Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts 9783110819724, 3110134179

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Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas

Trends in Linguistics Documentation 13

Editors Werner Winter Richard A. Rhodes

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas Volume I Maps edited by

Stephen A. Wurm Peter M iihlhausler Darrell T. Tryon

This Atlas was sponsored by The International Council of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (UNESCO), The Australian Academy of the Humanities, The International Union ofAcademies, The Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and The Australian National University, with financial assistance from UNESCO,

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York

1996

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.

@)Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas I edited by Stephen A. Wurm, Peter Miihlhausler, Darrell T. Tryon. p. cm. - (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 13) "This atlas was sponsored by the International Council of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies ... let aLl" Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-11-013417-9 (cloth: alk paper) I. Languages in contact. 2. Languages, Mixed. 3. Inter1. Wurm, S. A. (Stephen cultural communication. II. Miihlhausler, Peter. III. Tryon, Adolphe), 1922D. T. (Darrell T.) IV. International Council of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies. V. Series. PI30.5.A87 1996 402' .23-dc20 96-35866 CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas I ed. by Stephen A. Wurm ... This atlas was sponsored by the International Council of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (UNESCO)... - Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter. (Trends in linguistics: Documentation; 13) ISBN 3-11-013417-9 NE: Wurm, Stephen A. [Hrsg.]; Trends in linguistics I Documentation; 13 Vol. I. Maps. - 1996

© Copyright 1996 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset from the author's word files: K. Handwerker, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co., Gottingen; Gerike GmbH, Berlin Cover design: ramminger Kommunikation . Werbung . Design GmbH, Berlin Binding: Liideritz & Bauer-GmbH, Berlin Printed in Germany

Table of Contents

Australia 1.

Distribution of Languages other than English in Australia 1861-1871 Compiled by Michael Clyne 6 colours. 1 map

2.

Distribution of Languages other than English in Australia - 1891 Compiled by Michael Clyne 6 colours. 1 map

3.

Distribution of Languages other than English in Australia - 1922 Compiled by Michael Clyne 6 colours. 1 map

4.

Languages other than English in urban centres 1976-1986 Compiled by Michael Clyne 6 colours. 1 map

5.

Aboriginal Koines in Australia Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler and Rob Amery Black and white. 1 map

6.

Land exploration of New South Wales 1813-1836 (sketch map) Compiled by Rob Amery (From Troy 1994) 2 colours. 1 map

7.

Language and culture contacts in SE Australia (sketch maps) Compiled by Ian D. Clark, Peter Mtihlhausler and Rob Amery (in part from Troy 1994, in part based on Fesl, Eve, 1993, Conned, Queensland University Press, and on Cole, Keith, 1988 "Anglican missions to Aborigines", in: Swain-Reeds, Aboriginal Australian Christian Missions) 2 colours. 5 maps: Early settlement - Early exploration - Early Missions and Reserves - Overlander's routes

8.

Post-contact languages of Queensland 1800 to present Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler 6 colours. 3 maps: Torres Strait Broken - Aboriginal and Kanaka contact varieties of English - Queensland mission stations, schools and communities

VI

Table of Contents

9.

Pidgin English and the Queensland Labour Trade Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler Black and white. 3 maps: Main labour recruiting areas for Queensland - Origin of Queensland plantation labour - Language evidence from coronial inquests and trials in Queensland

10.

The development of Pidgin English in South Australia Compiled by A. Dineen and Peter Mtihlhausler 6 colours. 4 maps: Settlement and population movements in South Australia in the 19th century - The effect of draught on population movement - Significant contact sites in South Australia 1803-1860 - Origins of Pidgin English documents

11.

Western Australian Lingue Franche Pidgins and Creoles 1800-1900, 1900 to present Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler and William McGregor 6 colours. 2 maps: 1800-1900 - 1900 to present

12.

Aboriginallingue franche and aboriginal varieties of English in the Northern Territory Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler 5 colours. 3 maps: Early British settlements - Stock routes 1830-1900

13 .

Australian Aboriginal English Compiled by Diana Eades and Peter Mtihlhausler 5 colours. 1 map

14.

Language contacts in Western and Northern Australia Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler and William McGregor Black and white. 7 maps: Principal settlements and major stock routes in Western Australia - Camel routes and Ghan settlements in Western Australia Aboriginal groups working on pearling luggers - Missions and schools in Western Australia - Aboriginal reserves in Western Australia (1972) - Malay-based contact languages in Australia - Makassan names on Groote Eylandt

15.

