ltd,2 where the court, relying extensively on Canadian and New Zealand case law and secondary sources, clarified the meaning of the attachment provisions (PPSA s 19) in their application to leases and also discussed various other provisions. Other interesting cases include Warehouse Sales Pty Ltd (in liq) v LG Electronics Australia Pty Ltd3 and Re Renovation Boys Pty Ltd,4 both dealing with the buyer in ordinary course provision (PPSA s 46); Re Arcabi Pty Ltd,5 dealing with the application of the statute to commercial consignments and Central Cleaning Supplies (Aust) Pty Ltd v Elkerton6 (on the application of the transitional provisions in PPSA Ch 9 to standard form retention of title arrangements). These cases are all discussed

in the text. Also referred to are: Citadel Finance Corporation Pty Ltd v Elite Highrise Services Pty Ltd (No 3)7 (acceptance of security agreement by conduct); Dura (Australia) Constructions Pty Ltd v Hue Boutique Living Pty Ltd8 and Sandhurst Golf Estates Pty Ltd v Coppersmith Pty Ltd9 (application of statute limited to security interests created by agreement); Future Revelation Ltd v Medica Radiology & Nuclear Medicine Pty Ltd10 (application of seriously misleading error provisions in PPSA ss 164 and 165); Pozzebon v Australian Gaming and Entertainment Ltd11 (perfection by registration); Relux Commercial Pty Ltd v Doka Formwork Pty Ltd12 (attachment; acceptance of security agreement by conduct); SFS Projects Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Personal Property Securities (No 2)13 (Registrar’s power to restore data incorrectly removed from the register); White v Spiers Earthworks Pty Ltd14 (constitutionality of PPSA s 276); NCO Finance Australia Pty Ltd v Australian Pacific Airports (Melbourne) Pty Ltd15 (priorities between competing transitional security interests); and Federal Republic of Brazil v Durant International Corporation 16 (a Privy Council case on the doctrine of tracing). There has also been a significant number of cases dealing with the application of s 588FL of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (effectiveness of an unperfected or late perfected security interest in a company’s insolvency proceedings). The more important of these cases are discussed in Chapter 13 of the text (Insolvency Law and the PPSA). Apart from discussion of, or reference to, the cases mentioned above, there are also frequent references in the text to the growing body of Australian journal literature on the PPSA, with critical analysis where appropriate. Parts of the text, in particular Chapters 5 (Perfection), 6 (Registration) and 10 (Transfers of Collateral) have been substantially rewritten to incorporate discussion of points that have occurred to us, or been drawn to our attention, since the first edition, to reflect changes in our thinking on certain issues and to improve the flow of the discussion. On 15 May 2015, Australia acceded to the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment (aircraft), and legislation giving effect to the Convention in Australia came into operation on 1 September.17 We have included in Chapter 16 (Aircraft Security Interests and other International Developments) an account of the Convention’s main provisions, with particular reference to their application in Australia. The Statutory Review Report is mostly devoted to making specific recommendations for reforming the statute and the register. But the report also makes the more general findings that: (1) levels of awareness of the Act remain low, particularly among the small business community; and (2) stakeholders continue to

have trouble understanding the Act. As noted in the preface to the first edition, in writing this book we have tried to make the PPSA as understandable as possible by framing each chapter around a set of short, practical examples, by identifying and explaining the policy considerations behind key provisions and by comparing and contrasting the main parts of the statute with prior law. With these features in mind, we hope that this second edition may prove useful, not only to courts, practitioners and law students, but also to stakeholders who have had trouble coming to grips with the new law. For the most part, this edition states the law as available to us at 31 July 2015, though we have managed to include discussion of several more recent developments. One development that we were not able to account for in the text concerns proposed changes to the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and the taxation laws aimed at abolishing the Australian Company Number (ACN) as an identifier for corporations and substituting the Australian Business Number (ABN). The purpose is to facilitate the setting up of new businesses by reducing the number of business identifiers. The changes will take effect on 1 July 2016 and will affect all companies registered on or after that date: see Treasury Legislation Amendment (Repeal Day) Bill 2015 (Cth) Sch 1. These changes will affect the PPSA registration requirements as they apply to corporate grantors (discussed in Chapter 6), but only with respect to newly registered companies. The division of labour between us was as follows: Tony Duggan wrote Chapters 1–11, 12 (12.1–12.73), 14 and 16 (16.1–16.21), and David Brown was responsible for Chapters 12 (12.74–12.80), 13, 15 and 16 (16.22–16.34). We would like to thank Hayley Moore and her production team at LexisNexis Butterworths and our copyeditor, Louise Scahill for her efficiency, patience and attention to detail. Anthony Duggan David Brown Spring equinox, 2015

1. 2. 3. 4.

Bruce Whittaker, Review of the Personal Property Securities Act 2009: Final Report (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015), available at . Re Maiden Civil (P&E) Pty Ltd; Albarran v Queensland Excavation Services Pty Ltd [2013] NSWCS 852 (S Ct NSW). [2014] VSC 644 (S Ct Vic). [2014] NSWSC 340 (S Ct NSW).

