Archaeology and Place-Names in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries 9780860543572, 9781407317601

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Archaeology and Place-Names in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries

Gordon Copley

BAR British Series 14 7 1986

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS. A.R Hands� B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

BAR-147, 1986:'Archaeology and Place-Names in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries' ©

Gordon·copley,1986

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860543572 paperback ISBN 9781407317601 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543572 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page Introduction

1

1.

-HAM

2

2.

-INGAS and -INGA-

3

3.

-ING2

4.

-TUN

4 5

5.

Habitation names in general

6

6.

Place-narnes referring to water

7

7.

Woodland elements

7

8.

Hill-names

8

9.

• Names in -hannn

8

10.

Topographical narnes as a whole

8

11.

Crops

8

12.

Soils

8·

13.

Personal names

8

14.

The ·early recording of site-names

9

15.

The dates of the first recording of place-names in the two lists

10

16.

The location of sites

10

17.

The Archaeology of the Sites

11 23

Fifth-century sites: List One 'Early' and Sixth-century sites:

List TID

80

The Elernents, other. than personal-names

117

Abbreviations and Bibliography

1,31

P REFACE

T his s tudy i s b ased o n t he s ame m ethodological o rganisation o f d ata a s w as u sed i n m y t hesis o n t he P arker C hronicle ,

A D 4 49-597 ,

o f

t he m iddle

n ineteen-forties , p art o f w hich w as p ublished a s t he C onquest o f W essex i n t he S ixth C entury ( London , 1 954) a nd o n a b roader s cale i n A n A rchaeology o f S outh-East E ngland ( London , 1 958) a s w ell a s i n a f ew p apers c ontributed t o v arious j ournals . I n m y N ames a nd P laces ( London , 1 963) a nd E nglish P lace-Names a nd t heir O rigins ( Newton A bbot , 1 968) , I s ought t o p ut p lacen ames i nto t heir b road h istorical c ontexts .

I n a ll o f

t hese works,

w herever i t w as a ppropriate t o d o s o , a rchaeology , p lace-names a nd e arly h istorical r ecords w ere c onsidered i n r elation t o o ne a nother a nd t o t he b ack-ground o f t he l and i tself , i ts s oils , w ater-supplies , n atural a nd m anm ade c ommunications . T he e arly p hases o f J utish a nd S axon s ettlement w ere s een i n t he h istorical p erspective o f R oman B ritain a nd i n w hat i s n ow t ermed ' the l andscape ' .

o f

T he p resent w ork s eeks t o i dentify S axon a nd J utish a rchaeological s ites t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies a s c ompletely a s p ublished i nformation

a llows a nd t o a ssociate t hem w ith t he l ocal p lace-names w hich t hey m ay h ave b orne a t t hat t ime . T he t opographical b ackground i s b riefly s ketched i n f or a ll b ut t he m ost d oubtful s ites . A uthentic s ites n umber 14 o f t he f ifth a nd 2 01 o f t he s ixth c entury , a lthough t he l ine o f d ivision b etween t hem i s s eldom c lear . I n a ll 3 15 s ites a re c onsidered , b ut t hose o f t he s ixth c entury a re

t reated

m ore

s ummarily .

A s

t he

r egion

s outh-west

o f

C ambridge a nd t hat o f t he l ower A von v alley i n G loucestershire, W orcestershire a nd W arwickshire w ere a lmost c ertainly s ettled b y p eople o f S axon c ulture ,

I h ave a dded l ists o f s ites f or b oth r egions w ith d etails

s imilar t o t hose o f t he m ain l ists , b ut w ithout d ifferentiation o f t he s ites b y c enturies . T hese 4 0 s ites a re a dditional t o t he 3 15 o f t he m ain l ists a nd a re n ot i ncluded i n t he s tatistics. I t i s m ost u nfortunate t hat a n umber o f i mportant s ites e xcavated s ince t he l ast w ar h ave n ot b een p ublished ; k nowledge o f t hem h as h ad t o b e c ulled f rom i ncidental r eferences . I t i s a lso r egretted t hat a ccess t o a f ew l ocal j ournals h as p roved i mpossible a lthough a l arge n umber o f p apers 0 n s ites i n s uch j ournals h ave, n evertheless, b een c onsulted. Io we m uch t o t he p ublished w orks o f t he s cholars o f t he E nglish P laceN ame S ociety , e specially t o P rofessor K . C ameron i ts H on . D irector a nd t o t he l ate M r . J .E . B . C over , a ssociate e ditor o f m any o f t he v olumes o f t he S urvey , f or t he l ong l oan o f Mr . C over 's t ypescript o f T he P laceN ames o f H ampshire , 1 961; a nd I a m g rateful t o t hose a rchaeologists w ho h ave f ound i t p ossible t o p ublish t heir e xcavations . A s

t he E nglish P lace-Name

S ociety ,

t he V ictoria

C ounty H istories

a nd

m any o ther w orks a re b ased o n t he l imits o f t he o ld s hires , Ih ave i gnored t he a ntics o f t he s tupid b ureaucrats w ho h ave r edrawn s ome o f t he c ounty b oundaries . D istances a re r eckoned i n m iles r ather t han i n k ilometres i n o rder t o b e m ore r eadily u nderstood a nd t he t echnical t erms o f a rchaeology a nd p lace-name s tudies h ave b een u sed o nly w here t hey w ere u navoidable o r t o o bviate l engthy p eriphrases .

S ince t he n ineteen-twenties I h ave b een a c onstant w anderer i n s outhern E ngland a nd a lmost a ll p arts o f i t a re f amiliar t opographically.

I am d eeply g rateful t o D r . M argaret G elling ,

whose w orks a re s o

f requently c ited i n t he f ollowing p ages a nd who r ead t he t ypsecript . S he o ffered v aluable s uggestions w hich I w as g lad t o a dopt . T his R eport h as a lso g ained m uch f rom m y u se o f t he K ingston u pon T hames H eritage C entre a nd R eference L ibrary . I a m i ndebted a lso t he t he E ditor o f B .A .R" A .R . H ands a nd h is c olleagues f or t heir p atience w ith a d ifficult t ext .

D r .

I n o rganising m any t housands o f d etails , I f ear t hat s ome e rrors w ill r emin e ven a fter r echecking s everal t imes . S uch e rrors a s t here m ay b e a re a ll m y o wn .