Main Periods of Currency: Pidgin and Creole Englishes of Australia Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler Black and white. 1 map

16.

Spread of selected diagnostic grammatical constructions in Australian Pidgin English Compiled by Rob Amery and Peter Mtihlhausler 6 colours. 1 map

17.

Spread of selected lexical items in Australian Pidgin English Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Mtihlhausler 6 colours. 1 map

18.

Spread of selected lexical items of aboriginal origin in Australian Pidgin English Compiled by Rob Amery and Peter Mtihlhausler 6 colours. 1 map

Table of Contents

19.

Boundaries and States in Australia Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler Black and white. 9 maps: 1788 -1831 -1836 -1851 -1859 - 1863 -1901 1911 - 1992

20.

Land controlled by Aborigines and Whites 1830-1980 Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler Black and white. 6 maps: 1830 - 1850 - 1870 - 1925 - 1938 - 1980

21.

Missions, Schools and Aboriginal Reserves in Australia Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler Black and white. 3 maps: New South Wales - Northern Territory - South Australia

VII

New Zealand 22.

Aotearoa - New Zealand: Population, ethnicity, language Compiled by Chris Come and Hans-Peter Stoffel 6 colours. 1 map

23.

Origins of Chinese and Indian immigrants to Aotearoa - New Zealand Compiled by Mary Roberts, Chris Come and Hans-Peter Stoffel 4 colours. 2 maps: Principal areas of Punjabi and Gujarati migration to New Zealand Places of origin of Chinese settlers from Guangdong Province in New Zealand

24.

Places of origin and settlement areas in Aotearoa - New Zealand of immigrants from Germany, Austria and South Slav lands Compiled by James Northcote-Bade and Hans-Peter Stoffel Black and white. 4 maps: Settlement areas of immigrants from Germany and Austria-Hungary (excluding South Slav lands) prior to World War I - Birthplaces of Dalmatian chain migrants (1880-) - Major areas of present-day settlement of people from Dalmatia and their descendants - Location of farms owned by people from Dalmatia and their descendants in the area of Waiharara in the 1970s

25.

Indigenous and immigrant Polynesian languages in Aotearoa - New Zealand Compiled by Richard A. Benton, Ross Clark, Janet Holmes and Clive Beaumont Black and white. 4 maps: Maori language maintenance by Geographical County, mid-1970s, North Island - Pacific Island languages in Auckland - Pacific Island languages in Wellington - Pacific Island languages in New Zealand

Melanesia (Papua New Guinea) 26.

Trade languages and areas of extensive language contact in Southeast Papua New Guinea Compiled by Thomas E. Dutton 4 colours. 1 map

VIII

Table of Contents

27.

Papua New Guinea Mekeo, Tasmania, Micronesian Pidgin English Compiled by Alan Jones and Theo Baumann Black and white. 3 maps

28.

Hiri (formerly Police) Motu: its history and distribution Compiled by Thomas E. Dutton 2 colours. 4 maps: Percentage of population ten years and over speaking Police Motu in 1971 - The distribution of Police Motu in 1898 - The distribution of Police Motu at the beginning of World War IT - The distribution of Hiri Motu at Independence in 1975

29.

Papuan-based Pidgins of Mainland Papua New Guinea Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm, Jeff Williams and Thomas E. Dutton 2 colours. 3 maps: Villages and Trade Pidgins in the Yimas trade orbit - The Hiri trading area and languages- Main title

Melanesia (Fiji) 30.

Pidgin Languages in Fiji Compiled by Jeff Siegel 5 colours. 5 maps: Areas where Jargon Fijian may have originated - Movement of pidgin languages 1865-1911 - Plantation languages in Fiji 1905 - Areas where current pidgin Fijian and Pidgin Hindustani are most widely spoken - Movement of indentured labour to Fiji

3 1.

Solomon Islander settlements in Fiji Compiled by Jeff Siegel 2 colours. 2 maps: Wai: the language of the Solomon Islanders in Fiji - Main map

Polynesia 32.

Spread of the Polynesian languages Compiled by Darrell T. Tryon 5 colours. 1 map

33.

