Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900-1914 1138480576, 9781138480575

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Armenia and Imperial Decline

This book seeks, for the first time, to examine the demography and the social and economic conditions in the Yerevan Province during the first decade of the twentieth century, before the great changes that occurred during World War I and the seven decades of Soviet rule. Unlike in Tiflis and Baku, the Armenian inhabitants of the Yerevan Province were overwhelmingly peasants. They did not play a major role in the political, intellectual or economic life of the South Caucasus. The aim of the book is to prove conclusively that the Armenians of the Yerevan Province not only benefitted from living under the umbrella of imperial security but, as junior and senior officials, they also acquired important administrative and professional skills. The social and economic changes of the last decade of Russian rule enabled the local Armenians to advance and, following the collapse of the Russian Empire, to occupy posts previously held by Russians. Thus, despite the absence of their most talented individuals and the lack of experienced political leaders, as well as the loss of half their territory to Turkish attacks in 1918, the local Armenian administration, in the face of terrible conditions and great odds, provided the foundation which allowed the Armenian Republic to maintain its independence until December of 1920. In fact, some of the survivors would assist in the modernization and nation-building of Soviet Armenia. Providing a detailed overview of the history of the Yerevan Province in the late imperial age, this book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars interested in the History of Armenia, the Russian Empire and the Caucasus. George A. Bournoutian holds a PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles. He is a senior Professor of History at Iona College in New York. His numerous books and articles focus on the modern history of Russia, Iran, Armenia and the rest of the South Caucasus.

Routledge Advances in Armenian Studies This series takes an inter-disciplinary approach, publishing important studies dealing with all aspects of Armenia, including its history, politics, culture, geography, society and economy.

Armenia and Imperial Decline The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914 George A. Bournoutian

Armenia and Imperial Decline The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914

George A. Bournoutian

First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 George A. Bournoutian The right of George A. Bournoutian to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Bournoutian, George A., author. Title: Armenia and imperial decline : the Yerevan Province, 1900-1914 / George A. Bournoutian. Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge advances in Armenian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017055879| ISBN 9781138480575 (hbk) | ISBN 9781351062626 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Yerevan (Armenia)–History–20th century. | Yerevan (Armenia)–Social conditions. | Yerevan (Armenia)–Economic conditions. Classification: LCC DK689.35 .B68 2018 | DDC 947.5608/3–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055879 ISBN: 9781138480575 (hbk) ISBN: 9781351062626 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Taylor & Francis Books

For Salpi, George, Berdj and Harmik – You have made Toronto my second home – L’Amitié est l’amour sans ailes (Lord Byron, 1804)

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Contents

List of illustrations Foreword Acknowledgments Transliteration, Terminology, Toponyms and Dates Note on the Sources Abbreviations Maps

ix x xii xiii xv xvii xviii

PART I

Socioeconomic Conditions of the Yerevan Province

1

Introduction

3

I

Historical Setting

6

II

The Land

12

III

The People

19

IV

Administration and Society

39

V

Land Tenure and Agriculture

62

VI

The Economy

73

VII

Taxes and Revenues

85

Concluding Remarks

94

PART II

101

Tables I

Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Yerevan District

103

viii II III IV V VI VII

Contents Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Echmiadzin District

146

Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Surmalu District

190

Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Sharur-Daralagez District

235

Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Nakhichevan District

269

Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Alexandropol District

308

Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Novo-Bayazet District

342

Glossary Bibliography Index

371 373 377

Illustrations

Maps 1

Georgia and the Iranian Khanates in the South Caucasus in the Early Nineteenth Century 2 The South Caucasus, ca. 1900 3 Administrative Districts and Police Prefectures of the Yerevan Province 4 Plan of the City of Yerevan 5 Yerevan District 6 Echmiadzin District 7 Surmalu District 8 Sharur-Daralagez District 9 Nakhichevan District 10 Alexandropol District 11 Novo-Bayazet District

xviii xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xiv xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii

Tables 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Population of the Urban Centers of the Province in 1907 The Mirabs of the Yerevan Province Yerevan District, 1912 (34,296 desiatins) Surmalu District, 1912 (18,626 desiatins) Echmiadzin District, 1912 (32,201 desiatins) Alexandropol District, 1912 (89,485 desiatins) Novo-Bayazet District, 1912 (75,610 desiatins) Sharur-Daralagez District, 1912 (22,514 desiatins) Nakhichevan District, 1912 (27,361 desiatins) Prices per Pound in Spring 1906 (kopeks) Prices per Pound in Summer 1906 (kopeks) Prices per Pound in Autumn 1906 (kopeks) Prices per Pound in Winter 1906 (kopeks)

24 55 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 78 78 78 79

Foreword

George Bournoutian is a scholar’s scholar. For his entire career he has diligently and patiently recovered lost information and histories of the Caucasus that have enabled scholars to piece together the complex stories that brought together and kept apart myriad peoples of the region. His work is foundational. He has done the hard labor of searching distant archives, read through obscure volumes, and brought the dispersed material of statisticians, geographers, travelers and earlier historians together in readable accounts. Able to read the necessary languages of the region, Bournoutian has tirelessly written the record that has eluded other investigators and has made it possible for future historians to rely on a sound empirical base for further studies. In this volume Bournoutian takes up what appears to me to be a labor of love, the history of Yerevan Province in the late imperial age. Having earlier dealt with Qarabagh, Nakhichevan, in Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule: 1807–1828 and The Khanate of Erevan under Qajar Rule, 1795–1828, he turns here to Yerevan Province in the turbulent period of development, revolution, and devastation. His careful accumulation of demographic data establishes the complex ethnic composition of the various districts and towns of the province. While Alexandropol, the largest city, was overwhelmingly Armenian, in Yerevan, the capital of the province, Armenians did not make up a majority of the town’s population and, according to the Russian census of 1897, just barely (by 10 persons) outnumbered the local Muslims. He shows how complex, intertwined, and fraught with potential conflict the population of the province was on the eve of World War I. People had been moving or had been moved back and forth across borders with Iran, Turkey, and Russia for much of the previous century. Indeed, the borders themselves had moved, further complicating the mixing and unmixing of peoples and their loyalties to the various rival empires. As in the other books that George Bournoutian has published, here as well the reader can wend his or her way through the thickets of data and explanation without being encumbered by the partisan nationalism from which much of scholarship on Caucasia suffers. The facts are here; they fall where they do; and advocates of one nationality or another must deal with the stubborn realities he describes. Bournoutian provides us a steady guide

Foreword

xi

through histories that have been marred by advocacy and outright falsification. The ingredients for a deeply textured social history are laid out systematically for the coming generations of historians to enrich the political, cultural, and social histories of the future. Yerevan Province was not the center of Armenian political and cultural life in the late tsarist empire, and yet it would form the base for the future Armenian republics – the first independent Armenian state (1918–1920) in over five hundred years, the Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991), and the current Republic of Armenia. The only province in the empire with an Armenian majority, Yerevan was a backwater, though one could spend a comfortable night in the Hotel Oriant (pronounced Orient) for 1 ruble 20 kopeks and have a tasty meal in its well-regarded restaurant followed by a film at the Apollo. The province was largely agricultural with a few fledgling industries and an internationally known cognac factory. It was also home to the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, his church located in the holy city of Echmiadzin. Although poorer than its neighboring provinces, Yerevan was a refuge for a dispersed people who looked to the Russian tsar as a protector when Armenians were threatened in neighboring empires. And it was the one small part of what Armenians regarded as their historic homeland that would be safeguarded, at least for a time, by Russian arms against the predations of their enemies. When genocide decimated the Ottoman Armenians, it was to Yerevan Province and other Russian-ruled regions that Armenian survivors fled. As Bournoutian indicates in the conclusion to this valuable volume, his careful and detailed reconstruction of Yerevan Province before World War I illustrates how far that region has advanced, through revolution, civil war, invasion, and the years of Soviet Power, to the modern yet beleaguered state that Armenia is today. Ronald Grigor Suny William H. Sewell Jr. Distinguished University Professor of History The University of Michigan

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Marc Mamigonian, Director of Academic Affairs at the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR), who directed my attention to two Russian works, published in Tiflis in 1903 and 1905, which were being offered for sale by a seller of rare books. The titles suggested that they contained valuable information on land tenure in two of the seven districts of the Yerevan Province at the dawn of the twentieth century. The rare information therein motivated the preparation of the present study. Dr. Ronald Suny, a colleague and an accomplished expert in Russian and Soviet history, was kind enough to write the foreword. A grant from NAASR and funding from a dear friend from Toronto helped in conducting further research. Finally, a study of this nature owes a great deal to a number of individuals. Vadim Gomoz assisted in obtaining a number of rare volumes from Russian libraries. Edward Helmrich of the inter-library loan service at the Ryan Library of Iona College managed to obtain important sources. Brian Farkas of Iona’s Center for the Enhancement of Learning & Teaching (CELTIC) took great pains to prepare the 11 maps, and Danielle DiMatteo, also of CELTIC, provided invaluable logistical support. My wife, Ani, once again read the various drafts. I wish to express my thanks to Maggie Reid for her painstaking efforts in copyediting a very complex manuscript. I am, of course, responsible for any shortcomings, which a study of this nature must inevitably contain.

Transliteration, Terminology, Toponyms and Dates

Russian, Armenian, Persian and Turkish terms are transliterated, with minor deviations, according to the Library of Congress tables, without the use of diacritical marks. However, commonly used terms and Anglicized forms remain unchanged. Russian names such as Alexander, Nicholas and Paul appear in their Westernized versions. The Armenian letter E is transcribed as Ye when it appears at the beginning of a name; hence Yerevan instead of Erevan. The Russian Эриван has also been transcribed as Yerevan. The Russian spelling for place names listed in the sources posed a problem. The Russian editors tried to phonetically transcribe the names of the numerous villages in the province. Unfortunately, the Russian alphabet lacks the phonetic sounds of the Arabo-Persian letters of ‫ ﻍ‬,‫ ﻕ‬,‫ ﻩ‬,‫ ﺡ‬and ‫ ﻉ‬and the Armenian letters h and gh.1 Moreover, the phonetic values of the local Turkish dialect could not be reproduced in Russian. The versions herein are as accurate as possible. It is important to note that prior to the formation of Soviet Armenia, tsarist officials kept almost all the former place names that were used in the Yerevan Khanate during Iranian rule. Although most of these villages had had Armenian names in the past, various Turcoman tribes that had settled in the region following the Timurid period2 had renamed a great number of them. Armenian officials, during the Soviet period, restored some of the historic Armenian names wherever possible.3 Other villages had been abandoned or were absorbed into new collective farms (kolkhoz), sometimes named after Armenian, Russian, Georgian or Azeri communists. Some of these place names changed once again after the fall of the Soviet Union.4 Every effort has been made to identify, with the correct spelling, the presentday Armenian names [they appear in square brackets] of the villages of the Yerevan Province. Any assistance from readers in identifying the lacunae or errors will be greatly appreciated. I must also apologize for the absence of an index, which was not possible to compile from a study of this nature. The transcription of the present-day Azeri place names in Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez was likewise complicated. In 1922, the Soviets, in order to reduce the influence of Islam and Iran as well as to instill a much-needed

xiv Transliteration, Terminology, Toponyms and Dates national identity, replaced the Arabo-Persian script used by the Muslims in the South Caucasus with a Latin alphabet (slightly modified in 1933), similar to the new Latin alphabet created in Turkey for much the same reason. In 1939, on Stalin’s orders, a new alphabet using the Cyrillic script (slightly modified in 1958) was introduced, which remained in use until the fall of the Soviet Union. In 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan reverted to using the former Latin alphabet, with minor changes. A year later, however, the alphabet was again modified with the removal of ä, replacing it with ə (the “schwa”). After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Azeris also changed some of the place names of the Soviet period.5 Every effort has been made to identify, with the correct spelling, the present-day Azeri names [they appear in square brackets] of the former villages of the Yerevan Province, which are now part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Any assistance from readers in identifying such names will also be greatly appreciated. Furthermore, the terms “Azerbaijan” and “Azeri” do not appear in any of the sources cited herein. Rather, the Turkic inhabitants of the region are referred to as Muslims or Tatars. In addition, most of the territory that formed the future Republic of Azerbaijan was, at the time of this study, divided into the Russian Elisavetpol and Baku provinces. Prior to 1918, the term “Azerbaijan” applied only to the Iranian province of Azarbayjan. Lastly, in this period, Russia used the Julian or Old Style calendar, which, in the nineteenth century was 12 days, and in the first quarter of the twentieth century, was 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar employed in the West. All dates recorded in the survey are according to the Russian Julian calendar.

Note on the Sources

All of the primary sources for this study are in Russian. They were printed between 1902 and 1916. Among them is the first general population census of the Russian Empire (minus Finland), conducted in 1897 and published in 1905 in numerous fascicules.6 Statistical information from fascicules 6 and 7 contain important data on the 11 provinces (guberniia) of the Caucasus: five provinces in the North and six in the South Caucasus, the latter of which included the Yerevan Province. Meanwhile, a number of statistical committees were formed in the various provinces of the empire under the aegis of the Statistical Committee of the Ministry of the Interior in order to gather and record detailed information on climate, terrain, land tenure, revenue, flora and fauna and other relevant data. One such committee, the Provincial Statistical Committee of the Yerevan Guberniia, was formed in 1900. It main purpose was to publish yearbooks or almanacs in the style of the later issues of Kavkazskii kalendar’, but devoted solely to the Yerevan Province. The first issue was published in 1902, and subsequent issues were published biennially until 1914. Each issue covered data for the one or two years prior to its publication date.7 These yearbooks were not available in any library in the United States. I was finally able to locate them in the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg and the State Public Historical Library of Russia in Moscow. Moreover, since the last of these yearbooks, published in 1914, contained information for the years 1912–1913, I obtained the data for the year 1914 from the final volume of Kavkazskii kalendar’.8 My search bore fruit for, upon examining these yearbooks, I discovered that they identified every village in every police prefecture and village commune of the seven districts that comprised the Yerevan Province. In addition, the tables included the number of households, the value of the harvest and the taxes collected by the state as well as the dues paid for the upkeep of the officials, schools, roads and bridges. Furthermore, they also listed the number of schools (including Armenian and Muslim religious schools) and names of their faculty; the names of every official in each district (administrative, military, judicial, financial); churches (Armenian Apostolic, Catholic and Russian orthodox); mosques (Shi’a and Sunni) and their clergy; and data on irrigation, trade, manufacturing, agriculture, viniculture, animal husbandry, flora and fauna, and other useful information.

xvi

Note on the Sources

The wealth of the material, which to my knowledge had never been utilized in the West, was so astounding that I decided to combine the most valuable data from all of these sources into the second part of this study. Although some may think the seven tables produced in Part II superfluous, I am certain that the information therein will prove useful to future scholars, especially those who wish to compare the demography and economy of the Yerevan Guberniia with other provinces in the South Caucasus or those who wish to study the tremendous transformation of the province during the seven decades of Soviet rule. Other primary sources are the Russian surveys of 1829–1832, which provide the ethnographic and socioeconomic data of the Armenian Province (the former khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan) in the final years of Iranian and earliest years of Russian rule.9 In 1900, another statistical committee was formed in Tiflis, the Russian administrative center of the Caucasus. The Committee Chairman, LieutenantGeneral A. A. Freze, together with State Councilors G. K. Tkachev and N. G. Pantelev, commissioned the preparation of a cadastral study of the Yerevan Province. The data was gathered from the various surveys and registers of the Yerevan Province’s administrative districts prepared during the last quarter of the nineteenth century; that is, following the land reforms of 1872. The committee entrusted the task to the junior editor at the Statistical Department, D. D. Pagirev. In 1903, the first part, which dealt with the Yerevan District, was published in Tiflis.10 Two years later, in 1905, the second part, which dealt with the Novo-Bayazet District, also appeared in Tiflis.11 The two volumes (paginated concurrently) included 110 pages and contained a detailed land survey of every village and plot of land in the two districts.12 Unfortunately, the antiArmenian policies of the Governor-General of the Caucasus, Prince Golitsyn, and the ensuing violent Armenian response (1903–1905), as well as the 1905 Russian Revolution and the Armeno-Tatar clashes of 1905–1907, put a halt to the publication of the material on the other five districts. These were the same two works that were brought to my attention by Mr. Mamigonian. I began searching libraries and archives in Russia hoping to find the said volumes. Several months later my efforts were rewarded when I found them to be at the Rumiantsev Public Library in St. Petersburg. The final Russian source is an alphabetical gazetteer of the Caucasus region on the eve of World War I. Commissioned by the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, this rather large volume contains the names of every city, town, village and nomad settlement in the region. The study, edited by D. D. Pagirev and published in Tiflis in 1913, aided me in verifying the accuracy of the spelling of the toponyms in the province.13 The sole non-Russian source is the five-volume alphabetical dictionary of the former and present names of each Armenian village located in the South Caucasus, under the general editorship of Professor Hakobyan.14

Abbreviations

Akty KK

PK/1902 PK/1904 PK/1906 PK/1908 PK/1910 PK/1912 PK/1914 PSZR ZD/I ZD/II

Viceroyalty of the Caucasus. Akty sobrannye Kavkazskoiu Arkheograficheskoiu Kommissieiu. 12 vols. Tiflis, 1866–1904. Viceroyalty of the Caucasus: Kavkazskii kalendar’ na 1901– 1916. Tiflis, 1900–1915. Statisticheskii Komitet Erivanskoi Gubernii. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1902 god’. Yerevan, 1902. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1904 god’. Yerevan, 1903. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1906 god’. Yerevan, 1905. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1908 god’. Yerevan, 1908. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1910 god’. Yerevan, 1910. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1912 god’. Yerevan, 1912. Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1914 god’. Yerevan, 1914. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii. St. Petersburg, 1830–1885. Zemel’nyia dachi Erivanskoi Gubernii, I: Dachi Erivanskago u’ezda. Tiflis, 1903. Zemel’nyia dachi Erivanskoi Gubernii, II: Dachi Novo-bayazetskago u’ezda. Tiflis, 1905.

Maps

Map 1 Georgia and the Iranian Khanates in the South Caucasus in the Early Nineteenth Century

Maps

Map 2 The South Caucasus, ca. 1900

xix

xx

Maps

Map 3 Administrative Districts and Police Prefectures of the Yerevan Province

Maps

xxi

Map 4 Plan of the City of Yerevan 1. Katoghike Church. 2. State Bank. 3. City Hospital. 4. Peter and Paul Church. 5. St. Illuminator Church 6. Women’s Gymnasium. 7. Men’s Gymnasium. 8. Provincial Administration Bldg. 9. Armenian Seminary. 10. St. Sarkis Church. 11. Gök-Jami (Blue Mosque). 12. Russian St. Nicholas Cathedral. 13. City Duma. 14. Sardar’s Palace. 15. Bridge. 16. Cemetery. 17. Tapabashi quarter. 18. Demir-Bulagh quarter*. A. Astafyan Street (Abovyan). B. Fortress Street. C. Bread Square. D. English Garden. E. Post Street. F. Bazaar Street. G. Nazarov Street. H. Beybutov Street. I. Molokan Street. J. Tsar Street. K. Vekilov Street. L. Tarkhanov Street. M. Ter-Ghukasov Street. N. Dyers Street. O. Orchards/Vineyards. P. Haykakan Street. Q. Bath Street. R. Market Square. S. Medical Street. T. Aygestan Street. U. Caravansaray Street. V. Church Street. W. Nahang Street. X. Irrigation Canal. Y. Zangi River. Z. Baths. * The city of Yerevan in the Iranian era had three quarters (mahalle): Shahri (inner or old town) as well as the Tapabashi and Demir-Bulagh quarters. Many gypsies resided in the Tapabashi Quarter, while Muslims were the main inhabitants of the DemirBulagh Quarter. These quarters retained their names until the Soviet period. For more details and a map of the city in the last years of Iranian rule, see Bournoutian, Erevan, 38–47.

xxii

Maps

Map 5 Yerevan District 1. Noragavit. 2. Kanaker. 3. Eilyar. 4. Novo-Nikolayevka. 5. Ulukhanlu. 6. Aghamazalu. 7. Mogub. 8. Gök-Kilisa. 9. Zar. 10. Aramus. 11. Imanshalu. 12. Chikdamlu. 13. Qamarlu. 14. Nowruzlu. 15. Assyrian Dvin. 16. Jannatlu. 17. Ardashar. 18. Iuva. 19. Dargalu. 20. Bash-Garni. 21. Agarak. 22. Shahriyar. 23. Geghart. 24. Goght. 25. Assyrian Gol. 26. Khosrov. 27. Davalu. 28. Karalar. 29. Büyük-Vedi. 30. Avshar. 31. Sarkhanlu. 32. Borolan. 33. Khalisa. 34. Shirazlu. 35. Lower Karabaghlar. 36. JiginKarakoyunlu. 37. Ak-Kilisa. 38. Eranos. 39. Armik. 40. Yaiji. 41. Zanjirlu. 42. Kadilu. 43. Karakhach. 44. Lower Chanakhchi. 45. Sadarak. 46. Günnut.

Maps

xxiii

Map 6 Echmiadzin District 1. Haji-Bayram. 2. Kheyribeglu. 3. Assar. 4. Lower Talin. 5. Mastara. 6. Mehriban. 7. Kirmizlu. 8. Sardarabd. 9. Molla-Bayazet. 10. Janfada. 11. Kurdukuli. 12. Talysh. 13. Karavansaray. 14. Kosh. 15. Kerpalu. 16. Zeyva. 17. Vagharshapat/Echmiadzin. 18. Yergov. 19. Parbi. 20. Ushi. 21. Kızıl-Tamur. 22. Oshakan. 23. Ashtarak. 24. Karpi. 25. Ghazanfar. 26. Shirakala. 27. Kara-Kilisa. 28. Yeghvard. 29. Kirashlu. 30. Jatkran.

xxiv Maps

Map 7 Surmalu District A. Greater Ararat. B. Lesser Ararat. 1. Tandurek. 2. Aghdash. 3. Sari-Bulagh. 4. Dibsiz. 5. Zarifkhana. 6. Molla Qajar. 7. Almalıkh. 8. Parnaut. 9. Aqa-Beg. 10. Kilichlu. 11. Inja. 12. Agarak. 13. Kulpi. 14. Aslanlu. 15. Soghutlu. 16. Turabi. 17. Pirlu. 18. Sichanlu. 19. Nazravan. 20. Oba. 21. Evjilyar. 22. Kushchi. 23. Zorı. 24. Günda. 25. Orgov. 26. Igdir. 27. Pliur. 28. Panik. 29. Malaklu. 30. Karakoyunlu. 31. Amarat. 32. ’Ali-Jan. 33. Tokhanshalu-Qajar. 34. Dashburun. 35. Bulagh-Bashi. 36. Tarash. 37. Hasan-Khan. 38. Alatlu. 39. Akhuri. 40. Karagajalu. 41. Aralıkh. 42. Aratan.

Maps

xxv

Map 8 Sharur-Daralagez District 1. Hors. 2. Kodukh-vank. 3. Koytul. 4. Aynazur. 5. Chuva. 6. Danzik. 7. Bash-Norashen. 8. Zeyva. 9. Norashen. 10. Shahtakht. 11. Khanlukhlar. 12. Pusiyan. 13. Tananam. 14. Akhura. 15. Khachik. 16. Amaghu. 17. Engija. 18. Ayar. 19. Orta-kend. 20. Keshishkend. 21. Malishka. 22. Moz. 23. Azatek. 24. Por. 25. Soylan. 26. Martiros. 27. Akhta. 28. Chay-kend. 29. Arinj. 30. Herher. 31. Jul. 32. Terp.

xxvi

Maps

Map 9 Nakhichevan District 1. Shahtakhti. 2. Kivrak. 3. Khok. 4. Buzgov. 5. Jaghri. 6. Nararabad. 7. Shah Mahmud. 8. Yarimja. 9. Nakhichevan. 10. Tirkesh. 11. Karmalinovka. 12. Shahbuz. 13. Vaykhir. 14. Kulus. 15. Surab. 16. Kuznut. 17. Shurut. 18. Kazanchi. 19. Dernis. 20. Upper Akulis. 21. Lower Akulis. 22. Ordubad. 23. Upper Andamich. 24. Julfa. 25. Shadi.

Maps

xxvii

Map 10 Alexandropol District 1. Alexandropol. 2. Ani Station. 3. Kızıl-Kilisa. 4. Bayandur. 5. Zarinja. 6. Ortakilisa. 7. Aghbulagh. 8. Agh-kilisa. 9. Aghbulagh. 10. Nalband. 11. Bekand. 12. Golgat. 13. Tashkala. 14. Shirvanjuk. 15. Artik. 16. Abdibeg. 17. Duzkend. 18. Güzel-dara. 19. Hamamlu. 20. Pamb. 21. Archut. 22. Bzovdal. 23. Kara-Kilisa. 24. Kishlak. 25. Ya`qubli. 26. Vartanlu. 27. Bozikend. 28. Nikitin.

xxviii

Maps

Map 11 Novo-Bayazet District 1. Novo-Bayazet. 2. Dali-Kardash. 3. Kishlak. 4. Noraduz. 5. Alexandrovka. 6. Aghzibir. 7. Ordaklu. 8. Shahriz. 9. Yeleovka. 10. Sevan Monastery. 11. Taycharukh. 12. Dallar. 13. Konstantinovka. 14. Randamal. 15. Akhty. 16. Sukhoi-Fontan. 17. Kiankian. 18. Eranos. 19. Adiyaman. 20. Upper Karanlegh. 21. Lower Karanlegh. 22. Lower Aluchalu. 23. Upper Aluchalu. 24. Kızıl-Kharaba. 25. Tashkend. 26. Basarkechar. 27. Zod. 28. Shishkaya. 29. Jil. 30. Ardanich. 31. Tokhluja.

Maps

xxix

Notes 1 They are generally transcribed as a or g. 2 For more details, see V. Minorsky, The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages (London, 1978), fasc. XIII–XIV. 3 They relied heavily on the geographical volumes of Ghewond Alishan printed in Venice during the nineteenth century. 4 For example, the town of Gümri, which was renamed Alexandropol in 1837, was named Leninakan during the Soviet period, changed its name to Kumayri between 1990 and 1992, and in 1992 was renamed Gyumri. 5 I have used the Azeri vowels ü, ö, ë, ə and ı and the consonants s¸, ç and g˘ to render the proper sounds of the new Azeri alphabet. 6 A. Troinitskii, ed. Pervaia vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii, 1897 g. [First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire] (St. Petersburg, 1905). 7 A. I. Marchenko, ed., Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1902 god’ (Yerevan, 1902); na 1904 god’ (Yerevan, 1903); na 1906 god’ (Yerevan, 1905). V. E. Vasliev, ed., Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1908 god’ (Yerevan, 1908); na 1010 god’ (Yerevan, 1910); na 1912 god’ (Yerevan, 1912). Kh. A. Volchanin, ed., Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii na 1914 god’ (Yerevan, 1914). [Official Almanacs of the Yerevan Province for the Years 1902–1914] hereinafter these are abbreviated as PK. 8 Viceroyalty of the Caucasus, Kavkazskii kalendar’ na 1916 god’ [Official Almanac of the Caucasus, 1916] (Tiflis, 1915): hereinafter abbreviated as KK. 9 I. Shopen [I.Chopin], Istoricheskii pamiatnik sostoiania Armianskoi oblasti v’ epokhu eia prisoedineniia k’ Rossiskoi Imperii [A Historical Survey of the Conditions of the Armenian Province at the Time of its Unification with the Russian Empire] (St. Petersburg, 1852) and V. Grigor’ev, Statisticheskoe Opisanie Nakhichevanskoi provintsii [A Statistical Survey of the Nakhichevan Province] (St. Petersburg, 1833). 10 Zemel’nyia dachi Erivanskoi Gubernii, I: Dachi Erivanskago u’ezda [Land Tenure of the Yerevan Province, I: Yerevan District] (Tiflis, 1903): hereinafter abbreviated as ZD/I. 11 Zemel’nyia dachi Erivanskoi Gubernii, II: Dachi Novo-bayazetskago u’ezda [Land Tenure of the Yerevan Province, II: Novo-Bayazet District] (Tiflis, 1905): hereinafter abbreviated as ZD/II. 12 The data not only included the latitude and longitude of each location, but also listed the ownership, roads, cemeteries, forests, canals and arable and non-arable lands. 13 D. D. Pagirev, ed., Alfavitnyi ukazatel’ k’ piativerstnoi karte Kavkazskago kraia, izdaniia Kavkazskago Voenno-Topograficheskago Otdela [Alphabetical List of Place Names of the Caucasus Region] (Tiflis, 1913). 14 T. Kh. Hakobyan, S. T. Melik‘-Bakhshyan and H. Kh. Barseghyan, Hayastani ev harakits shrjanneri teghanunneri bararan [Dictionary of Toponymy of Armenia and Adjacent Territories] 5 vols. (Yerevan, 1986–2001). I have examined B. A. Budagov and G. A. Geybullaev’s Explanatory Dictionary of Azerbaijani Origin Places’ Names [sic] in Armenia (Baku, 2009). Unfortunately the work is devoid of any scholarly value.

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Part I

Socioeconomic Conditions of the Yerevan Province

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Introduction

My interest in the social and economic history of the territory that in 1850 formed the Erivan Guberniia, or the Yerevan Province, began during my graduate studies at UCLA. An IREX Fellowship in 1973–1974 enabled me to gather material for my dissertation and for my subsequent volumes on the khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan in the final years of Iranian rule and the early period of Russian rule. My attraction to the region of the South Caucasus did not diminish, and I spent the next four decades translating numerous Armenian and Russian primary sources of the period as well as publishing annotated versions of rare Russian surveys on the demography and economy of the eastern Caucasian khanates of Sheki, Shirvan and Karabagh just prior to their annexation by Russia. Meanwhile, I continued to have questions about the social and economic history of Russian Armenia, especially following the political and economic reforms of Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855–1881). Although Western historians dealing with the Caucasus had published important studies on Georgia1 and the eastern part of the South Caucasus (the later Azerbaijan)2 during the last decades of Russian rule, they had completely ignored Russian Armenia in that same period. The few studies that did deal with the province either bypassed the years 1900–19143 or concentrated on the political, economic and cultural activities of the Armenian communities in Tiflis [Tbilisi], Baku, Constantinople, Moscow and St. Petersburg from the 1880s to 1915.4 The numerous pre-revolutionary Russian studies printed in Tiflis focused on the overall social and economic conditions of the Caucasus during the nineteenth century.5 Soviet historians were mainly interested in the changes that occurred after the Sovietization of Armenia.6 They viewed pre-revolutionary Armenia (with a great deal of justification, one may add) as a backward agricultural region which had blossomed into an urbanized and industrialized society only under communism.7 To be fair, one has to note that Russian Armenia – that is, the small area which formed the Yerevan Province – was not only regarded as a backwater, but it also lacked the political or economic stature of the Tiflis and Baku provinces. Moreover, it did not have those cities’ Armenian leaders, most of

4

Introduction

whom preferred to live in the more cosmopolitan, industrial and commercial areas outside the largely rural Yerevan Province. In fact, some of these individuals had never lived in Yerevan at all, only arriving there after the formation of the Armenian Republic in May 1918 or during the early years of the Soviet period. There is no doubt that compared to Tiflis and Baku, the inhabitants of the Yerevan Province were overwhelmingly peasants. They did not play a major role in the political, intellectual or economic life of the South Caucasus. However, the following questions remain to be answered: How did the Yerevan Province and the Armenian Republic manage to administer day-today life between November 1917 and December 1920? How, despite epidemics, lack of food, enemy attacks and being inundated with over 300,000 refugees, was the government able to function? Was the Armenian Republic, in its less than 1,000 days of existence, suddenly able to create the educational institutions, the courts and prisons, the postal-telegraph and transportation systems, the army, the medical and veterinary centers, the police, and the agricultural, irrigation and administrative structure which maintained it? Moreover, how could Soviet Armenia, in the early years of its existence, have functioned without a preexisting infrastructure? The present study seeks to examine, for the first time, the demography and the social and economic conditions in the Yerevan Province during the first decade of the twentieth century, before the great changes that occurred during World War I and the seven decades of Soviet rule. It seeks to prove conclusively that the Armenians of the Yerevan Province not only benefitted from living under the umbrella of imperial security, but as junior and senior officials, they also acquired important administrative and professional skills. The social and economic changes of the last decade of Russian rule enabled the local Armenians to advance and, following the collapse of the Russian Empire, to occupy posts previously held by Russians. Thus, despite the absence of their most talented individuals and the lack of experienced political leaders, as well as the loss of half their territory to Turkish attacks in 1918, the local Armenian administration, in the face of terrible conditions and great odds, provided the foundation which allowed the Armenian Republic to maintain its independence until December of 1920. In fact, some of the survivors would assist in the modernization and nation-building of Soviet Armenia.

Notes 1 The best source is R. G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington, 1994). 2 The best sources are R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune, 1917–1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, 1972), and the first monograph (but not the subsequent studies) of T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905– 1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge, 1985).

Introduction

5

3 The noted exception has been studies on the Armenian Church Crisis of 1903–1905 and the Armeno-Tatar clashes of 1905–1907; see Chapter I. 4 See R. G. Hovannisian’s study, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 (Berkeley, 1967) and R. G. Suny’s monograph, Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History (Bloomington, 1993). 5 See, for example, Iu. F. Akhverdov, Tiflisskie amkary [The Guilds of Tiflis] (Tiflis, 1883); I. Z. Andronikov, Kul’tura risa na Kavkaze [Rice Production in the Caucasus] (Tiflis, 1900); S. Gulishambarov, Obzor fabric i zavodov Zakavkazskogo kraia [Factories and Workshops in the Caucasus] (Tiflis, 1884); S. Esadze, Istoricheskaia zapiska ob’ upravlenii Kavkazom’ [A Historical Study on the Caucasian Administration] 2 vols. (Tiflis, 1907). 6 The sole exception is T. Hakobyan’s Yerevani Patmut`yune, 1879–1917 t.t. [The History of Yerevan, 1879–1917] (Yerevan, 1963) in which the author used archival sources to describe the social and economic condition of the city of Yerevan prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. 7 See, for example, M. Shaginyan, Puteshestvie po Sovetskoi Armenii [Travel Through Soviet Armenia] (Moscow, 1951).

I

Historical Setting

The South Caucasus: 1801–1828 The Russian conquest of the South Caucasus,1 which began with the annexation of eastern Georgia in 1801, was a slow process. After establishing Tiflis as its administrative and military headquarters in the region, Russia attacked the Iranian Khanate of Ganja (Ganjeh)2 and began the First RussoIranian War (1804–1813).3 Russia’s involvement in the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812 and Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 meant that the full force of Russia’s military might could not be used against Iran. The conflict thus dragged on for ten years. By 1813, the restraints of these other military engagements were removed, and following a number of defeats, Iran was forced to sign the Gulistan (Golestan) agreement. The treaty, which the Iranians considered to be only an armistice, handed the former Iranian khanates of Ganja, Derbent (Darband), Kuba (Qobbeh), Shirvan, Karabagh (Qarabagh), Sheki (Shakki) and parts of Talysh (Talesh) to Russia4 with the proviso that the tsar would consider returning some of the disputed territory and that the final borders would be determined by a boundary commission composed of both nations. Despite the efforts of the Iranian envoy in St. Petersburg, the question of the final borders remained unresolved. In 1816, Tsar Alexander I (r. 1801– 1825) appointed General Alexei Yermolov as the new commander-in-chief of the Caucasus and, in 1817, sent him to Iran to resolve the border dispute. Yermolov’s notoriously boorish behavior in Iran did not resolve the dispute, but actually worsened it considerably. Furthermore, his annexation of the khanates of Sheki, Shirvan and Karabagh forced their khans to flee to Iran. Subsequent rumors of Russia’s mistreatment of the Muslim population living in the South Caucasus brought complaints on the part of Shi’a senior clerics and forced Fath `Ali Shah (r. 1797–1834) and his heir, `Abbas Mirza (d. 1833), to consider a new war with Russia. Taking advantage of the death of Tsar Alexander in 1825 and the Decembrist uprising that same year, Iranian armies, in 1826, crossed the Arax (Aras) River and began the Second Russo-Iranian War (1826–1828). After some initial Iranian victories, Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825–1855) replaced Yermolov with General Ivan Paskevich.

Historical Setting

7

Using heavy artillery, Paskevich captured the fortress of `Abbasabad in the Khanate of Nakhichevan and the bastion of Sardarabad in the Khanate of Yerevan. By late fall of 1827, the main defensive fort of the region, that of Yerevan, fell to Paskevich, and the Russians managed to enter Tabriz, the capital of the Azarbayjan5 Province and the seat of `Abbas Mirza’s governorship. After two months of negotiations and procrastination (due to the imminent start of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829), Iran, in 1828, signed the Treaty of Turkmanchay (Torkamanchay). The treaty not only surrendered the khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan to Russia, but also affirmed both the territorial losses stipulated in the Gulistan agreement and the transfer of the remaining parts of Talysh to Russia. The Arax River became the new boundary between the two states. A year later, by the Treaty of Adrianople (1829), the Turks gave up the Pashalik of Akhaltsikh, making Russia the master of the South Caucasus (see Map 1). After 1829, Russia, for the next three decades, could divert its military attention to pacifying the Muslim mountain tribes in the North Caucasus (Daghestan and Chechnia). Following the wars, Russia set up a new administrative structure for the South Caucasus. It divided the region into five provinces: 1) the Georgian Province, formed from the eastern Georgian kingdom, the former Khanate of Ganja,6 as well as the soltanates of Shuragöl,7 Kazakh (Qazzaq) and Shamshedil (Sham od-Din); 2) the Muslim Military District, created from the former Karabagh, Shirvan, Sheki and Talysh khanates; 3) the Caspian Province, made up from the former khanates of Baku, Kuba and Derbent; 4) the Imeretian Province, formed from the western Georgian principalities; and 5) the Armenian Province, created in 1828 from the former khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan.

The Armenian Province and the South Caucasus 1828–1850 The creation of the Armenian Province was prompted by the efforts of a number of pro-Armenian Russian officials who wished to reward the Armenians for their support during the Russo-Iranian wars. Russian military and political leaders also assumed that Georgians and Armenians, as Christians, preferred Russian rule and would support Russian domination over the large Muslim population living in the Caucasus. Since the Armenians formed a minority in the new Russian Armenian Province, Russian diplomats, who for years had been encouraging Armenians to move from the neighboring Muslim khanates into Georgia in order to revive its economy, included a unique provision (Article XV) in the Turkmanchay Treaty, giving the Armenians residing in Azarbayjan one year to emigrate.8 In 1836, the Russian government issued the Polozhenie (the Regulations Governing the Armenian-Gregorian Church in Russia). Although this gave the government the right to supervise the affairs of the Church by having a

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Part I

voice in the election of the Supreme Patriarch, or Catholicos, and to place a Russian procurator to observe all the proceedings of the synod, it did grant the Church the right to open schools, with the permission of the Minister of the Interior.9 After the formation of the Armenian Province in 1828, the Russians, for all intents and purposes, left the former Iranian administrative structure unaltered.10 In fact, not only did most of the former Muslim notables and officials continue to perform their duties, but some were even rewarded with Russian military ranks and acted as nayebs, or deputy governors.11 The total submission of Iran, as dictated by the Turkmanchay Treaty, guaranteed against the danger of any future Russian entanglement with the Qajars. The newly formed Armenian Province, which bordered Iran, was therefore ignored by the Central Caucasian Administration in Tiflis and even more so by the government in St. Petersburg. The small number of Russian officials who served in the new territory had to rely on the former Muslim administrators, as well as interpreters, to carry out their duties. Land tenure, taxes and the judicial system remained virtually unchanged, and Persian or the local Turkish dialect continued to be used in many administrative offices.12 Complaints from the Armenians13 as well as from the small group of Russian officials concerning the arbitrary actions of the Muslim administrators brought changes in 1840. In order to bring the province under the supervision of the central administration of the Caucasus in Tiflis, the government decreed in that year that all local laws and customs be set aside, that all business be conducted in Russian and that Russians staff all administrative offices.14 At the same time, the Armenian Province lost its separate status and was incorporated into the Georgian-Imeretian Province.15 In 1844, in order to further consolidate the North and South Caucasus, the Russians created a single administrative division of the region headquartered in Tiflis. For the next five years newly appointed Russian bureaucrats, ignorant of local traditions, attempted to follow ad hoc orders from Tiflis. The negative local reaction, especially on the part of the Georgian nobles, who had in the past enjoyed some autonomy, resulted in the recall of many of these bureaucrats. In 1845, Emperor Nicholas I, concerned about the unending anti-Russian activities in Daghestan, appointed Prince Michael Vorontsov as his viceroy in the Caucasus. Vorontsov, who as a young officer had served under General Tsitsianov during his failed attempt to capture Yerevan, planned to win the support of the local notables and to create a shared administration. Georgians, Armenians and Muslims would work and share power with the Russians to gradually transform the South Caucasus. For this reason, in 1846 Vorontsov persuaded the tsar to split the South Caucasus along ethno-religious lines into four guberniias or provinces: 1) Tiflis, which included eastern Georgia, the former Armenian Province, and the Elisavetpol Province; 2) Western Georgia or Kutais, made up of the Imereti, Akhalkalak, Akhaltsikh and Alexandropol

Historical Setting

9

districts; 3) Shemakha, made up of the former khanates of Baku, Talysh, Shirvan, Sheki and Karabagh, and 4) Derbent, made up from the former khanates of Kuba and Derbent.

The Yerevan Province and the South Caucasus, 1850–1917 Following the success of this initial division and retracing the footsteps of Tsitsianov and earlier Russian administrators, Vorontsov was eager to gain the co-operation of the Armenians, who had demonstrated their allegiance to Russia since the eighteenth century,16 by restoring the former Armenian Province. An astute politician who had personally seen parts of the Armenian Province, Vorontsov was well aware that the southern and western mahals 17 of the former province, which bordered the Ottoman Empire and Iran, had an overwhelming Muslim majority. Therefore, in order to safeguard Georgia and to facilitate better communication between Yerevan and Tiflis, Vorontsov, on June 9, 1849, detached the former Armenian Province from the Tiflis Province and the predominantly Armenian district of Alexandropol from the Kutais Province and, after combining them, formed a fifth guberniia, the Yerevan Province (see Map 2).18 The new province not only was larger than the former Armenian Province, but also had better transportation routes to and from the central Russian administration of the Caucasus. It is important to add that while the northern half of the province had a solid Armenian majority, the southern half continued to have a Muslim majority.19 This fact would play a major role in the formation of Soviet Armenia.20 Documents in the Russian archives attest to the fact that the central government, until the 1860s, for all practical purposes, viewed the South Caucasus as colonies.21 With the appointment of Grand Duke Michael Nikolayevich (1862–1882) as the new viceroy and a series of reforms, this notion began to alter. One of these allowed the Armenians of the Yerevan Province and the rest of the South Caucasus to establish parish schools. In 1864, the new viceroy initiated yet further changes. The Shemakha Province was divided into the Baku Province, created from the former Baku, Kuba, Karabagh, Sheki and Shirvan khanates, and the Daghestan Province, formed from the former Derbent Khanate and the lands of the various tribes of southern Daghestan. Finally, in 1868, the South Caucasus experienced yet another re-formation, this time into five new provinces: 1) the Elisavetpol Province, created from the former khanates of Ganja, Sheki and Karabagh and the former Georgian districts of Kazakh and Shamshadil, 2) the Yerevan Province, 3) the Tiflis Province, 4) the Kutais Province, and 5) the Baku Province. Following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Russia obtained additional territory in the southwest Caucasus; namely, Kars and Batum. The first was designated a province and the second a county. Meanwhile, a separate district, Zakatal, was formed from the former areas of Jar-o-Belokan and

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Part I

Elisu (see Map 2).22 These administrative divisions remained unchanged until the Bolshevik Revolution.23 The twentieth century witnessed two events that had a major effect on the social and economic life of the Yerevan Province: the Armenian Church Crisis of 1903–1905 and the Armeno-Tatar clashes of 1905–1907. The first began with the appointment, in 1896, of Prince Grigorii Golitsyn as the governor-general of the Caucasus. Between 1898 and 1903, Golitsyn, who viewed the Armenians as “separatists,” sent inflammatory anti-Armenian reports to Emperor Nicholas II (r. 1894–1917). On June 24, 1903, the tsar issued a decree by which the state confiscated all properties of the Armenian Church that were not essential to the performance of religious services. Moreover, the state completely removed the Church’s jurisdiction over its schools. The attack on their Church united all Armenians, and for the next two years, Armenians responded with violence, killing and wounding Russian officials, including Golitsyn himself.24 By 1905, the tsar, beset with the crisis of the 1905 Revolution, accepted the advice of the new viceroy, Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov (1904–1916), to rescind the decree and to return the property and schools of the Armenian Church. The second crisis followed on the heels of the first; that is, during the period of the Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. It initially began as isolated attacks on Armenians by their Tatar neighbors in Baku and then spread to various other cities and towns, such as Nakhichevan and Elisavetpol. The rise of the better-educated Armenians to administrative posts in the South Caucasus and their economic success had fermented suspicions, jealousies and rivalries, which then erupted into bloody clashes. Russian officials reacted slowly to the conflict and, according to some historians, with the specific purpose of distracting the region from the revolutionary fervor in Russia. Many died on both sides and a great deal of property was destroyed.25 Although the situation returned to normal in 1909, Armenian revolutionaries in Russia remained in jail until 1912. The start of World War I brought a rapprochement between Armenian lay and religious leaders and the Russian state. The tsar and the viceroy appealed to the Armenians to join in the defense of the empire, and Armenians responded with enthusiasm. The Bolshevik Revolution and subsequent events resulted in great and unexpected changes to the Yerevan Province and all of the South Caucasus.

Notes 1 Russian historians refer to this area as the Trans-Caucasus, while some Iranian historians call it Trans-Aras. Both of these indicate a geographical bias. I have chosen the neutral term of South Caucasus. 2 The names in parentheses, used initially, are the Persian pronunciation of place names. 3 The siege of Ganja began at the end of 1803. 4 It should be noted, however, that the khans of Karabagh, Sheki and Shirvan had signed separate treaties, in 1805–1806, submitting to Russia with the proviso that

Historical Setting

5 6 7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25

11

they and their heirs would remain in charge of administering the internal affairs of their provinces. For the terms Azarbayjan and Azerbaijan, see Transliteration, Terminology, Toponyms and Dates. It was renamed as Elisavetpol in 1804. This refers to the historic Armenian region of Shirak (referred to as Shuragel in some sources). It was renamed as Alexandropol in 1837. See Chapter III for more details. The original Russian text of the statutes issued on March 11, 1836, is in PSZR, XI (no. 8970), 194–209. For the English translation of the entire document, see G. A. Bournoutian, Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: A Documentary Record (Costa Mesa, 1998), 350–368. See G. A. Bournoutian’s The Khanate of Erevan under Qajar Rule, 1795–1828 (New York, 1992), 107–113, and The 1829–1832 Russian Surveys of the Khanate of Nakhichevan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province Prior to its Annexation by Russia (Costa Mesa, 2016), 44–48. This was especially true in Nakhichevan, where Ehsan Khan and Sheikh `Ali Beg, who had surrendered `Abbasabad and Ordubad to the Russians, continued as high-level functionaries; see Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 19. See Chapter V on land tenure and Chapter VII on taxes. The Armenians who had emigrated from Iran were especially unhappy, claiming that they had enjoyed better treatment in Iran. The decree can be found in Akty, IX (Tiflis, 1884), doc. 27. The coat of arms of the new province included a drawing of Noah’s Ark on top of Mt. Ararat. See G. A. Bournoutian, Armenians and Russia, 1626–1797: A Documentary Record (Costa Mesa, 2001), docs. 40, 46, 53, 55, 59, 64, 72–73, 149, 319–320 and 326–327. That is, the later Surmalu, Sharur-Daralagez and Nakhichevan districts (see Map 3). The imperial decree went into effect on January 1, 1850. As we have seen, the northern and northwestern districts of Alexandropol, NovoBayazet and Echmiadzin continued to have an Armenian majority, while the southern and southwestern districts of Surmalu, Sharur-Daralagez and Nakhichevan remained Muslim strongholds. For more details, see Chapter III. See Concluding Remarks. I. P. Petrushevskii and N. G. Bogdanova, eds. Kolonial’naia politika rossiiskogo tsarizma v Azerbaidzhane v 20–60 gg. XIX veka [The Colonial Policy of Tsarist Russia in Azerbaijan in the 1820s–1860s], 2 vols. (Moscow, 1936–1937). For an excellent historical geography and maps indicating the above changes, see A. Tsutsiev, Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (New Haven, 2014), 18–22. Ibid., 23–32. He left the region in 1904. Luigi Villari, who traveled in the region in 1905 taking photographs, blamed the indifference of the Russian officials; for more details, see his Fire and Sword in the Caucasus (London, 1906). Sources differ on the number of dead; see Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road, 20, n. 64.

II The Land

Most of the terrain of the Yerevan Province had historically experienced volcanic activity, and there were many acres covered by tufa, trachyte, basalt, dolerite and obsidian rocks. Its plains ranged from 2,500 feet above sea level along the Arax River valley in the Sharur and Surmalu districts to 6,500 feet above sea level at Lake Gökcha in the Novo-Bayazet District. The main mountain peaks were Great Ararat (16,916 feet), Mt. Alagöz [Aragats] (13,436 feet) and Lesser Ararat (12,840 feet). Over 40% of the province was located at a height of more than 6,000 feet above sea level. Compared to its neighbors, the province was lacking in forests. It had some 283 square miles in 25 locations of what could be considered dense woods or forests. They were generally located on the slopes of mountains and ravines. The ancient forests had long ago been stripped, and the remnants were actually dense or sparse woods covered with trees, bushes and shrubs. Close to half of the forests were in the Sharur-Daralagez District and the rest in the Novo-Bayazet, Yerevan, Nakhichevan, Echmiadzin and Alexandropol districts.1 The district of Surmalu had no significant wooded areas. The dominant species were oak, beech, pine, ash, maple, elm, birch, juniper and aspen. The oak was of good quality, while the rest was used mainly as firewood or charcoal. Since wood was rare, most villagers used dried dung chips for cooking and baked bricks for constructing their living quarters. The climatic conditions varied depending upon the elevation and thus, despite the small territory of the province, fluctuated from district to district. Most regions had hot summers and very cold winters. Temperatures could range from a high of +40 degrees to a low of −25 degrees Celsius. Such weather conditions, combined with the mountainous and rocky terrain, as well as the low precipitation,2 allowed the inhabitants to farm a little over 20% of the total land. The terrain and the generally dry climate forced many of the inhabitants to engage in pastoralism. According to the official statistics, over 29% of the total land was composed of pastures. The figures indicate, therefore, that only half of the land of the province was utilized at all in one way or another. The other half was composed of mountains, ravines, gorges, cliffs, rocky terrain, empty or abandoned plots, rivers, lakes, springs and swamps.3 According to the figures published in 1902 and 1906, the total

The Land

13

amount of agricultural and pastoral land was 1,280,094 and 1,334,951 desiatins4 (5,400 to 5,632 square miles), respectively,5 the total of which fell to 5,390 square miles in 1910.6 In general, one-third of this land was used for farming and two-thirds was pastureland. Farmland was divided into fields that required irrigation and those that could grow crops relying on rainfall and melting snow. They were separated yet further into lands that grew grain and cotton and fields reserved for growing animal fodder. Weather conditions dictated the amount of land utilized for crops and fodder. If there were not enough rain or snowfall in a particular year, the peasants would increase the size of the fodder fields or plant grains that did not require too much water. Overall, the dry climate of the province meant that more crops were cultivated on unirrigated lands. For example, the figures for 1906 indicate that 191,369 desiatins of land grew crops that required irrigation, while 305,989 desiatins grew crops that did not. Moreover, 22,149 desiatins grew fodder on irrigated lands, while 34,641 desiatins grew fodder on unirrigated lands.7 In 1910, the irrigated fields, due to drought and blight, fell to 189,357 desiatins and the unirrigated rose to 314,185 desiatins. Less lucrative but more drought-resistant crops replaced cash crops, such as rice, cotton and wheat. Thus, the total income from agricultural land fell considerably.8 Pastureland composed some two-thirds of all the land utilized by the inhabitants. There were two types of pastures used by nomads and settled people: yaylaks in summer and kishlaks in winter.9 The summer pastures, measuring 620,755 desiatins, started at an elevation of 7,000 feet and reached the snow level at 12,000 feet. Winter pastures, some 136,789 desiatins, did not go over 3,000 feet and were, for the most part, used by the Kurds and settled Tatar inhabitants, whose lands did not have enough precipitation and were not suitable for planting crops. Some winter pastures, where the snow melted early and the land received direct sunlight, could reach 7,000 feet. Here, the grass, if it had not been eaten or trampled in the summer, would appear in spring, and the land became suitable for winter sheepfolds or ag˘ ıls. The rural population of the Yerevan Province lived in villages. More than 99% of the arable land was used for farming, small vegetable gardens, orchards, vineyards and pastures. Less than 1% of the land was used for dwellings (cottages, huts and animal shelters), a clear indication of living conditions that had to give greater importance to food production than personal comfort.10 None of the rivers in the Yerevan Province were navigable. Except for the Arax River, all other rivers in the Yerevan Province were relatively small, formed by mountain streams or springs flowing rapidly in deep gorges. They all had their sources in the highlands and mountains of the Armenian Plateau. The amount of water available depended on the annual snowfall and especially rainfall, which in some districts added up to barely ten inches a year. The generally dry climate of the Yerevan Province had necessitated artificial irrigation throughout the history of its settlement. In fact, without various

14

Part I

irrigation methods, agriculture in much of the province was simply not possible.11 Irrigation canals (arkh) or underground water conduits dug during the Iranian period, known as kariz (also called qanat), as well as artificial reservoirs were vital for growing grain. All seven districts of the province depended on canals, kariz, wells or streams for their drinking water and farming. The Yerevan District used irrigation canals and streams from the Zangi [Hrazdan], Vedi, Garni [Azat] and Kırk-Bulagh [Getar] rivers and their tributaries, which flowed through the former Zangi-Basar, Vedi-Basar, GarniBasar and Kırk-Bulagh mahals of the Yerevan Khanate. The Echmiadzin District had canals from the Arax, Karbi [Amberd], Kara-su and western Arpa [Akhurian] rivers and their tributaries, which flowed through the former Karbi-Basar, Talin, Sa`dlu and Sardarabad mahals of the Yerevan Khanate. The Alexandropol District was watered by the Talin and western Arpa rivers and their tributaries, which flowed through the former Abaran mahal, while the Novo-Bayazet District, or the former Darachichak and Gökcha mahals, was watered by streams flowing into Lake Gökcha. The waters from the Arax and Kara-Su rivers irrigated the Surmalu District. The eastern Arpa River and its tributaries irrigated the Sharur-Daralagez District, while the Arax, Nakhichevan, Alinja [Əlincə] and Gilan rivers and their tributaries watered the Nakhichevan District (see Maps 5–11). The noted Russian cartographer Ivan Afanasevich Streblinskii (1828–1900) had measured the Yerevan Province as encompassing 27,830 square kilometers, or 10,745.22 square miles.12 His figure, however, must not have included Lake Gökcha (Sevan), for it differs from the official government data. According to the figures published by the Yerevan provincial administration, as well as by the central Russian administration of the Caucasus in Tiflis, both of which included Lake Sevan, the Yerevan Province measured 25,654 square versts, 13 or 11,273 square miles.14 Between 1850 and 1917 the Yerevan Province was located between 38°54’ and 41°13’ latitude North and between 43°51’ and 46°1’ longitude East. It formed an irregular elongated shape, which stretched from the northwest to the southeast and from the southern part of the lesser Caucasus mountain chain to the eastern part of the Armenian Plateau (see Map 1). The borders of the province, some 693 miles, ran along those of the Ottoman Empire, Iran and the Russian provinces of Tiflis and Elisavetpol. Its northern border stretched some 168 miles along the Akhalkalak and Borchalu u’ezds (districts) of the Tiflis Province and the Kazakh and Elisavetpol districts of the Elisavetpol Province. Its eastern border, some 156.5 miles, neighbored the Jevanshir and Zangezur districts of the Elisavetpol Province. In the west, for some 120 miles, the Yerevan Province bordered the Kars and Kagizman districts of the Kars Province, while in the south it stretched some 86 miles along the Pashalik of Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire and for some 162 miles bordered the districts of Maku, Qaradagh and Marand in the Iranian Province of Azarbayjan (see Map 2).

The Land

15

Until 1872, the various districts of the Yerevan Province continued to be called by their Persian designation of mahal or small district.15 After 1872, the province was divided into seven u’ezds, or larger districts: Yerevan, Echmiadzin, Surmalu, Nakhichevan, Alexandropol, Sharur-Daralagez (Daralagöz)16 and Novo-Bayazet. The Novo-Bayazet District was the largest and the Sharur-Daralagez the smallest. Each district was divided into a number of police prefectures (politseiskii uchastok), and each police prefecture was in charge of a number of village communes (sel’skoe obshchestvo), which themselves were composed of a number of villages. The first complete information on each of the seven districts was published between 1902 and 1910.17 It reveals that the Yerevan District, including the city of Yerevan, measured 1,243 square miles and was divided into four police prefectures. The first prefecture had three communes (Kanaker, Bash-Garni and Aramus) with 62 villages. The second prefecture had three communes (Imanshalu, Shirabad and Noragavit) with 44 villages. The third prefecture had four communes (Qamarlu, Köylasar, Oghurbeglu and Assyrian Dvin) with 54 villages. The fourth prefecture had six communes (Davalu, Karakhach, Sadarak, Armik, Burukin and Vedi-chay) with 82 villages. Overall, the district had 16 communes and 242 villages (see Map 5).18 The city of Yerevan was the administrative center of the Yerevan Province.19 In 1900, the city and its suburbs measured some 18.75 square miles, of which only 1 square mile contained dwellings. The remainder consisted of a 35-acre cemetery, roads, 5 square miles of agricultural land, more than 5.5 square miles of fruit orchards and vegetable gardens, an equal amount of pastures, and canals and fallow land.20 The British traveler Henry Lynch, who visited Yerevan in 1893–1894, considered it an Oriental city, with narrow streets and houses built from bricks and clay and with flat roofs that were used for sleeping in the hot summer months. The town was dusty but the orchards and brooks made a pleasant contrast.21 In the first decade of the twentieth century, however, the city, as will be seen, grew and altered dramatically (see Map 4). The Echmiadzin District measured 1,436 square miles and was divided into four police prefectures. The first prefecture had five communes (Vagharshapat, Aytagh, Kızıl-Tamur, Khatun-Arkh and Choban-Kara) with 32 villages. The second prefecture had five communes (Ashtarak, Kara-Kilisa, Yeghvard, Bash-Abaran and Parbi) with 64 villages. The third prefecture had four communes (Kurdukuli, Sardarabad, Shahriyar and Karkhun) with 42 villages in all. The fourth prefecture had four communes (Kosh, Lower Aghja-Kala, Talin and Bugutli) with 78 villages. Overall, the district had 18 communes and 216 villages (see Map 6). The Surmalu District measured 1,402.5 square miles and was divided into three police prefectures. The first prefecture had four communes (Igdir, Yaiji, Evjilyar and `Ali-Kochak) with 60 villages. The second prefecture had three communes (Dashburun, Aralık-Bashkend and Radikin) with 60 villages. The third prefecture had six communes (Oghruja, Kulpi, Radiki-Sinak, Gülluja,

16

Part I

Jalali-Sakanli and Yezidi-Hasanli) with 106 villages. Overall, the district had 13 communes and 226 villages (see Map 7). The Nakhichevan District, including the cities of Nakhichevan and Ordubad, measured 1,773.5 square miles and was divided into four police prefectures. The first prefecture had three communes (Tumbul, Qivraq and Sheikh-Mahmud) with 31 villages. The second prefecture had four communes (Jaghri, Karmali, Digin-Almali and Karababa) with 47 villages. The third prefecture had three communes (Nehram, Kazanchi and Abrakunis) with 37 villages. The fourth prefecture had four communes (Akulis, Chananab, Vanand and Aza) with 52 villages. Overall, the district had 14 communes and 167 villages (see Map 9). The Sharur-Daralagez District measured 1,346.35 square miles and was divided into two police prefectures. The first prefecture had seven communes (Zeyva, Karaburj, Engija, Yayji, Pusiyan, Alaklu and Bash-Norashen) with 64 villages. The second prefecture had five communes (Kozulji, Keshishkend, Martiros, Gindevaz and Alagez) with 100 villages. Overall, the district had 12 communes and 164 villages (see Map 8). The Novo-Bayazet District, including the city of Novo-Bayazet, measured 2,260.75 square miles and was divided into four police prefectures. The first prefecture had six communes (Arzakend, Kiankian, Russian Lower Akhty, Armenian Lower Akhty, Randamal and Taycharukh) with 41 villages. The second prefecture had three communes (Yelenovka, Chirchir and Aghzibir) with 21 villages. The third prefecture had three communes (Dali-Kardash, Göl and Karanlugh) with 25 villages. The fourth prefecture had four communes (Güzeldara, Basarkechar, Mazra and Jil) with 49 villages. Overall, the district had 16 communes and 136 villages (see Map 11).22 The city of Novo-Bayazet, originally called Gavar or Gyavar, had been the center of the Gökcha mahal. The city and the mahal received its new name following the immigration of 8,557 Armenians from the town of Bayazid after the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829.23 In 1900, the city and its suburbs measured some 46.85 square miles, of which only 0.35 square miles contained dwellings. The rest was 0.43 miles of roads and paths, 26 square miles of farmland, 0.0078 square miles of fruit orchards, some 6.5 square miles of fodder fields, 0.31 square miles of fallow land, 13 square miles of pastures, and 0.34 square miles covered by springs and canals.24 The Alexandropol District, including the city of Alexandropol, measured 1,810.3 square miles and was divided into four police prefectures. The first prefecture had seven communes (Nalband, Nikitin, Big Karakilis, Bozikend, Hamamlu, Voskresenskoe and Saral) with 37 villages. The second prefecture had five communes (Kaftarli, Haji-Khalil, Mirak, Kapanak and Jajur) with 45 villages. The third prefecture had five communes (Kızıl-Koch, Illi Karakilis, Orta-Kilisa, Small Karakilis and `Alikhan) with 45 villages. The fourth prefecture had five communes (Artik, Soghutli, Khorom, Tovshan-Kishlak and Molla-Gökcha) with 39 villages. Overall, the district had 22 communes and 166 villages (see Map 10).25

The Land

17

The city of Alexandropol was, at the start of the nineteenth century, the sparsely populated village of Gümri, which lay within the district of Shuragöl [Shirak]. The district was ruled by a soltan who had to maintain his autonomy by placating both the Georgian vali and the khan of Yerevan. In 1805, at the start of the First Russo-Iranian War, General Tsitsianov annexed the district to Georgia. The town served as a fortified post and an advance base for the Russian army during the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War. In 1837, Tsar Nicholas, following his visit to the region, renamed Gümri as Alexandropol, in honor of his wife Alexandra. Thereafter, the entire district was called Alexandropol. In 1849/1850, Viceroy Vorontsov attached the district to the newly formed Yerevan Province. The city was transformed into a major defensive and offensive center and remained so even after the Russian annexation of the great fortress of Kars in 1878.26 According to Lynch, the city had an Armenian cemetery and steep hilly streets.27 Thus, the total territory of the Yerevan Province, which measured 25,654 versts, or 11,273 square miles, was divided into 25 police prefectures and 111 village communes with 1,295 villages and pastures.28 Although the number of villages recorded between 1900 and 1914 varied slightly, the borders and districts remained unchanged until the events that followed the Bolshevik Revolution.

Notes 1 PK/1908, part II, 24. 2 The average annual rainfall, recorded between the 1880s and 1910, was between 9.3 inches (in Kulpi) and 22.3 inches (in Yelenovka); KK (1911), 84–85. 3 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 4 One desiatina equaled 2.7 acres. 5 PK/1902, part III, 99; PK/1906, part III, 119. 6 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 7 PK/1906, part III, 118–119. 8 See Chapter VII. 9 The Russian sources use these Turkish terms. The Persian versions are yeylaq and qeshlaq. 10 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 11 See Chapters IV and V for more details. 12 See the entry for Erivanskaia Guberniia in F. A. Brokguaz and I. A. Efron, Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ [Encyclopedic Dictionary] (St. Petersburg, 1890–1907). 13 A Russian verst equaled 1.06 kilometers or 3,500 English feet. 14 PK/1908, part II, 2–3; KK/1907, part II, 6. 15 The Khanate of Yerevan had 15 mahals and that of Nakhichevan, 10 mahals. For more details, see Bournoutian, Erevan, 33–38, and Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 29–32, 226–227. 16 Sources cited in this study refer to the local designation of Daralagöz as Daralagez, while some non-Russian sources call it Daralagiaz or Daralayez. 17 For the years 1902–1910, each yearbook is called the Pamiatnaia knizhka Erivanskoi Gubernii; see Note on the Sources. 18 There are discrepancies within the 1902–1910 figures. Some registers list 242 villages, while others list 224 villages. The populations of 18 villages had moved away to other districts or communes; see Part II, Table I.

18

Part I

19 Although the city of Yerevan was the provincial capital, its population, according to the 1897 census, was smaller (29,033) than that of Alexandropol (32,018), which was the most populated city of the Yerevan Province. Moreover, according to the same census, while Alexandropol was almost entirely populated by Armenians (21,578 Armenians versus 1,263 Muslims), only half (12,526) of the permanent residents of the city of Yerevan were Armenian, the other half (12,516) being Muslims. There were also other inhabitants: Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Greeks, Georgians, Jews, Iranians, Germans and gypsies; see Chapter III for more details. 20 ZD/I, 2–3. 21 H. F. B. Lynch, Armenia, Travels and Studies, I (London, 1901), 206–208. 22 The Novo-Bayazet District was home to Russian sectarians (the Dukhobors and the Molokans), who had settled there in the mid-1840s and populated ten villages; see Part II, Table VII. 23 Bournoutian, Erevan, 229. 24 ZD/II, 70–71. 25 For the names of all the villages in the seven districts, see Part II, Tables I–VII. 26 Since the district has almost no woods, the timber for the construction of the houses and barracks was purchased from the Pasha of Kars; Lynch, Armenia, I, 125. 27 Ibid., 127. 28 The information utilized for this study (Part II, Tables I–VII) is from the 1908 yearbook. However, it should be noted that the number of villages differs depending on the date of the information. The 1886 census has a total of 1,334 villages; the 1900 data has a total of 1,277 villages, and the 1904 data has a total of 1,301 tax-paying villages. The alphabetical table of all the 1,351 populated and depopulated villages of the province appears in PK/1912, part III, 2–62.

III The People

There is no consensus on when the Armenians became a minority in the Arax Valley, in the Yerevan Khanate or in the city of Yerevan. Some historians assert that despite numerous devastations, particularly during the wars between the Byzantines and the Seljuks, the Arax Valley continued to have an Armenian majority well into the fourteenth century and that it was only after the campaigns of Timur that the area lost its Armenian majority and was settled by the Ak-Koyunlu and Kara-Koyunlu Turkmen tribal confederations.1 Other scholars argue that the Armenians held a majority in the region up until the Iranian-Ottoman wars – specifically, to the year 1604 when Shah `Abbas forcibly exiled thousands of Armenian families across the Arax River to Iran and, in order to establish his control over the state, removed a number of Turkic and Kurdish tribes from the central Iranian provinces to the borderlands in the South Caucasus. The ten-year occupation of the region by the Ottomans and the campaigns of Nader Shah and Aqa Mohammad Khan Qajar, all of which occurred in the eighteenth century, forced more Armenian families to leave for Georgia and Russia. Immediately after the annexation of Georgia, Russian officials invited Armenians to leave the neighboring khanates and immigrate to Georgia.2 The campaigns in Yerevan of Tsitsianov in 1804 and Gudovich in 1808 encouraged numerous Armenian families to depart the khanate and settle in Georgia.3 Following the Second Russo-Iranian War (1828), Russia combined the former Iranian khanates of Yerevan and Nakhichevan into the newly formed Armenian Province (Armianskaia Oblast’).4 According to the Russian surveys, conducted from 1829 to 1832, the Muslim (Tatar, Kurdish and Iranian)5 population of the Yerevan Khanate in the last year of Iranian rule had totaled 49,875, or 71.5%, of the population, while the native Armenian population numbered 20,073, or 28.5%. The Muslim population of the former Nakhichevan Khanate had totaled 24,385 persons, or 83%, while the Armenian population was 5,078, or 17%. According to the 1829–1832 Russian surveys, on the eve of the Russian conquest the total population of the future Armenian Province (that is, the combined total of the Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates) had been 99,411

20

Part I

people,6 of which 74,260, or 75%, were Muslim and 25,151, or 25%, were Armenian.7 In addition, Armenians had a majority in only 3 of the 15 mahals of the Yerevan Khanate and in only 1 of the 10 mahals in the Nakhichevan Khanate.8 Archival documents clearly demonstrate that since the start of the eighteenth century, a handful of Armenian leaders in Russia, Georgia and Karabagh had been urging Russian rulers and officials to free their compatriots from Muslim rule and place them under the protection of Russia.9 Armenian volunteers from Georgia and Karabagh had also assisted Russian troops during the Russo-Iranian wars.10 During the long peace negotiations at DehKharqan, Russian diplomats and military commanders, in order to create a reliable Christian defensive line on their Georgian-Ottoman border as well as to comply with the wishes of the Armenians and their Russian supporters, added Article XV to the final treaty signed in Turkmanchay in February of 1828. Article XV stated that any of the inhabitants of the Azarbayjan Province in Iran who wanted to emigrate had one year to transport themselves and their families freely from Iran into Russian-held lands. They could transport or sell their movable property without the government or local authorities having the right to place the least obstacle in their way or to impose any tax or add any duties on the goods and objects sold or exported by them. As for their immovable property, they would have a term of five years to sell or to dispose of it as they wished.11 The new Russian administration was also instructed to provide logistical and financial assistance to the immigrants. Although the article did not specifically mention them, it was intended solely for the repatriation of the Armenians whose ancestors had been forcibly transported to Iran in the early seventeenth century. Announcements written in Armenian were circulated in Armenian villages, and Russian soldiers, some of them Armenian, together with Cossacks “strongly persuaded” any reluctant Armenian to leave Iran.12 Between 1828 and 1831, 35,560 Armenians left the Azarbayjan Province and moved into the newly formed Russian Armenian Province, which was soon identified as “Russian Armenia” in order to distinguish it from “Turkish Armenia.” By 1831, following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, 21,666 more Armenians immigrated from the pashaliks of Bayazid and Kars into the new Russian Armenia. By 1832, according to the above-mentioned surveys, there were 82,377 Armenians in the territory of the Armenian Province. Meanwhile, 7,813 Tatar and Kurdish nomads who had left the region during the war had returned to their pasturelands, increasing the Muslim population to 82,073. Thus, the total population of the new Armenian Province in 1832 was 164,450,13 Armenians forming 50.09% and Muslims 49.91%. Two centuries after their forced exile, the Armenians had only achieved parity with the Muslims in part of their historical homeland. The administrative changes of 1840 and 184914 required the collection of additional statistical information. In 1842, a survey was conducted in the

The People

21

Trans-Caucasus to enumerate the population living in the urban centers. According to that survey, the city of Yerevan had 12,310 inhabitants.15 In 1856, a similar survey of the Trans-Caucasus provinces was conducted, according to which the Yerevan Province (with the newly added Alexandropol District) had a population of 262,177 inhabitants.16 The city of Yerevan itself had a population of 13,179 in that same year.17 Other sources indicate that Russian Armenia, after some three decades of Russian rule, was little changed by the presence of Russian administrators. The former Muslim officials and landowners, together with some Armenian notables as well as the religious hierarchies, continued to hold sway and delayed the economic growth of the province. Several cholera epidemics also played a role in keeping down the growth of the population.18 The rural reforms of 1872 and the administrative changes that followed apparently resulted in a dramatic shift. A new census, conducted in 1886, indicated that the Yerevan Province now had 78,672 households19 with a total of 670,400 inhabitants.20 Therefore, 30 years after the 1856 survey, the population of the Yerevan Province seems to have more than doubled thanks to land reforms, improvements in sanitation, the availability of medical care and especially the arrival of Armenian immigrants following the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War.21 By the end of the nineteenth century, the Russian government embarked on a number of ambitious undertakings, one of which was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In addition, influenced by the administrative reforms of Sergei Witte and the science of statistics introduced into Russia by Peter Semyonov Tyan-Shanskii, the Ministry of Internal Affairs commissioned the first official and complete census of the entire Russian Empire (minus Finland). Its purpose was to record the exact demographic data as of January 15 (Old Style), 1897. Some 135,000 surveyors, composed of teachers, priests and literate soldiers, visited every household and recorded, among other things, the family name, given name, patronymic or nickname, gender, relation to the head of household, age, marital status, social status (rank, title), place of birth, place of residence, religion, mother language, literacy and occupation of every person in the 89 provinces of the Russian Empire, which stretched through 12 time zones, from the Baltic and the White seas in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. The result of the 1897 census was published in 1905 in over a hundred fascicules.22 Statistical information from fascicules 6 and 7 contained important data on the 11 provinces of the Caucasus, 5 provinces in the North Caucasus and 6 in the South Caucasus, the latter of which included the Yerevan Province. According to the census, the total population of the province was 829,556 males and females. The census gives a breakdown of the population of the seven districts of the province: Alexandropol: 165,503; Yerevan: 150,879; Echmiadzin: 124,237; Novo-Bayazet: 122,573; Nakhichevan: 100,771; Surmalu: 89,055; Sharur-Daralagez: 76,538.23

22

Part I

The census also provided the percentages of the population according to their ethnicity and primary language as follows:24 Armenians, with 439,926 inhabitants, formed 53.00%. Tatars,25 with 313,176 inhabitants, constituted 37.75%. Kurds (Muslims and Yezidi), with 48,660 persons, formed 5.86%. Russians, with 15,937 individuals, formed 1.90% Assyrians, Greeks, Georgians, Jews, gypsies, and others26 made up 2.49%.27 The percentages changed slightly when the inhabitants were identified by their religious affiliation: Armenian Apostolic, with 432,042 persons, formed 52.08%. Armenian Catholics, with 7,884 persons, constituted 0.96%. Muslims,28 with 350,099 persons, formed 42.20%. Yezidi Kurds,29 with 13,817 persons, constituted 1.66%. Orthodox (Russians, Greeks and Georgians), with 16,398 persons, formed 1.98% Old Believers,30 Jews, gypsies, Assyrians, European Catholics and others, with 9,316 persons, made up 1.12%. Finally, the census revealed the fact that some 740,000 souls, or 89.2% of the population, were engaged in farming or some sort of pastoral life. The urban population, which resided in five cities (Alexandropol, Yerevan, NovoBayazet, Nakhichevan and Ordubad) and three administrative centers in the Echmiadzin, Surmalu and Sharur-Daralagez districts, totaled around 89,500 individuals, or 10.8%.31 Of these, some 53,000 were shopkeepers, craftsmen32 or day laborers, and the rest belonged to families of landowners, clergy and “respected citizens.”33 The Armenians formed 60.2%, the Tatars 27.3%, the Russians 10.4% and the others 2.1% of the urban population.34 The 1897 census ascertained that the Yerevan Province was the only province in the Caucasus where the Armenians formed a majority of the population. However, even after seven decades of Russian rule, the Armenians made up the majority in only three of its seven districts: Alexandropol, NovoBayazet and Echmiadzin, while the Muslims formed a majority in the Surmalu, Nakhichevan, Sharur-Daralagez and Yerevan districts. Furthermore, in the city of Yerevan, the administrative center of the province, the Armenians were basically on par with the Muslims.35 Although the city of Yerevan was the provincial capital, its population, according to the 1897 census, was smaller (29,006) than that of Alexandropol (30,616), which was the most populated city of the Yerevan Province. Moreover, while Alexandropol, according to the same census, was almost entirely populated by Armenians (21,578 Armenians versus 1,263 Muslims), only half (12,526) of the permanent residents of the city of Yerevan were Armenian, the other half (12,516) being Muslims. The city also included other inhabitants:

The People

23

Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Greeks, Georgians, Jews, Iranians, Germans and gypsies. Between the years 1902 and 1912, the Yerevan provincial administration published demographic figures in its official biennial yearbooks.36 Unfortunately, however, these figures are not consistent in terms of the specific categories included. Each volume contains some but not all of the information on the exact number of people, their ethnicity, their gender or whether they lived in urban or rural parts of the province. The information, therefore, resembles a jigsaw puzzle that reveals only part of the complete picture. For example, according to the first yearbook published in 1902, there were 99,974 taxpaying rural households in the Yerevan Province in 1900.37 However, the figures do not indicate urban households or tax-exempt households or give a gender breakdown.38 The third yearbook, published in 1906, lists 102,107 tax-paying rural households in 1905, an increase of 2,133 households, or just over 2%. It also provides information on the population of the five urban towns in that year, the total of 84,921 persons breaking down as follows: Alexandropol: 33,879; Yerevan: 28,910; Novo-Bayazet: 9,838; Nakhichevan: 7,353; and Ordubad: 4,941.39 Although the figures do not indicate the religious or gender breakdown of the citizens, they reveal that the urban population of the Yerevan Province had increased by 2,881 persons (almost all of it in Alexandropol) since the 1897 census. The most detailed information on the number of households as well as the ethnic and gender makeup of each tax-paying village and commune in all the seven districts of the province was gathered between 1907 and 1909 and is included in the fourth and fifth yearbooks, published in 1908 and 1910, respectively. The 1910 yearbook reprinted the population figures of the 1908 yearbook without any changes, but it reveals the ownership status of each village. These are the last population figures published by the Yerevan Statistical Committee.40 The demographic data from these yearbooks indicate that in 1907 there were 107,647 rural households (an increase of over 5%) with a total of 808,642 inhabitants (426,011 males and 382,631 females) in the 1,295 villages located in the seven districts of the Yerevan Province.41 The ethnic breakdown of the rural population was as follows: Armenians: 60,942 households (56.20%) Tatars: 40,790 households (37.45%) Kurds: 4,668 households (5.10%) Russians: 767 households (0.73%) Assyrians: 423 households (0.32%) Greeks: 57 households, (0.20%)

24

Part I

The statistics from these yearbooks do not include the population of the urban centers. However, the official statistics for the Caucasus for the year 1907 provide this missing data.42 The total urban population was 90,271, an increase of 5,350 residents.43 Armenians formed a solid majority in the cities of Alexandropol and NovoBayazet, while Tatars comprised the majority of residents in the cities of Nakhichevan and Ordubad. The city of Yerevan was evenly split between the two.44 The total urban and rural population of the Yerevan Province on January 1, 1908, was, therefore, 898,913 people, which means that the population of the Yerevan Province had grown by 69,357 people in the ten years since the 1897 census.45 It is important to note that the average size of rural households varied considerably, depending on the ethnicity of the villagers as well as the productivity of the land. The average Armenian household was between 6 and 7 persons; that of the Tatars ranged from 6.5 to 7.5 persons; and the Kurdish households, depending on the commune, numbered from 9 to 10 persons. The main reason for this discrepancy was possibly due to the fact that some Muslim men had more than one wife and, therefore, more offspring.46 Most villages were occupied by members of just one of these ethnic groups, although some villages, especially in the Nakhichevan District, had a mixed population of Armenians and Tatars.47 The predominantly Armenian-populated Echmiadzin, Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet districts were also more densely populated than the Muslim-populated districts. The 1908 figures also indicate that despite the fact that Armenians made up the overall majority in the province, Muslims continued to form a solid majority in three of the seven districts – Surmalu, Nakhichevan and SharurDaralagez – and a small majority in the Yerevan District (see the figures below). The figures, however, also reveal that the dominant ethnic groups (that is, the Armenians, Tatars and Kurds) each held sway in different police prefectures and village communes within the seven districts.48 For example, in the Yerevan District: the Tatars were concentrated in the Bash-Garni, Imanshalu, Shirabad, Noragavit, Sadarak, Vedi-chay, Armik and Davalu communes; the Armenians formed the majority in the Kanaker, Aramus, Köylasar, Table 3.1 Population of the Urban Centers of the Province in 1907 Yerevan Armenians Tatars Kurds Russians Others51 Total

12,913 12,39349 32 1,576 619 27,533

Alexandropol

Novo-Bayazet

Nakhichevan

34,715 1,572 205 1,872 1,007 39,371

9,319 9 152 120 24 9,624

2,354 6,185 0 240 23 8,802

Ordubad 399 4,44750 0 94 1 4,941

The People

25

Oghurbeglu, Qamarlu and Karakhach communes; and the Kurds were the majority in the Burukin Commune. Although the Tatars formed an overall majority, all of the police superintendents and 13 of the 16 commune administrators resided in Armenian-populated villages.52 In the Echmiadzin District, the Armenians were concentrated in the Aytagh, Vagharshapat, Kızıl-Tamur, Kara-Kilisa, Bash-Abaran, Kurdukuli, Sardarabad, Shahriyar and Talin communes; the Tatars were mainly in the Khatun-Arkh, Parbi, Yeghvard, Karkhun, Aghja-Kala and Kosh communes; while the Kurds were the sole inhabitants of the Bugutli Commune. All the police superintendents and 16 of the 18 commune administrators resided in Armenian villages.53 In the Surmalu District, the Tatars were concentrated in the Yaiji, Aralik, Oghruja and Gülluja communes; the Armenians resided mainly in the Igdir, Evjilyar and Kulpi communes; while the Kurds lived in the `Ali-Kochak, Radikin and Jalali-Sakanli communes. All the three police superintendents and five of the 13 commune administrators lived in Armenian villages.54 In the Sharur-Daralagez District, although the Tatars and Kurds had a clear majority, one of the two police superintendents lived in an Armenian village and five of the ten commune administrators also lived in Armenian settlements.55 In the Nakhichevan District, the Tatars and Kurds held an overwhelming majority; however, two of the four police superintendents lived in Armenian villages. In addition 9 of the 14 sector administrators lived in Armenian villages.56 In the Alexandropol District, the Armenians constituted some 92% of the population. All four police superintendents and 14 out of the 19 commune administrators resided in Armenian villages, three in Russian villages, one in a Tatar village and one in a Kurdish village.57 In the Novo-Bayazet District, the Armenians held an overwhelming majority. However two of the four police superintendents resided in Russian villages and the other two in Armenian villages. Ten commune administrators lived in Armenian villages, four in Tatar villages and two in Russian villages.58 It is very likely that the local Russian officials must have felt more comfortable residing in Armenian settlements, not simply because they were Christian but also because they were able to employ assistants who could speak and read Russian.59 Although the fourth and fifth yearbooks do not contain information on the population in the urban centers,60 they, nevertheless, provide important demographic information on the period following the turbulent years between 1903 and 1907.61 For example, the population of the Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez districts had changed drastically. While in 1900 SharurDaralagez had 10,418 households and Nakhichevan had 14,741, in 1908 Sharur-Daralagez had 8,643 households and Nakhichevan had 13,213. Thus, despite the overall population increase during those years, that of Nakhichevan

26

Part I

had decreased by 1,528 households and that of Sharur-Daralagez by 1,775 households. It is safe to assume that the decrease was due to the ArmenoTatar clashes and the departure of Armenians to the safer Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol districts, where Armenians not only had an overwhelming majority but also, in conjunction with the Russians, were in charge of numerous administrative posts. Another reason for the decline was the epidemics that had swept through the Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez districts.62 In analyzing all of these figures, Christians made up 57.45% and Muslims 42.55% of the total rural population.63 Such growth paled in comparison with that of the provinces that had Muslim and Georgian majorities; that is, the Baku and Elisavetpol provinces and Tiflis and Kutais provinces. At the dawn of the new century, the former had a population of 1,668,074 and the latter 1,964,599. While it is true that the territory of these provinces was larger than that of the Yerevan Province, the main reason for the slow growth of the Yerevan Province was the reliance on its agricultural economy. Only around a tenth of the population of the province resided in urban centers. In contrast, about a fifth of the population of the Tiflis and Baku provinces resided in urban centers. In fact, some 200,000 more Armenians lived in the Baku, Elisavetpol, Kutais, Kars and Tiflis provinces than in the Yerevan Province.64 Moreover, the oil industry in Baku had made it the largest city in the South Caucasus.65 Meanwhile, the city of Tiflis, by blending elements of East and West, became the cosmopolitan center of the South Caucasus. As a regional center of European arts and fashion, the city became a draw for the Georgian and Armenian educated classes.66 Unlike most of the Muslims, the Armenians had taken advantage of the educational institutions that had opened in the province in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. They learned Russian and were employed by the local Russian officials as interpreters and junior administrators.67 The Tiflis, Kutais and Baku provinces, therefore, enticed a large number of highly motivated and educated Armenian entrepreneurs, professionals and skilled workers to leave dusty Yerevan for the promise of new opportunities.68 The draw was so great that in the first decade of the twentieth century there were 63,000 Armenians in Baku, forming 26% of the population. The Armenians formed 37% of the urban population of the Elisavetpol and Tiflis provinces.69 Most of the leaders and activists of the newly formed Armenian political parties resided in Tiflis, Baku or the main urban centers of Russia.70 A dramatic change took place between 1907 and 1914. The price of oil rapidly and steadily declined, with resulting workers’ strikes in Baku.71 Moreover, the construction of the Yerevan-Julfa rail line, the introduction of electricity and telephone, and the construction of a number of modern buildings and plants not only resulted in new jobs but also slowed the exodus to neighboring provinces.72 Foreign firms introduced hydroelectric turbines and other engineering products in the Yerevan Province, and Armenian

The People

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companies advertised and sold their most popular product, cognac, in Tiflis and Baku and throughout Russia.73 In 1911, the population of the urban centers of the Yerevan Province had increased from 90,271 to 97,933 citizens, an increase of 7,662 individuals, and in 1914 it reached 109,700 residents, an increase of another 11,767 persons.74 Thus, in a short time, the urban population had increased by almost 20,000 residents, 85% residing in Alexandropol (see the figures below). On January 1, 1915, shortly after the start of World War I, the Central Caucasian Administration in Tiflis published the final demographic figures of the entire Caucasus. The Yerevan administration gathered the total population numbers for each district (but not each village commune) and sent them to Tiflis, where they were published in 1915 in the last issue of the Kavkazskii kalendar’. 75 The figures provide the final and most detailed information on every ethnic and religious group that lived in both urban and rural parts of the seven districts of the Yerevan Province in 1914. The dramatic political and economic changes in the Russian Empire and the Caucasus between the years 1907 and 1914 had an effect on the population of the province as well. The following figures indicate the changes among the ethnic groups.