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

[2014] WASC 310 (S Ct WA). [2015] VSCA 92. [2014] NSWSC 1926 (S Ct NSW). [2014] VSCA 326 (Vic C of A). [2014] VSC 217 (S Ct Vic). [2013] NSWSC 1741 (S Ct NSW). [2014) FCA 1034 (Fed Ct of Aust). [2014] VSC 570 (S Ct Vic). [2014] FCA 987 (Fed Ct Aust). [2104] WASC 139 (S Ct WA). [2014] FCCA 2274. [2015] UKPC 35. Mobile Equipment (Cape Town Convention) Act 2013 (Cth).

Table of Cases References are to paragraphs numbers

356477 British Columbia Ltd v CIBC (1998) 157 DLR (4th) 682 (BCCA) .… 3.23 369413 Alberta Ltd v Pocklington [2001] 4 WWR 423 (Alta CA) .… 10.24, 10.29, 10.32 547592 Alberta Limited (Receivership), Re (1995) 10 PPSAC (2d) 62 (ABQB) .… 10.30 994814 Ontario Inc v RSL Canada Inc and En-Plas Inc (2005) 14 CBR (5th) 134 (ONSC) .… 4.12, 4.16, 4.17 A Access Cash International Inc v Elliot Lake Inc & North Shore Corp for Business Development (2000) Carswell Ont 2824; 1 PPSAC (3d) 209 (ONSC) .… 3.8, 12.9 Adelaide Capital Corp v Integrated Transportation Finance Inc (1994) 16 OR (3d) 414 (Ont Sup Ct Justice, Gen Div) .… 6.49, 6.63 Agricultural Commodity Corp v Schaus Feedlots Inc [2001] OJ No 2908 .… 10.28 Agricultural Credit Corp of Saskatchewan v Pettyjohn (1991) 79 DLR (4th) 22 (SKCA) .… 8.9, 8.12, 11.18, 11.20, 11.21, 11.23 Akron Tyre Company Pty Ltd v Kittson [1967] VR 231 .… 1.20 Alberta Pacific [1996] 1 WWR 552 .… 10.24 Alberta Pacific Leasing Inc v Petro Equipment Sales (1995) 10 PPSAC (2d) 69 (ABQB) .… 10.31 Aluminium Industrie Vaasen BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 676 .

… 8.39, 9.19, 9.20 Amalgamated Roofing Ltd v Chris Larsen Ltd [1990] 1 NZLR 185 .… 7.35 Apex Gold Pty Ltd, Re [2013] NSWSC 881 .… 13.16 Appleyard Capital Pty Ltd, Re [2014] NSWSC 782 .… 13.16, 13.17 Arcabi Pty Ltd (Receivers and Managers Appointed) (in liq), Re; Ex p Theobald & Herbert [2014) WASC 310 .… 3.8, 3.9, 3.31, 3.38, 3.39 Armour v Thyssen Edelstahlwerke AG [1991] 2 AC 339 (HL Scot) .… 8.16 Armstrong, Re [1895] 1 IR 87 .… 7.35 Artistic Builders Pty Ltd v Elliott & Tuthill (Mortgages) Pty Ltd [2002] NSWSC 16 .… 12.41, 12.79–12.81 Associated Alloys Pty Ltd v ACN 001 452 106 (2000) 202 CLR 588 .… 11.6, 11.7 Atlas Industries v Federal Business Development Bank (1983) 3 PPSAC 39 (SKQB) .… 4.28 Australian Central Credit Union v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1990) 54 SASR 135 .… 1.38, 6.7 — v — (1991) ASC 56–037 .… 1.38 Australian Growth Resources Corp Pty Ltd v Van Reesema (1988) 13 ACLR 261 . … 12.24 B Baden Delvaux & Lecuit v Société Général pour Favoriser le Développement du Commerce [1993] 1 WLR 509 .… 10.17, 10.44, 10.45 Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (No 8), Re [1998] AC 214 (HL) . … 2.35, 3.54 Bank of Montreal v Innovation Credit Union [2010] 3 SCR 3 .… 1.22 Bank of Nova Scotia v IPS Invoice Payment System Corporations (2010) 101 OR (3d) 352 (ONSC) .… 11.34, 11.37 Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] AC 567 (HL) .… 3.12, 3.69, 3.71