Prehistorical language contacts in Polynesia Compiled by Darrell T. Tryon 2 colours. 1 map

34.

Post-18th century language contacts in Polynesia Compiled by Darrell T. Tryon 2 colours. 1 map

Table of Contents

Metropolitan Language (English) 35.

The English language in the Asia Pacific region Compiled by Jeff Siegel 6 colours. 1 map

36.

Introduction and spread of English in the 19th century Compiled by Peter Mlihlhausler 6 colours. 1 map

Metropolitan Language (French, including Creoles) 37.

The French language in the South Pacific Compiled by Chris Come and Jim RoHyman 6 colours. 1 map

38.

New Caledonia: The building of Tayo Compiled by Sabine Ehrhart-Kneher and Peter Mlihlhausler Black and white. 3 maps: St-Lois village, core area - The La Conception St-Louis region

Metropolitan Language (Spanish, including Creoles) 39.

The Spanish language in the Pacific area Compiled by John M. Lipski, Peter Mlihlhausler and F. Duthin 6 colours. 2 maps

Metropolitan Language (Portuguese, including Creoles) 40.

Portuguese and Creole Portuguese in the Asia Pacific region Compiled by Alan Baxter 4 colours. 3 maps: Main title - Principal Portuguese trade routes in SE Asia of the 17th and 18th centuries - Documented 17th and 18th century population shifts involving Portuguese, Mestico, slave and native Christian populations

Metropolitan Language (Dutch and German, including Pidgins) 41.

Dutch and German in the Pacific area Compiled by Peter Mlihlhausler 5 colours. 2 maps: + German toponyms in Kaiser Wilhelmsland

IX

X

Table of Contents

Metropolitan Language (Russian) (also applies to Siberia) 42.

Spread of Russian settlement and language into Siberia Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov 5 colours. 1 map

Metropolitan Language (Japanese, including Pidgins) 43.

Japanese empires Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler and Rachel Trew 2 colours. 2 maps: Japan's first empire - Japan's second empire

44.

Japanese language contacts and contact languages Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler and Rachel Trew 4 colours. 1 map

Pidgins (General) 45.

Post-contact Pidgins, Creoles and Lingue Franche based on Indigenous languages (excluding Mission languages) Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler 4 colours. 1 map

Pidgins (English) 46.

English-"based" Pidgins and Creoles in the Pacific area Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler and Philip Baker Black and white. 2 maps: The status of pidgins and creoles - Contraction and progression of pidgins and creoles in the 20th century

47.

Origins and Diffusion of Pidgin English in the Pacific Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Miihlhausler Black and white. 1 map

48.

Developments in English-derived contact languages Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler and Sabine Ehrhart-Kneher Black and white. 3 maps: Military pidgins in the 20th century - Creolization of Tok Pisin in the 20th century - Palmerston Island English and Pitcaimesel Norfolkese

49.

Formation and spread of Tok Pisin 1880-1920 Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler 6 colours. 1 map

Table of Contents

50.

Development and spread ofTok Pisin 1920 to present Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler 6 colours. 3 maps: + Main labour movements - Percentages of Tok Pisin users

51.

Language Contacts in the History of Tok Pisin Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler Black and white. 4 maps: Northeastern Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain 1887 Northeastern Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain 1907 - Japanese schools in Papua New Guinea 1942-1945 - Creolization of Tok Pisin

52.

Chinese Pidgin English in the 19th century Compiled by Philip Baker Black and white. 2 maps: Documented use of Chinese Pidgin English - Foreign influences in 19th century China

53.

Provenance and diffusion of diagnostic features in Pidgin English Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Miihlhausler 4 colours. 4 maps

54.

Provenance of diagnostic features of Pidgin English in the Pacific Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Miihlhausler 6 colours. 1 map

55.

The spread of 'fellow' as a grammatical affix Compiled by Philip Baker 4 colours. 4 maps

56.

Development and diffusion of pronouns in Pacific Pidgin English Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Miihlhausler 4 colours. 3 maps

57.

Development and diffusion of selected Pronouns in Pacific Pidgin English Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Miihlhausler 5 colours. 1 map

58.

Grammatical and Lexical Innovations in Pidgin English Compiled by Philip Baker and Peter Miihlhausler 4 colours. 1 map

59.

Resettlement and migration in the colonial and post-colonial period Compiled by Peter Miihlhausler 2 colours. 1 map

XI

XII

Table of Contents

Languages used in the Domain of Religion in Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania 60.