I ntroduction . T his

i ntroduction s erves

a s a n e xplanatory k ey

t o t he

d etails

i n t he

s ite-lists a nd t he s equence o f t opics h ere c onforms t o t he s equence o f t he i tems t hat f ollow e ach s ite-name i n t he l ists. I n t he t wo l ists o f s ites , t he f irst o f f ifth-century d ate , t he o ther o f t he s ixth c entury , t he p lace-names a re g rouped a ccording t o t heir f inal e lements . T he n ame c ommonly u sed o f as ite i s f ollowed b y t he a bbreviated c ounty n ame , t he s ite-name u sually b eing t hat o f t he p arish . B ut t he p arish b oundaries c annot b e a ssumed t o d efine t hose o f t he e arly l ocal s ettlement o r t hat t he p resent s ite-name w as i n u se i n t he e arly c enturies . I n s ome i nstances t he a rchaeological s ite i s c loser t o a m odern s ettlement o ther t han t hat which h as c ommonly b een u sed t o n ame t he s ite ; t his s ettlement-name i s d iscussed . I n a f ew i nstances , ( e .g . H ersden , W estbere , S turry), s everal p lace-names a re d iscussed , f or a ny o ne o f t hem m ight c onceivably h ave b een t hat o f t he e arly s ettlement , n ow o nly r epresented b y a n a rchaeological s ite . M any o f t he p lace-names a re o f u ncertain e tymology a nd m eaning a nd a re b est l eft u nexplained . T hat s o m any o f t hese s ite-names s hould b e o bscure m ay w ell b e a n i ndication o f t heir g reat a ntiquity ; a nd i t i s s urely s ignificant t hat t he g reat m ajority o f ingas/-inga- p lace-names a re c ompounded w ith p ersonal-names o r e lements w hich a re u nknown e xcept i n t hese p lace-names . B ut w hatever t he p lace-name n ow a ssociated w ith a n e arly s ite , t here m ust b e g reat u ncertainty i n m ost i nstances w hether i t i s t he o riginal n ame . A N ational G rid r eference f ollows i mmediately a fter e ach p lace-name i n t he l ists, t he r eference b eing t o t he l ocation o f t he s ite . T his i s f ollowed b y t he f irst-known d ocumentary r eference t o t he p lace . T his r eference w ill u sually p ost-date t he e arliest o ral u se o f t he p lace-name b y s everal c enturies . I n a ddition , a n i ndication i s g iven o f i ts o ccurrence i n t he D omesday S urvey . T his h as b een c onsidered w orthy o f m ention b ecause i ts i nclusion t here s uggests t hat t he p lace h ad l ocal i mportance , a t l east , i n t he l ate e leventh c entury a nd i s t he m ore l ikely t o h ave b een s o i n t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies. T he e valuation o f ap lace-name i s o nly p ossible w hen a s equence o f e arly f orms h as b een n oted . T hese a re t o b e f ound i n t he w ork (s) o f r eference c ited i mmediately f ollowing t he N .G . r eference . E kwall 's E nglish P laceN ame D ictionary

i s

n ormally

c ited

f or

K ent,

a lthough

Wallenberg 's

K entish P lace-Names a nd P lace-Names o f K ent a re r eferred t o w henever e ither b ook a ffords f uller i nformation , e specially o n m inor p lace-names . T he D ictionary i s u sually c ited f or H ampshire n ames a s i t i s r eadily a ccessible , b ut M r.. J .E .B . G over 's t ypescript T he P lace-Names o f H ampshire , 1 961, g ives m uch m ore d etail t han i s p ossible i n t he D ictionary . F or t he o ther f ifteen c ounties c overed b y t his s tudy t he a ppropriate v olume o f t he E nglish P lace-Name S urvey i s c ited, a lthough f or D orset, F ägersten a nd P arts I a nd I I o f M r . A .D . M ills P lace-Names o f D orset , h ave b een c onsulted . K ökeritz h as b een u sed f or s ome I sle o f W ight p lace-names . F inally , i n t his s ection o f t he l ists , am eaning o f t he p lace-name i s g iven , u sually t hat s tated b y t he a uthority c ited , b ut s ometimes m odified f or t opographical o r o ther r easons.

1

A m ajor d ifficulty i n s tudies r elating t o t his p eriod o f h istory i s t he f act t hat p laces d o n ot n ecessarily r etain t heir e arliest n ames .

T he

m odern m ap c an g ive o nly b road h ints o f t he n omenclature o f a r egion a s i t w as f ifteen h undred y ears a go . I n s ome r egions , T hanet a nd n orthern W essex f or e xample , d evastations b y h ostile a rmies m ay w ell h ave c aused d epopulation a nd l ater r esettlement . I t i s l ikely t hat d epopulation r esulted i n t he e xtinction o f l ocal p lace-names a nd t hat r esettlement r equired n ew n ames ; a nd t he n ew s ettlements w ere n ot n ecessarily o n t he s ites o f t he o ld . P lague o r f amine c ould h ave h ad t he s ame e ffects a s h ostile a rmies . M oreover , t he s ub-division o f s ome e states i n t he l ate O ld E nglish p eriod r esulted s ometimes i n t he g iving o f n ew n ames t o t he n ew , s maller e states ( PN B rk , I II , 8 23-4) ; a nd t here i s e vidence o f o ther a nd e arlier r enaming o f s ettlements . F or e xample , t he n ames n ow a ttached t o m any p arishes i n w hich p agan b urials o r s ettlements h ave b een f ound a re o bviously n ot t hose i n u se b efore t he s eventh c entury ,

o r l ater ,

w hen t he

a rea w as e vangelized . I n t he S outh-East t here i s B ishopstone B k w ith t wo b urial-sites , o ne o f t hem j ust p ossibly o f t he f ifth c entury ( BB I V , 6 37) ; a nd B ishopstone S x h ad a c emetery a nd s ettlement o f s imilar d ate ( 1A X II , 1 61 e tc .) . M onkton i n T hanet h ad b urials p ossibly o f t he f ifth c entury ( Ara l . J . C XXXII , 3 40-1) a nd M inster n earby h ad s ome o f n ot l ater t han t he s eventh c entury . P agan i nterments h ave b een f ound a t W hitchurch D o , H a , O x , a t U pchurch K a nd S outhchurch E ss ; a t S t . M argaret 's-at-Cliffe K a nd I ppollitts H rt , b oth n amed f rom t he d edications o f t heir p arish c hurches ; a nd t here a re o ther s uch p lace-names t hat o bviously f irst c ame i nto u se i n C hristian t imes , l ong a fter t he b urials w ere m ade . I t i s e vident , t oo , t hat t he s ettlements a ssociated w ith t hese b urials h ad n ames w hich b ecame d isused b efore w ritten r ecords b egan . T he s ettlements f ailed a nd t heir n ames w ere a pparently n ot a pplied t o n ew o nes i n t he s ame l ocalities . S ome n ames w ere l ost t hrough a s hift o f s ettlement , a s p robably a t C halton H a . B ut w e s hould n ot a ssume t hat t hat w as t he n ame o f t he h ill-top v illage a nd t hat i t w as t ransferred t o i ts s uccessor i n t he v alley h alf a m ile t o t he n orth . T he r eason f or t his r e-siting i s n ot c lear , b ut o ther v illages n o d oubt