Barclays Bank plc, Re [2012] NSWSC 1095 .… 13.16, 13.17 Battlefords Credit Union Ltd v Ilnicki (1991) 82 DLR (4th) 69 (SKCA) .… 8.28 Beconwood Securities Pty Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (2008) 246 ALR 361 .… 3.19 Benedict v Ratner 268 US 353 (1925) .… 1.34 Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd v Homan [1995] Ch 211 .… 11.19 Black Opal IP Pty Ltd, Re [2013] NSWSC 1225 .… 13.17 BMP Global Distribution Inc v Bank of Nova Scotia [2009] 1 SCR 504 .… 11.24 Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber Products Ltd [1981] Ch 25 .… 9.19 Broad v Commissioner of Stamp Duties [1980] 2 NSWLR 40 .… 2.35, 3.54 Business Development Bank of Canada v D’Eon Fisheries Limited 2015 NSSC (S Ct Nova Scotia) .… 4.33 C Caisse populaire Desjardins de l’Est de Drummond v Canada [2009] 2 SCR 94 .… 3.14, 3.55–3.57, 3.59 Camco Inc v Olson Realty (1979) Ltd (1986) 50 Sask R 161 .… 10.25, 10.27 Cardel Leasing Ltd v Maxmenko (1991) 2 PPSAC (2d) 302 (ON Gen Div) .… 14.51 Cardinia Nominees Pty Ltd, Re [2013] NSWSC 32 .… 13.16 Carrafa, Goutzos & Lofthouse (as liquidators of Relux Commercial Pty Ltd) (in liq) v Doka Formwork Pty Ltd [2014] VSC 570 .… 3.33, 4.29, 13.12, 13.13 Central Cleaning Supplies (Aust) Pty Ltd v Elkerton [2015] VSCA 92 .… 15.11, 15.12 Charge Card Services Ltd, Re [1987] Ch 150 .… 2.35 Chiips Inc v Skyview Hotels Ltd (1994) 116 DLR (4th) 385 (ABCA) .… 8.48 Chrysler Credit Canada Ltd v Royal Bank of Canada [1986] 6 WWT 338 (SKCA) .… 8.23 CIF Furniture Limited, Re 2011 ONCA 34 .… 7.34–7.36

Cinema Plus Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2000) 49 NSWLR 513 .… 2.35 Citadel Financial Corporation Pty Limited v Elite Highrise Services Pty Limited (No 3) [2014] NSWSC 1926 .… 4.29 Clark Equipment of Canada Ltd v Bank of Montreal [1984] 4 WWR 519 (MBCA) .… 4.34, 8.15, 8.36 Clough Mill Ltd v Martin [1985] 1 WLR 111 .… 9.20 Comeau’s Sea Foods Ltd v Canada (Minister of Fisheries and Oceans) [1997] 1 SCR 12 .… 2.46 Commercial Bank of Australia v Friedrich (1991) 5 ASCR 115 .… 12.24 Commercial Credit Corporation Limited v Harry Shields Limited (1981) 32 OR 703 (ONCA) .… 3.45 Commissioner of Inland Revenue v Stiassny [2012] NZCA 93 .… 1.22 Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1 .… 15.2 Credit Suisse Canada v 1133 Yonge Street Holdings Ltd (1996) 28 OR (3d) 670 (ONSC) .… 4.47 — v — (1998) 41 OR (3d) 632 (ONCA) .… 4.50–4.52, 4.54, 4.55, 11.32 Cybernetic Servs Inc, Re 252 F3d 1039 (9th Cir, 2001) .… 14.34 D Dearle v Hall 38 ER 475; (1828) 3 Russ 1 (Ch) .… 3.28, 5.7, 15.36 Devaynes v Noble; Clayton’s Case (1816) 1 Mer 572; 35 ER 781 .… 8.22, 11.21, 11.25, 11.26 Douglas Financial Consultants Pty Ltd v Price [1991] 1 Qd R 243 .… 1.38, 6.10 Dunphy v Sleepyhead Manufacturing Co Ltd [2007] NZCA 241; 3 NZLR 602 . … 4.44, 13.28 Dura (Australia) Constructions Pty Ltd v Hue Boutique Living Pty Ltd [2014] VSCA 326 .… 3.45, 4.12 E

Enviro Pallets (NSW) Pty Ltd, Re [2013] QSC 220 .… 13.16, 13.17 Esanda Ltd v Burgess [1984] 2 NSWLR 139 .… 1.28 Euroclean Canada Inc v Forest Glade Investments Ltd (1985) 16 DLR (4th) 289 (ONCA) .… 8.47, 8.48 Expo International Pty Ltd v Chant [1979] 2 NSWLR 820 .… 12.83 F Fairbanx Corp v Royal Bank of Canada (2010) 319 DLR (4th) 618 (ON CA) .… 3.25, 3.29, 6.55, 6.58, 6.59, 7.18 Fairline Boats Ltd v Leger (1980) 1 PPSAC 218 (ONSC) .… 10.24 Farm Credit Corporation v Gannon [1993] 6 WWT 736 (SKQB) .… 8.31 Federal Republic of Brazil v Durant International Corporation [2015] UKPC 35 . … 8.9, 11.20, 11.21 Flexi-Coil Ltd v Kindersley District Credit Union Ltd (1993) 107 DLR (4th) 129 (SKCA) .… 10.75, 11.19 Flintoft v Royal Bank of Canada [1964] SCR 631 .… 10.3 Florgale Uniforms Pty Ltd v NAB (2004) 51 ACSR 699; 11 VR 54 .… 12.80, 12.81 Ford Motor Credit Co of Canada Limited v Central Motors of Brampton Limited (1982) 38 OR (2d) 516 (ONCJ) .… 10.29 Fortson Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (2008) 100 SASR 162 .… 12.80, 12.81 Future Revelation Ltd v Medica Radiology & Nuclear Medicine Pty Ltd [2013] NSWSC 1741 .… 6.55, 6.65 G Gamer’s Motor Centre (Newcastle) Pty Ltd v Natwest Wholesale Australia Pty Ltd (1987) 163 CLR 236 .… 10.55 GC Parking Ltd v New West Ventures Ltd (2004) BCSC 706 .… 12.24 GE Canada Equipment Financings GP v ING Insurance Company of Canada