Mission and Church languages in Papua New Guinea Compiled by Malcolm Ross 5 colours. 1 map

61.

Mission and Church languages of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu Compiled by Darrell T. Tryon 2 colours. 1 map

62.

Philippines: Mission and Religious languages Compiled by Andrew Gonzalez 6 colours. 3 maps: Languages used by Christian mission - Major languages used as mission lingue franche - Languages used in Islamic religious teaching

63.

Some Languages of Religious Instruction: Indonesian Archipelago Compiled by Charles E. Grimes 4 colours. 3 maps: Varieties of Tetun in Timor - Hinduism and Christianity: Western Indonesia - Languages of Missionisation: Eastern Indonesia

Arabic-based and other Contact Languages on Maritime Trade Routes to China 64.

Principal maritime trade routes in the early part of the Christian Era: Arabia to the Far East Compiled by Philip Baker 2 colours. 1 map

65.

Centres of trade and language contacts: Arabia to the Far East Compiled by Philip Baker 2 colours. 3 maps: Arabia - South East Asia - India

South-East Asia (Insular, including Irian Jaya) 66.

Pidgin Malay-derived dialects Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 6 colours. 1 map

67.

The Malay language (Historical) Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Malay as a contact language (7th-14th century AD) - Malay as a vehicular language for the spread of Islam (14th-17th century AD)

68.

Malay in Sumatra and Borneo Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 6 colours. 3 maps: Sumatra: the spread of literary Malay - Sumatra: the spread of Minangkabau Malay and Palembang Malay - Borneo: Malay varieties

Table of Contents

69.

Malay in German New Guinea Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar Black and white. 1 map

70.

Malay: Past literary, loan words, and movements Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps

71.

Javanese as a prestige language Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 4 colours. 1 map

72.

Southeast Asia: Indian, Tamil and Thai language influence Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 2 colours. 1 map

73.

Chinese: First and Contact languages (Indonesia, Malaysia) Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 6 colours. 1 map

74.

Sulawesi: Lingue franche Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 6 colours. 1 map

75.

Borneo: some languages and Contact languages Compiled by K. Alexander Adelaar 6 colours. 1 map

76.

Eastern Indonesia: Contact languages Compiled by C. L. Voorhoeve and K. Alexander Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Contact languages - Creoles on Java

77.

Tukang Besi as lingua franca Compiled by Mark Donohue 2 colours. 2 maps: Geser as trade language - Main map

78.

Pre-colonial contact languages of Irian Jaya Compiled by Mark Donohue 5 colours. 1 map

79.

Further Contact languages ofIrian Jaya Compiled by Mark Donohue Black and white. 1 map

XIII

XIV

Table of Contents

Philippines 80.

Major languages of wider communication and trade languages of the Philippines Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm 6 colours. 1 map

81.

Bilingualism and lingue franche (Northern Philippines) Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm 5 colours. 1 map

82.

Bilingualism and lingue franche (Central Philippines) Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm 5 colours. 1 map

83.

Bilingualism and lingue franche (Southern Philippines) Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm 5 colours. 1 map

Taiwan 84.

Formosan languages in Taiwan Compiled by Paul len-kuei Li 4 colours. 3 maps: Languages of the Plains tribes in Southern Taiwan 17th century Northern Taiwan: main Aboriginal groups - Formosan languages in Taiwan

South-East Asia (Continental) 85.

Ancient kingdoms of South-East Asia Compiled by David Bradley 6 colours. 2 maps: Mon, Khmer - Champa

86.

Southwestern Dai languages Compiled by David Bradley 6 colours. 2 maps

87.

Burmese and Yunnanese Chinese Compiled by David Bradley 6 colours. 2 maps

88.

The Yi and Viet languages Compiled by David Bradley 6 colours. 2 maps

Table of Contents

89.

Nepali and Nagamese Compiled by David Bradley 5 colours. 3 maps

90.

Kachin and Lahu Compiled by David Bradley 5 colours. 2 maps

Indian Subcontinent 91.

Languages of interethnic communication: Indian subcontinent (excluding Nepal) Compiled by Bertil Tikkanen 6 colours. 1 map

92.

Languages of interethnic communication: Assam and Bangladesh Compiled by Bertil Tikkanen 6 colours. 1 map

93.