b ecame d epopulated a fter t heir d estruction b y r esurgent B ritons ,

b y

c ivil w ar o r w ars b etween t he n ascent E nglish k ingdoms , b y h arrassing r aids a long t he c oast a nd i nland a nd b y f amine a nd e pidemics , l ittle o f w hich f ound a m ention i n r ecorded h istory . S ome 3 ,000 d eserted v illage-sites a re a lready k nown a nd m ore w ill c ertainly b e f ound ; b ut o nly a bout 9 0 o f t he p agan S axon p eriod a re k nown ( up t o 1 984). B ut w e m ust r evert t o t he d etails o f t he s ite-lists . I n a ddition t o t he a bbreviated n ote a t t he h ead o f e ach g roup o f s ites w ith a f inal e lement -i n c ommon ,

s omething n eeds

t o b e s aid o f a m ore g eneral n ature a bout s ome o f

t he e lements i n t he c ontext o f e arly a rchaeological s ites. 1 .

- HAM .

T here a re p ossibly s ix s ites o f t he f ifth c entury o ut o f

p ossibly 14 s ites , i n a ll , o f t hat p eriod , r epresenting 4 .39% o f t hem a ll . T here a re p ossibly s even s ites i n ham o f t he s ixth c entury c onstituting 3 .48% o f t he 2 01 s ites o f t hat p eriod-7

-

T aking b oth c enturies t ogether ,

h ave 1 3 ham s ites i n ag rand t otal o f 3 15 ,

w e

w hich r epresents 3 .81% o f t hem

a ll , ar emarkably s mall p roportion o f t he w hole. A r elationship w ith R oman r oads a nd s ites h as b een c laimed f or ' ham n ames a nd t he r elationship o f b oth w ith ham s ites o f t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies i s c lose . O f f ifth-century i nstances , H igham K s eems s omewhat r emote , b ut i t w as i n f act e asily a ccessible f rom t he R oman W atling S treet . R ainham E ss , a lone , b ears n o o bvious t opographical r elationship w ith a R oman r oad a nd t here a re n o k nown R oman s ites i n i ts i mmediate v icinity ( OS M ap o f

2

R oman B ritain ;

V CH I II ,

1 67) .

B ut i t w ould b e s urprising i f t his s patial

r elationship o f ham a nd R oman s ites w ere n ot c ommon , f or t he s outh a nd e ast o f B ritain w ere i ntersected b y a n i ntricate n etwork o f m ajor a nd m inor R oman r oads a nd t racks, m any a s y et u ndiscovered , b ut n one t he l ess i nferable f rom t he l ocation o f R oman s ites o f a ll k inds a nd t he l ines o f c ommunications r equired t o s erve t hem . I ndeed , a p erusal o f t he G azetteer o f m y A rchaeology o f S outh-East-England o r o f t he O rdnance S urvey M ap o f R oman B ritain ( both i n n eed o f a mplification ) w ill r eveal t hat o utside t he r egions o f s parse s ettlement w here n either B riton , J ute o r S axon c hose t o d well , t here i s s carcely a p arish i n w hich R omano-British o ccupation-debris h as n ot b een f ound ; a nd a lmost e very w eek n ew f inds o f t hat k ind a re m ade s omewhere i n t he r egion . I t w ould b e m ost s urprising t herefore i f t here w ere n ot v ery f requent c oincidences b etween R oman r oads a nd s ettlements o n t he o ne h and a nd e vidence o f e arly J utish o r S axon o ccupation o n t he o ther . A nd s uch c oincidences w ill b e f ound e very b it a s o ften b etween p laces w hose n ames e nd i n e lements o ther t han ham a nd s ites o f R oman o ccupation a nd a ssociated r oads . M oreover , t he l ocations o f ham p lace-names a re n o m ore f avourable i n s oils , w ater-supply a nd a ccessibility t han p lace-names w ith a ny o ther t ermination . T here a re c ertainly n o c ompelling t opographical o r a rchaeological r easons f or b elieving t hat ham was i n u se e arlier t han s everal o ther p lace-name t erminations. I f w e c onsider t he p roportions o f ham a nd ing n ames w ithin t en m iles o f t he 7 0 o r s o a rchaeological s ites o f t he f ifth c entury f or w hich d etails o f t hese k inds w ere n oted , w e f ind t hat t here a re 6 0 o f t hem f or w hich a d ifferentiation i n n umber b etween t he t wo t ypes o f n ame i s p ossible . F or 2 1 s ites ing n ames p redominate w ithin t he t en-mile r adius ; f or 2 4 s ites , n ames i n ham a re m ore n umerous ; b ut f or a nother f ifteen s ites t he t wo k inds o f n ame a re i n a pproximate b alance n umerically . T here a re s ome s ites , p articularly a long t he m iddle T hames, where n o s uch d ifferentiation i s p ossible ; a nd i n s outh-east E ssex t he i ncidence o f p lace-name t ypes w ithin t en m iles a re c onsidered o nly o nce i n r elation t o f our n eighbouring s ites . H ere t here i s a r ough e quality i n t he n umber o f e ach t ype . B ut w hat , i f a nything , s ignificant e merges f rom t hese l ocal s urveys o f t he d istributions o f e arly t ypes o f p lace-names , i s t hat n either ham o r t he ing t ype c an b e s aid t o b e s ignificantly p redominant . E ven s o , t he ing t ype , a s w e s hall s ee , i s m ore n umerous i n a ssociation w ith f ifth a nd s ixth-century s ites.

2 .

INGAS a nd INGA-

O f t he 1 14 s ites o f t he f ifth c entury , s even t erminate i n ingas ( 6 .14%) a nd n ine ( possibly t en ) a re o f t he inga- t ype ( 7 .89% o r p ossibly 8 . 77% ) . T hese s ixteen t ogether r epresent 1 4 .04% o f a ll f ifth a nd s ixthc entury s ites . F or t he s ixth c entury t here a re t hree s ites o ut o f 2 01 ( 1 .5%) w ith ingas a nd n ine ( 4 .5% ) w ith inga. B oth t ypes ( although t hey a re e ssentially t he s ame) f or t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies t otal 2 8 o ut o f 3 15 s ites ( 8 .89% ) . T he t ype - 1 ng 2x ingas , o f w hich t here a re o nly t hre ( 0 .95% ) o ut o f 3 15 s ites a re l eft o ut o f a ccount a s a re p lace-names i n ing w ith o nly t wo ( 0.63%) i n a ll. S ince 1 966 ,

w hen D r . A udrey M eaney p ublished ' Notes o n t he C o-incidental

B urials ' r elating t o ingas a nd inga- p lace-names ' ( MA X , 2 8-9) , a n umber o f n ew f ifth- a nd s ixth-century s ites h as b een f ound , a ugmenting t he f igures t hat s he p resented t here ; b ut t here c an b e l ittle d oubt t hat a mong t he s ites t hat s he d oes l ist , H ornton O x , a nd T oddington I B d , a re v ery p robably e arlier t han t he l ater s ixth c entury ,