(2009) 94 OR (3d) 312 (ONCA) .… 3.62, 3.66 GE Capital Australia v Davis (2002) 180 FLR 250 .… 12.80 GE Capital Canada Acquisitions Inc v Dix Performance [1995] 2 WWR 738 (BCSC) .… 4.32–4.34 Gerrard, Re (2000) 20 CBR (4th) 90 (NSSC) .… 8.25 Gibbston Downs Wines Limited v Perpetual Trust Limited [2013] NZCA 506 .… 3.29, 5.43, 6.51, 7.32, 7.33 Gibbston Downs Wines Limited and RFD Finance No 2 Limited v Perpetual Trust Limited [2012] NZHC 1022 .… 7.16 Gibson v Stockco Limited [2010] NZHC 2398 .… 10.27, 10.29 Giffen, Re [1998] 1 SCR 1 .… 5.60, 13.4 Gimli Auto Limited v BDO Dunwoody Limited (1998) 160 DLR (4th) 373 (ABCA) .… 14.27, 14.28 Goldcorp, Re [1995] 1 AC 74 (PC) .… 11.19 Graham v Portacom New Zealand Ltd [2004] 2 NZLR 528 .… 4.18 Grant v YYH Holdings Pty Ltd [2014] NSWCA 360 .… 2.7 Gray v Royal Bank of Canada (1997) 143 DLR (4th) 179 (BCSC) .… 4.16 Greyvest Leasing v Merkur (1994) 8 PPSAC (2d) 203 .… 12.24, 12.81 Guardian Securities Ltd, Re [1984] 1 NSWLR 95 .… 13.17 H Hallett’s Estate, Re; Knatchbull v Hallett (1880) 13 ChD 696 (CA) .… 11.25 Harper v Minister for Sea Fisheries (1989) 168 CLR 314 .… 2.42 Hawkesbury Valley Developments Pty Ltd v Custom Credit Corporation Ltd (1994) 8 BPR 15,581 .… 12.79 Healy Holmberg Trading Partnership, The v Grant [2012] NZLR 61 (CA) .… 4.42, 7.5 Heidelberg Canada Graphic Equipment Ltd v Arthur Andersen Inc (1993) 7 BLR (2d) 236 (ON Gen Div) .… 4.13

Helby v Matthews [1895] AC 471 .… 1.27 Hewlett Packard Australia Pty Ltd v GE Capital Finance Pty Ltd [2003] FCAFC 256 .… 13.17 Hickman Equipment (1985) Ltd, Re [2003] NJ No 86 .… 4.33 Hobbs v Petersham Transport Co Pty Ltd (1971) 124 CLR 220 .… 3.38 Holroyd v Marshall (1861–62) 10 HLC 191 .… 1.19, 1.32 Hopkinson v Rolt (1861) 9 HLC 514; 11 ER 829 .… 7.24 HSBC Bank Canada v Kupritz (2011) BCSC 788 .… 12.24 I Industrial Acceptance Corporation v Firestone Tire & Rubber Company of Canada Limited [1971] SCR 357 .… 9.3 Industrial Progress Corp Pty Ltd v Wilson [2013] WASC 225 .… 15.11 Investa Properties Pty Limited v Westpac Property Funds Management Limited [2001] NSWSC 1089 .… 13.17 Investec Bank (Australia) Ltd v Glodale Pty Ltd (2009) 71 ASCR 615 .… 12.80, 12.81 iTrade Finance Inc v Bank of Montreal [2011] 2 SCR 360 .… 1.22, 4.12, 4.14, 4.15 J James Roscoe (Bolton) Ltd v Winder [1915] 1 Ch 62 .… 11.28 John Deere Credit Inc v Standard Oilfield Services Inc (2000) 16 CBR (4th) 227 (ABQB) .… 7.16 Jones v Gordon [1877] 2 App Cas 616 .… 10.45 Joplin Brewery Co Ltd, Re [1902] 1 Ch 79 .… 13.17 Jovanovic v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (2004) 87 SASR 570 .… 12.80 J S Brooksbank and Company (Australasia) Ltd v EXFTX Ltd (in rec and liq) [2009] NZCA 122 .… 4.16