Yerevan District76 Rural Population (1907): 118,044 Tatars: 65,149 (55.17%) Armenians: 45,329 (38.40%) Kurds: 5,559 (4.73%) Assyrians: 1,925 (1.63%) Russians: 75 Greeks: 7 Urban Population (1907): 27,533 Armenians: 12,912 (46.90%) Tatars:77 12,393 (45.01%) Kurds: 32 Russians: 1,576 (5.72%) Jews: 261 Georgians: 201 Mountain tribesmen: 19 Europeans: 139 Total Population (1907): 145,577 Tatars: 77,522 (53.25%) Armenians: 58,241 (40.00%) Kurds: 5,611 (3.85%)

28

Part I

Assyrians: 1,925 (1.32%) Russians: 1,651 (1.13%) Others: 627 Total Population (1914): 174,479 Muslims78 (Shi’a): 88,458 (50.70%) Muslims (Sunni): 1,490 Armenian (Apostolic): 75,324 (43.17%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodoxy: 8 Armenian Catholics: None Kurds: 3,485 (2.00%) Kurds (Yezidi): None Asiatic Christians (Assyrians and others): 2,724 (1.56%) Russians: 1,980 (1.13%) Russian sectarians (Molokans and others): 23879 Gypsies: 380 Europeans: 157 Mountain tribesmen (Daghestani): None Georgians: 120 Jews: 115 Population density: 64 persons per square verst The population of the district had increased by some 28,902 persons. The Armenian population, as a result of the economic growth of the city, had grown by 3%,80 while the Muslim (Tatars and Kurds) population had declined by the same percentage.

Echmiadzin District Total Population (1907): 129,12381 Armenians: 86,040 (66.63%) Tatars: 35,428 (27.43%) Kurds: 6,632 (5.14%) Assyrians: 123 Others: 900 Total Population (1914): 157,637 Armenians: 101,988 (64.70%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodoxy: 239 Armenian Catholics: 116 Muslims (Shi’a): 44,838 (28.44%) Muslims (Sunni): None Kurds: 9,001 (5.70%) Kurds (Yezidi): 709

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Russians: 134 Russian sectarians: None Europeans: 15 Georgians: None Mountain tribesmen: None Asiatic Christians: 174 Gypsies: 423 Jews: None Population density: 48.7 persons per square verst Although the population of the district had increased by some 28,514 persons, the percentages had not altered much. The slight decrease of the Armenian population was due to the large number of Armenian celibate priests, as well as the larger number of persons in Tatar households.

Surmalu District Total Population: (1907): 89,36182 Tatars: 40,993 (45.87%) Armenians: 29,027 (32.48%) Kurds: 19,341 (21.65%) Total Population (1914): 100,324 Muslims (Shi’a): 42,816 (42.68%) Muslims (Sunni): 1,650 (1.64%) Armenians: 31,217 (31.11%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodoxy: 132 Armenian Catholics: None Kurds: 13,716 (13.67%) Kurds (Yezidi): 10,296 (10.26%) Russians: 381 Russian sectarians: 6 Europeans: 22 Georgians: None Mountain tribesmen: None Asiatic Christians: 9 Gypsies: None Jews: 79 Population density: 31.6 persons per square verst The population of the district had increased by some 10,963 persons. The Kurdish population had increased its percentage, while percentages for the others had decreased slightly. Except for those residing near the salt mines and some villages, Kurdish nomads were the main inhabitants of the district.

30

Part I

The Kurdish households tended to have more members then the other ethnic groups.83

Sharur-Daralagez District Total Population (1907): 78,32584 Tatars: 54,296 (69.32%) Armenians: 22,693 (28.98%) Kurds: 789 (1.00%) Assyrians: 547 Total Population (1914): 89,193 Muslims (Shi’a): 60,272 (67.57%) Muslims (Sunni): 515 Armenians: 27,407 (30.73%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodox: None Armenian Catholics: None Kurds: 896 (1.00%) Kurds (Yezidi): None Russians: 74 Russian sectarians: None Georgians: 14 Europeans: 11 Mountain tribesmen: 4 Asiatic Christians: None Gypsies: None Jews: None Population density: 34.2 persons per square verst The population of the district had increased by 10,868 persons. The Kurdish population retained the same percentage, while the Tatars’ percentage decreased slightly. The Armenian population in eastern Daralagez had increased. The Turks did not occupy this sector of the district in 1918 or 1920 and, therefore, it became part of Soviet Armenia.85

Nakhichevan District Rural Population (1907): 104,398 Tatars: 58,883 (56.40%) Armenians: 44,615 (42.74%) Kurds: 620 Russians: 280

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Urban Population (1907): 13,743 (8,802 Nakhichevan + 4,941 Ordubad) Tatars: 6,185 + 4,447 (77.36%) Armenians: 2,354 + 399 (20.00%) Russians: 240 + 94 (2.43%) Georgians: 20 + 0 Europeans: 3 + 1 Total Population (1907): 118,139 Tatars: 69,513 (58.84%) Armenians: 47,368 (40.00%) Kurds: 620 Russians: 614 Georgians: 20 Europeans: 4 Total Population (1914): 139,880 Muslims (Shi’a): 82,104 (58.70%) Muslims (Sunni): 311 Armenians: 55,571 (39.70%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodox: 1 Armenian Catholics: None Russians: 650 Russian sectarians: 205 Kurds: 451 Kurds (Yezidi): 33 Asiatic Christians: 115 Europeans: 51 Georgians: None Mountain tribesmen: None Gypsies: 39 Jews: None Population density: 35.5 persons per square verst Although the population of the Nakhichevan District had increased by over 21,741, the percentages of different groups had remained basically the same.

Alexandropol District Rural Population (1907): 152,770 Armenians: 138,530 (90.68%) Tatars: 6,269 (4.10%) Kurds: 5,586 (3.66%) Russians: 1,527 (1.00%) Others: 858

32

Part I

Urban Population (1907): 39,371 Armenians: 34,715 (88.17%) Russians: 1,872 (4.75%) Tatars: 1,572 (4.00%) Georgians: 434 (1.10%) Gypsies: 274 Kurds: 205 Europeans: 164 Jews: 102 Mountain tribesmen: 33 Total Population (1907): 192,141 Armenians: 173,245 (90.16%) Tatars: 7,841 (4.00%) Kurds: 5,791 (3.00%) Russians: 3,399 (1.77%) Others: 1,007 Total Population (1914): 226,946 Armenians: 201,052 (88.60%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodox: 85 Armenian Catholics: 2,224 (1.00%) Muslims (Shi’a): 7,128 (3.14%) Muslims (Sunni): 1,968 Russians: 5,683 (2.50%) Russian sectarians: 1,891 Kurds: 59 Kurds (Yezidi): 5,840 (2.57%) Europeans: 349 Georgians: None Mountain tribesmen: None Asiatic Christians: 454 Jews: 155 Gypsies: 58 Population density: 67 persons per square verst The population of the Alexandropol District had increased by 34,805 persons, the majority of whom were Armenians. The Russian population had also increased. The economic growth and the strategic location made this the most populated district of the province.86

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Novo-Bayazet District Rural Population (1907): 136,623 Armenians: 88,276 (64.62%) Tatars: 41,825 (30.61%) Russians: 4,597 (4.00%) Kurds: 1,712 Greeks: 213 Urban Population (1907): 9,624 Armenians: 9,319 (96.83%) Kurds: 152 (1.58%) Russians: 120 (1.25%) Georgians: 15 Tatars: 9 Europeans: 9 Total Population (1907): 146,247 Armenians: 97,595 (66.73%) Tatars: 41,834 (28.60%) Russians: 4,717 (3.87%) Kurds: 1,864 (1.27%) Others: 237 Total Population (1914): 177,454 Armenians: 118,116 (66.56%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodox: 79 Armenian Catholics: None Muslims (Shi’a): 46,718 (26.32%) Muslims (Sunni): 3,775 (2.12%) Russians: 190 Russian sectarians: 4,729 (2.66%) Kurds: 2,939 (1.65%) Kurds (Yezidi): 410 Europeans: 388 Asiatic Christians: 114 Georgians: None Muslim tribesmen: 74 Gypsies: None Jews: 3 Population density: 43 persons per square verst The population had increased by 31,207 persons, some 20,000 of whom were Armenians.

34

Part I

Total Population of the Yerevan Province 1907: 898,913 1914: 1,065,914 The following breakdown was provided in the 1914 Provincial Yearbook. Armenian (Gregorian/Apostolic): 610,675 (57.30%) Armenian converts to Russian Orthodoxy: 544 Armenian Catholics: 2,340 Tatars (Shi’a): 372,334 (34.93%) Tatars (Sunni): 9,709 Kurds: 30,540 (2.86%) Yezidi Kurds 17,288 (1.62%) Russians (Orthodox) 9,092 Russian (sectarians) 7,069 Assyrians and other Asiatic Christians: 3,560 Other Europeans (Poles, Germans, etc.): 993 Gypsies: 900 Georgians 440 Jews: 352 Mountain tribesmen: 78 Population density: 46 persons per square verst The figures indicate that the population of the Yerevan Province had increased by 167,001 persons in the seven years prior to World War I. They also demonstrate that the three main groups residing in the province formed 97.89% of the total population, with Armenians (including those who had converted to other Christian sects) making up 57.56%; Tatars (Shi’a and Sunni) 35.84%; and Kurds (including the Yezidi) 4.49%. The Armenian population in the cities of Yerevan and Alexandropol had grown significantly. Furthermore, the Muslims still held a solid majority in the Surmalu, Sharur-Daralagez and Nakhichevan districts and a slight majority in the Yerevan District. This fact would have major repercussions on the later borders of Armenia.87

Notes 1 H. Manandyan, Knnakan tsutyun Hay zhogovrdi patmutyan [A Critical Study of the History of the Armenian People], III (Yerevan, 1952), 326–328; G. Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (London, 1966), 177. 2 Akty, II, doc. 1174. 3 For more details, see Bournoutian, Erevan, 58–64; Akty, II, doc. 1205. 4 See Chapter I. 5 The surveys did not distinguish the ethnic makeup of the Muslims. 6 If one adds the Qajar hierarchy and the nomads who left the khanates after the war, the total population must have been slightly over 100,000 people. Most of the nomads returned after the Russian conquest.

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7 See Shopen, Istoricheskii, 635–636. 8 Armenians had a solid majority in the Kırk-Bulagh, Sardarabad and Karbi-Basar mahals of the Yerevan Khanate and a solid majority in the Agulis (Akulis) mahal of the Nakhichevan Khanate. 9 See the various documents in Bournoutian, Armenians and Russia. 10 For example, see the reports of Russian commanders regarding this matter in Bournoutian, Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, docs. 266–268, 270, 274–276 and 282. 11 For the complete text in Russian, see T. Iuzefovich, Dogovory Rossii s’ Vostokom: Politicheskie i torgovye [Russian Treaties with The East: Political and Commercial] (St. Petersburg, 1869), 214–227. For the Persian version of Article XV, see Mohammad Hasan Khan E`temad al-Saltane, Tarikh-e Montazam-e Naseri [A History of the Qajars], III (Tehran, 1984), 1586. 12 See `Abbas Mirza’s letter to the Russians in which he complained about the forcible removal of Armenians from Salmas and Khoi; Akty, VII, doc. 580. Some of the immigrants later complained about their life in Russia and returned to Iran where they were welcomed by `Abbas Mirza and his successors at Tabriz; Bournoutian, Erevan, 90. 13 Shopen, Istoricheskii, 639–642; S. Glinka, Opisanie pereseleniia Armian adderbidzhanskikh v predelakh Rossii [A Survey of the Immigration of the Armenians from Azarbaijan to Russia] (Moscow, 1831). 14 See Chapter I. 15 Statisticheskie tablitsy o sostoianiii gorodov Rossiiskoi imperii [Statistical Tables of the Population of the Cities of the Russian Empire] (St. Petersburg, 1842), 8–9, 48–49. Since the population of Yerevan in 1832 was 11,463, the city’s population after some 20 years of Russian rule had increased by only 847 persons. 16 If one deducts the population of the Alexandropol District, the population had grown by only 10% in 20 years. It is important to note that the population of the Tiflis Province had grown by 41% and that of the Shemakha Province (later Baku and Elisavetpol provinces) by 25.6% in that same time period; see Statisticheskie tablitsy Rossiiskoi imperii za 1856 g. [Statistical Tables of the Russian Empire, 1856] (St. Petersburg, 1858), 162–173. 17 Ibid. The population had grown by only 869 persons in 20 years. 18 One such epidemic is recorded in 1829; see G. A. Bournoutian, From Tabriz to St. Petersburg: Iran’s Mission of Apology to Russia in 1829 (Costa Mesa, 2014), 39. A Russian official blamed it on the human and animal refuse that was dumped near water canals; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 25. 19 PK/1906, part III, 116–117. 20 KK (1894) (Tiflis, 1893), 210–211; Armenians formed 56%, Muslims 43% and others 1%. 21 Based on an average of 6.5 persons (7.5 rural and 5.5 urban) in each household. Despite the valuable information in all these surveys, they were conducted by a very small group of people and not only lacked the accuracy of modern European surveys, but also did not specify the various categories of the population. 22 Troinitskii, Pervaia. 23 Ibid., fasc. VII, 33. 24 Ibid., fasc. VI, 51. 25 Russian sources cited in this study refer to the Turkish-speaking Muslims (Shi’a and Sunni) as “Tatars” or, when coupled with the Kurds (except the Yezidis), as “Muslims.” The vast majority of the Muslim population of the province was Shi’a. Unlike the Armenians and Georgians, the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the Arabo-Persian script. After 1918, and especially during the Soviet era, this group identified itself as Azerbaijani. 26 Includes Poles, Tats, Lithuanians, Germans, Ossets, Kiuras and others.

36 27 28 29 30

31 32 33

34 35 36 37

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Part I Troinitskii, Pervaia, fasc. VII, 33. Includes Muslim Kurds and a small percentage of Iranians and Ottoman Turks. They are listed inaccurately as “pagans.” Following the edict of 1830, Russian sectarians were driven from the Russian heartlands into the South Caucasus. Viceroy Vorontsov permitted the Dukhobors and Molokans to in the district of Novo-Bayazet, where they found the earth suitable for planting wheat, barley, spelt and potatoes; see N. Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia’s Empire in the South Caucasus (Ithaca, 2005), 92–94. The study is an excellent source for Russian settlements in Georgia, Shirvan, Karabagh, Talesh and Yerevan. Troinitskii, Pervaia, fasc. VI, 51. They included jewelers, tinsmiths, coppersmiths, tailors, carpenters, saddle makers, shoemakers, bakers, dyers, peddlers and various other trades. The “honorable” or “respected citizens” (pochetnye grazhdanie) were a class of privileged urban inhabitants such as merchants of the first grade, engineers, doctors, etc. They were exempt from conscription, some taxes and corporal punishment. Troinitskii, Pervaia, fasc. VI, 51. Ibid. The data in each volume (abbreviated as PK) was devoted to statistical information for the previous one or two years; hence the volume published in 1902 contained data for the year 1900 and so forth; see Note on the Sources. PK/1902, part III, 98. The average rural household for Armenians and Tatars was slightly over 7.5 persons and that of the Kurds, over 9 persons; see, Part II, Tables I–VII. It is important to note that all these studies contained information on the taxes collected by the state (see Chapter VI). PK/1902, part III, 2–99. PK/1906, part III, 118. The combined data appears in Part II, Tables I–VII. PK/1908, part III, 117. The number of people in each village as well as their ethnic breakdown is given in Part II, Tables I–VII. KK (1907), Statistical Section, 328. The main growth occurred in the city of Alexandropol. The figures also indicate that the Kurds were, for the most part, absent from urban centers. See Part II, Tables I–VII. See Part II, Tables I–VII. Part II, Table V. This was one of the reasons for the Armeno-Tatar clashes in the district. The map in PK/1902 indicates the patches of concentration of the three ethnic groups: Armenians, Tatars and Kurds. Includes an undetermined number of Iranians. See Note 49. They included Greeks, Georgians, Assyrians, gypsies, Jews and Europeans. See Part II, Table I. See Part II, Table II. See Part II, Table III. See Part II, Table IV. See Part II, Table V. See Part II, Table VI. See Part II, Table VII. See the literacy rates in Chapter IV. That information appeared in KK (1907), Statistical Section, 328. See Chapter I.

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62 See the section on Health and Sanitation in Chapter IV. 63 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 64 Baku (62,563), Elisavetpol (298,685), Kars (71,123), Kutais (18,980) and Tiflis (210,161). 65 In 1913, the population of the city proper and the industrial districts totaled 333,900; Suny, Baku Commune, 7. In 1904, the population of the city of Alexandropol, the largest urban center in the Yerevan Province, was 33,879, while the city of Yerevan had 28,910 persons; see PK/1906, part III, 118. 66 V. A. Kivelson and R. G. Suny, Russia’s Empires (Oxford, 2017), 203–204. 67 See the section on Education in Chapter IV. 68 By the new century, Tiflis had been transformed into a European-style Russian city. It had an opera, theaters, trams, electricity, telephones, fashionable stores and institutions of higher education. The brilliance of the viceroy’s court and palace as well as the numerous balls and receptions “forced the local nobles to spend great sums on their increasingly Europeanized style of life”; Suny, Georgian Nation, 74. 69 See Suny, Baku Commune, 3–27, and Georgian Nation, 117–119. 70 For example, out of the 200 doctors who were listed in the Tiflis medical directory, more than 50 were Armenians; see KK (1907), Part I, 140–144. 71 Suny, Baku Commune, 45–50. 72 In 1912 only 2,118 men, including 1,077 from Nakhichevan and 515 from Alexandropol (and only 1 from Yerevan), left the province for permanent work; PK/ 1912, part III, 14. 73 For the economic growth of the province, see Chapter VI. 74 KK (1912), part IV, 119–230, and KK (1916), Statistical Section, 14–34 75 KK (1916), Statistical Section, 46–49. 76 The figures provided here for each district are from: PK/1908 (for the 1907 rural population); KK (1907) (for the 1907 urban population); and KK (1916) (for the total population in 1914). As explained above, the 1914 figures are the combined rural and urban populations. Percentages of 1% or greater are included. 77 Includes an undetermined, but small, number of Iranians. 78 The 1914 data has substituted Tatars for Muslims. 79 Russian sectarians (Subbotniks and Molokans) began settling in the Yerevan Province in the nineteenth century, especially in the Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet districts; for more details, see PK/1902, part IV, 144–155. See also the villages Lower Akhty, Konstantinovka, Yelenovka, Semyenovka, Alexandrovka, Nikitino, Voskresenskoe and Sukhoi Fontan in Part II, Tables VI and VII. 80 See Chapter VI. 81 There were no cities in this district. 82 There were no cities in this district. 83 After Surmalu became part of Turkey, the Kemalist government tried to settle and Turkicize the Kurds. Most of the yaylaqs and kishlaks were abandoned. Some Kurds resisted the Turkish efforts through armed struggle. They sought refuge from retaliation by crossing into the plain south of Lesser Ararat, which was located in Iran. The border between Iran and Turkey was on a straight line across the top of Lesser Ararat. In 1932, to resolve numerous border incidents, Iran and Turkey exchanged territory. The border was adjusted, giving Turkey complete control over Lesser Ararat; see G. A. Bournoutian, “The Iran-Turkey-Armenia Borders as Depicted in Various Maps,” Iran and the Caucasus, 19/1 (2015), 97–107. 84 There were no cities in this district. 85 See Chapter I and Concluding Remarks. 86 See Chapter VI. 87 In 1919, the Armenian delegation presented the following estimated population figures for the Yerevan Province at the Versailles Conference: Total population 1,114,698, of which 669,871 were Armenians, 365,841 Tatars, 36,508 Kurds,

38

Part I 12,624 Yezidis, 21,854 Russians, Assyrians, Georgians, Greeks and gypsies, and 8,000 Turks. Hence, even after the arrival of thousands of Armenian refugees, the Armenians formed barely 60% of the population of the province. The delegation also included the estimated figures for 1919 in the disputed districts of Akhalkalak, Borchalu and Kazakh (from the former Tiflis Province), and the disputed districts of Jevanshir, Zangezur, Shushi and Elisavetpol (from the former Elisavetpol Province), as well as the entire Kars Province (Ardahan, Olti, Kagizman and Kars), which would be part of the Armenian Republic. The total population figures were as follows: Armenians 1,293,000, or 59.87% (actually 59.86%); Tatars 588,000, or 27.22%; Kurds 82,000, or 3.79% (actually 3.80%); Yezidis 50,000, or 2.31%; Russian, Greeks, Georgians and others 123,000, or 5.70%; gypsies 24,000, or 1.11%. Therefore, despite the fact that the territory of the Armenian Republic would more than double, the Armenian population would form 59.86% of the inhabitants; see Great Britain: Foreign Office Archives: Public Record Office, Class 371, General Correspondence: Political: no. 4952. See also Concluding Remarks.

IV Administration and Society

On January 1 (Old Style), 1850, the Yerevan Province began to function as a separate guberniia under the overall authority of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus, centered in Tiflis. The coat of arms of the guberniia was very different from that of the Armenian Province of 1828–1840. That coat of arms depicted the Russian imperial crown over the double-headed eagle above Noah’s Ark on Mt. Ararat, a traditional Armenian church and a representation of the crown of Tigran the Great.1 When the Armenian Province was incorporated into the Georgian-Imeretian Province in 1840, Mt. Ararat and Noah’s Ark occupied one quadrant within a shield placed under the Russian doubleheaded eagle. The two coats of arms of the Yerevan Guberniia, however, removed any unique marker of Armenian identity. The first version pictured the imperial Russian crown atop a shield depicting the Russian Orthodox cross atop what appeared to be three connected boulders, while the later version added a leaf cluster around the shield and replaced the boulders with a mountain that had no resemblance to Mt. Ararat. Despite the imperial decrees of 1840 and 1849,2 there is little information on the administrative structure of the province prior to the 1860s. The 300year-old Iranian legacy had obviously left its mark on the province. However, although the Kavkazskii kalendar’, the official annual almanac of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus,3 would only occasionally include material on the Yerevan Province, its main focus was on the Tiflis Province, and also included all the other guberniias, oblasts, okrugs and rayons of the Caucasus. After the Crimean War, the administrative apparatus of the Yerevan Province began to slowly develop closer ties with Tiflis. In 1856, the new tsar, Alexander II, who wished to modernize the empire, appointed Prince Alexander Bariatinskii (1856–1862) as the new viceroy. Although Bariatinskii and the subsequent viceroy, Grand Duke Michael Nikolayevich (1863–1882), focused on the process of the emancipation of the Georgian peasants,4 they also sought to duplicate the imperial administrative structure of Tiflis in all the other guberniias of the Caucasus. The pace of centralization increased in the 1880s and continued until the end of the century. Thus, by the dawn of the new century, the Yerevan Province had not only shed much of its Iranian character, but had also been

40

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integrated into the overall Russian administration of the Caucasus. The administrative structure of the Yerevan Province therefore echoed, albeit to a much lesser extent, the immense imperial administration.

Central Administration of the Yerevan Province5 The Central Administration of the Caucasus reported to the imperial ministries in St. Petersburg, such as the Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Public Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Manufacturing and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Communications and Transport, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of War, Ministry of Navigation and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as the State Holy Synod in charge of religious affairs. With the exception of Navigation, all of these ministries had branches in Yerevan, headed by the provincial governor.6 The governor of the province, from 1896 until 1916, was Imperial Privy Counselor Count Vladimir Fedorovich Tizengauzen (Tiesenhausen).7 His chancery, from 1910 to 1914, was composed of three Russian and three Tatar officials: Mogb-`Ali Khan of Yerevan, Ahmad Khan Suleyman Khan-oghli of Maku, and Bahlul Beg Mehdi-Beg-oghli Sultanov. It is interesting to note that throughout the 1900–1914 period, the governor’s chancery did not employ a single Armenian official. Although some may accuse the governor of being anti-Armenian, especially after the anti-Russian demonstrations following the 1903–1905 Church Crisis, the presence of a large Muslim population (some 40%) in the province probably necessitated the employment of Tatars from notable families in the chancery throughout the period of this study. In addition, since the Armenians staffed numerous other administrative posts, the governor may have wanted to assure the Muslim grandees, especially following the 1905–1907 Armeno-Tatar clashes, that they were not being excluded from the administration. Unlike the post of governor, that of vice-governor changed hands throughout this period. From 1902 to 1903, State Councilor Prince Michael Alexandrovich Nakashidze occupied the post.8 Between 1904 and 1910, State Counselor Valdimir Nikolaevich Baranovskii held the position. From 1910 to 1913, State Counselor Prince Alexei Pavlovich Chegodaev served as vice-governor, while Arkady Strel’bitskii took over on the eve of World War I.9 The vice-governor was in charge of the day-to-day running of the provincial government. His department was staffed with numerous advisors and functionaries that included registrars, archivists, land surveyors, city engineers, statisticians, bookkeepers, men in charge of the official provincial printing press, and the fire department.10 The structure of the duties of the vice-governor’s division changed a little through the period in question. In fact most of the officials moved from one department to another. During the tenure of Strel’bitskii, the provincial administration was divided into two branches and a number of departments. Samson Ter-Sahakov was the senior advisor of the first branch. His assistants were Ovakim (Hovakim) Hasan-

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Jalalov and a Russian named Moskovchenko. The second branch employed Russian officials. The department in charge of land tenure was administered by Levon Hasan-Jalalov assisted by Smbat Ter-Ghazarov and a Russian named Orlov. A certain Vladimir Simonson was in charge of the Engineering Department, while the city architect was an Armenian named Poghos Keshishev. The two supervised a number of Armenian,11 Georgian and Russian technicians and draftsmen. The chief medical officer of the province was an Armenian named Zarmayir Asaturovich Andreyasov, who directed Russians and Russianized European health professionals. The chief veterinarian of the province was an Armenian named Vartan Torosyants. He also supervised a staff composed of Russians. The Provincial Typographic Department was under a Russian, while the Department in charge of Peasant Affairs had Russians, Georgians and one Armenian, named Mikayel Mikhayelyants. The vice-governor’s chancery employed interpreters who could read Russian, Armenian and Persian and who could translate the local Turkish dialect into Russian.12 It also had a statistical committee and appointed secretaries responsible for producing the biennial yearbooks used in this study.13 The khans, begs, aqalars and meliks (that is, members of the landowning class) continued to play a role in local administration. The ethnic composition of the officials was based on the ethnic composition of the villages. This was especially true of the village elders and the men in charge of irrigation.14 In addition, each of the five cities of the province had its own administration. In 1910, the mayor of Yerevan was an Armenian named Ivan Karapetovich Melik-Aghamalov. He belonged to the same Aghamalian melik family that had been responsible for the Armenians of the city during the rule of the last Qajar governor and sardar, Hoseyn Qoli Khan (1807–1827).15 The mayor’s office was composed primarily of Armenians with professional degrees from noted families such as the Hasan-Jalalian, Melik-Buniatov, Mehrabov, Kamsarakan, Ter-Hakobian, Ayvazian, Ter-Sahakian, Ter-Hovhannesian, TerGhazarian, Galustian, Ter-Grigorian, Harutunian, Abrahamian, Khachaturian and Andreasian families, some of whom had added the “ov” suffix to their surnames.16 There were no Muslims among these officials.17 The city council (duma) was composed of an equal number of Armenians and Tatars. Each ethnic group had nine representatives.18 In that same year, the mayor of Alexandropol, the largest city of the province, was also an Armenian, Iosif Tigranov (Hovsep Tigranian). Since the city had an overwhelming Armenian majority, its council was composed solely of Armenians named Barsamian, Karapetiants, Khachaturian, Shatiriants Makariants, Saroyants, Bagramian, Melik-Stepanian, Zarifiants, TerPoghosian, Sahakian, Ayvazian, Sarkisian, Buniatov and Hambartsumian. The Mayor of Novo-Bayazet, Stepan Batikyants, as well as all the members of that city council were also Armenian.19 During the 1908–1910 period, the mayors of Nakhichevan and Ordubad were Muslims. The mayor of Nakhichevan was Bahram Khan Nakhjavani,

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assisted by a Kangarlu20 Aqa. The city council had Tatar and Armenian members. The mayor of Ordubad was Reza Qoli Rezaev, and the city council was composed primarily of Tatar hajis, mashhadis and other members of the former families of begs and yüzbas¸is.21

Justice The judicial reform of 1867 did not help those who lived outside the main population centers of the province. There were two types of courts in the province, civil and criminal. The criminal courts and prisons were located in the cities of Yerevan and Alexandropol. There were courts to resolve civil matters in Yerevan, Qamarlu, Vagharshapat, Igdir, Novo-Bayazet, Lower Akhty, Nakhichevan, Ordubad, Bash-Norashen, Alexandropol and Big Karakilis. Each of these courts had several separate divisions, each of which heard cases from the large communes within their districts.22 In order not to be accused of favoring the Armenians or the Tatars, Russians were put in charge of these courts. The data published in 1908 includes cases involving blasphemy; disrespect toward government offices and officials; breaking out of jail or escaping arrest; exceeding one’s authority; insubordination; dereliction of duty; failing to collect dues from drinking establishments; failing to collect customs dues; disrupting the public peace; immoral behavior; swindling; breaking contracts; murder; bodily harm; arson; banditry; and looting and theft. The last six offenses had the largest number (224) of accused, 176 of whom were sentenced. Of these, 97 were Muslims (95 Tatars and 2 Kurds); 77 were non-Orthodox Christians (Armenians, Assyrians and others) and 2 were Orthodox. Such a large number of violent crimes were obviously due to the 1903–1905 Armeno-Tatar clashes in Yerevan and particularly in Nakhichevan. Altogether a total of 258 criminals were brought to trial, 211 of whom were found guilty (208 men and 3 women). Of these, 138 men and 3 women were uneducated, while 70 men had a rudimentary education. There were no cases against notables, “respected citizens” or the clergy. However, 25 men and 1 woman of the urban lower middle class were sentenced, as were 172 men and 2 women residing in the rural areas, of whom 4 were foreigners, 6 were lower gentry and 1 was a vagrant. There were no Jews among the accused, and no one with a higher-level education was convicted. The majority of the criminals (170) were men between 21 and 50 years of age.23 The province had mediation courts to resolve local complaints. There were courts in every district, each with its own mediators and translators. Throughout this period, the Yerevan District had courts in Yerevan, Qamarlu and Davalu (all staffed by Armenians); the Echmiadzin District had courts in Vagharshapat, Ashtarak and Armenian Talin (with a Russian mediator assisted by Armenian translators); the Surmalu District courts were in Igdir, Dashburun and Kulpi (Russian officials assisted by two Tatar translators and one Armenian translator); the Nakhichevan District had two offices in

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Nakhichevan and one in Upper Akulis (Russian mediator aided by two Armenian translators and one Tatar translator); the Sharur-Daralagez District had two offices in Bash-Norashen and one in Keshishkend (Russian officials assisted by two Tatar translators and one Armenian translator); the Novo-Bayazet District had courts in Lower Akhty, Novo-Bayazet and BasarKechar (Russian officials assisted by Armenian translators); and there were three in the Alexandropol District, one in Big Karakilis and two in Alexandropol (Russians assisted by Armenian interpreters).24

Police The superintendent of police of the Yerevan Province in 1908 was a Russian named Filipp Ivanovich Novosad. His assistants were Russian, but he also had an Armenian secretary and a Tatar secretary.25 Each urban center had a police chief, and the 25 police prefectures generally had a Russian police superintendent and police officers. In 1910, the police chief of the city of Yerevan was an Armenian named Konstantin Arakelov, who was assisted by two Russians. Armenians and Tatars served as secretaries and interpreters.26 The police superintendent of the first prefecture was named Kozhevnikov and resided in the village of Kanaker. The superintendent of the second prefecture was a man named Gab’ev who resided in Agamazlu. The third superintendent, named Kirilovich, was stationed in Qamarlu, while the fourth, in Davalu, was an Armenian named Melik-Eganov. The chief of police of the city of Alexandropol was Aleksei Makarov. The police superintendent of the first prefecture was named Kalandarashvili, stationed in Big Karakilis; Police Superintendent Grigoriants was in charge of the second prefecture in Kaftarli; the third prefecture located in the city of Alexandropol was headed by a Russian named Dmitriev; and the fourth, in Agin, was run by a Russian named Mordvintsev.27 The police chief of the city of Nakhichevan was a Russian named Sorokin. A Russian named Kavriev was in charge of the first prefecture (centered in the city of Nakhichevan); a Russian named Dushinskii headed the second in the village of Jaghri; a Russian named Kalinovskii, stationed in Abrakunis, managed the third; and a Tatar named `Abbas-Qoli Beg Tairov, in Ordubad, oversaw the fourth prefecture.28 The police chief of the city of Novo-Bayazet was a Russian named Korganov. The first prefecture was headed by a Georgian named Kutatoladze, who resided in Lower Akhty; another Georgian, Tsakalamidze, was in charge of the second prefecture in Yelenovka; a third, named Vigura, who was in Karanlegh, looked after the third prefecture; and an Armenian named TerGrigorov, in Basar-Kechar, was in charge of the fourth prefecture.29 The police chief of the Echmiadzin District was a man named Lemmerman. The first prefecture was run by a Russian named Popov, living in Vagharshapat; the second by an Armenian, Melik-Arakelov, residing in Ashtarak; the third by another Armenian, Nersesov, who resided in Kurdukuli;

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and the fourth by another Armenian, Khachatur Babasov, in Armenian Talin.30 The police chief of the Surmalu District was a Russian, named Tonin. The police superintendent of the first prefecture was a Russian, named Ignatiev, in Igdir; in the second prefecture, it was a Tatar, Hasan Beg Vezirov, in Dashburun; in the third prefecture, it was a Russian, Kvashali, in Kulpi. The police chief of the Sharur-Daralagez District was a Tatar named Nabibekov. The police superintendent of the first prefecture was a Russified Pole, Radziwill, who lived in Bash-Norashen; and in the second prefecture, it was a Russian named Tsivinskii, who resided in Keshishkend.31 There were also 105 permanent police stations and 14 seasonal stations throughout the province. Forty of these were next to post offices.32 Each commune had its also own communal administrator, most of whom resided in Armenian-populated villages.33

Communications The opening of the Tiflis-Alexandropol-Kars railway in 1899, the Alexandropol-Yerevan railway in 1902 and the Yerevan-Julfa railway in 1908 facilitated the integration of Yerevan with the rest of the Caucasus. These railways, some of which were built along the Indo-European Telegraph Company lines between Tiflis and Tehran (via Tabriz), transformed the province from one relying on travel and transportation by animal-drawn carts,34 horseback or post-haste carriage on poorly maintained roads to one utilizing convenient and safe trains that connected the province to Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Iran. The main road from Tiflis to the Iranian border at Julfa was 330.44 miles long. It went through Semenovka, Yelenovka, Lower Akhti, Sukhoi Fontan, Eyliar, Yerevan, Ulukhanlu, Qamarlu, Ararat, Sadarak, Norashen, TashArkh, Shahtakhti, Nakhichevan, Nehram and Julfa, or from Nehram to Aza and Ordubad. The main route to Tabriz went through Julfa, Qara-Tapeh, Marand and Sofian and spanned 20 farsakhs or miles. After 1908, regular train service facilitated travel and the transport of goods between Tiflis and Alexandropol, Yerevan, Nakhichevan and Julfa. Some 265 miles of the line went through the Yerevan Province, with stations at Karakilis, Hamamlu, Nalband, Jajur, Alexandropol, Agin, Ani, Alagez, Kara-Burun, Arax, Echmiadzin, Ulukhanlu, Qamarlu, Ararat, Arazdayan, Norashen, Shahtakhti, Nakhichevan, Nehram and Julfa. The train would leave Tiflis for Alexandropol at 11:30 am35 (St. Petersburg time) every day, arrive at Alexandropol at 10:28 pm and continue on to Kars. The train from Alexandropol to Yerevan operated on Sundays, Wednesdays and Fridays. It would depart at 10:26 am and arrive at 5:28 pm. The train from Yerevan to Alexandropol operated on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays. It would depart at 11:57 am and arrive at 8:31 pm.36 The cost of a oneway ticket from Tiflis to Alexandropol ranged from 7 rubles and 18 kopeks

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for first class to 1 ruble and 44 kopeks for fourth class; Tiflis to Ulukhanlu, from 10 rubles and 75 kopeks to 2 rubles and 15 kopeks; Tiflis to Nakhichevan, from 13 rubles and 50 kopeks to 2 rubles and 70 kopeks; and Tiflis to Julfa, from 14 rubles and 50 kopeks to 2 rubles and 90 kopeks. The line to Yerevan (13 versts, completed in 1908) was extended from Ulukhanlu (where one had to change trains) and cost from 50 kopeks to 10 kopeks.37 By 1908, the Yerevan Province had postal and telegraph connections with Russia via Tiflis; with Iran via Julfa and Ordubad; and with the Ottoman Empire via Alexandropol and Kars. The cities of the province (that is, Yerevan, Alexandropol, Nakhichevan, Novo-Bayazet and Ordubad) as well as the towns of Vagharshapat, Igdir, Julfa and Karakilis each had a central postal-telegraph office. The large villages of Bash-Norashen, Upper Akulis, Yelenovka and Qamarlu and the Darachichak region38 also had postaltelegraph branches. The villages of Ashtarak, Davalu, Qivraq, Kulpi and Lower Akhty had only post offices.39 The postmasters, except for one Armenian in Alexandropol, were all Russian.40 The cost of a letter or postcard within the province was 3 kopeks. A registered letter cost 7 kopeks. All postcards mailed to other areas of the Russian Empire were 3 kopeks, regular letters 7 kopeks, and registered letters 14 kopeks. The cost of mailing printed matter within the province was 1 kopek for ½ ounce and 2 kopeks for 1–4 ounces. Sending printed matter outside the province cost 3 kopeks for 2 ounces.41 One could send money orders from the postal-telegraph offices. The charge was 15 kopeks for up to 24 rubles; 25 kopeks for 25–99 rubles; 40 kopeks for 100–124 rubles; 50 kopeks for 125–199 rubles; 65 kopeks for 200–224 rubles; 75 kopeks for 225–299 rubles; 90 kopeks for 300–324 rubles; 1 ruble for 325–399 rubles; 1.15 rubles for 400–424 rubles and 1.25 rubles for 425–500 rubles.42

Finance The Yerevan Finance and Treasury Department supervised Yerevan, Elisavetpol and Kars. Each division had its own chief. The Yerevan division was in charge of Yerevan, Alexandropol, Igdir,43 Novo-Bayazet and Nakhichevan. It had revenue collection offices staffed with assessors and bookkeepers in Yerevan, Alexandropol, Nakhichevan, Vagharshapat, Igdir and Bash-Norashen. Although the officials in charge, save for one Armenian (in Novo-Bayazet), were all Russian, most of the bookkeepers and assistants were Armenian.44 The Yerevan Province was divided into four tax-collection departments: 1) Yerevan and Novo-Bayazet; 2) Echmiadzin and Surmalu; 3) Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez; and 4) Alexandropol.45 Local offices for the collection of the excise tax on alcohol and tobacco, staffed primarily by Russians, were located in Yerevan, Julfa, Alexandropol, Qamarlu, Nakhichevan, Ordubad, Shahtakhti, Novo-Bayazet, Bash-Norashen and Ashtarak. The State Bank of Russia, as well as the Tiflis Commercial Bank, both had branches in the city of Yerevan. There was also a City Bank in Alexandropol.

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In addition, there were credit and savings associations in Yerevan, Yelenovka, Ashtarak and Qamarlu. However, those wishing to obtain a loan to purchase land had to apply to the Peasant Land Bank in Tiflis. There were customs offices in Julfa and Ordubad and a Yerevan branch of the Baku customs for anyone importing or exporting goods from or to Iran.46

Education The reforms of 1872 had established seven elementary schools, one in each of the cities of Yerevan, Novo-Bayazet, Nakhichevan, Ordubad and Alexandropol and the towns of Ashtarak and Igdir. By 1882 there were several hundred such schools, most at the elementary and some at the secondary level, with hundreds of teachers. The Armenian day schools, supported by donations of wealthy Armenians as well as by tuition, taught languages, mathematics, literature, philology and theology. In addition, there were seminaries in Tiflis, Yerevan, Echmiadzin and the predominantly Armenian district of Shushi in the Elisavetpol Province, which prepared clergy for the Armenian communities in Russia, Iran and the Ottoman Empire.47 In 1884, three years after his father’s assassination, Emperor Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) closed all of the Armenian schools in an effort to combat potential revolutionary activities among the minorities. The tsar also ordered that a number of Armenian philanthropic societies, libraries, newspapers and publishing institutions in Tiflis, Shushi, Akhaltsikh, Batum, Alexandropol, Baku, Nakhichevan and Yerevan be shut down. Although the schools were reopened soon after, the number of upper-level institutions was limited, and these were required to adopt a Russian-style curriculum.48 During the next decade, Armenians concentrated on opening elementary and intermediate-level schools. By 1900, a great number of these schools were operated by the Armenian Church. While the Church lost its authority over the schools from 1903 to 1905,49 it regained complete control by 1906. The official data for the year 1910 recorded 311 educational institutions, with a total of 23,530 students: 18,097 males and 5,433 females.50 Some of these were operated by the state, others by the religious authorities. The state also operated the six high schools, four in Yerevan and two in Alexandropol, that prepared students for further studies in Russian universities or in Tiflis. The schools had Russian, Armenian or Tatar religious instructors for the different religious groups.51 The Yerevan Men’s Gymnasium had 568 students, who studied Russian, mathematics and physics, German, Latin and geography. The director and the staff were Russian; Russian and Armenian priests and a Muslim sheikh were in charge of religious teaching. Some students boarded at the school. A fulltime medical staff, led by Dr. Aram Ter-Avetisov, was responsible of the health of the students.

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The Yerevan Women’s Gymnasium, named after St. Hripsime, had 445 students, who studied Russian, French, mathematics, hygiene, history, geography, calligraphy and drawing as well as needlework. The Yerevan Men’s Seminary, with 85 students, taught religious studies instructed by Russian and Armenian clergy. In addition, it taught Russian, history, Armenian, Turkish, mathematics, geography and natural sciences. The Women’s Preparatory Gymnasium in Yerevan had 164 students. The Commercial Institute in Alexandropol had 440 male students, who studied Russian, history, German, French, drawing, arithmetic and commerce. The Alexandropol Women’s Gymnasium had 372 students, who studied Russian, Armenian, mathematics, history, geography and drawing. There were two seminaries belonging to the Armenian Church: The Religious Academy in Echmiadzin with 202 students and the Seminary in Yerevan with 395 students. In addition, the state operated 16 junior-level or middle schools, with 926 boys and 157 girls, in Yerevan and 12 such schools in the five cities of the province, with 1,225 boys and 284 girls. The main centers in the seven districts had 117 elementary schools with 6,686 boys and 756 girls.52 The state collected a special tax for its schools from the urban and rural inhabitants. In 1902, the rural inhabitants gave 33,282 rubles, and in 1906, the amount had almost doubled to 64,045 rubles.53 As the number of public schools and students increased, the state had to allocate an annual budget for the maintenance of the schools and the salary of the teachers. In 1912, 280,201 rubles were spent on the schools and the teachers: 57,945 rubles for secondary and 222,256 rubles for elementary education. The state contributed 125,270 rubles; the urban and rural communities paid 123,783 rubles in school taxes, depending on the number of schools in their communes and districts; 29,404 rubles were collected in tuitions; 1,520 rubles from unspecified sources; and 224 rubles in donations.54 There was a Russian Orthodox religious school in Yerevan with 87 students, one in Alexandropol with 84 students, and ten in the rural communities that contained Russian villages, with 212 students in total. The Armenian Church, which after 1905 had regained control over its secular schools, had 5 schools in Yerevan (761 students), 8 in the other urban centers (1,692 students)55 and 89 in the rural communities (7,429 students).56 The majority of the Armenian students received their education free of charge through donations from wealthier Armenians. The Shi’a Muslims had four Muslim medreses (secondary schools) with 135 talibs (religious students) in Yerevan, all located near their mosques, the largest of which was by the Gök-Jami. Five other medreses were to be found in the main urban centers, including Nakhichevan and Ordubad, with a total of 135 talibs. In addition, they operated 27 mektebs (elementary schools) with 543 male students in Yerevan and the other urban centers as well as in the Muslim-dominated rural communities. The Sunnis had nine schools in the

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villages that contained a Sunni population, with 137 boys. There were no girls in the Muslim schools. Students learned basic arithmetic, Arabic, Persian, calligraphy and basic Muslim jurisprudence.57 Most of the medreses were funded through endowments, while the mektebs relied on tuition and donations. Despite efforts to attract Muslims, the majority of the students in the stateoperated schools were Armenian.58 Even the Russian school in Alexandropol had an overwhelming percentage of Armenian students.59 The official data clearly indicates that in districts and towns with large Armenian populations, a greater percentage of inhabitants were literate. For example, in Alexandropol, 43.7% of the population were literate; in Vagharshapat, this was 39.0%; in Yerevan, 38.1%; in Igdir, 35.0%; in Bash-Norashen, 30.5%; and in Novo-Bayazet, 26.4%. It is interesting to note that Armenians also encouraged thousands of their girls to attend school and obtain a rudimentary education.60 The Armenians of the Yerevan Province took advantage of upper-level state schools. They learned Russian and therefore, unlike the Tatars, were able to continue their professional education outside the province61 and to obtain posts in the provincial administration.

Press and Printing In 1771, Catholicos Simeon of Yerevan established the first printing press in Echmiadzin. In the nineteenth century, the press was responsible in the publication of Armenian historical and literary works.62 The newspapers of the Yerevan Province were a far cry from the Armenian periodical press of Tiflis and Moscow. While the journals in Moscow and especially in Tiflis published articles by Armenian literati and political activists and had a major role in the formation of the modern Armenian identity,63 the short-lived periodicals printed in Yerevan had little or no influence on the national dialogue. In addition, as the main center of the Caucasus, most of the official publications and scholarly works on the region were published in Tiflis.64 During the period of this study, several typographic companies existed in the city of Yerevan.65 In addition, the vice-governor’s office had its own press and published official announcements as well as Erivanskiia Gubernskaiia V`edomosti (Yerevan Provincial News) and the daily Erivanskii Vestnik.66 The fate of the press in Yerevan, like the rest of Russia, relied on the political mood of the central government. Thus the 1884–1885 edicts, as well as the opening and closing of the Duma, affected the status of the press. The first newspaper published in Yerevan was Psak, under the editorship of Vasak Babajanian. It started publishing on March 15, 1880, and, on the order of the government, ceased publication on April 7, 1884. Meanwhile in 1882, Babajanian also tried to publish a monthly journal called Aroghchapahakan Tert at the Emin Ter-Grigorian Press. The journal ceased publication after

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four issues. In 1883 another newspaper, Yerevani haytararutiwnner (Yerevan News), began its publication under the editorship of Ter-Grigorian. That newspaper also ceased publication on the order of the government on December 20, 1885. By 1900, however, Ter-Grigorian succeeded in obtaining permission to publish the same newspaper, this time in Russian under the name Erivankiia Ob`iavleniia; this was published one to three times a week until 1917, with some interruptions during the 1907–1908 period. Depending on the year, between 1,000 and 3,000 copies were published and sold for 10 kopeks. In 1907, with the temporary relaxation of censorship following the 1905 Revolution, a socialist newspaper called Fakty (Facts) was published in Yerevan. The short-lived paper managed to put out only two issues before it was shut down. Another newspaper, started by Vahan Ter-Abrahamian, was the Nor Tsayn (New Voice); this also did not last long and was shut down in 1907. Another newspaper, Kran, was published at the Luys Press under the editorship of the socialist Mushegh Bagratuni. Other short-lived publications published at the same press, which closed in 1914, were Khosk (Word), Nor Mamul and Kultura, all under Bagratuni’s leadership.67 In general, the small number of urban Armenians could not compete with the journalistic and literary sophistication of the large Armenian urban population of Tiflis. Unlike Baku, Yerevan had no newspapers published by the Tatars.

Health and Sanitation One of the most important innovations aiding the well-being of the province was the introduction of a medical department headed by an Armenian, Dr. Zarmayir Asaturovich Andreasov. His staff, all Russians, included an assistant, a city doctor and a city midwife. There were qualified medical personnel in every district and major communal center. Except for the Nakhichevan and Alexandropol districts, which had a Georgian doctor and a Russian doctor, respectively, in charge, all chief physicians in the other five districts were Armenian. Furthermore, except for one Tatar (Hoseyn-Qoli Beg Jabbar Beg Safiev) in Sharur-Daralagez, the other staff doctors, nurses and midwives were for the most part Armenian, with several Russians.68 The city of Yerevan also had a hospital, whose director and entire staff, save one, were Armenian.69 There were far more Russian and Armenian doctors and medical attendants than the few Georgian and European physicians who practiced in the province. There were Russian and Armenian midwives in the main cities as well as in the rural centers. There were no Muslims in any of these professions.70 The Yerevan prison had its own hospital. The province also had a psychiatric asylum. Two doctors, Ter-Ovanesov and Ter-Avetisov, had private offices. There were hospitals in Kanaker and Qamarlu in the Yerevan District; a hospital near the Armenian seminary at Echmiadzin as well as those in

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Ashtarak and Kurdukuli in the Echmiadzin District; hospitals in Igdir and Kulpi in the Surmalu District; a city hospital in Alexandropol and one in its prison; and in the Alexandropol District, one in Big Karakilis and one in Kaftarli. Nakhichevan had a hospital in its prison as well as one in Nakhichevan and Chananab. Novo-Bayazet had hospitals in Lower Akhty and Basar-Kechar; Sharur-Daralagez had a hospital and clinics in Bash-Norashen and Keshishkend. There were altogether 40 male and 4 female doctors, 71 medical attendants, 36 nurses and midwives, 7 dentists and 26 pharmacists, 12 in the main villages and 8 in the cities. There was one medical laboratory in the city of Yerevan. One of the results of improved medical care was population growth. Statistics for 1914 indicate 36,238 births (19,158 boys and 17,080 girls) and 23,500 deaths (12,723 males and 10,777 females). Thus, the population of the province, in 1914, had increased by a total of 12,738.71 Another result of better sanitary conditions, vaccinations and medical care was that the frequent cholera epidemics that had plagued the province in the eighteenth century and first half of the nineteenth century lessened considerably, although they would flare up periodically due to polluted irrigation waters. For example, in 1904, 4,615 people contracted cholera and 3,679 died from the illness.72 Leprosy was a rare disease, which may have come from Iran. A report by Dr. Dmitri Maliushenko, written in 1906, confirmed that 68 men and women, 28 of them in the mountain villages of Daralagez, had leprosy and that the governor of Yerevan had sent medical teams to examine and isolate those affected.73 Between 1896 and 1905 there were 1,011 cases of scarlet fever. Although the epidemic had slowed down by 1907, 79 children had died in Yerevan, 506 in the Yerevan District, 252 in Alexandropol, 18 in Nakhichevan, 75 in NovoBayazet, 287 in Echmiadzin, 28 in Sharur-Daralagez and 146 in Surmalu. The medical authorities vaccinated 37,000 children and used 50,000 vaccines to combat the epidemic.74 In 1912, 20,716 smallpox vaccinations were administered at a cost of 168,874 rubles.75 In 1906, 43,324 cases of malaria were reported. By 1910, however, due to the efforts of the government and Dr. Ter-Avetisov, only 7,778 such cases were reported. Forty-three persons died from malaria in 1906, 56 in 1907, 65 in 1908, 117 in 1909 and 73 in 1910.76 Statistics for 1910 reveal that between 1906 and 1910, over 100,000 people had consulted doctors or medical attendants in the cities and in the rural clinics of the province, both as in- and outpatients. The majority of the cases were not serious. However, as the population and travel increased, more people contracted infectious diseases. In 1906, 747 individuals died from infectious diseases; in 1907, the number was 837; in 1908, 1,106; in 1909, 954; and in 1910, 1,105.77 The final and most curious statistics, published in 1915, are the number who had died in 1914 from unnatural causes such as infanticide (2 males),

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murder (160 males and 18 females), suicide (13 males and 9 females), lightning strikes (2 males and 1 female), falls from heights (7 males and 4 females), fire (2 males and 7 females), freezing (4 males), drowning (26 males and 4 females) or as a result of other accidents (20 males and 6 females) as well as those found dead from unknown causes (9 males and 3 females). In 1914, this added up to 247 men and 46 women.78 The importance of livestock to the economy of the province required a veterinary department. Two Russian veterinarians were in charge of this office, while Russian and Armenian veterinarians oversaw the clinics in Yerevan79 and other urban centers as well as the main rural centers of Qamarlu, Shahtakhti, Bash-Norashen, Igdir, Kulpi, Big Karakilis, Ashtarak, Vagharshapat and Yelenovka.80 Thanks to the efforts of the 23 veterinary centers, the number of livestock in the province increased considerably.81 Most of the veterinarians were Russian, but Armenians and a handful of Georgian and Russianized European veterinarians also worked in these centers. Yerevan also had a slaughterhouse, which required a medical supervisor, a Russian, to examine the animals and the resulting meat.

The Military Russian military sources agree that Russia did not anticipate any danger from Iran in future conflicts.82 Therefore, out of the five military barracks in the Yerevan Province, only one, located in Nakhichevan District, had a border with Iran. The other four – Yerevan, Echmiadzin-Surmalu, Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet – bordered the Ottoman Empire or were concerned with safeguarding Tiflis, the center of the Russian administration in the Caucasus. The tax records clearly indicate that Muslim men were exempt from military service.83 In exchange, they had to pay a special army tax.84 It is probable that the local Russian officials did not trust the Tatars, who may have had sympathies for the Ottoman Turks.85 The 1906 figures indicate that the Muslims paid a total of 61,920 rubles toward this tax.86 In 1910, the amount collected was 64,440 rubles.87 Armenian men were subject to the draft, and many served in the Russian army outside the Yerevan Province.88 The districts had recruitment centers staffed by Russian and Armenian officers. There were also a few Muslims who were in charge of keeping records of the eligible Muslims and collected the army tax.89 The Yerevan District had recruitment centers in the city of Yerevan and the village of Qamarlu. The Echmiadzin and Surmalu districts had centers in Vagharshapat, Ashtarak and Igdir. The Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez districts had such centers in the cities of Nakhichevan and Ordubad and in the village of Bash-Norashen. The Novo-Bayazet District had one office in the town of Novo-Bayazet and two centers in the villages of Gëzal-Dara and Lower Akhty. The Alexandropol District, which had been the launching point for the Russian attack against the Ottoman Empire in the 1877–1878

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Russo-Turkish War, became an even a more important military center after rail connections were established to Tiflis and Kars. There were thus five recruitment offices, in the city of Alexandropol and the villages of Big Karakilis, Jajur, Illi-Karakilis and Khorom.90 Each district had its own assembly points for infantry and cavalry units, which were located in the main communes of the district. Sixty-six Armenians were in charge of the Armenian-populated communes of Kanaker, BashGarni, Shirabad, Noragavit, Chikdamlu, Qamarlu, Buyuk Vedi and Davalu in the Yerevan District; the communes of Vagharshapat, Kizil-Tamur, Aytagh, Khatun-Arkh, Ashtarak, Parbi, Yeghvard, Kara-Kilisa, Bash-Abaran, Karkhun, Kurdukuli, Sardarabad, Shahriyar, Kosh and Talin in the Echmiadzin District; the Igdir Commune in the Surmalu District; the Upper Akulis, Chananab, Vanand, Kazanchi, Tumbul, Sheikh-Mahmud, Karababa, DiginAlmalu and Jaghri communes in the Nakhichevan District; the Khanluklar, Khachik, Pashalu, Gindevaz, Hasan-kend, Malishka, Keshishkend and Arpa communes in the Sharur-Daralagez District; the Agzibir, Chirchir, DaliKardash, Göl, Lower Karanlegh, Gëzaldara, Zagalu, Armenian Lower Akhty, Alapars and Randamal communes in the Novo-Bayazet District; and the Alexandropol, Small Karakilis, Kaftarli, Khorom, Tvashan Kishlak, Molla Gökcha, Haji Khalil, Hamamlu, Saral, Big Karakilis, Bozi-Kend, Jajur, Illi Karakilis and Kizil-Koch communes in the Alexandropol District. The Russians took care of the Russian-populated communes of Karmalin, Yelenovka, Lower Russian Akhty and Nalband.91 The Tatars were in charge of collecting the army tax from the Muslim communes. After the unrest during 1903–1907, Russian military units, under the command of Russian officers, were stationed in the province. Two high-ranking commanding officers, one in Yerevan and the other in Alexandropol, oversaw the defense of the province. The first was in charge of defending Yerevan, Novo-Bayazet, Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez districts; the second guarded Alexandropol, Echmiadzin and Surmalu districts. The province had a gendarmerie as well.92 Various army units were stationed in the province after 1907. In the Yerevan Region, there was: the 2nd Caucasian Cossack Division composed of the following units – the 1st Poltava Cossack Regiment, the Yerevan Border Brigade, the 2nd Kuban Regiment, the 5th Kuban Cossack Battery; and the 2nd Caucasian Rifle Brigade, with the following units – the 5th Caucasian Rifle Battalion, the 7th Caucasian Rifle Battalion, the 8th Caucasian Rifle Battalion, the 1st Caucasian Artillery Division and the 2nd Caucasian Battery. In the Alexandropol Region, there was the 39th Artillery, the 2nd Siege Artillery Regiment, the 39th Artillery Brigade, the 39th Infantry Division, the 1st Brigade, the 153rd Infantry Regiment of Baku, the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division, the 80th Infantry Regiment of Kabarda and the 45th Dragoon Regiment. One company from the 7th Caucasian Rifle Battalion was stationed in Igdir; one company from the 8th Caucasian Rifle battalion was stationed in

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Vagharshapat; and three squadrons of the Poltava Cossacks Regiment and the 5th Cavalry Battery of the Kuban Cossacks were stationed in Kanaker. There were also local military units in Nakhichevan and Ordubad.93

Religious Institutions The Iranians, during their long rule, had viewed the Holy See at Echmiadzin as the religious center of their Armenian subjects, and its Supreme Patriarch, or Catholicos, as its khalife (caliph). Not only was the Armenian Church exempt from all taxes, but it owned orchards, baths, shops, houses and the six large villages of Vagharshapat, Ashtarak, Noragavit, Patrinj, Mughni and Teghenis as vaqf, or tax-exempt endowed property. After the Russian conquest, the Russians, in 1836, imposed the Polozhenie (regulatory statutes), which for all intents and purposes placed the Armenian Church under the control of the central government. Although the Catholicos and the Armenian archbishops were in charge of their dioceses and schools, all the decisions of the Armenian Synod required the approval of the Russian procurator, who was also a member of that body. The Catholicos could not discipline any members of the synod without imperial consent, and he could not leave the Holy See for more than four months. Furthermore, upon the death of a Catholicos, the electors had to submit two names to the tsar, who would choose one as the new head of the Armenian Church. It is ironic but accurate to note that the Armenian Church had more freedom during Muslim domination than under Russian rule. The Russian assault against the Church in 1903–1905 was the final blow and, for the first time, caused anti-Russian feeling among most Armenians, who had originally welcomed the Russians as liberators. By 1908, Armeno-Russian relations had returned to normal. After the death of Catholicos Khrimian (1908) and during the process of electing a new patriarch, the members of the synod included the locum tenens Gevorg Sureniants,94 archbishops Aristakes Davidiants and Hovhannes Shira-kuni, archpriests Husik Zohrabiants, Babken Aghaveliants and Hamazasp Hamazaspiants. The Russian procurator and a number of other members just happened to be on vacation. The Diocese of Yerevan was headed by Archbishop Husik Movsesian, who supervised bishops Hamayak Ter-Sarkisian, Ghevond Atanasian, Vahan Mamikonian and Karapet Panchulasian. The secretary was Gabriel Smbatian. The Nakhichevan diocese was administered by vardapets Eremia Stepanov, Hakob Ter-Minasian and Sahak Ter-Markarian. The Alexandropol diocese was administered by Matevos Ter-Matevosian, who was assisted by vardapet Petros Matnishian and priest Karapet Arakelian.95 The Shi’a hierarchy was headed by the representative of Sheikh ul-Islam of the Trans-Caucasus, Abdo’l-Salam Akhund-zadeh. He was in charge of Akhund

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`Abbas Qoli Beg Soltan Hoseynbekov and Akhund Alaskar Pulad-zadeh. A secretary, Yusef Beg Khanbudagov, was the scribe. The Religious Majlis (Shari’a court) of the Yerevan Province was composed of Akhund Mohammad Baqer Qazi-zadeh, Akhund Mirza Abdollah Kaziev and Akhund Hasan Qazi-zadeh; the scribe was Mohammad Akhundov. There were religious courts headed by qazis (judges) in Nakhichevan (Akhund Sheikh Karim Akhund-zadeh), Echmiadzin (Akhund Mohammad `Ali Qazi-zadeh), Novo-Bayazet (Akhund Qorban Jannat-zadeh), SharurDaralagez (Sheikh Hamid Akhund-zadeh), Ordubad (Akhund Abo’l-Hasan Qazi-zadeh) and Surmalu (Molla Hambar Akhund-zadeh). The mufti of the Trans-Caucasus, Hoseyn-Effendi Gaibov, represented the Sunnis. The members of his council were Allahuddin-effendi Sobhankulov, Mostafa effendi Sharif effendi-zadeh, scribe `Abbas Aqa Gaibov, his assistant Ebrahim effendi Gaibov, and a Russian, Maksim Zhitkov. The qazi for the Sunnis of Yerevan, Nakhichevan, Sharur-Daralagez and Novo-Bayazet districts was Osman Effendi Haji-zadeh, while Echmiadzin and Alexandropol had their own.96 There were seven Armenian Apostolic churches in the city of Yerevan: Peter and Paul,97 St. Gregory,98 St. Katoghike (dedicated to the Virgin Mary), St. Hovhannes, St. Zoravar, St. Sargis and St. Gevork. In addition, there were 469 Armenian churches and chapels in the Yerevan Province.99 Moreover, the province had 28 Armenian monasteries, six in the Echmiadzin District (Shogakat, Hripsime, Gayane, Mughni, Saghmosavank and Hovhannavank); five in the Yerevan District (Khor-Virab, St. Karapet, Geghart, St. Stepanos and Amenaprkich); three in the Novo-Bayazet District (St. Makinyants, St. Vanevanits and the monastery in Lake Sevan); two in the Alexandropol District (Arinj and Marmarashen); two in the SharurDaralagez districts (Surb Khach and Gndevank); and ten in the Nakhichevan District (St. Tovma, St. Karapet, St. Stepanos, St. Hakob Hayrapet, Targmanchats, Truneants, St. Lusavorich, St. Astuatsatsin, Surb Khach and Amenaprkich).100 There were no monasteries in the Surmalu District. Although the province had a small number of Armenian Catholics, Assyrians and Lutherans, there is no record of their houses of worship. There were two Russian churches in the city: The Church of St. Anna, which was demolished in 1901; and the Pokrovskii St. Nicholas Cathedral, which was built on the site of a demolished mosque of Mohammad Khan on the orders of General Paskevich following the capture of the Yerevan fortress in 1827. There were 17 orthodox chapels, most of which served the Russian officials and troops who lived or were stationed in the province.101 The cathedral and all the chapels were demolished during the Soviet period. Prior to the World War I, the city of Yerevan still had seven Shi’a mosques – out of the original eight of the Iranian era – for its Muslim population, which, as mentioned, comprised some 48% of the city’s total population. These were the `Abbas Mirza, Zali Khan, Nowruz `Ali Beg, Sartip Khan, Haji Imam Verdi, Hajji Ja`far Beg (also called Haji Nasrollah

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Beg), and the Gök-Jami (Blue Mosque of Hoseyn `Ali Khan) built between 1764 and 1768. In addition, there were over 300 Shi’a Hoseyniyye, or houses of prayer, where the martyrdom of Imam Hoseyn was mourned and in which passion plays were often performed, most of them in the Shi’a-populated Nakhichevan, Sharur-Daralagez and Surmalu districts. There were a handful of Hoseyniyyes in the Echmiadzin and Novo-Bayazet districts as well as one in the Alexandropol District. The Sunni had six houses of worship in the following villages: Rahman-kend, Big Mazra, Hoseyn Qoli Aqalu, Zod (in Novo-Bayazet), Saral and Archut (in Alexandropol).102

Irrigation The irrigation system of the Yerevan Province remained the same as it had been during Iranian rule. According to the statute of December 3, 1890, each mahal had to elect a council to determine the amount of water needed in each village. Each mahal had an official called the mirab, who had a number of juvars, 103 or assistants, whose job included performing any necessary repairs. In general, Armenian mirabs supervised Armenian-populated mahals, while Tatars were in charge of predominantly Muslim mahals. Each mirab and his assistant were in charge of irrigating one or more village communes.104 The Alexandropol District had only one mirab, while Novo-Bayazet District had no mirabs, with local elders supervising the distribution of water instead. These last two districts did not plant crops that needed a great amount of water. Table 4.1 The Mirabs of the Yerevan Province Mahal

District

Mirab

Kirk-Bulagh Zangi-Basar Garni-Basar Vedi-Basar Abaran Talin Sardarabad Surmalu Parchini Nakhichevan Alinja-Chay Dast Sharur

Yerevan Yerevan Yerevan Yerevan Echmiadzin Echmiadzin Echmiadzin Surmalu Surmalu Nakhichevan Nakhichevan Nakhichevan Sharur-Daralagez Alexandropol105

Mushegov Ter-Matevosov Badalov Yeghiazarov Aslanov Ashraf Beg Aqa-Ogli Nowruz-`Ali Beg `Ali Beg Rahim Oghli Hasanov Karim Karimov Isma`il Mamed-`Ali Iskandar Hajiev Khalil Aqa Safiev Gunashev

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The mirabs, who were in charge of distributing the allotted water to the fields of each district, opened or closed the sluices of the canals or other water sources according to a customary schedule. Irrigation methods varied and generally followed local custom. Water for irrigation was measured by flow or time. The mirab would sit at the head of the source and measure the share of each community. A qanat could provide 8,000 cubic meters of water in 24 hours. If the flow of water came from a river or large stream, it would be divided into a number of channels. The mirab would open the sluice and measure the time by placing a small metal bowl with a small hole in a larger bowl filled with water. When the small bowl sank to the bottom of the large one, it constituted one unit, or bash. In Nakhichevan, the unit of water used for irrigation was called a lopat (shovel), which is the Russian equivalent of the Persian term bil, used as an irrigation measure in the Azarbayjan Province during the Qajar era. A bil was equal to 24 hours’ flow of water, sufficient to irrigate approximately five acres of land. Water for mills was measured by sang (stone); that is, enough water to turn the millstone. The 1910 data is the only one that includes the figures for water units. A total of some 3,000 units of water were used to irrigate some 200,000 desiatins. Districts such as Yerevan, Echmiadzin, Surmalu, Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez, which grew wheat, cotton, rice and cultivated silk, used most of the allocated water. The northern and colder districts of Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet, which grew barley, millet, spelt, rye and potatoes, used the least.106 The salary of the mirabs and juvars was collected from the communes that employed them. The total collected for these officials in 1902 was 17,521 rubles, and in 1906, the figure was 28,050 rubles.107 The sources clearly demonstrate that the administration of the Yerevan Province, on the eve of the World War I, was headed by a small group of Russian officials, with Armenians employed in all positions, even in some of the higher grades. Unlike the Tatars and Kurds, the Armenians had embraced the Russian presence in the Caucasus, and, as one scholar has pointed out, had tried to lessen their outsider status within the imperial system.108 The organizational and technical experience and skills gained by this group of Armenians proved essential in their administration of the government of the Armenian Republic as well as in the early years of Sovietization.

Notes 1 The reign of Tigran II, known as Tigran the Great, (95–55 BC) marked the era of the short-lived Armenian Empire. 2 For more details, see Chapter I. 3 Vorontsov initiated the publication of this almanac; the first issue was published in Tiflis in 1845 and the last in 1916. 4 For more details, see Suny, Georgian Nation, 96–112. 5 The number and names of the officials changed between 1900 and 1914. A complete list of every high- and low-ranking official can be found in part I of PK/1902–1914. I have chosen to include the more important posts in this study.

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6 By 1914, Armenians such as Smbat Khachaturian, Grigor Ter-Khachaturov, Levon Minasyants and others were high-ranking functionaries in all such offices; KK (1916), part IV, 249–250. 7 During the Armeno-Tatar clashes of 1905–1907, Louis Joseph Jerome Napoleon, the grand-nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was temporarily assigned the post of military-governor. He was instrumental in bringing order by arresting some perpetrators of murder, arson and looting. 8 He was assassinated in Baku in 1905. 9 He served as governor from 1916 to March 1917. 10 In 1914, 98 fires (17,138 rubles in damage) were recorded; most of them occurred in the fall and winter months and were due to stoves or fireplaces that caught fire. Echmiadzin and Alexandropol, however, reported a number of arson cases; KK (1916), Statistical Section, 66–67. 11 One such engineer, named Mehrabov, drew a plan of the city of Yerevan as it appeared in 1906–1911 (see Map 4). 12 The names and titles of every official between 1900 and 1912 can be found in part I of the PK/1902–1914. 13 The secretaries were A. I. Marchenko (1900–1907), V. E. Vasiliev (1908–1912) and Kh. A. Volchanin (1914); see Note on the Sources. 14 See Chapter V. 15 Bournoutian, Erevan, 104–106. 16 The Tatars had followed suit by adding the “ov” or “ev” suffix; for example, Aliyev or Rezaev. Both groups also Russianized the spelling of their names: Gasanov instead of Hasanov; Saakov instead of Sahakian/Sahakov. 17 PK/1910, part I, 37. 18 Ibid., 37–38. The Tatar representatives included `Ali Beg Mamed Ja`far-oghli, Mashhadi-Baqer Mamed-oghli Aliyev, Bey-Mamed Haji-`Ali, Haji Arze Haji Kazem-oghli, and Haji Memed-`Ali Haji Al-Asker-oghli. 19 The names of all the council members in Yerevan, Alexandropol and NovoBayazet can be found in PK/1908, part I, 29–33. 20 PK/1910, part I, 40.The Kangarlu tribe was in charge of the Nakhichevan Khanate during Iranian rule; see Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 47–48. 21 The names can be found in PK/1908, part I, 32. 22 Ibid., 17–21. 23 Five were boys aged 10 to 17, and 31 were young men aged 18 to 21; see PK/ 1908, register 8. In 1912, 1315 individuals were found guilty, 556 were acquitted and 2 were judged in absentia; PK/1912, part III, 59. 24 The names can be found in PK/1908, part I, 20–22. 25 PK/1910, part I, 36–37. 26 Ibid., 32. 27 Ibid., 33. 28 Ibid., 34. 29 Ibid., 35. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid., 36. All of these officials had Armenian, Russian and Tatar underlings, whose names appear in the registers cited herein. 32 For a complete list, see PK/1912, part IV, register 2, 1–12. 33 See Chapters II and III and Part II, Tables I–VII. 34 By 1900, despite the opening of the Tiflis-Kars railway, 81.2% of the goods moving from Yerevan to Tiflis were still transported by animals; PK/1902, part III, 105. 35 The schedule was according to St. Petersburg time, which was 58 minutes behind that of Tiflis. 36 KK (1907), 134–135.

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37 KK (1916), Information Section, 107–108. The cost from Alexandropol to Kars ranged from 54 kopeks to 2 rubles and 70 kopeks. There was also a separate cost for every 10 pounds of goods transported between the stations; ibid. The cost for children was less; ibid., 118. 38 The postal-telegraph service in the Darachichak region functioned only in the summer, from June 2 to September 8. 39 PK/1910, part II, 30. 40 Those interested in philately are well aware that envelopes or postcards with genuine postmarks from these post offices are rare and very valuable. For more information, see K. Zakiyan and S. Saltykov, Pochta i pochtovye marki Armenii [Postage Stamps of Armenia] (Yerevan, 1988), 24–28. 41 KK/1911, part I, 88–91. 42 Ibid., 91–92. 43 Since Nakhichevan oversaw the entire district, there was no need to have an office for Ordubad. Thus, Igdir became the fifth administrative center for the Surmalu District. 44 The names appear in PK/1908, part I, 37–39. 45 Ibid., 33. See also Chapter VII. 46 See Chapter VI for more details. 47 See Chapter IV for more details. 48 Samuel G. Wilson. “The Armenian Church in its Relation to the Russian Government,” The North American Review, 180 (578) (1905), 93–94. 49 See Chapter I. 50 PK/1910, part IV, Table 12. 51 In 1912, the numbers had increased to 347 institutions with 27,982 students; PK/ 1912, part III, 74–75. 52 The province had two public libraries, one in Yerevan and one in Alexandropol. The books, almost all in Russian and Armenian, were utilized largely by those two groups. 53 PK/1902, part III, 98; PK/1906, part III, 119. 54 PK/1912, part III, 20. 55 Including four in Alexandropol, one in Novo-Bayazet and one in Nakhichevan; PK/1914, part III, 181–182. 56 In the Armenian villages of Tazakend, Norgavit, Shirabad, Varmazyar, Jafarabad, Qamarlu, Novruzlu, Chikdamlu, Dalular, Davalu, Kanaker, Bashkend, Jivrish, Vagharshapat, Lower Khatun-Arkh, Kerpalu, Kosh, Kurdukuli, MollaBayazet, Gecherlu, Kuzi-kulan, Ashtarak, Oshakan, Kızıl-Tamur, Piragan, Parbi, Karbi, Anavank, Tamjirlu, Kazanfar, Sachlu, Bazarjuk, Mastara, Igdir, Pliur, Aletlu, Evjilar, Dashburun, Kulpi, Pashakend, Kulali, Noraduz, Kelaikirlan, Lower Gezaldara, Lower Akhtakh, Karavansaray, Randamal, Tutmashen, Solak, Chubukhlu, Ordaklu, Alapars, Zolakhach, Lower Adiyaman, Vali-Aqalu, Ulya-Norashen, Yerdapin and Varmazyar, Astapat, Julfa, Abrakunis, Chananab (Tsgna), Kyalali, Danagirt, Upper-Akulis, Lower Akulis, Upper Azakh, Mesropavan, Khalkhal and Parag, Big Kapanak, Darali, Tsitianlov, Geran, Hamalu, Bash-Kend, Kipchak, Khorom, Artik, Chorli, Big Keyti, B. Karakilis, Norashen, Kazanchi, Duzkend, Chrakhli, Lishlak, Yaqubli, Jajur, Konakhran, and Bugdashen; ibid. 57 The names of the schools in Yerevan and the location of the schools in the rural centers are in PK/1914, part III, 181–182. 58 Lynch, who visited the Yerevan Gymnasium at the end of the nineteenth century, mentions 260 students, 159 of which were Armenians, 67 being Russians and only 18 Tatars; Lynch, Armenia, I, 221–222. 59 Ibid., 129.

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60 KK/1907, Statistical Section, 332. Another source mentions some Muslim officials did not know Russian and a number of them were illiterate; PK/1902, part III, 5. According to official figures for January 1, 1909, three times more Armenians in the Trans-Caucasus attended schools compared to the Tatars; KK (1910), part IV, 589. The official figures for 1912 have 788 Armenians, 303 Tatars, 124 Russians, 16 Assyrians, 10 Georgians, 8 Greeks, 6 Kurds and others in the secondary (city) schools and 9,914 Armenians, 1,725 Tatars, 800 Russians, 55 Greeks, 30 Georgians, 135 Assyrians, 71 Kurds, and 130 others in the elementary rural schools; PK/1912, part III, 19. 61 The majority went to the Nersessian Academy in Tiflis, the Lazarian Institute in Moscow or the University of Dorpat [Tartu]. 62 They included Zakaria’s The Chronicle of Zakaria of Kanaker (1870), The History of Nader Shah written by Catholicos Abraham of Crete (1870), Catholicos Simeon of Yerevan’s Jambr (1873), and the Book of History by Arakel of Tabriz (1896). 63 Foremost among these was Hiusisapayl (Aurora Borealis), edited by Stepanos Nazarian. It was published in Moscow from 1858 to 1864. It ceased publication due to complaints from Armenian Church leaders and other conservatives. Nazarian’s mantle was passed to Grigor Artsruni whose Mashak (Tiller), published in Tiflis from 1872 to 1921, became the foremost journal to continue Nazarian’s mission. For a serious study on the role of the Armenian press in the Armenian national awakening, see L. Khachaturian, Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia: The Periodical Press and the Formation of a Modern Armenian Identity (New Brunswick, 2009). 64 Among these were Kavkazskii kalendar’ (1846–1916); Kavkazskii Sbornik (1871– 1912); Akty sobrannye Kavkazskoiu Arkheograficheskoiu Kommissieiu, 12 volumes (1866–1912); A. Aganeants, ed., Diwan Hayots patmut`ean, 18 volumes (1893–1914); S. Esadze, Istoricheskaia zapiska ob uprevlenii Kavkazom, 2 volumes (1906); and G. A. Ezov, Nachalo snoshenii Echmiatsinskogo patriarkhago prestola s russkim pravitel’stvom (1901). 65 Among them were those belonging to Edelson and Co., Ovanesiants (Hovanesian) and Co., and Luys. 66 PK/1908, part IV, Table 12. 67 Hakobyan, Yerevani, 429–444. 68 For a complete list of names, see PK/1914, part I, 18–20. 69 The director was Dr. Hovhannes Ter-Mikaeliants; ibid., 30. 70 The names can be found in PK/1908, part I, 16–17. 71 KK (1916), Statistical Section, 37; the table included in the Statistical Section gives the figures for the main cities and each district. 72 PK/1906, part IV, 101. There were no epidemics reported in 1912; see PK/1912, part III, 21. 73 PK/1908, part IV, 1–11. 74 PK/1914, part V, 1–23. 75 The state contributed 16,815 rubles, which was taken from the treasury; 94,786 rubles came from taxes from the rural areas and 53,533 rubles from taxes from urban areas; and 3,740 rubles came from the patients themselves; PK/1912, part III, 22. 76 PK/1912, part VI, 13. 77 Ibid., 12. In 1912, 253,192 persons saw a doctor and 2,101 persons were hospitalized; PK/1912, part III, 21. 78 KK (1916), Statistical Section, 54–55. The table includes the figures for the main cities and each district. 79 The head of the city’s veterinary center was an Armenian, V. I. Torosyants; PK/ 1908, part I, 31.

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80 PK/1914, part I, 20–21. 81 See Chapter V. 82 Captain Uslar, ed., Voenno-Statisticheskoe obozrenie Rossiiskoi Imperii, Vol. XVI, Part 6, Erivanskaia Guberniia [Military-Statistical Study of the Yerevan Province] (St. Petersburg, 1855), 2. 83 Although at first all non-Russians were excluded, Christians were recruited after 1886. 84 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 85 This was made evident during the Turkish invasions in 1918 and 1920. 86 PK/1906, part III, 119. 87 See Part II, Tables I–VII. The tables do not indicate the exact number of eligible Muslim men or the amount of tax per man. 88 Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road, 115. 89 The records indicate that neither of the two Muslim officials in the Yerevan District knew Russian and only one could read; PK/1902, part III, 5. 90 PK/1902, part II, 4. 91 Ibid., 5–8. The 1907 data confirms that Armenians and a handful of Russians were in charge of all the conscription centers; PK/1908, part I, 22–24. 92 The commander of the Yerevan District was Colonel Viktor Radzikovskii, and that of Alexandropol was Colonel Andrei Sokolov. The commander of the gendarmes was Colonel Grigorii Vakulenko; ibid. In 1914, there were gendarmes posts in Yerevan, Echmiadzin, Alexandropol and Julfa; KK (1916), 628–629. 93 PK/1908, part II, 31. The names and ranks of the commanders of these units can be found in PK/1908, part I, 65–67. 94 He became the Catholicos in 1911 and served until 1930. 95 PK/1908, part I, 64. 96 Ibid., 64–65. It is interesting that none of the Armenian religious leaders had Russianized their names, while some of the Muslims had done so. 97 Demolished in 1930 to build Cinema Moscow. 98 The church was opened in 1900 and demolished in 1949, replaced by a school. 99 Alexandropol (130), Echmiadzin (93), Yerevan (70), Novo-Bayazet (59), Nakhichevan (62) and Sharur-Daralagez (32). The Surmalu District, with 23, had the fewest Armenian houses of worship. For a complete list of names and locations; see PK/1908, part I, 111–118. Although many were demolished or left in ruins during the Soviet era, the present Armenian government has engaged in restoring a number of these churches and monasteries. 100 Most of these were left in ruins or bulldozed during the Soviet period after Nakhichevan became part of Azerbaijan. Following the Armeno-Azeri War over Nagorno-Karabakh, almost all of the Armenian religious monuments there were destroyed. 101 For a complete list, see PK/1902, part III, 109. 102 For a complete list, see ibid., 119–121. Almost all of these mosques were either pulled down during Soviet rule or abandoned and left in ruins after the emigration of the Muslim population. Two mosques remained in the city of Yerevan. There was a small one on the outskirts, which served the needs of the Azeris that lived or visited Yerevan. That mosque was bulldozed in 1990 after the ArmenoAzeri War in Nagorno-Karabakh. The second, the Blue Mosque, was neglected and served as the Museum of the city of Yerevan in Soviet times, but has been beautifully restored by the Islamic Republic of Iran and is the only active mosque in Armenia today. It serves Iranian diplomats and Iranian tourists. 103 The Russian term is derived from the Iranian mir-ab (water chief) and ju or juy (narrow ditch). It is interesting to note that the irrigation terms had retained their Iranian versions, but were written in Russian characters. 104 PK/1902, part II, 14–17.

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105 The Alexandropol District did not exist in Iranian times. 106 See Part II, Tables I–VII for the names of the villages that needed irrigation and those which grew crops without irrigation. 107 PK/1902, part III, 98; PK/1906, part III 119. The 1910 figures combine all the dues collected for the schools, mirabs, repairs, etc.; see Part II, Tables I–VII. 108 See Khachaturian, Cultivating Nationhood, 24–25.

V Land Tenure and Agriculture

Following the Russian conquest, the number of private land holdings in the Armenian Province, most of which had been in Muslim hands, diminished significantly. In the absence of strong proof to the contrary, Russian administrators, who felt that some of these lands had been privatized illegally, diverted them into the state registers. The land reform of 1870 did not apply to peasants who lived on land belonging to the treasury, but it did ease, to some extent, the living conditions of peasants on private lands.1 The state permitted the peasants to form village communes and to purchase 5 desiatinas of land with the help of loans from the Peasant Bank. The peasants would repay the loan through their taxes. Although some peasants in Russia took advantage of such loans, only a handful of farmers in the Yerevan Province did so.2 The land purchase experiment was, overall, a failure, and it was terminated following the 1905 Revolution.3 The land tenure records for the Yerevan Province, registered in Tiflis, indicate that at the end of the nineteenth century, the Yerevan Province had five basic types of landownership: A) Treasury4 (the same as divani in the period of Iranian rule): The villages, pastures and irrigation canals in this category belonged to the state. B) Molk5 (also mulk): This Iranian land tenure term indicated that the land was owned privately. These landowners, known as molkdars, were Muslim (khans, begs, aqas, yüzbashis and kadkhodas) and Armenian (kevkhas and meliks) notables. Some owned whole or part of villages, others owned nomadic pastures, and yet others owned irrigation canals. During the Iranian period, these molkdars were either, in a few cases, exempt (mo`af) from direct taxes or, in most cases, had to pay a smaller percentage of their produce to the khan’s treasury.6 The number of molks was reduced after the Russian conquest, especially between 1840 and 1872, when tax collectors demanded proof of ownership. C) Arbabi: These were a handful of very small plots belonging to individual proprietors,7 known as arbab in Persian and tanuter in Armenian. These plots, mostly orchards or small lots attached to a village, belonged to local hereditary petty gentry.