3

t o which s he a ssigned t hem ;

a nd

W allingford B rk ,

F eering E ss a nd W ingham K a re g enerally a ccepted a s o f t he

f ifth r ather t han ' the l ate 6 th ' o r t he ' late 7 th t o e arly 8 th c entury ' w hich s he s urprisingly p roposed . T aking a ccount

o nly

o f

S axon a nd J utish s ites ,

s he

l ists

3 1

a nd

f our

d oubtful which a re r elevant t o o ur p urpose a nd o f t hese 8 ( +2?) a re ' f airly c ertainly e arly ' ( Section B ) a nd 5 a re ' pagan ' ( Section C ) . B ut t here i s n o c omparable l isting o f s ites w ith ham p lace-names, s o t hat t heir c hronological p riority o ver ingas/-inga- i s n ot d emonstrated . T he p resent s tudy g oes s ome w ay t o c larifying t his m atter o f c hronology w ith c lear e vidence s uggesting t hat ingas/-inga- a re a s e arly ,

i f n ot

t han ham n ames .

t he l ocations o f

F urthermore ,

a d etailed s tudy o f

i ndeed e arlier ham

a nd ing n ames i n s outh-east E ngland, i rrespective o f whether t hey a re a ssociated w ith p agan a rchaeological s ites , s eems t o s how t hat n either n eed b e t he e arlier a lthough ing n ames a s a whole a re c ommonly i n t he m ore a ccessible l ocations where s oils w ere h ighly f ertile . B ut t he d ifferences i n t he t wo d istributions a re i nsufficiently m arked t o b e o f a ny g reat s ignificance e xcept i n c asting s erious d oubt o n t he t heory t hat ingas n ames i mply s econdary s ettlement a nd ham p rimary s ettlement.

3 .

ING 2 O nly

o ne

s ite

o f

t he

f ifth c entury a nd o ne

a ssociation w ith t his e lement . n ames .

T he

f ifth-century

o f

t he s ixth o ccur i n

T ogether t hey a mount t o 0 .63% o f a ll s ite-

i nstance ,

H ersden K ,

c ould

a s

w ell

h ave

b een

c alled W estbere , al ate t ype o f n ame p ossibly m uch l ater t han t he c emetery o r S turry ,

a n ame d enoting a r egion a nd o f a v ery e arly t ype ,

e val

t he

w ith

f ifth-century

b urials .

T he

s ite o f

t he

n o d oubt c o-

c emetery w as

v ery

p robably w ithin t he b ounds o f S turry i n i ts e arliest p hase o f u se , b efore i t w as n arrowed d own t o av illage a nd p arish .

L ockinge B rk , t he s ixth-century

i nstance , m ay w ell h ave b een t he n ame o f t he s ettlement w hich b uried 8 0 d ead o n Am H ill a s w ell a s t he r icher b urial i n L ockinge P ark. T here a re o ver 9 0 p lace-names o f t he ing 2 t ype i n K ent ,

b ut o nly s even

o f t hem r eferred t o m edieval p arishes a nd o nly t wo a re r ecorded a s e states i n t he D omesday B ook .

T wenty o f t hese K entish n ames a re n o l onger i n u se

a nd a f ew o f t he n on-parochial i nstances m ay o nce h ave b een p arishes ; b ut i t i s c lear t hat t he g reat m ajority o f t hese p laces w ere i nsignificant , l ess t han a h amlet a nd o ften n o m ore t han a n i solated f arm .

N o g ood r eason c an

b e a dvanced f or r egarding - i ng 2 a s h aving c ome e arly i nto u se . N one i s t o b e f ound i n r ecords d ating b efore c .730 ( Ja in-. 8 ,49) , w hereas inga- a nd i ngas

a re f ound 2 6

( 28?) t imes

( ibid .,

4 9-50) a nd ham 2 1

t imes,

i f 3

e xamples o f ingaham b e e xcluded. I n B erkshire

t he

p osition i s

s omewhat

d ifferent

f rom

t hat

i n K ent

i n

t hat f our o ut o f t he s even ing 2 p lace-names a re o f p arishes a nd w ere D omesday m anors . I f E ling ( PN , 2 50) b e i ncluded , t his , t oo , w as a s mall D omesday e state ,

b ut n ot a p arish .

T wo o ut o f t he s even a re n o l onger i n

u se a nd a ll b ut E ling w ere o riginally s tream-names ( PN I II ,

8 85 ,

9 32) .

O f

t he e leven E ssex n ames o f t his t ype , e ight a re p arishes a nd s even w ere i n t he D omesday r ecord . O f t he o ther t hree , L awling w as a D omesday m anor b ut . n ot a p arish . I n g eneral i t m ay b e s aid t hat in g2 p laces i n E ssex w ere m ore i mportant t han t hose o f K ent. I n t he u se o f t his p lace-name t ype , H ampshire s eems t o h ave m ore i n c ommon w ith K ent , b oth o f t hem o riginally J utish r egions . H ampshire h as a t

4

l east 2 2 p lace-names i n -i ng 2 , a ll b ut o ne o f t hem i n m id- a nd s outhern H ampshire , w ith t en i n t he I tchen v alley a nd t hree a long t he r iver M eon . O f t he 2 2 , t en a re n o l onger i n u se . O nly o ne , N ursling , i s a p arish a nd i t w as a lso a D omesday m anor . I n B edfordshire t here a re f our o f t hese n ames , b ut o nly K notting i s a p arish a nd i ncluded i n t he S urvey o f 1 086 . H ertfordshire h as t hree , o ne o f t hem , T hrocking , a p arish a nd i n D omesday . B uckinghamshire a ppears t o h ave n one a nd O xfordshire h as o nly t he d oubtful i nstance o f F ilkins . W iltshire , S urrey a nd S ussex e ach a ppears t o h ave t wo m inor p laces w ith n ames o f t his t ype ; M iddlesex h as t he o ne d oubtful i nstance o f W apping w hich w as n either a p arish n or a D omesday m anor . B esides H ersden a nd L ockinge m entioned a bove , t here a re f our a rchaeological s ites , F erring ( High D own ) S x a nd M ucking E ss , b oth o f t he f ifth c entury ; a nd S towting K a nd F ilkins O x , p robably o f t he s ixth . A ll o f t he p lace-names a ssociated w ith t hese s ites e xhibit e arly s pellings t hat s uggest a v ariation b etween t he ingas a nd t he ing 2 t ypes . H ow f ar t hese v ariations s hould b e a ttributed t o t he e rrors o r u ncertainties o f s cribes o r h ow f ar t hey r epresent r eal v ariations i n p ronunciation b y l ocal p eople i s u nlikely e ver t o b e k nown .