K Kubota Canada Ltd v Case Credit Ltd (2005) 253 DLR (4th) 171 (ABCA) .… 8.48 L Lambert, Re (1994) 20 OR (3rd) 108 (ONCA) .… 6.55, 6.61 Law Society of Upper Canada v Toronto-Dominion Bank (1998) 169 DLR (4th) 353 (ONCA) .… 11.27, 11.28 Lee v Butler [1893] 2 QB 318 (CA) .… 1.26, 3.22, 10.54 Lehman Brothers International (Europe), Re [2012] UKSC 6; [2010] EWCA Civ 917 .… 16.28 M MacDonald v Canadian Acceptance Corp Limited [1955] 5 DLR 344 (ONCA) . … 10.30 McEntire v Crossley Brothers [1895] AC 457 .… 1.25 MacEwen Agriculture Centre Inc v Beriault (2002) 61 OR (3d) 63 (ONSC) .… 4.25, 4.27 MacPhee Chrevolet Buick GMC Cadillac Ltd v SWS Fuels Ltd 2011 NSCA 35 (NSCA) .… 8.31 Maiden Civil (P & E) Pty Ltd, Re; Albarran v Queensland Excavation Services Pty Ltd; Richard Albarran and Bruce Alexander Pleash [2013] NSWSC 852 .… 3.36, 4.18, 4.19, 4.24, 12.23, 12.26, 13.4, 14.1, 14.28, 15.20, 15.22 Mallicoat v Volunteer Finance (1966) 3 UCC 1035 (Tennessee CA) .… 12.24 Marac Finance Limited v Greer [2012] NZCA 45 .… 3.60 Maxitherm Boilers Pty Ltd v Pacific Dunlop Ltd [1998] 4 VR 559 .… 15.12 N National Westminster Bank v Spectrum Plus [2005] 2 AC 680 (HL) .… 13.22 NCO Finance Australia Pty Ltd v Australian Pacific Airports (Melbourne) Pty Ltd

[2014] FCCA 2274 .… 15.17, 15.37 New World Screen Printing (cob) New World Print v Xerox Canada Ltd [2003] BCJ No 2559 (BCSC) .… 4.34 New Zealand Bloodstock Leasing Ltd v Jenkins [2007] NZHC 336 .… 8.28 Noriega, Re (2003) 42 CBR (4th) 274 (ABQB) .… 6.48 North Platte State Bank v Production Credit Association of North Platte 200 NW 2d 1 (S Ct Neb, 1972) .… 8.9 North Shore City Council v Stiassny [2008] NZCA 522 .… 3.13 Northwest Equipment Inc v Daewoo Heavy Industries America Corp (2002) 3 PPSAC (3d) 101; [2002] 6 WWR 444 (ABCA) .… 10.30, 12.24 O OBG v Allan [2008] 1 AC 1 (HL) .… 11.37 Ontario (Securities Commission) v Greymac Credit Corporation (1986) 55 OR (2d) 673, 30 DLR (4th) 1 (ONCA) .… 11.26 — v— [1988] 2 SCR 172 .… 11.26 ORIX New Zealand Limited v Milne [2007] NZHC 507 .… 10.27, 10.36 P Peachdart Ltd, Re [1984] Ch 131 .… 9.20 Pendlebury v Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd (1912) 6 CLR 676; 13 CLR 676 .… 12.79, 12.83 Perimeter Transportation Ltd, Re 2010 BCCA 509; (2010) 327 DLR (4th) 31 (BCCA) .… 5.46, 10.7 Portbase Clothing Ltd, Re [1993] Ch 388 .… 7.35 Pozzebon (Trustee) v Australian Gaming & Entertainment Ltd [2014] 1034 .… 13.12 R R v Doucette [1960] OR 407 (ONCA) .… 12.36

Rabobank v McAnulty [2011] NZCA 212 .… 3.38, 4.16, 4.17 Raymond Darzinskas, Re (1981) 34 OR (3d) 782 (ONSC) .… 5.10 Rektor, Re (1983) 47 CBR (NS) 267 (Ont HCJ) .… 3.62 Renovation Boys Pty Ltd, Re [2014] NSWSC 340 .… 10.36, 10.39 Robert Simpson Company Limited, The v Shadlock and Duggan (1981) 31 OR (2d) 612 (ONSC) .… 7.17, 7.18 Royal Bank of Canada v 216200 Alberta Ltd (1987) 51 Sask R 147 (SKCA) .… 10.34, 10.36, 10.37, 10.41, 10.42 — v General Motors Acceptance Corporation of Canada Ltd (2006) 274 DLR (4th) 372 (NFCA) .… 7.35 — v Radius Credit Union Ltd [2010] 3 SCR 38 .… 7.15 — v Sparrow Electric Corp [1997] 1 SCR 411 .… 4.52, 4.54, 4.55 Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378 (JC) .… 10.45 S Sandhurst Golf Estates Pty Ltd v Coppersmith Pty Ltd [2014] VSC 217 .… 3.12, 4.12, 6.78 Saulnier v Royal Bank of Canada [2008] 3 SCR 166 .… 2.43, 2.45, 2.46, 2.48, 12.29 SFS Projects Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Personal Property Securities [2014] FCA 846 .… 6.79, 15.28 Shallcross v Community State Banks Trust Co 434 A 2d 671 (NJ Sup Ct 1981) . … 7.19 Simpson and Walton v New Zealand Associated Refrigerated Food Distributors Limited [2006] NZCA 349 .… 6.48, 6.64 Skinner v Jeogla (2001) 37 ACSR 106 .… 12.80, 12.81 — v — (2009) 71 ASCR 71 .… 12.81 Smith v ANL Ltd (2000) 204 CLR 493 .… 15.2 Sogelease Australia Ltd v Boston Australia Ltd (1991) 26 NSWLR 1 .… 15.36