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D) Toyul (also tiyul): This Iranian land tenure term indicates land granted in lieu of service; that is, a fief. Most of these toyuldars received payments in the form of a percentage from the harvest (see below). Following the Russian conquest, the number of toyuls, almost all in Muslim hands, diminished significantly, especially those that had become hereditary. The appointment of Russian administrators ended the need for Muslim officials to receive land in lieu of service. By 1903, only 40 such partial toyuls remained within the villages belonging to the treasury.9 E) Vaqf (that is, property belonging to religious institutions):10 These lands were religious endowments donated by Muslims to their respective religious institutions, and they were exempt from all dues and services to the state. Armenian religious institutions, since the fifteenth century,11 had also been granted the right to endow and establish their own tax-exempt vaqfs. During the Safavid rule, the Armenian Church held large vaqfs, especially in the Yerevan region.12 A number of such landholdings were usurped during the chaotic times that followed the fall of the Safavids. The Armenian Church hierarchy reinstated some of these landholdings in the eighteenth century, either as vaqfs or molks.13 Although the Russian administration accepted only a handful of villages as tax-exempt properties belonging wholly to the Armenian Church,14 the Church continued to own private estates, from which it collected a percentage of the revenues.15 F) Partial ownership: This land tenure category occurred when a part of the land was owned or disputed16 between the state and another party such as a molkdar, a toyuldar or a religious institution. It is interesting to note that even after seven decades of Russian rule, the administration of the Yerevan Province still used terminology of the Qajar era – terminology which itself had evolved from the Safavid period.17 The above designations changed during 1900–1914. The data from the official registers of the Yerevan Province indicate five basic types of landownership: treasury,18 private estates,19 personal,20 treasury/private21 and property of the Armenian Church. The former molk category was now listed as private estates. The former toyul lands were now included in the category of personal property. Since Muslim vaqfs, in general, did not include any villages and were primarily in the urban centers,22 they are absent from the rural registers. Small vaqf plots belonging to a mosque within a village were also placed in the personal property category. Villages belonging to the Armenian Church were listed in a separate category. Villages whose lands were split between the state and private owners were placed in the treasury/private group. As will be seen, each group had its own tax bracket.23 The percentage of land belonging to any of these five categories varied greatly throughout the seven districts of the Yerevan Province. Districts which during Iranian rule had large areas belonging to molkdars, or had been assigned to toyuldars, retained a percentage of such properties in the form of

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private, personal or treasury/private categories. The land in districts with new settlers belonged entirely to the treasury. Thus, all the villages in the Alexandropol District, which became part of the Yerevan Province in 1850, belonged to the state.24 Some 95% of the villages of the Novo-Bayazet District belonged to the state. Furthermore, this district had no villages that were disputed between the treasury and private owners. This was due to the fact that Armenian immigrants from the Ottoman Empire had settled from 1829 to 1831 on uninhabited state lands in this former Gökcha mahal. 25 The other five districts, which in the past had lands that had been alienated from the treasury by the Qajar rulers or the khans, contained a smaller percentage of lands that belonged outright to the state. The Yerevan and Nakhichevan districts, which formed the core of the Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates, had the least amount of land belonging outright to the provincial treasury. In 1910, the state owned only 138, or 61.5%, of the 224 villages in the Yerevan District; 54 villages, or 24.1%, were privately owned, while 32 villages, or 14.5%, were owned jointly by the state and a private party. In the Nakhichevan District, the state owned only 40, or 24.0%, of the 167 villages; 98 villages, or 58.7%, were privately owned, while the state and private landholders jointly owned 29 villages, or 17.4%. The state owned 122, or 72.5%, of the 227 villages in the largely nomadic district of Surmalu; 122, or 74.8%, of the 163 villages of the largely rocky and dry district of Sharur-Daralagez; and 165, or 76.4%, of the 216 villages of the fertile district of Echmiadzin. There were also fewer jointly owned villages in these three districts compared to the Yerevan and Nakhichevan districts.26 The dry climate and lack of rainfall necessitated an elaborate irrigation system.27 This was especially true for fields that lay over 4,000 feet above sea level, where, due to the lack of water, crops would shrivel by the beginning of summer. Crops like rice, cotton, grapes, sesame and castor oil plants could be grown only in the lower elevations and with the help of artificial irrigation. Water for farmland came primarily from canals (arkh)28 connected to rivers, mountain streams, springs or bogs. The canals had walls made of stone and narrow parallel wooden beams. In addition, the province had underground water conduits known as kariz or qanat, 29 dug during the Iranian period, as well as man-made reservoirs. All seven districts of the province depended on some sort of canals for drinking and farming. The digging and the repair of the kariz was the job of special masters called kankanchi. The irrigation canals were connected to water reservoirs called ab-ambar, which were constructed of stones and reeds, near the source of the river or stream. Some canals were temporary; others were of a more permanent nature. Some canals, especially those on flat areas, had waterwheels. Water was measured by lopat. 30 Each lopat was a unit of water sufficient to irrigate 1.5 acres of land. Four lopats was necessary to turn the wheel of a mill. Another measure, bash, was the amount of water diverted from its source in a river into a canal.31 Some villages agreed to take turns

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and share the water with their neighbors. The term charek was used in this case, and these were recorded as a quarter, a half, three-quarters or one charek.32 Water played such a vital part in land cultivation that in addition to the local mirabs,33 the province had two hydraulic engineers, who reported to the Water Inspector in Tiflis. The first engineer resided in Yerevan and oversaw all the districts except for Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez, which were overseen by the second engineer.34 Since irrigation determined land use, all farmland was divided into fields that required irrigation and those that could grow crops relying solely on rainfall and melting snow. Moreover, all useful land was separated yet further into fields that grew grain and other crops and fields reserved for growing animal fodder. The statistical data published in Yerevan between 1902 and 1910 lists, among other things, every village in each of the seven districts as well as the total land used for agriculture.35 It is important to add, however, that since the data was collected intermittently, all the information does not appear in a single yearbook. For example, the measure of land used for living space appears in the 1906 report, while the ethnic composition of the villages appears in the 1908 report and the ownership in the 1910 report. In addition, the figures for population, crop yield and taxes differ depending on the year of the compilation of each report. Grains were the main crops cultivated in the province. The amount fluctuated from year to year depending on the weather. For example, in 1910, farmers lost crops worth some 155,000 rubles due to drought, hail, floods and the early snowfall in the previous year.36 This resulted in a terrible shortfall in grain production, which fell from 11,430,002 to 9,650,003 puds.37 The official figures clearly indicate that while in 1906, 336,960 desiatins of farmland was utilized to plant winter and spring wheat, barley, spelt, rye,38 millet and rice, only 290,670 desiatins were farmed for the same crops in 1910. Such dire conditions forced all the districts, except for Surmalu, to ask the state to provide them with grain seeds and flour from the northern parts of the Caucasus, as well as cash loans.39 The Yerevan, Echmiadzin, Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol districts concentrated on the production of wheat, barley and spelt. In 1900, 70% of the wheat, worth some 7 million rubles, was grown in the Yerevan, Echmiadzin, Novo-Bayazet and Nakhichevan districts.40 In 1912, 61.5% of the wheat was grown in these districts, with Yerevan District producing the most (see Table 5.1).41 Overall, the dry climate of the province meant that more crops were cultivated on unirrigated lands. For example, the figures for 1906 indicate that 191,369 desiatins of land grew crops that required irrigation, while 305,989 desiatins did not. One has to remember, however, that the former grew crops that were valuable, such as wheat, rice and cotton, while the latter grew less valuable crops. In 1910, due to drought and blight, the irrigated fields fell to

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189,357 desiatins and the unirrigated rose to 314,185 desiatins. The total income from agricultural land in 1910, therefore, fell considerably.42 Barley, which could be grown in a colder climate, was produced primarily in the Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol districts. In 1900, some 57% of the barley, worth close to 1 million rubles was grown in these districts. Rye was only grown in the Novo-Bayazet District.43 Rice was cultivated mainly in the Yerevan District, with some of it exported to Georgia and Russia. Rice produced in the Echmiadzin, Surmalu and Sharur-Daralagez districts was primarily for local consumption. In 1900, 91% of the rice, worth over 2.6 million rubles, came from the Yerevan District.44 The 1912 harvest, thanks to the good weather and the abundance of precipitation, produced a bumper crop on the 299,976 desiatins of irrigated and unirrigated fields that grew grain (Tables 5.1–5.7)45 Table 5.1 Yerevan District, 1912 (34,296 desiatins)

Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Wheat

Barley

Rice

289,902 2,279,915

55,098 476,992

21,236 525,023

Peas 22 170

Beans

Oats

825 11,014

312 2,106

Table 5.2 Surmalu District, 1912 (18,626 desiatins) Wheat Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Barley

150,418 870,400

Rice

53,698 281,222

Millet

456 5,329

108 1,778

Table 5.3 Echmiadzin District, 1912 (32,201 desiatins)

Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Rye

Wheat

Barley

Rice

742 6,201

302,284 1,772,857

60,321 417,572

1,695 23,481

Millet

Lentils

18 218

124 629

Beans 258 1,548

Table 5.4 Alexandropol District, 1912 (89,485 desiatins) Wheat Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Barley

460,509 1,924,694

393,360 2,350,549

Spelt

Oats

12,905 119,539

825 3,345

Table 5.5 Novo-Bayazet District, 1912 (75,610 desiatins)

Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Rye

Wheat

Barley

Spelt

Millet

Lentils

Oats

2,962 10,490

542,622 1,972,451

251,808 1,220,129

12,832 101,988

157 6,288

75 711

350 1,350

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Table 5.6 Sharur-Daralagez District, 1912 (22,514 desiatins)

Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Wheat

Barley

Spelt

Rice

206,804 1,438,074

38,107 283,446

488 2,805

4,847 62,749

Peas 55 674

Lentils

Beans

5 57

14 193

Table 5.7 Nakhichevan District, 1912 (27,361 desiatins)

Seed (puds) Yield (puds)

Wheat

Barley

Spelt

240,767 1,792,016

47,625 431,706

819 4,586

Jugara 41 327

Rice

Millet

Lentils

496 9,920

122 3,878

30 600

The totals for the main crops were as follows: 2,193,306 puds of wheat seeds yielded 12,926,407 puds. 899,917 puds of barley seeds yielded 5,513,780 puds. 27,044 puds of spelt seeds yielded 229,278 puds. 28,295 puds of rice yielded 616,909 puds. 3,644 puds of rye yielded 16,691 puds. 405 puds of millet produced 12,462 puds. 1,487 puds of oats yielded 6,801 puds. The total harvest of 19,350,535 puds was 14% higher than that produced in 1911.46 The Yerevan District grew the most wheat and the Surmalu District the least. The Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet districts grew most of the barley crop, which could grow in colder climates and needed less water. The large number of animals in the province required the production of fodder, the least lucrative crop: 22,149 desiatins (93.44 square miles) of fodder was grown on lands requiring irrigation, while 34,641 desiatins (146.1 square miles) was grown on land that did not.47 Weather conditions dictated the amount of land utilized for fodder. If there was not enough rain or snowfall in a particular year, the peasants would increase the size of the fodder fields or plant grains that did not need a good amount of water. In 1910, some 11,042,100 puds of hay, 2,124,000 puds of lucerne, 128,000 puds of fenugreek and clover, and 207,000 puds of other animal feed were harvested. The cost per pud varied according to the crop and district. In Surmalu and Novo-Bayazet, which produced some 9.5 million puds of hay, it sold for 40 kopeks per pud, while in the Yerevan District, the price rose to 65 kopeks per pud. Lucerne48 and fenugreek49 were planted only in the Yerevan, Nakhichevan and Sharur-Daralagez districts and cost between 50 and 75 kopeks per pud. 50

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In 1912, 21,823,025 puds of animal fodder, which sold from 30 kopeks to 55 kopeks per pud, was grown in the province.51 The large number of nomads residing in the districts of Surmalu and Novo-Bayazet, as well as the suitable climate there, meant that some 80% of the animal feed was grown in those regions.52 Pastureland composed some two-thirds of all the land utilized by the inhabitants. There were two types of pastures used by nomads and settled people: yaylaks in summer and kishlaks in winter.53 The summer pastures, measuring 620,755 desiatins, started at an elevation of 7,000 feet and reached the snow level at 10,000 feet. Winter pastures, some 136,789 desiatins, did not rise above 3,000 feet and were, for the most part, used by the Kurds and settled Tatar inhabitants, whose lands did not have enough precipitation and were not suitable for planting crops. Some winter pastures, where the snow melted early and the land received direct sunlight, could reach 7,000 feet. Here the grass would reappear in spring and the land became suitable for sheepfolds or ag˘ ıls. The districts of Surmalu and Nakhichevan possessed the most pastureland, followed by Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol. Yerevan and Echmiadzin had the least.54 Less than three square miles of the Yerevan Province was devoted to vegetable gardens.55 The peasants grew beans, peas, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants and various other vegetables as well as a variety of herbs for their own use and for selling in the cities and administrative centers.56 Large vegetable plots were cultivated, primarily in the colder climates of the Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet districts, growing potatoes, cabbage, turnips, onions, beets and other winter vegetables.57 More than 50% of the province’s potatoes were grown in the Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol districts.58 The province produced oil from sesame seeds, castor plants, hemp and flax seeds for local consumption and for export to Tiflis. In 1910, the province produced some 67,000 puds of flax seeds, 5,000 puds of castor oil seeds, more than 1,000 puds of sesame seeds and around 100 puds of hemp.59 In 1912, 2,868 desiatins of land, primarily in Alexandropol, was devoted to the production of flax. The yield was 57,813 puds of seeds and 66,095 puds of fiber.60 The state owned all the 1,899 mills in the province, which were used to grind and thresh the grain and oil seeds. The cost of farming 1 desiatina (2.7 acres) of land depended on the crop,61 the type of land,62 the type of plow (wooden or iron) and the amount of water.63 In addition, the cost included labor (sowing, the juvar,64 harvesting, threshing, cleaning and grinding) and the cost of the seeds. Costs ranged from 23 rubles and 70 kopeks to grow barley in the Surmalu District on land not requiring irrigation to 118 rubles per desiatina to grow cotton in the Yerevan District on land requiring irrigation. The following data, for the year 1910, provides a general picture of the expenses per desiatina of agricultural land.65 Yerevan District. Land requiring irrigation – Winter and spring wheat: 50 rubles; barley: 33 rubles and 10 kopeks; rice: 92 rubles;66 cotton: 118 rubles;67

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potatoes and green vegetables: 55 rubles. Land not requiring irrigation – Wheat: 41 rubles and 20 kopeks; barley: 31 rubles and 20 kopeks. Echmiadzin District. Land requiring irrigation – winter wheat: 44 rubles and 35 kopeks; barley: 40 rubles and 35 kopeks; rice: 102 rubles and 55 kopeks; cotton: 50 rubles and 65 kopeks; vegetable gardens: 62 rubles and 10 kopeks. Land not requiring irrigation – wheat: 41 rubles and 25 kopeks; barley: 37 rubles and 25 kopeks. Surmalu District. Land requiring irrigation – winter wheat: 42 rubles; spring wheat: 37 rubles and 70 kopeks; barley: 27 rubles and 30 kopeks; rice: 52 rubles; millet: 31 rubles; potatoes: 52 rubles and 50 kopeks; vegetable gardens: 58 rubles and 50 kopeks. Land not requiring irrigation – wheat: 35 rubles and 70 kopeks; barley: 23 rubles and 70 kopeks. Alexandropol District. Land not requiring irrigation – wheat: 37 rubles and 90 kopeks; barley: 34 rubles and 90 kopeks. Novo-Bayazet District. Land requiring irrigation – winter wheat: 37 rubles and 45 kopeks; spring wheat: 30 rubles and 65 kopeks; barley: 29 rubles and 65 kopeks; potatoes: 31 rubles and 10 kopeks; vegetable gardens: 25 rubles and 20 kopeks. Land not requiring irrigation – wheat: 29 rubles and 30 kopeks; barley: 28 rubles and 30 kopeks. Sharur-Daralagez District. Land requiring irrigation – winter wheat: 49 rubles; rice: 57 rubles and 10 kopeks; cotton: 57 rubles and 50 kopeks; millet: 31 rubles and 80 kopeks; potatoes: 33 rubles and 20 kopeks; vegetable gardens: 33 rubles. Land not requiring irrigation – wheat: 44 rubles and 10 kopeks; barley: 22 rubles and 50 kopeks. Nakhichevan District. Land requiring irrigation – winter wheat: 47 rubles and 25 kopeks; barley: 42 rubles and 45 kopeks; rice: 92 rubles and 50 kopeks; cotton: 63 rubles and 90 kopeks; potatoes: 36 rubles and 40 kopeks; vegetable gardens: 66 rubles. Land not requiring irrigation – wheat: 37 rubles and 50 kopeks; barley: 32 rubles and 50 kopeks. Since agriculture served as the base of the province’s economy, domestic animals were an essential part of farming. In 1900, the livestock in the province numbered 1,157,000. Sheep, goats, bulls and cows made up 90% of the livestock. The remaining 10% were composed of horses, mules, oxen, camels and donkeys. Prior to the construction of railroads, camels were used to carry loads to Iran. Donkeys were the beast of burden for transporting goods from the villages to the larger populated centers, while horses and mules transported goods to Georgia.68 In 1908, thanks to the availability of veterinary care,69 the number of livestock had increased to 1,728,947: 549,729 bulls and cows, 70,000 calves, 56,926 oxen, 945,879 sheep, 105,903 goats and 2,518 pigs. In addition, there were 33,738 horses and 2,996 foals, 829 mules, 3,391 camels and 27,038 donkeys.70 The districts with an Armenian majority (that is, Echmiadzin, Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol) had 942,590, or 54.5%, of the total animals. If one adds the livestock from the Yerevan District as well as from the

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Armenian villages in the other districts, the Armenians owned a large percentage of animals such as bulls, cows and oxen, while the Tatars and Kurds owned more sheep, goats and camels. Pigs were obviously raised only by the Armenians and Russians.71 Of the three main ethnic groups in the province, the Kurds, who preferred a nomadic life, were the least involved in agriculture. Since more Tatars than Armenians were engaged in a semi-settled nomadic existence, it may appear that the Armenians produced a larger percentage of the agricultural output. However, it was the size of the village, the availability of water and the type of crop that determined agricultural productivity.

Notes 1 See PSZR, vol. 65/1 (1870), no. 48357. 2 The Peasant Bank was in Tiflis. 3 See J. Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia: From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1961) and G. T. Robinson, Rural Russia under the Old Regime (New York, 1932). Both sources concentrate primarily on the Russian provinces and ignore the Caucasus and Central Asia. 4 Identified as kazennaia in the registers. 5 Identified as mul’kadarskaia in the registers. 6 It is important to note that the peasants on these lands paid the same amount of taxes either to the state or to the molkdar, with the latter keeping all or part of the dues for his personal use. 7 Identified as sobstvennaia in the registers. 8 Identified as tiyul’naia in the registers. 9 Identified as Treasury/private in the registers (see below). 10 Identified as monastyrskaia, mechetskaia and tserkovnaia in the registers. 11 See the farman of Iskandar Qara Qoyunlu, dated 1431, Matenadaran Archives, Persian Collection, file 29, folder 1z, doc. 934. 12 H. D. Papazian [A. D. Papazian], Agrarnye otnosheniia v Vostochnoi Armenii v XVI-XVII vekakh [Agrarian Conditions in Eastern Armenia in the XVI–XVII Centuries] (Yerevan, 1972), 120–121. 13 See Kat`oghikos Simeon of Erevan, Jambr, G. A. Bournoutian, trans. (Costa Mesa, 2009), 195–420. 14 See Part II, Table II (villages of Vagharshapat, Mastara, Oshakan and Mughni). 15 See Chapter VII, Taxes on Land, point 6. See also the village of Patrinj in Part II, Table II. 16 Identified as spornaia in the registers. 17 ZD/I, ii. 18 Identified as kazennyi. 19 Identified as vladetel’nyi. 20 Identified as sobstbennyi. 21 Identified as kazennyi-vladetel’nyi. 22 Most of the vaqfs consisted of income from hammams (baths), stores in the bazaar or rental units. 23 See Chapter VII. 24 See Part II, Table VI. 25 Part II, Table VII. 26 Part II, Tables I–V. 27 In fact, one such canal had existed for more than a millennium.

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28 The reader should note that many Persian and local terms dealing with land tenure continued to be used in the Russian sources. 29 A typical kariz was dug at a slant and had a number of wells at a distance of between 20 and 40 meters from one another. Some kariz extended to 3 kilometers. 30 The Russian term is from the Persian bil (shovel), a measure of water used in northwestern Iran. 31 The lopat and bash units were primarily used in the Nakhichevan and SharurDaralagez districts; see Part II, Tables IV and V. These districts had their own irrigation methods and, as will be noted below, their own hydraulic engineer in charge of irrigation. The measure of the units of water in the other districts is not specified in the registers. 32 Ibid. 33 See the section on Irrigation in Chapter IV. 34 PK/1902, part II, 61–66. 35 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 36 PK/1910, part IV, 7. 37 A pud was a Russian measure equal to 36 lbs. 38 Rye was only grown in the Novo-Bayazet District. 39 See Chapter VII. The 1912 harvest was much better (see Tables 5.1–5.7). 40 For the exact amount of various grains sown and harvested in the prefectures of all seven districts, see PK/1908, part IV, register 1, and PK/1910, part IV, register 1. 41 PK/1914, part III, 26–27. 42 See Chapter VII. 43 For the exact amount of various grains sown and harvested in the prefectures of all seven districts, see PK/1908, part IV, register 1, and PK/1910, part IV, register 1. 44 PK/1902, part III, 100–103. In 1912, the yield of rice was 171.3 puds per desiatina, an increase of 21.8%; PK/1914, part III, 28. 45 PK/1914, part III, 26–27. 46 The land used to plant the grains was 10% greater than in 1911; ibid., 2. 47 PK/1906, part III, 118–119. 48 The registers use the Persian name, yonje. 49 The registers use the Persian name, shambalile. 50 PK/1910, part IV, 7. 51 PK/1914, part III, 9. 52 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 53 The Russian sources use these Turkish terms. The Persian versions are yeylaq and qeshlaq. 54 See Part II, Tables I–VII. 55 PK/1906, part III, 118–119. 56 PK/1902, part IV, 92. Basil, mint, tarragon, parsley, cilantro, radishes and scallions were and are a part of the daily diet of the inhabitants of the Caucasus and Iran. 57 In 1912, the two districts used some 3,000 desiatins of land to grow 727,940 puds of potatoes; PK/1914, part III, 5. 58 In 1912, the total income from such vegetables was 212,836 rubles; PK/1914, part III, 8. 59 PK/1910, part IV, 7. 60 PK/1914, part III, 8. 61 The register lists the following crops: winter and spring wheat; barley; millet; rice; cotton; potato and vegetable gardens. 62 The register distinguished between lands needing irrigation and lands that did not. 63 Rice, cotton and green vegetables needed more water. 64 The juvar, the local man in charge of water distribution, generally charged from 20 kopeks to 2 rubles for grain; from 2 to 4 rubles for cotton; and 18 to 20 rubles for potato and vegetable gardens.

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65 PK/1910, part IV, Register 2. The prices of farming some commodities in 1912 were lower due to the availability of water; PK/1914, part III, 30–31. 66 The cost of water, labor and seeds made it expensive. 67 The cost of water, the juvar, the number of workers and the cleaning/carding increased the cost considerably. 68 PK/1902, part III, 104. 69 See Chapter IV. 70 See PK/1908, part II, Register 3. 71 See Part II, Tables I–VII. In 1912, the number of pigs in the Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet districts, which had Russian villages, had tripled. Meanwhile, the number of bulls and cows, the meat of which could now be transported to Tiflis, fell; see PK/1914, part III, Register 3.

VI The Economy

The sources clearly demonstrate that the economy of the Yerevan Province revolved mainly around agriculture.1 In 1900, 62.5% of the economy was based on grains, 30.0% came from cotton viniculture, fruits, vegetables, animal fodder and oil seeds, and only 7.5% from manufactured goods.2 Rice and wheat were the most important grains for the overall economic prosperity of the province.3 Since grain production was discussed in the previous chapter, this chapter will concentrate on other economic factors. Cotton had been and remained a valuable economic product. Following the capture of Yerevan in 1827, the Russians found large cotton supplies belonging to Hoseyn Qoli Khan Sardar, which he had collected as taxes from farmers and merchants. The type of cotton grown during the Iranian period was inferior, however, and did not have a market outside the khanate. It was only in the 1850s during the viceroyalty of Prince Vorontsov that production of cotton in the province was encouraged. Up to the year 1863, the province produced 60,000 puds 4 of cotton each year. In that year, the American Civil War increased the demand for cotton, and the Yerevan Province was eager to help satisfy it. In 1870, 23,073 desiatins of cotton was planted, producing 276,876 puds of carded cotton. The price reached 5 rubles a pud, but soon fell to 4 rubles a pud. In 1884, the textile manufacturing company of Sava Morozov imported cottonseeds from the United States and, with the help of the local administration, distributed them among the cotton farmers of the province. In that same year, Emperor Alexander III ordered an agronomist named Samolevskii, who had studied cotton-growing in the United States, to go to the Yerevan Province to supervise growing of cotton there. In 1886, the Big Yaroslav Textile Company of Andrei Korzinkin had opened offices in the city of Yerevan as well as in the village of Engija in the Sharur-Daralagez District. The company began to distribute seeds free of charge and to put cotton gins in the cotton-growing communes for cleaning the cotton to sell to the company at a set price. In 1887, three more firms began to purchase cotton from the Yerevan Province: Alekseev from Moscow, Poznan from Lodz (Poland) and Chitakhov from Tiflis. In 1891, 27,605 desiatins of cotton were planted, producing

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464,400 puds of cotton. The harvests fluctuated each year depending on the first frost, water levels in the rivers, and blight. The cotton grown in the province was known as kara-koza, or black-boll, and was considered inferior to that grown in Egypt and the United States, being similar to the cotton grown in Bukhara and Iran; 3 puds of raw cotton would result in 1 pud of carded cotton.5 The main cotton-growing districts were the southern districts of Surmalu, Yerevan and Echmiadzin, with Surmalu producing 61.3% of the cotton grown in the province. The weather conditions in the northern districts of Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet and the the soil in the Nakhichevan District proved unsuitable for growing cotton. In 1900, some 390,000 puds of cotton were produced and sold for 3,606,000 rubles.6 In 1912, 467,652 puds of cottonseeds (426,249 puds of the American and 41,403 puds of the local variety) were planted on 23,145 desiatins of land. The harvest that year produced 945,000 puds of cotton, worth between 10.00 and 13.50 rubles a carded pud for the American variety and from 9.00 to 11.30 rubles for the local variety.7 The province also had 20 cotton gins and presses to clean and bundle the cotton. The sources indicate that the Yerevan Province, with 37%, was the largest cotton-producing region in the entire Caucasus.8 Grapes had been grown in Armenia for centuries. The 1902 data states that the province produced more than 2 million puds of grapes, worth over 1 million rubles.9 Most of the grapes, 82%, were produced by the Armenians living in the Yerevan and Echmiadzin districts. Since much of the other fruits produced in the province were either consumed domestically or were difficult to transport, some of the fruit orchards were converted into vineyards.10 In 1900, 2,664,587 puds of grapes produced 1,180,114 vedros11 of wine.12 In 1908, 9,765 desiatins of land produced grapes for wine, resulting in 1,483,691 vedros of wine worth between 80 kopeks and 1 ruble per vedro.13 In 1914, 10,537 desiatins of land was used for vineyards.14 In 1887, an Armenian named Tayirian started the first cognac distillery in the city of Yerevan. In 1893, two other Armenians, named Afrikian and Gyuzalian, opened cognac distilleries. In 1894, a fourth Armenian, named Sarajian (Saradzhev) started his own cognac works. Two other Armenians, Soghomonian and Ter-Mkrtichian, started their own cognac production.15 The production of spirits rose sixteenfold from 1890 to 1900.16 In 1899, the company of N. Shustov and Sons bought Tayirian’s concern. In 1907, Shustov installed a small hydroelectric plant on the Zangi River and became the first to use electricity to run his plant. Soon after, he purchased a corking machine as well. With capital of 400,000 rubles, Shustov produced 45% of all the cognac made in Yerevan in 1913.17 A large percentage of the grape harvest went straight to the cognac factories, which, in 1908, produced 4,857,148 degrees,18 or some 298,714 liters of cognac.19 Due to a bumper crop of grapes that year, the amount was one and a half times more than in 1907. Sources mention that in 1914 there were 456

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distilleries in the Yerevan Province and four rectification plants that produced vodka. There were 17 warehouses for wine and 2 for cognac, and 584 outlets.20 In fact, the Yerevan Province produced 38.1% of all the alcoholic drinks and 72.6% of the cognac in the entire Caucasus.21 Tobacco was also grown in the province, but its quality was inferior to the lowest-quality Turkish tobacco.22 In 1905, some 204 desiatins of land, mostly in the Yerevan (six villages: Chiman-kend, Tamamlu, Bashanlu, Ulukhanlu, Kara-Koyunlu and Köylasar), Sharur-Daralagez, and Surmalu (two villages, Suki and Agarak) districts, produced 50 puds of tobacco per desiatina. It sold for 10 to 30 kopeks per pud depending on the season and was mostly used in the chubuks (long pipes) or hookahs of the local Kurds and Tatars, or sold to the mountain tribesmen.23 Although the most precious product in all of the South Caucasus was silk, only a small quantity of it was produced in the Nakhichevan and SharurDaralagez districts.24 In 1900, 5,400 puds of silk cocoons were gathered, in 1901, 5,500 puds and in 1902, 4,300 puds. The cocoons sold from 13 to 14 rubles a pud, while woven silk sold from 190 to 200 rubles a pud.25 There were five silk-weaving workshops in Ordubad, one in Lower Akulis and one in Chananap. Tatars and Iranians (named Mirza Babaev, Farajev, Nariev, Arabov and Rezaev) operated the workshops in Ordubad, while the remaining two belonged to Armenians (named Aghamalov and Sarkisov).26 The income of the seven workshops, after all expenses, came to 33,620 rubles. In 1902, Haji Mirza Mamed-qoli Babaev, one of the Ordubad workshop owners, brought a master weaver and a weaving apparatus from Iran and started producing silk handkerchiefs.27 Together with silk from the Shushi District in the Elisavetpol Province, silk from the Nakhichevan District was exported to Marseilles at a cost of 5,000 rubles for 200 puds.28 In 1910, 4,860 puds of silk cocoons were produced in Nakhichevan, 501 puds fewer than in 1906. The average price of a pud of silk cocoons was 15 rubles; the price of spun silk was 200 rubles per pud, while cotton-silk sold for 30 rubles a pud.29 One of the few natural resources of the Yerevan Province, the salt mines, produced large quantities of rock salt. The salt was of high quality and was exported to Russia, Iran, the Ottoman Empire and the rest of the South Caucasus. The first salt works were located some 7 miles northwest of the city of Nakhichevan and had been a source of income even during the Iranian era. Some 5,400 kharvars30 of salt was produced annually. Salt sold for 1 `abbasi or 8 kopeks per batman,31 and each cartload exported to neighboring regions was subject to customs duties.32 A second, much larger salt works was located outside the village of Kulpi [Tuzluca]33 in the Surmalu District. The last khan of Yerevan had the monopoly on all the salt produced, sold or exported. He collected an annual income of 3,500 tomans, a great sum at that time, from this monopoly. Eligible males of all the 173 families residing near the mine were required to work in the salt mine, producing between 10 and 30 large chunks of rock salt per

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worker per day. Over half a million batmans of salt was produced annually for the use of some half a million inhabitants of the South Caucasus, Iran and Russia. The community had been organized as a separate entity outside the mahal and had special mirzas, or bookkeepers, to keep account of the salt production. The workers were among the best paid in the khanate and were levied a tax of 255 tomans. Although the Armenian Church received 200 kharvars of salt free of charge, it claimed that one-third of the salt belonged to it through a grant made in AD 529 by the Emperor Justinian, a claim never honored. In 1908, the Russian administration chose to rent the Nakhichevan salt works for an annual fee of 4,800 rubles to an individual named Sustinskii. The Nakhichevan salt works produced 205,937 puds in that year.34 The selling price, according to the agreement made between the renter and the state, was 10 kopeks per pud for large pieces and 5 kopeks per pud for small pieces. After satisfying local needs, the salt was transported to the Elisavetpol Province. In 1909, the Nakhichevan salt works were leased to another private company for ten years (from June 22, 1909 to June 22, 1919), with the proviso that it produced 250,000 puds in the first five years and 300,000 puds in the following five years.35 The Kulpi salt works in Surmalu were more profitable and were rented out with the expectation of a minimum of 1,010,000 puds per annum. The leaseholder paid the state 4 rubles and 95 kopeks per pud, or a total of 49,995 rubles, and arranged the salt to be transported by rail to Alexandropol, Tiflis and Kars.36 Although the Sharur-Daralagez District had both a lead mine at Alagez and a silver mine at Gümüshlık, neither produced any significant ore in the years 1900–1914. The major mineral ore of the province was copper from a mine near the Sisimadan Village in the Alexandropol District. The factory, belonging to Griel’skii and Co., had a concession to mine and smelt the copper. In 1908, 33,942 puds of copper ore were mined, producing a little over 3,026 puds of pure copper wire, for which the state collected 756 rubles and 75 kopeks in taxes.37 In 1912, the copper works were leased by an Armenian named Akopov. His company produced only 11,824 puds of copper ore and 1,081 puds and 3 pounds of pure copper wire, which sold for 11,351 rubles and 23 kopeks. The state received 270 rubles and 27 kopeks in taxes.38 Fruits were an important part of the Armenian and Muslim diet. Numerous orchards with rows of fruit trees were watered by narrow irrigation ditches connected to the main irrigation canals. The 1902 register recorded that 2,868 desiatins was reserved for fruit orchards, producing some 105,000 chetverts39 of fruits, worth 209,000 rubles. Plums, peaches, mulberries, apricots, apples, pears, cherries, pomegranates, quinces and watermelons were the most popular fruits. The soil, weather conditions and availability of water were most favorable in the Nakhichevan, Yerevan and Echmiadzin districts, which produced some 90% of all the province’s fruit. There were no fruit orchards in the northern districts of Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet.40

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Fishermen from 18 villages on the shores of Lake Gökcha caught and sold fish. In total, they operated 50 large nets and 500 smaller ones. The income from fishing came to 20,000 rubles in 1908, and in 1912, 12,500 puds of fish worth 50,000 rubles were sold in the cities of Tiflis, Elisavetpol and Yerevan.41 The yearbooks show 20,000 local beehives produced honey, which was locally consumed and sold for 8 to 12 rubles per pud. Only about 1,000 had actual frames, the rest being more primitive and producing only between 5 and 10 puds of honey per hive.42 Prior to the construction of the railways, horse- or ox-drawn carriages and carts (arba) as well as camels and mules were used to transport goods and produce to Georgia and to the main markets in the province. In 1900, 452,000 rubles’ worth of such trade was recorded, 38% of which was to Georgia from Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol.43 The rest was taken to Iran, the Ottoman Empire and the Elisavetpol Province. Even after the arrival of the railroads, some men from 439 villages continued to serve as carriers using camels, horses, mules, donkeys and bulls.44 Nonetheless, the construction of the Alexandropol-Yerevan rail line in 1902 and the Yerevan-Julfa line in 1908 did a great deal to facilitate trade and transportation. By the end of 1908, 4,785,798 puds of goods were transported by rail out of the province and 9,678,145 puds came by rail into the province, a total of 14,463,943 puds. The main exports were rock salt, grapes, wine and cognac, fruit, cotton, sheep wool, goat wool, camel wool, eggs, raisins, butter, rice, tea, malt, wheat, millet, barley, peas, beans, rye, oats, spelt and firewood. The main imports were kerosene (from Baku), dried fruit and nuts (from Iran), sugar, anthracite coal, iron and steel (from Russia), tea (from Georgia) and tobacco from the Ottoman Empire.45 A great percentage of the imports from Russia and much of the kerosene from Baku were then exported to Iran. The most complete figures for imports and exports are gleaned from the 1912 yearbook.46 A total of 4,563,886 rubles’ worth of goods, imported from Russia and Iran, arrived in the Yerevan Province by railroad or caravans. Imports from Iran included raisins and almonds (270,601 rubles), carpets (229,741 rubles), silk cloth (123,243 rubles), dried fruits (2,178,613 rubles) and small livestock (174,457 rubles). Most of these items were then transported by rail to Tiflis and Russian fairs in Moscow and Nizhni-Novgorod. Imports from Russia (via Tiflis) included hides (354,998 rubles), cotton (759,705 rubles) and various metal products (154,111 rubles) produced by the famed Tula metalworks. It is important to note that a large percentage of these items were in transit to or from Iran.47 The rest of the imports consisted of tea, cottonseeds, grains, livestock, dyes, and wool and cotton fabrics, most of which were sold in Yerevan. The Yerevan Province also exported 1,410,88 rubles’ worth of salt, wine, cognac and fish to Russia, via Tiflis. A total of 17,021,032 rubles’ worth of goods exported from Russia to Iran passed through the Yerevan Province: Cotton fabrics (7,773,485 rubles), sugar (6,799,279 rubles), metal products, which included the famed Russian samovars from Tula (902,506 rubles), wheat (539,721 rubles), large livestock

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(539,175 rubles) and kerosene from Baku (346,171 rubles). The rest of the exports consisted of grains, hard candy, hides, woolen fabrics, and dyes.48 Iranian merchants traded in Yerevan, and the sole foreign diplomat in the city was the Iranian consul, Haji-Qoli Khan.49 Altogether, 22,995,706 rubles’ worth of trade was conducted through the province in 1912, with exports exceeding imports by three to one. The urban dwellers of the province kept a sharp eye on the price of food, which was delivered daily to the various shops. In 1906, the price of basic commodities (in kopeks) in the five cities of the province cities were as shown in Tables 6.1–6.4. Table 6.1 Prices per Pound in Spring 1906 (kopeks) City Yerevan Alexandropol Nakhichevan Novo-Bayazet Ordubad

Bread 2.3 2.5–5 2–5 3 4

Meat (grade A)

Meat (low grade)

11 8 10–12 10 10

9 6 8–10 8 8

Salt

Sugar 2 1 1 1 1

16 16 18–20 16 18

Table 6.2 Prices per Pound in Summer 1906 (kopeks) City Yerevan Alexandropol Nakhichevan Novo-Bayazet Ordubad

Bread 2.3 2.5–5 2–5 3 4

Meat (grade A)

Meat (low grade)

9 8 10–12 10 10

Salt

7 6 8–10 8 8

Sugar 2 1 1 1 1

16 16 18–20 16 18

Table 6.3 Prices per Pound in Autumn 1906 (kopeks) City Yerevan Alexandropol Nakhichevan Novo-Bayazet Ordubad

Bread 2.3 2.5–5 2–5 3 4

Meat (grade A) 11 8 10–12 10 10

Meat (low grade) 9 6 8–10 8 8

Salt

Sugar 2 1 1 1 1

17 16 18–20 16 18

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Table 6.4 Prices per Pound in Winter 1906 (kopeks) City Yerevan Alexandropol Nakhichevan Novo-Bayazet Ordubad

Bread 2.3 2.5–5 2–5 3 4

Meat (high grade)

Meat (low grade)

13 8 10–12 10 10

11 6 8–10 8 8

Salt

Sugar 2 1 1 1 1

17 16 18–20 16 18

Sugar had to be imported from Russia and was therefore far more expensive than salt, which was produced locally.50 There were no large factories in the Yerevan Province. Instead, its manufactured products relied on medium-sized plants and small workshops. The plants and workshops fell into four categories: a) Products from animal sources, including leatherworks, silk weavers, felt-makers, soap-makers and cheesemakers; b) wine and cognac distilleries, breweries, flour mills, oil presses, cotton carding, rice threshing; c) metal workshops, brick-makers, potters, cast-iron workers and stonemasons; and d) dyers and bottlers of mineral water.51 In 1902, the Yerevan Province had a total of 3,469 workshops and small manufacturing plants, producing goods valued at 1,336,640 rubles.52 The city and district of Yerevan accounted for 55.2% of manufactured goods, while the other six districts combined produced 44.8% of manufactured products. In addition, the Yerevan District was responsible for 43.3%, Nakhichevan District for 20.8%, Alexandropol for 12.5%, Echmiadzin for 11.8%, SharurDaralagez for 8.4% and Surmalu for 3.2% of the total sales.53 Between 1907 and the advent of World War I, the Yerevan Province added 107 new manufacturing plants or artisanal workshops. The new total of 3,576 plants employed 9,261 workers, who produced 3,289,195 rubles’ worth of goods; that is, almost 2 million rubles more than in 1902.54 The Yerevan District now produced a total of 66.5%, while the other six districts combined ended up with 33.5% of manufactured goods. The Alexandropol District, with its 615 workshops and 1,215 workers, came second. It produced 295,484 rubles’ worth, or 9%, of manufactured products.55 This is a clear indication that goods produced in the province had found markets in Iran, Georgia and Russia, some of which could be now transported by rail. Ironically, although the urban population of the province, prior to World War I, had remained at around 10% of the total population, it was the Armenians who had produced an overwhelming percentage of the manufactured goods.56 By 1914 there were three electricity stations using German diesel generators with a combined output of 273-kilowatt hours.57 In addition to the private hydroelectric plant of Shustov, consisting of one turbine, the Amper Electric

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Company had its own hydroelectric plant with three turbines on the Zangi River, which sold electricity to the leather works of Haji Ibrahim-oghli as well as to the cinema and main businesses in central Yerevan. A few larger plants that used steam had to get their oil from Baku. Although, in 1909, S. Manasarian conducted studies to use the water of Lake Sevan to produce electricity, this did not bear fruit.58 This, once again, confirms the economic growth of Yerevan, which due to the availability of electricity and innovations such as the telephone in some of the city’s quarters as well as new internal and external markets, began to lose its Asiatic characteristics. Although the province did not produce carpets and other floor coverings to rival those woven in Shirvan, Kuba or Karabagh, some 24,200 rubles’ worth of such items were produced in 1902.59 The Tatars and Kurds possessed most of the sheep and goats, and women in these groups produced carpets, coarse floor coverings (palas/kilim), embroidered cotton rugs (cicim), saddlebags (khurjin) and woven sacks (mefresh).60 Since almost all of the Armenians were engaged in farming, few Armenians produced such items. Some Armenian households in the districts of Novo-Bayazet and Alexandropol, where winters could last for six months, produced floor coverings. In the year 1912, women in 66 villages in the Yerevan District produced 12,855 rubles’ worth of floor coverings. In the Echmiadzin District, 80 Kurdish families living in winter pastures produced palas and carpets worth 7,183 rubles. Their carpets were considered the best and used only pure wool and not a mixture of wool and cotton. In the past, Tatar households also engaged in carpet weaving, but by 1900 almost all of them had become farmers. Tatar women in 42 villages in the Novo-Bayazet District produced floor coverings worth 112,886 rubles. Armenian women in 156 villages in the Alexandropol District, residing in the villages of Armenian Big Karakilis, Kondaksaz, Mirak Jamushli, Choban-Karakmaz, Kuri-bogaz, Jajaris, Kurdish Pamb, Kor-Bulagh Tejir, Armenian Big Arikvali and Haji-Nazar Qoli produced 64,178 rubles’ worth of floor coverings. Kurdish women in 66 villages in the Surmalu District produced over 8761.5 rubles’ worth of palas. There were two types of palas: the better-quality zilli and the lesser-quality yamani. The first sold for up to 30 and the second for up to 16 rubles each. In 1896 a local Nakhichevani businessman invited a master from Tabriz to produce a Persian variety of silk carpets. This ended in failure due to the high cost and time necessary for such an enterprise. By 1912, however, the provincial government realized the export value of good woolen carpets and received permission from the Central Caucasian Administration to open a women’s weaving school in Nakhichevan and a nearby dye-works to dye the wool. They hoped that this would attract young girls from the villages wanting to learn a trade.61 The total volume of trade in the years 1899–1900 came to 14,035,120 rubles. The total profit came to 1,236,557 rubles, a yield of 8.8%. It is obvious that most of these merchants were small family-owned businesses. Once again

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the cities of Yerevan and Alexandropol accounted for the largest percentage (65.4%) of the total trade. Prior to 1900, finance was on a relatively small scale in the province compared to Tiflis and Baku. The 1902 figures list 2,789 merchants and shop owners. Most of them (2,313) traded up to 5,000 rubles a year. Only 393 merchants traded up to 20,000 rubles, 55 up to 50,000 rubles and 28 over 50,000 rubles. A total of 3,603 employees, an average of 1.3 employees for each merchant, collected an annual salary of 125,300 rubles, or some 35 rubles per person per annum. In 1908, two loan companies were established with outside capital. In 1912, a loan company formed by three Armenians (Amirian, Andonyan and TerIsahakian) began to sell stocks. Soon after, it had 700 stockholders with some 50,000 rubles in capital.62 The province had three banks, two in Yerevan and one in Alexandropol. There were seven savings companies, three in Yerevan, two in Alexandropol, and one each in Nakhichevan and Ordubad. There were also several notaries and insurance companies. It was only in 1914 that Armenian business owners followed the example of the Kavkazskii kalendar’ and placed advertisements in what was to be the last edition of the Yerevan Provincial Yearbook. These advertisements reveal a good number of businesses by name. Kevork Khachaturov, who owned the Oriant (Orient) Hotel, notified readers that his establishment was a first-class hotel with rooms starting at 1 ruble and 20 kopeks a night. The hotel had a superb restaurant in the garden and an orchestra. The Ohanian factory, which produced canned apricots and crushed tomatoes, boasted that its products were sold in the imperial capital, St. Petersburg. An Armenian, named Tatevosian, advertised his shop specializing in imported porcelain, crystal and furniture. The brewing factory Zanga, which was owned by an Armenian named Avetisiants, publicized its beer. The Harutunov factory hawked its tin products, while the Tatevos Brothers advertised their sausage factory and store in Yerevan. A large store, owned by Gabrielyants and Son, sold weapons and samovars made at the Imperial Factory in Tula. Barbers, hairdressers, florists and haberdashers proclaimed their shops and services. Bookstores, music stores, pharmacies and perfumeries all claimed to have the latest European and Russian products. The Apollo Theater even had the latest silent films, accompanied by an orchestra. The largest advertisements were for Armenian cognac produced by Shustov and Sons, informing readers that this cognac was famed in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kishinev, Warsaw, Odessa, Nizhni-Novgorod and Vilna. They also had agents as far distant as Paris, London, Rotterdam, Melbourne, Brussels and Chicago. The Sarajev cognac distillery concentrated its advertisements in the Kavkazskii kalendar’ for the Tiflis market. Except for a company that sold electric turbines and the telephone company, Armenians also monopolized the sale of machinery such as presses, threshers and grinders, and they owned the cast iron factory. The only

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advertisement by a Tatar was by a man named Afsharov who had a store that sold hunting guns. His advertisement appeared in Russian and in the local Turkish dialect, written in Persian characters. An interesting announcement by the prison officials invited Yerevani plants and workshops to employ prisoners who had skills as carpenters, tailors and bootmakers. Such men would be taken to the workshops during the day and returned to the prison in the evening. Sources agree that by 1912, the percentage of manufactured goods doubled. Although grain production remained paramount, it now accounted for only between 55% and 57% of the economic output.63 The Armenians of Yerevan, Alexandropol and other towns of the province were the main force behind this transformation to a more modern economy.

Notes 1 Although there are numerous studies on the living standards of people residing in the central Russian provinces, no such studies exist for the South Caucasus. The monthly salary of a common laborer in Russia, which had dropped after the influx of peasants into the cities after the emancipation of the serfs, rose after 1900 and continued to do so until 1914 – from just over 16 rubles to 26 rubles and 75 kopeks. Skilled workers, such as weavers, metalworkers, dyers and electricians earned from 50 to 97 rubles per month. The working hours in factories ranged from just over 11 hours in 1900 to less than 9.7 hours in 1914. For a recent study on Russia’s living standards in this period by a scholar at the Russian State Social University in Kursk, see E. Khautsova, “Pre-revolution living standards: Russia: 1888–1917,” paper prepared for the Annual Conference of the Economic History Society (April, 2013). See also the study by Tracey Dennison (Caltech) and Steven Nafziger (Williams College), “Micro-Perspectives on 19th-century Russian Living Standards,” paper prepared for the meeting of the Social Science History Association (November, 2007). 2 PK/1902, part III, 108. 3 See Chapter V. 4 As noted in Chapter V, 1 pud equaled 36 lbs. One Iranian kharvar equaled 30 puds. 5 PK/1902, part IV, 123–128. 6 PK/1902, part IV, 127. In 1900, 1 Russian ruble could buy 0.02486 troy ounces of gold, while 1 US dollar could buy 0.04501 troy ounces of the precious metal. Hence, 1 ruble was worth just over 55 cents. 7 PK/1912, part III, 6. Un-carded cotton was sold from 2.50 to 2.70 rubles per pud; KK (1916), Statistical Section, 97. 8 Ibid., 99. 9 The great variety of black, red and white grapes are described in PK/1902, part IV, 97–100. 10 The Yerevan and Echmiadzin districts devoted over 7,100 desiatins to cultivating vineyards. 11 A vedro, or bucket, equaled around 12.3 liters. 12 PK/1902, part IV, 103. The ratio was approximately 2.25 puds of grapes to 1 vedro of wine. 13 PK/1910, part IV, 9. 14 KK (1916), Statistical Section, 85. 15 PK/1902, part IV, 111. 16 It rose from just over 7,000 liters to 112,821 liters; ibid.

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17 Hakobyan, Yerevani, 60–61. On the eve of World War I, Shustov and Saradzhev were the main cognac producers. Saradzhev’s cognac was advertised in Tiflis, while that of Shustov sold in the best shops of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Europe (see below). 18 In the Russian sources, the figures for alcohol are given in degrees. According to the excise tax of 1863, 1 degree equaled 0.123 liters of pure alcohol. The excise tax for 1 degree was set at 4 kopeks in 1863 and was increased to 11 kopeks after 1900; for more details, see E. V. Sapilov, Gosudarstvennye dokhody, raskhody, nalogi v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii (1898–1914 gg.) [State Income, Expenses and Taxes in Pre-Revolutionary Russia, 1898–1914] (Moscow, 2001), 87–88. 19 PK/1910, part IV, 9. The figure is based on the 40–50% alcohol content of cognac. 20 KK (1916), Statistical Section, 82. For the excise tax collected by the state, see Chapter VII. 21 Obzor otraslei promyshlennosti v Zakavkazsakom krae za 1913 g. [The State of Manufacturing in the Transcaucasus, 1913] (Tiflis, 1914), 216. 22 The Russian sources refer to it as makhorka and the Persian sources as tambaku (Nicotiana Persica). 23 PK/1908, part IV, 274–275. The seeds used for growing tobacco came from Turkey, but they must have been of the cheap sort that could not be exported. Its low value and the relatively high cost of growing it reduced the production of this crop. In 1908, some 1,350 plantations on 114 desiatins produced only 7,699 puds for local consumption; see PK/1910, part IV, 7. For the excise tax collected by the state, see Chapter VII. 24 Forty-four households, residing in the villages of Khodaverdi Beg-oghli, Duglun, Sumbatan-Diza and Yayiji, were engaged in silk production; PK/1902, part IV, 169–170. 25 PK/1904, part III, 22. 26 Ibid., 24. 27 Ibid. 28 The main silk-producing region in the South Caucasus was that of Shirvan. 29 PK/1910, part IV, 10. 30 A kharvar (literally an “ass-load”) was around 300 kilos. 31 A Yerevani batman was 11 lbs. 32 Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 23. 33 The historic Armenian name is Koghb. 34 The total was some 3 million lbs. more than was produced in the Iranian period. 35 PK/1912, part III, 15. 36 The total of over 36 million lbs. by far surpassed the 5.5 million lbs. produced in the Iranian period. Better tools and regular wages accounted for the difference. 37 The main copper mines of the region were in Allaverdi in the Borchalu District, which at that time belonged to the Tiflis Province. The district became part of Soviet Armenia and produced a great amount of copper for Soviet industry. 38 PK/1912, part III, 16. 39 A chetvert was a Russian unit equal to 6 bushels or 126.39 lbs. 40 PK/1902, part IV, 162–164. In 1912, the province produced some 70,000 puds of fruit; PK/1912, part III, 7. 41 PK/1912, part III, 13. 42 In 1912, 350 villages (92 in Alexandropol) produced 358 puds of honey and 34 puds of beeswax. Honey sold from 7 to 16 rubles per pud and beeswax from 16 to 32 rubles per pud; PK/1914, part III, 12. 43 Most of the goods were transported from Alexandropol to Tiflis by the railway, newly constructed in 1899. 44 Some 3,702 horses, 6,953 bulls, 2,321 donkeys, 77 mules and 5,732 camels were used to transport goods. The villagers earned from 15 to 200 rubles a year

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45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52 53 54 55

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

Part I depending on the district and the beast of burden. Camels and horses brought the most income, while donkeys brought the least; PK/1912, part III, 14. PK/1910, part IV, 2–50. PK/1912, part III, 90–107. Some of these products sold in the Yerevan Province. For example, in 1914, only 2,006 parcels out of the 116,966 parcels that arrived via Julfa remained in the province; KK (1916), Statistical Section, 108. In 1913, the customs at Julfa recorded that 6,855,000 rubles’ worth of goods from Iran, primarily tea, rice, carpets and almonds, had passed through the province to Europe. In that same year, the state collected 490,656 rubles in import duty from the Julfa crossing. The value of exports, mainly sugar, kerosene, matches, flour and manufactured goods, from the same crossing in 1913 came to 17,455,000 rubles; KK (1916), Statistical Section, 108–110. Ibid., 638. PK/1908, part IV, 16–17. Ibid. The districts of Yerevan, Nakhichevan, Alexandropol and Echmiadzin (in that order) produced more than 82% of the manufactured goods. PK/1902, part III, 107. PK/1912, part III, 36–43. The Novo-Bayazet city and district had 372 workshops with 621 workers; Echmiadzin District had 473 workshops with 1,210 workers; Surmalu District had 287 workshops with 306 workers; Sharur-Daralagez District had 441 workshops with 1,332 workers; the city and district of Nakhichevan had 488 workshops with 1,117 workers; and the city of Ordubad had 22 workshops with 340 workers; ibid. PK/1912; part III, 36–43. KK (1916), Statistical Section, 73. In comparison, there were 24 such plants in Tiflis, which produced 1,884.05 kilowatt-hours; ibid. E. Markov, Ozero Gokcha [Lake Gokcha] (Tiflis, 1911). The figures are rounded to the nearest 100. In 1908, the production and sale of floor coverings doubled to 50,000 rubles; PK/1910, part IV, 10. In 1912, it increased to 134,394 rubles; PK/1912, part III, 13. The Turkish and Persian terms appear in the original statistics. PK/1912, part III, 13. Erivanskoe ob`yavleniia [Yerevan Declaration], no. 3 (1912). PK/1914, part III, 46–51.

VII Taxes and Revenues

The Safavid tax system, which was introduced to the South Caucasus in the sixteenth century, continued to function under different names in the various Iranian khanates1 until the Russian conquest of the region in the nineteenth century.2 Unlike peasants in Russia, those living in the former Iranian khanates, with few exceptions,3 could not be viewed as serfs. They paid taxes in cash, kind or both, and they were required to perform corvée. There were age-old local customs regarding the dues paid to the state (divan), the landowner (molkdar), the fief holder (toyuldar) or the religious institution (vaqf). The dues depended on the quality of the land and the availability of water. The Russians eliminated some of the most abusive dues, but it took some time to alter the centuries-old system of land tenure and taxation. Unable to speak or read the local languages, the small number of Russian officials continued to rely on previous Muslim landowning notables to assist them in collecting taxes and in administering the province. The collection of revenues underwent major changes between the years 1840 and 1886 thanks to the reforms implemented by the Caucasian Central Administration in Tiflis. The poll tax and the compulsory labor duty (corvée or the Iranian bigar) were abolished, and a large number of questionable private landholdings were diverted to state control. Moreover, on June 12, 1900,4 the percentage of taxes collected was fixed at a set rate. The result was that during the first decade of the twentieth century, the living standards of the peasants began to improve.5 According to a newly published source,6 the Ministry of Finance gathered revenues from nine sources during the 1898–1914 period. This included direct and indirect revenues. Direct revenues were collected from the peasants in the form of land taxes, while the direct revenues collected from the urban population were from their immovable properties. Indirect revenues came from customs dues, state monopolies,7 state-owned enterprises and capital, concessions,8 redemption dues (until 1905),9 compensation for expenses incurred by the state treasury for the salary of officials, and various other revenues.10 The direct and indirect taxes paid by the Yerevan Province during the 1900–1914 period are outlined below.

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Taxes on Land The Russian administration, unlike the tax collectors of the Iranian period, taxed Armenian and Muslim peasants equally. For example, Armenians formed 43% of the population of the Nakhichevan District and paid 43% of the total revenues.11 Although it may appear that the Armenians in some districts paid a higher percentage of the total revenues collected by the treasury, the reason was the large number of Tatar private holdings as well as the number of Kurds in such districts. A good percentage of private holdings, especially in the Yerevan District,12 had remained in Muslim hands. Such holdings paid a smaller percentage to the treasury, with the rest going to the landlords. Since most of the Kurds were engaged in nomadism and did not plant lucrative crops, the assessed value of their income was lower than that of the settled peasants. If we deduct the taxes paid by the Kurds and the percentage paid by the private owners, both Armenian and Muslim peasants on state lands paid their fair share. Between 1900 and 1914, the provincial government collected the following taxes: 1 Tax known as Gosudarstvennyi obrochnoi pozemel’nyi podati was, in fact, rent paid by the peasants on state-owned land.13 It was paid either in cash or kind. The amount differed slightly in each district and averaged between 13% and 14% of the total value of the harvest. 2 Peasants on privately owned land (former molks) paid a much smaller rent, referred to simply as “state land tax” (Gosudarstvennyi pozemnyi nalog). It averaged just over 3% and ranged from a low of 2.69% to a high of 3.35% depending on the district. The lowest rate was in Yerevan (2.69%), followed by Nakhichevan (2.89%). The highest was in SharurDaralagez (3.35%), followed by Novo-Bayazet (3.30%), Surmalu (3.28%) and Echmiadzin (3.24%). The Alexandropol District had no privately owned agricultural lands.14 3 However, peasants on privately owned lands were not better off, for they had to pay their landlord the difference between the smaller state land tax and the rent. Therefore, whether they worked on state-owned or private land, peasants paid the same amount of taxes. 4 In addition, all peasants living in their respective communes had to pay a percentage of the value of their crops to the state. This tax (zemskii sbor) averaged between 6% and 8%. All villages, except for the handful of totally exempt settlements (see below), had to pay this tax. 5 Thus, the peasant on state-owned and private lands paid between 19.0% and 22.5% of their income to the state, or to the state and landowner. The lowest rate was in the Nakhichevan District (19.17%), followed by the Yerevan District (20.29%). The highest rate was in Sharur-Daralagez (22.65%), followed by Novo-Bayazet (22.27%) and Alexandropol (21.40%) districts. The Echmiadzin (21.08%) and Surmalu (20.95%) districts fell in the middle.

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6 The total amount of these taxes depended on the size of the village, the number of households and the type and amount of crops grown. For example, in 1910, the Armenian village of Zeyva, located in the Aytagh Commune of the Echmiadzin District, which was owned by the treasury, had 251 households living on some 4 square miles of land. Its assessed income was 24,353 rubles.15 The village paid 3,178 rubles (13.05%) in rent and 1,935 rubles (7.95%) for the assessed value of their crop. The total of 5,113 rubles represented the combined figure of 21% in land taxes.16 7 The Tatar village of Ulukhanlu, located in the Noragavit Commune of the Yerevan District, which was also owned by the treasury, had 499 households living on 6 square miles of land. Its assessed income was 33,912 rubles. It paid 6,884 rubles (20.29%) for the combined land taxes.17 8 The Tatar village of Malaklu, located in the Igdir Commune of the Surmalu District, which was privately owned, had 361 households living on 15.5 square miles of land. Its assessed income was 32,901 rubles. It paid 3,135 rubles (9.53%) for the combined land taxes, 3.28% of which was for rent and 6.25% for the assessed value of the crop.18 9 Peasants living in villages that belonged partly to the state and partly to private owners (most of them former toyuldars or molkdars) paid according to the percentage of land held by each side.19 For example, the village of Karakhanbeglu in the Nakhichevan District, which was partly owned by a landlord, paid 12.82% instead of the customary 19.17%. The landlord collected the 6.35% difference.20 The smaller percentage of tax signifies a larger percentage of private ownership and vice versa.21 10 Peasants who lived on a handful of small personal plots, which had been administered by Tatar khans, Armenian meliks or caretakers of Muslim houses of worship, paid the lowest rate (3–5%), with the balance going to the toyuldar or mutevali. 22 The tax registers identify these as personal landholdings.23 For example, see the village of Gök-Kilisa in the Yerevan District and Agarak in the Surmalu District.24 11 Peasants on land belonging wholly to the Armenian Church paid neither of the above two taxes to the state. The Church would collect the entire amount of taxes. The villages of Vagharshapat, Oshakan and Mughni in the Echmiadzin District fell into this category.25 The amount of revenues from land depended on economic growth as well as internal conditions. For example, in 1900, the total agricultural income of the 99,974 rural households was 9,080,222 rubles. The state collected 470,395 rubles for rent and 400,599 rubles for the agricultural tax, totaling 970,994 rubles.26 It is interesting to note that the percentage per household is very similar to the dah-yek (one-tenth) collected as the mal-o-jahat during the Iranian rule.

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In 1905, the total agricultural income of the 102,107 rural households was 8,739,256 rubles. Thus, despite the population increase, the agricultural output had fallen slightly. However, due to the financial problems caused by the Russo-Japanese War (1903–1905), the state collected 585,668 rubles for rent and 412,867 rubles for agricultural tax, totaling 998,535 rubles.27 In 1910, due to the poor harvest, the total agricultural income of the 107,647 rural households fell even further, to 6,443,260 rubles. However, the total tax collected was 1,072,370 rubles.28

Indirect Taxes Even though the total land taxes averaged only around 21% judging by these figures, the state collected a number of other dues. The amount of these taxes depended on the size of the village and the services it utilized. 1

2

3

4

Dues for the upkeep (soderzhanie) of a) public officials such as police and commune administrators; b) schools and teachers; c) the mirabs and juvars; and d) maintenance of roads, bridges and irrigation canals. Such dues were similar to the rusum, ehdas, darughegy and ekhrajat collected during the Iranian administration. The dues for the maintenance of canals, bridges and roads had replaced the former bigar, the free labor performed by peasants on roads and structures belonging to the state or the khan. While, the taxes for the mirabs and schools were not collected from every village, all villages,29 even if they were exempt from all land taxes (as was the case with lands belonging to the Armenian Church), had to pay dues for the upkeep of public officials and maintenance. The tables in Part II indicate that these dues could be high in large villages or centers of each commune. For example, in 1910, the village of Kanaker, located in the Yerevan District, paid 977 rubles, or 23% of the total revenue collected by the treasury for the upkeep of public officials.30 The village of Vagharshapat, which was the residence of both the police superintendent and the commune administrator and which was exempt from land taxes, paid 4,704 rubles in soderzhanie dues for its schools and canals and the upkeep of its officials. In 1900, the villages paid 204,352 rubles for the upkeep of officials, 17,521 rubles for the salary of mirabs and juvars, 33,282 for schools and 35,669 for the maintenance of infrastructure.31 In 1905, the villages paid 298,237 rubles for the upkeep of officials and the maintenance of infrastructure, 28,050 rubles for the salary of mirabs and juvars, and 64,045 for schools.32 In 1910, the villages paid 440,667 rubles for the upkeep of officials and the maintenance of infrastructure, the salaries of mirabs and the expenses of schools.33 Army tax, or voinskii nalog. 34 The yearbooks indicate that only Muslims were subject to this tax. Since Muslims were exempt from military

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6

7

8

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service, they had to pay a special tax collected from the number of eligible adult males in each village. The Armenians served and therefore were not subject to the tax. The sum total of the army tax depended on the number of eligible Muslim adult males in a village. Unfortunately, the yearbooks do not mention the amount of this tax per person. In addition, although we have the number of males in each village, there is no information on the age of the men. The treasury collected 61,920 rubles from the villages in 190535 and 64,830 rubles in 1910.36 In 1912, the treasury collected 68,867 rubles from the eligible Muslim men living in rural and urban communities.37 Excise taxes. The state collected an excise tax for the sale of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, sugar, crude oil, cigarette paper and matches. In 1914, the Yerevan Province paid a total of 670,324 rubles for these taxes. Almost 91% of that, or 609,314 rubles, was derived from the sale of alcoholic beverages. Although this amount paled in comparison with that of the oil-producing Baku and Batum provinces (40,810,217 rubles and 3,042,282 rubles, respectively) and the Tiflis Province (4,252,025 rubles), the economic growth of the Yerevan Province had put it in fourth place, ahead of Elisavetpol, Kutais and Kars provinces.38 Additional revenues. The state collected import-export duties (tamozhennyi dokhod), stamp duty for official forms, petitions and other documents (gerbovyi sbor), concessions (pravitel’stvennye regalii), state fees for postage, telegraphs and money transfers as well as transport by rail or boat (prochie poshliny i sbory). On June 10, 1910, a new tax code was introduced, dividing the province according to four tax-collecting departments. The provincial yearbook for the year 1912 includes, for the first time, a complete breakdown of the taxes for the rural and urban population.39

Department I Combined land taxes from the rural communities (Gosudarstvennyi obrochnoi pozemel’nyi podati, Gosudarstvennyi pozemnyi nalog and Zemskii sbor’): 1,169,707 rubles Army tax (Voinskii nalog) (rural): 66,343 rubles Army tax (urban): 2,465 rubles 2% tax from plants and workshops: 22,218 rubles Tax on immovable urban property: 29,052 rubles Tax on urban households: 26,687 rubles State tax on city apartments for rent: 11,861 rubles Fines, interest on arrears, etc.: 35,023 rubles Debt issues: 538 rubles Total for Department I: 1,465,294 rubles

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Department II Zemskii sbor’: 2,937 rubles Total for Department II: 2,937 rubles Department III Combined land taxes from rural villages: 9,848 rubles Army tax: 59 rubles Arrears: 2,489 rubles Surveying costs and debt issues (railroad): 251,801 rubles Remainder of capital repayments: 10,000 rubles Total for Department III: 274,196 rubles Department IV Administrative costs (soderzhanie) for: Ministry of Internal Affairs (commune administrators, police superintendents, mirabs, repairs, etc.): 122,314 rubles Ministry of War: 651 rubles Ministry of Trade and Transportation: 124,207 rubles Ministry of Education (schools): 29,593 rubles Ministry of Justice (courts, prisons): 14,403 rubles Ministry of Finance: 1,814 rubles Department of Land Tenure: 95,096 rubles Chancery: 2,000 rubles Treasury: 21,470 rubles (tax collectors) Post and telegraph: 24 rubles Subtotal: 996,860 rubles Miscellaneous revenues from manufacturers, shopkeepers and hotels: 439,545 rubles Excise Tax: 670,324 rubles Total for Department IV: 2,106,729 rubles Total for Departments 1–IV: 3,849,156 rubles40 Compared to the more than 30 different taxes (most of them irregular and arbitrary) collected in the Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates during the Qajar period,41 the inhabitants of the Yerevan Province in the last decades of imperial rule not only were guaranteed a fixed tax rate, but were beginning to enjoy the advantages of security, health care, transportation, education and all the other benefits of a Westernized empire.42 Since, in 1912, some 85% of the population of the province still resided in rural communities, the peasants paid a large portion of the taxes. In addition, the peasants had to put away seeds for the next harvest and also consumed some of the harvest. They had to sell or barter some of their agricultural produce for household products and clothing and to buy meat for the

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holidays, pay for christenings, weddings and funerals, cover repairs to their dwellings, etc. Although we do not have the exact figures, it can be safely deduced that in good times, the peasants would have something left in reserve, while in bad times, they had to borrow money and seeds from the state. This is verified by the 1910 yearbook. In that year, as a result of poor harvests, the peasants in each of the seven districts of the Yerevan Province sought assistance from the state. The Novo-Bayazet District received 64,263 puds of wheat seeds for its spring wheat planting, 6,925 puds of grain for subsistence, 13,430 puds of flour, as well as a loan for 11,606 rubles and 48 kopeks against future harvests. The Yerevan District received 21,475 puds of wheat, 8,960 puds of barley seeds and 45,367 puds of wheat for subsistence, and it borrowed 14,783 rubles and 25 kopeks against future harvests. The Sharur-Daralagez District received 17,993 puds for planting, 50,799 puds for subsistence and 228 rubles against future harvests. The Echmiadzin District received 8,224 puds for planting and 12,059 puds for subsistence. The Alexandropol District received 15,752 puds for planting, 3,013 puds for subsistence and 1,997 rubles and 20 kopeks against future harvests. The Nakhichevan District received 6,421 puds for planting and 7,994 puds for subsistence. In addition, a number of villages in the Surmalu District borrowed 18,840 rubles against future harvests.43 The interest on the loans ranged from 3% to 5%. The 1912 data indicates that both the urban and rural inhabitants were in arrears. The urban centers owed 411,424 rubles and 38 kopeks. Yerevan, with 259,892 rubles and 37 kopeks, owed the larger amount and Ordubad, with 506 rubles, the lowest.44 The total owed by the rural communities came to 661,265 rubles and 1 kopek. Nakhichevan, with 212,611 rubles and 75 kopeks, owed the most and Novo-Bayazet, with 38,991 rubles and 32 kopeks, the least.45 The above figures clearly indicate that although the taxes collected in the Yerevan Province had risen gradually, they could not compare to the revenues of the Tiflis or Baku provinces. Moreover, if one compares the 1912 state revenues of the Yerevan Province with that of the entire Russian Empire for the same year (221.4 million rubles in direct land taxes and 484.3 million rubles in indirect taxes), the Yerevan Province contributed a mere half a percent of the total revenues collected in Russia in 1912.46

Notes 1 For the different terminology used for some of these taxes in Yerevan, Nakhichevan, Sheki, Shirvan and Karabagh, see Bournoutian, Erevan; The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province (Costa Mesa, 2012); Nakhichevan; The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan (Oxford, 2016); and The 1819 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Sheki (Costa Mesa, 2016). 2 For the list of the various revenues, see I. P. Petrushevskii, Ocherki po istorii feodalnykh otnoshenii v Azerbaidzhane i Armenii v XVI-nachale XIX vv. [Studies on the History of the Feudal Conditions in Azerbaijan and Armenia from the 16th to

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Part I the Beginning of the 19th Centuries] (Leningrad, 1949), 266–291, and Papazian, Agrarnye, 226–247. A small group of landless peasants, called ranjbars, who worked as sharecroppers were at times forcibly held by some khans (like that of Qobbeh); see Petrushevskii, Ocherki, 248–249, 317–319. PK/1912, part III, 46. Stefan Plaggenborg, “Tax Policy and the Question of Peasant Poverty in Tsarist Russia, 1881–1905,” Cahiers du Monde russe, 36 (1–2), 1995, 53–69. Sapilov, Gosudarstvennye. These included excise taxes on alcohol, crude oil production, sugar, matches, tobacco, import-export duties, etc. These included renting out mines or giving fishing rights to various individuals or companies. These were redemptions on loans to peasants to purchase state or private land. The experiment was a failure and all such repayments were cancelled in 1905; see Chapter V. Sapilov, Gosudarstvennye, 13. See Chapter III and Part II, Table V. See Chapter V. Ownership of such lands is identified as “Treasury” in Part II, Tables I–VII. Ownership of such properties is identified as “Private” in Part II, Tables I–VII. The tables in Part II include kopeks as well. See Part II, Table II, village no. 3. The tables in Part II combine the rent and crop taxes in a single figure. See Part II, Table I, village no. 102. See Part II, Table II, village no. 5. Some had more than one private owner. Ownership of such villages is identified as “Treasury/Private” in Part II, Tables I–VII. The number of villages in this category had diminished between 1862 and 1914 because the state had begun to survey the land and demand documentary proof of ownership. Most disputes were eventually resolved, and the percentage belonging to each side was recorded; see KK (1916), Statistical Section, 71. Part II, Table V, village no. 11. Part II, Tables I–VII. The term translates as a steward of a vaqf. See Part II, Tables I–VII. Part II, Table I, village no. 5, and Table III, village no. 123. Part II, Table II, village nos. 11, 23, 34. Ownership is identified as “Armenian Church” in Tables I–VII. PK/1902, part III, 99. PK/1906, part III, 119. See Part II, Tables I–VII. Barring a typographical error, the sole exception appears to have been the Armenian village of Molla Kasum; see Part II, Table II, village no. 83. See Part II, Table I, village no. 1. PK/1902, part III, 98–99. PK/1906, part III, 119. See Part II, Tables I–VII. The tax was similar to the suyursat (upkeep of troops) collected from all peasants in the South Caucasus during the Qajar era. PK/1906, part III, 119. There is no information on this tax prior to 1905. See Part II, Tables I–VII. See PK/1912, part III, 46–51. KK (1916), Statistical Section, 84.

Taxes and Revenues 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

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PK/1912, part III, 46–51. All figures are rounded to rubles, without the kopeks. Ibid., 51. Papazian, Agrarnye, 226–247; Grigor’ev, Statisticheskoe. See Chapters IV–VI. This was especially true in the case of the Armenian inhabitants of the province. PK/1910, part IV, 8. Nakhichevan owed 73,989 rubles, Alexandropol 60,855 rubles, and Novo-Bayazet 16,182 rubles. The Yerevan District owed 130,565 rubles, Alexandropol 65,348, Surmalu 75,931, Sharur-Daralagez 87,611, and Echmiadzin 50,206; PK/1912, part III, 54–55. Peter Gatrell, The Russian Fiscal State, 1600–1914 (Manchester, 2008), 13.

Concluding Remarks

Contemporary sources agree that by 1914 the Yerevan Guberniia was the only province in the Caucasus, as well as in the entire Russian Empire, with an Armenian majority, albeit slight at 57.5%. Armenians had a solid majority in only three of the province’s seven districts, Echmiadzin, Alexandropol and Novo-Bayazet. Three of the districts, Sharur-Daralagez, Surmalu and Nakhichevan, had large Muslim majorities, while the seventh, the Yerevan District, had a slight Muslim majority. In addition, despite the rise of the population in the city of Alexandropol, barely 10% of the province’s population lived in urban centers. Russian Armenia, which had started as a backwater of the empire, was on the verge of being transformed, however. Although the cities of Yerevan and Alexandropol could not compete with the cultural brilliance of Tiflis or the industrial output of Baku, the territory of the Yerevan Province, after more than three centuries of warfare, had profited from the security provided by the imperial umbrella and had benefitted from the reforms initiated by the viceroys of the Caucasus. The linguistic, manufacturing and commercial skills of the Armenian inhabitants had also enabled them to advance far more than their Muslim counterparts and to dominate in administration, manufacturing and the professions. Meanwhile, the three main ethnic groups in the South Caucasus – that is, the Georgians, Armenians and Tatars (soon to be identified as Azerbaijanis) – were each at a different stage in their national and political identity. Ironically, the Armenians of Russia had begun their national aspirations in areas outside their historic homeland; in Constantinople, Moscow and Tiflis and, to a lesser extent, in Baku, where, although a minority, they formed a significant element of the economy, disproportional to their numbers. When, on November 4, 1914, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire following the latter’s surprise attack on the Black Sea fleet on October 29, no one could have predicted that subsequent events would completely transform the political, social and economic life of the South Caucasus and especially that of the Yerevan Province. Despite their losses on the eastern front, the Russians scored great victories on the Turkish front. By 1917, they had occupied Erzurum, Van, Erzinjan and Trebizond.

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Nonetheless, the Bolshevik Revolution, the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Turkish front, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March, 1918), and the Turkish advances into the Yerevan and Tiflis provinces in May 1918 resulted in the creation of three independent republics in the South Caucasus: Georgia, formed from the former Tiflis and Kutais provinces; Azerbaijan, created from the former Baku and Elisavetpol provinces; and Armenia, made up of some 5,000 square miles, or less than half of the former territory of the Yerevan Province.1 Since many of the Armenian political and literary figures resided in Tiflis, it was in that city and not Yerevan that they formed the Armenian National Council.2 This body had had no choice but to make peace with the Turks and, on May 28, 1918, to announce the formation of an independent Armenian Republic. However, it was only on July 17 that the newly formed Armenian government left Tiflis and arrived in Yerevan. On August 1, the Armenian legislative body met for the first time to govern a land that was sheltering survivors of the Armenian Genocide in Turkey as well as being in the grip of both famine and major cholera and typhus epidemics.3 The provincial hospitals and the former officials did their best to relieve the suffering that endured during the last months of World War I. The Mudros Armistice of October 30, 1918, which took Turkey out of World War I, also meant the withdrawal of the Turkish armies from the Yerevan Province. Throughout the year 1919, Armenia disputed with Georgia over the Armenian-populated districts of Akhalkalak and Lori. There was also a conflict with Azerbaijan over the Armenian-populated districts of Shushi and Zangezur, as well as the districts of Nakhichevan and SharurDaralagez, which had been part of the Yerevan Province but continued to have a minority Armenian population.4 Between January 1919 and August 1920, the Armenians hoped that promises made by the Entente, as well as President Wilson’s plan for an Armenian mandate, would restore a large part of historical Armenia, as drawn up in the Treaty of Sèvres, and would create a viable independent state. No one anticipated that the territory of the former Yerevan Province would form the bulk of the future Armenian state.5 Meanwhile, the Turkish Grand National Assembly, led by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) in Ankara, rejected the Sèvres Treaty and prepared to prevent Turkey from being partitioned. By the summer of 1920, the Anglo-French interests in the Arab Middle East and the refusal of the United States Senate to accept Wilson’s mandate left Armenia at the mercy of both Turkish nationalists and the Bolsheviks. In the end, the republic could not withstand the combined invasions by both the Turkish and Red armies, and on December 2, 1920, it was transformed into the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Turks and the Bolsheviks then proceeded to redraw the borders of the former Yerevan Province and the Armenian Republic. By the treaties of Moscow (March 16, 1921) and Kars (October 13, 1921), the Turks withdrew from their renewed occupation

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of parts of the Alexandropol and Echmiadzin districts and returned them to Armenia. However, the district of Surmalu was ceded to Turkey, and the districts of Nakhichevan and Sharur along with the western part of Daralagez were handed to Soviet Azerbaijan. Although the largely Armenian-populated areas of Akhalkalak [Javakhk] and Shushi6 remained outside the new republic, Soviet Armenia ended up with Armenian-populated districts which had been outside the territory of the former Yerevan Province. The addition of the Zangezur District from the former Elisavetpol Province (1,739 square miles), and districts from the former Tiflis Province [present-day Tavush and Lori regions of Armenia] (1,549 square miles),7 as well as the retention of much of Daralagez (595 square miles) made up for the loss of the Surmalu District (1,402 square miles), the Nakhichevan District (1,773 square miles), all of Sharur (380 square miles) and a small part of Daralagez (95 square miles). In fact, with its 11,505.84 square miles, Soviet Armenia ended up being 233.26 square miles larger than the former Yerevan Province.8 The detachment of the largely Muslim districts of Surmalu, Sharur and Nakhichevan, as well as the transfer of the Armenian population to the remaining districts, painful as it was for the Armenians, assured a solid Armenian majority in the new republic. The Soviet Armenian Republic, with all of these border adjustments, thus became the heir to both the Yerevan Province and the First Armenian Republic. Most scholars who have studied the history of the Caucasus in modern times have ignored the numerous social and economic achievements of the Armenians of the Yerevan Province in the last years of imperial rule. The Armenian Republic did not emerge in a vacuum. After all, it was the local commanders, troops and volunteers who had stopped the Turks in Sardarabad, Karakilisa and Bash-Abaran and had forced them to recognize an Armenian state. Following that, the handful of Armenian leaders from Tiflis had to rely on the local Armenian commanders and troops, doctors, veterinarians, midwives, nurses, teachers, architects, engineers, manufacturers, policemen, judges, bookkeepers, surveyors, gun-makers, skilled craftsmen and farmers mentioned in this study to govern the republic for the next two years. One cannot predict what the future of the Yerevan Province would have been had there been no Russian Revolution. On the one hand, the Yerevan Province had benefitted from the security provided by the empire, and her educated men and women had acquired the necessary administrative skills by working within the Russian administrative apparatus established between the 1870s and 1914. Like other parts of the empire, the Yerevan Province was slowly building a few factories. In the absence of revolution and war, the Yerevan Province may, in time, have been able to shed more of its agrarian character, and the city of Yerevan may have become a major urban center. On the other hand, there is a strong probability that the national awakening of the large Muslim population would have eventually caused problems for the Armenians living in the Surmalu, Sharur-Daralagez and Nakhichevan

Concluding Remarks

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districts. Moreover, the imperial structure would have continued to favor Tiflis and Baku, and the most talented Armenians would likely have remained in or moved to Tiflis, Baku, Batum, Elisavetpol, New Nakhichevan or Moscow, where their educational and entrepreneurial skills would have assured their greater economic success. Furthermore, one cannot speculate on the future of the Armenian Republic had it remained outside the Soviet sphere. The odds that the newly formed republic – with its large Muslim population, surrounded by hostile neighbors, mired by refugees, hunger, epidemics and lacking important natural resources or Western aid – could have developed into a viable state are overwhelming. Following Sovietization, the leaders in Moscow consciously encouraged the policy of nation-building in the three southern republics. This was especially true in Azerbaijan whose Iranian heritage was erased and alphabet altered to create a new national identity. Nation-building efforts were also made in Armenia and Georgia with the making of patriotic films and the use of the Armenian and Georgian languages in education, official publications and the media. The erection of statues of national heroes, the various literary and artistic activities and the changing of place names completed the transformation.9 According to the official Soviet census conducted in 1926, Armenians formed 84.4% of the population of Soviet Armenia and the Azeris (former Tatars) accounted for only 8.8%. The city of Yerevan, which had a population of some 30,000 in 1914, had a population of 64,649 in 1926.10 In 1939, prior to the start of World War II, the population had grown to 204,214. Twenty years later, it had reached 509,340. The 1970 census recorded 767,807 residents. Between 1972 and 1979, the population grew from 817,810 to 1,019,200, and by 1988 it had surpassed 1,200,000 residents. By the end of Soviet rule, Armenia, with a population of 3,304,776, became the second most densely populated republic, after Moldova. The Armenians made up some 94% of the population of the republic.11 Armenia became the only republic in the Soviet Union that had a nearly homogenous population. Thus, by the end of Soviet rule, Armenia had achieved a national cohesion unparalleled in its modern history. In addition, the literacy rate among the Armenians was one of the highest in the Soviet Union; Armenians, together with Jews, earned the most advanced degrees per capita. Many Armenians, just as they had done during the imperial era, continued to live in Tiflis or Baku or emmigrated to other major cities of the Soviet Union. Soviet rule, for the first time, transformed Armenia from a primarily agricultural land into an urban and industrial society. Factories producing chemicals, synthetic rubber, textiles, machinery, processed foods and electronic products appeared all over Armenia.12 Lacking large rivers for hydroelectric plants, the government constructed a nuclear plant, which not only supplied sufficient electricity for Armenia but also enabled it to send energy to the neighboring republics.

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However, as Armenian industrial output increased and even surpassed that of Soviet Georgia and Soviet Azerbaijan, pollution and damage to the environment rose considerably. Mt. Ararat, shrouded behind a brown veil of smog, could rarely be seen from Yerevan, and cancer rates increased. Every major river in Armenia was declared ecologically damaged, and poorly planned irrigation projects resulted in the lowering of Lake Sevan’s water level. Despite its many shortcomings, Soviet Armenia took giant strides during the 70-year communist rule. The architectural structure of modern Yerevan, the Academy of Sciences, the expansion of the institutions of higher education, the famed observatory at Byurakan, the opera, theater and ballet, Armenfilm, the conservatory and the philharmonic, the Matenadaran Archives, the modern airport, the excellent sports stadium, hotels and museums, tourism and contacts with Armenian diaspora were all accomplished under Soviet rule. Soviet Armenian leaders even managed to erect monuments to the Sardarabad victory against the Turks and a monument commemorating the Armenian Genocide. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left Armenia once again alone, without major natural resources, and surrounded by its larger neighbors who, except for Iran, were hostile. The new independent republic, however, had a number of assets that its two predecessors had lacked. A strong national identity, a political leadership in place, a larger cadre of highly educated professionals, a better-trained military and a powerful diaspora enabled the new republic to overcome the difficult early years of independence. Several years later, political and economic realities have, ironically, placed Armenia once again under the protection of Russia, through the 2010 Extended Defense Pact. What the future will hold for Armenia must wait to be seen.

Notes 1 The best source on the 1914–1918 events is Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road. The Turks occupied the western half of the Yerevan, Alexandropol, Echmiadzin and Sharur-Daralagez districts, as well as all of the Surmalu and Nakhichevan districts. A great number of Armenians fled the occupied zone and sought refuge in the unoccupied regions. 2 In fact, one of them, Alexander Khatisian, had been the mayor of Tiflis from 1910 to 1917. With the exception of Avetis Aharonian (who was born in Igdir), the rest were born outside the borders of the Yerevan Province. 3 For a detailed account, see R. G. Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia, I: The First Year, 1918–1919 (Berkeley, 1971). 4 The exact nature of these disputes is outside the scope of this study and has been discussed at length in Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia, vols. I–II (1971, 1982). 5 The bitter disappointment led to a great rift between Soviet Armenia and the Armenian diaspora. 6 The Shushi region became the Armenian Autonomous District of NagornoKarabakh within the Republic of Azerbaijan. Since 1994, it has been known as the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh or Artsakh Independent Republic, with an Armenian population of 150,000 living in over 1,700 square miles of territory.