4 .

TUN

T his i s p robably t he c ommonest o f a ll p lace-name t erminations a nd i t i s a lso t he o ne m ost f requently a ssociated w ith s ites o f t he p agan p eriod . I n m ost i nstances t he p lace-name r efers t o t he p arish i n w hich t he g raves o r s ettlement w ere f ound . D r . G elling n oted t hat B erkshire n ames i n tun p erhaps a rose l ater t han t he e arliest k inds o f E nglish p lace-names ( Brk I II , 1 976, 9 40-1) . D r . C ox i n h is p aper ' The P lace-names o f t he E arliest E nglish R ecords ' ( Jour . 8 ,

1 2f) ,

t aking h is f inal d ate a s A D 7 31,

f ound o nly

f ive o f t he tun t ype i n a ltogether 2 20 p lace-names o f a ll k inds c oncluded c . 730 . '

( p . 6 3) t hat ' they b elong ,

T he

l ate

D r .

J .

M orris

b y a nd l arge ,

a nd

t o t he p eriod a fter

( The A ge o f A rthur ,

1 975 ,

6 19-21)

l isted

p agan c emeteries a ccording t o t he p eriods 4 30/470, 4 60-500, 4 90/530, 5 10/540 , 5 30/560 a nd s o o n , a ffecting a p recision o f d ating e mulated b y f ew m odern s cholars. H is c riteria f or d ating m ay b e d isputed b y s ome s pecialists p articularly a s t hese c hronological l imits w ere d etermined b y t he t ypology o f c ertain k inds o f p ottery o r o f m etal g oods . E ven s o , t he e rrors , i f e rrors t hey b e , a ppear t o b e o f a bout a g eneration t oo e arly f or s ome s ites o f t he f ifth c entury . O f t he 2 05 s ites t hroughout E ngland t hat h e l ists w ithout a q uery m ark , 4 2 ( 20%) o ccurred i n p arishes w ith n ames i n tun . I n t he r egions c onsidered i n t he p resent s tudy , t here a re s ome 3 15 s ites , e xcluding a f urther 10 w hich a re l isted b ut a re p erhaps n ot o f t he s ixth c entury . A mong 14 s ites o f t he f ifth c entury t here a re 1 7 ( 14 .9%) a ssociated w ith tun n ames

a nd 2 4

( 11.94%)

o ut

o f 2 01

s ixth-century s ites

h ave t his t ermination . F or t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies t ogether 4 1 ( 13 .01%) o f t he 3 15 s ites h ave tun n ames . I f w e t ake a ll p agan s ites o f t he S axon a nd J utish r egions ( excluding t hose o f t he l ower W arwickshire A von a nd t hose o f C ambridgeshire) l isted i n t he O .S . M ap o f t he D ark A ges ( p . 3 8f . ) w ith a f ew a dditions f rom M eaney 's l ists ( MA X , 2 8) w e f ind 5 8 ( 22% ) w ith n ames i n t un i n at otal o f 2 61 . W ith r egard t o t hese 5 8 s ites , t here a re a t l east 1 5 t hat i ncluded b urials a nte-dating A D 5 00 . N ames i n tun o f t he ' geographically r elated t ype ' ( Sutton , W eston , N orton a nd E aston ) a re ' not l ikely t o d ate f rom t he e arliest u se o f E nglish ' ( Brk I II, 9 41).

5

T he t ype ingtun , ' farm e tc . , a ssociated w ith ' + p ersonal n ame ' , o ccurs p erhaps e ight t imes ( 2 .54%) i n m y l ists , b ut t here i s n o m eans o f k nowing w hether a ny o f t hem r eferred t o t he s ettlements r epresented b y t he k nown a rchaeological s ites . I n c onclusion i t m ay b e s aid t hat tun m ay w ell h ave b een i n i nfrequent u se d uring t he p eriod o f

t he

e arliest

s ettlements

( EPNE I I ,

1 91,

( 9)

a nd

c ontinued a s an ame-forming e lement f or s everal c enturies a fter t he i nitial i nvasions.

5 .

H abitation n ames i n g eneral T hese

c omprise 3 7 .72% o f

f ifth a nd 2 5 .37% o f s ixth-century s ite-names ,

i ncluding tun . F or b oth p eriods t ogether t he f igure i s 2 9 .84% . A s r emarked e arlier , p lace-names s uch a s B ishopstone a nd M onkton c annot a nted ate t he s eventh c entury , y et t he s ettlements s o n amed m ay o riginally h ave h ad tun n ames . T hat p ossibility c annot b e e xcluded . F inglesham K , o n t he o ther h and , w ith a p robable ham t ermination , h as f engel o r t hengel ' a p rince ' a s f irst e lement , aw ord r ecorded o nly i n p oetry a nd p resumed t o b e a rchaic . I f s o , t his p lace-name c ould w ell h ave c ome i nto u se i n t he f ifth o r s ixth c entury . M oreover , t he a ssociation o f t his n ame w ith a c emetery t hat i ncluded ' princely ' b urials i ncreases t he p robability o f i ts e arly u se a s a p lace-name . B y c ontrast , t he n ames E ast G arston B rk a nd A lfriston S x h ave p ersonal n ames a s a f irst e lement t hat s hould m ost p robably b e i dentified w ith l ocal m anorial t enants o f t he e leventh c entury b earing t hose n ames . I t i s l ikely , t oo , t hat t he p lace-name U ffington B rk c ame i nto u se n o e arlier t han t he m id-tenth c entury a s as ub-division o f t he A shbury e state. W ith t hese l ater p lace-names w e s hould p robably i nclude t hose i n t horp : G estingthorpe E ss , T ythrop O x • a nd E ythrope B k , f or t heir f inal e lement i s c onsidered t o i mply s econdary s ettlement a nd i t i s

l ikely t hat s uch n ames

p ost-date t he e arly p agan s ettlements b y m any g enerations . M ost o f t he e ight n ames i n burh ( 2 .4% o f f ifth a nd s ixth-century s iten ames) p robably r eferred o riginally t o i nhabited p laces r ather t han t o e mpty d efensive e arthworks . I n r ecords d ating b efore c .730 t here a re n ine b urh n ames i n at otal o f 2 24 ( 4 .02% ) , w hich p roportion i s r egarded a s ' c onclusive e vidence t hat w e m ust v iew b urh a s a n i mportant e arly p lace-name f orming t ype . ' ( Cox , J our . 8 , 6 2) . T his i s p robably c onfirmed b y t he f act t hat f our o ut o f t he e ight s ite-names i n t he p resent l ists , h ave a p re-English f irst e lement. T he e lement ceaster o ccurs n ine t imes r efers i n s everal i nstances