Sperry v Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (1985) 17 DLR (4th) 236 (ONCA) .… 7.16, 8.48 Spittlehouse v Northshore Marine Inc [1994] 18 OR (3d) 60 (ONCA) .… 10.42 Stelco, Re (2005) 253 DLR (4th) 524 .… 3.63, 3.64 Stephanian’s Persian Carpets Ltd, Re (1980) 34 CBR (NS) 35 .… 3.8 Stevenson v GMAC Leaseco Ltd (2003) 227 DLR (4th) 154 (NBCA) .… 6.55, 6.61, 7.18 Stiassny v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [2012] NZCA 93 .… 10.74 — v North Shore Council [2008] NZCA 522 .… 3.12 Stockco Ltd v Gibson and Stiassny [2012] NZCA 330 .… 4.31, 5.51, 10.21, 10.24, 10.27, 10.29, 10.31, 10.32 Strategic Finance Ltd (in rec and in liq) v Bridgman [2013] NZCA 357 .… 2.29, 13.23 T Tailby v Official Receiver (1888) 13 App Cas 523 .… 1.19, 1.32 Telstra Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth (2008) 234 CLR 210 .… 15.2 Tse Kwong Lam v Wong Chit Sen [1983] 1 WLR 1349 .… 12.41 Tubbs v Ruby 2005 Ltd [2010] NZCA 353 .… 10.21, 10.30 Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley [2002] 2 AC 164 (HL) .… 3.69, 10.45 Twyne’s case 3 Co Rep 806, 76 Eng Rep 809 (Star Chamber, 1601) .… 5.4–5.7 U Ultimate Property Group Pty Ltd v Lord (2004) 60 NSWLR 646 .… 12.80 Unisource Canada Inc v Laurentian Bank of Canada (2000) 47 OR (3d) 616 (ONCA) .… 8.28, 8.31 V Vita Food Products Inc v Unus Shipping Co Ltd [1939] AC 277 .… 14.52

W Warehouse Sales Pty Ltd (in liq) & Lewis and Templeton v LG Electronics Australia Pty Ltd [2014] VSC 644 .… 10.23, 10.33, 10.37, 10.38, 10.47 West v Williams [1899] 1 Ch 132 (CA) .… 7.24 Wheatland Industries (1900) Ltd v Baschuk (1994) 8 PPSAC (2nd) 247 (Sask QB) .… 8.11 White v Spiers Earthworks Pty Ltd [2014] WASC 139 .… 5.60, 15.2, 15.21

Table of Statutes All references are to paragraph numbers

Commonwealth Air Services Act 1995 .… 3.47, 16.11 Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Act 2007 (AML-CTF Act) .… 6.28–6.30 Banking Act 1959 s 9 .… 2.34 Bankruptcy Act 1966 .… 3.74, 13.3 Pt IX .… 13.33, 13.35 Pts IX–XI .… 13.1 Pt X .… 13.33, 13.35 s 5 .… 13.34, 13.35 s 44 .… 13.34 s 54L .… 13.34 s 58 .… 13.34 s 64ZA(5) .… 13.34 s 90 .… 13.34 ss 90–92 .… 13.34 s 94 .… 13.34 s 153(3) .… 13.34 s 185C .… 13.35

s 188A .… 13.35 s 204 .… 13.35 s 207 .… 13.35 s 301 .… 13.11 s 302 .… 13.11 Bills of Exchange Act 1909 .… 10.76 s 34 .… 5.15 Cheques Act 1986 .… 10.76 Civil Aviation Act 1988 .… 16.4 Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 .… 16.4 Commonwealth Inscribed Stock Act 1911 s 6 .… 3.45 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act s 51(xvii) .… 13.1, 15.41 s 51(xx) .… 1.47 s 51(xxxi) .… 5.60, 15.2 s 51(xxxvii) .… 1.51 s 109 .… 10.54 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 .… 4.5 Copyright Act 1968 s 196(4) .… 2.50 Corporations Act 2001 .… 1.24, 9.19, 10.18, 12.24, 13.23, 14.3 Ch 2K .… 1.20, 2.38, 4.25, 5.21, 6.4, 6.7, 6.17, 7.17, 11.4 Ch 5 .… 13.1, 13.28, 13.32 Pt 5 .… 13.30 Pt 5.2 .… 12.17, 12.77, 13.29