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7 It is important to note that these areas had an Armenian majority, and Armenian forces periodically occupied them during 1919–1920. 8 See Chapter II. This does not include the Kars Province, which was never part of the Yerevan Guberniia. It had become part of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. It was annexed by the Armenian Republic immediately after World War I and retaken by the Turks in 1920. 9 See A. Saparov, “The Alteration of Place Names and Construction of National Identity in Soviet Armenia,” Cahiers du Monde russe, 44 (1), 2003, 179–198. 10 See Zakavkazskoe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Naselenie Zakavkaz’ia Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia 1926 g. Kratkie itogi [The 1926 General Census of the Population of Soviet Transcaucasus] (Tiflis, 1928), table 6. 11 The official Soviet census of 1989 listed 221,160 non-Armenians from a total population of 3,304,776. The largest three groups were: Azerbaijanis (84,860), Yezidi Kurds (56,127) and Russians (51,555). The Ukrainians, Assyrians, Greeks, Georgians, Byelorussians, Jews and Persians (in that order) formed the other minorities. 12 The only pre-revolutionary product that continued to be sold throughout the Soviet Union was the famed Armenian cognac.

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Part II

Tables

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Table I – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Yerevan District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture Kanaker Commune 1. Kanaker RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 295.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,629.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 223.80 D Kishlaks: 1,765.00 D Total useful land: 3,928.95 D Total households: 295 (294 Armenian and 1 Greek) Total income: RUB 16.313.22

Total land taxes: RUB 3,311.53 Upkeep of officials: RUB 977.37 Total revenue: RUB 4,288.90 Large livestock: 510 Small livestock: 111 Units of water used for irrigation: 5¼ 2. Avan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 249.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 299.00 D Kishlaks: 233.05 D Total land: 819.25 D Total households: 110 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,205.11 Total land taxes: RUB 1,056.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 545.35

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Total revenue: RUB 1,601.95 Large livestock: 316 Small livestock: 237 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 3. Arzni (also known as Assyrian Arzni) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 319.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 454.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.60 D 2 Kishlaks: 688.00 D Total land: 1,480.70 D Total households: 114 (12 Tatar and 102 Assyrian) Total income: RUB 5,732.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,163.66 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 8914.91 Total revenue: RUB 2,016.82 Large livestock: 541 Small livestock: 350 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 4. Arinj Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 55.65 D Irrigated plowed fields: 267.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 106.80 D Kishlaks: 87.50 D Total land: 522.80 D Total households: 120 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,793.35 Total land taxes: RUB 451.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 542.00 Total revenue: RUB 993.62 Large livestock: 510 Small livestock: 63 Units of water used for irrigation: 5

5. Gök-Kilisa [Kaputan] Ownership: Personal3 Inhabited space: 33.21 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,528.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 121.94 D Kishlaks: 667.31 D Total land: 2,351.36 D Total households: 116 (64 Armenian and 52 Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,011.33 Total land taxes: RUB 358.44 Army tax: RUB 22.95 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 319.00 Total revenue: RUB 700.39 Large livestock: 617 Small livestock: 1,660 6. Jivrish or Jervez [Jrvezh] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 60.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 251.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 699.50 D Kishlaks: 1,261.25 D Total land: 2,279.30 D Total households: 108 (101 Armenian and 7 Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,834.50 Total land taxes: RUB 610.54 Army tax: RUB 6.12 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 385.97 Total revenue: RUB 1,002.63 Large livestock: 272 Small livestock: 254 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 7. Yelgovan [Kotayk] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.27 D Irrigated plowed fields: 51.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 294.44 D Kishlaks: 423.00 D Total land: 771.40 D

Table I Total households: 76 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,591.53 Total land taxes: RUB 123.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 310.59 Total revenue: RUB 434.55 Large livestock: 298 Small livestock: 392 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 8. Kaya-Kharaba Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 81.00 D Kishlaks: 209.00 D Total land: 292.00 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 290.80 Total land taxes: RUB 59.02 Army tax: RUB 19.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.72 Total revenue: RUB 115.26 Large livestock: 121 Small livestock: 496 9. Ketran [Getamej] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 90.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 252.00 D Kishlaks: 206.00 D Total land: 553.50 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,967.70 Total land taxes: RUB 153.32 Army tax: RUB 11.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 94.00 Total revenue: RUB 258.54 Large livestock: 185 Small livestock: 197 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 10. Mogub [Balahovit] Ownership: Private

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Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 95.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 31.50 D Kishlaks: 38.00 D Total land: 166.00 D Total households: 18 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,251.10 Total land taxes: RUB 97.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 200.73 Total revenue: RUB 198.24 Large livestock: 116 Small livestock: 7 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 11. Novo-Nikolayevka [Jraber] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 301.50 D Kishlaks: 1,077.00 D Total land: 1,380.50 D Total households: 29 (16 Armenian and 13 Russian) Total income: RUB 1,421.28 Total land taxes: RUB 288.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 103.86 Total revenue: RUB 392.37 Large livestock: 134 Small livestock: 119 12. Nurnus Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 66.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 333.00 D Kishlaks: 407.00 D Total land: 808.00 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,014.18 Total land taxes: RUB 408.87 Army tax: RUB 127.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 137.26 Total revenue: RUB 673.63 Large livestock: 357

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Small livestock: 715 13. Ptghni Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 263.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 140.00 D Kishlaks: 343.00 D Total land: 764.65 D Total households: 59 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,246.60 Total land taxes: RUB 330.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 193.37 Total revenue: RUB 524.27 Large livestock: 301 Small livestock: 180 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 14. Shahab [Mayakovski] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 99.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 631.00 D Kishlaks: 219.00 D Total land: 965.50 D Total households: 90 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,550.80 Total land taxes: RUB 720.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 426.18 Total revenue: RUB 1,146.96 Large livestock: 322 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 15. Elyar [Aknadzor] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 160.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 440.00 D Kishlaks: 120.00 D Total land: 775.00 D

Total households: 85 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,826.40 Total land taxes: RUB 454.04 Upkeep of officials: RUB 234.36 Total revenue: RUB 688.40 Large livestock: 429 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 16. Tazakend4 [Nor-Geghi] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 140.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 364.00 D Kishlaks: 486.00 D Total land: 994.50 D Total households: 92 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,957.70 Total land taxes: RUB 600.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 577.02 Total revenue: RUB 1,177.41 Large livestock: 374 Small livestock: 263 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 17. Üç-Tapa-Shaban Ag˘ıl (a sheepfold) Ownership: Treasury Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Army tax: RUB 22.50 Total revenue: RUB 22.50 Large livestock: 159 Small livestock: 227 Aramus Commune 18. Aramus RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2,000.00 D

Table I Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,662.00 D Kishlaks: 667.00 D Total land: 4,343.75 D Total households: 220 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,638.65 Total land taxes: RUB 1,550.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 557.28 Total revenue: RUB 2,107.88 Large livestock: 735 Small livestock: 360 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 19. Aghadzor [Katnaghbyur] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 56.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 182.50 D Total land: 248.05 D Total households: 40 (38 Armenian and 2 Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,438.40 Total land taxes: RUB 112.09 Army tax: RUB 3.06 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 73.68 Total revenue: RUB 188.83 Large livestock: 145 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 20. Agarak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 476.00 D Kishlaks: 787.00 D Total land: 1,265.00 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,113.58 Total land taxes: RUB 429.05 Army tax: RUB 40.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 21.93 Total revenue: RUB 490.78 Large livestock: 161 Small livestock: 351

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21. Gyamriz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards/vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 46.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 303.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Kishlaks: 472.00 D Total land: 839.00 D Total households: 210 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,660.40 Total land taxes: RUB 337.04 Upkeep of officials: RUB 411.25 Total revenue: RUB 748.29 Large livestock: 630 Small livestock: 5 22. Damagirmaz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 419.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 196.00 D Kishlaks: 564.00 D Total land: 1,185.75 D Total households: 70 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,538.93 Total land taxes: RUB 515.34 Army tax: RUB 94.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 191.14 Total revenue: RUB 800.87 Large livestock: 259 Small livestock: 560 23. Chatkran [Geghashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 70.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,019.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 26.75 D Kishlaks: 563.40 D Total land: 1,694.00 D

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Total households: 215 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,564.88 Total land taxes: RUB 926.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 386.15 Total revenue: RUB 1,312.78 Large livestock: 366 Small livestock: 703 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 24. Zar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 14.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,635.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Kishlaks: 867.00 D Total land: 2,546.10 D Total households: 170 (118 Tatar and 52 Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,270.70 Total land taxes: RUB 410.75 Army tax: RUB 38.25 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 248.00 Total revenue: RUB 697.00 Large livestock: 546 Small livestock: 1,495 25. Küzajik Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 257.00 D Kishlaks: 85.00 D Total land: 354.00 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 937.50 Total land taxes: RUB 73.04 Army tax: RUB 5.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 16.38 Total revenue: RUB 95.03 Large livestock: 58 Small livestock: 136

26. Küllüja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 858.00 D Kishlaks: 342.00 D Total land: 1,212.00 D Total households: 85 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,678.40 Total land taxes: RUB 543.70 Army tax: RUB 153.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 179.63 Total revenue: RUB 876.33 Large livestock: 309 Small livestock: 601 27. Kyamal Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 456.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Kishlaks: 706.00 D Total land: 1,275.00 D Total households: 100 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,169.20 Total land taxes: RUB 168.99 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.44 Total revenue: RUB 366.50 Large livestock: 433 Small livestock: 281 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¾ 28. Mangüs Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 719.00 D Kishlaks: 102.00 D Total land: 826.10 D Total households: 90 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,044.79 Total land taxes: RUB 618.07 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 84.60

Table I Total revenue: RUB 763.87 Large livestock: 221 Small livestock: 253 29. Voghjaberd Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.10 D Orchards: 0.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 253.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.00 D Kishlaks: 159.00 D Total land: 423.20 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,025.10 Total land taxes: RUB 79.87 Army tax: RUB 10.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 40.50 Total revenue: RUB 130.57 Large livestock: 120 Small livestock: 127 30. Tejirabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 80.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 607.40 D Kishlaks: 187.00 D Total land: 893.70 D Total households: 116 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,401.70 Total land taxes: RUB 690.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 344.45 Total revenue: RUB 1,034.96 Large livestock: 436 Small livestock: 312 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 31. Tutiya [Tutjur] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 709.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.10 D Kishlaks: 125.00 D

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Total land: 857.10 D Total households: 115 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,073.35 Total land taxes: RUB 623.88 Army tax: RUB 132.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 182.00 Total revenue: RUB 938.48 Large livestock: 306 Small livestock: 273 Units of water used for irrigation: ¼ 32. Bashkend [Akunk] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 87.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 700.00 D Kishlaks: 368.35 D Total land: 1,183.00 D Total households: 140 (139 Armenian and 1 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,716.67 Total land taxes: RUB 754.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 344.16 Total revenue: RUB 1,098.62 Large livestock: 526 Small livestock: 1,421 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 Bash-Garni Commune 33. Bash-Garni RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.00 D Orchards: 9.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 130.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 918.50 D Kishlaks: 1,410.15 D Total useful land: 2,490.00 D Total households: 250 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,257.18 Total land taxes: RUB 1,067.14

110

Part II

Upkeep of officials: RUB 690.20 Total revenue: RUB 1,757.34 Large livestock: 1,121 Small livestock: 1,580 34. Alikrıkh [Astghadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 378.50 D Kishlaks: 361.25 D Total land: 744.75 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,675.97 Total land taxes: RUB 340.21 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.95 Total revenue: RUB 416.87 Large livestock: 181 Small livestock: 317 35. Alimardan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 112.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 110.00 D Kishlaks: 368.00 D Total land: 592.50 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,459.57 Total land taxes: RUB 296.28 Army tax: RUB 12.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 25.45 Total revenue: RUB 333.97 Large livestock: 108 Small livestock: 295 36. Hand Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 221.00 D Kishlaks: 431.00 D Total land: 651.50 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 993.79

Total land taxes: RUB 201.63 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 47.45 Total revenue: RUB 272.13 Large livestock: 154 Small livestock: 334 37. Artiz [Geghard] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 51.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 407.00 D Kishlaks: 646.00 D Total land: 1,106.00 D Total households: 70 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,232.14 Total land taxes: RUB 453.16 Army tax: RUB 48.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 97.70 Total revenue: RUB 599.82 Large livestock: 245 Small livestock: 380 38. Bayburd Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 21.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 303.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.30 D Kishlaks: 369.50 D Total land: 730.30 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,768.60 Total land taxes: RUB 359.01 Army tax: RUB 58.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 92.50 Total revenue: RUB 510.16 Large livestock: 172 Small livestock: 605 Units of water used for irrigation: 5⅖ 39. Büyük Gilanar [Mets Gilanar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D

Table I Irrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 180.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.25 D Kishlaks: 729.00 D Total land: 931.00 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,531.55 Total land taxes: RUB 310.89 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 77.50 Total revenue: RUB 418.99 Large livestock: 120 Small livestock: 153 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅔ 40. Boz-Kösa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 316.50 D Kishlaks: 210.00 D Total: 529.00 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,363.95 Total land taxes: RUB 276.88 Army tax: RUB 24.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 49.20 Total revenue: RUB 350.56 Large livestock: 84 Small livestock: 92 41. Armenian Upper Goght Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 172.00 D Kishlaks: 266.00 D Total land: 453.00 D Total households: 45 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 722.20 Total land taxes: RUB 74.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 75.45 Total revenue: RUB 149.63 Large livestock: 256 Small livestock: 350

111

42. Tatar Lower Goght Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 18.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 90.00 D Kishlaks: 112.00 D Total land: 223.25 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 600.40 Total land taxes: RUB 121.87 Army tax: RUB 17.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 23.45 Total revenue: RUB 163.17 Large livestock: 113 Small livestock: 121 43. Ellija Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 262.00 D Kishlaks: 571.00 D Total land: 850.00 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,377.04 Total land taxes: RUB 279.52 Army tax: RUB 35.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 75.53 Total revenue: RUB 390.24 Large livestock: 219 Small livestock: 491 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅙ 44. Imirzik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.25.00 D Orchards: 2.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 60.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 278.50 D Kishlaks: 285.00 D Total land: 628.50 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,795.32 Total land taxes: RUB 364.43

112

Part II

Army tax: RUB 33.66 Upkeep of officials: RUB 80.37 Total revenue: RUB 478.46 Large livestock: 344 Small livestock: 490 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅙ 45. Kaladibi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 13.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 254.50 D Kishlaks: 581.00 D Total: 854.75 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,272.56 Total land taxes: RUB 258.33 Army tax: RUB 33.66 Upkeep of officials: RUB 80.36 Total revenue: RUB 372.35 Large livestock: 215 Small livestock: 323 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅓ 46. Kash-Avdalar [Hatsavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 195.75 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.00 D Kishlaks: 428.50 D Total land: 654.25 D Total households: 115 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,047.69 Total land taxes: RUB 212.68 Army tax: RUB 16.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 33.45 Total revenue: RUB 262.96 Large livestock: 164 Small livestock: 278 47. Assyrian Göl Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D

Unirrigated plowed fields: 878.75 D Kishlaks: 473.00 D Total land: 1,366.75 D Total households: 73 (45 Tatar and 28 Assyrian) Total income: RUB 3,821.37 Total land taxes: RUB 775.72 Army tax: RUB 65.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 220.20 Total revenue: RUB 1,061.61 Large livestock: 698 Small livestock: 1,018 48. Kiarpichlu [Geghadir] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 315.25 D Kishlaks: 484.75 D Total land: 804.23 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,436.92 Total land taxes: RUB 291.68 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 68.45 Total revenue: RUB 389.20 Large livestock: 169 Small livestock: 484 49. Kichik-Gilanar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 314.50 D Kishlaks: 447.00 D Total land: 778.50 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,469.58 Total land taxes: RUB 298.31 Army tax: RUB 26.01 Upkeep of officials: RUB 78.38 Total revenue: RUB 402.70 Large livestock: 187 Small livestock: 378 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅔

Table I

113

50. Kötuz [Ortadzor]

53. Khosrov

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 299.00 D Kishlaks: 789.00 D Total land: 1,089.50 D Total households: 34 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,369.41 Total land taxes: RUB 277.97 Army tax: RUB 11.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 72.80 Total revenue: RUB 361.99 Large livestock: 249 Small livestock: 930

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 158.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Kishlaks: 1,044.00 D Total land: 1,221.50 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 934.71 Total land taxes: RUB 189.73 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 70.97 Total revenue: RUB 289.77 Large livestock: 251 Small livestock: 371

51. Kurbagalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 476.00 D Kishlaks: 746.00 D Total land: 1,225.75 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,588.45 Total land taxes: RUB 322.45 Army tax: RUB 45.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 60.45 Total revenue: RUB 428.80 Large livestock: 242 Small livestock: 750 52. Changli [Changel] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 208.00 D Kishlaks: 538.00 D Total land: 751.50 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,100.29 Total land taxes: RUB 223.36 Army tax: RUB 7.14 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.95 Total revenue: RUB 270.45 Large livestock: 80 Small livestock: 217

54. Yeranos Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 307.00 D Kishlaks: 481.50 D Total land: 790.00 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,359.96 Total land taxes: RUB 276.07 Army tax: RUB 32.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 77.00 Total revenue: RUB 385.20 Large livestock: 195 Small livestock: 276 55. Tarakyamalar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 49.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.50 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 455.00 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 435.60 Total land taxes: RUB 88.42 Army tax: RUB 9.18

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Part II

Upkeep of officials: RUB 16.50 Total revenue: RUB 114.10 Large livestock: 31 Small livestock: 62 56. Kerpi-(Körpü) Kulakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 286.00 D Kishlaks: 339.50 D Total land: 641.25 D Total households: 50 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,357.70 Total land taxes: RUB 275.61 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 90.19 Total revenue: RUB 405.58 Large livestock: 291 Small livestock: 489

The inhabitants of six other villages (numbers 57–62) had joined other communes. Five belonged to the treasury: Nirlu paid 49.05.GarunBuran 22 rubles in dues; Bitlija, Shor-Bulagh and Tez-Kharab paid nothing. The ownership of the village of Avdallar was private, and it also paid nothing.

Second Police Prefecture Imanshalu Commune 63. Sarajalar (Upper) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 11.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 54.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 129.00 D Kishlaks: 31.75 D Total land: 229.50 D

Total households: 64 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,608.85 Total land taxes: RUB 203.28 Army tax: RUB 107.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 257.00 Total revenue: RUB 567.38 Large livestock: 502 Small livestock: 160 64. Ilkhi-Korugi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 107.00 D Kishlaks: 114.00 D Total land: 229.25 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 582.55 Total land taxes: RUB 118.27 Army tax: RUB 76.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 123.75 Total revenue: RUB 318.52 Large livestock: 1,724 Small livestock: 2,850 65. Jabachalu [Jrahovit] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.75 D Orchards: 24.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 137.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 12.70 D Kishlaks: 37.00 D Total land: 211.95 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,968.15 Total land taxes: RUB 387.19 Army tax: RUB 79.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 311.99 Total revenue: RUB 778.74 Large livestock: 141 Small livestock: 150 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 66. Karadaghlu [Mrgavet] Ownership: Private

Table I Inhabited space: 0.875.00 D Orchards: 4.59 D Irrigated plowed fields: 44.72 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.12 D Kishlaks: 13.62 D Total land: 64.92 D Total households: 62 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,404.34 Total land taxes: RUB 109.40 Army tax: RUB 68.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 462.95 Total revenue: RUB 641.20 Large livestock: 388 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 67. Abilkend [Noramarg]5 Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.25.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 74.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 72.00 D Kishlaks: 28.00 D Total land: 177.50 D Total households: 34 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,705.10 Total land taxes: RUB 346.12 Army tax: RUB 52.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.88 Total revenue: RUB 567.20 Large livestock: 219 Small livestock: 251 68. Alpava (Nshavan) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.60 D Orchards: 3.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.75 D Kishlaks: 17.00 D Total land: 71.50 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,447.95 Total land taxes: RUB 112.89 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 152.99

115

Total revenue: RUB 305.66 Large livestock: 108 Small livestock: 36 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 69. Bughamlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards: 18.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 148.00 D Kishlaks: 91.00 D Total land: 261.75 D Total households: 73 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,855.29 Total land taxes: RUB 600.10 Army tax: RUB 186.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 171.68 Total revenue: RUB 957.93 Large livestock: 225 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 70. Kharatlu [Arevabyur] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.55 D Orchards: 1.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 32.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.45 D Kishlaks: 35.30 D Total land: 71.50 D Total households: 62 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 937.46 Total land taxes: RUB 73.05 Army tax: RUB 82.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 319.22 Total revenue: RUB 474.89 Large livestock: 172 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 71. Rehanlu [Aygavan] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 45.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 19.00 D Kishlaks: 238.30 D Total land: 306.75 D

116

Part II

Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,298.85 Total land taxes: RUB 95.32 Army tax: RUB 85.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 180.80 Total revenue: RUB 361.80 Large livestock: 229 72. Karatapa [Mrgashat] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 29.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.60 D Kishlaks: 20.10 D Total land: 65.00 D Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 808.12 Total land taxes: RUB 62.99 Army tax: RUB 9.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 34.47 Total revenue: RUB 106.64 Large livestock: 25 73. Seyidkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 99.30 D Irrigated fodder fields: 120.30 D Kishlaks: 91.60 D Total land: 319.50 D Total households: 79 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,495.12 Total land taxes: RUB 506.48 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 203.42 Total revenue: RUB 802.70 Large livestock: 489 Small livestock: 300 74. Imanshalu [Mkhchyan] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.10 D

Orchards: 52.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 264.70 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 32.90 D Kishlaks: 203.40 D Total land: 576.50 D Total households: 193 (192 Armenian and 1 Tatar) Total income: RUB 14,901.48 Total land taxes: RUB 3,025.08 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,216.41 Total revenue: RUB 4,848.14 Large livestock: 520 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 75. Mahmedabad Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 19.00 D Total land: 53.00 D Total households: 8 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 353.80 Army tax: RUB 12.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 28.60 Total revenue: RUB 40.84 Large livestock: 178 Small livestock: 100 76. Aghamazalu [Marmarashen] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.50 D Orchards: 38.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 312.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 45.94 D Kishlaks: 437.00 D Total land: 838.78 D Total households: 145 (78 Armenian and 67 Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,784.05 Total land taxes: RUB 1,002.74

Table I Army tax: RUB 163.20 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,029.58 Total revenue: RUB 2,195.52 Large livestock: 376 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 77. Upper Sarvanlar [Sis] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 50.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 511.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 504.10 D Kishlaks: 403.50 D Total land: 1,473.30 D Total households: 232 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 15,732.36 Total land taxes: RUB 3,193.55 Army tax: RUB 237.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,032.93 Total revenue: RUB 4,463.63 Large livestock: 625 78. Hasanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.30 D Orchards: 0.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 84.50 D Kishlaks: 182.10 D Total land: 275.10 D Total households: 49 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,083.32 Total land taxes: RUB 219.90 Army tax: RUB 4.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.00 Total revenue: RUB 288.98 Large livestock: 28 Shirabad Commune 79. Shirabad RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.50 D

117

Orchards: 73.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 242.80 D Kishlaks: 675.25 D Total land: 1,003.75 D Total households: 121 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 15,206.55 Total land taxes: RUB 3,086.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,598.88 Total revenue: RUB 4,685.70 Large livestock: 394 Units of water used for irrigation: 23 80. Ja`farabad Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.25 D Orchards: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 94.00 D Kishlaks: 110.00 D Total useful land: 216.40 D Total households: 38 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,429.35 Total land taxes: RUB 663.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 610.53 Total revenue: RUB 1,509.66 Large livestock: 128 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 81. Varmazyar [Arevshat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards: 18.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 87.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 24.00 D Yaylaks: 16.00 D Total land: 147.00 D Total households: 57 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,869.20 Total land taxes: RUB 988.41 Upkeep of officials: RUB 679.52 Total revenue: RUB 1,667.93 Large livestock: 342

118

Part II

Units of water used for irrigation: 6 82. Arbat Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.25 D Orchards: 1.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 233.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 67.30 D Total land: 306.65 D Total households: 112 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,806.25 Total land taxes: RUB 764.29 Army tax: RUB 134.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 622.01 Total revenue: RUB 1,520.94 Large livestock: 387 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 83. Gök-Kümbet Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 21.60 D Kishlaks: 7.50 D Total land: 33.25 D Total households: 26 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,037.75 Total land taxes: RUB 210.66 Army tax: RUB 68.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 353.57 Total revenue: RUB 633.08 Large livestock: 240 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 84. Khachaparakh [Jahmet] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 263.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.95 D Kishlaks: 15.00 D Total land: 282.50 D Total households: 133 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,564.25 Total land taxes: RUB 823.43 Army tax: RUB 179.01

Upkeep of officials: RUB 453.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,455.94 Large livestock: 216 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 85. Shorlu-Demurchi Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.99 D Orchards: 0.62 D Irrigated plowed fields: 272.34 D Kishlaks: 92.78 D Total land: 371.73 D Total households: 243 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,002.42 Total land taxes: RUB 857.46 Army tax: RUB 229.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 717.80 Total revenue: RUB 1,804.76 Large livestock: 169 Units of water used for irrigation: 9 86. Kara-Kishlak Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 209.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.75 D Total land: 224.50 D Total households: 110 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,414.65 Total land taxes: RUB 655.78 Army tax: RUB 142.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 456.87 Total revenue: RUB 1,254.94 Large livestock: 176 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 87. Donguzyan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards: 1.65 D Irrigated plowed fields: 349.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 43.75 D Kishlaks: 26.75 D Total land: 424.25 D Total households: 207 (All Tatar)

Table I Total income: RUB 14,331.10 Total land taxes: RUB 1,116.91 Army tax: RUB 206.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 544.43 Total revenue: RUB 1,967.89 Large livestock: 93 Units of water used for irrigation: 9 88. Upper Nejilu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 82.00 D Kishlaks: 90.00 D Total land: 383.00 D Total households: 141 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,863.00 Total land taxes: RUB 690.81 Army tax: RUB 151.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 492.32 Total revenue: RUB 1,334.76 Large livestock: 77 Units of water used for irrigation: 15¾ (shared with Lower Nejilu, no. 89) 89. Lower Nejilu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 9.00 D Orchards: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 367.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 190.00 D Kishlaks: 90.00 D Total land: 669.00 D Total households: 207 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,565.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,290.93 Army tax: RUB 253.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 642.32 Total revenue: RUB 2,187.70 Large livestock: 333 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Upper Nejilu, no. 88)

119

90. Shorlu-Mehmandar Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 382.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 165.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 33.00 D Kishlaks: 198.25 D Total land: 643.85 D Total households: 337 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 15,603.55 Total land taxes: RUB 2,517.38 Army tax: RUB 263.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 603.39 Total revenue: RUB 3,384.93 Large livestock: 413 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 (shared with Iskandarabad, no. 91, and Rahimabad, no. 92) 91. Iskandarabad Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.10 D Orchards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 31.20 D Irrigated fodder fields: 46.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 23.40 D Kishlaks: 58.00 D Total land: 162.80 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,237.90 Total land taxes: RUB 179.63 Army tax: RUB 4.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 44.73 Total revenue: RUB 228.43 Large livestock: 96 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Shorlu-Mehmandar, no. 90) 92. Rahimabad Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 39.92 D Irrigated fodder fields: 29.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.60 D

120

Part II

Kishlaks: 67.00 D Total land: 153.38 D Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,238.70 Total land taxes: RUB 199.82 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 73.99 Total revenue: RUB 281.46 Large livestock: 172 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Shorlu-Mehmandar, no. 90) 93. Kharaba-Sarvanlar [Nor Koghb] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards: 3.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 27.20 D Total land: 54.65 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,236.50 Total land taxes: RUB 96.37 Army tax: RUB 15.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 41.69 Total revenue: RUB 153.36 Large livestock: 55 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 Noragavit Commune 94. Noragavit RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.75 D Orchards: 35.81 D Irrigated plowed fields: 476.20 D Kishlaks: 275.70 D Total land: 792.95 D Total households: 107 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 21,598.05 Total land taxes: RUB 4,384.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,101.06

Total revenue: RUB 6,485.28 Large livestock: 334 Small livestock: 20 Units of water used for irrigation: 12⅗ 95. Shengavit (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.20 D Orchards: 24.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 163.80 D Kishlaks: 142.10 D Total land: 343.26 D Total households: 37 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,309.22 Total land taxes: RUB 1,686.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 704.94 Total revenue: RUB 2,391.63 Large livestock: 177 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 96. Shengavit (Upper) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards: 30.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 85.60 D Kishlaks: 21.00 D Total land: 139.35 D Total households: 36 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,579.70 Total land taxes: RUB 434.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 427.61 Total revenue: RUB 862.45 Large livestock: 60 Units of water used for i rrigation: 4½ 97. Charbakh (Cheharbagh) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards: 10.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 202.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 59.00 D

Table I Kishlaks: 201.00 D Total land: 482.25 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,252.70 Total land taxes: RUB 721.02 Army tax: RUB 130.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 492.49 Total revenue: RUB 1,343.56 Large livestock: 123 Small livestock: 4 Units of water used for irrigation: 11 98. Tazakend6 [Tavshut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards: 71.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 766.71 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 634.00 D Total land: 1,506.21 D Total households: 195 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 36,271.20 Total land taxes: RUB 7,362.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,354.13 Total revenue: RUB 8,716.88 Large livestock: 426 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: 14¾ 99. Kyalaley Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 112.00 D Kishlaks: 34.00 D Total land: 152.85 D Total households: 62 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,730.60 Total land taxes: RUB 961.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 405.58 Total revenue: RUB 1,365.86 Large livestock: 128

121

Small livestock: 11 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 100. Aghcha-Kishlak Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.40 D Orchards: 6.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 98.75 D Kishlaks: 43.00 D Total land: 150.45 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,406.80 Total land taxes: RUB 343.43 Army tax: RUB 66.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 308.09 Total revenue: RUB 717.82 Large livestock: 193 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 101. Haji Elyas Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.40 D Orchards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 400.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Kishlaks: 63.00 D Total land: 515.10 D Total households: 162 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,972.80 Total land taxes: RUB 3,445.35 Army tax: RUB 372.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,035.49 Total revenue: RUB 4,853.14 Large livestock: 376 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 102. Ulukhanlu [Masis] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 31.00 D Orchards: 0.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 819.70 D Irrigated fodder fields: 173.60 D Kishlaks: 396.00 D Total land: 1,421.50 D Total households: 499 (All Tatar)

122

Part II

Total income: RUB 33,912.20 Total land taxes: RUB 6,883.90 Army tax: RUB 1,193.53 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,813 Total revenue: RUB 10,890.43 Large livestock: 956 Units of water used for irrigation: 18½ 103. Engija Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.25 D Orchards: 0.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.50 D Kishlaks: 5.50 D Total land: 23.00 D Total households: 7 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 279.35 Total land taxes: RUB 56.70 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 82.16 Total revenue: RUB 161.81 Large livestock: 15 Small livestock: 3 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 104. Mukhtarabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 52.00 D Kishlaks: 44.00 D Total land: 104.00 D Total households: 7 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 376.80 Total land taxes: RUB 76.48 Army tax: RUB 15.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 18.91 Total revenue: RUB 110.63 Large livestock: 73 Small livestock: 42 105. Kulijan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D

Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Kishlaks: 10.00 D Total land: 54.00 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 314.00 Total land taxes: RUB 63.74 Army tax: RUB 17.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 45.22 Total revenue: RUB 126.74 Large livestock: 80 Small livestock: 1 106. New Engija (abandoned)

Third Police Prefecture Köylasar Commune 107. Kara-Hamzalu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.75 D Orchards: 63.55 D Irrigated plowed fields: 144.60 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.60 D Kishlaks: 65.35 D Total land: 279.75 D Total households: 160 (100 Armenian and 60 Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,354.82 Total land taxes: RUB 807.00 Army tax: RUB 61.20 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,314.64 Total revenue: RUB 2,182.84 Large livestock: 158 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 108. Tamamlu [Burastan] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.05 D Orchards: 39.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 143.65 D Kishlaks: 91.85 D Total land: 280.25 D

Table I Total households: 82 (80 Armenian and 2 Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,652.52 Total land taxes: RUB 906.04 Army tax: RUB 4.59 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 522.10 Total revenue: RUB 1,432.73 Large livestock: 160 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 109. Chikdamlu [Azatavan] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards: 135.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 165.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.54 D Kishlaks: 52.55 D Total land: 365.89 D Total households: 243 (218 Armenian and 25 Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,380.21 Total land taxes: RUB 1,277.91 Army tax: RUB 45.90 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,722.23 Total revenue: RUB 3,064.40 Large livestock: 385 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 110. Köylasar (Lower) Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.34 D Orchards: 72.03 D Irrigated plowed fields: 180.53 D Kishlaks: 69.25 D Total land: 326.15 D Total households: 133 (102 Assyrian and 31 Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,290.17 Total land taxes: RUB 1,514.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,074.97

123

Total revenue: RUB 2,589.80 Large livestock: 314 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 111. Ipaklu [Darakert] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards: 1.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 74.00 D Kishlaks: 50.00 D Total land: 129.50 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,006.50 Total land taxes: RUB 179.59 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 280.48 Total revenue: RUB 521.27 Large livestock: 47 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 112. Köylasar (Upper) [Dimitrov] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards: 18.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 71.10 D Kishlaks: 10.30 D Total land: 107.70 D Total households: 35 (33 Armenian and 2 Assyrian) Total income: RUB 3,086.56 Total land taxes: RUB 433.48 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 373.88 Total revenue: RUB 815.1 kopek Large livestock: 103 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 113. Sabunchi Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 16.30 D Orchards: 8.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 520.30 D Irrigated fodder fields: 180.70 D Kishlaks: 292.00 D Total land: 913.40 D

124

Part II

Total households: 204 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 14,629.70 Total land taxes: RUB 1,819.76 Army tax: RUB 93.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,472.63 Total revenue: RUB 3,386.22 Large livestock: 679 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 114. Chinakhanlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards: 44.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 111.45 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 114.75 D Kishlaks: 64.55 D Total land: 341.00 D Total households: 107 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,439.66 Total land taxes: RUB 501.85 Army tax: RUB 156.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 671.95 Total revenue: RUB 1,329.86 Large livestock: 329 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 115. Yamanjalu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 71.85 D Kishlaks: 31.25 D Total land: 113.00 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,216.50 Total land taxes: RUB 172.83 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 427.52 Total revenue: RUB 661.55 Large livestock: 109 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 116. Kara-koyunlu Ownership: Treasury

Inhabited space: 3.40 D Orchards: 12.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 130.00 D Kishlaks: 27.76 D Total land: 178.60 D Total households: 67 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,239.75 Total land taxes: RUB 860.64 Army tax: RUB 153.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 611.96 Total revenue: RUB 1,625.60 Large livestock: 207 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 117. Bashnalu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.50 D Orchards: 112.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 128.20 D Kishlaks: 39.95 D Total land: 287.75 D Total households: 142 (132 Armenian and 10 Tatar) Total income: RUB 13,193.49 Total land taxes: RUB 1,028.33 Army tax: RUB 15.30 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 896.44 Total revenue: RUB 1,940.70 Large livestock: 210 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 118. Tokhanshalu [Masis] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards: 43.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 125.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 56.00 D Kishlaks: 88.00 D Total land: 319.50 D Total households: 110 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,566.10 Total land taxes: RUB 667.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,220.80

Table I

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Total revenue: RUB 1,888.56 Large livestock: 269 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½

121. Oghurbeglu

Oghurbeglu Commune

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards: 112.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 116.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.30 D Kishlaks: 7.00 D Total land: 241.65 D Total households: 104 (88 Armenian and 16 Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,611.90 Total land taxes: RUB 1,316.16 Army tax: RUB 27.54 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 768.72 Total revenue: RUB 2,112.42 Large livestock: 152 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

119. Nowruzlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 14.20 D Orchards: 232.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 346.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 128.90 D Kishlaks: 11.00 D Total land: 746.15 D Total households: 245 (229 Armenian and 16 Tatar) Total income: RUB 31,525.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,039.93 Army tax: RUB 26.01 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,777.83 Total revenue: RUB 4,843.77 Large livestock: 693 Units of water used for irrigation: 5½ 120. Büyük Dalular Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.20 D Orchards: 133.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 94.90 D Total land: 235.30 D Total households: 118 (98 Armenian and 20 Tatar) Total income: RUB 13,175.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,103.39 Army tax: RUB 19.89 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,032.34 Total revenue: RUB 2,155.62 Large livestock: 166 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

122. Gödaklu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.15 D Orchards: 180.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 48.95 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.80 D Kishlaks: 16.75 D Total land: 251.30 D Total households: 97 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,667.35 Total land taxes: RUB 1,195.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 875.92 Total revenue: RUB 2,071.50 Large livestock: 195 Small livestock: 36 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 123. Dokhkuz Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.50 D Orchards: 58.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 109.75 D

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Part II

Kishlaks: 1.25 D Total land: 188.75 D Total households: 91 (59 Armenian and 32 Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,241.25 Total land taxes: RUB 1,634.90 Army tax: RUB 63.75 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 632.55 Total revenue: RUB 2,331.20 Large livestock: 122 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 124. Kafarlu (Qafarlu) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 51.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 114.00 D Kishlaks: 13.00 D Total land: 181.30 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,748.60 Total land taxes: RUB 136.24 Army tax: RUB 131.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 523.40 Total revenue: RUB 791.40 Large livestock: 164 125. [Old] Nowruzlu (abandoned) Assyrian Dvin Commune 126. Zohrablu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.60 D Orchards: 36.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 95.25 D Kishlaks: 33.00 D Total land: 171.60 D Total households: 46 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,638.90 Total land taxes: RUB 793.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 307.71 Total revenue: RUB 1,095.30 Large livestock: 155

Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 127. Mehrablu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.75 D Orchards: 17.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 49.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.40 D Kishlaks: 22.80 D Total land: 85.95 D Total households: 22 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,975.21 Total land taxes: RUB 231.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 343.20 Total revenue: RUB 575.80 Large livestock: 71 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 128. Kırk-Bzovand Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 51.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 68.55 D Irrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Kishlaks: 52.15 D Total land: 188.00 D Total households: 55 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,497.68 Total land taxes: RUB 712.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 321.28 Total revenue: RUB 1,033.83 Large livestock: 95 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 129. Aghja-Kishlak [Getamez] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 112.50 D Total land: 142.30 D Total households: 49 (All Armenian)

Table I Total income: RUB 2,776.80 Total land taxes: RUB 563.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 268.12 Total revenue: RUB 831.79 Large livestock: 164 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 130. Agbash (Upper) [Arevshat] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.85 D Irrigated plowed fields: 105.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.90 D Kishlaks: 513.55 D Total land: 635.30 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,102.21 Total land taxes: RUB 163.83 Army tax: RUB 32.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.91 Total revenue: RUB 382.82 Large livestock: 153 Small livestock: 439 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 131. Aghbash (Lower) [Arevshat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.80 D Orchards and vineyards: 46.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 320.80 D Kishlaks: 416.60 D Total land: 810.35 D Total households: 128 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 17,181.22 Total land taxes: RUB 3,487.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 772.97 Total revenue: RUB 4,260.62 Large livestock: 275 Small livestock: 14 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 132. Toprakh-Kala Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.50 D

127

Orchards and vineyards: 38.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 95.70 D Kishlaks: 11.20 D Total land: 149.60 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,572.74 Total land taxes: RUB 512.16 Army tax: RUB 74.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 317.62 Total revenue: RUB 904.75 Large livestock: 191 Small livestock: 46 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 133. Chatmadash (Chatma-dagh) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 113.40 D Kishlaks: 1,677.75 D Total land: 1,795.95 D Total households: 8 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 753.15 Total land taxes: RUB 152.88 Army tax: RUB 9.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 60.32 Total revenue: RUB 222.38 Large livestock: 157 Small livestock: 230 134. Kharaba-Ketanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 220.50 D Kishlaks: 798.15 D Total land: 1,021.50 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 838.53 Total land taxes: RUB 169.91 Army tax: RUB 21.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 112.08 Total revenue: RUB 303.71 Large livestock: 111 Small livestock: 142

128

Part II

135. Yappa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 144.30 D Kishlaks: 396.25 D Total land: 541.80 D Total households: 7 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 408.04 Total land taxes: RUB 82.82 Army tax: RUB 3.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.46 Total revenue: RUB 125.85 Large livestock: 25 Small livestock: 15 136. Seid-Ketanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 295.75 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.30 D Kishlaks: 420.00 D Total land: 703.80 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,131.75 Total land taxes: RUB 229.73 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 92.06 Total revenue: RUB 352.39 Large livestock: 174 Small livestock: 149 137. Shugaib Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 3.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 272.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Kishlaks: 726.00 D Total land: 1,008.60 D Total households: 15 (All Tatar)

Total income: RUB 1,048.90 Total land taxes: RUB 212.92 Army tax: RUB 6.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 66.56 Total revenue: RUB 286.11 Large livestock: 195 Small livestock: 122 138. Shirran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 135.80 D Total land: 141.75 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 475.90 Total land taxes: RUB 96.91 Army tax: RUB 26.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 59.86 Total revenue: RUB 182.81 Large livestock: 126 Small livestock: 90 139. Molla-Ahmad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 138.90 D Kishlaks: 436.00 D Total land: 578.00 D Total households: 6 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 541.90 Total land taxes: RUB 110.00 Army tax: RUB 9.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 26.10 Total revenue: RUB 145.28 Large livestock: 55 Small livestock: 70 140. Mehrab Tapabash Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 33.35 D

Table I Kishlaks: 23.00 D Total land: 76.90 D Total households: 37 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,696.85 Total land taxes: RUB 210.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 202.63 Total revenue: RUB 412.74 Large livestock: 93 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 141. Dvin Kürdkend Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.86 D Orchards and vineyards: 90.32 D Irrigated plowed fields: 222.80 D Kishlaks: 0.40 D Total land: 317.43 D Total households: 102 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 15,295.56 Total land taxes: RUB 1,578.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 639.84 Total revenue: RUB 2,218.00 Large livestock: 230 Small livestock: 33 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 142. Armenian Dvin RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 104.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 226.50 D Kishlaks: 260.50 D Total land: 498.00 D Total households: 147 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 26,610.60 Total land taxes: RUB 3,488.94 Upkeep of officials: RUB 949.31 Total revenue: RUB 1,511.25 Large livestock: 136

129

Small livestock: 2 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 143. Assyrian Dvin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.60 D Orchards and vineyards: 74.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 160.02 D Kishlaks: 13.00 D Total land: 250.00 D Total households: 121 (All Assyrian) Total income: RUB 11,616.29 Total land taxes: RUB 2,357.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 659.94 Total revenue: RUB 3,017.93 Large livestock: 249 Small livestock: 141 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 144. Ardashar (Artashat) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 137.70 D Kishlaks: 52.00 D Total land: 548.30 D Total households: 234 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 23,348.62 Total land taxes: RUB 4,739.58 Army tax: RUB 20.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,289.13 Total revenue: RUB 6,038.91 Large livestock: 261 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 145. Jannatlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 69.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 190.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 4.70 D

130

Part II

Kishlaks: 917.00 D Total land: 1,190.85 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,062.65 Total land taxes: RUB 418.70 Army tax: RUB 76.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 221.79 Total revenue: RUB 716.99 Large livestock: 155 Small livestock: 169 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 146. Mehrab Kürdkend [Norashen] Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 94.70 D Kishlaks: 0.80 D Total land: 143.00 D Total households: 48 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,021.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 325.90 Total revenue: RUB 325.90 Large livestock: 74 Small livestock: 48 147. Masumlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 234.70 D Kishlaks: 2.25 D Total land: 264.45 D Total households: 61 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,392.70 Total land taxes: RUB 633.09 Army tax: RUB 102.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 306.51 Total revenue: RUB 1,042.11 Large livestock: 254 Small livestock: 309 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½

148. Shuturkend Ownership: Treasury Total households: 52 (All Kurdish) Upkeep of officials: RUB 95.70 Total revenue: RUB 95.70 Large livestock: 98 149. Kahriz (Abandoned) Qamarlu Commune 150. Qamarlu (Upper) RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 8.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 133.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 72.20 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.05 D Kishlaks: 30.40 D Total land: 251.25 D Total households: 159 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,422.47 Total land taxes: RUB 1,395.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,393.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,788.25 Large livestock: 241 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 151. Qamarlu (Lower) Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.97 D Orchards and vineyards: 77.52 D Irrigated plowed fields: 158.39 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 97.00 D Kishlaks: 77.40 D Total land: 346.49 D Total households: 157 (All Armenian)

Table I Total income: RUB 8,940.47 Total land taxes: RUB 1,395.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,774.18 Total revenue: RUB 3,163.19 Large livestock: 253 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 152. Tatar Qamarlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 9.40 D Orchards and vineyards: 23.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 174.70 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 23.60 D Kishlaks: 37.50 D Total land: 271.40 D Total households: 151 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,940.47 Total land taxes: RUB 1,005.87 Army tax: RUB 252.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,553.89 Total revenue: RUB 2,812.21 Large livestock: 172 Small livestock: 70 153. Bekjigazlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 208.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 129.70 D Kishlaks: 16.00 D Total land: 230.00 D Total households: 258 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,581.20 Total land taxes: RUB 3,033.31 Army tax: RUB 5.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,690.58 Total revenue: RUB 5,228.99 Large livestock: 207 Small livestock: 33 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 154. Ayaslu [Lernamerz] Ownership: Private

131

Inhabited space: 1.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 69.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 189.15 D Kishlaks: 13.00 D Total land: 275.20 D Total households: 130 (125 Armenian and 5 Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,552.35 Total land taxes: RUB 978.32 Army tax: RUB 13.77 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,470.53 Total revenue: RUB 3,462.62 Large livestock: 157 Small livestock: 8 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 155. Gholam-`Ali Bzovand Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 70.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 91.10 D Kishlaks: 13.00 D Total land: 181.00 D Total households: 99 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,680.10 Total land taxes: RUB 1,761.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 890.51 Total revenue: RUB 2,652.49 Large livestock: 112 Small livestock: 70 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 156. Akhund-Bzovand Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 13.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 70.70 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.25 D Total land: 89.15 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,823.55 Total land taxes: RUB 298.05 Army tax: RUB 67.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 498.47

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Total revenue: RUB 363.84 Large livestock: 151 Small livestock: 50 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 157–158. Dargalu (Upper and Lower) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 17.65 D Orchards and vineyards: 107.45 D Irrigated plowed fields: 395.70 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 219.50 D Kishlaks: 318.75 D Total land: 1,060.55 D Total households: 271 (166 Armenian and 5 Tatar in Upper Dargalu) Total income: RUB 25,297.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,971.49 Army tax: RUB 7.65 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 2008.74 Total revenue: RUB 3,987.88 Large livestock: 760 Small livestock: 125 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 159. Iuva Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 73.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 326.70 D Kishlaks: 261.73 D Total land: 672.13 D Total households: 397 (395 Armenian and 2 Tatar) Total income: RUB 18,356.44 Total land taxes: RUB 1,430.59 Army tax: RUB 44.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,748.59 Total revenue: RUB 3,225.55 Large livestock: 586 Small livestock: 188 Units of water used for irrigation: 5½

160. Karachorlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 77.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 310.90 D Irrigated fodder fields: 10.40 D Kishlaks: 261.72 D Total land: 670.92 D Total households: 265 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 18,095.94 Total land taxes: RUB 1,410.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,659.33 Total revenue: RUB 3,069.60 Large livestock: 426 Small livestock: 2717

Fourth Police Prefecture Sadarak Commune 161. Sadarak RESIDENCE OF COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 45.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 13.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2,797.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 11.00 D Kishlaks: 1,159.40 D Total land: 4,028.90 D Total households: 495 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 26,867.91 Total land taxes: RUB 5,453.96 Army tax: RUB 746.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 4,285.30 Total revenue: RUB 10,485.90 Large livestock: 1,984 Small livestock: 5,600 162. Yasni Ownership: Private

Table I Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 157.00 D Kishlaks: 640.50 D Total land: 799.00 D Total households: 12 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,016.60 Total land taxes: RUB 157.22 Army tax: RUB 5.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 29.80 Total revenue: RUB 192.63 Large livestock: 115 Small livestock: 245 163. Kyarki Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 48.50 D Kishlaks: 440.50 D Total land: 493.75 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 340.35 Total land taxes: RUB 69.09 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 64.70 Total revenue: RUB 161.33 Large livestock: 185 Small livestock: 370 Vedi-chay Commune 164. Büyük-Vedi RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 62.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,154.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 12.00 D Total land: 1,286.50 D Total households: 281 (276 Tatar and 5 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 20,076.40

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Total land taxes: RUB 4,075.34 Army tax: RUB 354.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,680.60 Total revenue: RUB 6,110.90 Large livestock: 1,135 Small livestock: 2,300 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 165. Karabaghlar (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 719.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 38.00 D Kishlaks: 65.20 D Total land: 867.30 D Total households: 150 (148 Tatar and 2 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 11,385.44 Total land taxes: RUB 2,311.14 Army tax: RUB 249.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 639.92 Total revenue: RUB 3,200.96 Large livestock: 709 Small livestock: 3,510 166. Taitan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 217.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.50 D Total land: 231.45 D Total households: 31 (30 Tatar and 1 Kurdish male) Total income: RUB 3,538.75 Total land taxes: RUB 275.77 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 160.22 Total revenue: RUB 466.59 Large livestock: 378 Small livestock: 230 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½

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167. Aghasibeglu [Aghaslu] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 39.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.25 D Kishlaks: 442.00 D Total land: 489.50 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 294.15 Total land taxes: RUB 59.71 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 140.19 Total revenue: RUB 227.26 Large livestock: 67 Small livestock: 120 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¾ 168. Engija Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 273.00 D Kishlaks: 7.00 D Total land: 293.50 D Total households: 40 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,534.65 Total land taxes: RUB 353.36 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 170.10 Total revenue: RUB 561.71 Large livestock: 160 Small livestock: 230 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅙ 169. Dakhnaz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 110.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.50 D Kishlaks: 772.60 D

Total land: 902.20 D Total households: 20 (16 Tatar and 4 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 597.39 Total land taxes: RUB 121.26 Army tax: RUB 19.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.49 Total revenue: RUB 327.64 Large livestock: 82 Small livestock: 95 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 170. Karabaghlar (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.80 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 94.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 4.00 D Total useful land: 99.80 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,473.40 Total land taxes: RUB 299.08 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 142.52 Total revenue: RUB 470.67 Large livestock: 113 Small livestock: 140 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 171. Dashlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 106.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Total land: 114.25 D Total households: 20 (18 Tatar and 2 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,803.75 Total land taxes: RUB 140.54 Army tax: RUB 10.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 136.76 Total revenue: RUB 287.50 Large livestock: 122

Table I Small livestock: 135 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 172. Gorovan Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 307.75 D Kishlaks: 1,273.00 D Total land: 1,692.50 D Total households: 50 (48 Tatar and 2 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 6,628.10 Total land taxes: RUB 692.54 Army tax: RUB 104.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 308.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,105.59 Large livestock: 363 Small livestock: 640 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 173. Keshish Dagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 22.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 43.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.80 D Kishlaks: 579.00 D Total land: 653.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 570.50 Total land taxes: RUB 115.78 Army tax: RUB 13.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 105.39 Total revenue: RUB 234.97 Large livestock: 58 Small livestock: 90 174. Balluzaga (Abandoned) Karakhach Commune 175. Biralu Ownership: Treasury

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Inhabited space: 4.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.90 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 447.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Kishlaks: 255.35 D Total land: 719.25 D Total households: 38 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,158.71 Total land taxes: RUB 438.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 140.20 Total revenue: RUB 578.39 Large livestock: 291 Small livestock: 510 176. Keshish Veran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 30.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 325.40 D Irrigated fodder fields: 2.60 D Kishlaks: 367.25 D Total land: 732.25 D Total households: 30 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,755.00 Total land taxes: RUB 356.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 180.00 Total revenue: RUB 536.26 Large livestock: 161 Small livestock: 415 177. Kashkha Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 400.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 37.00 D Kishlaks: 218.45 D Total land: 663.10 D Total households: 37 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,932.13 Total land taxes: RUB 392.20

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Upkeep of officials: RUB 161.00 Total revenue: RUB 553.20 Large livestock: 239 Small livestock: 410 178. Günnut Ja`farlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 350.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 21.10 D Kishlaks: 177.40 D Total land: 549.80 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,419.81 Total land taxes: RUB 313.60 Army tax: RUB 12.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 135.50 Total revenue: RUB 461.85 Large livestock: 200 Small livestock: 590 179. Ja`farlu Günnut Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 350.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 15.50 D Kishlaks: 330.50 D Total land: 699.00 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,576.82 Total land taxes: RUB 272.24 Army tax: RUB 17.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 179.50 Total revenue: RUB 516.92 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 250 180. Shaganlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.90 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 193.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 388.80 D Irrigated fodder fields: 11.25 D Kishlaks: 1,276.15 D

Total land: 1,881.60 D Total households: 57 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,049.18 Total land taxes: RUB 821.96 Army tax: RUB 28.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 214.20 Total revenue: RUB 1,064.72 Large livestock: 371 Small livestock: 1,450 181. Chanakhchi (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 27.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 337.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 6.60 D Kishlaks: 817.25 D Total land: 1,243.90 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,104.60 Total land taxes: RUB 427.09 Army tax: RUB 107.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 192.20 Total revenue: RUB 726.39 Large livestock: 327 Small livestock: 1,410 182. Chanakhchi (Lower) [Zangakatun] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 98.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 675.75 D Kishlaks: 610.75 D Total land: 1,396.05 D Total households: 82 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,908.03 Total land taxes: RUB 793.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 449.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,242.79 Large livestock: 674 Small livestock: 2,180

Table I 183. Zanjirlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 17.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,317.40 D Irrigated fodder fields: 37.00 D Kishlaks: 1,312.85 D Total land: 2,691.00 D Total households: 107 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,112.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,240.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 381.30 Total revenue: RUB 1,622.14 Large livestock: 880 Small livestock: 1,350 184. Karakhach RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 77.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 643.20 D Irrigated fodder fields: 28.80 D Kishlaks: 796.00 D Total land: 1,555.75 D Total households: 63 (33 Tatar and 30 Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,629.90 Total land taxes: RUB 736.84 Army tax: RUB 50.49 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 283.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,070.83 Large livestock: 599 Small livestock: 1,298 185. Kadılu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 88.90 D

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Unirrigated plowed fields: 507.10 D Irrigated fodder fields: 62.00 D Kishlaks: 508.10 D Total land: 1,172.50 D Total households: 58 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,376.40 Total land taxes: RUB 685.38 Army tax: RUB 82.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 240.70 Total revenue: RUB 1,008.70 Large livestock: 722 Small livestock: 1,480 186. Chivandara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 178.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 50.50 D Kishlaks: 521.00 D Total land: 752.00 D Total households: 14 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,003.59 Total land taxes: RUB 203.71 Army tax: RUB 6.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 80.20 Total revenue: RUB 290.30 Large livestock: 257 Small livestock: 650 Armik Commune 187. Akhis [Zorap] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 73.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 267.00 D Kishlaks: 748.00 D Total land: 1,092.50 D Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,840.10 Total land taxes: RUB 372.52 Army tax: RUB 107.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 162.77 Total revenue: RUB 643.39 Large livestock: 382

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Small livestock: 1,825 188. Jirmanis Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 80.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 179.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 37.50 D Kishlaks: 781.50 D Total land: 1,084.80 D Total households: 63 (62 Tatar and 1 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,972.20 Total land taxes: RUB 400.34 Army tax: RUB 155.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 206.62 Total revenue: RUB 762.51 Large livestock: 447 Small livestock: 1,300 189. Jigin Karakoyunlu RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 76.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 140.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 54.00 D Kishlaks: 1,158.50 D Total land: 1,444.30 D Total households: 59 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,177.10 Total land taxes: RUB 441.94 Army tax: RUB 135.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 185.44 Total revenue: RUB 762.53 Large livestock: 268 Small livestock: 820 190. Baghchajik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D

Orchards and vineyards: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 52.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 289.00 D Kishlaks: 168.00 D Total land: 516.00 D Total households: 36 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,693.69 Total land taxes: RUB 343.68 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 141.09 Total revenue: RUB 576.67 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 400 191. Armik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 120.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 290.00 D Kishlaks: 735.50 D Total land: 1,161.20 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,652.20 Total land taxes: RUB 538.37 Army tax: RUB 137.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 167.01 Total revenue: RUB 843.80 Large livestock: 266 Small livestock: 1,000 192. Jamush Basan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 18.50 D Kishlaks: 772.00 D Total land: 808.50 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 575,90.00 Total land taxes: RUB 116.90 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 49.47 Total revenue: RUB 196.97

Table I Large livestock: 78 Small livestock: 200 193. Yeranos [Geranis] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 24.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.50 D Kishlaks: 1,250.00 D Total land: 1,303.50 D Total households: 14 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 682.00 Total land taxes: RUB 138.45 Army tax: RUB 21.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 56.60 Total revenue: RUB 216.47 Large livestock: 121 Small livestock: 500 194. Khnut Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 74.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 75.50 D Kishlaks: 211.00 D Total land: 362.50 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,279.50 Total land taxes: RUB 236.02 Army tax: RUB 8.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 60.10 Total revenue: RUB 304.79 Large livestock: 61 Small livestock: 119 195. Karatorpakh (also known as Pnut) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 330.00 D Kishlaks: 10.00 D Total land: 354.00 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar)

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Total income: RUB 1,467.20 Total land taxes: RUB 114.30 Army tax: RUB 12.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 79.67 Total revenue: RUB 206.21 Large livestock: 88 Small livestock: 190 196. Gel-Jagin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 314.00 D Kishlaks: 620.00 D Total land: 935.50 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 970.50 Total land taxes: RUB 197.00 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 74.00 Total revenue: RUB 301.60 Large livestock: 197 Small livestock: 820 197. Mangük Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 69.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 122.00 D Kishlaks: 571.00 D Total land: 766.70 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,322.30 Total land taxes: RUB 268.41 Army tax: RUB 33.66 Upkeep of officials: RUB 77.15 Total revenue: RUB 379.22 Large livestock: 119 Small livestock: 510 198. Ak-Kilisa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 34.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 16.00 D Kishlaks: 463.00 D

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Total land: 514.00 D Total households: 14 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 551.60 Total land taxes: RUB 111.98 Army tax: RUB 21.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 58.77 Total revenue: RUB 192.17 Large livestock: 60 Small livestock: 120 199. Zimmi Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 140.50 D Kishlaks: 676.00 D Total land: 830.00 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,182.15 Total land taxes: RUB 137.67 Army tax: RUB 45.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 109.02 Total revenue: RUB 292.59 Large livestock: 264 Small livestock: 1,400 200. Küsus Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 26.50 D Kishlaks: 823.00 D Total land: 861.75 D Total households: 17 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 417.60 Total land taxes: RUB 84.77 Army tax: RUB 8.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 102.23 Total revenue: RUB 195.67 Large livestock: 146 Small livestock: 600

Davalu Commune 201. Davalu RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 33.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 193.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,133.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 17.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.50 D Kishlaks: 1,937.70 D Total land: 3,318.50 D Total households: 425 (356 Armenian, 34 Tatar and 35 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 25,372.04 Total land taxes: RUB 4,369.44 Army tax: RUB 153.00 (Muslims only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,352.50 Total revenue: RUB 5,874.94 Large livestock: 2,065 Small livestock: 4,100 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 202. Avshar/Afshar Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.20 D Orchards and vineyards: 39.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 662.00 D Total land: 707.80 D Total households: 190 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,674.20 Total land taxes: RUB 2,301.27 Army tax: RUB 379.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 410.51 Total revenue: RUB 3,100.73 Large livestock: 1,596 Small livestock: 2,250 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½

Table I 203. Shirazlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 393.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.35 D Total land: 428.40 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,453.25 Total land taxes: RUB 502.93 Army tax: RUB 17.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 155.50 Total revenue: RUB 676.28 Large livestock: 242 Small livestock: 800 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅝ 204. Rehanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 48.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 420.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.60 D Total land: 477.90 D Total households: 65 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,035.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,428.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 270.55 Total revenue: RUB 1,698.76 Large livestock: 235 Small livestock: 690 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 205. Karalar Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 302.25 D Total land: 328.45 D Total households: 93 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,446.75 Total land taxes: RUB 446.09 Army tax: RUB 104.04

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Upkeep of officials: RUB 190.70 Total revenue: RUB 740.83 Large livestock: 376 Small livestock: 1,250 Units of water used for irrigation: ⅓ 206. Khalisa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 584.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 44.00 D Kishlaks: 593.30 D Total land: 1,256.70 D Total households: 196 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,473.76 Total land taxes: RUB 2,126.09 Army tax: RUB 267.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 631.79 Total revenue: RUB 3,025.63 Large livestock: 510 Small livestock: 1,570 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 207. Shidlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 22.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 620.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 24.00 D Kishlaks: 328.00 D Total land: 1,003.20 D Total households: 151 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,891.10 Total land taxes: RUB 770.90 Army tax: RUB 64.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 464.70 Total revenue: RUB 1,300.37 Large livestock: 700 Small livestock: 1,000 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 208. Al-Mamed Ownership: Treasury/Private

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Part II

Inhabited space: 23.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 17.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 906.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 55.00 D Kishlaks: 93.50 D Total land: 1,050.00 D Total households: 139 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,695.70 Total land taxes: RUB 1,642.81 Army tax: RUB 50.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 280.54 Total revenue: RUB 1,973.84 Large livestock: 677 Small livestock: 1,005 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 209. Sarukhanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 139.50 D Kishlaks: 551.00 D Total land: 759.00 D Total households: 55 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,593.70 Total land taxes: RUB 323.51 Army tax: RUB 23.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 152.80 Total revenue: RUB 500.28 Large livestock: 197 210. Sheikhlar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 9.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 777.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 57.00 D Kishlaks: 166.00 D Total land: 1,014.50 D Total households: 131 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,870.70 Total land taxes: RUB 769.20 Army tax: RUB 49.47 Upkeep of officials: RUB 309.10

Total revenue: RUB 1,127.77 Large livestock: 523 Small livestock: 1,267 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 211. Kichik Vedi Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 21.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 11.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,293.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 31.75 D Kishlaks: 239.00 D Total land: 1,596.35 D Total households: 107 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 20,128.65 Total land taxes: RUB 1,568.66 Army tax: RUB 54.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 361.20 Total revenue: RUB 1,983.92 Large livestock: 912 Small livestock: 780 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 212. Jatkran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 254.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Kishlaks: 76.25 D Total land: 350.50 D Total households: 66 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,211.30 Total land taxes: RUB 854.85 Army tax: RUB 67.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 301.25 Total revenue: RUB 1,223.42 Large livestock: 403 Small livestock: 997 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾

Table I Burukin Commune

8

213. Rehanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 159.00 D Kishlaks: 96.00 D Total land: 257.00 D Total households: 40 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 820.20 Total land taxes: RUB 166.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 119.72 Total revenue: RUB 286.16 Large livestock: 317 Small livestock: 670 214. Big Borolan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 424.00 D Kishlaks: 256.00 D Total land: 685.00 D Total households: 70 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 2,186.20 Total land taxes: RUB 443.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 172.28 Total revenue: RUB 616.50 Large livestock: 510 Small livestock: 1,105 215. Small Borolan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.25 D Irrigated fodder fields: 106.00 D Kishlaks: 64.00 D Total land: 171.25 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 546.55 Total land taxes: RUB 110.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 43.12 Total revenue: RUB 154.16 Large livestock: 95 Small livestock: 267

143

216. Kürd-Omar (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 318.00 D Kishlaks: 192.00 D Total land: 514.00 D Total households: 58 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,640.40 Total land taxes: RUB 333.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.17 Total revenue: RUB 478.16 Large livestock: 675 Small livestock: 1,450 217. Kürd Omar (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 212.00 D Kishlaks: 198.00 D Total land: 343.00 D Total households: 46 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,094.60 Total land taxes: RUB 222.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 146.80 Total revenue: RUB 369.10 kopek Large livestock: 522 Small livestock: 1,650 218. Kürd Omar (Middle) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 212.00 D Kishlaks: 128.00 D Total land: 343.00 D Total households: 55 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,094.60 Total land taxes: RUB 222.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 131.76 Total revenue: RUB 353.94 Large livestock: 387 Small livestock: 875

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219. Torun RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 318.00 D Kishlaks: 192.00 D Total land: 514.00 D Total households: 81 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,640.40 Total land taxes: RUB 333.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 203.52 Total revenue: RUB 1536.52 Large livestock: 423 Small livestock: 1,000 220. Azizanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 212.00 D Kishlaks: 128.00 D Total land: 343.00 D Total households: 63 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,094.60 Total land taxes: RUB 222.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 197.68 Total revenue: RUB 419.89 Large livestock: 659 Small livestock: 470 221. Gomik (also known as Banuki) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 53.00 D Kishlaks: 32.00 D Total land: 86.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 274.40 Total land taxes: RUB 55.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 24.60 Total revenue: RUB 80.29 Large livestock: 199 Small livestock: 225

222. Sutokülan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 212.00 D Kishlaks: 128.00 D Total land: 343.00 D Total households: 63 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,094.60 Total land taxes: RUB 222.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 133.44 Total revenue: RUB 355.64 Large livestock: 477 Small livestock: 899 223. Gül-Tapa (aka Kutiki) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 212.00 D Kishlaks: 128.00 D Total land: 343.00 D Total households: 69 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,094.60 Total land taxes: RUB 222.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 167.24 Total revenue: RUB 389.44 Large livestock: 443 Small livestock: 337 224. Karasu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 212.00 D Kishlaks: 128.00 D Total land: 343.00 D Total households: 52 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,094.60 Total land taxes: RUB 222.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 105.92 Total revenue: RUB 328.12 Large livestock: 95 Small livestock: 50

Table I

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225–242 The following settlements were abandoned or joined one of the above communes: Yaiji, Karavansara, Upper Kara-Burun, Middle Kara-Burun, Lower Ka-ra-Burun, Yanikh, Gellovan, Mahmud-kend, Korkhmaz, Kutuki, Keytach, Kalin-Suffat, Bashiki, Urmiya, Arazdayan, Esfahan, Smokend, Safar-`Ali and Afshar.

Key totals for the district (rural areas, 1907)9 Tatars: 9,045 households; 65,149 persons (34,851 male/30,298 female) Armenians: 7,670 households; 45,329 persons (24,199 male/21,130 female) Kurds: 5,559 persons Assyrians: 1,925 persons Russians: 75 persons10 Greeks: 7 persons Total population: 118,044 persons

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 Text reads yonjalik – from the Persian yonje (alfalfa/lucerne). 3 The village was originally the toyul of Arsen Pasegh Gegham, in exchange for his position as the yüzbashi of the Armenians in Yerevan. In time it had turned into a molk; see Bournoutian, Yerevan, 132. 4 Another village by this name is listed in the Second Prefecture (no. 98). 5 During the Soviet period, the village was called the Sovkhoz (State Collective), named after Kalinin. 6 Another village with this name is listed in the First Prefecture (no. 16). 7 The village is absent from the 1908 register. 8 The population, all Kurdish nomads, lived in kishlaks located in the Borolan [Burulan] Peninsula. They had small inhabited space and cultivated solely fodder fields. 9 For more details, see Chapter III. 10 The Russians belonged to the Molokan and Subbotnik sects who arrived in this district in the mid-1840s and found the land suitable for growing barley, spelt and potatoes. See also Chapter III.

Table II – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Echmiadzin District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture Aytagh Commune 1. Aytagh [Haytagh] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 61.44 D Irrigated plowed fields: 378.56 D Yaylaks: 11.00 D Total land: 468.00 D Total households: 207 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,917.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,723.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 766.99 Total revenue: RUB 3,760.49

Large livestock: 480 Small livestock: 36 Units of used for irrigation: 2¾ 2. Samagar Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 496.50 D Total land: 554.00 D Total households: 198 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,238.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,455.21 Upkeep of officials, schools, roads, canals: RUB 922.16 Total revenue: RUB 2,377.37 Large livestock: 607 Small livestock: 23 Units of water used for irrigation: 3

Table II 3. Armenian Zeyva [Aratashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 24.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 60.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 538.43 D Irrigated fodder fields: 45.25 D Yaylaks: 247.20 D Total land: 915.00 D Total households: 251 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 24,353.31 Total land taxes: RUB 5,113.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,870.77 Total revenue: RUB 6,984.28 Large livestock: 791 Small livestock: 15 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 4. Körpalu [Arshaluys] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 122.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 515.00 D Yaylaks: 371.00 D Total land: 1,033.00 D Total households: 242 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 22,821.30 Total land taxes: RUB 4,811.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 884.60 Total revenue: RUB 5,696.20 Large livestock: 684 Small livestock: 620 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 5. Tatar Zeyva [Taronik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 265.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 65.00 D Total land: 344.05 D

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Total households: 115 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,446.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,202.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 361.10 Army tax: RUB 216.75 Total revenue: RUB 2,780.35 Large livestock: 463 Small livestock: 12 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 6. Lower Aylanlu [Khoronk] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 51.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 370.00 D Yaylaks: 211.50 D Total land: 639.50 D Total households: 108 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,139.45 Total land taxes: RUB 1,136.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 667.41 Total revenue: RUB 1,804.26 Large livestock: 318 Small livestock: 214 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 7. Khiznauz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 36.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 137.00 D Yaylaks: 17.00 D Total land: 196.00 D Total households: 139 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,328.10 Total land taxes: RUB 1,334.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 585.38 Total revenue: RUB 1,919.58 Large livestock: 342 Small livestock: 404 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

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8. Aghja-Kala Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 162.10 D Yaylaks: 21.00 D Total land: 199.35 D Total households: 72 (68 Armenian and 4 Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,877.55 Total land taxes: RUB 888.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 287.26 Army tax: RUB 1.53 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 1,177.28 Large livestock: 221 Small livestock: 172 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 9. Kürakyanlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 239.70 D Yaylaks: 124.80 D Total land: 369.00 D Total households: 74 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,556.10 Total land taxes: RUB 520.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 300.27 Army tax: RUB 85.68 Total revenue: RUB 906.28 Large livestock: 445 Small livestock: 423 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 10. Mughanjik [Hovtamej] Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 33.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 127.00 D Yaylaks: 38.75 D Total land: 205.00 D Total households: 109 (All Armenian)

Total income: RUB 5,845.38 Total land taxes: RUB 547.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 568.77 Total revenue: RUB 1,116.19 Large livestock: 312 Small livestock: 4 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ Vagharshapat Commune 11. Vagharshapat RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Armenian Church Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 50.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 475.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 409.00 D Yaylaks: 4,231.00 D Total land: 5,223.00 D Total households: 629 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 23,444.30 Total land taxes: RUB 0.002 Upkeep of officials: RUB 4,704.55 Total revenue: RUB 4,704.55 Large livestock: 762 Small livestock: 775 Units of water used for irrigation: 13 12. Molla Dursun [Shahumyan] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 13.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 135.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.00 D Yaylaks: 398.50 D Total land: 551.50 D Total households: 49 (28 Armenian and 21 Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,556.56

Table II Total land taxes: RUB 601.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 241.98 Army tax: RUB 33.66 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 877.38 Large livestock: 98 Small livestock: 58 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 13. Hajilar [Mrgastan] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 22.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 116.50 D Total land: 139.50 D Total households: 64 (36 Armenian and 28 Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,675.50 Total land taxes: RUB 437.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 266.20 Army tax: RUB 29.7 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 733.13 Large livestock: 155 Small livestock: 46 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 14. Grampa [Tsiatsan] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 49.34 D Irrigated plowed fields: 169.05 D Total land: 220.89 D Total households: 106 (80 Armenian and 26 Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,180.95 Total land taxes: RUB 861.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 484.11 Army tax: RUB 29.07 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 1,374.54 Large livestock: 185 Small livestock: 88 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 15. Upper Aylanlu Ownership: Treasury/Private

149

Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 172.40 D Yaylaks: 69.75 D Total land: 265.75 D Total households: 54 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,851.95 Total land taxes: RUB 738.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 387.43 Total revenue: RUB 1,126.15 Large livestock: 105 Small livestock: 55 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 16. Ali-beglu [Artimet] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 44.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 362.00 D Yaylaks: 99.00 D Total land: 513.50 D Total households: 146 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,625.20 Total land taxes: RUB 2,661.87 Upkeep of officials: RUB 853.96 Total revenue: RUB 3,515.83 Large livestock: 227 Small livestock: 96 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 Khatun-Arkh Commune 17. Lower Khatun-Arkh [Aknashen] RESIDENCE OF COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 61.38 D Irrigated plowed fields: 413.38 D Yaylaks: 125.73 D Total land: 611.00 D

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Total households: 255 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 18,172.43 Total land taxes: RUB 3,831.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,380.43 Total revenue: RUB 5,211.85 Large livestock: 262 Small livestock: 150 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 18. Qamarlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.42 D Irrigated plowed fields: 470.33 D Yaylaks: 345.00 D Total land: 825.00 D Total households: 89 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,206.35 Total land taxes: RUB 1,143.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,362.00 Army tax: RUB 82.62 Total revenue: RUB 3,588.13 Large livestock: 177 Small livestock: 121 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¾ 19. Gharabazar [Haykashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 182.00 D Yaylaks: 82.00 D Total land: 278.00 D Total households: 129 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,436.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,357.41 Upkeep of officials: RUB 470.11 Army tax: RUB 226.95 Total revenue: RUB 2,054.47 Large livestock: 64 Small livestock: 19 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½

20. Upper Khatun-Arkh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 182.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 54.52 D Total land: 269.32 D Total households: 112 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,399.86 Total land taxes: RUB 1,560.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 571.69 Total revenue: RUB 2,131.86 Large livestock: 138 Small livestock: 60 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 21. Sefiabad [Yeghegnut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.00 D Yaylaks: 50.00 D Total land: 68.50 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 608.50 Total land taxes: RUB 128.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 175.12 Army tax: RUB 32.13 Total revenue: RUB 335.54 Large livestock: 56 Small livestock: 38 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 22. Aralykh Koyanlu [Griboyedov] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 348.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 25.00 D Yaylaks: 189.40 D Total land: 587.00 D Total households: 159 (All Tatar)

Table II Total income: RUB 12,640.82 Total land taxes: RUB 2,665.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 757.71 Army tax: RUB 280.50 Total revenue: RUB 3,703.37 Large livestock: 281 Small livestock: 170 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 Kizil-Tamur Commune 23. Oshakan RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Armenian Church Orchards and vineyards: 20.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 3,011.00 D Total land: 3,051.00 D Total households: 410 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,003.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 880.92 Total revenue: RUB 880.92 Large livestock: 894 Small livestock: 305 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 24. Kızıl-Tamur [Voskevaz] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 13.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 293.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 276.50 D Total land: 589.00 D Total households: 271 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 30,858.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,889.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 880.19 Total revenue: RUB 3,770.04 Large livestock: 614 Small livestock: 26 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½

151

25. Tos [Doghs] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 33.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 413.50 D Total land: 452.50 D Total households: 117 (83 Tatar and 34 Armenian) Total income: RUB 11,695.95 Total land taxes: RUB 1,095.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 340.01 Army tax: RUB 79.35 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 1,514.70 Large livestock: 352 Small livestock: 11 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 26. Frankanots Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 342.18 D Yaylaks: 24.17 D Total land: 405.54 D Total households: 125 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,743.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,632.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 398.98 Total revenue: RUB 1,131.56 Large livestock: 298 Small livestock: 38 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¾ 27. Aghavnatun Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 55.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 282.58 D Yaylaks: 22.00 D Total land: 370.00 D Total households: 152 (All Armenian)

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Total income: RUB 7,301.56 Total land taxes: RUB 1,539.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 499.98 Total revenue: RUB 2,039.42 Large livestock: 307 Small livestock: 98 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 28. Aramlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.58 D Irrigated plowed fields: 45.09 D Yaylaks: 130.00 D Total land: 191.67 D Total households: 12 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,523.25 Total land taxes: RUB 142.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 29.95 Army tax: RUB 13.77 Total revenue: RUB 183.36 Large livestock: 64 Small livestock: 67 Units of water used for irrigation: ¼ 29. Ayarlu [Lernamerdz] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 20.83 D Irrigated plowed fields: 202.17 D Yaylaks: 629.00 D Total land: 854.00 D Total households: 70 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,279.68 Total land taxes: RUB 307.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 139.98 Army tax: RUB 74.97 Total revenue: RUB 522.14 Large livestock: 120 Small livestock: 60 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 30. Patrinj [Voskehat] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D

Orchards and vineyards: 33.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 202.60 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Total land: 259.60 D Total households: 75 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,955.00 Total land taxes: RUB 557.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 176.79 Army tax: RUB 28.56 Total revenue: RUB 763.11 Large livestock: 336 Small livestock: 660 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 31. Haji-Kara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.37 D Irrigated plowed fields: 89.06 D Yaylaks: 181.75 D Total land: 341.78 D Total households: 73 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,003.33 Total land taxes: RUB 1,476.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.83 Total revenue: RUB 1,645.39 Large livestock: 262 Small livestock: 6 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 Chobankara Commune 32. Chobankara RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 55.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 300.00 D Yaylaks: 370.00 D Total land: 725.00 D Total households: 333 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,276.15

Table II Total land taxes: RUB 690.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,228.23 Army tax: RUB 787.95 Total revenue: RUB 2,706.89 Large livestock: 3,896 Small livestock: 1,571

Second Police Prefecture Ashtarak Commune 33. Ashtarak RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 50.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 506.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 37.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 697.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 15.62 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 156.20 D Yaylaks: 2,505.48 D Total land: 3,843.00 D Total households: 720 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 53,802.84 Total land taxes: RUB 11,343.66 Upkeep of officials: RUB 6,863.08 Total revenue: RUB 18,206.74 Large livestock: 1,118 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: 11 34. Mughni Ownership: Armenian Church Irrigated plowed fields: 74.00 D Total land: 74.00 D Total households: 49 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,135.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 348.91

153

Total revenue: RUB 348.91 Large livestock: 183 Small livestock: 32 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 35. Kichikkend Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 18.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 129.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 68.00 D Yaylaks: 65.50 D Total land: 283.00 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,130.96 Total land taxes: RUB 260.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 251.45 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Total revenue: RUB 530.48 Large livestock: 81 Small livestock: 128 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 36. Karbi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 20.83 D Irrigated plowed fields: 458.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 500.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 26.83 D Yaylaks: 386.00 D Total land: 1,417.16 D Total households: 197 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,724.42 Total land taxes: RUB 2,025.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 801.32 Total revenue: RUB 2,851.57 Large livestock: 739 Small livestock: 197 Units of water used for irrigation: 2¾ 37. Hovhannavank Ownership: Treasury

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Part II

Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 133.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 259.59 D Irrigated fodder fields: 41.67 D Yaylaks: 504.00 D Total land: 961.00 D Total households: 112 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,946.53 Total land taxes: RUB 832.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 365.37 Total revenue: RUB 1,197.43 Large livestock: 373 Small livestock: 291 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 38. Ushi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 11.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 251.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 398.54 D Irrigated fodder fields: 62.50 D Yaylaks: 658.54 D Total land: 1413.08 D Total households: 190 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,963.22 Total land taxes: RUB 1,468.81 Upkeep of officials: RUB 737.55 Army tax: RUB 357.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,562.56 Large livestock: 547 Small livestock: 520 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 39. Saghmosavank Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 120.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 169.50 D Yaylaks: 126.50 D Total land: 422.25 D

Total households: 40 (24 Tatar and 16 Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,043.69 Total land taxes: RUB 247.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 123.09 Army tax: RUB 7.14 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 378.18 Large livestock: 147 Small livestock: 47 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 40. Ilanchalan [Artashavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 126.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 204.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 444.00 D Total land: 797.00 D Total households: 106 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,754.17 Total land taxes: RUB 580.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 377.27 Total revenue: RUB 957.96 Large livestock: 439 Small livestock: 47 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 41. Kotur Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 280.20 D Irrigated fodder fields: 3.12 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.04 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 398.86 D Total households: 46 (29 Armenian and 17 Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,100.50 Total land taxes: RUB 232.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 231.09 Army tax: RUB 16.83 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 479.94

Table II Large livestock: 110 Small livestock: 168 Yeghvard Commune 42. Yeghvard RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.93 D Irrigated plowed fields: 138.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 691.35 D Yaylaks: 569.43 D Total land: 1413.96 D Total households: 226 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,128.82 Total land taxes: RUB 1,503.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,914.35 Total revenue: RUB 3,417.38 Large livestock: 453 Small livestock: 1,714 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 43. Kargavank Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 410.67 D Irrigated fodder fields: 13.33 D Yaylaks: 75.00 D Total land: 502.00 D Total households: 28 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,396.81 Total land taxes: RUB 294.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.35 Total revenue: RUB 438.85 Large livestock: 35 Small livestock: 82 44. Davra Kharaba Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D

155

Irrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 388.00 D Yaylaks: 106.00 D Total land: 500.00 D Total households: 38 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,261.80 Total land taxes: RUB 266.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 228.41 Total revenue: RUB 494.44 Large livestock: 60 Small livestock: 159 45. Jatkran [Geghashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 815.00 D Yaylaks: 365.00 D Total land: 1,194.00 D Total households: 92 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,681.10 Total land taxes: RUB 565.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 330.39 Army tax: RUB 85.68 Total revenue: RUB 981.34 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 277 46. Shirabad [Parakar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 309.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.00 D Yaylaks: 174.00 D Total land: 511.00 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,099.20 Total land taxes: RUB 231.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 159.67 Army tax: RUB 8.67 Total revenue: RUB 400 rubles Large livestock: 60 Small livestock: 172

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47. Argel Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 618.00 D Yaylaks: 620.00 D Total land: 1,243.00 D Total households: 90 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,055.25 Total land taxes: RUB 433.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 403.89 Total revenue: RUB 836.67 Large livestock: 200 Small livestock: 283 48. Kyalasham Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 217.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 265.00 D Total land: 525.00 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 939.50 Total land taxes: RUB 198.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 227.62 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Total revenue: RUB 463.94 Large livestock: 173 Small livestock: 187 49. Karajoran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 970.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 52.00 D Yaylaks: 1,245.00 D Total land: 2,282.00 D Total households: 148 (83 Armenian and 65 Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,058.50 Total land taxes: RUB 855.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 904.82 Army tax: RUB 59.67 (Tatars only)

Total revenue: RUB 1,820.16 Large livestock: 352 Small livestock: 447 50. Tulinabi [Saralanj] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 500.00 D Yaylaks: 438.00 D Total land: 940.00 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,637.40 Total land taxes: RUB 345.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 235.80 Army tax: RUB 55.08 Total revenue: RUB 421.52 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 288 51. Tkhit [Teghenik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 293.33 D Irrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 1,360.00 D Total land: 1,669.33 D Total households: 54 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,391.99 Total land taxes: RUB 293.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 154.94 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Total revenue: RUB 491.27 Large livestock: 305 Small livestock: 567 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 52. Y`aghublu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 171.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Total land: 188.00 D Total households: 36 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 594.00

Table II Total land taxes: RUB 125.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 94.02 Army tax: RUB 26.62 Total revenue: RUB 245.89 Large livestock: 75 Small livestock: 230 53. Kyalashkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 351.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 61.25 D Yaylaks: 30.62 D Total land: 448.12 D Total households: 73 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,789.19 Total land taxes: RUB 588.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 254.15 Army tax: RUB 62.12 Total revenue: RUB 904.34 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 287 54. Babakishi [Aghavnadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.37 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 271.60 D Yaylaks: 31.00 D Total land: 316.97 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 976.74 Total land taxes: RUB 205.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 293.45 Army tax: RUB 104.04 Total revenue: RUB 603.41 Large livestock: 164 Small livestock: 522 55. Kirashlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.67 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 469.33 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 34.67 D Yaylaks: 266.67 D

157

Total land: 789.34 D Total households: 129 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,789.35 Total land taxes: RUB 377.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 632.70 Army tax: RUB 169.83 Total revenue: RUB 1,179.79 Large livestock: 310 Small livestock: 522 56. Hamamlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 284.00 D Yaylaks: 579.00 D Total land: 867.00 D Total households: 82 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,037.70 Total land taxes: RUB 218.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 373.72 Army tax: RUB 99.45 Total revenue: RUB 691.96 Large livestock: 155 Small livestock: 439 57. Kürd-Ali Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 323.00 D Yaylaks: 318.00 D Total land: 646.00 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,079.40 Total land taxes: RUB 227.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 174.39 Army tax: RUB 5.61 Total revenue: RUB 407.58 Large livestock: 172 Small livestock: 325 58. Kızıl-Kharaba Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.12 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 255.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.08 D

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Yaylaks: 40.83 D Total land: 306.23 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 816.61 Total land taxes: RUB 172.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.30 Total revenue: RUB 211.47 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 204 Bash-Abaran Commune 59. Bash-Abaran RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,264.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 250.00 D Yaylaks: 400.00 D Total land: 1,926.00 D Total households: 256 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,448.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,359.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 719.54 Total revenue: RUB 2,079.02 Large livestock: 808 Small livestock: 1,330 60. Ali-Kochak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 600.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 600.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 78.00 D Total land: 1,290.00 D Total households: 285 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,969.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,469.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 847.43 Total revenue: RUB 2,316.89

Large livestock: 790 Small livestock: 2,150 Units of water used irrigation: 3 61. Takarlu [Artavaz] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 170.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 196.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 44.00 D Yaylaks: 130.00 D Total land: 544.00 D Total households: 72 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,181.40 Total land taxes: RUB 459.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 224.38 Total revenue: RUB 684.30 Large livestock: 117 Small livestock: 345 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 62. Chamurlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 786.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 70.00 D Total land: 866.00 D Total households: 162 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,088.00 Total land taxes: RUB 651.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 328.81 Total revenue: RUB 979.89 Large livestock: 326 Small livestock: 450 63. Gülluja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 822.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 70.00 D Yaylaks: 135.00 D Total land: 1,033.00 D