Languages of interethnic communication: Kashmir and East India Compiled by Bertil Tikkanen 6 colours. 2 maps

China 94.

Chinese overseas language contacts and Contact languages Compiled by Peter Mtihlhausler and Philip Baker Black and white. 3 maps: Chinese languages in Java - Baba Malay - Chinese maritime expansion

95.

North China, Intercommunication involving languages other than Chinese at present Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm 6 colours. 4 maps: The Bortala area - The Xinjiang area - The Manchuria areaThe Gansu-Qinghai area

96.

Northern Manchuria area: Partial language picture, Contact languages Compiled by Juha Janhunen 5 colours. 1 map

97.

Tibetan Compiled by David Bradley 6 colours. 2 maps: Bhutan language

XV

XVI

Table of Contents

98.

Hybrid languages and Contact languages: Northwest China Compiled by Mei W. Lee-Smith 6 colours. 3 maps: Languages in Bortala and surrounding areas - Hybrid languages in NW-China: Hezhou, Wutun, Tangwang - Hybrid languages in NW-China: Ejnu

99.

Languages in the Pamir and in Yunnan Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm and Mei W. Lee-Smith 2 colours. 2 maps: Shugni as lingua franca - The Mongolians in Yunnan

Mongolia 100. Contact languages and language influences in Mongolia Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm 6 colours. 1 map

Central Asia 101. Language situation in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Compiled by Aleksandr Nikolayevich Baskakov with Aziz Boltayevich Dzhurayev and Khosrov Dzhamshedovich Shombezoda 6 colours. 1 map 102. Language situation in Western Central Asia Compiled by Aleksandr Nikolayevich Baskakov with Ol'ga Doszhanova Nasyrova and Bakhytzhan Khasanovich Khasanov 6 colours. 1 map 103. The silk route until the 17th century Compiled by Janos Harmatta Black and white. 1 map

Caucasus Area 104. The Avar and Lezgin languages in the Caucasus mountains Compiled by Mikhail Yegorovich Alekseyev 6 colours. 1 map 105. Language situation and language contacts, Caucasus area Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm (Based on the map in People of the Caucasus [, Moscow, 1960) 6 colours. 1 map

Table of Contents

XVII

Siberia 106. Distribution of ethnic groups and languages in Siberia in the 17th Century Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov (Based on the map in History of Siberia, Leningrad, 1968-69) 6 colours. 1 map 107. Distribution of ethnic groups and languages in Siberia at the beginning of the 20th Century Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm (Based on the Historical Ethnographic Atlas of Siberia, Moscow-Leningrad, 1961) 6 colours. 1 map 108. Distribution of ethnic groups and languages in Siberia at the beginning of the 20th Century; indigenous lingue franche and bilingualism Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm (Based on the Historical Ethnographic Atlas of Siberia, Moscow-Leningrad, 1961) 6 colours. 1 map 109. Distribution of ethnic groups and languages in Siberia in the mid-20th Century Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm (Based on the Historical Ethnographic Atlas of Siberia, Moscow-Leningrad, 1961) 6 colours. 1 map 110. Some lingue franche and pidgins in North Siberian and North Pacific areas at the beginning of the 20th century Compiled by Stephen A. Wurm and Eugene Khelimskiy 6 colours. 2 maps 111. The far Northeast of Russia Compiled by Elena Sergeyevna Maslova and Nikolay Borisovich Vakhtin Black and white. 1 map 112. Distribution of peoples and languages in northeastern Siberia Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov (Based on maps in I. S. Gurvich Ethnic History of Northeastern Siberia, Moscow, 1966) Black and white. 5 maps: End of the 17th century - Middle of the 17th century End of the 18th century - End of the 19th century - In 1959 113. Changes in the Evenki (Tungus), Yakut and NE Paleoasiatic territories and language areas Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov (Based on maps in I. S. Gurvich Ethnic History of Northeastern Siberia, Moscow, 1966) Black and white. 7 maps: Even, middle of the 17th century - End of the 17th century - 18th century - 19th century - Yukagir, middle of the 17th centuryEnd of the 18th century - End of the 19th century