t o p laces

t hat

( 2 .86% ) i n t he t otal o f 3 15 a nd l ater b ecame p opulous t owns -

C olchester , R ochester , W inchester , C hichester - b ut i n o ur p eriod w ere h ardly t o b e d ifferentiated f rom r ural s ettlements e xcept f or t heir h aving R oman w alls . P ortchester , S ilchester , D orchester a nd C hesterford m ay h ave b een h ardly l ess p opulous i n t he s ixth c entury . A r elict B ritish p opulation i s l ikely t o h ave s urvived i n a t l east s ome o f t hem a nd p assed o n t he p re-English f irst e lements t hat c haracterise s ome o f t hem . T his , i n i tself , i ndicates t hat ceaster p lace-names c an , w ith s ome a ssurance , b e t hought o f a s ap art o f E nglish u sage i n t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies. R ecords d ating b efore c .730 i nclude f ifteen ( 6 .7%) o f t his t ype o f n ame . ( Ibid .

6 2) .

6

6 .

P lace-names r eferring t o w ater

A part f rom n ames i ncorporating p re-English e lements , s uch a s D over , A ndover , M icheldever a nd L yminge, a nd t hose w ith o ne o f t he m any f inal e lements

s uch a s leg ,

burna a nd ford ,

t here i s

a n umber w ith s imilar

w ords a s t he f irst e lement, f or e xample C olchester , A lton a nd , b y i mplication , C assington . O f t he 14 f ifth-century s ite-names , 3 1 ( 2 7 . 19% ) h ave a ' water ' e lement. O f 2 01 s ixth-century s ites 4 1 ( 20 .4%) a re s o n amed . T his r epresents t he l argest g roup o f a ll i n t his s tudy a nd s tresses t he p re-occupation o f t he e arly s ettlers w ith a n a dequacy o f f resh w ater , a s i mportant f or a b asic e xistence a s g ood s oils , d ry h abitation-sites a nd a b enign c limate . A mong p lace-names r ecorded b y c .730 , (i)eg i s t he m ost f requently r ecurring e lement,

9 % o f a ll r ecorded ( Ibid . ,

5 8) .

I n t he

p resent s tudy i t o ccurs s ix t imes a mong 3 15 i nstances ( 1 .9% ) , whereas burna i s f ound e ight t imes ( 234% ) i n a ssociation w ith t he e arly s ites a nd f ive t imes ( 2.23%) i n t he e arly r ecords . A nother f ormative e lement i n t his g roup o f n ames, ford w ith 1 9 ( 6.03%) i nstances among s ite-names a nd 9 ( 4 .02%) i n t he e arly r ecords , ( Ibid . , 5 9-60) i s t he m ost n umerous o f a ll t he t opographic e lements . I ts g reat f requency m ay b e d ue t o t he e conomic a dvantage o f a f ord i n t hat i t f acilitated t he p roduction o f h ay f rom b oth s ides o f a s tream . W inter f odder w as o ne o f t he e ssentials o f s ubsistence a griculture .

F inally , w ords d enoting a r iver-source , w iella a nd a e-wielm ,

t ogether c onstitute t en s ite-names ( 3 .17% ) , b ut o ccur o nly o nce ( Cherwell) i n d ocuments e arlier t han c .730 a nd t his i nstance o f wella d enotes t he s tream r ather t han i ts s ource ( Ibid., 6 5-6). W here s urface-water w as l acking , a s a t P ortchester , R oman w ells m ight b e r e-used o r n ew o nes d ug .

T wo s ites w here a ccess t o w ater m ight h ave b een

e xceptionally d ifficult a re O zengell K a nd H oughton R egis B d , b ut t he p resent h ydrography o f t hese l ocalities a ffords n o r eliable i ndication o f t he a vailability o f w ater b efore t he f all i n t he w ater-table , w hich i s m ost c learly

d emonstrated

i n c halk

c ountry

( Copley

1 954 ,

6 2) .

F ailing

o ther

s ources , t he c ollection o f r ain-water i n p ools l ined w ith p uddled c lay w ould h ave r educed t he d ifficulty , b ut i n t he a reas o f l ower r ainfall i n e ast a nd s outh-east B ritain , t here w ould h ave b een m uch h ardship d uring p eriods o f p rolonged d rought . T he s ettlements o f s outh-east E ssex , t he l ower T hames v alley a nd e ast K ent w ere r egions e specially a t r isk f rom s canty r ainfall .

7 .

W oodland e lements T hese a re f ewer t han m ight b e e xpected .

s econd

e lements ,

t he

f ifth-century

s ites

I f w e i nclude b oth f irst a nd

h ave

p lace-names w ith e lements r eferring t o w oodland . i s o nly 5 .97%.

8 .

1 0 .53%

o f

t heir

a ssociated

F or t he s ixth c entury i t

H ill-names

ange o f d istinctive e lements a nd i n t otal t here T hese i nclude a g reater r ind t han o f w oodland n ames . I ncluding t hose a re m ore i nstances o f t his k lements r eferring t o h ills , t here a re 9 . 64% o f w ith b oth f irst a nd s econd e 1 . 4 4 % o f t h e s i x t h c e n t u r y . a ll f ifth c entury s ites a nd

7

9 .

N ames i n hamm T his i s y et a nother c ategory o f t opographical n ames ,

b ut t hey a re l ess

e asy t o i dentify t han t he o ther k inds . I t i s l ikely t hat s ome o f t he n ames i n ham a lready a ccounted f or a ctually b elong h ere , b ut e xcluding a ll b ut t he p robable hamm n ames , w e f ind f our ( 3 .51% ) i n t he f ifth-century l ist a nd a s imilar n umber ( 1 .99% ) i n t hat o f t he s ixth c entury .

1 0.

T opographical n ames a s aw hole

I ncluding a ll t he a bove s ubdivisions t here a re s ixty ( 52 .63% ) f or t he f ifth a nd 8 9 ( 44 .28%) f or t he s ixth c entury , b oth p roportions c onsiderably l arger t han t hose f or h abitation s ite-names.

1.

C rops I n H alley a nd i n L ower H eyford ,

b oth i n O x ,

' hay ' i s t he f irst e lement .

I ts i mportance i n t he S axon p easant e conomy h as a lready b een r eferred t o . O ther c rops a re i ndicated i n t he p lace-names Wheatley O x , B anstead S y ( beans) , a nd p ossibly f lax i n L inford E ss , B k . M archam B rk ( wild c elery ) a nd P urwell O x ( pear-tree) , p robably r efer t o w ild p lants o f e conomic u se ; a nd L eighton B d , i mplies a c ultivated v egetable g arden .