Pt 5.3A .… 13.3, 13.31 s 9 .… 12.17, 12.77, 12.79, 13.29 s 51 .… 13.20 s 51A .… 13.20 s 51C .… 13.22, 13.24, 13.26, 13.27 s 51D .… 13.32 s 51F .… 13.28, 13.29, 13.31 s 53 .… 13.30 s 124(1)(f) .… 13.22 ss 180–185 .… 12.79 s 252 .… 7.24 s 262(1) .… 15.26 s 262(1)(j) .… 11.4 s 263 .. 13.12, 15.35 s 263(1) .… 15.26 s 265(2) .… 15.26 s 265(8) .… 15.26 s 266 .… 13.4, 15.24, 15.26 s 266(4) .… 13.16, 13.18 s 266(6) .… 13.7 s 279 .… 8.18 s 280 .… 6.17, 7.19, 15.35 ss 280–281 .… 11.4 s 416 .… 12.77 s 420 .… 12.78 s 420A .… 12.17, 12.49, 12.79, 12.81

s 420A(1) .… 12.79 s 420A(2) .… 12.79 s 420B .… 12.82 s 422B .… 13.22 s 430 .… 12.80 s 433 .… 12.83, 13.22, 13.28 s 433E .… 13.22 s 435B .… 13.31 s 436C .… 13.31 s 441EA .… 13.32 s 441JA .… 13.32 s 459C .… 13.22 s 465 .… 13.30 s 471B .… 13.30 s 473(10) .… 13.30 s 474 .… 13.30 s 475(8) .… 13.30 s 477 .… 13.30 s 478 .… 13.30 s 485(3) .… 13.30 s 504(2) .… 13.30 s 513A .… 13.30 s 513A–513C .… 13.3 s 513C .… 13.3 s 561 .… 12.55, 13.22, 13.28 s 588FJ .… 13.12, 13.22

s 588FL .… 11.44, 13.1, 13.2, 13.12, 13.13, 13.19, 13.30, 15.40, 16.15 ss 588FL–588FM .… 13.18 s 588FL(2)(b)(ii) .… 13.15 s 588FL(2)(b)(iv) .… 13.16 s 588FL(5) .… 13.14 s 588FM .… 13.12, 13.16–13.18 s 588FN .… 13.14 s 588FO .… 13.14 s 1070A(4) .… 14.46 s 1501A .… 13.31 s 1502 .… 15.21 s 1506 .… 15.24 Designs Act 2003 .… 2.38 Insurance Act 1973 .… 3.47 International Interests in Mobile Equipment (Cape Town Convention) Act 2013 s 7 .… 16.1 s 8 .… 16.1 International Interests in Mobile Equipment (Cape Town Convention) Rules 2014 .… 16.19 Judicature Act s 25(6) .… 3.29 Life Insurance Act 1995 s 200 .… 3.62 s 201 .… 3.62 Loans Redemption and Conversion Act 1921 s 5 .… 3.45 National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009

Pt 5 .… 12.14 s 4 .… 12.14 s 5 .… 12.14 s 7 .… 12.14 s 9(3) .… 12.14 s 42 .… 4.24 s 42(1) .… 4.27 s 43 .… 4.24 s 44 .… 4.8 ss 44–50 .… 4.5 s 44(1) .… 4.30 s 44(2) .… 4.30, 4.35 s 45 .… 4.6, 8.14 s 48 .… 1.12 s 50 .… 3.68, 3.73 s 88 .… 12.34 s 89 .… 12.34, 12.60 s 91 .… 12.31, 12.37 ss 94–96 .… 12.37 s 99 .… 12.37 s 102 .… 12.14, 12.45, 12.50 s 102(4) .… 12.59 s 103 .… 12.50 s 104 .… 12.14, 12.45, 12.50, 12.58 s 104(3) .… 12.14, 12.53 s 105 .… 12.14, 12.58