XVIII

Table of Contents

114. Changes in the Even and Yukagir territory and language areas in northeastern Siberia Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov (Based on maps in I. S. Gurvich Ethnic History of Northeastern Siberia, Moscow, 1966) Black and white. 6 maps: Evenki (Tungus) and Yakut, end of the 17th century18th century - 19th century - Northeastern Paleoasiatic, middle of the 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 115. Aboriginal language situation and contacts on Sakhalin and Kamchatka Compiled by Yekaterina Yur'yevna Gruzdeva and Aleksandr Pavlovich Volodin 6 colours. 2 maps 116. Russian-Chinese Pidgin and language situation in the Far East Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov 6 colours. 1 map 117. Early Russian settlements in northeastern Siberia Compiled by Vladimir I. Belikov (Based on maps in I. S. Gurvich Ethnic History of Northeastern Siberia, Moscow, 1966) Black and white. 4 maps: 1640-1650 - End of the 17th century - End of the 18th century - 19th century Arctic Areas 118. Eskimo Interethnic Contacts: Bering Strait and Alaska area Compiled by Rein van der Voort 6 colours. 1 map 119. Eskimo Interethnic Contacts: Northeastern Canada and Greenland Compiled by Rein van der Voort 5 colours. 1 map Canada, Northwest Coast and Alaska 120. Northwest coast of North America Compiled by Peter Bakker 6 colours. 2 maps: General map of Southern half - Northern half 121. Northwest coast of North America, Southern half Compiled by Peter Bakker 6 colours. 2 maps: General map of Southern half - Northern half 122. Language families: Alaska, Canada and adjacent areas Compiled by Peter Bakker 6 colours. 1 map

Table of Contents

XIX

123. Canada and Alaska: Languages and Intercommunication Compiled by Peter Bakker 4 colours. 1 map 124. Languages and Intercommunication: Great Lakes Area Compiled by Peter Bakker 2 colours. 1 map 125. Languages of the Metis Compiled by Peter Bakker and Robert A. Papen 6 colours. 1 map 126. The impact of Pidgin Hawaiian on Eskimo and Chinook Jargon Compiled by Emanuel 1. Drechsel and Makua Kane Haunami 4 colours. 2 maps: Eskimo Jargon - Chinook Jargon 127. Russian in Alaska and in Alaskan languages Compiled by Michael Krauss 4 colours. 1 map

United States Area 128. Former American Indian lingue franche in the United States Compiled by Emanuel J. Drechsel 6 colours. 1 map 129. The Plains Sign Language in the United States Compiled by Allan W. Taylor 2 colours. 1 map

Mexico 130. Mexican Indigenous languages today Compiled by Beatriz Garza Cuar6n and Yolanda Lastra (Based on Jorge A. Suarez, 1983, and on Beatriz Gurza Cuar6n and Yolanda Lastra, 1991) 2 colours. 1 map 13 1. Sketch map of Zapotec Dialect Groupings Compiled by Doris Bartholomew 2 colours. 1 map 132. Sketch map of Mixtec Dialect Groupings Compiled by Doris Bartholomew and Beatriz Garza Cuar6n 2 colours. 1 map

XX

Table of Contents

133. Mexican Spanish: Dialectal zones Compiled by Beatriz Garza Cuar6n 2 colours. 1 map Central America 134. The spread of restructured languages in the Caribbean Compiled by John Holm 6 colours. 4 maps: 1600-1650 - 1651-1700 - 1701-1800 - After 1801 135. Carib languages Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar Black and white. 2 maps: Garifuna - Island Carib and Carib Pidgin 136. Dutch-based Creoles Compiled by Cefas van Rossem and Silvia Kouwenberg Black and white. 2 maps: Berbice Dutch in Guyana - Caribbean Negerhollands South America 137. The Quechua language Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Expansion of Quechua (1700-1800) - Modem distribution of Quechua 138. Aymaran and Coastal Tupi-Guarani: Historical Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Expansion of Aymaran languages (lOOO-1400AD) - Coastal Tupi - Guarani languages in 1500- and multilingual areas 139. The Araucanian language Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Araucanian language (16th century) and later expansionAraucanian language: present distribution 140. Aymaran languages and Quechua Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Aymaran languages: modem distribution - Quechua and Aymara contact areas 141. Western South America: Historical Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Pre-Aymaran loan contacts (before 1000AD) - West coast contacts (l5th-16th century)