Table II Total households: 185 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,874.50 Total land taxes: RUB 606.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 511.71 Total revenue: RUB 1,117.77 Large livestock: 576 Small livestock: 380 64. Mulki [Kayk] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 369.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 40.00 D Total land: 414.50 D Total households: 92 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,323.50 Total land taxes: RUB 279.04 Upkeep of officials: RUB 273.50 Total revenue: RUB 522.54 Large livestock: 175 Small livestock: 380 65. Karanlugh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 85.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 86.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 68.00 D Yaylaks: 260.00 D Total land: 504.00 D Total households: 90 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,829.50 Total land taxes: RUB 385.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 281.72 Total revenue: RUB 667.44 Large livestock: 93 Small livestock: 750 66. Haji Baqer Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 79.00 D

159

Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 140.00 D Total land: 351.00 D Total households: 62 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,191.45 Total land taxes: RUB 251.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.92 Total revenue: RUB 397.13 Large livestock: 125 Small livestock: 458 67. Samo-Darvish Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 242.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 130.00 D Total land: 406.00 D Total households: 95 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,077.00 Total land taxes: RUB 227.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 162.47 Total revenue: RUB 389.55 Large livestock: 138 Small livestock: 500 68. Gülablu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 137.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 407.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 13.00 D Yaylaks: 820.00 D Total land: 1,382.00 D Total households: 82 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,566.90 Total land taxes: RUB 541.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 247.23 Total revenue: RUB 788.42 Large livestock: 226 Small livestock: 340

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Part II

69. Imirlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 189.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 379.00 D Yaylaks: 134.00 D Total land: 707.00 D Total households: 82 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,416.32 Total land taxes: RUB 509.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 293.01 Total revenue: RUB 802.49 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 430 Kara-Kilisa Commune 70. Kara-Kilis RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 360.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 360.00 D Yaylaks: 156.00 D Total land: 882.00 D Total households: 128 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,599.64 Total land taxes: RUB 758.93 Upkeep of officials: RUB 449.54 Total revenue: RUB 1,208.47 Large livestock: 151 Small livestock: 135 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 71. Blkher [Shenavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 240.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 242.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 60.00 D

Yaylaks: 216.00 D Total land: 765.00 D Total households: 125 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,007.08 Total land taxes: RUB 634 Upkeep of officials: RUB 266.61 Total revenue: RUB 900.61 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 540 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 72. Ghazanfar [Aragats] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 299.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 597.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 307.00 D Yaylaks: 1,272.00 D Total land: 2,484.00 D Total households: 200 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,803.68 Total land taxes: RUB 1,645.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 609.77 Total revenue: RUB 2,255.08 Large livestock: 282 Small livestock: 560 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 73. Shira-Kala Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 244.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 639.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 213.00 D Yaylaks: 554.00 D Total land: 1,654.00 D Total households: 149 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,913.90 Total land taxes: RUB 1,246.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 355.80 Total revenue: RUB 1,602.66

Table II Large livestock: 265 Small livestock: 1,032 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 74. Bazarjuk [Ara] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 170.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 321.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 133.00 D Yaylaks: 229.00 D Total land: 859.00 D Total households: 79 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,450.79 Total land taxes: RUB 727.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 285.36 Total revenue: RUB 1,012.91 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 76 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 75. Kalacha [Nigatun] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 312.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 312.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 42.00 D Yaylaks: 432.00 D Total land: 1,100 D Total households: 81 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,702.96 Total land taxes: RUB 780.73 Upkeep of officials: RUB 176.53 Total revenue: RUB 957.26 Large livestock: 68 Small livestock: 73 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 76. Apnakegh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 340.00 D

161

Unirrigated plowed fields: 345.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 160.00 D Yaylaks: 357.00 D Total land: 1,214.00 D Total households: 192 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,514.67 Total land taxes: RUB 1,162.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 447.83 Total revenue: RUB 1,610.52 Large livestock: 190 Small livestock: 290 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 77. Astvatsangal Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 225.50 D Yaylaks: 151.50 D Total land: 380.00 D Total households: 44 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 730.95 Total land taxes: RUB 154.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 131.64 Total revenue: RUB 285.74 Large livestock: 41 Small livestock: 122 78. Kushchi [Kechut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 369.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 96.00 D Total land: 468.00 D Total households: 50 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,076.00 Total land taxes: RUB 437.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 149.84 Total revenue: RUB 587.55 Large livestock: 50 Small livestock: 219

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Part II

79. Norashen [Shoghakn] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 131.00 D Yaylaks: 106.00 D Total land: 238.00 D Total households: 20 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 427.80 Total land taxes: RUB 90.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 80.52 Total revenue: RUB 170.73 Large livestock: 84 Small livestock: 210 80. Tamjerlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 246.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 492.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 107.00 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 1,153.00 D Total households: 155 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,445.00 Total land taxes: RUB 937.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 518.09 Total revenue: RUB 1,455.27 Large livestock: 120 Small livestock: 663 81. Sachlu [Shoghakn] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 189.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 379.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 119.00 D Yaylaks: 632.00 D Total land: 1,325.00 D Total households: 133 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,758.72 Total land taxes: RUB 792.48

Upkeep of officials: RUB 442.74 Total revenue: RUB 1,235.22 Large livestock: 97 Small livestock: 460 82. Kara-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 78.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 635.00 D Yaylaks: 275.00 D Total land: 1,001.00 D Total households: 122 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,717.03 Total land taxes: RUB 572.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 381.25 Total revenue: RUB 954.10 Large livestock: 144 Small livestock: 522 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 83. Molla Kasum [Zovuni] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 905.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 35.00 D Total land: 998.00 D Total households: 125 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,839.00 Total land taxes: RUB 809.37 Total revenue: RUB 809.37 Large livestock: 139 Small livestock: 501 Parbi Commune 84. Piragan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 31.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 96.52 D

Table II Unirrigated plowed fields: 508.33 D Yaylaks: 520.83 D Total land: 1,202.83 D Total households: 233 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,082.25 Total land taxes: RUB 1,493.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 648.23 Total revenue: RUB 2,141.44 Large livestock: 629 Small livestock: 973 Units of water used for irrigation: 2¾ 85. Ipakli Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.17 D Irrigated plowed fields: 72.92 D Irrigated fodder fields: 10.42 D Yaylaks: 270.83 D Total land: 358.34 D Total households: 21 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 775.06 Total land taxes: RUB 163.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 125.30 Total revenue: RUB 288.70 Large livestock: 104 Small livestock: 138 86. Kosha-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 57.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 64.33 D Irrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 275.67 D Total land: 411 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 754.01 D Total land taxes: RUB 158.98 D Upkeep of officials: RUB 120.64 D Army tax: RUB 8.67 D Total revenue: RUB 288.29 Large livestock: 118

163

Small livestock: 110 87. Ketaklu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 110.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 90.00 D Yaylaks: 440.00 D Total land: 648.00 D Total households: 24 (16 Tatar and 8 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,038.00 Total land taxes: RUB 97.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 160.64 Army tax: RUB 11.73 Total revenue: RUB 269.58 Large livestock: 104 Small livestock: 85 88. Agarak Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 352.73 D Yaylaks: 69.00 D Total land: 425.73 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,323.65 Total land taxes: RUB 630.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 440.09 Army tax: RUB 104.04 Total revenue: RUB 1,175.09 Large livestock: 353 Small livestock: 838 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 89. Parbi RESIDENCE OF COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 148.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 296.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 165.29 D

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Part II

Yaylaks: 184.00 D Total land: 802.50 D Total households: 179 (150 Armenian and 29 Tatar) Total income: RUB 17,199.66 Total land taxes: RUB 3,626.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1868.50 Army tax: RUB 53.55 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 5,548.39 Large livestock: 507 Small livestock: 318 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 90. Takiya [Bazmaghbyur] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 55.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 76.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 75.32 D Yaylaks: 220.00 D Total land: 429.32 D Total households: 145 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,865.00 Total land taxes: RUB 455.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 568.23 Army tax: RUB 130.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,171.90 Large livestock: 360 Small livestock: 366 Units of water used irrigation water: 2 91. Nazravan [Ghazaravan] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 254.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 21.00 D Yaylaks: 84.00 D Total land: 527.00 D Total households: 68 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,837.20

Total land taxes: RUB 453.01 (9.36%) Upkeep of officials: RUB 339.85 Army tax: RUB 88.74 Total revenue: RUB 881.60 Large livestock: 129 Small livestock: 53 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 92. Persi [Buravet] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 364.58 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Yaylaks: 260.41 D Total land: 653.11 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,252.47 Total land taxes: RUB 210.93 Upkeep of officials: RUB 221.62 Army tax: RUB 17.34 Total revenue: RUB 449.81 Large livestock: 166 Small livestock: 155 93. Angersak Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 41.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 72.91 D Irrigated fodder fields: 26.04 D Yaylaks: 208.33 D Total land: 352.06 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 823.12 Total land taxes: RUB 77.09 (9.36%) Upkeep of officials: RUB 121.30 Army tax: RUB 10.20 Total revenue: RUB 208.59 Large livestock: 68 Small livestock: 132

Table II 94. Akhis Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 19.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 373.67 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 28.63 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 876.00 D Total land: 1,325.50 D Total households: 74 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,546.46 Total land taxes: RUB 973.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 256.18 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Total revenue: RUB 1,282.98 Large livestock: 290 Small livestock: 775 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 95. Yergov Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 295.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 87.00 D Yaylaks: 483.00 D Total land: 869.00 D Total households: 70 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,816.33 Total land taxes: RUB 357.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 292.40 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Total revenue: RUB 710.99 Large livestock: 260 Small livestock: 585 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

165

Third Police Prefecture Kurdukuli Commune 96. Kurdukuli [Armavir] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 40.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 518.00 D Total land: 573.00 D Total households: 204 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 15,195.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,203.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,406.64 Total revenue: RUB 4,610.32 Large livestock: 787 Small livestock: 129 Units of water used for irrigation: 7½ 97. Uzun-oba [Agravand] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 60.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 378.00 D Yaylaks: 816.00 D Total land: 1,268.00 D Total households: 163 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,036.80 Total land taxes: RUB 2,748.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,575.84 Total revenue: RUB 4,324.49 Large livestock: 697 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 98. Tapadibi [Haykavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D

166

Part II

Orchards and vineyards: 25.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 317.00 D Yaylaks: 31.00 D Total land: 377.00 D Total households: 102 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,321.30 Total land taxes: RUB 1,965.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 928.16 Total revenue: RUB 2,893.44 Large livestock: 548 Small livestock: 196 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 99. Igdalu [Pshatavan] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 9.71 D Orchards and vineyards: 119.65 D Irrigated plowed fields: 397.60 D Yaylaks: 116.00 D Total land: 642.96 D Total households: 143 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 19,575.93 Total land taxes: RUB 1,833,28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 838.38 Army tax: RUB 151.47 Total revenue: RUB 2,823.13 Large livestock: 312 Small livestock: 84 Units of water used for irrigation: 6½ 100. Kuzikudan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 445.00 D Total land: 477.00 D Total households: 153 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,521.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,639.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 714.20 Total revenue: RUB 3,354.10 Large livestock: 656

Small livestock: 179 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 101. Tatar Armutlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 132.35 D Total land: 147.31 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,977.75 Total land taxes: RUB 838.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 267.34 Army tax: RUB 56.10 Total revenue: RUB 1,162.09 Large livestock: 220 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 102. Armenian Armutlu [Tufashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 228.00 D Total land: 278.00 D Total households: 81 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,190.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,726,76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 493.25 Total revenue: RUB 2,220.01 Large livestock: 261 Small livestock: 50 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 103. Aghja-Arkh Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.77 D Irrigated plowed fields: 503.23 D Yaylaks: 405.80 D Total land: 922.80 D Total households: 110 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,835.84 Total land taxes: RUB 1,202.08

Table II Upkeep of officials: RUB 720.02 Army tax: RUB 113.22 Total revenue: RUB 2,035.32 Large livestock: 754 Small livestock: 145 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 Sardarabad Commune 104. Sardarabad RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT

3

AND COMMUNE

ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 37.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2,254.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 684.00 D Total land: 3,031.00 D Total households: 262 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 55,437.44 Total land taxes: RUB 11,688.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,042.98 Total revenue: RUB 13,731.27 Large livestock: 2,113 Small livestock: 1,560 Units of water used for irrigation: 15 105. Gecherlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 72.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,290.00 D Yaylaks: 1,408.00 D Total land: 2,805.00 D Total households: 454 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 36,737.40 Total land taxes: RUB 7,745.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,239.65 Total revenue: RUB 9,985.26

167

Large livestock: 1,518 Small livestock: 130 Units of water used for irrigation: 17½ 106. Kerim-Arkh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 774.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Total land: 1,323.00 D Total households: 253 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 20,099.20 Total land taxes: RUB 4,237.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,135.17 Army tax: RUB 395.25 Total revenue: RUB 5,768.04 Large livestock: 1,979 Small livestock: 200 Units of water used for irrigation: 10½ 107. Molla Bayazet [Bambakashat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 31.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 69.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 931.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 943.00 D Total land: 2,065.00 D Total households: 303 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 27,950.90 Total land taxes: RUB 5,893.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,410.53 Total revenue: RUB 8,303.63 Large livestock: 1,485 Small livestock: 608 Units of water used for irrigation: 11 108. Kara-Bogha Ownership: Treasury

168

Part II

Inhabited space: 2.25 D Kishlaks: 324.00 D Total land: 326.25 D Total households: 11 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 330.75 Total land taxes: RUB 69.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 18.65 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Total revenue: RUB 96.02 Large livestock: 47 Small livestock: 503 109. Kara-Kala Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.25 D Kishlaks: 108.00 D Total land: 110.25 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 114.76 Total land taxes: RUB 24.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 13.80 Army tax: RUB 2.55 Total revenue: RUB 40.55 Large livestock: 18 Small livestock: 127 110. Kharaba-Kitik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.50 D Kishlaks: 551.25 D Total land: 555.75 D Total households: 35 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 564.75 Total land taxes: RUB 119.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 48.93 Army tax: RUB 26.78 Total revenue: RUB 194.78 Large livestock: 135 Small livestock: 1,125

Shahriyar Commune 111. Big Shahriyar [Nalbandyan] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 40.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,365.50 D Yaylaks: 450.00 D Total land: 1,905.50 D Total households: 350 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 37,662.50 Total land taxes: RUB 7,940.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 3,306.78 Total revenue: RUB 11,247.45 Large livestock: 769 Small livestock: 462 Units of water used for irrigation: 13 112. Small Shahriyar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 30.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 284.00 D Yaylaks: 150.00 D Total land: 476.00 D Total households: 50 (31 Armenian and 19 Assyrian) Total income: RUB 8,831.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,861.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 717.51 Total revenue: RUB 2,579.41 Large livestock: 160 Small livestock: 86 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 113. Ja`farabad [Getashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 15.00 D

Table II Irrigated plowed fields: 615.00 D Yaylaks: 390.00 D Total land: 1,032.00 D Total households: 125 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 16,353.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,447.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,420.81 Total revenue: RUB 4,868.64 Large livestock: 350 Small livestock: 252 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 114. Kyalak-Arkh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 708.00 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 1,017.00 D Total households: 94 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 17,817.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,756.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,135.79 Total revenue: RUB 4,892.28 Large livestock: 278 Small livestock: 133 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 115. Haji Bayram [Bakhchalar] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 111.83 D Yaylaks: 455.13 D Total land: 604.21 D Total households: 96 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,971.58 Total land taxes: RUB 686.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 364.42 Total revenue: RUB 1,184.44 Large livestock: 211 Small livestock: 135 Units of water used for irrigation: 4

169

116. Kheyribeglu [Yervandashat] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 194.00 D Yaylaks: 741.90 D Total land: 960.90 D Total households: 48 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,179.57 Total land taxes: RUB 766.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 257.48 Army tax: RUB 88.74 Total revenue: RUB 1,122.25 Large livestock: 160 Small livestock: 111 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 117. Assar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 52.08 D Yaylaks: 460.49 D Total land: 515.57 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,969.95 Total land taxes: RUB 184.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 113.60 Army tax: RUB 36.72 Total revenue: RUB 334.82 Large livestock: 34 Small livestock: 15 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 118. Shahvarid Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 42.00 D Yaylaks: 1,027.00 D Total land: 1,072.00 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,787.10 Total land taxes: RUB 167.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 124.08 Army tax: RUB 29.07

170

Part II

Total revenue: RUB 320.51 Large livestock: 40 Small livestock: 33 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 119. Khoja Yaralu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 220.00 D Yaylaks: 90.00 D Total land: 315.00 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,646.00 Total land taxes: RUB 528.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 174.67 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Total revenue: RUB 743.20 Large livestock: 50 Small livestock: 33 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 120. Janfida Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 16.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 957.00 D Yaylaks: 392.00 D Total land: 1,380.00 D Total households: 208 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 25,015.60 Total land taxes: RUB 2,342.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 702.66 Army tax: RUB 211.14 Total revenue: RUB 3,256.50 Large livestock: 215 Small livestock: 74 Units of water used for irrigation: 9 Karkhun Commune 121. Evjilar [Norakert] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D

Orchards and vineyards: 36.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 208.00 D Total land: 254.00 D Total households: 131 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,210.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,520.14 Upkeep of officials: RUB 954.31 Total revenue: RUB 2,574.45 Large livestock: 246 Small livestock: 200 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 122. Margara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 313.50 D Yaylaks: 154.50 D Total land: 525.00 D Total households: 172 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,394.85 Total land taxes: RUB 2,191.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 699.41 Total revenue: RUB 2,891.04 Large livestock: 190 Small livestock: 253 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 123. Sharifabad (Lower Karkhun) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 292.36 D Yaylaks: 156.75 D Total land: 457.11 D Total households: 100 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,432.03 Total land taxes: RUB 1,566.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 380.11 Army tax: RUB 88.74 Total revenue: RUB 2,092.42 Large livestock: 215 Small livestock: 5

Table II Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 124. Chubukhchi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 223.00 D Yaylaks: 986.00 D Total land: 1,242.00 D Total households: 69 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,061.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,488.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 331.46 Total revenue: RUB 1,820.35 Large livestock: 281 Small livestock: 90 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 125. Armenian Ardashar [Artashat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 151.50 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 460.50 D Total households: 68 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,216.50 Total land taxes: RUB 859.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 260.93 Total revenue: RUB 1,149.93 Large livestock: 138 Small livestock: 2 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 126. Turkmanlu [Lusagyugh] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 191.54 D Irrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 343.46 D

171

Total land: 553.00 D Total households: 54 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,067.53 Total land taxes: RUB 474.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 197.35 Army tax: RUB 82.62 Total revenue: RUB 754.55 Large livestock: 267 Small livestock: 19 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 127. Molla Badal [Yeghegnut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 283.00 D Yaylaks: 713.50 D Total land: 1,008.50 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,585.05 Total land taxes: RUB 1,599.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 345.42 Army tax: RUB 104.55 Total revenue: RUB 2,049.19 Large livestock: 200 Small livestock: 215 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 128. Karkhun (Upper) [Jrarat] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 32.55 D Irrigated plowed fields: 651.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 133.45 D Yaylaks: 1,136.50 D Total land: 1968.50 D Total households: 213 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 23,783.31 Total land taxes: RUB 2,227.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 940.56 Army tax: RUB 244.80 Total revenue: RUB 3,412.68

172

Part II

Large livestock: 403 Small livestock: 110 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 129. Kharaba-Kelani Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 253.00 D Yaylaks: 45.00 D Total land: 310.00 D Total households: 62 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,894.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,453.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 502.09 Army tax: RUB 114.75 Total revenue: RUB 2,070.47 Large livestock: 146 Small livestock: 5 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 130. Ranjbar [Ranchpar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 194.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 3.00 D Yaylaks: 338.00 D Total land: 534.00 D Total households: 66 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,957.40 Total land taxes: RUB 1,045.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 444.05 Army tax: RUB 99.45 Total revenue: RUB 1,588.71 Large livestock: 153 Small livestock: 3 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 131. Qoli-Beglu (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 80.00 D Yaylaks: 433.00 D Total land: 516.00 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar)

Total income: RUB 1,338.90 Total land taxes: RUB 282.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.03 Army tax: RUB 85.68 Total revenue: RUB 554 rubles Large livestock: 304 Small livestock: 11 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 132. Qoli-Beglu (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 94.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 150.00 D Yaylaks: 214.00 D Total land: 468.00 D Total households: 40 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,004.20 Total land taxes: RUB 633.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 188.53 Army tax: RUB 64.26 Total revenue: RUB 886.17 Large livestock: 545 Small livestock: 131 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 133. Msto-Kalo (Kishlak) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 38.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Kishlaks: 164.80 D Total land: 214.30 D Total households: 19 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,212.30 Total land taxes: RUB 255.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 98.18 Army tax: RUB 21.28 Total revenue: RUB 375.06 Large livestock: 299 Small livestock: 964 134. Soghutlu4 Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D

Table II Irrigated plowed fields: 22.00 D Kishlaks: 600.00 D Total land: 626.00 D Total households: 30 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,808.00 Total land taxes: RUB 297.00 Army tax: RUB 45.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.00 Total revenue: RUB 487.00 135. Katrabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Kishlaks: 700.00 D Total land: 710.00 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 730.00 Total land taxes: RUB 153.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 63.27 Army tax: RUB 25.76 Total revenue: RUB 252.94 Large livestock: 63 Small livestock: 885 136. Ghamishlu [Yeghegnut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 65.00 D Kishlaks: 309.00 D Total land: 386.00 D Total households: 24 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,230.00 Total land taxes: RUB 259.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 92.38 Army tax: RUB 26.10 Total revenue: RUB 377.82 Large livestock: 279 Small livestock: 1,087 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 137. Beziki Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D

173

Irrigated fodder fields: 43.74 D Kishlaks: 476.18 D Total land: 522.00 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 919.82 Total land taxes: RUB 193.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 74.48 Army tax: RUB 24.65 Total revenue: RUB 293.05 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 365 138. Kurdish Ardashar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 302.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 306.00 Total land taxes: RUB 64.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 32.48 Army tax: RUB 18.58 Total revenue: RUB 115.84 Large livestock: 58 Small livestock: 180

Fourth Police Prefecture Talin Commune 139. Pirmalak [Tatul] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 318.00 D Yaylaks: 1,073.50 D Total land: 1396.50 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,291.05 Total land taxes: RUB 120.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 87.52 Army tax: RUB 8.67 Total revenue: RUB 219.09 Large livestock: 177 Small livestock: 418

174

Part II

Units of water used for irrigation: 1 140. Tatar Talin Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 11.37 D Irrigated plowed fields: 566.86 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 223.71 D Irrigated fodder fields: 9.40 D Yaylaks: 1,283.67 D Total land: 2,100.00 D Total households: 49 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,598.11 Total land taxes: RUB 711.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 220.93 Army tax: RUB 15.81 Total revenue: RUB 948.31 Large livestock: 330 Small livestock: 1,263 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 (shared with Aralikh, no. 141, Dadalu, no. 148, Kirmizlu, no. 149, Armenian Talin, no. 151) 141. Aralikh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 179.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 91.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 12.13 D Yaylaks: 158.87 D Total land: 447.96 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,729.73 Total land taxes: RUB 364.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.60 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Total revenue: RUB 421.06 Large livestock: 173 Small livestock: 425 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Tatar Talin, no. 140) 142. Sheikh Haji Ownership: Treasury

Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 130.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 245.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 686.00 D Total land: 1,084.00 D Total households: 45 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,014.87 Total land taxes: RUB 424.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 139.09 Army tax: RUB 50.49 Total revenue: RUB 614.38 Large livestock: 172 Small livestock: 662 143. Kul-Darvish Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 228.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.38 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.17 D Yaylaks: 439.00 D Total land: 725.00 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,909.85 Total land taxes: RUB 178.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 141.88 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Total revenue: RUB 339.10 Large livestock: 261 Small livestock: 656 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 144. Agakchi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 13.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 369.67 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.33 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 13.67 D Yaylaks: 276.00 D Total land: 684.00 D Total households: 31 (26 Tatar and 5 Armenian)

Table II Total income: RUB 1,503.41 Total land taxes: RUB 316.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 202.67 Army tax: RUB 44.37 Total revenue: RUB 564.00 Large livestock: 291 Small livestock: 626 145. Mazarjuk Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 229.00 D Yaylaks: 322.67 D Total land: 557.67 D Total households: 64 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 807.60 Total land taxes: RUB 170.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 215.59 Total revenue: RUB 385.86 Large livestock: 234 Small livestock: 407 146. Pirtikyan [Dsaragyugh] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 85.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 113.00 D Total land: 251.00 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,167.90 Total land taxes: RUB 109.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 41.37 Army tax: RUB 5.61 Total revenue: RUB 156.35 Large livestock: 90 Small livestock: 194 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 147. Mastara Ownership: Armenian Church Total households: 277 (All Armenian)

175

Upkeep of officials: RUB 984.59 Total revenue: RUB 984.59 Large livestock: 1,559 Small livestock: 2,547 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 148. Dadalu [Yeghnik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 309.67 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 191.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 30.33 D Yaylaks: 635.00 D Total land: 1,174.00 D Total households: 105 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,154.72 Total land taxes: RUB 665.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 315.76 Total revenue: RUB 980.89 Large livestock: 571 Small livestock: 634 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Tatar Talin, no. 140) 149. Kirmizlu [Kramrashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 330.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 91.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 79.00 D Yaylaks: 581.00 D Total land: 1,094.00 D Total households: 114 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,806.22 Total land taxes: RUB 1,013.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 325.76 Total revenue: RUB 1,339.09 Large livestock: 620 Small livestock: 333 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Tatar Talin, no. 140)

176

Part II

150. Gezlu [Akunk] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 585.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 326.00 D Yaylaks: 765.75 D Total land: 1,681.75 D Total households: 126 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,456.91 Total land taxes: RUB 887.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 423.64 Total revenue: RUB 1,310.92 Large livestock: 656 Small livestock: 629 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 151. Armenian Talin RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE

Lower Aghja-Kala Commune 152. Eshnyak [Ashnak] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 21.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 52.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 708.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 31.25 D Yaylaks: 2,077.84 D Total land: 2,953.00 D Total households: 125 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,725.05 Total land taxes: RUB 1,003.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 725.00 Army tax: RUB 100.98 Total revenue: RUB 1,830.38 Large livestock: 241 Small livestock: 333 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

ADMINISTRATOR

153. Mehriban [Katnaghbyur]

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 461.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,013.33 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.33 D Yaylaks: 2,493.68 D Total land: 3,987.00 D Total households: 230 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,950.09 Total land taxes: RUB 2,308.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 829.18 Total revenue: RUB 3,139.87 Large livestock: 1,261 Small livestock: 2,254 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Tatar Talin, no. 140)

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 11.00 Orchards and vineyards: 10.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,007.22 D Irrigated fodder fields: 51.68 D Yaylaks: 539.00 D Total land: 1,619.00 D Total households: 110 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,885.78 Total land taxes: RUB 925.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 887.00 Army tax: RUB 114.78 Total revenue: RUB 1,927.55 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 472 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 154. Irind Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 236.00 D

Table II Irrigated fodder fields: 32.00 D Yaylaks: 369.00 D Total land: 640.00 D Total households: 45 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,387.82 Total land taxes: RUB 223.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 381.00 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Total revenue: RUB 656.16 Large livestock: 79 Small livestock: 327 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 155. Karga-Kovmaz Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 300.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 1,216.00 D Total land: 1,622.00 D Total households: 70 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,767.96 Total land taxes: RUB 352.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 677.00 Army tax: RUB 71.91 Total revenue: RUB 1,101.79 Large livestock: 176 Small livestock: 600 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 156. Aylanlu [Davtashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 16.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 291.67 D Irrigated fodder fields: 12.50 D Yaylaks: 472.67 D Total land: 806.00 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,169.24 Total land taxes: RUB 668.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 286.00 Army tax: RUB 36.72 Total revenue: RUB 990.91

177

Large livestock: 130 Small livestock: 387 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 157. Aghja-Kala (Lower) [Aygehovit] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 33.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 595.55 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 44.66 D Irrigated fodder fields: 41.66 D Yaylaks: 797.67 D Total land: 1,513.00 D Total households: 115 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,037.77 Total land taxes: RUB 1,483.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 858.00 Army tax: RUB 104.04 Total revenue: RUB 2,445.88 Large livestock: 223 Small livestock: 34 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 158. Aghja-Kala (Upper) [Aygehovit] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.83 D Irrigated plowed fields: 325.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 123.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.83 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.83 D Yaylaks: 1,097.83 D Total land: 1,608.32 D Total households: 110 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,271.55 Total land taxes: RUB 689.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 490.00 Army tax: RUB 81.09 Total revenue: RUB 1,260.86 Large livestock: 76 Small livestock: 73

178

Part II

159. Yashil [Kakavadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 568.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 16.00 D Yaylaks: 615.00 D Total land: 1,219.00 D Total households: 70 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,697.25 Total land taxes: RUB 990.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 367.00 Army tax: RUB 52.02 Total revenue: RUB 1,409.38 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 65 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 (shared with Sichanlu, no. 161) 160. Bakhchajuk Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 170.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 230.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 25.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.00 D Yaylaks: 322.00 D Total land: 758.00 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,310.60 Total land taxes: RUB 140.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 164.00 Army tax: RUB 6.63 Total revenue: RUB 311.38 Large livestock: 75 Small livestock: 179 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ (shared with Kharaba-Akarak, no. 165) 161. Sichanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 104.17 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 51.83 D

Irrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Kishlaks: 190.25 D Total land: 364.58 D Total households: 25 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,219.96 Total land taxes: RUB 257.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 235.00 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Total revenue: RUB 499.86 Large livestock: 50 Small livestock: 296 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ (shared with Yashil, no. 159) 162. Bashsiz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 176.45 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 25.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.64 D Kishlaks: 458.72 D Total land: 706.21 D Total households: 45 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,765.03 Total land taxes: RUB 372.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 277.00 Army tax: RUB 14.28 Total revenue: RUB 663.39 Large livestock: 80 Small livestock: 373 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 163. Diyan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 189.92 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 84.88 D Irrigated fodder fields: 10.08 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.12 D Kishlaks: 341.00 D Total land: 644.00 D Total households: 55 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,865.14 Total land taxes: RUB 393.24

Table II

179

Upkeep of officials: RUB 289.00 Army tax: RUB 50.49 Total revenue: RUB 732.73 Large livestock: 83 Small livestock: 317 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾

Kosh Commune

164. Magda

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 75.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,132.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 57.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 99.00 D Yaylaks: 1,408.50 D Total land: 2,787.00 D Total households: 161 (125 Armenian and 36 Tatar) Total income: RUB 23,119.05 Total land taxes: RUB 2,165.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,164.25 Army tax: RUB 52.02 (Tatars only) Total revenue: RUB 3,381.38 Large livestock: 264 Small livestock: 419 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 795.00 D Yaylaks: 475.00 D Total land: 1,273.00 D Total households: 40 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,830.60 Total land taxes: RUB 452.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 235.00 Army tax: RUB 14.28 Total revenue: RUB 701.66 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 99 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 165. Kharaba-Akarak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 29.60 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.17 D Irrigated plowed fields: 265.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.83 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 423.40 D Total land: 828.00 D Total households: 80 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,662.02 Total land taxes: RUB 772.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 551.00 Army tax: RUB 64.26 Total revenue: RUB 1,387.34 Large livestock: 120 Small livestock: 631 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Bakhchajuk, no. 160)

166. Kosh RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

167. Karajalar Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 569.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 1,137.50 D Total land: 1,792.40 D Total households: 88 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,344.76 Total land taxes: RUB 1,004.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 150.09 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Total revenue: RUB 1,177.58 Large livestock: 159 Small livestock: 365 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

180

Part II

168. Avan Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.02 D Irrigated plowed fields: 391.98 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 66.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Yaylaks: 1,267.50 D Total land: 1,783.50 D Total households: 85 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,995.65 Total land taxes: RUB 588.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 260.10 Army tax: RUB 72.03 Total revenue: RUB 875.97 Large livestock: 136 Small livestock: 350 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 169. Koytul Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 14.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 209.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 45.40 D Yaylaks: 449.60 D Total land: 720.00 D Total households: 68 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,702.62 Total land taxes: RUB 253.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 230.41 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Total revenue: RUB 501.85 Large livestock: 147 Small livestock: 453 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 170. Bayram `Ali Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.40 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.03 D Irrigated plowed fields: 40.84 D Irrigated fodder fields: 4.63 D Yaylaks: 118.10 D

Total land: 168.00 D Total households: 28 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 776.48 Total land taxes: RUB 71.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 45.00 Total revenue: RUB 116.34 Large livestock: 160 Small livestock: 1,490 171. Ujan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Vegetable gardens: 3.78 D Orchards and vineyards: 27.73 D Irrigated plowed fields: 320.15 D Yaylaks: 1,591.34 D Total land: 1,949.00 D Total households: 90 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,921.08 Total land taxes: RUB 648.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 336.96 Army tax: RUB 71.91 Total revenue: RUB 1,057.04 Large livestock: 178 Small livestock: 363 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 172. Kharaba Vank Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.33 D Irrigated fodder fields: 3.78 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 170.81 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,077.25 Total land taxes: RUB 98.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 37.00 Army tax: RUB 6.12 Total revenue: RUB 144.01 Large livestock: 113 Small livestock: 1,043

Table II 173. Talysh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 19.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 879.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 211.50 D Yaylaks: 206.20 D Total land: 1,328.10 D Total households: 120 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,484.18 Total land taxes: RUB 1,577.94 Upkeep of officials: RUB 368.57 Total revenue: RUB 1,946.51 Large livestock: 154 Small livestock: 102 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 174. Karavansara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 281.48 D Irrigated fodder fields: 2.52 D Yaylaks: 112.00 D Total land: 401.00 D Total households: 55 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,792.40 Total land taxes: RUB 588.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 161.15 Army tax: RUB 35.19 Total revenue: RUB 785.09 Large livestock: 68 Small livestock: 61 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 175. Shamiram Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 624.50 D Yaylaks: 480.00 D Total land: 1,110.00 D

181

Total households: 50 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 6,687.80 Total land taxes: RUB 626.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 151.60 Army tax: RUB 6.63 Total revenue: RUB 784.54 Large livestock: 325 Small livestock: 5,190 176. Qajarabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 55.46 D Kishlaks: 503.24 D Total land: 561.85 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 941.21 Total land taxes: RUB 198.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 34.40 Total revenue: RUB 232.84 Large livestock: 106 Small livestock: 872 Bugutli Commune (all kishlaks) 177. Bugutli and Boz Ag˘ ıl RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 30.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 431.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 493.00 Total land taxes: RUB 103.94 Upkeep of officials: RUB 9.26 Army tax: RUB 4.47 Total revenue: RUB 117.67 Large livestock: 61 Small livestock: 272 178. Badlı Ownership: Treasury

182

Part II

Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Kishlaks: 333.00 D Total land: 363.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 523.00 Total land taxes: RUB 110.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 27.78 Army tax: RUB 13.41 Total revenue: RUB 151.46 Large livestock: 104 Small livestock: 394 179. Gyalto Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 31.00 D Kishlaks: 800.00 D Total land: 833.00 D Total households: 26 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,023.00 Total land taxes: RUB 215.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 49.37 Army tax: RUB 23.84 Total revenue: RUB 288.90 Large livestock: 118 Small livestock: 690 180. Hakko Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 31.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Kishlaks: 501.75 D Total land: 550.00 D Total households: 5 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 801.50 Total land taxes: RUB 169.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.42 Army tax: RUB 5.96 Total revenue: RUB 190.38 Large livestock: 74 Small livestock: 439

181. Aya-Tagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 21.00 D Kishlaks: 307.00 D Total land: 330.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 460.00 Total land taxes: RUB 96.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 18.52 Army tax: RUB 8.94 Total revenue: RUB 124.44 Large livestock: 55 Small livestock: 224 182. Kara-Kula (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 34.00 D Kishlaks: 379.25 D Total land: 416.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 489.50 Total land taxes: RUB 103.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 18.52 Army tax: RUB 8.94 Total revenue: RUB 130.66 Large livestock: 70 Small livestock: 370 183. Duzkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 16.66 D Kishlaks: 499.34 D Total land: 518.00 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 555.32 Total land taxes: RUB 117.09 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.43 Army tax: RUB 7.45 Total revenue: RUB 139.97 Large livestock: 55 Small livestock: 233

Table II

183

184. Kyallo-Zaga

187. Mindo-Zaga

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 14.58 D Kishlaks: 297.34 D Total land: 314.00 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 347.32 Total land taxes: RUB 73.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 18.52 Army tax: RUB 8.94 Total revenue: RUB 100.68 Large livestock: 86 Small livestock: 389

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Kishlaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 1,022.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,066.00 Total land taxes: RUB 224.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 33.95 Army tax: RUB 16.39 Total revenue: RUB 275.08 Large livestock: 76 Small livestock: 413

185. Rute

188. Ilan

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 6.00 D Kishlaks: 800.00 D Total land: 808.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 824.00 Total land taxes: RUB 173.73 Upkeep of officials: RUB 12.35 Army tax: RUB 5.96 Total revenue: RUB 192.04 Large livestock: 35 Small livestock: 165

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 47.00 D Kishlaks: 600.00 D Total land: 653.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 759.09 Total land taxes: RUB 160.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 37.03 Army tax: RUB 17.88 Total revenue: RUB 214.93 Large livestock: 96 Small livestock: 465

186. Kabakh-Tapa

189. Khanarkhach

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 13.00 D Kishlaks: 299.00 D Total land: 314.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 344.00 Total land taxes: RUB 72.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 12.35 Army tax: RUB 5.96 Total revenue: RUB 90.83 Large livestock: 48 Small livestock: 247

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 422.00 D Total households: 11 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 466.00 Total land taxes: RUB 98.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 21.60 Army tax: RUB 10.43 Total revenue: RUB 130.28 Large livestock: 57 Small livestock: 272

184

Part II

190. Kara-Burun

193. Kyalakut (Lower)

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Kishlaks: 999.50 D Total land: 1,016.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,049.00 Total land taxes: RUB 221.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.46 Army tax: RUB 26.82 Total revenue: RUB 300.45 Large livestock: 97 Small livestock: 428

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Kishlaks: 397.42 D Total land: 412.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 441.16 Total land taxes: RUB 93.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 21.60 Army tax: RUB 11.92 Total revenue: RUB 126.54 Large livestock: 84 Small livestock: 254

191. Mkhtokyan (Seyran)

194. Kalacha

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Kishlaks: 295.00 D Total land: 312.00 D Total households: 17 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 346.00 Total land taxes: RUB 72.94 Upkeep of officials: RUB 46.29 Army tax: RUB 22.35 Total revenue: RUB 141.58 Large livestock: 80 Small livestock: 276

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 366.00 D Total households: 17 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 622.00 Total land taxes: RUB 58.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 37.03 Army tax: RUB 17.40 Total revenue: RUB 112.68 Large livestock: 118 Small livestock: 464

192. Kyalakut (Upper)

195. Kyalash Bek

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 429.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 487.00 Total land taxes: RUB 102.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 43.20 Army tax: RUB 20.30 Total revenue: RUB 166.17 Large livestock: 102 Small livestock: 447

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 410.00 D Total land: 450.00 D Total households: 7 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 638.00 Total land taxes: RUB 134.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.43 Army tax: RUB 7.25 Total revenue: RUB 157.19 Large livestock: 46

Table II Small livestock: 238 196. Zorba Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 350.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 590.00 Total land taxes: RUB 124.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 30.86 Army tax: RUB 14.50 Total revenue: RUB 169.75 Large livestock: 108 Small livestock: 521 197. Tazakend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 352.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 596.00 Total land taxes: RUB 125.66 Upkeep of officials: RUB 24.69 Army tax: RUB 11.60 Total revenue: RUB 161.95 Large livestock: 67 Small livestock: 367 198. Kara-Kula (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 43.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 447.00 D Total households: 40 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 541.87 Total land taxes: RUB 114.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 61.72 Army tax: RUB 26.10

185

Total revenue: RUB 201.88 Large livestock: 168 Small livestock: 675 199. Kazbin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 35.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 337.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 411.00 Total land taxes: RUB 86.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 30.86 Army tax: RUB 14.50 Total revenue: RUB 132.01 Large livestock: 68 Small livestock: 462 200. Bozbur Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 339.00 D Total households: 21 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 525.00 Total land taxes: RUB 110.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 30.86 Army tax: RUB 14.50 Total revenue: RUB 156.04 Large livestock: 71 Small livestock: 380 201. Uzunkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 10.41 D Kishlaks: 625.00 D Total land: 637.41 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 662.23 Total land taxes: RUB 139.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 30.86

186

Part II

Army tax: RUB 13.05 Total revenue: RUB 183.53 Large livestock: 51 Small livestock: 210

Army tax: RUB 18.38 Total revenue: RUB 202.56 Large livestock: 114 Small livestock: 530

202. Su-Suz

205. Magara Zaga

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.00 D Kishlaks: 632.00 D Total land: 700.00 D Total households: 30 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,048.00 Total land taxes: RUB 228.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 49.37 Army tax: RUB 22.56 Total revenue: RUB 300.47 Large livestock: 176 Small livestock: 982

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 322.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 366.00 Total land taxes: RUB 77.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 24.69 Total revenue: RUB 101.86 Large livestock: 63 Small livestock: 258

203. Old Kilich-Yatagh

206. Shaban

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 37.00 D Kishlaks: 250.00 D Total land: 289.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 515.00 Total land taxes: RUB 108.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 30.86 Army tax: RUB 14.10 Total revenue: RUB 153.53 Large livestock: 89 Small livestock: 544

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 250.00 D Total land: 292.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 496.00 Total land taxes: RUB 104.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 24.69 Army tax: RUB 11.68 Total revenue: RUB 140.94 Large livestock: 42 Small livestock: 178

204. Sabunchi

207. `Abdulrahman [Tsaghkunk]

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 80.00 D Kishlaks: 132.00 D Total land: 214.00 D Total households: 32 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 698.00 Total land taxes: RUB 147.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 37.03

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 13.00 D Kishlaks: 335.00 D Total land: 350.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 432.00 Total land taxes: RUB 91.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 12.35

Table II Army tax: RUB 5.84 Total revenue: RUB 109.27 Large livestock: 39 Small livestock: 160 208. Tillik [Tilk]

187

Upkeep of officials: RUB 43.20 Army tax: RUB 20.44 Total revenue: RUB 181.91 Large livestock: 68 Small livestock: 389 211. Knik

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 47.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Kishlaks: 800.00 D Total land: 901.00 D Total households: 29 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,391.00 Total land taxes: RUB 293.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 58.63 Army tax: RUB 33.70 Total revenue: RUB 385.61 Large livestock: 176 Small livestock: 1,013

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 47.00 D Kishlaks: 700.00 D Total land: 750.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 850.00 Total land taxes: RUB 179.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 43.20 Army tax: RUB 20.44 Total revenue: RUB 242.86 Large livestock: 101 Small livestock: 598

209. Grgor

212. Mirzakhan

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 700.00 D Total land: 722.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 846.00 Total land taxes: RUB 178.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 37.03 Army tax: RUB 17.52 Total revenue: RUB 232.91 Large livestock: 113 Small livestock: 691

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 14.00 D Kishlaks: 982.00 D Total land: 1,000.00 D Total households: 19 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,036.00 Total land taxes: RUB 218.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 61.72 Army tax: RUB 27.74 Total revenue: RUB 307.88 Large livestock: 125 Small livestock: 697

210. Karavansaray

213. Dem

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 31.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 433.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 561.00 Total land taxes: RUB 118.27

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Kishlaks: 1,500.00 D Total land: 1,554.00 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,662.00 Total land taxes: RUB 350.41

188

Part II

Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.46 Army tax: RUB 24.82 Total revenue: RUB 427.69 Large livestock: 163 Small livestock: 805 214. Ayrisufat Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 16.67 D Kishlaks: 1,471.08 D Total land: 1,500.00 D Total households: 38 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,632.84 Total land taxes: RUB 344.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 104.91 Army tax: RUB 49.64 Total revenue: RUB 498.83 Large livestock: 148 Small livestock: 602 215. New Kilich-Yatakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 60.00 D Kishlaks: 600.00 D Total land: 664.00 D Total households: 11 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,032.00 Total land taxes: RUB 217.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.95 Army tax: RUB 20.44 Total revenue: RUB 271.98 Large livestock: 72 Small livestock: 524

216. Kızıl-Kula Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 37.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 489.00 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 915.00 Total land taxes: RUB 192.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 43.20 Army tax: RUB 31.02 Total revenue: RUB 267.14 Large livestock: 111 Small livestock: 582

Table II

189

5

Key totals for the district (all-rural district, 1907)

Armenians: 12,929 households; 86,040 persons (45,183 male/40,857 female) Tatars: 5,985 households; 35,428 persons (18,809 male/16,619 female) Kurds: 6,632 persons Assyrians: 123 persons Others: 900 persons Total population: 129,123

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 Armenian Church property was exempt from taxes; see Chapter V. 3 In 1914 the police superintendent had moved to Kurdukuli. 4 This village appears only in the 1906 register. 5 For more details, see Chapter III.

Table III – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Surmalu District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture Igdir Commune 1. Igdir [Ig˘ dir] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 72.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 187.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 544.11 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 90.00 D Yaylaks: 1,498.00 D Total land: 2,081.94 D Total households: 543 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 22,806.68 Total land taxes: RUB 3,524.45

Upkeep of officials: RUB 3,652.29 Total revenue: RUB 7,176.74 Large livestock: 544 Small livestock: 368 Units of water for irrigation: 20½ 2. Igdir-Mova Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 55.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 671.00 D Yaylaks: 644.00 D Total land: 1,397.00 D Total households: 262 (135 Armenian and 127 Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,756.30 Total land taxes: RUB 3,510.04 Army tax: RUB 204.00 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,674.68 Total revenue: RUB 5,388.72

Table III Large livestock: 178 Small livestock: 261 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅕ 3. Baharlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 56.67 D Irrigated plowed fields: 533.33 D Yaylaks: 150.00 D Total land: 755.00 D Total households: 234 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,002.40 Total land taxes: RUB 2,933.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,888.13 Total revenue: RUB 4,821.30 Large livestock: 101 Small livestock: 59 Units of water for irrigation: 7⅗ 4. Akhveis Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 53.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 536.76 D Total land: 607.33 D Total households: 173 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,993.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,931.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 728.06 Total revenue: RUB 3,659.25 Large livestock: 70 Small livestock: 155 Units of water for irrigation: 7⅗ 5. Malaklu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 46.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,558.50 D Yaylaks: 2,072.00 D Total land: 3,691.50 D Total households: 361 (All Tatar)

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Total income: RUB 32,901.20 Total land taxes: RUB 3,135.23 Army tax: RUB 688.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,198.15 Total revenue: RUB 5,024.88 Large livestock: 340 Small livestock: 470 Units of water for irrigation: 21⅗ 6. Khalfalu [Halfeli] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 50.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 586.00 D Yaylaks: 444.00 D Total land: 1,092.00 D Total households: 177 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,812.40 Total land taxes: RUB 1,694.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,360.41 Total revenue: RUB 3,054.93 Large livestock: 189 Small livestock: 1,313 Units of water for irrigation: 10½ 7. Argaji Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 18.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 810.68 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 256.50 D Kishlaks: 625.00 D Total land: 1,735.00 D Total households: 193 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 17,720.60 Total land taxes: RUB 2,607.94 Army tax: RUB 94.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,345.64 Total revenue: RUB 4,047.93 Large livestock: 219 Small livestock: 1,036 Units of water for irrigation: 18⅕

192

Part II

8. Pliur Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 33.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,494.42 D Yaylaks: 3.00 D Total land: 1,560.67 D Total households: 309 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 31,961.20 Total land taxes: RUB 6,695.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,209.67 Total revenue: RUB 8,904.77 Large livestock: 263 Small livestock: 337 Units of water for irrigation: 21⅖ 9. Sultanabad Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 66.44 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 140.00 D Total land: 243.44 D Total households: 26 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,688.60 Total land taxes: RUB 256.98 Army tax: RUB 71.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 89.62 Total revenue: RUB 418.00 Large livestock: 55 Small livestock: 4 Units of water for irrigation: 1⅘ Evjilyar Commune 10. Evjilyar RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 54.88 D

Irrigated plowed fields: 979.82 D Yaylaks: 74.60 D Total land: 1,134.30 D Total households: 288 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 22,996.66 Total land taxes: RUB 4,817.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,016.80 Total revenue: RUB 5,834.06 Large livestock: 264 Small livestock: 251 Units of water for irrigation: 8⅓ 11. Panik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.82 D Irrigated plowed fields: 762.44 D Yaylaks: 11.00 D Total land: 835.26 D Total households: 244 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 17,979.90 Total land taxes: RUB 3,766.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 529.01 Total revenue: RUB 4,295.37 Large livestock: 340 Small livestock: 135 Units of water for irrigation: 7⅗ 12. Teyjerlu [Tecirli] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 30.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 573.00 D Yaylaks: 24.00 D Total land: 647.00 D Total households: 168 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,342.40 Total land taxes: RUB 2,618.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 409.50 Total revenue: RUB 3,027.85 Large livestock: 169 Small livestock: 142

Table III Units of water for irrigation: 4⅘ 13. Kazi-Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 72.49 D Irrigated plowed fields: 197.51 D Kishlaks: 70.84 D Total land: 360.84 D Total households: 166 (90 Tatar and 76 Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,407.94 Total land taxes: RUB 1,761.28 Army tax: RUB 79.56 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 392.97 Total revenue: RUB 2,227.81 Large livestock: 132 Small livestock: 3 Units of water for irrigation: 3⅗ 14. Aletlu [Adetli] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 590.00 D Yaylaks: 2.00 D Total land: 643.00 D Total households: 152 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,740.20 Total land taxes: RUB 2,878.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 623.42 Total revenue: RUB 3,501.67 Large livestock: 113 Small livestock: 301 Units of water for irrigation: 7⅗ 15. `Alijan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 27.37 D Irrigated plowed fields: 482.38 D Yaylaks: 247.52 D Total land: 767.27 D

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Total households: 145 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 11,354.55 Total land taxes: RUB 2,378.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 480.05 Total revenue: RUB 2,858.54 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 117 Units of water for irrigation: 7⅕ 16. Morshed-`Ali Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 26.54 D Irrigated plowed fields: 486.90 D Yaylaks: 109.00 D Total land: 630.41 D Total households: 104 (103 Armenian and 1 Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,373.30 Total land taxes: RUB 1,084.82 Army tax: RUB 17.85 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 335.10 Total revenue: RUB 1,437.77 Large livestock: 120 Small livestock: 200 Units of water for irrigation: 4⅘ 17. Zilfaghar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 15.28 D Irrigated plowed fields: 561.39 D Yaylaks: 66.00 D Total land: 652.67 D Total households: 79 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,191.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,162.82 Army tax: RUB 211.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 262.61 Total revenue: RUB 1,637.08 Large livestock: 149 Small livestock: 228 Units of water for irrigation: 10⅖

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18. Najaf-`Ali Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 61.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 150.60 D Total land: 231.60 D Total households: 112 (101 Armenian and 11 Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,752.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,414.36 Army tax: RUB 25.50 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 203.66 Total revenue: RUB 1,643.52 Large livestock: 70 Small livestock: 105 Units of water for irrigation: 2⅗ 19. Kızıl-Zakir Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 484.00 D Yaylaks: 32.00 D Total land: 525.75 D Total households: 82 (49 Tatar and 33 Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,932.20 Total land taxes: RUB 947.38 Army tax: RUB 94.35 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 205.69 Total revenue: RUB 1,247.42 Large livestock: 64 Small livestock: 103 Units of water for irrigation: 3⅖ 20. Amarat Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 18.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 243.00 D Yaylaks: 68.00 D Total land: 335.00 D Total households: 40.00 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,970.80

Total land taxes: RUB 569.52 Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 123.14 Total revenue: RUB 776.81 Large livestock: 62 Small livestock: 54 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅖ 21. Hoseynkend Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.44 D Irrigated plowed fields: 85.12 D Yaylaks: 20.00 D Total land: 111.56 D Total households: 28.00 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,922.80 Total land taxes: RUB 183.43 Army tax: RUB 56.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 85.20 Total revenue: RUB 324.73 Large livestock: 52 Small livestock: 40 Units of water for irrigation: 2 Yaiji Commune 22. Yaiji Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 19.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 997.24 D Total land: 1,026.29 D Total households: 226 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 21,002.80 Total land taxes: RUB 2,003.30 Army tax: RUB 425.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,005.71 Total revenue: RUB 3,434.86 Large livestock: 546 Small livestock: 110 Units of water for irrigation: 15⅗ 23. Sari-Choban Ownership: Treasury/Private

Table III Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 296.33 D Yaylaks: 118.00 D Total land: 424.41 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,207.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,005.18 Army tax: RUB 132.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 600.98 Total revenue: RUB 1,738.76 Large livestock: 116 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅖ 24. Kazanchi Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 579 D Yaylaks: 28.00 D Total land: 619.60 D Total households: 121.00 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,946.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,139.51 Army tax: RUB 270.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,086.94 Total revenue: RUB 2,496.75 Large livestock: 205 Small livestock: 286 Units of water for irrigation: 9¾ 25. Kitı Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 79.50 D Yaylaks: 949.00 D Total land: 1,040.00 D Total households: 29 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,150.90 Total land taxes: RUB 205.14 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 150.40 Total revenue: RUB 386.04

195

Large livestock: 96 Small livestock: 233 Units of water for irrigation: 2⅖ 26. Arabkirlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 476.67 D Yaylaks: 405.00 D Total land: 911.88 D Total households: 102 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,376.40 Total land taxes: RUB 2,273.62 Army tax: RUB 242.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 516.10 Total revenue: RUB 2,931.97 Large livestock: 301 Small livestock: 273 Units of water for irrigation: 4⅖ 27. Oba Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 39.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 346.00 D Yaylaks: 86.00 D Total land: 481.00 D Total households: 101 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,308.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,286.13 Army tax: RUB 183.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 300.04 Total revenue: RUB 1,769.77 Large livestock: 265 Small livestock: 215 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅖ 28. `Ali-Qamarlu RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 103.00 D

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Irrigated plowed fields: 642.00 D Yaylaks: 172.00 D Total land: 939.00 D Total households: 245 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,217.15 Total land taxes: RUB 1,509.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 704.77 Total revenue: RUB 2,214.29 Large livestock: 303 Small livestock: 390 Units of water for irrigation: 15⅗ 29. Kasumjan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 9.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 314.96 D Yaylaks: 10.00 D Total land: 340.21 D Total households: 83 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,879.20 Total land taxes: RUB 656.18 Army tax: RUB 137.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 215.04 Total revenue: RUB 1,008.92 Large livestock: 183 Small livestock: 100 Units of water for irrigation: 6 30. Kuzikulan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 320.00 D Yaylaks: 21.00 D Total land: 356.50 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,053.10 Total land taxes: RUB 672.74 Army tax: RUB 94.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 163.40 Total revenue: RUB 930.49 Large livestock: 109 Small livestock: 139

Units of water for irrigation: 5¾ 31. Khosh-Khabar [Hos¸haber] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 367.50 D Yaylaks: 231.00 D Total land: 631.50 D Total households: 136 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,681.10 Total land taxes: RUB 1,158.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 706.60 Total revenue: RUB 1,864.78 Large livestock: 495 Small livestock: 604 Units of water for irrigation: 5 32. Aghaver Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 181.00 D Yaylaks: 247.00 D Total land: 439.50 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,110.70 Total land taxes: RUB 392.10 Army tax: RUB 104.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 351.81 Total revenue: RUB 848.46 Large livestock: 265 Small livestock: 215 Units of water for irrigation: 3⅗ 33. Charukhchi (Upper) Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.38 D Irrigated plowed fields: 118.05 D Total land: 122.43 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,399.80 Total land taxes: RUB 480.35

Table III Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 109.45 Total revenue: RUB 655.51 Large livestock: 161 Small livestock: 264 Units of water for irrigation: 2 34. Külluk Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 16.32 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,144.17 D Yaylaks: 152.00 D Total land: 1,334.30 D Total households: 165 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 24,117.30 Total land taxes: RUB 5,051.99 Army tax: RUB 344.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 554.68 Total revenue: RUB 5,230.92 Large livestock: 469 Small livestock: 670 Units of water for irrigation: 24 35. Agh-Mahmed Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 664.00 D Yaylaks: 10.00 D Total land: 676.00 D Total households: 130 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 13,664.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,082.82 Army tax: RUB 267.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 648.15 Total revenue: RUB 2,998.72 Large livestock: 164 Small livestock: 112 Units of water for irrigation: 10 36. Charukhchi (Lower) Ownership: Private Irrigated plowed fields: 17.12 D Total land: 17.12 D

197

Total households: 4 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 342.40 Total land taxes: RUB 32.65 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 33.97 Total revenue: RUB 89.57 Units of water for irrigation: 2 `Ali-Kochak Commune 37. Kara-Köy Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 139.00 D Kishlaks: 1,932.00 D Total land: 2,075.00 D Total households: 53 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,483.80 Total land taxes: RUB 310.82 Army tax: RUB 90.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 250.48 Total revenue: RUB 561.82 Large livestock: 313 Small livestock: 1,718 38. `Ali-Kochak RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 326.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 130.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.70 D Yaylaks: 179.00 D Total land: 661.70 D Total households: 69 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,362.30 Total land taxes: RUB 913.80 Army tax: RUB 70.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 236.36 Total revenue: RUB 1,220.54 Large livestock: 221 Small livestock: 532 Units of water for irrigation: 6

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39. Kharaba Mazra Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 54.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 98.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.71 D Yaylaks: 112.00 D Total land: 269.16 D Total households: 17 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,236.55 Total land taxes: RUB 259.02 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 73.48 Total revenue: RUB 355.45 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 380 Units of water for irrigation: 1½ 40. Bandeh-Morad (Upper) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 60.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 1,182.00 D Total land: 1,352.00 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,906.20 Total land taxes: RUB 181.81 Army tax: RUB 5.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 45.14 Total revenue: RUB 232.56 Large livestock: 65 Small livestock: 112 Units of water for irrigation: 4 41. Günda Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 141.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 545.82 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 55.50 D Total land: 757.93 D

Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,864.37 Total land taxes: RUB 368.60 Army tax: RUB 8.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 87.44 Total revenue: RUB 464.20 Large livestock: 96 Small livestock: 255 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅕ 42. Mucha Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 73.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Yaylaks: 1,991.00 D Kishlaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 3,318.50 D Total households: 40 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,166.60 Total land taxes: RUB 562.71 Army tax: RUB 20.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 313.78 Total revenue: RUB 896.89 Large livestock: 220 Small livestock: 840 Units of water for irrigation: 1⅖ 43. Orgov Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 11.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 2,719.00 D Kishlaks: 1,929.00 D Total land: 4,714.80 D Total households: 43 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,510.50 Total land taxes: RUB 316.42 Army tax: RUB 41.43 Upkeep of officials: RUB 125.24 Total revenue: RUB 483.09 Large livestock: 99

Table III Small livestock: 1,134 44. Bazarkhana Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 19.70 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 1,568.00 D Kishlaks: 400.00 D Total land: 2,009.70 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 582.40 Total land taxes: RUB 122.00 Army tax: RUB 11.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.36 Total revenue: RUB 169.57 Large livestock: 160 Small livestock: 531 45. Kara-Güney Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 607.00 D Kishlaks: 500.00 D Total land: 1,148.00 D Total households: 12 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 464.70 Total land taxes: RUB 97.35 Army tax: RUB 13.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 44.44 Total revenue: RUB 155.49 Large livestock: 144 Small livestock: 265 46. Zorı Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 103.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 425.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 103.80 D Yaylaks: 1,888.00 D Total land: 2,525.18 D Total households: 61 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,983.12

199

Total land taxes: RUB 834.37 Army tax: RUB 100.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 385.96 Total revenue: RUB 1,321.31 Large livestock: 335 Small livestock: 1,447 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅕ 47. Dibaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 60.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 85.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Yaylaks: 651.00 D Total land: 807.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,086.48 Total land taxes: RUB 227.60 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 111.02 Total revenue: RUB 366.16 Large livestock: 161 Small livestock: 301 Units of water for irrigation: 2 48. Bandeh-Morad (Lower) (also known as Alexanderabad) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 136.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 158.17 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 73.50 D Total land: 378.67 D Total households: 12 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,048.37 Total land taxes: RUB 290.77 Army tax: RUB 6.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.40 Total revenue: RUB 349.29 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 503 Units of water for irrigation: 2

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49. Karavansaray Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 106.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 25.20 D Yaylaks: 444.00 D Kishlaks: 150.00 D Total land: 728.20 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 666.40 Total land taxes: RUB 139.60 Army tax: RUB 26.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 72.72 Total revenue: RUB 238.60 Large livestock: 197 Small livestock: 403 50. Orushmish Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 93.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 30.33 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 236.00 D Kishlaks: 100.00 D Total land: 462.66 D Total households: 25 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,659.53 Total land taxes: RUB 347.63 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.32 Total revenue: RUB 535.79 Large livestock: 157 Small livestock: 380 Units of water for irrigation: 4 51. Garmashov Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 226.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 75.00 D Yaylaks: 1,683.00 D Total land: 1,987.50 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish)

Total income: RUB 2,367.30 Total land taxes: RUB 495.90 Army tax: RUB 32.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 88.88 Total revenue: RUB 616.90 Large livestock: 251 Small livestock: 1,603 52. Charsala Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 202.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 48.00 D Yaylaks: 805.00 D Kishlaks: 300.00 D Total land: 1,356.00 D Total households: 17 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 2,066.90 Total land taxes: RUB 432.96 Army tax: RUB 24.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 68.68 Total revenue: RUB 526.46 Large livestock: 178 Small livestock: 556 53. Asma Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 172.83 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 52.50 D Yaylaks: 2,217.00 D Total land: 2444.33 D Total households: 35 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,874.84 Total land taxes: RUB 392.72 Army tax: RUB 29.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 96.96 Total revenue: RUB 619.56 Large livestock: 282 Small livestock: 1,547 54. Kujakh [Kucak] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 141.40 D

Table III Unirrigated fodder fields: 81.00 D Yaylaks: 999.00 D Total land: 1,223.40 D Total households: 24 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,644.10 Total land taxes: RUB 156.83 Army tax: RUB 8.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 96.96 Total revenue: RUB 261.95 Large livestock: 181 Small livestock: 1,167 55. Sichanlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 71.48 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 125.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 36.10 D Yaylaks: 830.10 D Total land: 1,064.68 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,343.71 Total land taxes: RUB 223.55 Army tax: RUB 10.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 55.60 Total revenue: RUB 289.35 Large livestock: 114 Small livestock: 262 Units of water for irrigation: 1¾ 56. Güngermaz (also known as Pirakhat) Ownership: Personal Yaylaks: 1,065.00 D Total land: 1,065.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,742.00 Total land taxes: RUB 128.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 72.72 Total revenue: RUB 200.72 Large livestock: 228 Small livestock: 550 57. Dashluja Ownership: Private

201

Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 82.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 571.71 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 13.00 D Yaylaks: 418.00 D Total land: 1,087.21 D Total households: 17 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,347.79 Total land taxes: RUB 319.32 Army tax: RUB 8.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 63.92 Total revenue: RUB 391.91 Large livestock: 105 Small livestock: 237 Units of water for irrigation: 4⅕ 58. Zaga-Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Kishlaks: 431.00 D Total land: 442.00 D Total households: 4 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 226.40 Total land taxes: RUB 47.43 Army tax: RUB 10.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 20.20 Total revenue: RUB 77.85 Large livestock: 42 Small livestock: 174 59. Kara-Gasar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 26.11 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 609.00 D Total land: 638.11 D Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 466.55 Total land taxes: RUB 97.92 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 21.20 Total revenue: RUB 126.57 Large livestock: 52

202

Part II

Small livestock: 151 Units of water for irrigation: 2 60. Kızıl-Kula Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 209.00 D Yaylaks: 784.00 D Total land: 996.00 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,344.40 Total land taxes: RUB 128.22 Army tax: RUB 16.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 347.74 Total revenue: RUB 492.28 Large livestock: 114 Small livestock: 126 61. Kushchi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 155.35 D Yaylaks: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 542.00 D Total land: 744.35 D Total households: 24 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 908.60 Total land taxes: RUB 190.34 Army tax: RUB 36.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 101.00 Total revenue: RUB 327.84 Large livestock: 133 Small livestock: 511

Second Police Prefecture Aralık Commune 62. Aralık-Bashkend [Aralık] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D

Orchards and vineyards: 4.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,112.95 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 242.00 D Yaylaks: 960.00 D Total land: 2,349.00 D Total households: 333 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 40,626.90 Total land taxes: RUB 8,510.35 Army tax: RUB 665.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,621.21 Total revenue: RUB 10,797.11 Large livestock: 1,005 Small livestock: 1,088 Units of water for irrigation: 12 63. Aralık Sirbogan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 450.57 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.50 D Yaylaks: 7.50 D Total land: 496.10 D Total households: 169 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,069.70 Total land taxes: RUB 3,366.21 Army tax: RUB 295.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 505.31 Total revenue: RUB 4,167.32 Large livestock: 495 Small livestock: 454 Units of water for irrigation: 5⅖ 64. Aratan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 265.17 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 81.00 D Yaylaks: 113.00 D Total land: 468.17 D Total households: 68 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9733.25 Total land taxes: RUB 2,038.87 Army tax: RUB 158.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 296.64

Table III Total revenue: RUB 2,393.61 Large livestock: 211 Small livestock: 86 Units of water for irrigation: 5 65. Akhura Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 315.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 36.00 D Yaylaks: 1,663.00 D Total land: 2,024.00 D Total households: 50 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,066.78 Total land taxes: RUB 642.42 Army tax: RUB 130.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 198.28 Total revenue: RUB 970.75 Large livestock: 286 Small livestock: 721 Units of water for irrigation: 4 66. `Ali-Kızıl Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 20.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 261.65 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 31.50 D Yaylaks: 248.00 D Total land: 573.15 D Total households: 71 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,677.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,398.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 584.00 Total revenue: RUB 1,982.72 Large livestock: 211 Small livestock: 160 Units of water for irrigation: 6 67. Gedaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 268.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 121.00 D

203

Yaylaks: 47.00 D Total land: 446.00 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,669.70 Total land taxes: RUB 978.20 Army tax: RUB 145.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 299.12 Total revenue: RUB 1,422.67 Large livestock: 341 Small livestock: 1,876 Units of water for irrigation: 3 68. Jutluk Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 479.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.60 D Yaylaks: 529.00 D Total land: 1,081.97 D Total households: 138 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 17,550.40 Total land taxes: RUB 2,208.37 Army tax: RUB 280.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 392.81 Total revenue: RUB 2,881.68 Large livestock: 460 Small livestock: 223 Units of water for irrigation: 5 69. Karabaghlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 130.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 123.75 D Yaylaks: 18.00 D Total land: 278.75 D Total households: 53 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,598.55 Total land taxes: RUB 544.33 Army tax: RUB 71.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 352.67 Total revenue: RUB 968.91 Large livestock: 384 Small livestock: 383

204

Part II

Units of water for irrigation: 1⅖ 70. Ramazankend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 439.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 99.00 D Yaylaks: 521.00 D Total land: 1,066.00 D Total households: 72 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,160.10 Total land taxes: RUB 1,499.86 Army tax: RUB 94.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 768.77 Total revenue: RUB 2,381.49 Large livestock: 179 Small livestock: 186 Units of water for irrigation: 6 71. Sarachlu-Prcho Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 204.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 96.00 D Yaylaks: 601.00 D Total land: 920.00 D Total households: 60 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,676.10 Total land taxes: RUB 770.05 Army tax: RUB 122.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 316.26 Total revenue: RUB 1,208.71 Large livestock: 197 Small livestock: 37 Units of water for irrigation: ½ 72. Sarachlu Haji-Aqa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 42.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 420.00 D Total land: 576.00 D Total households: 71 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,228.00

Total land taxes: RUB 257.23 Army tax: RUB 130.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 341.13 Total revenue: RUB 728.41 Large livestock: 274 Small livestock: 307 Units of water for irrigation: ½ 73. Eminja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 141.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.00 D Yaylaks: 11.00 D Total land: 172.00 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,213.10 Total land taxes: RUB 403.59 Army tax: RUB 44.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.23 Total revenue: RUB 653.19 Units of water for irrigation: 2 Dashburun Commune 74. Karim-Beglu [Kerimbeyli] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 130.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.50 D Yaylaks: 419.23 D Total land: 567.53 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,739.42 Total land taxes: RUB 573.84 Army tax: RUB 66.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 94.76 Total revenue: RUB 734.90 Large livestock: 41 Small livestock: 66 Units of water for irrigation: 3 75. Gegjalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D

Table III Orchards and vineyards: 1.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 324.14 D Total land: 333.30 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,584.40 Total land taxes: RUB 1,379.27 Army tax: RUB 147.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 151.24 Total revenue: RUB 1,678.41 Large livestock: 121 Small livestock: 74 Units of water for irrigation: 4⅗ 76. Hasan-Khan [Hasanhan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 449.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 127.00 D Yaylaks: 1,288.00 D Total land: 1,876.60 D Total households: 74 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,803.80 Total land taxes: RUB 2,053.66 Army tax: RUB 186.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 516.53 Total revenue: RUB 2,756.34 Large livestock: 147 Units of water for irrigation: 6⅗ 77. Dashburun [Tas¸burun] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 50.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,534.00 D Yaylaks: 310.00 D Total land: 1,924.50 D Total households: 286 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 33,886.21 Total land taxes: RUB 7,098.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,056.36

205

Total revenue: RUB 8,154.65 Large livestock: 258 Small livestock: 355 Units of water for irrigation: 13 78. Jannatabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 460.00 D Yaylaks: 344.00 D Total land: 824.00 D Total households: 161 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,214.40 Total land taxes: RUB 3,396.52 Army tax: RUB 247.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 290.49 Total revenue: RUB 3,734.36 Large livestock: 58 Small livestock: 6 Units of water for irrigation: 5⅗ 79. Karakoyunlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 35.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,281.72 D Yaylaks: 2,001.50 D Total land: 3,324.72 D Total households: 272 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 26,364.55 Total land taxes: RUB 2,566.05 Army tax: RUB 538.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 992.10 Total revenue: RUB 4,096.20 Large livestock: 206 Small livestock: 705 Units of water for irrigation: 24⅖ 80. Krachbagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 75.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 60.00 D Yaylaks: 1,442.00 D Total land: 1,581.00 D

206

Part II

Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,585.20 Total land taxes: RUB 332.05 Army tax: RUB 26.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 81.77 Total revenue: RUB 469.92 Large livestock: 142 Small livestock: 372 Units of water for irrigation: 1⅗ 81. Diza Suleymanabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.04 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,126.14 D Yaylaks: 1,222.39 D Total land: 2,384.57 D Total households: 219 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 40,009.54 Total land taxes: RUB 8,381.04 Army tax: RUB 250.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 429.91 Total revenue: RUB 9,061.87 Large livestock: 292 Small livestock: 132 Units of water for irrigation: 13⅕ 82. Öküzlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.07 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 39.50 D Kishlaks: 315.00 D Total land: 372.57 D Total households: 10 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 572.55 Total land taxes: RUB 119.94 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 25.99 Total revenue: RUB 168.88 Large livestock: 44 Small livestock: 5 Units of water for irrigation: ½

83. Safar-Qoli Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 104.35 D Yaylaks: 11.72 D Total land: 118.70 D Total households: 12 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,096.17 Total land taxes: RUB 199.93 Army tax: RUB 28.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.50 Total revenue: RUB 414.48 Large livestock: 14.00 Small livestock: 21.00 Units of water for irrigation: 2⅕ 84. Tokhanshalu-Bayat Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 445.43 D Total land: 454.43 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,000.60 Total land taxes: RUB 858.49 Army tax: RUB 163.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.23 Total revenue: RUB 1,189.97 Large livestock: 63 Small livestock: 143 Units of water for irrigation: 8⅘ 85. Tokhanshalu-Qajar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.29 D Irrigated plowed fields: 925.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.00 D Yaylaks: 420.00 D Total land: 1,378.19 D Total households: 178 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 32,660.90 Total land taxes: RUB 6,841.67 Army tax: RUB 283.05

Table III Upkeep of officials: RUB 348.25 Total revenue: RUB 7,472.97 Large livestock: 257 Small livestock: 349 Units of water for irrigation: 14 86. `Ali-Jan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 93.00 D Yaylaks: 262.51 D Total land: 357.51 D Total households: 29 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,429.25 Total land taxes: RUB 299.40 Army tax: RUB 35.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.49 Total revenue: RUB 371.59 Large livestock: 24 Small livestock: 1 Units of water for irrigation: 1⅘ 87. Shirachi Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.76 D Irrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Yaylaks: 12.35 D Total land: 167.78 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,322.88 Total land taxes: RUB 221.55 Army tax: RUB 73.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.62 Total revenue: RUB 361.12 Large livestock: 61 Small livestock: 111 Units of water for irrigation: 2⅖ Radikin Commune

207

Kishlaks: 1,675.00 D Total land: 1,691.00 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 747.00 Total land taxes: RUB 156.47 Army tax: RUB 36.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.80 Total revenue: RUB 337.43 Large livestock: 183 Small livestock: 627 89. `Ali-Kızıl Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Kishlaks: 1,802.00 D Total land: 1,813.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 773.80 Total land taxes: RUB 162.08 Army tax: RUB 32.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 127.10 Total revenue: RUB 322.16 Large livestock: 355 Small livestock: 2,181 90. Aratan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 19.00 D Total land: 67.00 D Total households: 17 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 244.60 Total land taxes: RUB 51.24 Army tax: RUB 48.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 123.52 Total revenue: RUB 223.72 Large livestock: 138 Small livestock: 490

88. Alatlu

91. Atija

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 13.00 D

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D

208

Part II

Kishlaks: 391.00 D Total land: 398.00 D Total households: 7 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 189.40 Total land taxes: RUB 39.67 Army tax: RUB 11.04 Upkeep of officials: RUB 44.45 Total revenue: RUB 95.16 Large livestock: 36 Small livestock: 213

Total land taxes: RUB 21.20 Army tax: RUB 17.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 98.52 Total revenue: RUB 137.12 Large livestock: 117 Small livestock: 370 95. Beri

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Total land: 2.00 D Total households: 1 (Kurdish) Total income: RUB 8.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1.67 Army tax: RUB 8.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 26.01 Total revenue: RUB 36.25

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.00 D Kishlaks: 392.00 D Total land: 413.00 D Total households: 24 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 255.20 Total land taxes: RUB 53.46 Army tax: RUB 26.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 171.59 Total revenue: RUB 251.48 Large livestock: 331 Small livestock: 1,463

93. Banushtuk

96. Bulagh-Bashi

92. Akhura

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.80 D Kishlaks: 185.12 D Total land: 189.50 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 94.95 Total land taxes: RUB 19.88 Army tax: RUB 10.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 58.10 Total revenue: RUB 88.21 Large livestock: 61 Small livestock: 463 94. Barbara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Kishlaks: 218.00 D Total land: 221.00 D Total households: 17 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 101.20

RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 56.30 D Kishlaks: 2,809.70 D Total land: 2,871.00 D Total households: 41 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,425.38 Total land taxes: RUB 298.57 Army tax: RUB 41.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 277.21 Total revenue: RUB 617.26 Large livestock: 841 Small livestock: 1,070 97. Gaso-Peysakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.00 D Kishlaks: 3,407.00 D

Table III Total land: 3,430.00 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,472.80 Total land taxes: RUB 308.53 Army tax: RUB 47.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 213.34 Total revenue: RUB 562.27 Large livestock: 225 Small livestock: 3,745 98. Gomik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Kishlaks: 541.00 D Total land: 563.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 324.40 Total land taxes: RUB 67.96 Army tax: RUB 12.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 90.70 Total revenue: RUB 171.04 Large livestock: 146 Small livestock: 978 99. Giavro Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.75 D Kishlaks: 746.16 D Total land: 754.91 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 340.21 Total land taxes: RUB 74.27 Army tax: RUB 51.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 53.64 Total revenue: RUB 176.26 100. Hasankhan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Kishlaks: 225.00 D Total land: 227.00 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 98.00

209

Total land taxes: RUB 20.53 Army tax: RUB 16.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 84.99 Total revenue: RUB 122.02 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 1,500 101. Diza Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.00 D Kishlaks: 517.00 D Total land: 537.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 304.80 Total land taxes: RUB 63.85 Army tax: RUB 32.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 99.30 Total revenue: RUB 196.13 Large livestock: 283 Small livestock: 2,243 102. Karagajalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 44.00 D Kishlaks: 1,440.00 D Total land: 1,491.00 D Total households: 32 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 823.00 Total land taxes: RUB 173.61 Army tax: RUB 64.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 211.22 Total revenue: RUB 448.09 Large livestock: 385 Small livestock: 2,655 103. Korgan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 90.00 D Kishlaks: 1,184.00 D Total land: 1,277.00 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 935.60

210

Part II

Total land taxes: RUB 195.98 Army tax: RUB 12.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.65 Total revenue: RUB 261.24 Large livestock: 250 Small livestock: 470 104. Koby (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Kishlaks: 1,139.14 D Total land: 1,158.14 D Total households: 35 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 718.65 Total land taxes: RUB 150.54 Army tax: RUB 60.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 227.60 Total revenue: RUB 438.90 Large livestock: 209 Small livestock: 938 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 (shared with Lower Kobi, no 105) 105. Koby (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2 D Irrigated plowed fields: 18 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.25 D Kishlaks: 984.3 D Total land: 1,015.55 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 727.97 Total land taxes: RUB 155.78 Army tax: RUB 39.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 165.33 Total revenue: RUB 357.82 Large livestock: 123 Small livestock: 522 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Upper Kobi, no 104) 106. Kabakh I and II Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D

Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 1,359.00 D Total land: 1,406.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 766.60 Total land taxes: RUB 162.68 Army tax: RUB 16.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 68.36 Total revenue: RUB 247.87 Large livestock: 90 Small livestock: 432 107. Makhso-Zilo Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Kishlaks: 392.00 D Total land: 401.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 200.80 Total land taxes: RUB 42.07 Army tax: RUB 14.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 71.85 Total revenue: RUB 128.10 Large livestock: 55 Small livestock: 172 108. Krachbakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Total land: 3.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 12.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2.51 Army tax: RUB 18.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 60.86 Total revenue: RUB 81.91 Large livestock: 74 Small livestock: 1,600 109. Kyafir-Köy Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 33.75 D Kishlaks: 1,417.25 D

Table III Total land: 1,453.00 D Total households: 27 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 743.65 Total land taxes: RUB 155.78 Army tax: RUB 27.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 176.50 Total revenue: RUB 359.61 Large livestock: 187 Small livestock: 2,610 110. Milo Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 1,646.50 D Total land: 1,700.00 D Total households: 28 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 967.10 Total land taxes: RUB 202.58 Army tax: RUB 57.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 173.90 Total revenue: RUB 434.18 Large livestock: 174 Small livestock: 1,900 111. Öküzlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.13 D Total land: 12.13 D Total households: 5 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 58.65 Total land taxes: RUB 12.29 Army tax: RUB 10.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 32.05 Total revenue: RUB 54.66 Large livestock: 27 Small livestock: 111 112. Ramazankend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Total land: 1.00 D Total households: 5 (All Kurdish)

211

Total income: RUB 4.00 Total land taxes: RUB 0.84 Army tax: RUB 10.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 40.64 Total revenue: RUB 51.80 Large livestock: 88 Small livestock: 558 113. Taza-Karagajalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Kishlaks: 226.00 D Total land: 238.00 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 148.40 Total land taxes: RUB 31.08 Army tax: RUB 12.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 58.83 Total revenue: RUB 100.52 Large livestock: 86 Small livestock: 1,407 114. Tarash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.25 D Kishlaks: 757.54 D Total land: 770.79 D Total households: 33 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 367.27 Total land taxes: RUB 76.93 Army tax: RUB 33.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 204.69 Total revenue: RUB 315.00 Large livestock: 366 Small livestock: 4,963 115. Khidırlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.50 D Kishlaks: 1,026.50 D Total land: 1,052.00 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish)

212

Part II

Total income: RUB 535.10 Total land taxes: RUB 111.98 Army tax: RUB 14.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 155.44 Total revenue: RUB 281.94 Large livestock: 225 Small livestock: 3,058

Total income: RUB 265.20 Total land taxes: RUB 55.55 Army tax: RUB 22.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 84.17 Total revenue: RUB 161.75 Large livestock: 190 Small livestock: 2,284

116. Kharaba `Ali-Jan

119. Sheikh Mirza

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.50 D Kishlaks: 292.50 D Total land: 298.00 D Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 143.50 Total land taxes: RUB 30.05 Army tax: RUB 18.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.15 Total revenue: RUB 113.75 Large livestock: 121 Small livestock: 5,422

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 852.00 D Total land: 890.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 573.80 Total land taxes: RUB 120.19 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 119.20 Total revenue: RUB 262.34 Large livestock: 123 Small livestock: 830

117. Chamurlu

120. Bilijan

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Kishlaks: 960.00 D Total land: 1,008.00 D Total households: 35 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 621.00 Total land taxes: RUB 130.09 Army tax: RUB 72.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 212.20 Total revenue: RUB 414.45 Large livestock: 840 Small livestock: 3,185

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Kishlaks: 228.00 D Total land: 236.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 130.20 Total land taxes: RUB 27.27 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 38.24 Total revenue: RUB 76.22 Large livestock: 85 Small livestock: 428

118. Chatın-Dara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Kishlaks: 493.00 D Total land: 507.00 D Total households: 14 (All Kurdish)

Third Police Prefecture Kulpi Commune 121. Kyagin Ownership: Private

Table III Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 209.95 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 365.00 D Total land: 597.70 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,705.88 Total land taxes: RUB 167.70 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 96.82 Total revenue: RUB 288.59 Large livestock: 105 Small livestock: 56 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 122. Khadımlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 33.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.87 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Kishlaks: 589.00 D Total land: 1,232.87 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,230.95 Total land taxes: RUB 257.86 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 101.22 Total revenue: RUB 397.33 Large livestock: 237 Small livestock: 247 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 123. Agarak Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 235.90 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 288.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Yaylaks: 110.00 D Total land: 656.00 D

213

Total households: 82 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 25,048.90 Total land taxes: RUB 769.62 Army tax: RUB 126.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 315.03 Total revenue: RUB 1,211.64 Large livestock: 590 Small livestock: 753 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 124. Suki Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 179.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 290.00 D Total land: 499.00 D Total households: 48 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,852.00 Total land taxes: RUB 336.58 Army tax: RUB 71.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 163.80 Total revenue: RUB 572.29 Large livestock: 275 Small livestock: 546 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 125. Kamıshlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 424.32 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 2,155.00 D Total land: 2,596.32 D Total households: 33 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,749.65 Total land taxes: RUB 548.40 Army tax: RUB 64.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 175.66 Total revenue: RUB 788.83 Large livestock: 157 Small livestock: 93 Units of water used for irrigation: 3

214

Part II

126. Pirlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 230.00 D Yaylaks: 1,006.00 D Total land: 1,246.00 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,790.60 Total land taxes: RUB 361.56 Army tax: RUB 36.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 115.58 Total revenue: RUB 398.28 Large livestock: 102 Small livestock: 231 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 127. Surmalu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.29 D Irrigated plowed fields: 694.74 D Yaylaks: 324.00 D Total land: 1,037.03 D Total households: 48 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,491.45 Total land taxes: RUB 523.82 Army tax: RUB 127.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 206.48 Total revenue: RUB 857.80 Large livestock: 200 Small livestock: 315 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 128. Turabi Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 356.00 D Yaylaks: 496.00 D Total land: 855.40 D Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,425.60

Total land taxes: RUB 517.51 Army tax: RUB 68.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 178.23 Total revenue: RUB 764.59 Large livestock: 192 Small livestock: 400 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 129. Chinchavad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 80.00 D Total land: 82.50 D Total households: 12 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,264.00 Total land taxes: RUB 264.78 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 92.74 Total revenue: RUB 411.07 Large livestock: 100 Small livestock: 389 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 130. Kulpi (Koghb in Armenian) [Tuzluça] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 60.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 42.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,214.64 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 297.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.50 D Yaylaks: 3,950.36 D Kishlaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 6,575.00 D Total households: 521 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 22,919.64 Total land taxes: RUB 4,801.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,301.20 Total revenue: RUB 6,102.03

Table III Large livestock: 1,344 Small livestock: 1,560 Units of water used for irrigation: 14 131. Kara-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 141.31 D Yaylaks: 600.00 D Total land: 743.31 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,312.59 Total land taxes: RUB 274.96 Army tax: RUB 25.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 68.32 Total revenue: RUB 368.78 Large livestock: 107 Small livestock: 158 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 Gülluja Commune 132. Gülluja RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 704.85 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 954.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Yaylaks: 3,274.00 D Total land: 4,292.00 D Total households: 135 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,321.65 Total land taxes: RUB 1,533.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 373.13 Total revenue: RUB 1,906.84 Large livestock: 269 Small livestock: 607 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

215

133. Molla Qamar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,183.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.55 D Yaylaks: 234.00 D Total land: 1,492.15 D Total households: 78 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,845.36 Total land taxes: RUB 2,271.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 432.75 Total revenue: RUB 2,704.59 Large livestock: 145 Small livestock: 187 134. `Abbas-Gol [Abbasgöl] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 108.26 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 285.64 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.80 D Yaylaks: 1,112.00 D Total land: 1,553.70 D Total households: 72 (66 Armenian and 6 Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,104.66 Total land taxes: RUB 650.35 Army tax: RUB 6.12 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 305.25 Total revenue: RUB 961.72 Large livestock: 223 Small livestock: 665 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 135. Tovuskün Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 302.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 143.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 52.50 D Yaylaks: 1,972.00 D Total land: 2,475.00 D Total households: 65 (All Tatar)