1 2.

S oils ' Chalk ' i s t he f irst e lement i n C halton H a a nd s tands a lone i n C halke W .

O ther s oils f igure i n S andy B d , L ambourn B rk ( loam?) .

C hisenbury W ( gravel) a nd p ossibly i n

R adley B rk ,

m ay r efer t o ac learing w ith y ellowish-

r ed s oil a nd S nodland K t o l and u nder t he p lough .

S herrington W w as

i n

s ome w ay d ifferentiated f rom o ther s ettlements b y i ts u se o f m anure o n t he l and , a lthough t his w as p robably a c ommon p ractise . S ouldern O x s eems a lso t o r efer t o p loughland a nd I ckham K p ossibly t o t he m easure o f l and c alled a ' yoke ', t he q uarter o f a s ulung , b oth K entish t erms . A gricultural e nclosures o f o ne k ind o r a nother o ccur i n C havenage G 1 a nd F arndish B d , i n G lynde S x , T nworth E ss , W orth K , M umworth W a nd i n K ing 's W orthy H a . A ll o f t he c ommon f arm a nimals a nd m ost o f t he i ndigenous t rees a re r epresented , b ut i t i s n ot s uggested t hat a ny o f t hese t erms w ere n ecessarily a pplied -to e arly s ettlements . I ndeed , p lace-names i n stede , w orth a nd w orthig m ay w ell b elong t o t he p ost-pagan p eriod .

1 3.

P ersonal n ames T hese

o ccur

a s

a f irst

e lement

i n 3 8

( possibly 3 9)

s ite-names

o f

f ifth c entury a nd o f t hese 1 8 ( 43 .37%) ( possibly 1 9) a re h ypothetical ;

t he t hey

a re ' unrecorded ' i n • t he s ense t hat t hey a re f ound o nly i n p lace-names , b ut n ot i n c harters o r o ther d ocuments. S ites o f t he s ixth c entury w ith p ersonal n ames n umber 7 3 i n a ll , o f w hich 3 2 ( 44% ) a re h ypothetical . T he f igures g iven l ater r efer t o a ll p -ns t hat m ay h ave b een a ssociated w ith s ites . T he p resent f igures r efer o nly t o t he ' accepted ' s ite-names . O f t he c ommon e lements ( ordinary w ords) c ompounded i n f ifth-century s ite-names , o nly 9 % a re h ypothetical a nd f or t he s ixth c entury , o nly 7 % -p roportions f ar b elow t hose o f p ersonal n ames .

B ut

8

t he m ost

r emarkable

t hing a bout

t hese h ypothetical p ersonal n ames i s t hat m ost o f t he ingas p lace-names a ssociated w ith f ifth-century s ites a re h ypothetical i n t heir f irst e lements .

O nly W akering E ss i n t his g roup h as a p ersonal n ame o f u ndoubted

v alidity .

O f

t he

s ixth-century

n ames

o nly

P eppering

i s

s imilar .

B ut

f ifth-century ham n ames a re d ifferent i n t his r espect , f or n one o f t hem h as ap ersonal n ame a nd a ll o f t he w ords c ompounded w ith ham a re k nown o utside t he f ield o f t oponymy , a part f rom t he o ccupation-name * faefer o f F aversham . C uriously e nough ,

m ost o f t he s ixth-century ham n ames h ave p ersonal n ames

a s t he f irst e lement a nd a ll o f t hem a re u nrecorded . f rom a ll t his

t hat

t he ingas

a nd ham

I t m ight b e a ssumed

p lace-names

a ssociated w ith e arly

s ites a re s o a ncient t hat t hey a re i nexplicable f rom t he s urviving v ocabulary o f O ld E nglish ; t hat t hey h ark b ack t o a p eriod o f t he l anguage f rom w hich s ome o f t he v ocabulary h as b een l ost . I f t his b e a ccepted , t hen t here i s t he p robability t hat s ome o r e ven a ll o f t hese p lace-names w ere i n u se i n t he f ifth a nd s ixth c enturies a nd t hat t hey r eferred t o t he s ettlements r epresented b y b urials o r dwelling-sites t hat a re a rchaeologically

a ttested .

I t h as b een c ommonly a ssumed t hat m onothematic p ersonal n ames , t he O sa o f O sney O x a nd O zengelt K o r t he B eada

o f

s uch a s

B eddington S y a nd

B eddingham S x w ere g enerally i n u se e arlier t han d ithematic n ames s uch a s t he B eorhthelm o f B righthampton O x a nd B righton S x o r t he A elfric A lfriston S x .

O f

o f

t he f ifth-century s ite-names which a re c ompounded w ith

p ersonal n ames , 4 1 ( 82%) a re m onothematic , t welve ( 29 .27%) o f t hat 4 1 b eing h ypothetical . T here a re o nly n ine ( 18%) d ithematic p ersonal n ames a mong f ifth-century

s ite-names .

c entury s ites ,

Among

t he

p lace-names

t here a re 4 8 p ersonal n ames i n a ll ,

m onothematic .

a ssociated o f which 4 1

O f t hese 2 7 ( 65 .85%) a re h ypothetical ,

w ith

s ixth-

( 85 .42%) a re

b ut n one o f t he s even

d ithematic n ames i s h ypothetical . T he n ames

f act t hat

( or

i ndication o f w ell h and ,

b e

t he

s ome

s eeming

f act)

t hat

a re u nknown e xcept t he

g reat

a ntiquity

o riginal n ames o f

o f

s o

i n

m any

s ite-names

p lace-names

o f

t hese

may

p lace-names

t he a ssociated

i nclude

b e

a nd

s ettlements .

t hese p ostulated p ersonal n ames

p ersonal

r egarded t hat

a s

a n

t hey m ay

O n t he o ther

m ay n ever h ave e xisted b ut

w ere i n f act c ommon n ouns o f o ne k ind o r a nother w hich w ere l ost v ery e arly f rom t he c urrency o f t he O ld E nglish l anguage . B ut t his, t oo, would s uggest t hat t he p lace-names w ere a rchaic a nd p robably t he o riginal n ames o f t he s ettlements.

1 4.

T he e arly r ecording o f s ite-names T he

f irst

k nown

o ccasion when a p lace-name w as

r ecorded w ill

a lmost

a lways b e l ater t han t he t ime i t f irst c ame i nto o ral u se . T he d ifference m ay b e am atter o f s everal c enturies r ather t han d ecades . P lace-names w ere p assed o n b y w ord o f

m outh

b y

t he

l ocal p eople ,

u sually

f or a l ong

t ime

b efore t hey w ere r ecorded b y a s cribe ; a nd h e m ight w ell b e o f N orman-French e xtraction , dwelling a t a d istance f rom t he p lace, i gnorant o f i t a nd s ometimes i gnorant o f t he t rue f orm o f t he n ame .