Table of Contents

XXI

142. Contact languages: Ecuador and Bolivia Compiled by Pieter Muysken Black and white. 2 maps: Ecuador: distribution of Quechua and of Media lengua varieties - Range of the Callahuaya language region 143. Lowland South America: 'General languages' Compiled by Willem F. H. Adelaar 2 colours. 2 maps: Expansion of the Tupi and Guarani: 'general languages' Modem distribution of the Lingua Geral Amazonica

Modem Media in the Pacific Area 144. Papua New Guinea: Electronic media Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 5 colours. 1 map 145. Radio, TV and Print Media of the Cook Islands, Niue and French Polynesia Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 4 colours. 2 maps 146. Radio, TV and Print Media of the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 4 colours. 4 maps 147 Radio, TV and Print Media of Palau, Federated States of Micronesia and Solomon Islands Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 4 colours. 2 maps 148. Radio, TV and Print Media of New Caledonia and Vanuatu Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 4 colours. 2 maps 149. Radio, TV and Print Media of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 4 colours. 1 map 150. Electronic Media (Australia, New Zealand) Compiled by Malcolm Philpott 4 colours. 2 maps: Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS) - New Zealand radio stations 151. Papua New Guinea: National Broadcasting Commission: The Kundu or Provincial 'Grassroots' Service Compiled by Malcolm Philpott Black and white. 1 map

Introduction Stephen A. Wurm

The maps included in this map volume have been arranged in more or less the same geographical and logical order as is the case with the texts in the text volume. There are some differences in this between the two volumes which reflect the fact that some subject matters are more amenable to graphic representation, i.e. can be illustrated more clearly and effectively on maps and charts than described in texts. The subject of modem media in the Pacific area and their role in intercultural communication is a case in point, with eight A3 map sheets containing a total of 15 maps devoted to it, versus only one, though very long, text. Conversely, though very rarely, some subject matters dealt with in the text volume such as New Zealand English lexis, require no maps for illustration. Major, mostly geographical, titles dividing maps and texts into groups have been more freely resorted to in the map volume than in the text volume. For instance, there is a separate group of maps dealing with Polynesian languages and language contacts in the map volume, but the relevant textual discussion has been included in the text Precolonial patterns of intercultural communication in the Pacific Islands and other relevant texts. Also, each of the metropolitan languages dealt with in the Atlas have been given an individual major title in the Table of Contents of the map volume, e.g. Metropolitan language (Spanish including creole) whereas all the metropolitan languages have been subsumed under the title Metropolitan languages (including pidgins and creoles) in the Table of Contents of the text volume and similarly in the subject finder list of the text volume under the major entry word Metropolitan languages, largely to facilitate the use of the special subject finder list of the text volume.

This map volume consists of folded A3 map sheets, each of which may contain one large map, or two or more smaller maps which usually deal with related subjects. About four fifths of the map sheets contain maps in colour, but the number of black and white maps is about one third of all the maps. In the Table of Contents of the Map Volume, it is usually indicated how many maps each map sheet contains, and whether they are in colour. If there is no indication of colour, the maps on the given map sheet are black and white. If there is more than one map on a sheet, their titles are usually given in the Table of Contents under the main title of the map sheet, unless it is obvious what they are from the main title of the map sheet, or several maps are dealing with different aspects of the same subject. On each map sheet the relevant text (including the text number given in the table of contents of the text volume), the map number, and the main title of the map sheet, together with the name( s) of the compiler(s) of the map(s) is (are) given. If the map(s) on a given map sheet is (are) based on the research of the compiler(s) and/or is (are) based on what is discussed in the next text(s) relevant to that map sheet including its references, no mention is made of sources for the map(s). If the map is based on other research work and sources, this is indicated under the main title of the map sheet in the Table of Contents. Atlas volume texts relevant to a given map sheet are listed at the top of the map sheet. As has been pointed out above, there is no one-to-one correspondence between maps (or map sheets) and texts in the text volume, and one text can be relevant to several maps, and one map to several texts. At the end of each text, after the references,

XXIV

Stephen A. Wurm

maps relevant to it are listed. If of several maps on a map sheet, only one map is relevant to a given text, the title of the map sheet is mentioned at the end of that text (with relevant compilers of the maps on the map sheet if there is more than one compiler), with the title of the sectional map after

it in parentheses, e.g. "Aboriginal languages and contacts in Sakhalin and Kamchatka (Sakhalin). Compiled by Yekaterina Y. Gruzdeva and Aleksandr P. Volodin".

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