216

Part II

Total income: RUB 6,161.20 Total land taxes: RUB 587.66 Army tax: RUB 19.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 195.47 Total revenue: RUB 803.02 Large livestock: 133 Small livestock: 280 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 136. `Ali-Kösa [Karaköse] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 220.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 338.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.75 D Yaylaks: 1,154.00 D Total land: 1,728.00 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,876.72 Total land taxes: RUB 812.05 Army tax: RUB 50.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 267.38 Total revenue: RUB 1,129.92 Large livestock: 82 Small livestock: 186 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¾ 137. Inja Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 102.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 36.00 D Total land: 152.00 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,601.60 Total land taxes: RUB 152.77 Army tax: RUB 11.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.38 Total revenue: RUB 332.88 Large livestock: 90 Small livestock: 155 Units of water used for irrigation: ½

138. Qaterlu (Lower) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 172.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 257.00 D Total land: 439.00 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,653.70 Total land taxes: RUB 253.11 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 133.87 Total revenue: RUB 394.63 Large livestock: 133 Small livestock: 280 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 139. Qaterlu (Upper) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 101.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.50 D Yaylaks: 715.00 D Total land: 825.75 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,635.50 Total land taxes: RUB 155.98 Army tax: RUB 4.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 102.75 Total revenue: RUB 263.32 Large livestock: 25 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 140. Yaghly Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 112.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 595.00 D Total land: 731.00 D Total households: 6 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,071.50 Total land taxes: RUB 102.19

Table III Army tax: RUB 2.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 157.26 Total revenue: RUB 262.00 Large livestock: 40 Small livestock: 124 141. Gül Ahmed Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 33.53 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 90.00 D Yaylaks: 452.00 D Total land: 576.53 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,268.70 Total land taxes: RUB 121.01 Army tax: RUB 21.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 111.64 Total revenue: RUB 254.07 Large livestock: 26 Small livestock: 274 142. Akhundabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 51.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 81.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Yaylaks: 77.00 D Total land: 221.00 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,477.70 Total land taxes: RUB 309.55 Army tax: RUB 35.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 213.68 Total revenue: RUB 558.42 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 215 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 143. Kharaba-Parchinis Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 153.90 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 273.68 D

217

Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.42 D Yaylaks: 2,273.00 D Total land: 2,714.00 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,694.62 Total land taxes: RUB 773.93 Army tax: RUB 74.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 271.88 Total revenue: RUB 1,120.78 Large livestock: 85 Small livestock: 96 Units of water used for irrigation: 2¾ 144. Kalacha-Parchini Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 75.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 91.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 754.00 D Total land: 937.50 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,835.10 Total land taxes: RUB 384.40 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 330.82 Total revenue: RUB 744.29 Large livestock: 39 Small livestock: 186 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 145. Kanzak (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 81.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 63.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.00 D Yaylaks: 887.00 D Total land: 1,036.00 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,578.70 Total land taxes: RUB 330.70 Army tax: RUB 32.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 112.13

218

Part II

Total revenue: RUB 474.96 Large livestock: 94 Small livestock: 110 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 146. Kuru-Aghach Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 48.56 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 294.57 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.87 D Yaylaks: 1,511.00 D Total land: 1,874.00 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,153.13 Total land taxes: RUB 451.19 Army tax: RUB 58.14 Upkeep of officials: RUB 269.75 Total revenue: RUB 779.08 Large livestock: 132 Small livestock: 255 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 147. Damurs-khan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 83.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 120.36 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 54.75 D Yaylaks: 730.00 D Total land: 990.11 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,081.19 Total land taxes: RUB 198.51 Army tax: RUB 45.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 285.26 Total revenue: RUB 526.67 Large livestock: 110 Small livestock: 218 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 148. Karajoran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 160.89 D

Unirrigated plowed fields: 39.84 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 54.00 D Yaylaks: 1,272.00 D Total land: 1,528.73 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,977.91 Total land taxes: RUB 623.79 Army tax: RUB 47.43 Upkeep of officials: RUB 190.39 Total revenue: RUB 861.61 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 129 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 149. Kaya-Kharaba Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 47.84 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 32.45 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 24.50 D Yaylaks: 879.00 D Total land: 985.79 D Total households: 17 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,065.80 Total land taxes: RUB 223.25 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 184.00 Total revenue: RUB 436.32 Large livestock: 80 Small livestock: 150 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 150. Pirsakh Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 522.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 57.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 692.75 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,548.70 Total land taxes: RUB 624.57

Table III Army tax: RUB 8.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 117.70 Total revenue: RUB 750.43 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 179 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 151. Gülabi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 87.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Yaylaks: 222.00 D Total land: 354.00 D Total households: 15 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,515.20 Total land taxes: RUB 317.39 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.71 Total revenue: RUB 452.46 Large livestock: 41 Small livestock: 125 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 152. Kanzak (Lower) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.62 D Irrigated plowed fields: 143.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 78.75 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Yaylaks: 249.00 D Total land: 486.75 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,881.70 Total land taxes: RUB 274.86 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 260.50 Total revenue: RUB 578.20 Large livestock: 107 Small livestock: 218 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½

219

153. Kara-Koyunlu I Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 57.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.75 D Yaylaks: 372.00 D Total land: 650.45 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,800.05 Total land taxes: RUB 171.73 Army tax: RUB 6.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 226.11 Total revenue: RUB 403.96 Large livestock: 58 Small livestock: 88 Units of water used for irrigation: ¼ 154. Kaya-Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 54.09 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 29.64 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Yaylaks: 795.00 D Total land: 886.73 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,047.41 Total land taxes: RUB 219.41 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 103.55 Total revenue: RUB 350.50 Large livestock: 42 Small livestock: 49 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 Yezidi-Hasanli Commune 155. Aslanlu RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D

220

Part II

Unirrigated plowed fields: 194.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 140.00 D Yaylaks: 1,087.00 D Total land: 1,423.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,592.70 Total land taxes: RUB 151.90 Army tax: RUB 4.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 251.70 Total revenue: RUB 407.68 Large livestock: 330 Small livestock: 800 156. Yasti-Bulagh Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.61 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 59.61 D Yaylaks: 1,110.00 D Total land: 1,272.22 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 819.49 Total land taxes: RUB 78.16 Army tax: RUB 35.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 249.80 Total revenue: RUB 363.79 Large livestock: 434 Small livestock: 1,422 157. Ashik Hoseyn Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 32.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 65.12 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 227.00 D Total land: 340.12 D Total households: 12 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 842.18 Total land taxes: RUB 80.31 Army tax: RUB 21.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 138.80 Total revenue: RUB 240.27 Large livestock: 91 Small livestock: 52

Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 158. Kharaba Karakhtin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 46.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 31.00 D Yaylaks: 1,183.00 D Total land: 1,326.00 D Total households: 24 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 721.30 Total land taxes: RUB 151.10 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 203.20 Total revenue: RUB 481.84 Large livestock: 298 Small livestock: 814 159. Salakhai Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed lands: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 37.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.00 D Yaylaks: 717.00 D Total land: 780.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 367.70 Total land taxes: RUB 77.03 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 113.10 Total revenue: RUB 200.84 Large livestock: 65 Small livestock: 120 160. Tash-Uchan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 66.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Yaylaks: 321.00 D Total land: 394.00 D Total households: 8 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 330.10 Total land taxes: RUB 69.05

Table III Army tax: RUB 13.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 113.20 Total revenue: RUB 195.38 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 356 161. Kahraman-Kyalafasi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 49.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 624.00 D Total land: 705.50 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 418.40 Total land taxes: RUB 87.65 Army tax: RUB 14.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 183.10 Total revenue: RUB 285.49 Large livestock: 127 Small livestock: 460 162. Kochbash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 98.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.56 D Yaylaks: 733.00 D Total land: 837.56 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 496.10 Total land taxes: RUB 103.93 Army tax: RUB 27.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 236.30 Total revenue: RUB 367.91 Large livestock: 213 Small livestock: 696 163. Damurskhan Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 0.68 D Total land: 0.68 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 2.72 Army tax: RUB 11.40

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Upkeep of officials: RUB 69.30 Total revenue: RUB 80.70 Large livestock: 50 Small livestock: 240 164. Sovuk-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 135.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 34.00 D Yaylaks: 716.00 D Total land: 887.00 D Total households: 35 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 789.60 Total land taxes: RUB 164.40 Army tax: RUB 26.01 Upkeep of officials: RUB 296.20 Total revenue: RUB 478.61 Large livestock: 129 Small livestock: 249 165. Aluchalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 46.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 44.00 D Yaylaks: 352.00 D Total land: 444.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 631.20 Total land taxes: RUB 132.23 Army tax: RUB 14.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 213.10 Total revenue: RUB 360.07 Large livestock: 227 Small livestock: 633 166. Dash Kerpi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 48.63 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.80 D Yaylaks: 450.00 D Total land: 507.43 D Total households: 12 (All Kurdish)

222

Part II

Total income: RUB 474.34 Total land taxes: RUB 99.36 Army tax: RUB 14.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.80 Total revenue: RUB 129.90 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 623 167. Astaflu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 141.44 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 349.00 D Yaylaks: 1,280.00 D Total land: 1,773.44 D Total households: 47 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,016.52 Total land taxes: RUB 631.89 Army tax: RUB 71.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 471.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,175.22 Large livestock: 457 Small livestock: 1,993 168. Zarifkhana Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 71.77 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 186.22 D Yaylaks: 1,087.00 D Total land: 1,346.97 D Total households: 22 (All Kurds) Total income: RUB 1,334.70 Total land taxes: RUB 279.61 Army tax: RUB 34.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 227.90 Total revenue: RUB 541.71 Large livestock: 231 Small livestock: 1,088 169. Kırk-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 29.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 61.00 D

Yaylaks: 330.00 D Total land: 421.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 458.00 Total land taxes: RUB 95.93 Army tax: RUB 35.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 90.00 Total revenue: RUB 202.21 Large livestock: 70 Small livestock: 426 170. Bash-Sinak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 73.74 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 109.47 D Yaylaks: 600.00 D Total land: 785.21 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,205.27 Total land taxes: RUB 252.50 Army tax: RUB 30.93 Upkeep of officials: RUB 155.00 Total revenue: RUB 438.40 Large livestock: 123 Small livestock: 1,094 171. Dutakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 105.27 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 62.16 D Yaylaks: 885.00 D Total land: 1,054.43 D Total households: 34 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 828.38 Total land taxes: RUB 173.52 Army tax: RUB 35.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 229.70 Total revenue: RUB 438.45 Large livestock: 340 Small livestock: 1,776 172. Aslanlu (Pasture) Ownership: Treasury

Table III Total households: 9 (All Kurdish) Large livestock: 135 Small livestock: 346 173. On-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 122.28 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 108.70 D Yaylaks: 429.00 D Total land: 661.98 D Total households: 21 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,083.52 Total land taxes: RUB 226.97 Army tax: RUB 32.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 183.00 Total revenue: RUB 442.62 Large livestock: 266 Small livestock: 2,055 Jalali-Sakanli Commune 174. Nazravan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 68.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 600.00 D Kishlaks: 200.00 D Total land: 875.00 D Total households: 34 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 445.00 Total land taxes: RUB 93.21 Army tax: RUB 32.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 238.60 Total revenue: RUB 364.41 Large livestock: 140 Small livestock: 238 175. Kara-Güney Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 24.41 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 135.00 D

223

Kishlaks: 100.00 D Total land: 262.41 D Total households: 21 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 165.14 Total land taxes: RUB 34.62 Army tax: RUB 17.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.10 Total revenue: RUB 237.85 Large livestock: 88 Small livestock: 278 176. Nakhran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 43.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 26.25 D Yaylaks: 361.00 D Total land: 451.85 D Total households: 7 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 985.35 Total land taxes: RUB 206.41 Army tax: RUB 9.94 Upkeep of officials: RUB 135.90 Total revenue: RUB 352.25 Large livestock: 114 Small livestock: 554 177. Soghutlu RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 26.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 27.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.00 D Kishlaks: 200.00 D Total land: 277.25 D Total households: 59 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 698.75 Total land taxes: RUB 146.37 Army tax: RUB 44.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 325.28 Total revenue: RUB 516.11

224

Part II

Large livestock: 258 Small livestock: 1,213 178. Kara-Kala Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Kishlaks: 70.00 D Total land: 71.00 D Total households: 26 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 32.00 Total land taxes: RUB 6.71 Army tax: RUB 32.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 225.53 Total revenue: RUB 264.48 Large livestock: 78 Small livestock: 407 179. Gegdash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 38.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.00 D Yaylaks: 135.00 D Kishlaks: 100.00 D Total land: 286.90 D Total households: 24 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 272.10 Total land taxes: RUB 57.00 Army tax: RUB 33.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 223.92 Total revenue: RUB 314.70 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 176 180. Kızıl-Kyalafa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 22.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Kishlaks: 100.00 D Total land: 229.90 D Total households: 11 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 175.60 Total land taxes: RUB 36.78

Army tax: RUB 8.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 125.40 Total revenue: RUB 171.04 Large livestock: 67 Small livestock: 164 Oghruja Commune 181. Jandarvish Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 107.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 46.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.00 D Yaylaks: 1,202.00 D Total land: 1,381.00 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,035.20 Total land taxes: RUB 426.33 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 128.42 Total revenue: RUB 597.59 Large livestock: 288 Small livestock: 531 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 182. Aghdız Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 29.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 1,183.00 D Total land: 1,332.00 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,048.30 Total land taxes: RUB 219.60 Army tax: RUB 41.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 130.42 Total revenue: RUB 391.33 Large livestock: 238 Small livestock: 214 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

Table III 183. Hasankend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 39.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 70.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 599.00 D Total land: 740.00 D Total households: 15 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,082.90 Total land taxes: RUB 226.84 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 57.70 Total revenue: RUB 307.49 Large livestock: 131 Small livestock: 100 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 184. Kyalaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 97.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 663.00 D Total land: 790.00 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 751.30 Total land taxes: RUB 157.37 Army tax: RUB 19.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 70.38 Total revenue: RUB 247.64 Large livestock: 218 Small livestock: 109 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 185. Kum-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 34.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 98.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Yaylaks: 1,433.00 D Total land: 1,578.00 D

225

Total households: 29 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,104.30 Total land taxes: RUB 231.33 Army tax: RUB 48.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 124.36 Total revenue: RUB 404.65 Large livestock: 162 Small livestock: 208 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 186. Chichaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 22.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 191.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 28.00 D Yaylaks: 1,037.00 D Total land: 1,282.00 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,353.70 Total land taxes: RUB 346.57 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 132.98 Total revenue: RUB 456.33 Large livestock: 280 Small livestock: 340 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 187. Sariabdal Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 68.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Yaylaks: 902.00 D Total land: 987.00 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 525.20 Total land taxes: RUB 110.01 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 82.62 Total revenue: RUB 221.70 Large livestock: 229

226

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Small livestock: 150 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 188. Almalıkh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.00 D Yaylaks: 1,093.00 D Total land: 1,282.00 D Total households: 26 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 900.30 Total land taxes: RUB 188.60 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 106.48 Total revenue: RUB 333.33 Large livestock: 212 Small livestock: 139 189. Karadash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 60.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.50 D Yaylaks: 711.00 D Total land: 790.00 D Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 537.60 Total land taxes: RUB 112.62 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 71.68 Total revenue: RUB 222.55 Large livestock: 160 Small livestock: 212 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 190. Kalacha Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 41.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 209.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Yaylaks: 1,862.00 D Total land: 2,170.00 D

Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,919.20 Total land taxes: RUB 402.02 Army tax: RUB 67.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 199.77 Total revenue: RUB 669.11 Large livestock: 549 Small livestock: 845 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 191. Kırk-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 16.00 D Yaylaks: 1,227.00 D Total land: 1,332.00 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,262.70 Total land taxes: RUB 264.50 Army tax: RUB 41.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 114.26 Total revenue: RUB 420.07 Large livestock: 344 Small livestock: 450 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 192. Grampa (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 130.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.00 D Yaylaks: 1,180.00 D Total land: 1,332.00 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,331.40 Total land taxes: RUB 278.90 Army tax: RUB 68.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.81 Total revenue: RUB 492.56 Large livestock: 244 Small livestock: 206 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

Table III 193. Mirzakhan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 42.00 D Yaylaks: 136.00 D Total land: 179.00 D Total households: 8 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 185.60 Total land taxes: RUB 38.88 Army tax: RUB 4.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 32.82 Total revenue: RUB 76.29 Large livestock: 127 Small livestock: 111 194. Shami Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 52.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 528.00 D Total land: 592.00 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 316.80 Total land taxes: RUB 66.36 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 73.76 Total revenue: RUB 158.48 Large livestock: 169 Small livestock: 140 195. New Aghdash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 134.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.00 D Yaylaks: 784.00 D Total land: 937.00 D Total households: 15 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 707.40 Total land taxes: RUB 148.19 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 77.62 Total revenue: RUB 254.88

227

Large livestock: 117 Small livestock: 202 196. Parnaut Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.79 D Irrigated plowed fields: 214.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 509.61 D Yaylaks: 1,055.20 D Total land: 1,788.50 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,427.63 Total land taxes: RUB 422.32 Army tax: RUB 70.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 330.58 Total revenue: RUB 823.29 Large livestock: 459 Small livestock: 619 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 197. Aqa-Beg Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 27.58 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 263.92 D Total land: 295.00 D Total households: 7 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 474.09 Total land taxes: RUB 99.31 Army tax: RUB 9.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.87 Total revenue: RUB 145.36 Large livestock: 43 Small livestock: 82 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 198. Old Aghdash Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 797.45 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Yaylaks: 507.00 D

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Total land: 1,353.45 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,481.50 Total land taxes: RUB 332.08 Army tax: RUB 36.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 157.52 Total revenue: RUB 526.52 Large livestock: 242 Small livestock: 124 199. Chirakhlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 18.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 256.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 502.00 D Total land: 785.00 D Total households: 10 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,385.20 Total land taxes: RUB 132.13 Army tax: RUB 12.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 42.82 Total revenue: RUB 187.19 Large livestock: 122 Small livestock: 202 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 200. Kilichlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 131.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 16.00 D Yaylaks: 833.40 D Total land: 986.00 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 709.74 Total land taxes: RUB 148.67 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 69.60 Total revenue: RUB 248.87 Large livestock: 411 Small livestock: 416

201. Takatlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 229.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 29.00 D Yaylaks: 1,662.00 D Total land: 1,924.00 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,243.20 Total land taxes: RUB 260.42 Army tax: RUB 99.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 162.22 Total revenue: RUB 522.09 Large livestock: 348 Small livestock: 643 202. `Alikhanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 11.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 88.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.00 D Yaylaks: 626.00 D Total land: 739.00 D Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 646.60 Total land taxes: RUB 135.44 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 67.20 Total revenue: RUB 225.59 Large livestock: 154 Small livestock: 134 203. Grampa (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 22.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 147.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 1,396.00 D Total land: 1,578.00 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,163.60 Total land taxes: RUB 244.45

Table III Army tax: RUB 81.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 123.36 Total revenue: RUB 449.41 Large livestock: 210 Small livestock: 73 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 204. Oghruja RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 73.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 417.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.50 D Yaylaks: 660.70 D Total land: 1,178.00 D Total households: 21 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,255.08 Total land taxes: RUB 215.10 Army tax: RUB 32.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 122.58 Total revenue: RUB 369.81 Large livestock: 301 Small livestock: 384 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ Radiki-Sinak Commune 205. Kara-Javeran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 45.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.00 D Yaylaks: 371.00 D Total land: 444.00 D Total households: 11 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 507.66 Total land taxes: RUB 106.34 Army tax: RUB 14.68

229

Upkeep of officials: RUB 77.45 Total revenue: RUB 198.47 Large livestock: 102 Small livestock: 234 206. Kula Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 26.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 47.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 858.00 D Kishlaks: 286.00 D Total land: 1,233.00 D Total households: 28 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 854.20 Total land taxes: RUB 178.94 Army tax: RUB 37.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 169.42 Total revenue: RUB 385.98 Large livestock: 132 Small livestock: 289 207. Dibsız Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 11.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 53.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 1,154.00 D Total land: 1,233.00 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 564.40 Total land taxes: RUB 118.23 Army tax: RUB 36.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 151.03 Total revenue: RUB 305.43 Large livestock: 158 Small livestock: 265 208. Ghazanfar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 33.00 D

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Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Yaylaks: 837.00 D Total land: 887.00 D Total households: 18 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 347.70 Total land taxes: RUB 72.83 Army tax: RUB 28.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 125.37 Total revenue: RUB 226.60 Large livestock: 172 Small livestock: 340 209. Karanlugh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 68.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 16.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 594.00 D Total land: 690.00 D Total households: 14 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 961.12 Total land taxes: RUB 201.32 Army tax: RUB 22.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 95.84 Total revenue: RUB 319.16 Large livestock: 94 Small livestock: 238 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 210. Kurdish Jivanlu RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 106.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Yaylaks: 624.50 D Total land: 740.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 851.48 Total land taxes: RUB 178.37 Army tax: RUB 25.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 105.60

Total revenue: RUB 309.12 Large livestock: 168 Small livestock: 281 Units of water used for irrigation: ¾ 211. Eshak-Meydan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 70.00 D Kishlaks: 12.00 D Total land: 94.00 D Total households: 4 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 116.80 Total land taxes: RUB 11.15 Army tax: RUB 7.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.66 Total revenue: RUB 54.66 Large livestock: 54 Small livestock: 163 212. Pir-Damir Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.00 D Yaylaks: 361.00 D Kishlaks: 120.00 D Total land: 593.00 D Total households: 13 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 541.10 Total land taxes: RUB 113.34 Army tax: RUB 20.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 79.70 Total revenue: RUB 214.49 Large livestock: 192 Small livestock: 277 213. Tut (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 35.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.00 D

Table III Yaylaks: 108.00 D Kishlaks: 36.00 D Total land: 197.00 D Total households: 7 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 639.20 Total land taxes: RUB 133.90 Army tax: RUB 9.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 57.04 Total revenue: RUB 200.14 Large livestock: 91 Small livestock: 342 214. Tut (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 0.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 211.00 D Kishlaks: 72.50 D Total land: 295.00 D Total households: 7 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 156.10 Total land taxes: RUB 32.71 Army tax: RUB 7.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.92 Total revenue: RUB 93.47 Large livestock: 108 Small livestock: 277 215. Karnekh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 13.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 3.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.00 D Yaylaks: 270.00 D Total land: 295.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 282.50 Total land taxes: RUB 59.17 Army tax: RUB 9.81 Upkeep of officials: RUB 71.32 Total revenue: RUB 140.30 Large livestock: 85

231

Small livestock: 295 216. Osman-Köy Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 28.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 283.00 D Kishlaks: 94.00 D Total land: 447.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 485.90 Total land taxes: RUB 101.79 Army tax: RUB 17.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 67.45 Total revenue: RUB 185.54 Large livestock: 58 Small livestock: 86 217. Baghchajuk Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 194.00 D Kishlaks: 70.00 D Total land: 295.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 253.40 Total land taxes: RUB 53.09 Army tax: RUB 9.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 41.79 Total revenue: RUB 104.30 Large livestock: 75 Small livestock: 285 218. Inja-Su Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 34.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 7.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 220.00 D

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Kishlaks: 70.00 D Total land: 345.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 656.00 Total land taxes: RUB 137.42 Army tax: RUB 14.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 62.68 Total revenue: RUB 215.26 Large livestock: 85 Small livestock: 336 219. Ashari Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 70.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Yaylaks: 662.00 D Total land: 740.00 D Total households: 16 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 384.20 Total land taxes: RUB 80.49 Army tax: RUB 25.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 98.10 Total revenue: RUB 203.74 Large livestock: 131 Small livestock: 327 220. Tatar Jivanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 30.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 11.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.00 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 246.00 D Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 430.40 Total land taxes: RUB 90.16 Army tax: RUB 7.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 28.16 Total revenue: RUB 126.17 Large livestock: 44 Small livestock: 21 Units of water used for irrigation: ¼

221. Tandurek Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 18.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 91.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 19.00 D Yaylaks: 1,228.00 D Total land: 1,361.00 D Total households: 28 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 871.80 Total land taxes: RUB 182.61 Army tax: RUB 42.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 175.63 Total revenue: RUB 400.83 Large livestock: 202 Small livestock: 402 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 222. Badılu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 53.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 16.00 D Yaylaks: 917.00 D Total land: 988.00 D Total households: 20 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 487.35 Total land taxes: RUB 102.09 Army tax: RUB 31.43 Upkeep of officials: RUB 132.62 Total revenue: RUB 266.14 Large livestock: 103 Small livestock: 262 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 223. Kurdish Aghdash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 11.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 109.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.00 D Yaylaks: 158.00 D Total land: 296.00 D Total households: 6 (All Kurdish)

Table III Total income: RUB 529.35 Total land taxes: RUB 110.88 Army tax: RUB 8.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 46.79 Total revenue: RUB 135.77 Large livestock: 92 Small livestock: 243 224. Rahbat Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 47.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 13.00 D Yaylaks: 286.00 D Kishlaks: 96.00 D Total land: 444.00 D Total households: 10 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 328.00 Total land taxes: RUB 68.70 Army tax: RUB 15.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 68.32 Total revenue: RUB 152.74 Large livestock: 90 Small livestock: 271 225. Sarı-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 44.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 106.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 19.00 D Yaylaks: 913.00 D Total land: 1,085.00 D Total households: 22 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,025.84 Total land taxes: RUB 214.89 Army tax: RUB 29.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 149.89 Total revenue: RUB 394.76 Large livestock: 175 Small livestock: 244 226. Kazikoparan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D

233

Irrigated plowed fields: 55.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 35.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 775.00 D Total land: 888.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 808.15 Total land taxes: RUB 169.29 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 97.47 Total revenue: RUB 294.30 Large livestock: 187 Small livestock: 263 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 227. Tazakchi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 52.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.00 D Yaylaks: 371.00 D Kishlaks: 100.00 D Total land: 542.00 D Total households: 11 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 947.10 Total land taxes: RUB 198.40 Army tax: RUB 12.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 62.68 Total revenue: RUB 273.28 Large livestock: 75 Small livestock: 262

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Key totals for the district (all-rural district, 1907)2 Tatars: 6,015 households; 40,993 persons (22,172 male/18,821female); average per household: 6.9 Armenians: 4,425 households; 29,027 persons (15,358 male/13,669 female); average per household: 6.6 Kurds: 1,836 households; 19,341 persons (10,320 male/9,091 female); average per household: 10.53 Total population: 89,361

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 For more details, see Chapter III.

Table IV – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Sharur-Daralagez District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = Desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture Zeyva Commune 1. Bash-Norashen [S¸ərur] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.39 D Irrigated plowed fields: 82.39 D Total land: 88.78 D Total households: 45 (38 Tatar and 7 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 4,138.67 Total land taxes: RUB 400.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 244.72 Army tax: RUB 88.74 Total revenue: RUB 713.54

Large livestock: 154 Small livestock: 340 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 2. Zeyva [Zeyvə] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 18.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 393.96 D Kishlaks 1,080.55 D Total land: 1,494.50 D Total households: 67 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,180.76 Total land taxes: RUB 1,566.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 354.92 Army tax: RUB 113.22 Total revenue: RUB 2,034.37 Large livestock: 176 Small livestock: 50 Units of water used for irrigation: 9

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3. Dudanga [Düdənga]

Units of water used for irrigation: 7

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.64 D Irrigated plowed fields: 332.26 D Total land: 347.97 D Total households: 146 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,663.42 Total land taxes: RUB 1,612.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 570.35 Army tax: RUB 224.91 Total revenue: RUB 2,408.21 Large livestock: 234 Small livestock: 188 Units of water used for irrigation: 7

6. Mughanjuk-Muslum [Mug˘ anciq Müslüm]

4. Kiurtchulu [Kürçülü] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 9.49 D Irrigated plowed fields: 291.53 D Kishlaks: 2.51 D Total land: 304.96 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,740.78 Total land taxes: RUB 1,139.47 Upkeep of officials: RUB 484.15 Army tax: RUB 157.59 Total revenue: RUB 1,778.21 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 5. Sarukhanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.89 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.42 D Irrigated plowed fields: 31.18 D Total land: 33.49 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,596.17 Total land taxes: RUB 361.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 118.70 Army tax: RUB 73.95 Total revenue: RUB 554.25 Large livestock: 78 Small livestock: 130

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 95.20 D Total land: 98.20 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,815.20 Total land taxes: RUB 369.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 121.77 Army tax: RUB 33.66 Total revenue: RUB 524.71 Large livestock: 88 Units of water used for irrigation: 5½ 7. Mughanjuk-Mehrab [Mug˘ anciq Mehrab] Ownership: Private Irrigated plowed fields: 92.27 D Total land: 92.27 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,690.80 Total land taxes: RUB 357.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 110.99 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Total revenue: RUB 508.01 Large livestock: 82 Small livestock: 23 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 8. Karkhun [Qarxun] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.67 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 188.45 D Total land: 198.24 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,532.51 Total land taxes: RUB 2,159.53 Upkeep of officials: RUB 348.52 Army tax: RUB 160.65 Total revenue: RUB 2,668.70

Table IV Large livestock: 236 Small livestock: 120 9. Siaghut [Siaqut] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.06 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.19 D Irrigated plowed fields: 247.39 D Kishlaks: 13.04 D Total land: 268.68 D Total households: 82 (49 Assyrian and 33 Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,351.30 Total land taxes: RUB 1,001.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 455.48 Army tax: RUB 48.96 Total revenue: RUB 1,506.41 Large livestock: 214 Small livestock: 92 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 10. Tatar Dash-Arkh [Yukharı Das¸arx]

237

Total land: 309.00 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,658.04 Total land taxes: RUB 257.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 277.65 Army tax: RUB 20.40 Total revenue: RUB 555.32 Large livestock: 100 12. Mahmudkend [Mahmudkənd] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.82 D Total land: 8.82 D 13. Aksikend Ownership: Private Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Upkeep of officials: RUB 45.64 Total revenue: RUB 45.64 Large livestock: 57 Small livestock: 55 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 14. Kıyalafa-Ag˘ ıl

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.99 D Irrigated plowed fields: 118.90 D Yaylaks: 161.00 D Total land: 290.71 D Total households: 31 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,430.83 Total land taxes: RUB 1,456.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 159.68 Army tax: RUB 79.05 Total revenue: RUB 1,695.59 Large livestock: 112 Small livestock: 136 Units of water used for irrigation: ½

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 413.70 D Total land: 516.20 D Total households: 31 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 348.87 Total land taxes: RUB 79.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 104.24 Army tax: RUB 79.05 Total revenue: RUB 262.35 Large livestock: 347 Small livestock: 940

11. Hamzali Diza [Həmzəli]

Orchards and vineyards: 5.34 D Irrigated plowed fields: 182.25 D Total land: 197.45 D Total households: 91 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,591.46 Total land taxes: RUB 2,172.87

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 16.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 84.16 D Kishlaks: 208.16 D

15. Kosajan2

238

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Upkeep of officials: RUB 303.71 Army tax: RUB 226.95 Total revenue: RUB 2,703 and 53 Large livestock: 179 Small Livestock: 65 Units of water used for irrigation: 7½ Ulya Norashen Commune3 16. Ulya Norashen Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.12 D Orchards and vineyards: 34.96 D Irrigated plowed fields: 425.88 D Yaylaks: 135.00 D Total land: 608.96 D Total households: 191 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 24,438.86 Total land taxes: RUB 5,536.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,575.58 Total revenue: RUB 8,094.26 Large livestock: 228 Small livestock: 296 Units of water used for irrigation: 10½ Engija Commune 17. Engija [Yengicə] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 66.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 539.08 D Total land: 638.30 D Total households: 181 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 27,545.52 Total land taxes: RUB 6,240.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 816.26 Army tax: RUB 515.10 Total revenue: RUB 7,571.88

Large livestock: 386 Small livestock: 770 Units of water used for irrigation: 19 18. Shahriyar [S¸əhriyar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.97 D Irrigated plowed fields: 402.39 D Kishlaks: 35.84 D Total land: 463.76 D Total households: 190 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 20,283.75 Total land taxes: RUB 4,595.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 447.94 Army tax: RUB 334.05 Total revenue: RUB 5,377.26 Large livestock: 480 Small livestock: 180 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 (shared with Korchlu, no. 40) 19. Alishar [Alıs¸ar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.95 D Irrigated plowed fields: 273.73 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.44 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.25 D Total land: 446.50 D Total households: 100 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 13,534.80 Total land taxes: RUB 3,066.29 Upkeep of officials: RUB 419.52 Army tax: RUB 159.12 Total revenue: RUB 3,644.93 Large livestock: 482 Small livestock: 440 20. Chomakhtur [Çomaxtur] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.93 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 257.42 D Total land: 306.55 D

Table IV Total households: 97 (94 Tatar and 3 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 16,364.79 Total land taxes: RUB 3,707.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 410.83 Army tax: RUB 272.85 Total revenue: RUB 4,391.16 Large livestock: 697 Small livestock: 500 Units of water used for irrigation: 13½ (shared with Khalaj, no. 22) 21. Charchi-bogan [Çarci-bog˘ an] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.43 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 353.17 D Kishlaks: 14.08 D Total land: 383.42 D Total households: 150 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,277.78 Total land taxes: RUB 3,687.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 433.37 Army tax: RUB 272.85 Total revenue: RUB 4,393.98 Large livestock: 335 Small livestock: 245 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 22. Khalaj [Xələc] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 218.83 D Kishlaks: 24.75 D Total land: 253.24 D Total households: 75 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,944.78 Total land taxes: RUB 1,573.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 302.37 Army tax: RUB 198.90 Total revenue: RUB 2,074.67 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 45

239

Units of water used for irrigation: (see Chomakhtur, no. 20) 23. Mughanlu [Mug˘ anlı] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.70 D Orchards and vineyards: 20.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 307.99 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2.08 D Kishlaks: 14.58 D Total land: 385.83 D Total households: 74 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,716.87 Total land taxes: RUB 2,427.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 286.58 Army tax: RUB 116.28 Total revenue: RUB 2,830.78 Large livestock: 309 Small livestock: 140 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 24. Arbatan Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 147.66 D Kishlaks: 30.00 D Total land: 212.66 D Total Households: 62 (60 Tatar and 2 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 4,695.30 Total land taxes: RUB 836.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 248.16 Army tax: RUB 165.75 Total revenue: RUB 1,250.53 Large livestock: 117 Units of water used for irrigation: 9½ 25. Mahmed Sabur Ownership: Personal Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Upkeep of officials: RUB 68.83 Total revenue: RUB 68.83 Large livestock: 44

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Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ Pusiyan Commune 26. Pusiyan [Püsyan] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.55 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 393.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 269.76 D Total land: 690.81 D Total households: 181 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 13,247.75 Total land taxes: RUB 3,001.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 952.18 Army tax: RUB 377.40 Total revenue: RUB 4,330.80 Large livestock: 2,377 Small livestock: 3,087 Units of irrigation water: 12¾ 27. Tazakend [Təzəkənd] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 173.40 D Total land: 183.80 D Total households: 45 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,233.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,185.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 345.81 Army tax: RUB 71.91 Total revenue: RUB 1,603.37 Large livestock: 1,260 Small livestock: 2,380 Units of water used for irrigation: 12¾ 28. Diyadin Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.20 D

Irrigated plowed fields: 631.47 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.08 D Total land: 650.00 D Total households: 57 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 15,229.16 Total land taxes: RUB 1,474.14 Upkeep of officials: RUB 382.93 Army tax: RUB 82.62 Total revenue: RUB 1,939.69 Large livestock: 174 Small livestock: 183 Units of water used for irrigation: 15½ (shared with Tumaslu, no. 30) 29. Vaykhir [Vayxır] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.40 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 139.97 D Total land: 153.57 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,430.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,003.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 315.52 Army tax: RUB 119.85 Total revenue: RUB 1,439.09 Large livestock: 208 Small livestock: 85 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 30. Tumaslu [Tumaslı Poçt S¸öbəsi] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.35 D Irrigated plowed fields: 131.35 D Total land: 137.70 D Total households: 78 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,365.62 Total land taxes: RUB 325.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 590.90 Army tax: RUB 116.28 Total revenue: RUB 1,032.95 Large livestock: 224

Table IV Units of water used for irrigation: 6 (shared with Varmazyar, no. 46; see Diyadin, no. 28) 31. Arab-Engija [Ərəbyenigicə] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 9.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 395.36 D Kishlaks: 81.04 D Total land: 487.30 D Total households: 199 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,839.75 Total land taxes: RUB 952.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 919.72 Army tax: RUB 203.49 Total revenue: RUB 1,075.65 Large livestock: 253 Small livestock: 476 Units of water used for irrigation: 18 32. Kara-Hasanlu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.33 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.45 D Irrigated plowed fields: 220.38 D Total land: 230.16 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,730.64 Total land taxes: RUB 651.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 678.94 Army tax: RUB 183.60 Total revenue: RUB 1,514.02 Large livestock: 281 Small livestock: 70 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ 33. Ibadulla Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.72 D Irrigated plowed fields: 102.91 D Kishlaks: 40.41 D Total land: 159.87 D

241

Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,236.76 Total land taxes: RUB 733.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 259.57 Army tax: RUB 96.90 Total revenue: RUB 1,089.74 Large livestock: 183 Small livestock: 60 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Kishlak `Abbas, no. 47) Kara-Burj Commune 34. Sarachlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 9.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 252.16 D Total land: 261.16 D Total households: 34 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,287.80 Total land taxes: RUB 215.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 87.82 Army tax: RUB 86.70 Total revenue: RUB 1,389.85 Large livestock: 1,253 Small livestock: 1,065 35. Ortlu Tazakend Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 14.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 87.48 D Yaylaks: 1,315.48 D Total land: 1,418.96 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,798.14 Total land taxes: RUB 512.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,407.22 Army tax: RUB 132.60 Total revenue: RUB 2,052.66 Large livestock: 153 Small livestock: 182 Units of water used for irrigation: 14

242

Part II

36. Karim-Beglu [Kərimbəyli] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 38.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 104.14 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 51.63 D Yaylaks: 319.48 D Total land: 506.25 D Total households: 81 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,371.65 Total land taxes: RUB 432.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 270.68 Army tax: RUB 262.65 Total revenue: RUB 967.53 Large livestock: 456 Small livestock: 820 37. Agh-Ahmad [Akhamad] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.83 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.95 D Irrigated plowed fields: 396.49 D Total land: 404.35 D Total households: 153 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,198.94 Total land taxes: RUB 2,763.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 554.67 Army tax: RUB 311.10 Total revenue: RUB 3,629.39 Large livestock: 149 Small livestock: 201 38. Kara-Burj Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.54 D Irrigated plowed fields: 232.16 D Kishlaks: 104.18 D Total land: 341.88 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,023.90 Total land taxes: RUB 1,201.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 304.40 Army tax: RUB 122.40 Total revenue: RUB 1,628.29 Large livestock: 54

Small livestock: 22 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 39. Kurdkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.94 D Irrigated plowed fields: 225.65 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.39 D Kishlaks: 3.51 D Total land: 240.20 D Total households: 81 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11.404.17 Total land taxes: RUB 2,583.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 276.71 Army tax: RUB 160.65 Total revenue: RUB 3,021.26 Large livestock: 65 Small livestock: 35 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 40. Korchlu (Qorçulu) Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 167.42 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 52.18 D Kishlaks: 104.00 D Total land: 333.60 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,856.71 Total land taxes: RUB 1,450.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 228.81 Army tax: RUB 67.32 Total revenue: RUB 1,746.38 Large livestock: 116 Small livestock: 59 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Shahriyar, no. 18) 41. Makhta [Maxta] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.47 D Irrigated plowed fields: 525.99 D Kishlaks: 6.00 D

Table IV

243

Total land: 555.46 D Total households: 171 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 22,789.90 Total land taxes: RUB 5,163.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 999.47 Army tax: RUB 464.10 Total revenue: RUB 6,626.62 Large livestock: 169 Small livestock: 221 Units of water used for irrigation: 20

Total households: 69 (49 Tatar and 20 Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,936.35 Total land taxes: RUB 2,887.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 319.16 Army tax: RUB 132.60 Total revenue: RUB 3,618.99 Large livestock: 172 Small livestock: 200 Units of water used for irrigation: 6½

42. Kushchi-Demurchi [Demirçi]

44. Khanlukhlar

RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE

RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE

ADMINISTRATOR

ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.80 D Orchards and vineyards: 24.52 D Irrigated plowed fields: 663.45 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.72 D Kishlaks: 13.50 D Total land: 751.19 D Total households: 259 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 19,525.23 Total land taxes: RUB 4,423.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,306.61 Army tax: RUB 527.85 Total revenue: RUB 6,257.85 Large livestock: 205 Small livestock: 256 Units of water used for irrigation: 11

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 60.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 489.62 D Yaylaks: 2.08 D Total land: 559.40 D Total households: 147 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 24,754.12 Total land taxes: RUB 4,608.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,254.43 Total revenue: RUB 6,862.58 Large livestock: 334 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: 15 (shared with Armenian DashArkh, no. 54) 45. Yalguz-Agach

Alaklu [Ələkli] Commune 43. Parchi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.40 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.87 D Irrigated plowed fields: 253.99 D Yaylaks: 4.00 D Total land: 285.06 D

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.95 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.58 D Irrigated plowed fields: 76.18 D Total land: 78.18 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,858.35 Total land taxes: RUB 373.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 208.37 Army tax: RUB 33.66

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Part II

Total revenue: RUB 615.19 Large livestock: 41 Small livestock: 78 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 (shared with Alaklu, no. 49) 46. Varmazyar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.41 D Orchards and vineyards: 34.39 D Irrigated plowed fields: 243.66 D Total land: 292.48 D Total households: 141 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,994.48 Total land taxes: RUB 3,396.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,030.48 Total revenue: RUB 4,427.28 Large livestock: 240 Small livestock: 265 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Tumaslu, no. 30) 47. Kishlak `Abbas [Qıs¸laqabbas] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.42 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 207.30 D Total land: 218.30 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,287.96 Total land taxes: RUB 1,424.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 412.25 Army tax: RUB 147.90 Total revenue: RUB 1,984.71 Large livestock: 133 Small livestock: 107 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Alaklu, no. 49) 48. Keshtaz Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 19.54 D Irrigated plowed fields: 110.31 D

Kishlaks: 20.83 D Total land: 161.09 D Total households: 77 (49 Armenian and 28 Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,814.48 Total land taxes: RUB 465.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 552.90 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Total revenue: RUB 1,061.54 Large livestock: 99 Small livestock: 135 Units of water used for irrigation: 14 (shared with Karakhlukh, no. 148) 49. Alaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.15 D Orchards and vineyards: 59.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 216.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 25.00 D Yaylaks: 22.70 D Total land: 334.26 D Total households: 86 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 15,679.72 Total land taxes: RUB 3,552.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 734.11 Total revenue: RUB 4,286.27 Large livestock: 129 Small livestock: 220 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 (shared with Yalguz-Agach, no. 45; Kishlak `Abbas, no. 47) 50. Babaki [Babək] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 94.00 D Yaylaks: 25.49 D Total land: 120.15 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,824.59 Total land taxes: RUB 639.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 121.92

Table IV Army tax: RUB 63.75 Total revenue: RUB 825.58 Large livestock: 149 Small livestock: 68 Units of water used for irrigation: Karasu Spring 51.Darvishlar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.35 D Irrigated plowed fields: 68.86 D Total land: 81.55 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,632.73 Total land taxes: RUB 254.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 245.09 Army tax: RUB 62.73 Total revenue: RUB 562.58 Large livestock: 122 Small livestock: 117 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 52. Aralykh-khan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 150.27 D Total land: 153.57 D Total households: 43 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,136.82 Total land taxes: RUB 593.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 294.37 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Total revenue: RUB 949.27 Large livestock: 103 Small livestock: 115 Units of water used for irrigation: 9 (shared with Aralykh-Beg, no. 53) 53. Aralykh-Beg Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.55 D Irrigated plowed fields: 251.84 D Yaylaks: 1.65 D

245

Total land: 257.02 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,750.63 Total land taxes: RUB 1,040.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 398.42 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Total revenue: RUB 1,478.65 Large livestock: 157 Small livestock: 94 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Aralykh-khan, no. 52) 54. Armenian Dash-Arkh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 11.79 D Irrigated plowed fields: 141.30 D Total land: 158.09 D Total households: 52 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,020.35 Total land taxes: RUB 1,137.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 339.26 Total revenue: RUB 1,476.62 Large livestock: 233 Small livestock: 95 Units of water used for irrigation: (see Khanlukhlar, no. 44) Yaiji Commune 55. Yaiji [As¸ag˘ ı and Yuxarı Yayci] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.45 D Orchards and vineyards: 15.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 194.86 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 630.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 28.12 D Yaylaks: 4,645.71 D Total land: 5,425.24 D Total households: 400 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,588.09

246

Part II

Total land taxes: RUB 734.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 899.28 Army tax: RUB 810.90 Total revenue: RUB 2,444.68 Large livestock: 538 Small livestock: 1,333 Units of water used for irrigation: 14½ 56. Akhura [Axura] Ownership: Private4 Inhabited space: 25.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 421.50 D Yaylaks: 3,712.50 D Total land: 4,259.50 D Total households: 90 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,241.02 Total land taxes: RUB 410.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 229.85 Army tax: RUB 136.17 Total revenue: RUB 776.52 Large livestock: 209 Small livestock: 276 Units of water used for irrigation: 14½ 57. Tananam [Tənənəm] Ownership: Private5 Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 361.00 D Yaylaks: 2,439.00 D Total land: 2,820.00 D Total households: 40 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,899.88 Total land taxes: RUB 183.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 92.87 Army tax: RUB 20.40 Total revenue: RUB 297.16 Large livestock: 155 Small livestock: 422 58. Karakush-Bilava Ownership: Private

Inhabited space: 3.00 D Yaylaks: 2,439.00 D Total land: 2,442.00 D Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,603.68 Total land taxes: RUB 155.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 29.75 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Total revenue: RUB 192.63 Large livestock: 74 Small livestock: 286 59. Avush [Havus¸] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 74.00 D Yaylaks: 1,492.00 D Total land: 1,590.90 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,193.50 Total land taxes: RUB 115.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 113.82 Army tax: RUB 25.50 Total revenue: RUB 254.83 Large livestock: 229 Small livestock: 845 60. Khachik [present-day Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 143.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,440.50 D Yaylaks: 640.00 D Total land: 2,240.50 D Total households: 108 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,226.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,637.04 Upkeep of officials: RUB 328.08 Total revenue: RUB 1,965.12 Large livestock: 621 Small livestock: 2,373

Table IV 61. Jahanzur Ownership: Private Yaylaks: 1,015.50 D Total land: 1,015.50 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 406.20 Total land taxes: RUB 39.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 54.83 Army tax: RUB 58.65 Total revenue: RUB 152.79 Large livestock: 69 Small livestock: 296 62. Dava-Olan Ownership: Treasury Total households: 6 (All Tatar) Upkeep of officials: RUB 9.49 Total revenue: RUB 9.49 Large livestock: 8 Small livestock: 9 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

Second Police Prefecture6 Kozulji Commune 63. Ashagha-Danzik7 Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 0.22 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 14.58 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.65 D Yaylaks: 1,948.50 D Total land: 1,985.00 D Total households: 14 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,536.00 Total land taxes: RUB 56.00 Army tax: RUB 28.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.00 Total revenue: RUB 108.00 64. Amaghu [Armenia] Ownership: Private

247

Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 198.33 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.33 D Yaylaks: 410.82 D Total land: 633.97 D Total households: 30 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,144.90 Total land taxes: RUB 110.82 Army tax: RUB 14.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 57.08 Total revenue: RUB 182.69 Large livestock: 298 Small livestock: 568 65. Ardalas [Ardaraz, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.18 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.13 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 70.00 D Yaylaks: 1,169.51 D Total land: 1,254.22 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 915.99 Total land taxes: RUB 207.49 Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 106.71 Total revenue: RUB 398.35 Large livestock: 217 Small livestock: 727 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 66. Arpa [Arpi, Armenia] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private8 Inhabited space: 4.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 80.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 476.66 D Yaylaks: 1,403.00 D

248

Part II

Total land: 1,970.50 D Total households: 80 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,309.31 Total land taxes: RUB 610.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,287.70 Total revenue: RUB 1,898.44 Large livestock: 590 Small livestock: 574 Units of water used for irrigation: 7½ 67. Almalu [Khdzorut, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 145.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.16 D Yaylaks: 140.66 D Total land: 306.07 D Total households: 34 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 748.31 Total land taxes: RUB 169.52 Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 99.05 Total revenue: RUB 352.72 Large livestock: 244 Small livestock: 780 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 68. Aynazur [Aghavnadzor, Armenia] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 26.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 23.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 349.58 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 363.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Yaylaks: 1,566.00 D Total land: 2,362.63 D Total households: 74 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,625.69 Total land taxes: RUB 931.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 370.22

Total revenue: RUB 1,302.01 Large livestock: 804 Small livestock: 1,719 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 69. Agh-Kilisa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.68 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 7.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.12 D Yaylaks: 912.89 D Total land: 925.59 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 434.69 Total land taxes: RUB 98.50 Army tax: RUB 25.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 42.08 Total revenue: RUB 166.08 Large livestock: 136 Small livestock: 381 70. Vartanes [Vardanes, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 14.58 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 52.08 D Yaylaks: 458.65 D Total land: 527.60 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 610.89 Total land taxes: RUB 138.41 Army tax: RUB 51.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 99.79 Total revenue: RUB 289.20 Large livestock: 132 Small livestock: 469 71. Geshin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 23.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 30.26 D Yaylaks: 597.50 D

Table IV Total land: 653.86 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 821.28 Total land taxes: RUB 186.06 Army tax: RUB 73.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 103.46 Total revenue: RUB 363.47 Large livestock: 284 Small livestock: 436 72. Genalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.18 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 26.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 31.29 D Yaylaks: 590.20 D Total land: 649.75 D Total households: 15 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 480.01 Total land taxes: RUB 107.70 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 53.69 Total revenue: RUB 200.64 Large livestock: 98 Small livestock: 133 73. Dash-Kharman Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 29.44 D Yaylaks: 290.56 D Total land: 321.00 D Total households: 15 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 207.54 Total land taxes: RUB 47.00 Army tax: RUB 19.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.54 Total revenue: RUB 19.56 Large livestock: 118 Small livestock: 271 74. Kemurlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.87 D

249

Orchards and vineyards: 0.04 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 42.50 D Yaylaks: 578.71 D Total land: 623.12 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 367.19 Total land taxes: RUB 83.20 Army tax: RUB 51.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 44.39 Total revenue: RUB 178.59 Large livestock: 155 Small livestock: 307 Units of water used for irrigation: 4½ 75. Kishik Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 688.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Yaylaks: 1,200.00 D Total land: 1,948.00 D Total households: 59 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,824.00 Total land taxes: RUB 273.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 136.09 Total revenue: RUB 409.43 Large livestock: 626 Small livestock: 1,276 76. Küzuja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.85 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.74 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 97.20 D Yaylaks: 1,188.90 D Total land: 1,304.79 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,112.61 Total land taxes: RUB 252.04 Army tax: RUB 132.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 343.88 Total revenue: RUB 728.52

250

Part II

Large livestock: 470 Small livestock: 2,067 77. Namazli Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 125.00 D Total land: 161.00 D Total households: 34 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 338.00 Total land taxes: RUB 32.71 Army tax: RUB 89.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 141.69 Total revenue: RUB 263.65 Large livestock: 163 Small livestock: 225 78. Rind [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.83 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.36 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 56.60 D Yaylaks: 875.79 D Total land: 1,040.58 D Total households: 59 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,615.00 Total land taxes: RUB 592.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 233.57 Total revenue: RUB 825.96 Large livestock: 382 Small livestock: 640 79. Chiva [Armenia] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.34 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 83.71 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 455.46 D Yaylaks: 438.09 D Total land: 982.68 D Total households: 55 (All Tatar)

Total income: RUB 4,198.14 Total land taxes: RUB 406.34 Army tax: RUB 85.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 257.75 Total revenue: RUB 749.77 Large livestock: 289 Small livestock: 308 80. Shorja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.12 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 41.66 D Yaylaks: 52.08 D Total land: 96.86 D Total households: 4 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 155.17 Total land taxes: RUB 35.14 Army tax: RUB 10.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 78.45 Total revenue: RUB 123.79 Large livestock: 111 Small livestock: 315 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 81. Yelpin (Armenia) Ownership: Treasury9 Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.86 D Irrigated plowed fields: 128.70 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 316.65 D Yaylaks: 472.99 D Total land: 925.36 D Total households: 68 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,654.12 Total land taxes: RUB 827.81 Upkeep of officials: RUB 505.44 Total revenue: RUB 1,333.25 Large livestock: 382 Small livestock: 747 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 82. Ertich [Ertech, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury

Table IV Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 280.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.30 D Yaylaks: 150.00 D Total land: 445.42 D Total households: 31 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,295.30 Total land taxes: RUB 293.43 Army tax: RUB 73.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 395.61 Total revenue: RUB 762.99 Large livestock: 392 Small livestock: 898 83. Yukharı Danzik Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.68 D Irrigated plowed fields: 45.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 210.00 D Yaylaks: 1,948.50 D Total land: 2,208.34 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,668.75 Total land taxes: RUB 258.32 Army tax: RUB 79.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 188.72 Total revenue: RUB 526.60 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 152 Units of water used for irrigation: 10½ Martiros Commune 84. Hakhlu Ownership: Treasury10 Inhabited space: 3.62 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.81 D Irrigated plowed fields: 11.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.62 D Yaylaks: 365.00 D

251

Total land: 434.60 D Total households: 3 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 654.06 Total land taxes: RUB 148.15 Army tax: RUB 7.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 10.62 Total revenue: RUB 166.39 Large livestock: 34 Small livestock: 110 85. Akhta Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 25.37 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 128.31 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.62 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 286.31 D Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,148.16 Total land taxes: RUB 260.16 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 130.98 Total revenue: RUB 482.94 Large livestock: 178 Small livestock: 347 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ 86. Azatek [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury11 Inhabited space: 10.87 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.28 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.16 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 174.63 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.90 D Yaylaks: 527.79 D Total land: 728.63 D Total households: 74 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,269.05 Total land taxes: RUB 287.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 251.34 Total revenue: RUB 538.88 Large livestock: 555 Small livestock: 785

252

Part II

Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 87. Gomür [Gomk, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 58.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 156.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.75 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 562.50 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,586.25 Total land taxes: RUB 585.93 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 134.52 Total revenue: RUB 812.25 Large livestock: 264 Small livestock: 420 88. Demurchilar [Dəmirçi] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 258.00 D Yaylaks: 61.00 D Total land: 322.00 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 807.40 Total land taxes: RUB 182.93 Army tax: RUB 20.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 38.94 Total revenue: RUB 242.27 Large livestock: 65 Small livestock: 2 89. Dash-Altı Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.72 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.35 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 73.59 D Yaylaks: 10.00 D Total land: 84.66 D Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 249.68 Total land taxes: RUB 56.57

Army tax: RUB 12.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 17.70 Total revenue: RUB 87.02 Large livestock: 43 Small livestock: 15 90. Jaghatai Ownership: Treasury12 Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.17 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 68.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.25 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 296.87 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 777.75 Total land taxes: RUB 176.19 Army tax: RUB 33.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 46.02 Total revenue: RUB 225.36 Large livestock: 90 Small livestock: 223 91. Jul [Artavan, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury13 Inhabited space: 19.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 170.00 D Yaylaks: 1,302.50 D Total land: 1,504.00 D Total households: 97 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,548.00 Total land taxes: RUB 350.67 Army tax: RUB 244.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 446.92 Total revenue: RUB 1,042.39 Large livestock: 645 Small livestock: 1,085 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 92. Darakend [Dərəkənd] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.44 D

Table IV Irrigated plowed fields: 7.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 72.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 72.50 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 413.32 D Total households: 10 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 926.00 Total land taxes: RUB 209.79 Army tax: RUB 25.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.40 Total revenue: RUB 270.69 Large livestock: 103 Small livestock: 175 93. Kabakhlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.34 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 45.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.80 D Yaylaks: 390.64 D Total land: 479.39 D Total households: 14 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 738.37 Total land taxes: RUB 167.29 Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.82 Total revenue: RUB 368.26 Large livestock: 88 Small livestock: 162 94. Karalar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.17 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.62 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.81 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 79.75 D Yaylaks: 143.00 D Total land: 237.65 D Total households: 14 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 576.90 Total land taxes: RUB 130.74 Army tax: RUB 35.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 42.56

253

Total revenue: RUB 216.00 Large livestock: 116 Small livestock: 352 95. Gyabud Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.35 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 76.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.50 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 416.58 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,174.45 Total land taxes: RUB 266.12 Army tax: RUB 48.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 67.26 Total revenue: RUB 381.83 Large livestock: 158 Small livestock: 98 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 96. Maratuz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.17 D Irrigated plowed fields: 18.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 80.42 D Yaylaks: 400.00 D Total land: 530.59 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,070.86 Total land taxes: RUB 242.60 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 88.50 Total revenue: RUB 394.85 Large livestock: 131 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 97. Pashalu RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury14 Inhabited space: 19.63 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.90 D

254

Part II

Irrigated plowed fields: 10.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 449.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.50 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 606.31 D Total households: 66 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,335.07 Total land taxes: RUB 528.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 268.64 Total revenue: RUB 797.59 Large livestock: 596 Small livestock: 903 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 98. Por [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 101.94 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.25 D Yaylaks: 150.00 D Total land: 280.94 D Total households: 56 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 916.82 Total land taxes: RUB 207.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 194.70 Total revenue: RUB 402.38 Large livestock: 194 Small livestock: 475 99. Soylan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 4.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.33 D Total land: 25.66 D Total households: 4 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 351.27 Total land taxes: RUB 79.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 14.16 Total revenue: RUB 93.73 Large livestock: 27

Small livestock: 85 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 100. Martiros [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 454.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 28.00 D Yaylaks: 420.00 D Total land: 1,011.15 D Total households: 106 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,216.25 Total land taxes: RUB 728.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 364.62 Total revenue: RUB 1,093.21 Large livestock: 913 Small livestock: 1,207 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 101. Chirakhlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.72 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 18.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.72 D Yaylaks: 224.90 D Total land: 257.57 D Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 216.50 Total land taxes: RUB 49.07 Army tax: RUB 12.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 17.70 Total revenue: RUB 79.52 Large livestock: 80 Small livestock: 82 Keshishkend Commune 102. Alkhanpayasi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.63 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.16 D

Table IV Unirrigated plowed fields: 52.07 D Yaylaks: 423.89 D Total land: 483.83 D Total households: 6 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 511.19 Total land taxes: RUB 115.81 Army tax: RUB 15.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 16.33 Total revenue: RUB 147.44 Large livestock: 56 Small livestock: 70 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 103. Ayar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.62 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.62 D Irrigated plowed fields: 65.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 147.09 D Yaylaks: 1,611.60 D Total land: 1,830.93 D Total households: 36 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,638.25 Total land taxes: RUB 824.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 90.30 Total revenue: RUB 914.60 Large livestock: 158 Small livestock: 104 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ 104. Bashkend [Bas¸kənd] Ownership: Treasury15 Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 15.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 1,903.00 D Total land: 1,982.50 D Total households: 47 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,800.20 Total land taxes: RUB 634.41 Upkeep of officials: RUB 259.12

255

Total revenue: RUB 893.53 Large livestock: 240 Small livestock: 855 105. Engija (Yengicə] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 103.80 D Yaylaks: 146.19 D Total land: 254.15 D Total households: 30 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 382.35 Total land taxes: RUB 85.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 44.38 Total revenue: RUB 130.98 Large livestock: 191 Small livestock: 593 106. Zeyta Chopma Chomakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.72 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 46.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 290.03 D Total land: 351.38 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 447.20 Total land taxes: RUB 101.29 Army tax: RUB 66.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.99 Total revenue: RUB 204.58 Large livestock: 117 Small livestock: 127 107. Gendara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 108.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 145.83 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.83 D Yaylaks: 416.65 D Total land: 694.64 D

256

Part II

Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,667.24 Total land taxes: RUB 604.07 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 79.49 Total revenue: RUB 747.31 Large livestock: 340 Small livestock: 1.062 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 108. Kara-Vank Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 56.80 D Yaylaks: 990.86 D Total land: 1,049.16 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 571.24 Total land taxes: RUB 129.42 Army tax: RUB 48.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 59.16 Total revenue: RUB 237.03 Large livestock: 60 Small livestock: 24 109. Keshishkend (Eghegnadzor, Armenia] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.68 D Irrigated plowed fields: 211.05 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 294.00 D Yaylaks: 1,038.35 D Total land: 1,586.08 D Total households: 120 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,282.44 Total land taxes: RUB 1,649.81 Upkeep of officials: RUB 298.46 Total revenue: RUB 1,948.27 Large livestock: 256

Small livestock: 537 110. Koytul [Armenia] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.88 D Orchards and vineyards: 27.22 D Irrigated plowed fields: 348.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 77.90 D Yaylaks: 1,357.70 D Total land: 1,822.80 D Total households: 106 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,708.71 Total land taxes: RUB 1,230.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 215.40 Total revenue: RUB 1,445.60 Large livestock: 588 Small livestock: 1.039 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 111. Ketanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 42.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 223.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.83 D Yaylaks: 104.16 D Total land: 392.99 D Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,579.81 Total land taxes: RUB 357.89 Army tax: RUB 104.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 138.16 Total revenue: RUB 600.60 Large livestock: 324 Small livestock: 874 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 112. Qorban-Kyasilan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.17 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.45 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 145.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.45 D Yaylaks: 208.33 D

Table IV Total land: 358.40 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 626.34 Total land taxes: RUB 141.85 Army tax: RUB 51.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 28.12 Total revenue: RUB 220.97 Large livestock: 241 Small livestock: 501 113. Argez Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.58 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 220.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.83 D Yaylaks: 1,146.60 D Total land: 1,482.67 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,847.68 Total land taxes: RUB 645.25 Army tax: RUB 107.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 131.15 Total revenue: RUB 883.50 Large livestock: 187 Small livestock: 261 114. Bülbül Olan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.17 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 261.40 D Yaylaks: 1,318.00 D Total land: 1,604.33 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,401.46 Total land taxes: RUB 317.47 Army tax: RUB 56.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 54.38 Total revenue: RUB 427.95 Large livestock: 149 Small livestock: 417

257

115. Dailakhlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 63.80 D Yaylaks: 151.20 D Total land: 218.00 D Total households: 13 (11 Armenian and 2 Tatar) Total income: RUB 260.88 Total land taxes: RUB 59.09 Army tax: RUB 5.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 31.80 Total revenue: RUB 95.99 Large livestock: 237 Small livestock: 358 116. Kurd-Kulakh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.36 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 144.55 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.45 D Yaylaks: 379.38 D Total land: 526.24 D Total households: 43 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 915.33 Total land taxes: RUB 207.37 Army tax: RUB 114.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 63.64 Total revenue: RUB 385.76 Large livestock: 220 Small livestock: 371 117. Malishka [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 70.48 D Irrigated plowed fields: 137.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 1,786.85 D Total land: 2,106.33 D Total households: 127 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,929.94

258

Part II

Total land taxes: RUB 2,249.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 307.94 Total revenue: RUB 2,557.61 Large livestock: 787 Small livestock: 909 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 118. Moz [Mozrov, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury16 Inhabited space: 2.08 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 140.00 D Yaylaks: 209.33 D Total land: 367.16 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 828.72 Total land taxes: RUB 187.75 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 22.33 Total revenue: RUB 233.03 Large livestock: 70 Small livestock: 120 119. Novlar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 110.00 D Yaylaks: 104.16 D Total land: 218.32 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 384.14 Total land taxes: RUB 87.00 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 22.33 Total revenue: RUB 132.28 Large livestock: 127 Small livestock: 408 120. Novlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 121.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 31.25 D Yaylaks: 208.33 D

Total land: 362.66 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 608.82 Total land taxes: RUB 137.94 Army tax: RUB 48.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 67.12 Total revenue: RUB 253.51 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 177 121. Ortakend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.62 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 28.00 D Yaylaks: 329.51 D Total land: 408.79 D Total households: 58 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,066.19 Total land taxes: RUB 468.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 134.90 Total revenue: RUB 602.98 Large livestock: 382 Small livestock: 820 Gindevaz Commune 122. Herher [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury17 Inhabited space: 10.41 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 37.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 447.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 16.66 D Total land: 627.04 D Total households: 147 (100 Tatar and 47 Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,587.39 Total land taxes: RUB 586.17 Army tax: RUB 242.25 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 284.20

Table IV Total revenue: RUB 1,112.62 Large livestock: 1,787 Small livestock: 1,603 Units of water for irrigation: 7 123. Hisar Kharaba Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 32.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Yaylaks: 297.00 D Total land: 388.44 D Total households: 12 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 884.44 Total land taxes: RUB 200.31 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 23.52 Total revenue: RUB 254.43 Large livestock: 310 124. Leyli-Kochan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 72.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 50.44 D Total land: 131.33 D Total households: 21 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 278.16 Total land taxes: RUB 63.01 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 45.08 Total revenue: RUB 146.34 Large livestock: 419 Small livestock: 455 Units of water for irrigation: ½ 125. Tarp [Saravan, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 105.45 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 25.00 D

259

Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 251.11 D Total households: 21 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 793.70 Total land taxes: RUB 179.78 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.20 Total revenue: RUB 272.53 Large livestock: 309 Small livestock: 295 Units of water for irrigation: 1 126. Terp [Saravan, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 117.92 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.80 D Yaylaks: 159.59 D Total land: 284.50 D Total households: 36 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 489.43 Total land taxes: RUB 110.90 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 66.64 Total revenue: RUB 269.34 Large livestock: 458 Small livestock: 507 Units of water for irrigation: ½ 127. Isti-Su Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 52.08 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.33 D Yaylaks: 92.50 D Total land: 155.91 D Total households: 21 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 243.89 Total land taxes: RUB 55.26 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.20 Total revenue: RUB 148.10 Large livestock: 179 Small livestock: 72

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128. Mamarza Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 41.66 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.20 D Yaylaks: 50.60 D Total land: 94.96 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 153.72 Total land taxes: RUB 34.79 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.68 Total revenue: RUB 73.42 Large livestock: 171 Small livestock: 192 Units of water for irrigation: 1 129. Kushchi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 52.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.10 D Yaylaks: 135.84 D Total land: 269.58 D Total households: 57 (37 Armenian and 20 Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,237.07 Total land taxes: RUB 280.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 99.96 Total revenue: RUB 380.21 Large livestock: 801 Small livestock: 817 Units of water for irrigation: 1 130. Koch-Beg Ownership: Treasury Irrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 120.22 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 208.28 D Total land: 338.50 D Total households: 45 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 558.97

Total land taxes: RUB 126.65 Army tax: RUB 112.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 82.32 Total revenue: RUB 321.17 Large livestock: 949 Small livestock: 1,216 Units of water for irrigation 1½ 131. Kilichlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.16 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 41.66 D Yaylaks: 58.72 D Total land: 102.64 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 169.86 Total land taxes: RUB 38.47 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 17.64 Total revenue: RUB 79.06 Large livestock: 162 Small livestock: 146 132. Kayalu Ownership: Treasury18 Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.91 D Irrigated plowed fields: 14.58 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 38.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.16 D Yaylaks: 1.45 D Total land: 62.76 D Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 487.22 Total land taxes: RUB 110.42 Army tax: RUB 38.26 Total revenue: RUB 148.67 Large livestock: 281 Small livestock: 385 Units of water for irrigation: 1½ 133. Zirak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D

Table IV Unirrigated plowed fields: 170.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 6.25 D Total land: 186.50 D Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 556.02 Total land taxes: RUB 125.95 Army tax: RUB 104.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 78.40 Total revenue: RUB 308.90 Large livestock: 351 Small livestock: 407 134. Jeyranlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 52.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 10.41 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 54.76 D Total land: 125.50 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,027.82 Total land taxes: RUB 232.85 Army tax: RUB 48.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 29.40 Total revenue: RUB 310.70 Large livestock: 231 Small livestock: 90 Units of water for irrigation: 2½ 135. Gümüsh-khana Ownership: Treasury Unirrigated plowed fields: 65.25 D Yaylaks: 865.50 D Total land: 930.75 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 541.95 Total land taxes: RUB 122.78 Army tax: RUB 56.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 43.12 Total revenue: RUB 222.00 Large livestock: 381 Small livestock: 719

261

136. Gey-`Abbas Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.82 D Yaylaks: 10.41 D Total land: 48.40 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 368.03 Total land taxes: RUB 83.38 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.20 Total revenue: RUB 175.86 Large livestock: 148 Small livestock: 146 137. Gındevaz [Gndevaz, Armenia] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 24.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 260.30 D Yaylaks: 1,391.45 D Total land: 1687.41 D Total households: 57 (37 Armenian and 20 Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,804.46 Total land taxes: RUB 408.81 Army tax: RUB 51 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 107.80 Total revenue: RUB 567.61 Large livestock: 1,585 Small livestock: 1,278 Units of water for irrigation: 15 138. Bulakhlar Ownership: Treasury Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 53.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 50.00 D

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Total land: 112.00 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 362.00 Total land taxes: RUB 81.99 Total revenue: RUB 81.99 Large livestock: 154 Small livestock: 202 Units of water for irrigation: 1 139. Bilak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 125.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 16.66 D Total land: 157.07 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 436.39 Total land taxes: RUB 98.86 Army tax: RUB 140.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 107.80 Total revenue: RUB 346.91 Large livestock: 723 Small livestock: 611 140. Aghjakend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.62 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.29 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 104.10 D Yaylaks: 4.16 D Total land: 116.23 D Total households: 14 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 789.85 Total land taxes: RUB 178.93 Army tax: RUB 35.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 27.44 Total revenue: RUB 242.07 Large livestock: 195 Small livestock: 252 Units of water for irrigation: 2 141. Arinj Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D

Orchards and vineyards: 0.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 17.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 187.09 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.16 D Yaylaks: 164.33 D Total land: 375.41 D Total households: 21 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,008.79 Total land taxes: RUB 228.51 Army tax: RUB 51.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.20 Total revenue: RUB 318.71 Large livestock: 215 Small livestock: 336 Units of water for irrigation: 2½ 142. Chay-Kend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.15 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 19.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.08 D Yaylaks: 118.35 D Total land: 179.36 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 391.18 Total land taxes: RUB 88.59 Army tax: RUB 20.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.68 Total revenue: RUB 124.67 Large livestock: 146 Small livestock: 188 Units of water for irrigation: 2½ 143. Gegarchin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.08 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 175.05 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.04 D Yaylaks: 166.01 D Total land: 347.19 D Total households: 4 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 751.28 Total land taxes: RUB 170.20

Table IV Army tax: RUB 10.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 7.84 Total revenue: RUB 188.24 Large livestock: 147 Small livestock: 213 Units of water for irrigation: 1 Alagez Commune 144. Hasankend RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 18.99 D Irrigated plowed fields: 63.79 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 44.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.08 D Yaylaks: 1,098.86 D Total land: 1,254.79 D Total households: 34 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,126.81 Total land taxes: RUB 708.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 81.60 Total revenue: RUB 789.95 Large livestock: 147 Small livestock: 301 Units of water for irrigation: ½ 145. Agh-Kend Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.51 D Irrigated plowed fields: 145.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 99.85 D Yaylaks: 2,506.81 D Total land: 2,753.15 D Total households: 94 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,446.78 Total land taxes: RUB 333.61 Army tax: RUB 47.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 131.60 Total revenue: RUB 512.64 Large livestock: 257

263

Small livestock: 269 Units of water for irrigation: 1¼ 146. Salli [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.08 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.11 D Irrigated plowed fields: 75.51 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 330.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.29 D Yaylaks: 681.31 D Total land: 1,129.96 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,016.04 Total land taxes: RUB 683.29 Army tax: RUB 78.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 71.40 Total revenue: RUB 832.72 Large livestock: 321 Small livestock: 537 Units of water for irrigation: 6½ 147. Hors [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.87 D Irrigated plowed fields: 23.12 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 298.57 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.42 D Yaylaks: 1,745.60 D Total land: 2,116.08 D Total households: 101 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,281.25 Total land taxes: RUB 516.81 Army tax: RUB 257.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 141.40 Total revenue: RUB 915.76 Large livestock: 191 Small livestock: 208 Units of water for irrigation: Between 1 and 4 148. Karaklukh [Karaglukh, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury

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Inhabited space: 1.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 16.64 D Irrigated plowed fields: 41.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 25.00 D Yaylaks: 1,153.93 D Total land: 1324.60 D Total households: 55 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,699.43 Total land taxes: RUB 611.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 132.00 Total revenue: RUB 743.55 Large livestock: 352 Small livestock: 860 Units of water for irrigation: 1 (shared with Keshtaz, no. 48) 149. Taratun Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.19 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.53 D Irrigated plowed fields: 46.02 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 47.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.83 D Yaylaks: 852.48 D Total land: 978.25 D Total households: 28 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,826.02 Total land taxes: RUB 413.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.80 Total revenue: RUB 479.50 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 426 Units of water for irrigation: Between 1 and 3 150. Shahgeldi Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.17 D Irrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 6.05 D Yaylaks: 3,070.99 D Total land: 3,128.21 D

Total households: 12 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,150.05 Total land taxes: RUB 487.12 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 16.80 Total revenue: RUB 522.28 Large livestock: 116 Small livestock: 190 Units of water for irrigation: 2 151. Yerdapin [Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.49 D Irrigated plowed fields: 25.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 97.01 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 16.66 D Yaylaks: 842.00 D Total land: 1,002.39 D Total households: 37 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,073.51 Total land taxes: RUB 469.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 88.80 Total revenue: RUB 557.54 Large livestock: 468 Small livestock: 693 Units of water for irrigation: 11 152. Alagez Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 48.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.18 D Irrigated plowed fields: 46.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 55.56 D Yaylaks: 986.42 D Total land: 1,1,44.82 D Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,074.42 Total land taxes: RUB 469.97 Army tax: RUB 102.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 57.40 Total revenue: RUB 629.37 Large livestock: 441 Small livestock: 264

Table IV Units of water for irrigation 2½ 153. Aysasi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 210.00 D Yaylaks: 782.86 D Total land: 1,059.36 D Total households: 33 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,100.04 Total land taxes: RUB 475.77 Army tax: RUB 81.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 46.20 Total revenue: RUB 603.57 Large livestock: 131 Small livestock: 131 Units of water for irrigation: 2½ 154. Kodukh-Vank Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 47.70 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 58.33 D Yaylaks: 1,001.10 D Total land: 1,151.83 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,668.39 Total land taxes: RUB 377.94 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.00 Total revenue: RUB 476.69 Large livestock: 56 Small livestock: 115 Units of water for irrigation: 2 155. Gorbadikh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 62.05 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 63.95 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 13.00 D Yaylaks: 384.66 D Total land: 526.66 D

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Total households: 37 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,536.61 Total land taxes: RUB 348.08 Army tax: RUB 96.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 51.80 Total revenue: RUB 496.78 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 294 Units of water for irrigation: 6½ 156. Güluduz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 46.68 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 24.67 D Irrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 406.49 D Total land: 513.50 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,258.00 Total land taxes: RUB 285.02 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 33.60 Total revenue: RUB 382.37 Large livestock: 215 Small livestock: 334 Units of water for irrigation: 2½ 157. Güney-Vank [Hermoni Vank, Armenia] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.56 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.37 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 22.98 D Irrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.25 D Yaylaks: 446.44 D Total land: 508.73 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 600.92 Total land taxes: RUB 136.14 Army tax: RUB 28.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.40

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Total revenue: RUB 179.59 Large livestock: 53 Small livestock: 16 158. Jani Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.83 D Irrigated plowed fields: 23.12 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 18.75 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 126.16 D Yaylaks: 396.22 D Total land: 650.41 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,453.50 Total land taxes: RUB 329.27 Army tax: RUB 51.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 28.00 Total revenue: RUB 408.27 Large livestock: 129 Small livestock: 184 159. Kara-Kaya Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 18.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 27.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 29.14 D Yaylaks: 948.80 D Total land: 1,023.95 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 942.92 Total land taxes: RUB 213.59 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 33.60 Total revenue: RUB 308.39 Large livestock: 173 Small livestock: 294 Units of water for irrigation: 2 160. Kabakhlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 450.00 D

Yaylaks: 894.75 D Total land: 1,387.12 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,227.99 Total land taxes: RUB 504.74 Army tax: RUB 107.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 58.80 Total revenue: RUB 670.64 Large livestock: 230 Small livestock: 381 Units of water for irrigation: 2 161. Kalasar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 17.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 217.00 D Yaylaks: 183.60 D Total land: 423.60 D Total households: 17 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,055.94 Total land taxes: RUB 239.23 Army tax: RUB 43.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 23.80 Total revenue: RUB 306.38 Large livestock: 110 Small livestock: 170 Units of water for irrigation: 1 162. Kavushuk Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.06 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.93 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.06 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 16.64 D Yaylaks: 348.02 D Total land: 392.71 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 424.50 Total land taxes: RUB 96.42 Army tax: RUB 48.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 28.00 Total revenue: RUB 172.87 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 125

Table IV

267

Units of water for irrigation: 1 163. Gostun Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.09 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 9.37 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.18 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.00 D Yaylaks: 375.50 D Total land: 436.99 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 572.76 Total land taxes: RUB 129.77 Army tax: RUB 28.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 15.40 Total revenue: RUB 173.22 Large livestock: 97 Small livestock: 207 Units of water for irrigation: 2

Key totals for the district (all-rural district, 1907)19 Tatars: 6,049 households; 54,296 persons (28,910 male/25,386 female) Armenians: 2,453 households; 22,693 persons (12,272 male/10,421 female) Kurds: 789 persons Assyrians: 547 persons Total population: 78,325 persons

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 In the 1908 register only. 3 In the 1908 register, this Armenian village was part of the Zeyva Commune. In the 1910 register, the village, which alone paid close to half as much as all the 15 other villages, was listed as a separate commune. 4 According to the Russian survey conducted in 1832, the village was the toyul of Hoseyn `Ali Soltan. It seems that it had become a private property; see Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 193. 5 According to the Russian survey, the village was the molk of Faraj Aqa, the brother of Ehsan Khan of the Kangarlu tribe. It seems that it had remained a private property; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 187. 6 Most of the second police prefecture is now part of the Vayots’ Dzor region of Armenia. Many of the villages have disappeared, were combined with neighboring villages or were given new names during the Soviet era. 7 Appears only in the 1908 register.

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8 In 1832, the village was the molk of Hoseyn `Ali Soltan; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 194. 9 In 1832 it was the molk of Hoseyn `Ali Soltan; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 194. 10 In 1832 it was the molk of Ahmad Karim Beg Oghli; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 199. 11 In 1832 it was the molk of `Erza `Ali Beg; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 198. 12 In 1832 it was the molk of `Abbas Beg; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 199. 13 In 1832 it was the molk of Qoli Beg; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 200. 14 In 1832 it was the molk of Shir `Ali Beg; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 199. 15 In 1832 it was usurped by Kalantar dost `Ali Beg, but it must have been reclaimed by the treasury; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 201. 16 In 1832 it belonged to Karim Beg; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 199. 17 In 1832 it belonged to Ehsan Khan; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 201. 18 In 1832 it was the molk of Ahmad Karim Beg Oghli; Bournoutian, Nakhichevan, 199. 19 For more details, see Chapter III.