s 106 .… 12.50 s 107 .… 4.10 s 135 .… 10.95, 10.99 s 204(1) .… 12.14 Sch 1 [National Credit Code] .… 1.12, 1.29, 1.42, 3.68, 3.73, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.10, 4.24, 4.27, 4.35, 8.14, 10.95, 10.99, 12.3, 12.14, 12.15, 12.31, 12.34, 12.37, 12.45, 12.50, 12.58, 12.59 Navigation Act 1912 .… 3.47 Offshore Minerals Act 1994 .… 2.40, 2.41, 3.78 Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 .… 2.40, 2.41, 3.78 Patents Act 1990 .… 2.38, 6.7, 14.33 s 187 .… 14.33 s 189 .… 2.50 s 189(2A) .… 14.33 Patents Act 1999 .… 1.38 Payment and Netting Systems Act 1998 .… 10.76 Payment Systems and Netting Act 1998 .… 3.49 Personal Property Securities Act 2009 .… 1.1, 1.6, 1.9, 1.10, 1.12, 1.13, 1.15, 1.20, 1.22, 1.24, 1.29, 1.37, 1.38, 1.41, 1.42, 1.50, 1.53, 2.3, 2.9, 2.10, 2.18, 2.19, 2.26, 2.38, 2.39, 2.42, 2.43, 2.45, 2.47, 2.49, 2.55, 3.3–3.5, 3.13, 3.16, 3.20–3.22, 3.35, 3.37, 3.55, 3.59, 3.64, 4.15, 4.49, 4.52, 4.53, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 6.3, 6.6, 6.8–6.11, 6.16, 6.20, 6.23, 6.29, 6.32, 6.33, 6.41, 6.58, 7.24, 7.31, 8.4, 8.39, 9.4, 9.6, 9.20, 10.25, 10.34, 10.40–10.42, 10.53, 11.3, 11.18, 11.20, 11.22, 11.23, 11.30, 12.2, 12.5, 12.8, 13.16, 13.20, 13.21, 13.26, 13.28, 13.31, 13.32, 13.34, 13.35, 14.53, 15.3, 16.3, 16.7, 16.29–16.31, 16.34 Ch 2 .… 12.70 Ch 4 .… 2.53, 3.17, 3.19, 3.30, 3.44, 3.77, 4.3, 4.4, 4.20, 12.1, 12.3, 12.4, 12.6, 12.7, 12.11–12.18, 12.20, 12.21, 12.23, 12.26, 12.27, 12.31–12.35, 12.42, 12.54, 12.55, 12.61, 12.69, 12.70, 12.76, 12.83, 13.29, 14.51, 15.18

Ch 4, Div 3 .… 12.35, 12.61, 12.62, 12.65 Ch 5 .… 6.1 Ch 9 .… 6.28, 15.1, 15.11 Pt 2.1 .… 13.25 Pt 2.3 .… 13.25 Pt 2.5 .… 2.56, 9.21, 10.11, 10.54, 10.63, 10.69, 10.71, 10.88, 11.1, 11.13 Pt 2.6 .… 4.3, 7.1, 7.21 Pt 3.2 .… 9.1 Pt 3.3 .… 9.1, 16.14 Pt 3.4 .… 9.1, 9.17–9.19, 9.32, 11.12 Pt 4 .… 1.18, 3.10, 3.31, 12.17, 12.25 Pt 4.3 .… 12.17 Pt 4.3, Div 4 .… 4.2, 9.12, 12.35, 12.41, 12.46, 12.61, 12.62 Pt 5.3 .… 6.42 Pt 5.6 .… 6.45, 6.53, 6.75, 6.78 Pt 5.7 .… 6.79 Pt 5.9 .… 15.21 Pt 7.2 .… 14.2, 14.4–14.6, 14.8–14.12, 14.17, 14.29, 14.43, 14.51, 16.25 Pt 7.3, Div 2 .… 1.51 Pt 7.4 .… 2.44 Pt 8.2 .… 3.30 Pt 8.4 .… 5.54 Pt 9.3 .… 15.4 Pt 9.4 .… 15.30 Pt 9.4, Div 2 .… 15.41 Pt 9.4, Div 6 .… 15.19

Pt 9.5 .… 6.46, 15.6 s 2 .… 15.4 s 3(1) .… 3.67 s 6 .… 14.2–14.4, 14.6, 14.7 s 6(1) .… 14.3 s 6(1)(b) .… 14.3, 14.4, 14.7, 14.51 s 6(1A) .… 14.3, 14.43 s 6(1A)(b) .… 14.3 s 6(2) .… 14.6, 14.40, 14.51 s 6(2)(a) .… 14.3, 14.34 s 6(2)(b) .… 14.3, 14.5 s 6(2)(c) .… 14.3 s 6(2)(d) .… 14.3 s 6(2)(e) .… 14.3, 14.33 s 7 .… 14.3 s 8 .… 1.14, 2.1, 3.1, 15.9 s 8(1) .… 3.12, 3.14, 3.51 s 8(1)(a) .… 3.44 s 8(1)(b) .… 3.45, 3.46 s 8(1)(c) .… 3.45, 3.46, 3.67 s 8(1)(d) .… 3.49–3.54, 3.57 s 8(1)(e) .… 3.49, 3.53 s 8(1)(f) .… 3.60, 3.72, 4.47 s 8(1)(f)(ii) .… 3.61 s 8(1)(f)(iv) .… 3.73 s 8(1)(f)(v) .… 3.62, 3.65–3.67

s 8(1)(g) .… 3.74 s 8(1)(h) .… 3.69, 3.71 s 8(1)(i) .… 2.40 s 8(1)(j) .… 3.75, 3.76 s 8(1)(ja) .… 3.77 s 8(1)(jb) .… 3.68 s 8(1)(jc) .… 3.45 s 8(1)(k) .… 2.41 s 8(1)(l) .… 2.40, 3.78 s 8(2) .… 3.45, 3.51, 3.61 s 8(5) .… 3.75 s 8(6) .… 3.77 s 10 .… 1.11, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.11, 2.15–2.17, 2.22, 2.25, 2.28, 2.29–2.32, 2.34, 2