Table V – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Nakhichevan District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture Residence of the police superintendent: Town of Nakhichevan Kivrag Commune 1. Kivrag [Qivraq] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,795.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 2,000.00 D Total land: 3,810.00 D Total households: 176 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 36,780.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,061.78

Army tax: RUB 234.09 Upkeep of officials: RUB 589.45 Total revenue: RUB 3,895.31 Large livestock: 395 Small livestock: 1,510 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz 2 2. Kabullu Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.41 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 60.00 D Yaylaks: 1,020.78 D Total land: 1,185.19 D Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,080.26 Total land taxes: RUB 173.76 Army tax: RUB 13.77 Upkeep of officials: RUB 118.80

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Part II

Total revenue: RUB 306.33 Large livestock: 66 Small livestock: 59 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz 3. Karabaghlar [Qarabag˘ lar] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 9.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 13.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2,351.53 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 116.25 D Yaylaks: 11,403.61 D Total land: 13,894.64 D Total households: 192 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 53,573.54 Total land taxes: RUB 4,474.31 Army tax: RUB 287.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 657.32 Total revenue: RUB 5,419.27 Large livestock: 584 Small livestock: 3,300 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz 4. Khok [Xok] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 11.00 D Vegetable gardens: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 622.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 313.00 D Yaylaks: 5,922.00 D Total land: 6,870.00 D Total households: 127 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 17,414.30 Total land taxes: RUB 1,454.39 Army tax: RUB 56.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 528.03 Total revenue: RUB 2,038.52 Large livestock: 302 Small livestock: 1,700 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz

5. Khinjab [Xincab] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,066.00 D Yaylaks: 1,500.00 D Total land: 2,677.75 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,441.25 Total land taxes: RUB 955.55 Army tax: RUB 16.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 240.91 Total revenue: RUB 1,212.78 Large livestock: 142 Small livestock: 930 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz 6. Sust Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 272.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 249.32 D Yaylaks: 2,724.62 D Total land: 3,250.94 D Total households: 97 (73 Kurdish and 24 Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,544.41 Total land taxes: RUB 713.62 Army tax: RUB 79.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 506.62 Total revenue: RUB 1,299.80 Large livestock: 101 Small livestock: 1,275 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz 7. Shahtakhti [S¸ahtaxtı] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 786.51 D

Table V Unirrigated plowed fields: 463.80 D Yaylaks: 291.00 D Total land: 1,549.00 D Total households: 119 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 19,630.72 Total land taxes: RUB 1,639.50 Army tax: RUB 157.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 402.47 Total revenue: RUB 2,199.56 Large livestock: 259 Small livestock: 800 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz 8. Yurti Girdasar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 540.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 82.00 D Total land: 669.00 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,468.20 Total land taxes: RUB 707.25 Army tax: RUB 68.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 188.66 Total revenue: RUB 964.76 Large livestock: 166 Small livestock: 445 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz Tumbul Commune 9. Bulgan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 17.84 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.29 D Irrigated plowed fields: 268.58 D Yaylaks: 119.35 D Total Land: 420.06 D Total households: 96 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,562.45 Total land taxes: RUB 548.08

271

Army tax: RUB 126.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 406.07 Total revenue: RUB 1,081.14 Large livestock: 150 Small livestock: 390 Units of water used for irrigation: kariz and spring 10. Karachug [Qaraçuq] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 21.42 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.72 D Irrigated plowed fields: 481.03 D Yaylaks: 1,236.85 D Total land: 1,742.02 D Total households: 118 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,405.02 Total land taxes: RUB 869.02 Army tax: RUB 151.47 Upkeep of officials: RUB 483.95 Total revenue: RUB 1,504.54 Large livestock: 484 Small livestock: 1,550 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 11. Karakhanbeglu [Qaraxanbəyli] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 16.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 34.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 191.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 233.02 D Yaylaks: 80.82 D Total Land: 555.30 D Total households: 132 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,334.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,069.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 712.48 Total revenue: RUB 1,782.27 Large livestock: 250 Small livestock: 145

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Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

12. Kosha-Diza [Qos¸adizə]

14. Shakarabad [S¸ekerabad]

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.51 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 300.00 D Yaylaks: 176.50 D Total land: 485.31 D Total households: 81 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,307.64 Total land taxes: RUB 526.83 Army tax: RUB 97.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,129.01 Total revenue: RUB 1,753.76 Large livestock: 98 Small livestock: 435 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 191.38 D Yaylaks: 523.22 D Total land: 727.60 D Total households: 34 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,858.79 Total land taxes: RUB 628.19 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 351.82 Total revenue: RUB 1,043.76 Large livestock: 96 Small livestock: 175 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

13. Tumbul

15. Tazakend [Təzəkənd]

RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 33.88 D Irrigated plowed fields: 771.92 D Irrigated fodder fields: 8.50 D Yaylaks: 94.12 D Total land: 929.27 D Total households: 196 (148 Armenian and 48 Tatar) Total income: RUB 18,437.25 Total land taxes: RUB 1,539.85 Army tax: RUB 59.67 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,023.69 Total revenue: RUB 2,623.21 Large livestock: 317 Small livestock: 845

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 21.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 31.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 723.83 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 427.10 D Yaylaks: 317.77 D Total land: 1,520.50 D Total households: 391 (342 Armenian and 49 Tatar) Total income: RUB 20,928.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,717.83 Army tax: RUB 31.62 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,509.41 Total revenue: RUB 3,288.86 Large livestock: 985 Small livestock: 505 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

Table V 16. Karmir-Vank

3

Sheikh-Mahmud Commune

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Vegetable gardens: 0.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.24 D Irrigated plowed fields: 62.70 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 73.30 D Yaylaks: 443.53 D Total land: 583.42 D Total households: 24 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,048.61 Total land taxes: RUB 171.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 114.04 Total revenue: RUB 285.14 Large livestock: 62 Small livestock: 220 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

18. `Aliabad [Əliabad]

17. Yamkhana

19. Ashagha Uzun-Oba [As¸aġi Uzunoba]

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 34.74 D Irrigated plowed fields: 484.48 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 24.00 D Yaylaks: 322.81 D Total land: 1,031.03 D Total households: 138 (136 Armenian and 2 Tatar) Total income: RUB 13,876.22 Total land taxes: RUB 1,158.93 Army tax: RUB 3.06 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 624.16 Total revenue: RUB 1,786.15 Large livestock: 559 Small livestock: 470 Units of water used for irrigation: Kariz and spring

273

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.65 D Orchards and vineyards: 65.59 D Irrigated plowed fields: 164.29 D Yaylaks: 94.84 D Total land: 331.07 D Total households: 103 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,346.59 Total land taxes: RUB 697.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 375.21 Total revenue: RUB 1,072.33 Large livestock: 110 Small livestock: 85 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.34 D Irrigated plowed fields: 93.00 D Yaylaks: 36.00 D Total land: 149.01 D Total households: 84 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,855.40 Total land taxes: RUB 279.21 Army tax: RUB 178.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 348.18 Total revenue: RUB 805.89 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 570 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

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20. Sheikh-Mahmud [Shixmahmud] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 80.29 D Irrigated plowed fields: 578.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.26 D Yaylaks: 80.70 D Total land: 754.70 D Total households: 184 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 18,031.96 Total land taxes: RUB 1,507.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 845.08 Total revenue: RUB 2,352.59 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 398 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 21. Khallilu [Khalilli] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.04 D Orchards and vineyards: 11.27 D Irrigated plowed fields: 262.00 D Yaylaks: 273.00 D Total land: 306.31 D Total households: 39 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,238.21 Total land taxes: RUB 594.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 196.89 Total revenue: RUB 791.43 Large livestock: 85 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 22. Yukhari Uzun-Oba [Yuxari Uzunoba] Ownership: Private

Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 44.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 105.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 63.13 D Yaylaks: 30.10 D Total land: 252.13 D Total households: 66 (39 Armenian and 27 Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,187.08 Total land taxes: RUB 516.73 Army tax: RUB 36.72 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 304.02 Total revenue: RUB 857.47 Large livestock: 105 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 23. Alagez Mazra4 Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 26.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 238.54 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.46 D Yaylaks: 2.00 D Total land: 279.00 D Total households: 98 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,007.28 Total land taxes: RUB 1,343.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 473.17 Total revenue: RUB 1,816.22 Large livestock: 131 Small livestock: 58 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 24. Badashkhan Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.62 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 65.90 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 72.90 D

Table V Yaylaks: 2.10 D Total land: 146.60 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,099.02 Total land taxes: RUB 175.32 Army tax: RUB 35.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 125.22 Total revenue: RUB 335.73 Large livestock: 41 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 25. Hajivar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.90 D Orchards and vineyards: 24.88 D Irrigated plowed fields: 400.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 124.70 D Yaylaks: 362.37 D Total land: 916.85 D Total households: 71 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8.402.29 Total land taxes: RUB 701.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 279.99 Total revenue: RUB 981.74 Large livestock: 56 Small livestock: 5 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 26. Karim Beg Diza [Kerimbekli] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.74 D Orchards and vineyards: 9.28 D Irrigated plowed fields: 98.68 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.08 D Total land: 112.05 D Total households: 31 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,790.70 Total land taxes: RUB 278.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 95.00

275

Total revenue: RUB 373.39 Large livestock: 48 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 27. Kul-Tapa [Kultepe] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 54.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 470.00 D Yaylaks: 2.30 D Total land: 545.00 D Total households: 126 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,833.92 Total land taxes: RUB 1,155.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 454.62 Total revenue: RUB 1,610.02 Large livestock: 185 Small livestock: 76 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 28. Kuli-Beg Diza Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 8.45 D Orchards and vineyards: 38.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 222.91 D Irrigated fodder fields: 8.40 D Yaylaks: 9.40 D Total land: 288.59 D Total households: 66 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,484.71 Total land taxes: RUB 1,049.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 217.37 Total revenue: RUB 1,267.17 Large livestock: 126 Small livestock: 39 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

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29. Mamarza Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.48 D Irrigated plowed fields: 228.77 D Yaylaks: 20.00 D Total land: 263.07 D Total households: 58 (39 Armenian and 19 Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,393.40 Total land taxes: RUB 450.46 Army tax: RUB 15.30 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 180.70 Total revenue: RUB 646.46 Large livestock: 32 Small livestock: 190 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 30. Yarimja [Yarımca] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 29.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 603.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.25 D Yaylaks: 344.33 D Total land: 991.83 D Total households: 176 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,824.23 Total land taxes: RUB 786.51 Upkeep of officials: RUB 705.41 Total revenue: RUB 1,491.92 Large livestock: 164 Small livestock: 210 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 31. Khalkhal Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.25 D

Irrigated plowed fields: 198.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 327.00 D Yaylaks: 610.00 D Total land: 1,164.75 D Total households: 99 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,907.75 Total land taxes: RUB 1,387.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 465.57 Total revenue: RUB 1,853.45 Large livestock: 84 Small livestock: 18 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days

Second Police Prefecture Karababa Commune 32. `Ali-Mamed Kishlak [Alimamed Kis¸laq] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.21 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 27.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 135.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Yaylaks: 600.00 D Total land: 768.81 D Total households: 21 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,177.34 Total land taxes: RUB 225.68 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 94.63 Total revenue: RUB 350.91 Large livestock: 326 Small livestock: 645 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 3 to 7 lopats; in summer up to 1 lopat every 15 days 33. Ashagha Irameshin Ownership: Treasury/Private

Table V Inhabited space: 1.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 30.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 154.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 895.00 D Total land: 1,086.41 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,269.25 Total land taxes: RUB 151.72 Army tax: RUB 11.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 106.76 Total revenue: RUB 269.70 Large livestock: 104 Small livestock: 90 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 1 lopat for 14 days; in summer 1 lopat for 4 days per month 34. Badamlu [Badamlı] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 30.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 132.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 600.00 D Yaylaks: 2,000.00 D Total land: 2,772.30 D Total households: 123 (85 Armenian and 38 Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,780.00 Total land taxes: RUB 649.75 Army tax: RUB 29.07 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 352.70 Total revenue: RUB 1,031.72 Large livestock: 531 Small livestock: 950 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring, 1½ lopats for 14 days; in summer, 1½ lopats for 7 days per month 35. Arinj [Ayrınc] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D

277

Orchards and vineyards: 20.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 54.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 218.50 D Yaylaks: 1,030.00 D Total land: 1,329.50 D Total households: 67 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,366.00 Total land taxes: RUB 645.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 179.62 Total revenue: RUB 824.77 Large livestock: 285 Small livestock: 600 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 1 lopat for 14 days; in summer 1 lopat for 6 days per month 36. Gijazur Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 83.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 248.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 8.33 D Yaylaks: 815.50 D Total land: 1,169.73 D Total households: 98 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,302.15 Total land taxes: RUB 275.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 440.02 Total revenue: RUB 715.80 Large livestock: 443 Small livestock: 600 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats daily 37. Gemur [Gömür] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 212.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 701.00 D Yaylaks: 946.00 D Total land: 1,884.00 D

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Total households: 146 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,040.60 Total land taxes: RUB 671.53 Upkeep of officials: RUB 214.45 Total revenue: RUB 885.98 Large livestock: 862 Small livestock: 1,800 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats daily 38. Daylakhlu Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 43.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 390.00 D Total land: 584.00 D Total households: 29 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,658.00 Total land taxes: RUB 228.74 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 75.12 Total revenue: RUB 332.93 Large livestock: 115 Small livestock: 88 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat daily 39. Zirnel Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 1,161.50 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 756.00 Total land taxes: RUB 144.92 Army tax: RUB 32.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 74.76 Total revenue: RUB 251.81 Large livestock: 135 Small livestock: 720

Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat per day 40. Zarnatun [Zərnətün] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 80.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.00 D Yaylaks: 450.00 D Total land: 545.00 D Total households: 18 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 539.00 Total land taxes: RUB 103.33 Army tax: RUB 16.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.56 Total revenue: RUB 156.72 Large livestock: 6 Small livestock: 10 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ lopat per day 41. Küki [Kükü] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.83 D Irrigated plowed fields: 102.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 400.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 2,182.00 D Total land: 2,714.33 D Total households: 68 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,781.02 Total land taxes: RUB 315.79 Army tax: RUB 28.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 233.66 Total revenue: RUB 577.50 Large livestock: 502 Small livestock: 1,500 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 1 lopat for 14 days; in summer 1 lopat for 5 days per month 42. Kolani Kishlak [Kolanı] Ownership: Treasury

Table V Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 175.05 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.00 D Yaylaks: 1,200.00 D Total land: 1,392.05 D Total households: 75 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,214.20 Total land taxes: RUB 232.73 Army tax: RUB 65.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 180.14 Total revenue: RUB 478.66 Large livestock: 276 Small livestock: 600 Units of water used for irrigation: Up to 2 lopats per day 43. Kara-Boya [Qaraboya] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.45 D Irrigated plowed fields: 3.20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 126.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.75 D Yaylaks: 276.95 D Total land: 416.75 D Total households: 26 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,077.95 Total land taxes: RUB 206.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 60.55 Total revenue: RUB 267.16 Large livestock: 151 Small livestock: 420 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from ½ lopat for 14 days; in summer 1 lopat for 1 day per month 44. Kara-Baba [Qarababa] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 41.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 16.50 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Total land: 567.00 D

279

Total households: 65 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,147.00 Total land taxes: RUB 219.83.00 Army tax: RUB 24.48.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 107.60 Total revenue: RUB 351.91 Large livestock: 107 Small livestock: 380 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 2 lopats for 14 days; in summer 2 lopats for 1 day per month 45. Kızıl-Kishlak [Qızıl Qıs¸laq] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.17 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Yaylaks: 125.65 D Total land: 137.57 D Total households: 6 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 99.25 Total land taxes: RUB 19.02 Army tax: RUB 4.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 12.68 Total revenue: RUB 36.29 Large livestock: 31 Small livestock: 72 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 1 lopat for 14 days; in summer 1 lopat for 1 day per month 46. Külüs Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.78 D Irrigated plowed fields: 33.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 572.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 10.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 1,876.13 D Total land: 2,514.09 D Total households: 78 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,754.76

280

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Total land taxes: RUB 549.30 Army tax: RUB 34.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 272.44 Total revenue: RUB 856.42 Large livestock: 438 Small livestock: 885 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for 4 days a week 47. Mahmudava [Mahmudoba] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 56.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 99.40 D Yaylaks: 537.54 D Total land: 696.40 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,614.29 Total land taxes: RUB 134.85 Army tax: RUB 44.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 139.74 Total revenue: RUB 318.96 Large livestock: 228 Small livestock: 780 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 1 lopat for 1 day a week; in summer 2 lopats for 1 day a week 48. Maralik [Mərəlik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.15 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 13.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 166.70 D Yaylaks: 872.35 D Total land: 1,054.90 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,029.89 Total land taxes: RUB 197.40 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 58.85 Total revenue: RUB 279.20 Large livestock: 188

Small livestock: 234 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ lopat per week 49. Maragha Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 39.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 182.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Yaylaks: 1,171.16 D Total land: 1,397.66 D Total households: 48 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,462.51 Total land taxes: RUB 280.32 Army tax: RUB 59.67 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.53 Total revenue: RUB 508.53 Large livestock: 249 Small livestock: 370 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring ½ lopat for 7 days; in summer 1 lopat for 2 days per month 50. Nors Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 21.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 428.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 824.80 D Yaylaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 2,296.05 D Total households: 176 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,148.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,098.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 560.57 Total revenue: RUB 1,658.76 Large livestock: 577 Small livestock: 500 Units of water used for irrigation: In spring from 1 lopat per week; in

Table V summer 3 lopats for 6 days per month 51. Nors Mazra Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 50.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 312.50 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.50 D Yaylaks: 999.95 D Total land: 1,373.25 D Total households: 61 (48 Armenian and 13 Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,237.75 Total land taxes: RUB 428.90 Army tax: RUB 7.65 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 141.28 Total revenue: RUB 577.83 Large livestock: 17 Small livestock: 26 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats per day 52. Salasuz [Sələsüz] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 241.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Yaylaks: 607.00 D Total land: 1,013.50 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,111.70 Total land taxes: RUB 426.96 Army tax: RUB 16.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 134.32 Total revenue: RUB 577.70 Large livestock: 247 Small livestock: 540 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat every 14 days 53. Sıchanjuk Ownership: Treasury/Private

281

Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 14.00 D Yaylaks: 48.7.00 D Total land: 107.00 D Total households: 10 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 829.87 Total land taxes: RUB 110.84 Army tax: RUB 9.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 25.36 Total revenue: RUB 145.38 Large livestock: 48 Small livestock: 52 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat per week 54. Tirkesh [Türkes¸] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.33 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 48.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 377.00 D Yaylaks: 480.00 D Total land: 917.08 D Total households: 58 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,378.82 Total land taxes: RUB 282.21 Army tax: RUB 65.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 161.68 Total revenue: RUB 509.68 Large livestock: 400 Small livestock: 490 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat 1 day a month 55. Khinzirak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 400.00 D Total land: 622.50 D Total households: 27 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 950.00

282

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Total land taxes: RUB 182.08 Army tax: RUB 24.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 63.16 Total revenue: RUB 269.72 Large livestock: 264 Small livestock: 310 Units of water used for irrigation: Same as above 56. Shada [S¸ada] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.60 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Total land: 629.76 D Total households: 26 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 989.40 Total land taxes: RUB 189.63 Army tax: RUB 24.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 61.56 Total revenue: RUB 275.67 Large livestock: 167 Small livestock: 240 Units of water used for irrigation: ½ lopat every 14 days 57. Shahbuz [S¸ahbuz] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 24.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 188.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 376.00 D Yaylaks: 3,506.85 D Total land: 4,106.85 D Total households: 120 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,010.68 Total land taxes: RUB 585.54 Army tax: RUB 93.33 Upkeep of officials: RUB 278.46 Total revenue: RUB 957.33

Large livestock: 498 Small livestock: 780 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 lopats for 5 days per month 58. Kechilu [Keçili] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.51 D Irrigated plowed fields: 42.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 427.53 D Irrigated fodder fields: 25.00 D Yaylaks: 3,737.26 D Total land: 4,239.80 D Total households: 49 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,958.23 Total land taxes: RUB 330.61 Army tax: RUB 19.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 183.98 Total revenue: RUB 534.48 Large livestock: 204 Small livestock: 1,200 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat 2 days a week 59. Yukhari Irameshin Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 21.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 375.10 D Irrigated fodder fields: 12.50 D Yaylaks: 966.00 D Total land: 1,378.75 D Total households: 60 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,044.00 Total land taxes: RUB 232.90 Army tax: RUB 19.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.30 Total revenue: RUB 421.09 Large livestock: 326 Small livestock: 835 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat every 14 days

Table V Digin-Almali Commune 60. Agkhach Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 234.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.50 D Yaylaks: 149.85 D Total land: 400.00 D Total households: 72 (37 Tatar and 35 Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,090.39 Total land taxes: RUB 208.99 Army tax: RUB 26.01 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 184.55 Total revenue: RUB 419.55 Large livestock: 125 Small livestock: 252 Units of water used for irrigation: ¼ lopat daily

283

62. Germachatakh [Kyarmachatakh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 300.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.00 D Yaylaks: 743.90 D Total land: 1,053.90 D Total households: 20 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,318.39 Total land taxes: RUB 252.69 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 207.79 Total revenue: RUB 483.43 Large livestock: 147 Small livestock: 740 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats daily 63. Itkran [Itgiran] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE

61. Buzgov [Buzqov]

ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 65.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 415.80 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,333.20 Total land taxes: RUB 447.20 Army tax: RUB 55.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 283.16 Total revenue: RUB 785.44 Large livestock: 212 Small livestock: 1,160 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats daily

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 33.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 300.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 1,163.75 D Total land: 1,520.25 D Total households: 96 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,081.37 Total land taxes: RUB 398.93 Army tax: RUB 67.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 177.29 Total revenue: RUB 643.94 Large livestock: 86 Small livestock: 142 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ lopats daily

284

Part II

64. Goradiz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 650.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.50 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 875.50 D Total households: 91 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,822.50 Total land taxes: RUB 540.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 264.88 Total revenue: RUB 805.86 Large livestock: 271 Small livestock: 764 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat daily 65. Ogbin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.05 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 342.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 467.55 D Total households: 49 (36 Tatar and 13 Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,525.50 Total land taxes: RUB 292.39 Army tax: RUB 39.78 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 102.31 Total revenue: RUB 434.48 Large livestock: 140 Small livestock: 268 Units of water used for irrigation: Same as above 66. Digin-Almalu [Almali] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 579.20 D

Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 897.60 D Total households: 66 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,540.80 Total land taxes: RUB 486.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 329.05 Total revenue: RUB 816.03 Large livestock: 490 Small livestock: 1,144 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 lopats daily 67. Lizbirt Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 3.00 D Yaylaks: 2,913.89 D Total land: 3,081.39 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,143.39 Total land taxes: RUB 96.51 Army tax: RUB 8.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 71.69 Total revenue: RUB 175.36 Large livestock: 79 Small livestock: 523 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat daily 68. Soltan-Beg [Sultanbəy] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 608.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 400.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 1,067.26 D Total land: 2,111.26 D Total households: 133 (All Armenian)

Table V Total income: RUB 12,096.73 Total land taxes: RUB 1,010.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 488.79 Total revenue: RUB 1,499.09 Large livestock: 436 Small livestock: 886 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats daily 69. Ses Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.80 D Irrigated plowed fields: 160.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 480.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 23.00 D Yaylaks: 914.01 D Total land: 1,586.75 D Total households: 52 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,608.60 Total land taxes: RUB 883.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 321.11 Total revenue: RUB 1,204.42 Large livestock: 235 Small livestock: 606 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats 3 times a week 70. Levis Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Yaylaks: 392.75 D Total land: 498.75 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 487.77 Total land taxes: RUB 94.49 Army tax: RUB 22.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.90 Total revenue: RUB 168.94 Large livestock: 65 Small livestock: 151

285

Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat daily Karmali Commune5 71. Karmalinovka [Bicənək] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Vegetable gardens: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 121.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 1,214.00 D Total land: 1,725.00 D Total households: 28 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 3,671.40 Total land taxes: RUB 703.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,985.26 Total revenue: RUB 2,688.94 Large livestock: 128 Small livestock: 183 Units of water used for irrigation: 2½ lopats daily Jaghri Commune 72. Aznabiurt [Aznabirt] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 11.36 D Orchards and vineyards: 35.36 D Irrigated plowed fields: 640.53 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,220.44 D Yaylaks: 3,725.91 D Total land: 5,733.80 D Total households: 210 (176 Armenian and 34 Tatar) Total income: RUB 25,576.92 Total land taxes: RUB 3,217.75 Army tax: RUB 27.48 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 775.92

286

Part II

Total revenue: RUB 4,018.15 Large livestock: 630 Small livestock: 4,000 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 73. Jagri (Armenian) RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 50.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 42.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 818.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 400.00 D Yaylaks: 788.00 D Total land: 2,098.50 D Total households: 213 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 23,250.20 Total land taxes: RUB 2,231.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,094.81 Total revenue: RUB 3,326 rubles Large livestock: 858 Small livestock: 1,396 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats for 26 days 74. Jagri (Tatar) Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 100.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 18.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,595.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 800.00 D Yaylaks: 1,557.00 D Kishlaks: 19.00 D Total land: 4,089.66 D Total households: 329 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 40,729.90 Total land taxes: RUB 4,879.26 Army tax: RUB 477.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,538.07 Total revenue: RUB 6,894.69

Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats for 22 days 75. Payız Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 Orchards and vineyards: 11.75 Irrigated plowed fields: 105.50 Unirrigated plowed fields: 190.00 Yaylaks: 600.00 Total land: 911.57 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,461.60 Total land taxes: RUB 503.57 Army tax: RUB 64.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.00 Total revenue: RUB 753.83 Large livestock: 169 Small livestock: 440 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats for 26 days 76. Vaykhir [Vayxır] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 135.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 270.00 D Yaylaks: 1,399.93 D Total land: 1,820.00 D Total households: 34 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,195.22 Total land taxes: RUB 517.68 Army tax: RUB 35.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 125.27 Total revenue: RUB 678.14 Large livestock: 163 Small livestock: 360 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats for 22 days 77. Nazarabad [Nəzərabad] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 40.50 D

Table V Irrigated plowed fields: 250.00 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 497.30 D Total households: 113 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,181.50 Total land taxes: RUB 683.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 555.68 Total revenue: RUB 1,239.02 Large livestock: 109 Small livestock: 148 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats for 20 days 78. Diduvar [Didivar] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 42.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 174.00 D Yaylaks: 7.00 D Total land: 229.00 D Total households: 57 (44 Tatar and 13 Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,656.80 Total land taxes: RUB 555.96 Army tax: RUB 50.49 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 240.43 Total revenue: RUB 846.88 Large livestock: 94 Small livestock: 95 Units of water used for irrigation: 1½ lopats for 20 days

Third Police Prefecture Kazanchi Commune 79. Aravsa [Ərəfsə] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 50.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 500.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 31.00 D

287

Yaylaks: 3,010.00 D Total land: 3,600.00 D Total households: 49 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,449.00 Total land taxes: RUB 288.05 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 252.03 Total revenue: RUB 601.28 Large livestock: 319 Small livestock: 1,125 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 80. Böy-Ahmad [Boyəhməd] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 140.00 D Yaylaks: 947.72 D Total land: 1,102.05 D Total households: 17 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 941.72 Total land taxes: RUB 78.69 Army tax: RUB 5.61 Upkeep of officials: RUB 39.98 Total revenue: RUB 124.28 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 850 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 81. Bash-Anzur Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.41 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 464.50 D Yaylaks: 830.50 D Total land: 1,301.00 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,969.56 Total land taxes: RUB 164.49 Army tax: RUB 15.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 246.32 Total revenue: RUB 426.11 Large livestock: 338

288

Part II

Small livestock: 1,576 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 82. Dib-Anzur Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.16 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 149.89 D Yaylaks: 591.05 D Total land: 752.05 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 794.86 Total land taxes: RUB 66.41 Army tax: RUB 18.36 Upkeep of officials: RUB 152.80 Total revenue: RUB 237.57 Large livestock: 147 Small livestock: 425 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 83. Zuvala Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.40 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 12.50 D Yaylaks: 537.55 D Total land: 551.00 D Total households: 8 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 115.36 Total land taxes: RUB 9.64 Army tax: RUB 2.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 16.25 Total revenue: RUB 28.44 Large livestock: 27 Small livestock: 110 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat a day from a privately owned spring

84. Kazanchi [Qazançı] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 38.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 172.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 555.00 D Yaylaks: 2,481.70 D Total land: 3,263.45 D Total households: 146 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,679.67 Total land taxes: RUB 1,663.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 530.90 Total revenue: RUB 2,194.48 Large livestock: 884 Small livestock: 1,250 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 lopats for 18 days 85. Milakh [Milax] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.83 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 92.17 D Yaylaks: 520.00 D Total land: 639.25 D Total households: 55 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,293.82 Total land taxes: RUB 247.98 Army tax: RUB 67.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 122.34 Total revenue: RUB 437.64 Large livestock: 226 Small livestock: 675 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 24 days 86. Kahab Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D

Table V Orchards and vineyards: 21.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 520.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 277.00 D Yaylaks: 607.00 D Total land: 1,440.00 D Total households: 80 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 14,493.80 Total land taxes: RUB 1,210.52 Army tax: RUB 87.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 523.37 Total revenue: RUB 1,821.10 Large livestock: 535 Small livestock: 525 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 6 days a week 87. Karbala’i Oruj-Diza Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 17.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 55.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 242.83 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 647.17 D Yaylaks: 3,001.70 D Total land: 3,968.70 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,413.64 Total land taxes: RUB 168.21 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 75.90 Total revenue: RUB 271.65 Large livestock: 119 Small livestock: 805 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 18 hours 88. Lyakatakh Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 44.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 48.90 D Yaylaks: 618.19 D Total land: 714.69 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,069.82

289

Total land taxes: RUB 187.30 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 55.52 Total revenue: RUB 253.53 Large livestock: 257 Small livestock: 1,126 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 lopats for 2 days 89. Zeynaddin [Zeynəddin] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 14.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 91.90 D Irrigated plowed fields: 546.10 D Yaylaks: 2.64 D Total land: 634.64 D Total households: 119 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 16,121.56 Total land taxes: RUB 1,346.41 Army tax: RUB 133.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 374.28 Total revenue: RUB 1,853.80 Large livestock: 235 Small livestock: 316 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 18 days 90. Nakhshi-Nargiz Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 82.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 62.50 D Yaylaks: 11.84 D Total land: 159.75 D Total households: 10 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,719.13 Total land taxes: RUB 143.59 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 79.75 Total revenue: RUB 234.05 Large livestock: 41 Small livestock: 115 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 18 days

290

Part II

91. Orta-Anzur Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 97.00 D Yaylaks: 118.00 D Total land: 217.10 D Total households: 8 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 412.80 Total land taxes: RUB 34.51 Army tax: RUB 3.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 19.50 Total revenue: RUB 57.07 Large livestock: 82 Small livestock: 380 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 92. Teyvaz Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 156.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.50 D Yaylaks: 693.35 D Total land: 864.35 D Total households: 29 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 910.83 Total land taxes: RUB 76.08 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 131.15 Total revenue: RUB 237.83 Large livestock: 216 Small livestock: 259 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for 18 days 93. Khanaga [Xanəgah] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 144.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.50 D

Yaylaks: 1,448.85 D Total land: 1,814.85 D Total households: 80 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,290.38 Total land taxes: RUB 358.34 Army tax: RUB 82.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 204.81 Total revenue: RUB 645.77 Large livestock: 269 Small livestock: 564 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 lopats a week 94. Najaf-`Ali Beg Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 58.33 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 44.87 D Yaylaks: 293.75 D Total land: 401.11 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,190.19 Total land taxes: RUB 99.42 Army tax: RUB 5.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 53.88 Total revenue: RUB 158.40 Large livestock: 102 Small livestock: 130 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 95. Goynuk Ownership: Private6 Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 85.00 D Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 397.00 D Total households: 33 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 757.00 Total land taxes: RUB 63.23 Army tax: RUB 8.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 50.09 Total revenue: RUB 121.48

Table V Large livestock: 95 Small livestock: 315 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 96. Nagajir Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 703.00 D Yaylaks: 2,293.63 D Total land: 3,025.13 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,018.36 Total land taxes: RUB 419.14 Army tax: RUB 18.87 Upkeep of officials: RUB 212.30 Total revenue: RUB 650.31 Large livestock: 199 Small livestock: 675 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 97. Surmalik Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 331.00 D Yaylaks: 1,218 D Total land: 1,554.00 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,127.80 Total land taxes: RUB 177.70 Army tax: RUB 8.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 79.30 Total revenue: RUB 265.16 Large livestock: 114 Small livestock: 375 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 98. Surab [Sirab] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 40.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.00 D

291

Irrigated plowed fields: 503.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 403.00 D Yaylaks: 1,593.00 D Total land: 2,553.00 D Total households: 126 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 15,131.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,263.73 Army tax: RUB 137.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 750.99 Total revenue: RUB 2,152.42 Large livestock: 573 Small livestock: 563 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 54 hours a week 99. Shah-Miran-shah Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 141.00 D Yaylaks: 6.00 D Total land: 163.00 D Total households: 46 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,738.40 Total land taxes: RUB 312.26 Army tax: RUB 52.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 108.10 Total revenue: RUB 472.38 Large livestock: 119 Small livestock: 195 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 lopats for 18 hours a week Abrakunis Commune 100. Abrakunis [Abragunus] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 7.71 D Orchards and vineyards: 26.69 D Irrigated plowed fields: 262.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 115.10 D

292

Part II

Yaylaks: 250.00 D Total land: 671.10 D Total households: 155 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,727.89 Total land taxes: RUB 964.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 155.43 Total revenue: RUB 1,120.12 Large livestock: 286 Small livestock: 350 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 lopats for 30 hours for 18 days a month 101. Arazin [Ərəzin] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 454.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 371.80 D Total land: 885.80 D Total households: 117 (69 Tatar and 48 Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,480.72 Total land taxes: RUB 875.33 Army tax: RUB 21.33 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 238.80 Total revenue: RUB 1,136.06 Large livestock: 248 Small livestock: 1,420 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 lopats for 24 hours for 18 days a month 102. Jamaldin [Camaldın] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.04 D Irrigated plowed fields: 378.96 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 538.66 D Total land: 970.66 D Total households: 69 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,524.66

Total land taxes: RUB 711.94 Army tax: RUB 31.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 135.86 Total revenue: RUB 878.91 Large livestock: 373 Small livestock: 1,200 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for a total of 22 hours every 10 days 103. Kızılja [Qızılca] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 222.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 105.00 D Yaylaks: 456.00 D Total land: 796.86 D Total households: 32 (27 Tatar and 5 Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,411.80 Total land taxes: RUB 368.48 Army tax: RUB 24.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 100.29 Total revenue: RUB 493.25 Large livestock: 68 Small livestock: 135 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for a total of 22 hours every 10 days 104. Khachaparakh Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 97.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 786.00 D Yaylaks: 5,730.00 D Total land: 6,620.00 D Total households: 92 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,548 Total land taxes: RUB 880.95 Army tax: RUB 33.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 674.69 Total revenue: RUB 1,588.79 Large livestock: 232

Table V Small livestock: 605 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 105. Gyal-Jarajur Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 6.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.20 D Irrigated plowed fields: 156.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 259.33 D Yaylaks: 2,280 D Total land: 2,714.19 D Total households: 38 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,372.22 Total land taxes: RUB 365.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 288.03 Total revenue: RUB 653.18 Large livestock: 179 Small livestock: 216 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 106. Norashen Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 13.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 199.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 297.00 D Yaylaks: 677.00 D Total land: 1,200.00 D Total households: 139 (87 Tatar and 52 Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,631.70 Total land taxes: RUB 1,079.41 Army tax: RUB 76.50 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 201.44 Total revenue: RUB 1,357.35 Large livestock: 416 Small livestock: 235 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for a total of 36 hours every 10 days

293

107. Saltakh [Saltaq] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 41.00 D Yaylaks: 2,280.00 D Total land: 2,443.00 D Total households: 80 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,956 Total land taxes: RUB 246.89 Army tax: RUB 67.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 282.44 Total revenue: RUB 596.65 Large livestock: 217 Small livestock: 665 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 108. Paradasht Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 17.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 27.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 350.81 D Yaylaks: 3,000.00 D Total land: 3,494.81 D Total households: 189 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,568.50 Total land taxes: RUB 864.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 370.56 Total revenue: RUB 988.61 Large livestock: 239 Small livestock: 320 109. Khoshkeshin [Xos¸kes¸in] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 126.00 D Yaylaks: 699.25 D Total land: 843.25 D

294

Part II

Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,102.43 Total land taxes: RUB 155.34 Army tax: RUB 11.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 105.88 Total revenue: RUB 272.44 Large livestock: 111 Small livestock: 160 Units of water used for irrigation: spring 110. Shurut [S¸urud] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 57.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 315.00 D Yaylaks: 4,150.00 D Total land: 4,562.00 D Total households: 184 (149 Armenian and 35 Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,770 Total land taxes: RUB 914.25 Army tax: RUB 18.36 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 481.90 Total revenue: RUB 1,414.51 Large livestock: 314 Small livestock: 891 Units of water used for irrigation: spring

Large livestock: 153 Small livestock: 510 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for a total of 32 hours every 10 days 112. Bananyar [Beneniar] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 78.16 D Irrigated plowed fields: 336.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 83.00 D Yaylaks: 800.00 D Total land: 1,305.16 D Total households: 126 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,461.40 Total land taxes: RUB 873.70 Army tax: RUB 123.93 Upkeep of officials: RUB 181.05 Total revenue: RUB 1,178.68 Large livestock: 260 Small livestock: 340 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 lopat for a total of 36 hours every 10 days Nehram Commune 113. Nehram [Nehrəm] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE

111. Kırna7

ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 17.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 158.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 785.00 D Yaylaks: 1,420.66 D Total land: 2,385.66 D Total households: 87 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,104.51 Total land taxes: RUB 676.85 Army tax: RUB 99.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 291.78 Total revenue: RUB 1,068.08

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 34.40 D Vegetable gardens: 8.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,868.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 1,700.00 D Total land: 3,641.40 D Total households: 366 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 38,627.60 Total land taxes: RUB 3,226.34 Army tax: RUB 524.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,399.46

Table V Total revenue: RUB 6,150.29 Large livestock: 996 Small livestock: 3,500 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 lopats for 4 days a week 114. Kuznut [Güznüt] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.20 D Vegetable gardens: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,630.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 25.00 D Yaylaks: 1,665.80 D Total land: 3,356.00 D Total households: 309 (289 Armenian and 20 Tatar) Total income: RUB 34,194.12 Total land taxes: RUB 6,553.83 Army tax: RUB 33.15 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,612.59 Total revenue: RUB 5,127.46 Large livestock: 670 Small livestock: 1,600 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 lopats per week 115. Julfa [Culfa] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.50 D Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 20.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 586.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 1,381.44 D Total land: 2,006.94 D Total households: 131 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,652.57 Total land taxes: RUB 2,616.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 570.96 Total revenue: RUB 3,187.68 Large livestock: 348 Small livestock: 1,215

295

Units of water used for irrigation: ½ lopat for one day per month

Fourth Police Prefecture Residence of the police superintendent: Town of Ordubad Akulis Commune 116. Armenian Akulis (Upper) [Yuxari Əylis] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 14.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 112.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 29.25 D Yaylaks: 24.00 D Total land: 179.25 D Total households: 216 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,050.60 Total land taxes: RUB 755.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,344 Total revenue: RUB 2,099.88 Large livestock: 140 Small livestock: 350 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 117. Tatar Akulis (Upper) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.33 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.66 D Total land: 15.59 D Total households: 71 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 451.52 Total land taxes: RUB 37.69 Army tax: RUB 28.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 220.60 Total revenue: RUB 286.85

296

Part II

Large livestock: 38 Small livestock: 114 118. Akulis (Lower) [As¸ag˘ i Əylis] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 12.06 D Orchards and vineyards: 59.46 D Irrigated plowed fields: 70.31 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 99.54 D Yaylaks: 1,626.00 D Total land: 1,867.37 D Total households: 124 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,360.66 Total land taxes: RUB 614.73 Upkeep of officials: RUB 470.90 Total revenue: RUB 1,085.63 Large livestock: 71 Small livestock: 164 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 119. Nujade Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 305.50 D Total households: 36 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 497.00 Total land taxes: RUB 41.51 Army tax: RUB 11.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 95.78 Total revenue: RUB 148.51 Large livestock: 53 Small livestock: 428 120. Nus-Nus [Nüsnüs] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 35.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 59.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 13.00 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Total land: 610.00 D

Total households: 66 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,880 Total land taxes: RUB 240.53 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 173.97 Total revenue: RUB 437.45 Large livestock: 82 Small livestock: 423 Units of water used for irrigation: 14 121. Andamich (Upper) [Yuxari Andamic] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.97 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.42 D Yaylaks: 43.71 D Total land: 74.40 D Total households: 41 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,687.07 Total land taxes: RUB 140.90 Army tax: RUB 17.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 146.40 Total revenue: RUB 305.15 Large livestock: 37 Small livestock: 200 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 122. Gyanza [Gənzə] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.33 D Orchards and vineyards: 29.73 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 65.00 D Yaylaks: 468.23 D Total land: 586.29 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,236.64 Total land taxes: RUB 186.79 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 94.10 Total revenue: RUB 325.73 Large livestock: 46 Small livestock: 560

Table V 123. Anabad Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.25 D Yaylaks: 70.00 D Total land: 80.25 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 207.75 Total land taxes: RUB 17.37 Army tax: RUB 4.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 26.25 Total revenue: RUB 48.21 Large livestock: 9 Small livestock: 13 124. Kilit Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.73 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 57.60 D Yaylaks: 2,305.76 D Total land: 2,377.59 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,316.11 Total land taxes: RUB 109.92 Army tax: RUB 16.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 110.55 Total revenue: RUB 236.79 Large livestock: 25 Small livestock: 190 125. Ketam [Kotam] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.87 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 16.50 D Yaylaks: 2,952.02 D Total land: 2,973.89 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 377.84 Total land taxes: RUB 31.56 Army tax: RUB 10.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 80.00

297

Total revenue: RUB 121.76 Large livestock: 20 Small livestock: 80 126. Karchevan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 20.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 82.75 D Yaylaks: 2,609.00 D Total land: 2,715.75 D Total households: 53 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,226.10 Total land taxes: RUB 810.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 226.40 Total revenue: RUB 1,036.40 Large livestock: 114 Small livestock: 309 127. Armenian Varagirt Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 30.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Total land: 555.00 D Total households: 81 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,640 Total land taxes: RUB 136.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 221.44 Total revenue: RUB 358.40 Large livestock: 33 Small livestock: 20 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 128. Tatar Varagirt Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 1.92 D Yaylaks: 200.00 D Total land: 202.92 D Total households: 19 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 135.00

298

Part II

Total land taxes: RUB 11.26 Army tax: RUB 6.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 38.80 Total revenue: RUB 56.18 Large livestock: 8 Small livestock: 9 129. Mirza Ja`far Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.90 D Total land: 15.00 D Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 349.50 Total land taxes: RUB 29.18 Army tax: RUB 4.59 Upkeep of officials: RUB 11.46 Total revenue: RUB 45.23 Large livestock: 14 Small livestock: 66 Aza Commune

Small livestock: 109 Units of water used for irrigation: 25 131. Aza (Lower) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Vegetable gardens: 1.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 25.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 216.75 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 348.33 D Total households: 84 (53 Tatar and 31 Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,069.75 Total land taxes: RUB 506.91 Army tax: RUB 61.20 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 404.11 Total revenue: RUB 972.22 Large livestock: 116 Small livestock: 76 Units of water used for irrigation: 22 132. Yaiji [Yaycı]

130. Aza (Upper) RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 3.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 45.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 350.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D Yaylaks: 594.00 D Total land: 1,202.00 D Total households: 147 (142 Armenian and 5 Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,312.60 Total land taxes: RUB 1,028.31 Army tax: RUB 6.12 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 863.64 Total revenue: RUB 1,898.07 Large livestock: 80

Ownership: Personal Inhabited space: 31.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 33.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,187.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 241.00 D Yaylaks: 2,000.00 D Total land: 3,495.30 D Total households: 211 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 58,577.25 Total land taxes: RUB 3,149.69 Army tax: RUB 264.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,263.97 Total revenue: RUB 4,678.35 Large livestock: 454 Small livestock: 129 Units of water used for irrigation: 30 133. Karim-Qoli Diza Ownership: Private

Table V Inhabited space: 2.50 D Vegetable gardens: 0.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 12.23 D Irrigated plowed fields: 86.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 677.25 D Yaylaks: 3,676.25 D Total land: 4,456.00 D Total households: 29 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 9,503 Total land taxes: RUB 793.67 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 167.33 Total revenue: RUB 1,000.78 Large livestock: 74 Small livestock: 14 134. Der [Dar] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 40.05 D Irrigated plowed fields: 232.00 D Yaylaks: 150.00 D Total land: 429.05 D Total households: 88 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,156.75 Total land taxes: RUB 597.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 464.59 Total revenue: RUB 1,062.29 Large livestock: 72 Small livestock: 91 Units of water used for irrigation: 13 135. Sumbatan Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Vegetable gardens: 1.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 8.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 91.25 D Yaylaks: 400.00 D Total land: 502.25 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,595.25 Total land taxes: RUB 216.78

299

Army tax: RUB 32.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 151.57 Total revenue: RUB 400.48 Large livestock: 51 Small livestock: 21 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 136. Mirza Hasan Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 18.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 85.75 D Yaylaks: 100.00 D Total land: 205.00 D Total households: 13 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,945.50 Total land taxes: RUB 246.28 Army tax: RUB 16.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 70.07 Total revenue: RUB 333.18 Large livestock: 2 Small livestock: 1 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 137. Hosein `Ali Beg Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 60.00 D Total land: 102.50 D Total households: 11 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 976 Total land taxes: RUB 81.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 50.79 Total revenue: RUB 132.31 Large livestock: 26 Small livestock: 5 138. Khoda-Verdi Beg Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 3.00 D Vegetable gardens: 0.20 D Orchards and vineyards: 10.46 D

300

Part II

Irrigated plowed fields: 172.50 D Yaylaks: 500.00 D Total land: 686.16 D Total households: 26 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,175.50 Total land taxes: RUB 265.20 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 126.01 Total revenue: RUB 421.81 Large livestock: 57 Small livestock: 25 Units of water used for irrigation: 14 139. Düglun [Düylün] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 9.78 D Vegetable gardens: 4.25 D Orchards and vineyards: 11.37 D Irrigated plowed fields: 222.96 D Yaylaks: 623.82 D Total land: 872.18 D Total households: 49 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,517.60 Total land taxes: RUB 617.89 Army tax: RUB 114.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 322.74 Total revenue: RUB 1,055.38 Large livestock: 181 Small livestock: 38 Units of water used for irrigation: 20 140. Dülgun Diza Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 0.75 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.50 D Yaylaks: 60.00 D Total land: 130.75 D Total households: 16 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,629.50 Total land taxes: RUB 285.83 Army tax: RUB 22.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 55.95

Total revenue: RUB 364.73 Large livestock: 12 Small livestock: 3 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 141. Kalantar Diza Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.75 D Vegetable gardens: 0.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.24 D Irrigated plowed fields: 36.91 D Total land: 43.00 D Total households: 17 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,068.20 Total land taxes: RUB 89.22 Army tax: RUB 19.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 91.67 Total revenue: RUB 200.78 Large livestock: 74 Small livestock: 14 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 Vanand Commune 142. Vanand [Vənənd] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 15.40 D Orchards and vineyards: 82.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 242.00 D Yaylaks: 483.25 D Total land: 823.15 D Total households: 149 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,881.42 Total land taxes: RUB 1,149.53 Army tax: RUB 63.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 734.70 Total revenue: RUB 1,947.17 Large livestock: 300 Small livestock: 600 Units of water used for irrigation: 91

Table V 143. Pazmara [Pəzməri] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.06 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 56.00 D Yaylaks: 310.00 D Total land: 373.06 D Total households: 8 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 349.90 Total land taxes: RUB 44.22 Army tax: RUB 3.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 41.14 Total revenue: RUB 73.57 Large livestock: 25 Small livestock: 75 Units of water used for irrigation: 1¼ 144. Unus Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.10 D Orchards and vineyards: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 34.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 35.00 D Yaylaks: 424.55 D Total land: 504.65 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,150.85 Total land taxes: RUB 96.11 Army tax: RUB 45.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 165.50 Total revenue: RUB 307.51 Large livestock: 57 Small livestock: 235 Units of water used for irrigation: 3½ 145. Kalaki [Kələki] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 13.56 D Irrigated plowed fields: 25.35 D Yaylaks: 202.00 D Total land: 244.91 D

301

Total households: 42 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,094.45 Total land taxes: RUB 91.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 192.08 Total revenue: RUB 283.48 Large livestock: 49 Small livestock: 110 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 146. Dernis [Dırnıs] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Vegetable gardens: 0.84 D Orchards and vineyards: 14.57 D Irrigated plowed fields: 28.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 352.00 D Total land: 401.75 D Total households: 73 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,315.80 Total land taxes: RUB 175.64 Army tax: RUB 87.21 Upkeep of officials: RUB 350.75 Total revenue: RUB 613.60 Large livestock: 53 Small livestock: 252 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 147. Lotf-`Ali Soltan Diza [Diza] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.90 D Yaylaks: 0.60 D Total land: 13.65 D Total households: 4 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 194.16 Total land taxes: RUB 16.21 Army tax: RUB 3.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 12.90 Total revenue: RUB 32.17 Large livestock: 4

302

Part II

148. Dostı (also known as Dast) [Dəstə] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 35.82 D Orchards and vineyards: 72.98 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,135.37 D Yaylaks: 160.44 D Total land: 1,406.48 D Total households: 291 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 27,144.86 Total land taxes: RUB 2,267.08 Army tax: RUB 350.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,238.75 Total revenue: RUB 3,856.20 Large livestock: 370 Small livestock: 1,100 Units of water used for irrigation: 96 149. Danagirt Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.67 D Orchards and vineyards: 33.06 D Irrigated plowed fields: 30.11 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Yaylaks: 337.11 D Total land: 413.38 D Total households: 82 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,950.72 Total land taxes: RUB 246.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 254.40 Total revenue: RUB 500.82 Large livestock: 111 Small livestock: 50 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 150. Sal Ownership: Treasury Total households: 5 (All Tatar) Upkeep of officials: RUB 7.90 Total revenue: RUB 7.90

151. Dehsar Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.84 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 44.16 D Yaylaks: 70.64 D Total land: 119.14 D Total households: 26 (17 Armenian and 9 Tatar) Total income: RUB 801.82 Total land taxes: RUB 91.84 Army tax: RUB 7.65 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 131.47 Total revenue: RUB 230.96 Large livestock: 66 Small livestock: 125 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 152. Valaver [Vələvər] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.40 D Yaylaks: 214.60 D Total land: 246.00 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 782.46 Total land taxes: RUB 167.08 Army tax: RUB 32.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 142.98 Total revenue: RUB 342.19 Large livestock: 33 Small livestock: 70 Units of water used for irrigation: 11 153. Mirza Ja`far Khan Diza Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 0.50 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.25 D Irrigated plowed fields: 7.50 D Yaylaks: 24.75 D Total land: 36.25 D

Table V Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 668.15 Total land taxes: RUB 93.16 Army tax: RUB 9.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 46.16 Total revenue: RUB 148.50 Large livestock: 7 Small livestock: 45 Units of water used for irrigation: 4¾ 154. Agri Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.50 D Yaylaks: 39.20 D Total land: 64.25 D Total households: 22 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 479.12 Total land taxes: RUB 91.84 Army tax: RUB 24.48 Upkeep of officials: RUB 110.05 Total revenue: RUB 226.37 Large livestock: 21 Small livestock: 30 Units of water used for irrigation: 16 155. Khanaga [Xanəgah] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.61 D Irrigated plowed fields: 79.21 D Yaylaks: 46.70 D Total land: 135.20 D Total households: 44 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,556.32 Total land taxes: RUB 298.30 Army tax: RUB 18.87 Upkeep of officials: RUB 247.93 Total revenue: RUB 565.10 Large livestock: 40 Small livestock: 90

303

Units of water used for irrigation: 19 Chananab Commune 156. Bilyav [Biləv] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 155.53 D Irrigated plowed fields: 142.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 400.00 D Yaylaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 1,712.33 D Total households: 141 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,456.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,040.32 Army tax: RUB 60.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 490.13 Total revenue: RUB 1,591.14 Large livestock: 198 Small livestock: 770 Units of water used for irrigation: 20 157. Begrut [Behrud] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.95 D Orchards and vineyards: 18.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 63.00 D Yaylaks: 315.80 D Total land: 399.75 D Total households: 24 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,332.38 Total land taxes: RUB 111.28 Army tax: RUB 9.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 101.32 Total revenue: RUB 222.29 Large livestock: 49 Small livestock: 45 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 158. Paraga [Parag˘ a] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 7.18 D

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Orchards and vineyards: 36.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 220.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 176.00 D Yaylaks: 2,423.91 D Total land: 2,873.09 D Total households: 78 (47 Armenian and 31 Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,927.11 Total land taxes: RUB 578.54 Army tax: RUB 4.59 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 338.03 Total revenue: RUB 921.16 Large livestock: 261 Small livestock: 1,000 Units of water used for irrigation: 13 159. Tiva [Tivi] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 12.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 365.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 794.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 2,860.00 D Total land: 3,139.00 D Total households: 89 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,473 Total land taxes: RUB 958.16 Army tax: RUB 113.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 364.26 Total revenue: RUB 1,435.64 Large livestock: 572 Small livestock: 2,100 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 160. Bist Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 41.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 168.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 591.00 D

Yaylaks: 300.00 D Total land: 1,115.00 D Total households: 97 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 8,206 Total land taxes: RUB 685.34 Army tax: RUB 39.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 594.38 Total revenue: RUB 1,318.99 Large livestock: 289 Small livestock: 900 Units of water used for irrigation: 11 160a. Tilyak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 0.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 29.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 76.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 0.75 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 507.00 D Total land: 618.33 D Total households: 62 with 160b and 160c (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 823.52 Total land taxes: RUB 157.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 36.28 Total revenue: RUB 194.11 Large livestock: 34 Small livestock: 60 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 160b. Khurus Ownership: Treasury Irrigated plowed fields: 27.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 93.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.50 D Yaylaks: 30.25 D Total land: 154.50 D Total households: See 160a Total income: RUB 806.27 Total land taxes: RUB 154.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 64.84 Total revenue: RUB 219.38

Table V Large livestock: 36 Small livestock: 130 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 160c. Dargamar Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 56.00 D Yaylaks: 799.25 D Total land: 856.25 D Total households: See 160a Total income: RUB 419.93 Total land taxes: RUB 35.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 30.31 Total revenue: RUB 65.37 Large livestock: 31 Small livestock: 63 161. Nasirvaz Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 6.66 D Irrigated plowed fields: 40.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 94.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 1.00 D Yaylaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 1,143.66 D Total households: 58 (32 Tatar and 26 Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,422 Total land taxes: RUB 118.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 202.10 Total revenue: RUB 320.85 Large livestock: 136 Small livestock: 630 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 162. Alagi Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 140.00 D Irrigated fodder fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 600.00 D

305

Total land: 817.00 D Total households: 88 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,101 Total land taxes: RUB 175.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 187.68 Total revenue: RUB 363.14 Large livestock: 57 Small livestock: 190 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 163. Nürgüt Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 82.61 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 278.88 D Irrigated fodder fields: 3.75 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.50 D Yaylaks: 90.68 D Total land: 471.52 D Total households: 67 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,456.99 Total land taxes: RUB 470.92 Army tax: RUB 36.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 102.93 Total revenue: RUB 610.57 Large livestock: 67 Small livestock: 157 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 164. Urumis Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 2.16 D Orchards and vineyards: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 58.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.16 D Yaylaks: 2,756.89 D Total land: 2,972.21 D Total households: 39 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,004.97 Total land taxes: RUB 167.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 167.95 Total revenue: RUB 335.40 Large livestock: 208

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Small livestock: 800 Units of water used for irrigation: 4

167. Ustupi Mazra [Üstüpü] (Pasture)

165. Chananab [Çənnəb]

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 0.30 D Orchards and vineyards: 2.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 5.00 D Yaylaks: 30.00 D Total land: 48.50 D Total income: RUB 344.26 Total land taxes: RUB 28.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 21.24 Total revenue: RUB 49.99 Large livestock: 22 Small livestock: 50

Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 78.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 98.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 153.25 D Yaylaks: 1,763.10 D Total land: 2,104.10 D Total households: 124 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,758.74 Total land taxes: RUB 815.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 436.13 Total revenue: RUB 1,255.75 Large livestock: 255 Small livestock: 450 Units of water used for irrigation: 18 166. Ustupi [Üstüpü] Ownership: Treasury/Private Inhabited space: 10.00 D Orchards and vineyards: 86.75 D Irrigated plowed fields: 90.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 85.00 D Yaylaks: 530.00 D Total land: 801.75 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,290.50 Total land taxes: RUB 564.62 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 397.41 Total revenue: RUB 1,001.81 Large livestock: 177 Small livestock: 315 Units of water used for irrigation: 26

Table V

Key totals for the district (rural areas, 1907)

307

8

Tatars: 7,178 households; 58,883 persons (31,918 male/26,965 female) Armenians: 5,934 households; 44,615 persons (23,414 male/21,201 female) Kurds: 620 persons Russians: 280 persons Total population: 104,398 persons

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 Underground water conduit; see Chapter II. 3 It no longer exists. 4 The term mazra is from the Arabo-Persian word mazra` (farm/field). 5 A separate commune with one village populated by members of the Russian Molokan sect. 6 A small part (4.50 D) belonged to a mosque. 7 The former Armenian village of K`rna. 8 For more details, see Chapter III.

Table VI – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Alexandropol District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture

Bozikend Commune

Voskresenkoe Commune

2. Bozikend [Margahovit]

1. Voskresenkova [Lermontov] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.53 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 358.33 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 690.53 D Yaylaks: 1,112.87 D Total area: 2,183.26 D Total households: 100 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 4,633.81 Total land taxes: RUB 991.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,234.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,225.98 Large livestock: 1,462 Small livestock: 825

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.38 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 625.88 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 409.20 D Yaylaks: 992.53 D Total area: 2,065.81 D Total households: 261 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,534.15 Total land taxes: RUB 970.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,280.65 Total revenue: RUB 3,251.29 Large livestock: 2,569 Small livestock: 3,241

Table VI Nikitin Commune 3. Nikitin [Fioletovo] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.85 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 195.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 709.36 D Yaylaks: 1,530.38 D Total area: 2,452.89 D Total households: 98 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 4,456.30 Total land taxes: RUB 953.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,392.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,345.99 Large livestock: 1,522 Small livestock: 624 Saral Commune 4. Saral [Nor Khachakap] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.35 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 657.28 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.59 D Yaylaks: 1,296.73 D Total area: 1,970.95 D Total households: 88 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,660.00 Total land taxes: RUB 997.61 Army tax: RUB 191.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 187.59 Total revenue: RUB 1,376.45 Large livestock: 874 Small livestock: 1,566 5. Ghursali Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.87 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 423.91 D

309

Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.62 D Yaylaks: 1,065.47 D Total area: 1,524.95 D Total households: 87 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,240.93 Total land taxes: RUB 693.77 Army tax: RUB 113.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.24 Total revenue: RUB 1,151.23 Large livestock: 1,351 Small livestock: 2,453 6. Halavar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.21 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 491.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 418.13 D Yaylaks: 2,273.12 D Total area: 3,194.36 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,262.89 Total land taxes: RUB 912.58 Army tax: RUB 130.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 118.30 Total revenue: RUB 1,161.43 Large livestock: 2,684 Small livestock: 4,512 7. Kızıl-Oran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.22 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.04 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 277.22 D Yaylaks: 900.50 D Total area: 1,179.98 D Total households: 33 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,121.03 Total land taxes: RUB 454.04 Army tax: RUB 41.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 70.06 Total revenue: RUB 565.41 Large livestock: 226 Small livestock: 731

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8. Khanjughaz [Aznavadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 241.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.86 D Yaylaks: 1,118.22 D Total area: 1,372.13 D Total households: 63 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,201.33 Total land taxes: RUB 257.13 Army tax: RUB 130.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 124.24 Total revenue: RUB 511.42 Large livestock: 836 Small livestock: 1,119 9. Haji-Kara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.81 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 881.99 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 144.91 D Yaylaks: 1,795.51 D Total area: 2,844.62 D Total households: 194 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,021.68 Total land taxes: RUB 1,503.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 357.51 Total revenue: RUB 1,860.69 Large livestock: 1,428 Small livestock: 2,246 10. Darbaz [Darpas] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.31 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 393.88 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.05 D Yaylaks: 590.24 D Total area: 1,029.88 D Total households: 60 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,723.64

Total land taxes: RUB 797.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 143.84 Total revenue: RUB 940.96 Large livestock: 549 Small livestock: 736 11. Archut [Arjut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.68 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.85 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 492.24 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.26 D Yaylaks: 1,903.78 D Total area: 2,417.81 D Total households: 67 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,524.95 Total land taxes: RUB 540.51 Army tax: RUB 130.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 140.94 Total revenue: RUB 811.50 Large livestock: 941 Small livestock: 1,632 12. Haydarli Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.51 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.03 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 203.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 44.12 D Yaylaks: 611.23 D Total area: 861.88 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,031.72 Total land taxes: RUB 220.86 Army tax: RUB 42.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 76.26 Total revenue: RUB 339.96 Large livestock: 573 Small livestock: 623 13. Efendi [Karadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.08 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.24 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 221.17 D

Table VI Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.59 D Yaylaks: 892.33 D Total area: 1,132.01 D Total households: 28 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,190.96 Total land taxes: RUB 255.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 84.69 Total revenue: RUB 339.63 Large livestock: 284 Small livestock: 1,066 Karakilis Commune 14. Big Karakilis RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 64.95 D Irrigated plowed fields: 13.55 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,018.31 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1,257.51 D Yaylaks: 2,381.00 D Total area: 4,735.32 D Total households: 480 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 19,054.91 Total land taxes: RUB 4,079.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 2,750.00 Total revenue: RUB 6,829.18 Large livestock: 2,751 Small livestock: 1,600 15. Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 20.84 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 896.01 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 69.22 D Yaylaks: 1,167.73 D Total area: 2,188.92 D

311

Total households: 205 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,758.64 Total land taxes: RUB 1,874.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 917.50 Total revenue: RUB 2,792.45 Large livestock: 1,482 Small livestock: 1,982 16. Bzovdal [Bazum] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.82 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.08 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 315.22 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.84 D Yaylaks: 500.32 D Total area: 855.28 D Total households: 50 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,363.08 Total land taxes: RUB 291.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 147.50 Total revenue: RUB 439.30 Large livestock: 675 Small livestock: 1,407 17. Sisimadan Total households: 32 (All Greek)2 Upkeep of officials: RUB 271.00 Total revenue: RUB 271.00 Large livestock: 128.00 Small livestock: 45 18. Ya`qublu [Gugark] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.63 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 467.89 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 54.20 D Yaylaks: 645.14 D Total area: 1,189.66 D Total households: 108 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,481.80 Total land taxes: RUB 745.31

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Part II

Upkeep of officials: RUB 330.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,075.81 Large livestock: 1,152 Small livestock: 1,980 19. Sarmusakhli Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.22 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 232.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 88.50 D Yaylaks: 651.33 D Total area: 981.05 D Total households: 66 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,342.65 Total land taxes: RUB 287.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.50 Total revenue: RUB 473.92 Large livestock: 622 Small livestock: 1,175 20. Vartanlu [Khndzorut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.89 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.86 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 248.83 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 120.29 D Yaylaks: 1,577.88 D Total area: 1,964.75 D Total households: 128 (82 Tatar and 46 Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,014.88 Total land taxes: RUB 431.34 Army tax: RUB 183.60 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 250.00 Total revenue: RUB 864.94 Large livestock: 1,435 Small livestock: 2,250

Hamamlu Commune 21. Hamamlu [Spitak] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 45.71 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.38 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2,672.57 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 63.15 D Yaylaks: 2,534.84 D Total area: 5,316.65 D Total households: 389 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 20,911.28 Total land taxes: RUB 4,476.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 894.00 Total revenue: RUB 5,370.56 Large livestock: 2,543 Small livestock: 3,630 22. Chikdamal [Arevashogh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.49 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.31 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 701.13 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.88 D Yaylaks: 1,155.54 D Total area: 1,878.35 D Total households: 117 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,776.23 Total land taxes: RUB 594.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 250.00 Total revenue: RUB 844.32 Large livestock: 741 Small livestock: 1,658 23. Spitak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.45 D

Table VI Unirrigated plowed fields: 513.56 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.55 D Yaylaks: 830.74 D Total area: 1,367.63 D Total households: 75 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,593.47 Total land taxes: RUB 769.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 204.00 Total revenue: RUB 973.26 Large livestock: 599 Small livestock: 1,001 24. Vartnan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 42.47 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.63 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,475.64 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 112.67 D Yaylaks: 1,502.01 D Total area: 3,134.42 D Total households: 222 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,328.20 Total land taxes: RUB 2,210.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 370.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,580.99 Large livestock: 1,676 Small livestock: 2,213 25. Kachagan [Lernavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.14 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.28 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 656.33 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.76 D Yaylaks: 815.14 D Total area: 1,552.65 D Total households: 99 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,726.38 Total land taxes: RUB 583.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 198.00 Total revenue: RUB 781.60

313

Large livestock: 744 Small livestock: 876 26. Chotur [Saramej] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.51 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.15 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 620.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.29 D Yaylaks: 1,042.74 D Total area: 1,691.19 D Total households: 73 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,497.85 Total land taxes: RUB 534.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 143.00 Total revenue: RUB 677.72 Large livestock: 467 Small livestock: 1,146 Nalband Commune 27. Nalband [Shirakamut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.15 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 888.89 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 67.26 D Yaylaks: 611.61 D Total area: 1,581.94 D Total households: 135 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,932.83 Total land taxes: RUB 1,698.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 289.60 Total revenue: RUB 1,987.80 Large livestock: 1,237 Small livestock: 1,882 28. Big Bekand [Mets Parni] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 34.61 D

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Irrigated plowed fields: 10.59 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,906.40 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 101.41 D Yaylaks: 2,465.33 D Total area: 4,518.34 D Total households: 350 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 15,758.42 Total land taxes: RUB 3,373.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 833.25 Total revenue: RUB 4,206.70 Large livestock: 303 Small livestock: 2,216 29. Gogaran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,446.00 D Yaylaks: 961.00 D Total area: 2,432.00 D Total households: 130 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,231.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,976.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 200.20 Total revenue: RUB 2,196.23 Large livestock: 1,218 Small livestock: 1,827 30. Karal [Katnajur] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.13 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.23 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,084.04 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 41.61 D Yaylaks: 1,180.83 D Total area: 2,324.87 D Total households: 164 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,630.21 Total land taxes: RUB 2,061.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 342.38

Total revenue: RUB 2,403.98 Large livestock: 1,139 Small livestock: 1,655 31. Güllüja [Spandaryan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 846.00 D Yaylaks: 855.00 D Total area: 1,719.00 D Total households: 96 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,557.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,189.73 Upkeep of officials: RUB 123.08 Total revenue: RUB 1,312.81 Large livestock: 796 Small livestock: 996 32. Tananlu [Geghasar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.28 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.51 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 452.64 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.51 D Yaylaks: 394.72 D Total area: 886.66 D Total households: 85 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,004.79 Total land taxes: RUB 643.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 189.52 Total revenue: RUB 832.78 Large livestock: 628 Small livestock: 967 33. Kaltakhchi [Hartagyugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.28 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.13 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,016.14 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.92 D Yaylaks: 1,040.96 D Total area: 2,103.43 D

Table VI Total households: 240 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,952.48 Total land taxes: RUB 1,916.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 360.30 Total revenue: RUB 2,276.75 Large livestock: 1,677 Small livestock: 242 34. Gök-Ekhush Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.56 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.66 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 415.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.03 D Yaylaks: 611.61 D Total area: 1,044.01 D Total households: 53 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,871.73 Total land taxes: RUB 614.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 138.19 Total revenue: RUB 752.94 Large livestock: 529 Small livestock: 688 35. Abdibeg [Tsaghkaber] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.10 D Irrigated plowed fields: 19.46 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,230.64 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 229.37 D Yaylaks: 1,785.04 D Total area: 2,683.61 D Total households: 218 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,569.71 Total land taxes: RUB 2,048.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 225.40 Total revenue: RUB 2,274.04 Large livestock: 1,597 Small livestock: 2,415

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36. Ag-Bulagh [Lusaghbyur] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.93 D Irrigated plowed fields: 3.48 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 918.63 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.49 D Yaylaks: 1,610.01 D Total area: 2,564.56 D Total households: 145 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,504.68 Total land taxes: RUB 1,392.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 265.75 Total revenue: RUB 1,658.21 Large livestock: 1,733 Small livestock: 1,395 37. Karaboya [Khnkoyan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.26 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.69 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 504.78 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 23.32 D Yaylaks: 527.23 D Total area: 1,068.28 D Total households: 97 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,493.47 Total land taxes: RUB 747.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 107.65 Total revenue: RUB 855.48 Large livestock: 942 Small livestock: 948

Second Police Prefecture Jajur Commune 38. Jajur RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury

316

Part II

Inhabited space: 27.88 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 816.68 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 58.46 D Yaylaks: 1,176.86 D Total area: 2,079.88 D Total households: 180 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,864.45 Total land taxes: RUB 1,255.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 476.84 Total revenue: RUB 1,732.22 Large livestock: 1,506 Small livestock: 2,713 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 39. Kanakhkran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,053.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 76.53 D Yaylaks: 706.97 D Total area: 1,857.80 D Total households: 135 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,377.60 Total land taxes: RUB 2,007.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 384.16 Total revenue: RUB 2,391.60 Large livestock: 1,167 Small livestock: 1,617 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 40. Agh-Kilisa [Krashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.17 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 412.46 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.94 D Yaylaks: 824.80 D Total area: 1,265.37 D Total households: 61 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,013.37 Total land taxes: RUB 645.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 279.00

Total revenue: RUB 924.07 Large livestock: 784 Small livestock: 1,117 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 41. Arikhvali III [Lernut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.85 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 311.56 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.95 D Yaylaks: 460.96 D Total area: 781.32 D Total households: 85 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,195.46 Total land taxes: RUB 255.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 225.33 Total revenue: RUB 481.17 Large livestock: 512 Small livestock: 1,147 42. Sariyar (Mets Sariar) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.53 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 606.51 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 19.84 D Yaylaks: 1,039.17 D Total area: 1,677.50 D Total households: 90 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,472.90 Total land taxes: RUB 529.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 300.20 Total revenue: RUB 829.57 Large livestock: 817 Small livestock: 1,304 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 43. Haji Nazar [Kamo] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,155.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.71 D Yaylaks: 895.80 D

Table VI Total area: 2,097.91 D Total households: 166 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,563.05 Total land taxes: RUB 1,619.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 452.34 Total revenue: RUB 2,071.36 Large livestock: 1,553 Small livestock: 2,390 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 44. Big Duzkend [Akhuryan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.95 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,615.45 D Yaylaks: 191.75 D Total area: 1,851.25 D Total households: 238 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 11,960.40 Total land taxes: RUB 2,560.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 665.54 Total revenue: RUB 3,225.98 Large livestock: 1,381 Small livestock: 669 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 Kapanak Commune 45. Big Kapanak [Hovit] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.15 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.15 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2,021.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 360.90 D Yaylaks: 1,474.60 D Total area: 3,899.60 D Total households: 278 (277 Armenian and 1 Russian)

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Total income: RUB 14,870.05 Total land taxes: RUB 3,183.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 543.05 Total revenue: RUB 3,726.30 Large livestock: 1,634 Small livestock: 3,762 46. Khanvali Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.65 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 176.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 209.10 D Yaylaks: 297.10 D Total area: 688.00 D Total households: 28 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,739.45 Total land taxes: RUB 372.37 Upkeep of officials: RUB 52.10 Total revenue: RUB 2,224.47 Large livestock: 422 Small livestock: 589 47. Small Kapanak [Hovit] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.38 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.17 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 723.92 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.22 D Yaylaks: 697.45 D Total area: 1,455.21 D Total households: 96 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,873.30 Total land taxes: RUB 1,043.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 194.80 Total revenue: RUB 1,238.02 Large livestock: 575 Small livestock: 1,078 48. Diraklar [Karnut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 957.85 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 26.85 D

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Part II

Yaylaks: 622.20 D Total area: 1,618.90 D Total households: 109 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,228.45 Total land taxes: RUB 1,333.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 287.40 Total revenue: RUB 1,620.72 Large livestock: 796 Small livestock: 1,230 49. Chirakhli Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 34.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,327.70 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 225.45 D Yaylaks: 1,325.70 D Total area: 2,912.90 D Total households: 157 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,858.45 Total land taxes: RUB 2,110.42 Upkeep of officials: RUB 408.17 Total revenue: RUB 2,518.59 Large livestock: 1,735 Small livestock: 3,360 50. Baghdad-Dolutakht Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 1.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 30.65 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 72.15 D Yaylaks: 34.90 D Total area: 139.10 D Total households: 21 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 426.92 Total land taxes: RUB 91.39 Army tax: RUB 26.01 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.63 Total revenue: RUB 153.03 Large livestock: 102 Small livestock: 134

Kaftarli Commune 51. Big Kaftarli RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 60.61 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,211.70 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.38 D Yaylaks: 859.31 D Total area: 2,566.37 D Total households: 220 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,492.93 Total land taxes: RUB 2,032.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 533.87 Total revenue: RUB 2,466.09 Large livestock: 1,837 Small livestock: 2,456 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 52. Small Bekand [Anushavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 29.38 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 943.83 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.88 D Yaylaks: 434.12 D Total area: 1,411.21 D Total households: 211 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,987.58 Total land taxes: RUB 1,281.81 Upkeep of officials: RUB 328.30 Total revenue: RUB 1,610.11 Large livestock: 1,563 Small livestock: 2,179 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 53. Golgat [Geghanist] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.60 D

Table VI Unirrigated plowed fields: 950.72 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.68 D Yaylaks: 256.64 D Total area: 1,235.10 D Total households: 120 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,772.96 Total land taxes: RUB 593.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 184.65 Total revenue: RUB 778.23 Large livestock: 656 Small livestock: 897 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 54. Kasum-`Ali [Getap] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.41 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 490.54 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.12 D Yaylaks: 160.60 D Total area: 672.67 D Total households: 70 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,106.37 Total land taxes: RUB 664.99 Upkeep of officials: RUB 179.52 Total revenue: RUB 844.51 Large livestock: 433 Small livestock: 568 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 55. Eganlar [Arevshat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 24.53 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,055.63 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.70 D Yaylaks: 279.38 D Total area: 1,368.24 D Total households: 143 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,590.56 Total land taxes: RUB 1,410.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 293.08 Total revenue: RUB 1,703.96

319

Large livestock: 829 Small livestock: 1,234 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 56. Kulijan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.39 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 539.58 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 72.63 D Yaylaks: 224.64 D Total area: 853.54 D Total households: 96 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,803.65 Total land taxes: RUB 814.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 114.94 Total revenue: RUB 929.12 Large livestock: 686 Small livestock: 721 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 57. Norashen Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.87 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 536.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.55 D Yaylaks: 229.96 D Total area: 801.98 D Total households: 110 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,862.14 Total land taxes: RUB 398.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 331.20 Total revenue: RUB 729.84 Large livestock: 1,583 Small livestock: 1,300 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 58. Kazanchi [Meghrashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.62 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 992.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.68 D Yaylaks: 549.14 D

320

Part II

Total area: 1,582.64 D Total households: 134 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,393.03 Total land taxes: RUB 1,368.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 289.39 Total revenue: RUB 1,657.96 Large livestock: 1,177 Small livestock: 1,465 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 59. Small Arikhvali [Pokr Mantash] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 743.44 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.50 D Yaylaks: 1,128.36 D Total area: 1,892.30 D Total households: 74 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,857.00 Total land taxes: RUB 611.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 220.64 Total revenue: RUB 832.24 Large livestock: 785 Small livestock: 795 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 60. Big Arikhvali [Mets Mantash] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 29.91 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,547.39 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.90 D Yaylaks: 725.70 D Total area: 2,303.90 D Total households: 166 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,099.25 Total land taxes: RUB 1,091.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 268.48 Total revenue: RUB 1,360.06 Large livestock: 1,653 Small livestock: 798 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

Haji-Khalil Commune 61. Haji Khalil [Tsaghkahovit] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 842.43 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.60 D Yaylaks: 504.31 D Total area: 1,387.84 D Total households: 61 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,945.95 Total land taxes: RUB 630.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 192.44 Total revenue: RUB 823.02 Large livestock: 969 Small livestock: 956 62. Keshishkend [Gegharot] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 551.25 D Yaylaks: 253.35 D Total area: 814.60 D Total households: 40 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,810.42 Total land taxes: RUB 387.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.42 Total revenue: RUB 503.99 Large livestock: 447 Small livestock: 520 63. Munjukhli [Tsilkar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 844.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.50 D Yaylaks: 411.81 D Total area: 1,293.36 D

Table VI Total households: 84 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,603.39 Total land taxes: RUB 557.32 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.22 Total revenue: RUB 725.54 Large livestock: 975 Small livestock: 685 64. Agh-Kula Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.15 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 858.23 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.20 D Yaylaks: 353.70 D Total area: 1,243.65 D Total households: 70 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,868.68 Total land taxes: RUB 614.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.19 Total revenue: RUB 759.30 Large livestock: 779 Small livestock: 921 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 65. Armenian Pamb [Lernapar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.59 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 825.38 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.65 D Yaylaks: 440.31 D Total area: 1,303.93 D Total households: 60 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,856.32 Total land taxes: RUB 611.47 Upkeep of officials: RUB 175.34 Total revenue: RUB 786.81 Large livestock: 740 Small livestock: 1,117 66. Kırk-Dagirman Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.36 D

321

Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,947.92 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.80 D Yaylaks: 151.12 D Total area: 2,144.20 D Total households: 129 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,090.40 Total land taxes: RUB 1,303.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 280.03 Total revenue: RUB 1,583.82 Large livestock: 1,636 Small livestock: 1,812 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 67. Danagirmaz [Nigavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 24.60 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,205.15 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.65 D Yaylaks: 537.25 D Total area: 1,785.65 D Total households: 86 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,051.13 Total land taxes: RUB 867.24 Upkeep of officials: RUB 138.87 Total revenue: RUB 1,006.11 Large livestock: 858 Small livestock: 2,290 68. Melik-kend [Melikgyugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 24.29 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,088.62 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 48.08 D Yaylaks: 1,099.00 D Total area: 2,259.99 D Total households: 76 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,128.63 Total land taxes: RUB 883.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 189.73

322

Part II

Total revenue: RUB 1,073.55 Large livestock: 1,037 Small livestock: 2,428 69. Jangi-Tapa [Vardablur] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.20 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 451.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 34.80 D Yaylaks: 170.80 D Total area: 670.10 D Total households: 34 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,487.61 Total land taxes: RUB 318.43 Upkeep of officials: RUB 117.74 Total revenue: RUB 436.17 Large livestock: 374 Small livestock: 583 70. Tatar Duzkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.79 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 745.86 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 107.43 D Yaylaks: 28.90 D Total area: 900.98 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,845.55 Total land taxes: RUB 609.15 Army tax: RUB 29.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 161.25 Total revenue: RUB 799.47 Large livestock: 964 Small livestock: 906 71. Tatar Güzel-Dara [Vardenik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.36 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 847.69 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 61.22 D Yaylaks: 181.57 D Total area: 1,112.84 D Total households: 93 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,007.04

Total land taxes: RUB 643.73 Army tax: RUB 30.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 170.48 Total revenue: RUB 844.81 Large livestock: 668 Small livestock: 1,376 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 72. Armenian Güzel-Dara [Vardenik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.55 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 835.50 D Yaylaks: 221.72 D Total area: 1,076.77 D Total households: 80 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,676.01 Total land taxes: RUB 572.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 212.73 Total revenue: RUB 785.55 Large livestock: 779 Small livestock: 1,031 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 73. Karavansara [Sadunts] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.45 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 285.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 78.91 D Yaylaks: 92.20 D Total area: 465.36 D Total households: 33 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,323.40 Total land taxes: RUB 283.30 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.64 Total revenue: RUB 359.65 Large livestock: 308 Small livestock: 676

Table VI Mirak Commune 74. Mirak RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 655.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 860.00 D Total area: 1,570.00 D Total households: 69 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 2,376.00 Total land taxes: RUB 508.62 Army tax: RUB 93.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 296.60 Total revenue: RUB 898.55 Large livestock: 782 Small livestock: 2,812 75. Kichik Jangi [Kaniashir] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 383.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.80 D Yaylaks: 344.24 D Total area: 754.54 D Total households: 36 (35 Kurdish and 1 Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,222.83 Total land taxes: RUB 261.80 Army tax: RUB 15.30 (Kurds only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.10 Total revenue: RUB 421.20 Large livestock: 374 Small livestock: 1,175 76. Kondakhsaz [Rya Taza]3 Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 640.43 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 24.40 D Yaylaks: 378.80 D

323

Total area: 1,081.77 D Total households: 57 (56 Kurdish and 1 Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,111.76 Total land taxes: RUB 452.06 Army tax: RUB 55.08 (Kurds only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 106.10 Total revenue: RUB 613.24 Large livestock: 510 Small livestock: 3,053 77. Kor-Bulagh [Sizavet] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.05 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 232.46 D Yaylaks: 230.80 D Total area: 467.31 D Total households: 42 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 824.93 Total land taxes: RUB 176.59 Army tax: RUB 38.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 86.88 Total revenue: RUB 301.72 Large livestock: 344 Small livestock: 869 78. Jarjaris (Charchakis) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,021.25 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.30 D Yaylaks: 934.30 D Total area: 1,973.63 D Total households: 90 (88 Kurdish and 2 Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,231.37 Total land taxes: RUB 691.74 Army tax: RUB 114.75 (Kurds only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 361.82 Total revenue: RUB 1,168.31 Large livestock: 655 Small livestock: 2,113

324

Part II

79. Kuri-Boghaz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.45 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 436.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 61.84 D Yaylaks: 1,005.00 D Total area: 1,513.29 D Total households: 79 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,936.04 Total land taxes: RUB 414.46 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 268.08 Total revenue: RUB 774.34 Large livestock: 705 Small livestock: 2,365 80. Chobankarakmaz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.71 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 547.93 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.22 D Yaylaks: 861.87 D Total area: 1,423.73 D Total households: 59 (58 Kurdish and 1 Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,699.98 Total land taxes: RUB 363.93 Army tax: RUB 64.26 (Kurds only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 181.21 Total revenue: RUB 609.40 Large livestock: 484 Small livestock: 2,720 81. Kurdish Pamb [Sipan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.55 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 384.29 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.82 D Yaylaks: 562.29 D Total area: 991.95 D Total households: 39 (All Kurdsish) Total income: RUB 1,477.60 Total land taxes: RUB 316.33 Army tax: RUB 61.20

Upkeep of officials: RUB 109.78 Total revenue: RUB 487.31 Large livestock: 376 Small livestock: 1,321 82. Small Jamshlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.40 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 203.24 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.54 D Yaylaks: 98.97 D Total area: 324.15 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 680.49 Total land taxes: RUB 145.62 Army tax: RUB 27.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 143.44 Total revenue: RUB 316.60 Large livestock: 203 Small livestock: 664 83. Big Jamushlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.36 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 263.56 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.20 D Yaylaks: 208.40 D Total area: 423.52 D Total households: 44 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 943.96 Total land taxes: RUB 202.06 Army tax: RUB 50.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.76 Total revenue: RUB 397.31 Large livestock: 350 Small livestock: 1,130

Table VI

325

Third Police Prefecture

86. Kay-Qoli Kazanchi

Residence of the police superintendent: City of Alexandropol

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.17 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 966.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.85 D Yaylaks: 560.35 D Total area: 1,657.57 D Total households: 93 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,773.54 Total land taxes: RUB 807.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 528.37 Total revenue: RUB 1,326.19 Large livestock: 1,268 Small livestock: 1,875

Kızıl-Koch Commune 84. Kızıl-Koch [Ashotsk] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 31.39 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,005.61 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 159.46 D Yaylaks: 478.17 D Total area: 1,674.63 D Total households: 89 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,147.38 Total land taxes: RUB 887.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 537.05 Total revenue: RUB 1,424.89 Large livestock: 1,247 Small livestock: 2,136 85. Kor-Akhbyur Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.44 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 992.05 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 66.63 D Yaylaks: 716.26 D Total area: 1,795.38 D Total households: 98 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,728.75 Total land taxes: RUB 798.23 Upkeep of officials: RUB 312.26 Total revenue: RUB 1,110.49 Large livestock: 1,525 Small livestock: 2,344

87. Shish-Tapa [Mets Sepasar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.41 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 905.58 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 164.66 D Yaylaks: 486.14 D Total area: 1,578.82 D Total households: 73 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,850.43 Total land taxes: RUB 824.28 Upkeep of officials: RUB 239.29 Total revenue: RUB 1,063.57 Large livestock: 1,104 Small livestock: 2,232 88. Kay-Qoli Duzkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.68 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 441.73 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 95.70 D Yaylaks: 421.40 D Total area: 981.15 D Total households: 69 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,082.25 Total land taxes: RUB 445.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 226.18

326

Part II

Total revenue: RUB 671.90 Large livestock: 929 Small livestock: 1,034 89. Chiftali [Zuygaghbyur] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.94 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 550.83 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 99.92 D Yaylaks: 290.63 D Total area: 963.32 D Total households: 53 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,363.23 Total land taxes: RUB 505.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 254.49 Total revenue: RUB 760.37 Large livestock: 833 Small livestock: 1,860 90. Kızılkilisa II Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.85 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 303.23 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 296.94 D Yaylaks: 126.36 D Total area: 731.38 D Total households: 50 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,472.12 Total land taxes: RUB 529.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 178.69 Total revenue: RUB 707.91 Large livestock: 622 Small livestock: 809 91. Kurtli-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.27 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 399.01 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.42 D Yaylaks: 196.51 D Total area: 622.21 D Total households: 50 (All Armenian)

Total income: RUB 1,416.19 Total land taxes: RUB 303.14 Upkeep of officials: RUB 267.71 Total revenue: RUB 470.85 Large livestock: 612 Small livestock: 946 92. Titoy Kharaba [Bavra] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.41 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 395.97 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.97 D Yaylaks: 404.64 D Total area: 806.99 D Total households: 45 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,411.31 Total land taxes: RUB 302.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 281.66 Total revenue: RUB 583.79 Large livestock: 696 Small livestock: 853 93. Bozekhush [Musayelyan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 254.35 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 56.58 D Yaylaks: 234.27 D Total area: 557.28 D Total households: 49 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,199.33 Total land taxes: RUB 256.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 157.80 Total revenue: RUB 414.54 Large livestock: 684 Small livestock: 1,079 94. Dara-Köy [Saragyugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.41 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 404.77 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 150.45 D Yaylaks: 367.01 D

Table VI Total area: 932.64 D Total households: 32 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,181.29 Total land taxes: RUB 466.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 255.32 Total revenue: RUB 722.23 Large livestock: 434 Small livestock: 935 95. Gülli-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.65 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 298.44 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 68.05 D Yaylaks: 132.81 D Total area: 503.95 D Total households: 39 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,315.93 Total land taxes: RUB 281.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 126.27 Total revenue: RUB 407.97 Large livestock: 349 Small livestock: 549 96. Salut Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.11 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 113.43 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 19.28 D Yaylaks: 155.58 D Total area: 291.40 D Total households: 17 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 523.81 Total land taxes: RUB 112.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 97.47 Total revenue: RUB 209.59 Large livestock: 170 Small livestock: 198

327

`Alikhan Commune 97. `Alikhan [Gedik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.34 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 342.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 97.80 D Yaylaks: 560.30 D Total area: 1,003.82 D Total households: 39 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,624.39 Total land taxes: RUB 347.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 242.00 Total revenue: RUB 589.72 Large livestock: 497 Small livestock: 537 98. Karakilis III Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.43 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 403.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.72 D Yaylaks: 498.71 D Total area: 924.06 D Total households: 49 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,386.76 Total land taxes: RUB 296.87 Upkeep of officials: RUB 222.00 Total revenue: RUB 518.87 Large livestock: 683 Small livestock: 523 99. Samurlu [Sarapat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 281.29 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 19.13 D Yaylaks: 478.68 D Total area: 786.20 D Total households: 35 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,080.15

328

Part II

Total land taxes: RUB 231.22 Upkeep of officials: RUB 167.00 Total revenue: RUB 398.22 Large livestock: 538 Small livestock: 684 100. Keflu [Kakavasar] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 327.74 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.48 D Yaylaks: 524.99 D Total area: 877.46 D Total households: 38 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,354.87 Total land taxes: RUB 290.03 Upkeep of officials: RUB 207.00 Total revenue: RUB 497.03 Large livestock: 395 Small livestock: 563 101. Small Sariar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.42 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 407.76 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 31.33 D Yaylaks: 534.36 D Total area: 979.87 D Total households: 63 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,499.74 Total land taxes: RUB 321.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 254.00 Total revenue: RUB 575.00 Large livestock: 728 Small livestock: 688 102. Bash-Keg II Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.01 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 207.86 D

Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.60 D Yaylaks: 605.15 D Total area: 847.80 D Total households: 25 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 979.64 Total land taxes: RUB 209.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 166.00 Total revenue: RUB 375.71 Large livestock: 406 Small livestock: 586 Orta-Kilisa Commune 103. Orta-Kilisa [Mayisyan] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 33.11 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 710.27 D Yaylaks: 652.71 D Total area: 1,396.09 D Total households: 87 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,107.85 Total land taxes: RUB 1,307.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 273.54 Total revenue: RUB 1,581.06 Large livestock: 783 Small livestock: 1,699 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 104. Tanarlu [Hatsik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.92 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 766.08 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 248.53 D Total area: 1,048.53 D Total households: 133 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,414.67 Total land taxes: RUB 1,373.16 Upkeep of officials: RUB 349.97

Table VI Total revenue: RUB 1,723.13 Large livestock: 1,213 Small livestock: 1,281 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 105. Darband [Karmrakar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.19 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 365.97 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.97 D Yaylaks: 435.42 D Total area: 819.55 D Total households: 72 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,392.04 Total land taxes: RUB 298.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.91 Total revenue: RUB 466.91 Large livestock: 443 Small livestock: 631 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 106. Small Keti [Porashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.31 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 243.21 D Yaylaks: 342.77 D Total area: 589.29 D Total households: 56 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 910.94 Total land taxes: RUB 195.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 270.71 Total revenue: RUB 465.73 Large livestock: 402 Small livestock: 893 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 107. Big Keti [Mets Keti] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 873.59 D Yaylaks: 496.24 D Total area: 1,381.13 D

329

Total households: 138 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,523.56 Total land taxes: RUB 1,182.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 341.61 Total revenue: RUB 1,524.06 Large livestock: 893 Small livestock: 2,138 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 108. Kalanja (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.81 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 705.31 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 54.74 D Yaylaks: 252.31 D Total area: 1,040.17 D Total households: 139 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,235.24 Total land taxes: RUB 1,334.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 367.45 Total revenue: RUB 1,702.25 Large livestock: 1,005 Small livestock: 267 109. Kalanja (Lower) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.31 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 413.01 D Yaylaks: 193.80 D Total area: 614.12 D Total households: 65 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,422.91 Total land taxes: RUB 732.76 Upkeep of officials: RUB 166.12 Total revenue: RUB 898.88 Large livestock: 445 Small livestock: 800 110. Kaps Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.77 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 334.16 D

330

Part II

Yaylaks: 336.53 D Total area: 677.46 D Total households: 77 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,193.53 Total land taxes: RUB 469.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 240.05 Total revenue: RUB 709.57 Large livestock: 477 Small livestock: 284 Illi Karakilis Commune 111. Illi Karakilis RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.22 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 494.02 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.42 D Yaylaks: 665.75 D Total area: 1,173.41 D Total households: 110 (All Armenias) Total income: RUB 1,864.69 Total land taxes: RUB 399.19 Upkeep of officials: RUB 289.78 Total revenue: RUB 688.97 Large livestock: 828 Small livestock: 995 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 112. Taknalu [Goghovit] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.63 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 440.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.50 D Yaylaks: 411.40 D Total area: 865.63 D Total households: 67 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,579.39 Total land taxes: RUB 338.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 200.92

Total revenue: RUB 538.98 Large livestock: 547 Small livestock: 682 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 113. Palutlu [Arpeni] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.84 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 592.92 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 26.28 D Yaylaks: 1,093.50 D Total area: 1,722.54 D Total households: 98 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,486.43 Total land taxes: RUB 532.27 Upkeep of officials: RUB 253.03 Total revenue: RUB 785.30 Large livestock: 973 Small livestock: 858 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 114. Chorlu (also known as Bostanchi Kharaba) [Lernantsk] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.45 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 498.13 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 22.69 D Yaylaks: 734.80 D Total area: 1,263.07 D Total households: 85 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,997.59 Total land taxes: RUB 427.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 238.97 Total revenue: RUB 666.60 Large livestock: 608 Small livestock: 1,050 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 115. Chizikhlar [Tsoghamarg] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 19.57 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 897.44 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.14 D

Table VI Yaylaks: 507.33 D Total area: 1,429.48 D Total households: 134 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,030.39 Total land taxes: RUB 648.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 362.21 Total revenue: RUB 1,011.95 Large livestock: 1,206 Small livestock: 1,051 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 116. Gürji-yol Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.41 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 460.35 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 7.16 D Yaylaks: 389.90 D Total area: 863.01 D Total households: 78 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,630.63 Total land taxes: RUB 349.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 192.93 Total revenue: RUB 542.01 Large livestock: 611 Small livestock: 754 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 117. Ala-Kilisa [Baytar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.14 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 407.94 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.84 D Yaylaks: 450.97 D Total area: 871.89 D Total households: 21 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,489.93 Total land taxes: RUB 318.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 237.76 Total revenue: RUB 556.67 Large livestock: 326 Small livestock: 958

331

118. Bandivan [Nerkin Bandivan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.43 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.09 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,091.80 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.57 D Yaylaks: 750.14 D Total area: 1,869.12 D Total households: 120 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,752.68 Total land taxes: RUB 803.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 360.33 Total revenue: RUB 1,163.68 Large livestock: 1,035 Small livestock: 1,268 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 119. Jelab-Kechut Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.48 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 326.94 D Yaylaks: 381.15 D Total area: 714.57 D Total households: 80 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,190.84 Total land taxes: RUB 254.87 Upkeep of officials: RUB 258.25 Total revenue: RUB 513.12 Large livestock: 790 Small livestock: 1,005 Small Karakilis Commune 120. Small Karakilis RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 74.30 D Irrigated plowed fields: 11.90 D

332

Part II

Unirrigated plowed fields: 2,937.60 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.60 D Yaylaks: 489.40 D Total area: 3,515.80 D Total households: 557 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 21,822.14 Total land taxes: RUB 4,671.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 799.29 Total revenue: RUB 5,470.87 Large livestock: 3,487 Small livestock: 1,265 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 121. Dagarli [Getk] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.11 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.72 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 670.29 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 27.85 D Yaylaks: 57.67 D Total area: 772.64 D Total households: 104 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,269.55 Total land taxes: RUB 913.94 Upkeep of officials: RUB 216.38 Total revenue: RUB 1,130.32 Large livestock: 713 Small livestock: 407 122. Armenian Bayandur Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.52 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 832.34 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.17 D Yaylaks: 92.59 D Total area: 959.62 D Total households: 100 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,853.77 Total land taxes: RUB 1,467.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 222.17 Total revenue: RUB 1,689.37

Large livestock: 1,143 (shared with Greek Bayandur, no. 123) Small livestock: 245 (shared with Greek Bayandur, no. 123) 123. Greek Bayandur Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.37 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 217.41 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 17.93 D Yaylaks: 39.89 D Total area: 281.60 D Total households: 31 (All Greek) Total income: RUB 1,903.84 Total land taxes: RUB 407.57 Upkeep of officials: RUB 88.70 Total revenue: RUB 496.37 Large livestock: (see 122) Small livestock: (see 122) 124. Jlov-khan [Beniamin] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.39 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.84 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 512.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.02 D Yaylaks: 305.82 D Total area: 835.07 D Total households: 90 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,379.98 Total land taxes: RUB 723.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 158.56 Total revenue: RUB 882.12 Large livestock: 574 Small livestock: 376 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 125. Talib-Oghli [Lusakert] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.92 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 344.04 D Yaylaks: 99.94 D Total area: 451.90 D

Table VI Total households: 69 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,137.97 Total land taxes: RUB 457.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 163.55 Total revenue: RUB 621.17 Large livestock: 468 Small livestock: 289 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 126. Ilkhiabi [Aygabats] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,314.00 D Yaylaks: 532.07 D Total area: 1,866.95 D Total households: 166 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,211.10 Total land taxes: RUB 1,757.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 363.99 Total revenue: RUB 2,121.71 Large livestock: 1,398 Small livestock: 487 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 127. Tapa-Dolak [Arevik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.70 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,071.40 D Yaylaks: 306.65 D Total area: 1,408.75 D Total households: 163 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,934.97 Total land taxes: RUB 1,698.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 364.77 Total revenue: RUB 2,063.45 Large livestock: 1,240 Small livestock: 1,510 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

333

128. Alexandrovka [Gharibjanyan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.92 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 233.92 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.40 D Yaylaks: 0.26 D Total area: 255.50 D Total households: 30 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,997.05 Total land taxes: RUB 427.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 41.67 Total revenue: RUB 469.19 Large livestock: 257

Fourth Police Prefecture Tovshan-Kishlak Commune 129. Tovshan-Kishlak RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.72 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,062.84 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 54.86 D Yaylaks: 288.61 D Total area: 1,435.28 D Total households: 143 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,224.20 Total land taxes: RUB 1,974.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 480.52 Total revenue: RUB 2,455.14 Large livestock: 1,630 Small livestock: 80 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 130. Svanverdi [Lusaghbur] Ownership: Treasury

334

Part II

Inhabited space: 25.70 D Irrigated plowed fields: 10.95 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,310.91 D Yaylaks: 877.82 D Total area: 2,225.38 D Total households: 169 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,600.47 Total land taxes: RUB 1,841.07 Upkeep of officials: RUB 474.39 Total revenue: RUB 2,315.46 Large livestock: 1,232 Small livestock: 1,200 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 131. Ghapulu [Gusanagyugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.64 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.05 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,280.55 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 32.59 D Yaylaks: 714.22 D Total area: 2,050.05 D Total households: 200 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,272.28 Total land taxes: RUB 1,770.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 570.47 Total revenue: RUB 2,341.37 Large livestock: 1,492 Small livestock: 582 132. Aghin Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.74 D Irrigated plowed fields: 5.78 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,106.02 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 5.32 D Yaylaks: 1,057.72 D Total area: 2,195.58 D Total households: 175 (All Armenian)

Total income: RUB 7,369.40 Total land taxes: RUB 1,577.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 351.39 Total revenue: RUB 1,928.99 Large livestock: 1,261 Small livestock: 405 133. Bozdoghan [Sarakap] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.58 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.87 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 907.30 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.32 D Yaylaks: 1,173.65 D Total area: 2,094.72 D Total households: 167 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,104.37 Total land taxes: RUB 1,306.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 454.99 Total revenue: RUB 1,761.70 Large livestock: 1,082 Small livestock: 800 134. Chirnili Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.94 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 740.07 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 8.50 D Yaylaks: 755.37 D Total area: 1,513.88 D Total households: 101 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,890.43 Total land taxes: RUB 1,046.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 302.18 Total revenue: RUB 1,349.02 Large livestock: 703 Small livestock: 354 135. Ghazarabad Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.12 D Irrigated plowed fields: 6.24 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 467.76 D

Table VI Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.51 D Yaylaks: 421.57 D Total area: 940.20 D Total households: 80 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,353.59 Total land taxes: RUB 931.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 275.62 Total revenue: RUB 1,207.58 Large livestock: 937 136. Kızılkilisa I [Haykadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.51 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,694.95 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 3.20 D Yaylaks: 1,472.06 D Total area: 3,187.72 D Total households: 150 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,933.51 Total land taxes: RUB 2,768.68 Upkeep of officials: RUB 448.43 Total revenue: RUB 3,217.11 Large livestock: 1,200 Small livestock: 1,138 137. Baburli [Bardzrashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.93 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 501.76 D Yaylaks: 331.61 D Total area: 845.30 D Total households: 75 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,215.67 Total land taxes: RUB 902.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 267.88 Total revenue: RUB 1,170.33 Large livestock: 517 Small livestock: 401 138. Kyalali [Noraber] Ownership: Treasury

335

Inhabited space: 7.33 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.02 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 357.28 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.65 D Yaylaks: 215.16 D Total area: 592.44 D Total households: 56 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,076.76 Total land taxes: RUB 658.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 242.09 Total revenue: RUB 900.67 Large livestock: 539 Small livestock: 151 139. Zarinja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.60 D Irrigated plowed fields: 0.04 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 854.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.55 D Yaylaks: 597.90 D Total area: 1,465.99 D Total households: 65 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,471.70 Total land taxes: RUB 1,171.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 135.79 Total revenue: RUB 1,307.14 Large livestock: 552 Small livestock: 877 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 140. Bughdashen [Bagravan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.40 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.61 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 739.83 D Yaylaks: 838.93 D Total area: 1,596.77 D Total households: 63 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,990.81 Total land taxes: RUB 1,068.41 Upkeep of officials: RUB 238.20

336

Part II

Total revenue: RUB 1,306.61 Large livestock: 668 Small livestock: 1,078 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 141. Kegach Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.52 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 408.77 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 0.30 D Yaylaks: 410.63 D Total area: 827.22 D Total households: 66 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,682.00 Total land taxes: RUB 574.11 Upkeep of officials: RUB 130.53 Total revenue: RUB 704.64 Large livestock: 599 Small livestock: 312 142. Yengi-Köy Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.98 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 590.50 D Yaylaks: 368.00 D Total area: 964.48 D Total households: 44 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,973.44 Total land taxes: RUB 422.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 168.02 Total revenue: RUB 590.47 Large livestock: 433 Small livestock: 637 143. Kilich-Yatagh (New Artik) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.55 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 766.30 D Yaylaks: 726.90 D Total area: 1,523.75 D Total households: 101 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,052.90

Total land taxes: RUB 1,081.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 344.81 Total revenue: RUB 1,426.52 Large livestock: 867 Small livestock: 1,505 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 Horom Commune 144. Horom RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT

4

AND COMMUNE

ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.96 D Irrigated plowed fields: 12.30 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,752.69 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.57 D Yaylaks: 710.56 D Total area: 2,504.08 D Total households: 320 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 13,243.20 Total land taxes: RUB 2,834.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 839.23 Total revenue: RUB 3,674.21 Large livestock: 2,209 Small livestock: 1,104 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 145. Imirkhan [Saratak] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.67 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 671.10 D Yaylaks: 157.79 D Total area: 846.60 D Total households: 110 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,501.03 Total land taxes: RUB 1,177.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 304.72 Total revenue: RUB 1,482.35 Large livestock: 1,062

Table VI Small livestock: 1,331 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 146. Kutni-Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.84 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 250.10 D Yaylaks: 85.34 D Total area: 343.30 D Total households: 26 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,067.15 Total land taxes: RUB 442.49 Upkeep of officials: RUB 251.60 Total revenue: RUB 694.09 Large livestock: 322 Small livestock: 190 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 147. Tamardash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.39 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 774.10 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.82 D Yaylaks: 42.05 D Total area: 841.37 D Total households: 106 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,336.82 Total land taxes: RUB 1,356.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 473.48 Total revenue: RUB 1,829.93 Large livestock: 1,020 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 148. Mechetli [Nor Kyank] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.55 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1168.79 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.50 D Yaylaks: 405.29 D Total area: 1,625.13 D Total households: 152 (All Armenian)

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Total income: RUB 7,399.54 Total land taxes: RUB 1,584.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 368.48 Total revenue: RUB 1,952.54 Large livestock: 1,027 Small livestock: 1,196 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 149. Armutli [Tufashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 2.75 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 599.90 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.10 D Yaylaks: 307.00 D Total area: 923.80 D Total households: 100 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,852.70 Total land taxes: RUB 824.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 283.06 Total revenue: RUB 1,107.86 Large livestock: 645 Small livestock: 361 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 150. Songurli [Hayrenyats] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.14 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 785.07 D Yaylaks: 380.27 D Total area: 1,183.48 D Total households: 120 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,525.12 Total land taxes: RUB 1,396.81 Upkeep of officials: RUB 285.38 Total revenue: RUB 1,682.19 Large livestock: 814 Small livestock: 605 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 151. Sari-Bash [Haykasar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.96 D

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Unirrigated plowed fields: 293.50 D Yaylaks: 138.66 D Total area: 446.15 D Total households: 56 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 991.80 Total land taxes: RUB 212.31 Upkeep of officials: RUB 200.78 Total revenue: RUB 413.09 Large livestock: 436 Small livestock: 179 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 Artik Commune 152. Artik RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.88 D Irrigated plowed fields: 8.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2,206.65 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.43 D Yaylaks: 940.22 D Total area: 3,294.98 D Total households: 395 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,884.85 Total land taxes: RUB 1,687.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 885.89 Total revenue: RUB 2,573.78 Large livestock: 3,005 Small livestock: 413 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 153. Bash-Keg I Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.14 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 918.05 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.85 D Yaylaks: 436.91 D Total area: 1,390.95 D

Total households: 125 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,123.28 Total land taxes: RUB 668.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 372.58 Total revenue: RUB 1,041.14 Large livestock: 1,066 Small livestock: 1,208 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 154. Khach-Kilisa Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.59 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 391.47 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 117.65 D Total area: 529.71 D Total households: 61 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,315.00 Total land taxes: RUB 281.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 188.76 Total revenue: RUB 470.26 Large livestock: 609 Small livestock: 185 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 155. Kipchag Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 11.14 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 682.43 D Yaylaks: 174.92 D Total area: 868.49 D Total households: 101 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,168.17 Total land taxes: RUB 464.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 268.46 Total revenue: RUB 732.59 Large livestock: 727 Small livestock: 280 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

Table VI Soghutli Commune 156. Soghutli [Sarnaghbyur] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 45.57 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2,104.16 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 34.88 D Yaylaks: 1,552.51 D Total area: 3,737.12 D Total households: 354 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,399.85 Total land taxes: RUB 1,584.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 474.11 Total revenue: RUB 2,058.21 Large livestock: 3,138 Small livestock: 3,975 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 157. Shirvanjugh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.10 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,388.87 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 4.80 D Yaylaks: 920.23 D Total area: 2,334.00 D Total households: 238 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,711.03 Total land taxes: RUB 1,008.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 241.04 Total revenue: RUB 1,249.54 Large livestock: 2,078 Small livestock: 1,593 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 158. Boghazkyasan [Dzorakap] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.03 D

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Unirrigated plowed fields: 951.67 D Yaylaks: 384.23 D Total area: 1,361.93 D Total households: 144 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,125.22 Total land taxes: RUB 669.01 Upkeep of officials: RUB 261.17 Total revenue: RUB 930.18 Large livestock: 1,107 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 159. Adiyaman [Getashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.24 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 902.20 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 14.56 D Yaylaks: 405.00 D Total area: 1,335.00 D Total households: 93 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,021.62 Total land taxes: RUB 646.84 Upkeep of officials: RUB 100.25 Total revenue: RUB 747.09 Large livestock: 738 Small livestock: 1,044 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 160. Pirtikyan [Dzoragyugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.25 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 437.66 D Yaylaks: 146.59 D Total area: 589.50 D Total households: 64 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,261.83 Total land taxes: RUB 270.13 Upkeep of officials: RUB 87.70 Total revenue: RUB 357.83 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 313 Units of water used for irrigation: 1

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Molla-Gökcha Commune 161. Molla-Gökcha [Maralik] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.46 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,407.20 D Yaylaks: 786.23 D Total area: 2,219.89 D Total households: 198 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,557.09 Total land taxes: RUB 2,259.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 268.14 Total revenue: RUB 2,528.11 Large livestock: 1,526 Small livestock: 360 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 162. Mahmudjuk [Pemzashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 39.84 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,280.89 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 9.15 D Yaylaks: 766.40 D Total area: 2,096.28 D Total households: 238 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,233.81 Total land taxes: RUB 1,762.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 256.74 Total revenue: RUB 2,019.29 Large livestock: 1,162 Small livestock: 778 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 163. Tash-Kala [Karaberd] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.60 D

Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,159.73 D Yaylaks: 888.01 D Total area: 2,064.34 D Total households: 153 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,452.19 Total land taxes: RUB 1,595.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 153.33 Total revenue: RUB 1,748.67 Large livestock: 1,252 Small livestock: 1,059 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 164. Muslukhli Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.35 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 818.19 D Yaylaks: 289.64 D Total area: 1,124.18 D Total households: 110 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,648.44 Total land taxes: RUB 566.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 175.90 Total revenue: RUB 742.85 Large livestock: 872 Small livestock: 252 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 165. Vezir-khana Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.90 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,531.80 D Yaylaks: 705.90 D Total area: 2,276.60 D Total households: 168 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 11,451.65 Total land taxes: RUB 2,451.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 182.58 Total revenue: RUB 2,634.04 Large livestock: 1,316 Small livestock: 1,170

Table VI

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Units of water used for irrigation: 1 166. Small Kirikh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.80 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 500.29 D Yaylaks: 349.21 D Total area: 860.30 D Total households: 69 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,707.49 Total land taxes: RUB 365.58 Upkeep of officials: RUB 83.33 Total revenue: RUB 448.91 Large livestock: 611 Small livestock: 583

Key totals for the district (rural areas, 1907)5 Armenians: 16,834 households; 138,530 persons (3,334 male/2,935 female) Tatars: 750 households; 6,269 persons (22,172 male/18,821 female) Kurds: 5,586 persons Russians: 1,527 persons Others: 858 persons Total population: 152,770 persons

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 The Greeks worked in the copper mine. 3 Yezidi Kurds still live there. The name means “New Way” in Kumanji. 4 By 1914 he had moved to Aghin. 5 For more details, see Chapter III.

Table VII – Rural Population, Land Tenure and Revenues of the Novo-Bayazet District

Based on statistics for 1907 from the 1908 Provincial Yearbook1 (The figures provided in this table are recorded from the original source and retain any errors present in those sources. These may be due to rounding up of numbers by census-takers or errors in the original print. The figures given for “Total land” and “Total revenue” for each village are not always equal to the amounts given for specific land use/revenue sources. The scale of errors that were present in the original sources do not change the overall conclusions of this work.) D = desiatins RUB = rubles Unless otherwise indicated, all units of water are in bash (see Chapter V)

First Police Prefecture Russian Lower Akhty Commune 1. Akhty (Lower) RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 552.00 D Yaylaks: 972.00 D Total land: 1,536.00 D Total households: 74 (73 Russian and 1 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,822 Total land taxes: RUB 851.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 215.68 Total revenue: RUB 1,067.42

Large livestock: 386 Small livestock: 3 2. Konstantinovka Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Vegetable gardens: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 182.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 80.00 D Yaylaks: 564.00 D Total land: 844.00 D Total households: 65 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 1,154.00 Total land taxes: RUB 257.17 Upkeep of officials: RUB 188.72 Total revenue: RUB 455.90 Large livestock: 442 Small livestock: 21 3. Sukhoi Fontan Ownership: Treasury

Table VII Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 202.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 181.00 D Yaylaks: 217.00 D Total land: 606.00 D Total households: 36 (34 Russian and 2 Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,237.50 Total land taxes: RUB 498.66 Upkeep of officials: RUB 114.58 Total revenue: RUB 613.34 Large livestock: 246 Armenian Lower Akhty Commune 4. Akhty (Lower) [Akhta Nerkin] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 57.00 D Vegetable gardens: 1.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,575.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 514.00 D Yaylaks: 1,269.00 D Total land: 3,416.00 D Total households: 269 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 12,776.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,847.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 464.55 Total revenue: RUB 3,310.89 Large livestock: 1,013 Small livestock: 1,945 5. Akhty (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,345.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 114.00 D Yaylaks: 1,324.00 D Total land: 2,859.00 D

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Total households: 221 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,902.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,092.46 Upkeep of officials: RUB 289.12 Total revenue: RUB 1,381.58 Large livestock: 963 Small livestock: 1,922 6. Kakhsi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Vegetable gardens: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,235.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 341.00 D Yaylaks: 1,151.00 D Total land: 2,760.00 D Total households: 220 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,870.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,199.72 Upkeep of officials: RUB 452.67 Total revenue: RUB 2,652.39 Large livestock: 1,238 Small livestock: 1,936 7. Solak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,060.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 366.00 D Yaylaks: 1,240.00 D Total land: 2,680.00 D Total households: 179 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,838.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,969.64 Upkeep of officials: RUB 397.88 Total revenue: RUB 2,367.52 Large livestock: 1,157 Small livestock: 2,127

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8. Aghpara [Aghbyurik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Vegetable gardens: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 455.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 232.00 D Yaylaks: 225.00 D Total land: 922.00 D Total households: 78 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,392.50 Total land taxes: RUB 533.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 189.94 Total revenue: RUB 723.14 Large livestock: 592 Small livestock: 813 9. Makravank Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 426.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 103.00 D Yaylaks: 374.00 D Total land: 917.00 D Total households: 65 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 1,797.00 Total land taxes: RUB 400.52 Upkeep of officials: RUB 276.35 Total revenue: RUB 676.87 Large livestock: 476 Small livestock: 198 9a. Sevanavank Monastery2 Ownership: Armenian Church Total land: 158.40 D Randamal Commune 10. Randamal [Jrarat] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.00 D

Vegetable gardens: 40.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,700.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 159.00 D Yaylaks: 474.00 D Total land: 2,399.00 D Total households: 310 (306 Armenian and 4 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 11,604.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,586.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 293.62 Total revenue: RUB 2,879.68 Large livestock: 2,028 Small livestock: 604 11. Karavansara [Atarbekyan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 50.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,163.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 48.00 D Yaylaks: 606.00 D Total land: 1,871.00 D Total households: 240 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,653.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,705.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 237.13 Total revenue: RUB 1,942.67 Large livestock: 1,548 Small livestock: 610 12. Yaiji [Zovaber] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Vegetable gardens: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 723.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 726.00 D Total land: 1,494.00 D Total households: 136 (134 Armenian and 2 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 3,187.20 Total land taxes: RUB 710.32

Table VII Upkeep of officials: RUB 105.19 Total revenue: RUB 815.51 Large livestock: 879 Small livestock: 760 13. Farukh [Kakavadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 528.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 39.00 D Yaylaks: 194.00 D Total land: 778.00 D Total households: 126 (122 Armenian and 4 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,530.80 Total land taxes: RUB 341.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 158.38 Total revenue: RUB 499.56 Large livestock: 689 Small livestock: 275 14. Babakishi [Aghavnadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 38.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 266.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 103.00 D Yaylaks: 1,125.00 D Total land: 1,542.00 D Total households: 94 (92 Armenian and 2 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,678.00 Total land taxes: RUB 373.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 164.14 Total revenue: RUB 538.12 Large livestock: 846 Small livestock: 540

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Taycharukh Commune 15. Taycharukh [Meghradzor] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 19.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 605.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 174.00 D Yaylaks: 1,651.00 D Total land: 2,470.00 D Total households: 164 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,252.50 Total land taxes: RUB 947.74 Upkeep of officials: RUB 216.69 Total revenue: RUB 1,164.43 Large livestock: 2,363 Small livestock: 901 16. Kara-Kala I Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 233.00 D Yaylaks: 98.00 D Total land: 337.00 D Total households: 50 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 497.60 Total land taxes: RUB 110.88 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 56.38 Total revenue: RUB 231.01 Large livestock: 591 Small livestock: 177 17. Korukh-Güney Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 159.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 21.00 D Yaylaks: 341.00 D Total land: 524.00 D

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Total households: 32 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 602.20 Total land taxes: RUB 134.18 Army tax: RUB 58.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 48.52 Total revenue: RUB 241.35 Large livestock: 256 Small livestock: 154 18. Ulashik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 253.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 45.00 D Yaylaks: 583.00 D Total land: 889.00 D Total households: 90 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 863.60 Total land taxes: RUB 192.50 Army tax: RUB 89.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 32.82 Total revenue: RUB 314.57 Large livestock: 248 Small livestock: 222 19. Takyalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 431.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 50.00 D Yaylaks: 190.00 D Total land: 679.00 D Total households: 83 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,223.00 Total land taxes: RUB 272.54 Army tax: RUB 124.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 127.74 Total revenue: RUB 525.23 Large livestock: 562 Small livestock: 466 20. Novo-Mikhailovka [Chambarak] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D

Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 123.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 63.00 D Yaylaks: 123.00 D Total land: 316.00 D Total households: 24 (All Greek) Total income: RUB 611.60 Total land taxes: RUB 136.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 77.85 Total revenue: RUB 214.11 Large livestock: 499 Small livestock: 22 21. Kabakhlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 112.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 35.00 D Yaylaks: 276.00 D Total land: 428.00 D Total households: 23 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 639.20 Total land taxes: RUB 142.44 Army tax: RUB 43.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 45.00 Total revenue: RUB 230.79 Large livestock: 382 Small livestock: 162 22. Dada-Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 215.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 43.00 D Yaylaks: 646.50 D Total land: 916.50 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 798.30 Total land taxes: RUB 177.90 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 100.08 Total revenue: RUB 341.73 Large livestock: 335 Small livestock: 184

Table VII 23. Korchalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Vegetable gardens: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 117.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 75.00 D Yaylaks: 588.00 D Total land: 787.00 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 758.60 Total land taxes: RUB 169.06 Army tax: RUB 66.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 85.38 Total revenue: RUB 320.74 Large livestock: 339 Small livestock: 330 24. Sovukh-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 242.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 129.00 D Yaylaks: 229.00 D Total land: 603.00 D Total households: 35 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,180.80 Total land taxes: RUB 263.16 Army tax: RUB 51.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.39 Total revenue: RUB 349.55 Large livestock: 175 Small livestock: 271 25. Dali-Pasha/Pashakend [Marmarik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 287.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 16.00 D Yaylaks: 116.50 D Total land: 427.50 D Total households: 90 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 808.25 Total land taxes: RUB 180.14

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Army tax: RUB 132.60 Upkeep of officials: RUB 103.76 Total revenue: RUB 416.50 Large livestock: 253 Small livestock: 191 Arzakend Commune 26. Alapars [Jraber] RESIDENCE OF COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Vegetable gardens: 66.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,725.00 D Yaylaks: 1,156.00 D Total land: 2,983.50 D Total households: 396 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 11,532.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,569.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,097.69 Total revenue: RUB 3,667.69 Large livestock: 1,254 Small livestock: 1,824 27. Bzhni [Bjni]3 Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 15.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 63.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,678.00 D Yaylaks: 1,253.00 D Total land: 3,103.00 D Total households: 290 (150 Armenian and 140 Tatar) Total income: RUB 11,260.50 Total land taxes: RUB 967.84 Army tax: RUB 37.74 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 661.10 Total revenue: RUB 1,666.68 Large livestock: 1,210

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Small livestock: 3,000 28. Arzakend [Arzakan] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 18.00 D Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 60.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 778.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 70.00 D Yaylaks: 661.00 D Total land: 1,589.00 D Total households: 170 (90 Armenian and 80 Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,494.50 Total land taxes: RUB 386.31 Army tax: RUB 20.40 (Tatars only) Upkeep of officials: RUB 420.61 Total revenue: RUB 827.32 Large livestock: 719 Small livestock: 702 29. Ozanlar [Berkanish] Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 255.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 2.00 D Yaylaks: 185.00 D Total land: 446.00 D Total households: 66 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,640.50 Total land taxes: RUB 141.00 Army tax: RUB 16.83 Upkeep of officials: RUB 89.27 Total revenue: RUB 247.10 Large livestock: 354 Small livestock: 195 30. Gümüsh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 466.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 18.00 D Yaylaks: 350.00 D Total land: 839.00 D Total households: 71 (All Tatar)

Total income: RUB 3,171.00 Total land taxes: RUB 704.44 Army tax: RUB 117.30 Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.97 Total revenue: RUB 938.71 Large livestock: 387 Small livestock: 1,300 31. Dallar (Dallar-Zar) Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 21.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 87.00 D Yaylaks: 178.00 D Total land: 291.00 D Total households: 65 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 552.00 Total land taxes: RUB 47.44 Army tax: RUB 21.93 Upkeep of officials: RUB 100.00 Total revenue: RUB 169.37 Large livestock: 355 Small livestock: 408 32. Aghveran Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 564.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 92.00 D Yaylaks: 613.60 D Total land: 1,273.60 D Total households: 71 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,718.72 Total land taxes: RUB 383.04 Army tax: RUB 127.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 96.97 Total revenue: RUB 607.51 Large livestock: 342 Small livestock: 499

Table VII Kiankian Commune 33. Kiankian [Hatis] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE’S ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 39.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 866.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 414.00 D Yaylaks: 1,008.00 D Total land: 2,327.00 D Total households: 130 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,116.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,363.04 Army tax: RUB 244.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 202.56 Total revenue: RUB 1,810.40 Large livestock: 673 Small livestock: 691 34. Tez-Kharab Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 580.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 150.00 D Yaylaks: 618.00 D Total land: 1,357.00 D Total households: 92 (89 Armenian and 3 Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,397.00 Total land taxes: RUB 757.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 122.76 Total revenue: RUB 879.78 Large livestock: 454 Small livestock: 369 35. Kuili Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 314.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 70.00 D Yaylaks: 763.00 D Total land: 1,154.00 D

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Total households: 49 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,144.60 Total land taxes: RUB 255.10 Army tax: RUB 89.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 73.95 Total revenue: RUB 418.30 Large livestock: 252 Small livestock: 419 36. Dava-Kharaba [Avad] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 203.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 170.00 D Yaylaks: 429.00 D Total land: 810.00 D Total households: 47 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 1,357.80 Total land taxes: RUB 302.60 Army tax: RUB 102.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 63.42 Total revenue: RUB 468.02 Large livestock: 265 37. Dalaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 337.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 1.00 D Yaylaks: 308.00 D Total land: 652.00 D Total households: 42 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 752.60 Total land taxes: RUB 167.74 Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 63.30 Total revenue: RUB 315.19 Large livestock: 297 38. Kara-Kala II Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 500.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 136.00 D Yaylaks: 409.00 D

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Total land: 1,067.00 D Total households: 91 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,108.50 Total land taxes: RUB 469.88 Army tax: RUB 163.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 130.82 Total revenue: RUB 763.90 Large livestock: 629 39. Choban-Karakmaz Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 75.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 125.00 D Total land: 221.00 D Total households: 9 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 262.00 D Total land taxes: RUB 58.40 D Army tax: RUB 15.30 D Upkeep of officials: RUB 13.32 D Total revenue: RUB 87.02 D Large livestock: 90 D 40. Kız-Kala Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 260.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 51.00 D Yaylaks: 674.00 D Total land: 993.00 D Total households: 35 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 925.80 Total land taxes: RUB 206.36 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 54.86 Total revenue: RUB 324.97 Large livestock: 352 41. Bezaklu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 243.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 23.00 D Yaylaks: 392.00 D

Total land: 666.00 D Total households: 90 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 695.40 Total land taxes: RUB 154.98 Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.16 Total revenue: RUB 271.14 Large livestock: 342 Small livestock: 228

Second Police Prefecture Yelenovka Commune 42. Yelenovka [Sevan] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 47.00 D Vegetable gardens: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,500.00 D Yaylaks: 2,240.00 D Total land: 3,797.00 D Total households: 220 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 10,294.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,294.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,005.20 Total revenue: RUB 3,299.30 Large livestock: 546 Small livestock: 9 43. Semyonovka Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Vegetable gardens: 13.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 220.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 190.00 D Yaylaks: 1,706.00 D Total land: 2,129.00 D Total households: 61 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 3,659.00

Table VII Total land taxes: RUB 815.41 Upkeep of officials: RUB 546.81 Total revenue: RUB 1,362.22 Large livestock: 438 44. Alexandrovka Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Vegetable gardens: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 350.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 200.00 D Yaylaks: 719.00 D Total land: 1,290.00 D Total households: 38 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 3,018.50 Total land taxes: RUB 672.69 Upkeep of officials: RUB 452.82 Total revenue: RUB 1,125.51 Large livestock: 485 Small livestock: 164 Chirchir Commune 45. Chirchir [Varser] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE’S ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 487.00 D Yaylaks: 312.00 D Total land: 807.00 D Total households: 112 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,120.00 Total land taxes: RUB 472.45 Upkeep of officials: RUB 144.60 Total revenue: RUB 617.05 Large livestock: 738 Small livestock: 500 46. Shahriz [Geghamavan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 76.00 D

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Unirrigated plowed fields: 985.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 1,105.00 D Total land: 2,212.00 D Total households: 180 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,222.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,609.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 260.80 Total revenue: RUB 1,870.42 Large livestock: 1,135 Small livestock: 1,300 47. Tsaghkunk Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 968.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 196.00 D Yaylaks: 1,656.00 D Total land: 2,846.00 D Total households: 202 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,668.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,708.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 682.50 Total revenue: RUB 2,391.39 Large livestock: 1,261 Small livestock: 1,390 48. Tutmashen (Karakeshish) [Ddmashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 27.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,303.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 33.00 D Yaylaks: 1,491.00 D Total land: 2,892.00 D Total households: 295 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,185.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,047.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 461.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,508.05

352

Part II

Large livestock: 1,896 Small livestock: 2,184 49. Komadzor Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 29.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 208.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 10.00 D Yaylaks: 583.00 D Total land: 830.00 D Total households: 82 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,231.50 Total land taxes: RUB 105.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 350.80 Total revenue: RUB 456.66 Large livestock: 635 50. Tsamakaberd Ownership: Private Inhabited space: 17.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 226.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Yaylaks: 660.00 D Total land: 909.00 D Total households: 62 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,100.00 Total land taxes: RUB 94.54 Upkeep of officials: RUB 80.80 Total revenue: RUB 175.34 Large livestock: 435 51. Ordaklu [Lchashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 33.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,178.00 D Yaylaks: 1,686.00 D Total land: 2,897.00 D Total households: 210 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,621.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,252.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 442.83

Total revenue: RUB 1,695.54 Large livestock: 2,905 Small livestock: 2,846 52. Chubuklu [Tsovagiugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,200.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 154.00 D Yaylaks: 1,450.00 D Total land: 2,825.00 D Total households: 212 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,107.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,583.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 342.20 Total revenue: RUB 1,926.08 Large livestock: 1,498 Aghzibir Commune 53. Aghzibir [Lchap] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 828.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 165.00 D Yaylaks: 715.00 D Total land: 1,738.00 D Total households: 116 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,918.50 Total land taxes: RUB 650.46 Army tax: RUB 39.78 Upkeep of officials: RUB 288.15 Total revenue: RUB 978.39 Large livestock: 988 Small livestock: 2,100 54. Beglu-Hoseyn-Sarachlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 30.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 429.00 D

Table VII Unirrigated fodder fields: 150.00 D Yaylaks: 279.00 D Total land: 888.00 D Total households: 112 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,807.50 Total land taxes: RUB 402.80 Army tax: RUB 33.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 134.52 Total revenue: RUB 570.47 Large livestock: 588 Small livestock: 806 55. Haji-Mukhan [Tsovavard] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 24.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,128.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 78.00 D Yaylaks: 843.00 D Total land: 2,073.00 D Total households: 130 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,862.60 Total land taxes: RUB 637.96 Army tax: RUB 40.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 389.62 Total revenue: RUB 1,068.38 Large livestock: 1,710 Small livestock: 2,250 56. Rahmankend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 350.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 308.00 D Yaylaks: 435.00 D Total land: 1,113.00 D Total households: 72 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,497.50 Total land taxes: RUB 556.57 Army tax: RUB 74.97 Upkeep of officials: RUB 88.49 Total revenue: RUB 720.03 Large livestock: 660 Small livestock: 1,115

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57. Agh-Kala Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 633.00 D Yaylaks: 233.00 D Total land: 893.00 D Total households: 62 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,436.50 Total land taxes: RUB 320.12 Army tax: RUB 18.87 Upkeep of officials: RUB 215.39 Total revenue: RUB 554.38 Large livestock: 620 Small livestock: 990 58. Ayrivank [Hayravank] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 540.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 96.00 D Yaylaks: 678.00 D Total land: 1,341.00 D Total households: 96 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,433.00 Total land taxes: RUB 542.22 Army tax: RUB 33.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 251.43 Total revenue: RUB 826.80 Large livestock: 519 Small livestock: 1,060 59. Kasa-Mamed Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 37.00 D Vegetable gardens: 10.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,651.50 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 366.00 D Yaylaks: 567.00 D Total land: 2,631.50 D Total households: 242 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,570.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,241.45

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Part II

Upkeep of officials: RUB 314.80 Total revenue: RUB 1,556.25 Large livestock: 1,304 Small livestock: 1,510 Units of water used for irrigation: 7 60. Kerimkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 8.50 D Vegetable gardens: 3.50 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 463.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 123.00 D Yaylaks: 325.00 D Total land: 923.00 D Total households: 72 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 1,651.00 Total land taxes: RUB 367.91 Upkeep of officials: RUB 173.17 Total revenue: RUB 541.08 Large livestock: 506 Small livestock: 980 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 61. Pashakend [Marmarik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 33.00 D Vegetable gardens: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 450.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,125.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 317.00 D Yaylaks: 1,464.00 D Total land: 3,398.00 D Total households: 378 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 14,390.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,206.92 Upkeep of officials: RUB 518.08 Total revenue: RUB 3,725.00 Large livestock: 2,410 Small livestock: 1,810 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

62. Noraduz/Noratus Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 36.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 2,350.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 65.00 D Yaylaks: 556.00 D Total land: 3,007.00 D Total households: 450 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 15,100.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,365.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 494.30 Total revenue: RUB 3,859.48 Large livestock: 2,212 Small livestock: 1,092

Third Police Prefecture Dali-Kardash Commune 63. Bashkend [Getik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Vegetable gardens: 14.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 898.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 200.00 D Yaylaks: 1,215.00 D Total land: 2,340.00 D Total households: 140 (82 Armenian, 54 Tatar and 4 Kurdish) Total income: RUB 4,541.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,012.11 Army tax: RUB 55.08 Upkeep of officials: RUB 256.08 Total revenue: RUB 1,323.27 Large livestock: 1,059 Small livestock: 2,108 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 64. Küzajik Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 16.00 D

Table VII Vegetable gardens: 16.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 145.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 755.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 226.00 D Yaylaks: 950.00 D Total land: 2,018.00 D Total households: 152 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,640.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,479.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 419.63 Total revenue: RUB 1,899.42 Large livestock: 1,357 Small livestock: 2,699 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 65. Kishlak Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.00 D Vegetable gardens: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 57.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 977.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 55.00 D Yaylaks: 967.00 D Total land: 2,084.00 D Total households: 207 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,443.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,658.86 Upkeep of officials: RUB 375.52 Total revenue: RUB 2,034.38 Large livestock: 1,193 Small livestock: 2,768 Units of water used for irrigation: 5

355

Total households: 270 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,728.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,945.09 Upkeep of officials: RUB 449.81 Total revenue: RUB 2,394.90 Large livestock: 1,386 Small livestock: 2,736 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 67. Dalikardash [Sarukhan] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 55.00 D Vegetable gardens: 19.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 805.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 738.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 198.00 D Yaylaks: 2,269.00 D Total land: 4,084.00 D Total households: 404 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,363.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,086.73 Upkeep of officials: RUB 1,649.27 Total revenue: RUB 3,736.00 Large livestock: 2,369 Small livestock: 4,561 Units of water used for irrigation: 35 Göl Commune

66. Kulali [Karmir Gyugh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 61.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,172.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 1,612.00 D Total land: 2,914.00 D

68. Göl [Lichk] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE’S ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 63.00 D Vegetable gardens: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 570.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 600.00 D

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Part II

Unirrigated fodder fields: 73.00 D Yaylaks: 1,115.00 D Total land: 2,431.00 D Total households: 217 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,653.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,151.38 Upkeep of officials: RUB 183.95 Total revenue: RUB 2,335.33 Large livestock: 1,178 Small livestock: 1,800 Units of water used for irrigation: 13 69. Adiyaman (Upper) [Getashen Verin] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 5.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 122.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 680.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 250.00 D Yaylaks: 627.00 D Total land: 1,694.00 D Total households: 148 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 5,003.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,115.06 Upkeep of officials: RUB 267.25 Total revenue: RUB 1,382.31 Large livestock: 643 Small livestock: 1,140 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 70. Adiyaman (Lower) [Getashen Nerkin] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 22.00 D Vegetable gardens: 10.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 383.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 812.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 44.00 D Yaylaks: 101.00 D Total land: 1,372.00 D

Total households: 233 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,330.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,856.53 Upkeep of officials: RUB 281.58 Total revenue: RUB 2,137.11 Large livestock: 1,238 Small livestock: 1,360 Units of water used for irrigation: 9 71. Tsakkar Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 196.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 231.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 740.00 D Total land: 1,279.00 D Total households: 88 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,968.00 Total land taxes: RUB 884.34 Upkeep of officials: RUB 209.32 Total revenue: RUB 1,093.66 Large livestock: 625 Small livestock: 858 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 72. Tazakend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,239.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 65.00 D Yaylaks: 595.00 D Total land: 1,916.00 D Total households: 147 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,146.50 Total land taxes: RUB 701.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 267.36 Total revenue: RUB 968.56 Large livestock: 920 Small livestock: 1,208

Table VII Units of water used for irrigation: 5 73. Vali-Aqalu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 13.00 D Vegetable gardens: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 693.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 343.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 193.00 D Yaylaks: 1,586.00 D Total land: 2,831.00 D Total households: 190 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,610.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,695.93 Upkeep of officials: RUB 357.95 Total revenue: RUB 2,053.88 Large livestock: 1,440 Small livestock: 2,120 Units of water used for irrigation: 25 74. Atamkhan [Vartadzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Vegetable gardens: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 758.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 60.00 D Yaylaks: 555.00 D Total land: 1,393.00 D Total households: 147 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,297.00 Total land taxes: RUB 511.88 Upkeep of officials: RUB 213.77 Total revenue: RUB 725.65 Large livestock: 756 Small livestock: 800 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 75. Yeranos Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.00 D Vegetable gardens: 15.00 D

357

Irrigated plowed fields: 300.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 420.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 80.00 D Yaylaks: 2,330.00 D Total land: 3,180.00 D Total households: 239 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 7,075.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,576.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 293.22 Total revenue: RUB 1,869.93 Large livestock: 1,405 Small livestock: 2,600 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 Gharanlugh Commune 76. Zolakhach [Zolakar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 52.00 D Vegetable gardens: 26.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,044.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 830.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 105.00 D Yaylaks: 1,460.00 D Total land: 3,517.00 D Total households: 321 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,107.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,252.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 370.00 Total revenue: RUB 2,622.44 Large livestock: 1,500 Small livestock: 1,000 Units of water used for irrigation: 20 77. Alikrikh (Aligirigh) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 32.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 494.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 587.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 182.00 D Yaylaks: 849.00 D

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Part II

Total land: 2,144.00 D Total households: 174 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,216.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,385.41 Upkeep of officials: RUB 163.02 Total revenue: RUB 1,548.43 Large livestock: 1,235 Small livestock: 625 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 78. Abdal-aqalu [Vaghashen] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Vegetable gardens: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 234.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 208.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 234.00 D Yaylaks: 488.00 D Total land: 1,190.00 D Total households: 79 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,504.00 Total land taxes: RUB 780.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 170.81 Total revenue: RUB 951.71 Large livestock: 711 Small livestock: 282 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 79. Gharanlugh (Lower) [Martuni] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.00 D Vegetable gardens: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 320.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 680.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 130.00 D Yaylaks: 1,810.00 D Total land: 2,970.00 D

Total households: 215 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 8,977.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,000.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 570.28 Total revenue: RUB 2,570.84 Large livestock: 834 Small livestock: 415 Units of water used for irrigation: 32 80. Gharanlugh (Upper) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 23.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 823.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 418.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 168.00 D Yaylaks: 1,385.00 D Total land: 2,817.00 D Total households: 269 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 10,670.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,378.02 Upkeep of officials: RUB 446.61 Total revenue: RUB 2,794.63 Large livestock: 585 Small livestock: 385 Units of water used for irrigation: 20 81. Madina Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 573.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 170.00 D Total land: 790.00 D Total households: 56 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,445.00 Total land taxes: RUB 322.03 Army tax: RUB 102.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 82.10 Total revenue: RUB 506.14 Large livestock: 223 Small livestock: 108

Table VII Units of water used for irrigation: 2 82. Karavansara (Eshek-Karavansaray) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 529.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 26.00 D Yaylaks: 322.00 D Total land: 882.00 D Total households: 33 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,489.00 Total land taxes: RUB 331.82 Army tax: RUB 63.75 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.98 Total revenue: RUB 461.55 Large livestock: 42 Small livestock: 21 83. Yanikh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 307.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 200.00 D Yaylaks: 374.00 D Total land: 887.00 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,850.80 Total land taxes: RUB 382.45 Army tax: RUB 137.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 83.87 Total revenue: RUB 634.02 Large livestock: 84 Small livestock: 68 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 84. Khartlug Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 115.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 210.00 D Yaylaks: 285.00 D Total land: 615.00 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,347.00

359

Total land taxes: RUB 300.17 Army tax: RUB 53.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 60.23 Total revenue: RUB 413.95 Large livestock: 93 Small livestock: 41 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 85. Kızıl-Kharaba I Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 265.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 170.00 D Yaylaks: 690.00 D Total land: 1,129.00 D Total households: 25 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,526.00 Total land taxes: RUB 340.07 Army tax: RUB 43.35 Upkeep of officials: RUB 48.31 Total revenue: RUB 431.73 Large livestock: 152 Small livestock: 83 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 86. Sichanlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 215.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 68.00 D Yaylaks: 528.00 D Total land: 823.00 D Total households: 47 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,239.60 Total land taxes: RUB 276.23 Army tax: RUB 76.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 53.59 Total revenue: RUB 406.32 Large livestock: 108 Small livestock: 62 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 87. Kyasik-Bash (Pasture) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D

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Part II

Vegetable gardens: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 91.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 6.00 D Total land: 109.00 D Total income: RUB 830.00 Total land taxes: RUB 184.96 Upkeep of officials: RUB 6.42 Total revenue: RUB 191.38 Large livestock: 191

Total land taxes: RUB 3,857.44 Upkeep of officials: RUB 389.01 Total revenue: RUB 4,246.45 Large livestock: 2,056 Small livestock: 2,451 Units of water used for irrigation: 30 90. Kelanikerlan RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE

Fourth Police Prefecture Güzeldara Commune 88. Bash-Güzeldara Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 33.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 219.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 348.00 D Yaylaks: 1,007.00 D Total land: 1,674.00 D Total households: 44 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,038.50 Total land taxes: RUB 900.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 65.95 Total revenue: RUB 965.95 Large livestock: 487 Small livestock: 743 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 89. Lower Güzeldara [Vardenik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 74.00 D Vegetable gardens: 61.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 1,085.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 888.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 148.00 D Yaylaks: 2,370.00 D Total land: 4,626.00 D Total households: 453 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 17,309.00

ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 25.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 388.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 565.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 364.00 D Yaylaks: 1,000.00 D Total land: 2,346.00 D Total households: 195 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 9,216.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,053.82 Upkeep of officials: RUB 260.97 Total revenue: RUB 2,314.79 Large livestock: 1,040 Small livestock: 620 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 91. Gedak-bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 177.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 355.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 62.00 D Yaylaks: 1,182.00 D Total land: 1,785.00 D Total households: 121 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 3,534.00 Total land taxes: RUB 787.56 Upkeep of officials: RUB 145.99 Total revenue: RUB 933.55

Table VII Large livestock: 937 Small livestock: 937 Units of water used for irrigation: 6 92. Aluchalu (Lower) [Artsvanist] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 33.00 D Vegetable gardens: 8.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 493.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 240.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 60.00 D Yaylaks: 1,540.00 D Total land: 2,374.00 D Total households: 183 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 6,884.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,534.18 Upkeep of officials: RUB 332.46 Total revenue: RUB 1,866.64 Large livestock: 1,029 Small livestock: 1,700 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 93. Aluchalu (Upper) [Artsvanist] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 35.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 427.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 336.00 D Yaylaks: 1,581.00 D Total land: 2,379.00 D Total households: 96 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,804.50 Total land taxes: RUB 847.86 Army tax: RUB 204.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 339.07 Total revenue: RUB 1,390.93 Large livestock: 565 Small livestock: 801 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 94. Kızıl-Kharaba II Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 27.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 324.00 D

361

Unirrigated plowed fields: 630.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 68.00 D Yaylaks: 476.00 D Total land: 1,525.00 D Total households: 130 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,772.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,063.45 Army tax: RUB 280.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 333.05 Total revenue: RUB 1,679.00 Large livestock: 1,003 Small livestock: 1,200 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 95. Chamurlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 432.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 111.00 D Yaylaks: 338.00 D Total land: 895.00 D Total households: 62 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,616.00 Total land taxes: RUB 360.14 Army tax: RUB 140.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 158.99 Total revenue: RUB 659.38 Large livestock: 382 Small livestock: 849 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 96. Kızıl-Vank Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 427.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 127.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 186.00 D Yaylaks: 533.00 D Total land: 1,290.00 D Total households: 99 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,363.50 Total land taxes: RUB 972.47 Army tax: RUB 188.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 186.31 Total revenue: RUB 1,347.48

362

Part II

Large livestock: 682 Small livestock: 1,230 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 97. Yarpuzlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Vegetable gardens: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 186.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 300.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 221.00 D Yaylaks: 639.00 D Total land: 1,367.00 D Total households: 98 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 5,401.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,203.79 Army tax: RUB 198.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 279.15 Total revenue: RUB 1,681.84 Large livestock: 830 Small livestock: 860 Units of water used for irrigation: 16 98. Oghrlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 113.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 42.00 D Yaylaks: 601.00 D Total land: 763.00 D Total households: 34 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 570.20 Total land taxes: RUB 127.07 Army tax: RUB 14.79 Upkeep of officials: RUB 54.10 Total revenue: RUB 195.96 Large livestock: 140 Small livestock: 600 99. Karmir-Kharaba Ownership: Personal Total households: 22 (All Armenian)

Upkeep of officials: RUB 109.29 Total revenue: RUB 109.29 Large livestock: 184.00 Small livestock: 341.00 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 Basarkechar Commune 100. Basarkechar [Vardenis] RESIDENCE OF THE POLICE SUPERINTENDENT AND COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 50.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 775.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 360.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 475.00 D Yaylaks: 785.50 D Total land: 2,445.50 D Total households: 330 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 11,452.75 Total land taxes: RUB 2,552.39 Upkeep of officials: RUB 490.42 Total revenue: RUB 3,042.81 Large livestock: 2,525 Small livestock: 657 Units of water used for irrigation: 15 101. Tuskülu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 30.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 127.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 88.00 D Yaylaks: 417.00 D Total land: 669.00 D Total households: 57 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,754.50 Total land taxes: RUB 391.01 Upkeep of officials: RUB 114.40 Total revenue: RUB 505.41 Large livestock: 400

Table VII Small livestock: 509 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 102. Zagalu [Akhpradzor] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 250.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 80.00 D Yaylaks: 1,202.00 D Total land: 1,689.00 D Total households: 131 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 4,315.00 Total land taxes: RUB 961.63 Upkeep of officials: RUB 296.78 Total revenue: RUB 1,258.41 Large livestock: 570 Small livestock: 1,327 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 103. Kirk-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 900.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 105.00 D Yaylaks: 594.00 D Total land: 1,614.00 D Total households: 130 (All Armenian) Total income: RUB 2,652.00 Total land taxes: RUB 591.00 Army tax: RUB 10.71 Upkeep of officials: RUB 265.44 Total revenue: RUB 867.15 Large livestock: 1,237 Small livestock: 1,328 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 104. Kızıl-Bulagh Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D

363

Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,250.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 261.00 D Yaylaks: 696.00 D Total land: 2,422.00 D Total households: 192 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 10,903.00 Total land taxes: RUB 2,429.84 Army tax: RUB 395.25 Upkeep of officials: RUB 332.28 Total revenue: RUB 3,157.37 Large livestock: 1,702 Small livestock: 2,830 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 105. Kyarki-bash Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 150.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 15.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 75.00 D Yaylaks: 474.00 D Total land: 720.00 D Total households: 36 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,809.00 Total land taxes: RUB 403.14 Army tax: RUB 84.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 90.71 Total revenue: RUB 578.00 Large livestock: 350.00 Small livestock: 480.00 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 106. Kanlı Allahverdi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 90.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 76.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 185.00 D Yaylaks: 387.00 D Total land: 744.00 D Total households: 64 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,884.50 Total land taxes: RUB 419.99 Army tax: RUB 117.30

364

Part II

Upkeep of officials: RUB 116.70 Total revenue: RUB 653.99 Large livestock: 438 Small livestock: 512 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 107. Subbotan Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 157.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 142.00 D Yaylaks: 349.00 D Total land: 653.00 D Total households: 58 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,103.80 Total land taxes: RUB 245.98 Army tax: RUB 109.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 156.76 Total revenue: RUB 512.39 Large livestock: 640 Small livestock: 1,350 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 108. Tashkend Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 62.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 387.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 360.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 400.00 D Yaylaks: 696.00 D Total land: 1,905.00 D Total households: 221 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,847.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,748.78 Army tax: RUB 328.95 Upkeep of officials: RUB 379.43 Total revenue: RUB 2,457.16 Large livestock: 1,238 Small livestock: 2,560 Units of water used for irrigation: 5 109. Tatar Shorja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 7.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 172.00 D

Unirrigated fodder fields: 156.00 D Yaylaks: 258.00 D Total land: 593.00 D Total households: 39 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,189.60 Total land taxes: RUB 265.11 Army tax: RUB 61.20 Upkeep of officials: RUB 70.78 Total revenue: RUB 397.09 Large livestock: 255 Small livestock: 418 110. New Keti Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 136.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 400.00 D Yaylaks: 536.00 D Total land: 1,078.00 D Total households: 86 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,991.20 Total land taxes: RUB 666.60 Army tax: RUB 209.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 202.50 Total revenue: RUB 1,078.20 Large livestock: 1,250 Small livestock: 2,105 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 111. Sari-Ya`qub Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.50 D Irrigated plowed fields: 400.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 230.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 202.00 D Total land: 936.50 D Total households: 84 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,530.00 Total land taxes: RUB 786.71 Army tax: RUB 173.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 152.32 Total revenue: RUB 1,112.43 Large livestock: 645 Small livestock: 1,435

Table VII Units of water used for irrigation: 3 112. Kurd Kosha Bulagh II Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 72.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 100.00 D Yaylaks: 494.00 D Total land: 669.00 D Total households: 26 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 897.00 Total land taxes: RUB 199.92 Army tax: RUB 155.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 35.56 Total revenue: RUB 391.03 Large livestock: 840 Small livestock: 204 113. Kaya-Bashi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 105.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 30.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 40.00 D Yaylaks: 465.00 D Total land: 646.00 D Total households: 38 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,664.50 Total land taxes: RUB 370.95 Army tax: RUB 76.50 Upkeep of officials: RUB 66.62 Total revenue: RUB 514,07 Large livestock: 248 Small livestock: 308 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 114. Kosha-Bulagh I (also known as Chakhrlu) Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 170.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 220.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 15.00 D Yaylaks: 390.00 D Total land: 810.00 D

365

Total households: 69 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,055.00 Total land taxes: RUB 680.85 Upkeep of officials: RUB 174.63 Total revenue: RUB 855.48 Large livestock: 750 Small livestock: 511 Units of water used for irrigation: 13 115. Hoseyn Qoli Aqalu4 Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 562.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 111.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 204.00 D Yaylaks: 773.00 D Total land: 1,659.00 D Total households: 105 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,606.50 Total land taxes: RUB 1,472.29 Army tax: RUB 257.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 255.24 Total revenue: RUB 1,985,08 Large livestock: 891 Small livestock: 1,534 Units of water used for irrigation: 8 116. Big Engija Karakoyunlu Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 6.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 115.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 460.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 116.00 D Yaylaks: 413.00 D Total land: 1,110.00 D Total households: 71 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,213.50 Total land taxes: RUB 716.14 Army tax: RUB 100.62 Upkeep of officials: RUB 176.49 Total revenue: RUB 993.25 Large livestock: 434 Small livestock: 614 Units of water used for irrigation: 4

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Part II

117. Small Engija Karakoyunlu

119. Small Mazra [Pokr Masrik]

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 64.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 80.00 D Yaylaks: 288.00 D Total land: 635.00 D Total households: 28 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,670.00 Total land taxes: RUB 372.19 Army tax: RUB 58.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 110.00 Total revenue: RUB 540.84 Large livestock: 231 Small livestock: 256 Units of water used for irrigation: 2

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 42.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 650.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 529.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 334.00 D Yaylaks: 1,295.00 D Total land: 2,850.00 D Total households: 147 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,445.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,773.58 Army tax: RUB 339.15 Upkeep of officials: RUB 298.40 Total revenue: RUB 3,411.13 Large livestock: 2,038 Units of water used for irrigation: 5

Mazra Commune 118. Big Mazra [Mets Masrik] RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 63.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 808.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,600.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 206.00 D Yaylaks: 644.00 D Total land: 3,321.00 D Total households: 235 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 17,542.00 Total land taxes: RUB 3,909.37 Army tax: RUB 515.10 Upkeep of officials: RUB 468.04 Total revenue: RUB 4,892.51 Large livestock: 2,328 Small livestock: 195 Units of water used for irrigation: 15

120. Shishkaya [Geghamasar] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 45.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,813.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 444.00 D Yaylaks: 444.00 D Total land: 2,746.00 D Total households: 140 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 6,158.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,372.37 Army tax: RUB 217.26 Upkeep of officials: RUB 298.48 Total revenue: RUB 1,888.11 Large livestock: 1,466 Small livestock: 1,865 Units of water used for irrigation: 2 121. Kyasaman Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 15.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 218.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 315.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 68.00 D Yaylaks: 204.00 D Total land: 820.00 D Total households: 85 (All Tatar)

Table VII Total income: RUB 2,822.00 Total land taxes: RUB 628.91 Army tax: RUB 122.40 Upkeep of officials: RUB 176.18 Total revenue: RUB 927.49 Large livestock: 713 Small livestock: 759 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 122. Köysu [Avazan] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 69.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 578.00 D Total land: 661.00 D Total households: 23 (All Kurdish) Total income: RUB 377.60 Total land taxes: RUB 84.15 Army tax: RUB 10.12 Upkeep of officials: RUB 53.55 Total revenue: RUB 147.82 Large livestock: 180 Small livestock: 486 Units of water used for irrigation: 1 123. Oghruja Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 38.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 794.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 11.00 D Yaylaks: 488.00 D Total land: 1,331.00 D Total households: 134 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,018.00 Total land taxes: RUB 449.73 Army tax: RUB 232.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 193.04 Total revenue: RUB 874.82 Large livestock: 935 Small livestock: 1,868 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 124. Soltan-`Ali Kishlak Ownership: Treasury

367

Inhabited space: 4.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 398.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 112.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 142.00 D Yaylaks: 233.00 D Total land: 889.00 D Total households: 77 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,272.50 Total land taxes: RUB 729.30 Army tax: RUB 155.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 162.40 Total revenue: RUB 1,047.25 Large livestock: 325 Small livestock: 651 Units of water used for irrigation: 3 125. Inak-Daghi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 18.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 293.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 239.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 24.00 D Yaylaks: 376.00 D Total land: 950.00 D Total households: 84 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,765.00 Total land taxes: RUB 616.21 Army tax: RUB 155.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 138.20 Total revenue: RUB 909.96 Large livestock: 516 Small livestock: 1,442 Units of water used for irrigation: 4 126. Zod [Sotk] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 20.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 450.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 680.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 600.00 D Yaylaks: 1,647.00 D Total land: 3,397.00 D Total households: 199 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 12,543.50 Total land taxes: RUB 2,795.44

368

Part II

Army tax: RUB 410.55 Upkeep of officials: RUB 345.46 Total revenue: RUB 3,551.45 Large livestock: 1,713 Small livestock: 1,327 Units of water used for irrigation: 12 127. Zarzibil [Kut] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 26.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 325.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 260.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 31.00 D Yaylaks: 510.00 D Total land: 1,152.00 D Total households: 96 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,127.00 Total land taxes: RUB 696.85 Army tax: RUB 249.90 Upkeep of officials: RUB 190.33 Total revenue: RUB 1,137.08 Large livestock: 596 Small livestock: 1,014 Units of water used for irrigation: 10 128. Agh-Kilisa [Azat] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 12.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 226.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 209.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 20.00 D Yaylaks: 496.00 D Total land: 963.00 D Total households: 69 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 3,534.00 Total land taxes: RUB 787.56 Army tax: RUB 137.70 Upkeep of officials: RUB 140.89 Total revenue: RUB 1,066.15 Large livestock: 420 Small livestock: 500 Units of water used for irrigation: 5

Jil Commune 129. Jil RESIDENCE OF THE COMMUNE ADMINISTRATOR

Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.00 D Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 148.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 626.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 121.00 D Yaylaks: 1,296.00 D Total land: 2,210.00 D Total households: 117 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 4,652.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,036.72 Army tax: RUB 232.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 298.72 Total revenue: RUB 1,567.49 Large livestock: 1,559 Small livestock: 2,992 130. Artanish Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 14.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 673.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 12.00 D Yaylaks: 2,385.00 D Total land: 3,088.00 D Total households: 156 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 2,003.00 Total land taxes: RUB 446.38 Army tax: RUB 232.05 Upkeep of officials: RUB 331.48 Total revenue: RUB 1,009.91 Large livestock: 1,411 Small livestock: 2,892 131. Agh-Bulagh [Aghperek] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 17.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D

Table VII Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,002.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 210.00 D Yaylaks: 610.00 D Total land: 1,843.00 D Total households: 148 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,433.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,656.48 Army tax: RUB 211.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 439.21 Total revenue: RUB 2,307.34 Large livestock: 1,492 Small livestock: 1,600 132. Tokhluja [Drakhtik] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 21.00 D Vegetable gardens: 3.00 D Irrigated plowed fields: 24.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 1,156.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 460.00 D Yaylaks: 362.00 D Total land: 2,026.00 D Total households: 155 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 7,291.00 Total land taxes: RUB 1,624.83 Army tax: RUB 255.00 Upkeep of officials: RUB 526.36 Total revenue: RUB 2,406.19 Large livestock: 1,490 Small livestock: 1,309 133. Kushchi-Darasi Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 4.00 D Vegetable gardens: 3.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 200.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 70.00 D Yaylaks: 360.00 D Total land: 637.00 D Total households: 66 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 904.00 Total land taxes: RUB 201.44 Army tax: RUB 119.85

369

Upkeep of officials: RUB 113.00 Total revenue: RUB 434.29 Large livestock: 568 Small livestock: 1,027 134. Babajan-Darasi [Tsapatagh] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 5.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 269.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 72.00 D Yaylaks: 349.00 D Total land: 695.00 D Total households: 51 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 977.80 Total land taxes: RUB 217.92 Army tax: RUB 58.65 Upkeep of officials: RUB 103.71 Total revenue: RUB 380.28 Large livestock: 243 Small livestock: 440 135. Sedanakhach Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 10.00 D Vegetable gardens: 2.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 560.00 D Yaylaks: 123.00 D Total land: 695.00 D Total households: 52 (All Tatar) Total income: RUB 1,217.50 Total land taxes: RUB 271.34 Army tax: RUB 91.80 Upkeep of officials: RUB 132.21 Total revenue: RUB 495.35 Large livestock: 758 Small livestock: 1,499 136. Nadezhdino [Shorja] Ownership: Treasury Inhabited space: 9.00 D Vegetable gardens: 4.00 D Unirrigated plowed fields: 392.00 D Unirrigated fodder fields: 30.00 D Yaylaks: 1,040.00 D Total land: 1,475.00 D

370

Part II

Total households: 59 (All Russian) Total income: RUB 2,288.00 Total land taxes: RUB 509.89 Upkeep of officials: RUB 151.91 Total revenue: RUB 661.80 Large livestock: 846 Small livestock: 1,223

Key totals for the district (rural areas, 1907)5 Armenians: 10,663 households; 88,276 persons (46,081 male/42,195 female) Tatars: 5,802 households; 41,825 persons (21,671 male/20,154 female) Russians: 4,597 persons 6 Kurds: 1,712 persons Greeks: 213 persons Total population: 136,623

Notes 1 The ownership information is from the 1910 yearbook. Please see Note on the Sources and Chapter III for more on the sources. 2 On an island in Lake Gökcha. 3 It was the domain of the Pahlavuni family and has an eleventh-century church, named after the Holy Mother of God. The village was in the former Darachichak mahal of the Yerevan Khanate, composed of local Armenians and immigrants who arrived from Bayazit after the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. In 1873, it had 1,056 inhabitants. During the 1915–1921 period, Armenian refugees arrived there from Van and Karabagh. 4 Appears only in the 1902 register. 5 For more details, see Chapter III. 6 The Russians belonged to the Molokan and Subbotnik sects, who arrived in this district in the mid-1840s and found the land suitable for growing barley, spelt and potatoes. See Chapter III.

Glossary

A. Arabic; Ar. Armenian; P. Persian; T. Turkish; R. Russian ab-ambar (P.) watershed ag˘ ıil (T.) sheepfold aqalar (T.) the Persian version of the Turkish agalar; notable or grandee arba/arabe (P./R.) cart arabab (P.) proprietor arbabi (P.) land belonging to a landlord or proprietor arkh (T.) canal bash (T.) head; in this case, the source of water from a river batman (P.) dry measure varying in weight from 6.61 lbs. to 15.43 lbs. beg (from the T. bey) chieftain bil (P.) shovel; in this case, a measure of water for irrigation Catholicos Supreme Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church chetvert (R.) weight measure equal to 126.41 lbs. dah-yek (P.) one-tenth of the crop yield darughegi (P.) revenue collected for the police desiatina (R.) measure of length equal to 2.7 acres divani (A./P.) chancery/treasury; in this case, lands belonging to the treasury farsakh (P.) the distance of a league guberniia (R.) province juvar (P.) from the Persian juar; assistant of a mirab kankanchi (P.) canal digger kariz (P) underground water canal khanate from the Persian khan-neshin; a governorate kharvar (P.) a dry measure equal to 100 batmans kishlak (T.) winter pasture used by nomads lopat (R.) Russian version of bil mahal (P.) district mal-o-jahat (P.) land revenues paid by peasants to the state medrese (A.) secondary school for Muslim boys mekteb (A.) elementary school for Muslim boys melik (Ar.) Armenian notable or grandee

372

Glossary

mirab (P.) official in charge of irrigation molk (A./P.) also mulk; private estate molkdar (P.) owner of a private estate mutevali (A.) custodian oblast (R.) small province obshchestvo (R.) commune of villages okrug (R.) small administrative region palas (T.) floor covering pud (R.) measure of weight equal to 36 lbs. qanat (P.) underground water conduit sang (P.) measure of water for irrigation shambalile (P.) leaf fenugreek soltan (P.) military commander of a district suyursat (P.) provisions for troops talib (A.) Muslim seminary student tanuter (A) proprietor toyul (P.) also tiyul or tuyul; fief, land in lieu of service toyuldar (P.) fief holder uyezd (R.) administrative district of a province vaqf (A.) endowment to a religious institution vedro (R.) liquid measure equal to 12.3 liters verst (R.) measure equal to 1,06 km or 3,500 English feet yaylak (T.) summer pasture used by nomads yonje (P.) lucerne or alfalfa yüzbas¸i (T.) commander of 100 men

Bibliography

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Index

Abaran (mahal), 14 ’Abbas I, (shah), 19 ’Abbas Mirza (crown prince), 6–7 ’Abbasabad (fort), 7 Abrakunis (commune and village), 16, 43, 291 Adrianople (treaty), 7 Aghavnatun, 151 Ak-koyunlu, 19 Akhalkalak, 8, 95–96 Akhaltsikh, 7–8, 46 Akhty (village) 16, 42–43, 45, 51, 342–343 Akhurian, see Arpa river (western) Akulis (commune and village), 16, 43, 52, 295–296 Alagez (commune and village), 263–264 Alagöz (Mt.), 12 Alexander I (tsar), 6 Alexander II (tsar), 3, 39 Alexander III (tsar), 46, 73 Alexandra (wife of Tsar Nicholas I), 17 Alexandropol (city), 8, 17, 22–24, 27, 34, 41–48, 52, 76–82, 94 Alexandropol (district), 9, 12, 15–16, 21, 24, 26, 31–32, 5–52, 68–69, 76, 79, 86, 94 Alexandropol (district), land tenure in, 308–341 Alexandropol (district), population of, 32–32, 308–341 Alexandropol (district), revenues collected from, 308–341 Alexandropol (district), village communes in, 308–341 Alexandropol Women’s Gymnasium, 47 Alinja (river), 14 Amberd river, see Karbi river

Ankara, 95 Apollo (theater), 81 Aqa Mohammad Khan Qajar, 1 Arabs, 95 Aragats, see Alagöz Aramus (village), 106 Ararat, Greater (Mt.), 12, 39, 98 Ararat, Lesser (Mt.) 12 Aras, see Arax river Arax (river), 6–7, 12, 19 Arax (valley), 19 Armenfilm, 98 Armenian (Catholics), 28–34 Armenian (Russian Orthodox), 28–34 Armenian Academy of Sciences, 98 Armenian Church Crisis, 20, 40 Armenian Church, 7–8, 76, 88 Armenian Genocide, 95, 98 Armenian National Council, 95 Armenian Plateau, 14 Armenian Province, 7–8, 19, 3 Armenian Province, districts of, 15–17 Armenian Province, population of, 20 Armenian Republic, 4, 95–96 Armenian Republic, epidemics in, 95 Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 4, 56, 95, 97 Armeno-Tatar clashes, 40, 42 Armianskaia Oblast, see Armenian Province Arpa river (eastern), 14 Arpa river (western), 14 Ashtarak (village), 15, 42–43, 45–46, 50–51, 53, 153 Assyrians, 22–23, 27–34, 42 Atatürk, see Mustafa Kemal Aytagh (commune and village), 146 Azarbayjan province (Iran), 7, 14, 20

378

Index

Azat river, see Garni river Azerbaijan Republic, 3, 94–95 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 97–98 Azerbaijani, 35, 94, 99 Baku (city), 3–4, 7, 9, 26–27, 46, 49, 77–78, 81, 94, 97 Baku (province), 9, 26, 89, 91 Baltic Sea, 21 Baranovskii, V. N. (vice-governor), 40 Bariatinskii, A. (viceroy), 39 Bash-Abaran (village), 15, 25, 52, 96, 158 Bash-Garni (village), 109 Bash-Norashen (village), 44–45, 48, 50–51, 235 Batum (city), 9, 46, 97 Batum (province), 89 Bayazid (pashalik), 14 Big Karakilis, 311 Black Sea, 94 Bolshevik Revolution/Bolsheviks, 10, 17, 95 Brest-Litovsk (treaty), 95 Brussels, 81 Bukhara, 74 Byurakan Observatory, 98 Byzantine Empire, 19 Caspian Province, 7 Catholics, 22 Chechnia, 7 Chegodaev, A. P. (vice-governor), 40 Chicago, 81 Civil War (US), 73 Commercial Institute of Alexandropol, 47 Constantinople, 3, 94 Cossacks, 20 Daghestan, 7–9 Darachichak (mahal), 14 Daralagez (region), 96 Darband, see Derbent Dashburun (commune and village), 205 Davalu (commune and village), 15, 24, 42–45, 52, 140 Decembrists, 6 Deh-Kharqan (village), 20 Derbent, 6–7, 9

Dukhobors, 36 Dvin (commune and village), 126, 129 Echmiadzin (district), 12, 15, 21–22, 24–25, 28–29, 43, 50–52, 55–56, 68–69, 76, 79, 94, Echmiadzin (Holy See), 53 Echmiadzin (district), land tenure in, 146–189 Echmiadzin (district), population of, 28–29, 146–189 Echmiadzin (district), revenues from, 146–189 Echmiadzin (district), village communes in, 146–189 Echmiadzin Egypt, 74 Elisavetpol (city), 10, 14, 97 Elisavetpol (province), 8, 14, 26, 46, 75, 89 Elisu (region), 10 Entente, 95 Erevan, see Yerevan Erivan, see Yerevan Erivan Guberniia, see Yerevan Province Erzinjan, 94 Erzurum, 94 Fath ’Ali (shah), 6 Finland, 21 Frankanots, 151 Ganja, 6–7. See also Elisavetpol. Ganjeh, see Ganja Garni (river), 14 Garni-Basar (mahal), 14 Gavar, see Novo-Bayazet Georgia/Georgians, 3, 6–7, 9, 17–20, 22–23, 27–28, 39, 69, 77 Georgian Republic, 95 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, 97–98 Georgian-Imereti Province, 8 Germans, 23 Getar (river), see Kırk-Bulagh Gilan (river), 14 Gindevaz (commune and village), 258, 261 Gök-Jami (Blue Mosque), 55 Gökcha (lake), 12, 14, 77 Gökcha (mahal), 14, 16 Golestan, see Gulistan Golitsyn, G., 10 Greeks, 22–23, 27

Index Gudovich, I. (general), 19 Gulistan (treaty), 6–7 Gümri, 17. See also Alexandropol Gypsies, 22–23, 28–34 Haji-Qoli Khan (consul), 78 Hamamlu (village), 16, 44, 52 Hoseyn Qoli Khan Qajar (governor of Yerevan), 41, 73 Hovhannavank (village and monastery) 153 Hrazdan river, see Zangi river Igdir (commune and village), 15, 25, 42, 44–45, 48, 50–52, 190 Imanshalu (village and commune), 15 Iran/Iranian, 3, 6, 9, 19, 23, 39, 44–46, 69, 73–75, 77, 85, 97 Iravan, see Yerevan Jaghri (commune and village), 286 Jar-o-Belokan, 9 Javakhk, See Akhalkalak Jevanshir (district), 14 Jews, 22–23, 27–34 Julfa (town), 44–46, 77, 295 Kaftarli (commune and village), 318 Kagizman (district), 14 Kanaker (village), 15, 24, 43, 52–53, 88, 103 Kara-Kilisa, 15, 25, 45, 52, 96 Kara-koyunlu, 19 Kara-su (river), 14 Karabagh (khanate), 3 Karabagh, 6–7, 9, 20, 80 Karbi (river), 14 Karbi-Basar (mahal), 14 Kars (city), 9, 17, 44–45, 52, 76, Kars (province), 26, 89 Kars (treaty), 95 Kazakh (district) 7, 9, 14 Keshishkend (commune and village), 16, 43–44, 50, 52, 256 Khrimian (catholicos), 53 Khok (village), 270 Kırk-Bulagh (river), 14 Kishinev, 81 Kivrag (commune and village), 269 Kuba, 6–9, 80 Kulpi (commune and town), 15, 25, 42, 44–45, 51, 75–76, 214 Kurds, 19, 22–34, 42, 56, 70, 80. See also Yezidi

379

Kutais (province), 9, 26, 89 Kutais (town), 8 Lodz, 73 London, 81 Lori (region), 95–96 Lynch, H. (traveller), 15, 17 Maku, 14 Marand, 14 Marseilles, 75 Mastara (village), 175 Matenadaran Archives, 98 Melbourne, 81 Michael Nikolayevich (Grand Duke), 9, 39 Middle East, 95 Mirak (commune and village), 323 Moldova, 97 Molokans, 36 Moscow (treaty), 95 Moscow, 3, 73, 77, 81, 94, 97 Mt. Alagöz, 12 Mudros Armistice, 95 Mughni, 53, 87, 153 Muslim Military District, 7 Mustafa Kemal, 95 Nader (shah), 19 Nakashidze, A. (vice-governor), 40 Nakhichevan (city), 10, 16, 22–23, 41–46, 50, 53, 78–79, 81 Nakhichevan (district), 12, 14–16, 21, 24–26, 30–31, 34,42, 50–52, 55–56 68–69, 75–76, 79, 86–87, 91, 94, 96, Nakhichevan (district) land tenure in, 269–307 Nakhichevan (district), population of, 269–307 Nakhichevan (district), revenues from, 269–307 Nakhichevan (district), village communes in, 269–307 Nakhichevan (khanate), 3, 7, 19–20 Nakhichevan (river), 14 Nalband (commune and village), 313 Napoleon, 6 Nehram (commune and village), 16, 44, 294 New Nakhichevan, 97 Nicholas I (tsar), 6, 8, 17 Nicholas II (tsar), 10 Nizhni-Novgorod, 77, 81 Noah’s Ark, 39

380

Index

Noragavit (commune and village), 15, 24, 52–53, 87 Norashen (village), 44, 162, 293 Novo-Bayazet (city), 12, 16, 22–24, 43, 45, 46, 48, 78–79 Novo-Bayazet (district), 14–16, 21–26, 33, 50–52, 55–56, 68–69, 76, 80, 86, 91, 94 Novo-Bayazet (district), land tenure, 342–370 Novo-Bayazet (district), population of, 33, 342–370 Novo-Bayazet (district), revenues from, 342–370 Novo-Bayazet (district), village communes in, 342–370 Novosad, F. I. (superintendent of police), 43 Odessa, 81 Old Believers, 22 Ordubad (town), 16, 22–24, 41, 43–46, 53, 75, 78–79, 81, 91 Oriant (hotel), 81 Oshakan (village), 87, 151 Ottoman Empire/Ottomans 9, 20, 46, 51, 75, 77, 94 Paris, 81 Paskevich, I. (General), 6–7 Patrinj (village), 152 Poles, 23, 44 Polozhenie, 7, 53 Poznan, 73 Qajar (dynasty), 8, 19, 41, 56, 90 Qamarlu (commune and village), 15, 25, 42–46, 51–52, 130 Qarabagh, see Karabagh Qaradagh, 14 Qazzaq, see Kazakh Qobbeh, see Kuba Rotterdam, 81 Russia/Russians, passim Russian Armenia, see Armenian Province, 21 Russian Revolution (1905–1907), 10 Russo-Iranian War (1804–1813), 6, 17 Russo-Iranian War (1826–1828), 6, 19 Russo-Japanese War, 88 Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), 6

Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), 16, 20 Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), 9, 51–52 Sadarak (commune and village), 15, 24, 44, 132 Sa’dlu (mahal), 14 Safavids, 85 Saghmosavank (monastery), 154 Sarajian (cognac), 74 Sardarabad (fort), 7 Sardarabad (mahal), 14 Sardarabad (monument), 98 Sardarabad (village), 15, 25, 52, 96, 98 Seljuks, 19 Seminary (Gevorkian) in Echmiadzin, 47 Sevan, see Gökcha Sèvres (treaty), 95 Shakki, see Sheki Shams od-Din, see Shamshedil Shamshedil (district), 7, 9 Sharur (region), 95–96 Sharur-Daralagez (district), 12, 14–16, 21–22, 24–26, 30, 34, 44–45, 50–52, 68–69, 73, 75, 79, 86, 91, 94–95 Sharur-Daralagez (district), land tenure in, 235–267 Sharur-Daralagez (district), population of, 30, 235–267 Sharur-Daralagez (district), revenues from, 235–267 Sharur-Daralagez (district), village communes in, 235–267 Sheki (khanate), 3, 6, 7, 9 Shemakha Province, 9 Shemakha (town), 9 Shirabad (commune) 15 Shirvan (khanate), 3, 6, 7, 9, 80 Shuragöl (district), 7 Shushi (town), 46, 95–96 Shustov, N. (Cognac), 74, 81 Soviet Union, 97–98 St. Petersburg, 3, 6, 8, 40, 81 Streblinksii, I. (cartographer), 14 Strel’bitskii, A. (vice governor), 40 Surmalu (district), 12, 14–15, 21–22, 24–25, 29, 32, 34, 44–45, 50–52, 55–56, 68–69, 75, 79, 80, 86–87, 94, 96 Surmalu (district), land tenure in, 190–234 Surmalu (district), population of, 29, 190–234

Index Surmalu (district) revenues from, 190–234 Surmalu (district), village communes in, 190–234 Tabriz, 7, 44, 80 Talesh, 6, 7, 9 Talin (mahal), 14 Talin (river), 14 Talin (commune and village), 42, 173, 176 Talysh, see Talesh Tatars, passim Tatars (Shi’a), 27–34 Tatars (Sunni), 28–34 Tavush, 96 Tbilisi, see Tiflis Teghenis (village), 53 Tehran, 44 Tiflis (city), 3–4, 8–9, 14, 26–27, 39, 44–46, 59, 51–52, 68, 73, 76–77, 81, 85, 94–95, 97 Tiflis (province), 14, 26, 39, 89, 91, 95 Tigran the Great (Armenian king), 39 Timur, 19 Tizengauzen, V. (governor), 40 Torkamanchay, see Turkmanchay Trans-Siberian Railway, 21 Trebizond, 94 Tsitsianov, P. (general), 8–9, 17, 19 Tula, 77, 81 Turkey/ Turks, 4, 7, 95–96 Turkish Grand National Assembly, 95 Turkmanchay (treaty) 7, 20 Tyan-Shanskii, P., 21 Ukrainians, 23 Ulukhanlu (village), 44, 87, 121 United States, 73–74 Vagharshapat (commune and own), 15, 25, 42–43, 45, 48, 51–53, 87–88, 148 Van, 94 Vedi (river), 14 Vedi-Basar (mahal), 14 Vorontsov, M. (viceroy), 8–9 Voronstsov-Dashkov, I. (viceroy), 10 Warsaw, 81 White Sea, 21 Wilson, W. (president), 95 Witte, S., 21 World War I, 4, 10, 27, 54, 56, 79, 95

381

Yaroslav Textile Company, 73 Yaiji (commune and village), 245 Yeghvard (village), 15, 25, 52, 155 Yerevan (city), 9, 15, 19, 21–24, 34, 42, 43–48, 50–51, 54, 78–79, 82, 91, 94–95 Yerevan (district), 12, 15, 21, 24, 27–28, 34, 50–52, 68, 75–76, 79–80, 86–88, 94 Yerevan (district), land tenure in, 103–145 Yerevan (district), population of, 27–28, 103–145 Yerevan (district), revenues from, 103–145 Yerevan (district), village communes in, 103–145 Yerevan (khanate), 3, 7, 19–20 Yerevan Men’s Gymnasium, 46 Yerevan Men’s Seminary, 47 Yerevan Province, administration, 39–56 Yerevan Province, Armenian Catholics in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, Armenian churches, 54 Yerevan Province, Armenian diocese and clergy, 53 Yerevan Province, Armenian schools, 47 Yerevan Province, Assyrians in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, banks, 45–46, 81 Yerevan Province, carpets, 80 Yerevan Province, census, 21 Yerevan Province, climate, 12 Yerevan Province, cognac and wine production, 74–75 Yerevan Province (village communes), 15–16 Yerevan Province, cotton production, 73–74 Yerevan Province, crops, 13 Yerevan Province, customs, 46 Yerevan Province, education, schools, 46–48 Yerevan Province, doctors in, 49–51 Yerevan Province, epidemics, 50 Yerevan Province, ethnic composition, 19–34 Yerevan Province, Europeans in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, excise taxes, 89 Yerevan Province, exports-imports, 77 Yerevan Province, factories, workshops, 79–81 Yerevan Province, fishing, 77 Yerevan Province, districts, 15–17 Yerevan Province, financial, 45–46 Yerevan Province, fodder production, 68

382

Index

Yerevan Province, food prices, 78–79 Yerevan Province, fruit production, 76 Yerevan Province, Georgians in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, grain production, 65–67 Yerevan Province, grape production, 74 Yerevan Province, healthcare, 49–51 Yerevan Province, honey production, 77 Yerevan Province, hospitals, 49–50 Yerevan Province, indirect taxes, 88–89 Yerevan Province, judicial system, 42–43 Yerevan Province, irrigation systems, 64–65, 68–69 Yerevan Province, irrigation, 55–56 Yerevan Province, Kurds in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, land tenure system, 62–64 Yerevan Province, list of villages, 103–370 Yerevan Province, livestock, 6970 Yerevan Province, military tax, 88–89 Yerevan Province, military, 51–53 Yerevan Province, minerals, 76 Yerevan Province, mirabs, 55–56 Yerevan Province, mosques, 54 Yerevan Province, mountain tribesmen in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, Muslims in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, Muslim clergy (Shi’a), 53–53 Yerevan Province, Muslim clergy (Sunni), 54 Yerevan Province, Muslim schools, 47–48 Yerevan Province, police, 43–44 Yerevan Province, police prefectures, 15

Yerevan Province, population breakdown, 19–34 Yerevan Province, post-telegraph, 45 Yerevan Province, press, 48–49 Yerevan Province, prisons, 49 Yerevan Province, railroads, 44–45, 77 Yerevan Province, rivers, 13–14 Yerevan Province, Russian churches, 54 Yerevan Province, Russian schools, 47 Yerevan Province, Russian sectarians in, 22 Yerevan Province, Russians in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, salt mines, 75–76 Yerevan Province, Shi’a schools, 47–48 Yerevan Province, silk production, 75 Yerevan Province, Sunni schools, 48 Yerevan Province, Tatars in, 22–34 Yerevan Province, taxes and revenues 85–91 Yerevan Province, taxes on land, 86–88 Yerevan Province, tobacco production, 75 Yerevan Province, topography 12–13 Yerevan Province, vegetable production, 68 Yerevan Province, veterinary services, 50 Yerevan Women’s Gymnasium, 47 Yermolov, A. (general), 6 Yezidi Kurds, 28–33 Zakatal (district), 9 Zanga (brewery), 81 Zangezur (district), 14, 95–96 Zangi (river), 14, 74 Zangi-Basar (mahal), 14 Zeyva (village), 16, 87, 147