H is k nowledge o f E nglish

m ight b e s ketchy o r e ven m inimal. E ven b efore t he N orman c onquest , d ifficulties o ccurred o ver t he f orms o f p lace-names . T he f irst s cribe o f t he A nglo-Saxon C hronicle ( the P arker o r ' A ' m anuscript) , S axon monk , o ccurred .

w ho w rote i t d own t o t he y ear A D 8 91,

w as p robably a W est

l iving f ar f rom t he p laces where h e r ecorded t hat e vents H is u ncertainty i s

i llustrated b y h is

9

t wo d istinct s pelling o f

W hit g araesbyrg ( s .a . 5 30) a nd W ihtgara b yrg n ot m any l ines o f s cript l ater ( s .a . 5 44) . ( This i s ad istinction o bscured b y E HD I , 1 44 , 1 45 . A lthough c orrected i n e d . 2 , n o c omment i s o ffered o n t he v ariation i n t he p ltte- ' n ame) . I t i s, o f c ourse, p ossible ( but u nlikely) t hat t he v ariant s pellings w ere m ere a berrations o f a c opyist . ( See W .H . S tevenson 's e d . o f A sser , p . 1 73) . O ther i nstances o f t his s cribe 's d ifficulties w ith p lacen ames a re m entioned i n t he c omments o n s everal s ites t hat m ay h ave a b earing o n t he C hronicle n arrative. I n 1 086 m any o f t he i tinerant D omesday S urvey c ommissioners w ere p robably l argely i gnorant o f t he v ernacular a nd h ad t o r epresent t he n ames o f m anors a s b est t hey c ould , u sing t heir f amiliar N orman-French p honetical s pelling t o r ecord O ld E nglish p honemes t hat d id n ot o ccur i n t heir o wn l anguage . M any a m onastic s cribe i n l ater t imes w as n o d oubt f aced w ith s imilar p roblems o f t ransliteration . I n t he l ight o f t hese c onsiderations i t i s o bvious t hat s pelling o f p lace-names i n t he l ater e leventh c entury a nd a fterwards , a nd e ven s ome w ritten d own e arlier , m ay b e m ere a pproximations t o t he f orms o f p lace-names a s u sed i n t he s peech o f t he l ocalities w here t he p lace-names o ccurred.

1 5.

T he d ates o f t he f irst r ecording o f p lace-names i n t he t wo l ists. T here a re f ive a spects o f t his m atter :

1 .

S ite-names

f irst

r ecorded b efore

t he D omesday S urvey o f

1 086 :

5 4% o f

f ifth-century a nd 3 2% o f s ixth-century s ite-names. 2 .

S ite-names

f irst r ecorded b efore 1 086 a s w ell a s i n D omesday B ook ( or

t he D omesday M onachorum i n K ent) :

5 1% o f f ifth-century s nd 2 5% o f s ixth

c entury s ites. 3 .

4 .

S ite-names f irst r ecorded i n D B ( or D M) : c entury s ites. S ite-names r ecorded i n D B o r D M ,

3 3% o f f ifth a nd 3 5% o f s ixth-

w hether f irst r ecorded t here o r n ot :

8 2% o f t he f ifth c entury a nd 6 1% o f s ixth-century n ames. 5 .

S ite-names f irst r ecorded a fter 1 086:

1 2% o f f ifth a nd 7 % o f s ixth-

c entury s ite-names.

T he c o-incidence o f e arly s ettlement- o r b urial-sites w ith D omesday manors i s i n n o way r emarkable , f or t he l atter a re t hick o n t he g round w herever s oils w ere a dequate ( See e .g . D arby 1 936 , f ig . 1 9 , w hich c overs a lmost a ll t he S axon a nd J utish a reas o f e arly s ettlement) . T here a re , m oreover , m any s ettlements n ot s eparately r ecorded i n D omesday b ut i ncluded w ithout n ame a s p art o f ac omposite e ntry . n ecessarily

1 6

I ts c omposite c haracter i s n ot

a pparent .

T he l ocation o f s ites. M arine e rosion a nd d eposition h ave a ltered t he c oastline o f t he s outh

a nd e ast

o f E ngland s ince

t he

e arliest

s ettlements

b een

h ave

f ifth l ost

1 0

c entury a nd w ithout

u ndoubtedly

t race .

I n

s ome

o f

t he

r elation

t o

t he

p resent c oastline a nd within t hree m iles o f i t a re 1 0.53% o f a ll k nown f ifth-century

s ites

a nd

7 .46%

o f

t he

s ixth c entury .

E stuarine

a lmost a s n umerous w ith 1 1.4% a nd 3 .98% r espectively .

s ites

a re

S ites s ituated

b eside r ivers a re t he m ost n umerous : 6 3 .16% o f t he f ifth a nd 3 8 .81% o f t he s ixth c entury a re s o l ocated , w hereas o nly 1 5 .8% o f t he f ifth a nd 1 6% o f t he s ixth c entury a re t o b e f ound a t t he s ources o f r ivers.

U pland s ites,

a pparently r emote f rom a s upply o f w ater , c onstitute 6 % o f f ifth a nd 9 .5% o f s ixth-century s ites . H owever , m ost o f t hese a re o n t he c halk u plands w here t he w ater-table h as f allen g reatly s ince l ate R oman t imes .

S ome o f

t his

l ast c ategory o f s ettlements m ay o nce h ave b een l ocated b eside s prings w hich n ow b reak o ut a t s ome d istance away o n l ower g round . U sually s uch a s ettlement i s a t t he h ead o f a c ombe , a t a l ower p oint . T here a re e mpty a reas ,

d ry i n i ts u pper l evels w ith a s pring

a ll o f t hem w ith s oils u nfavourable f or p easant

f arming . T he l argest o f t hese , t he W eald , i s a lmost d evoid o f e vidence o f e arly E nglish s ettlement , a lthough t he p asturing o f s wine w ithin i ts l imits m ay w ell h ave b egun b efore t he s ixth c entury w as o ut .

A t a ny r ate ,

a l ine

d rawn w estward f rom t he f ifth-century s ite a t L ympne K t o t he n eighbourhood o f W inchester , ad istance o f r ather m ore t han a h undred m iles , i s w ell c lear o f a ny e arly s ite .

T he N ew F orest a rea i s s imilarly d evoid o f e vidence a s

a re v ery l argely t he n orth H ampshire d owns a nd t he a djacent B agshot h eath c ountry o f w est S urrey a nd e ast B erkshire . T he w ooded d ip-slopes o f t he C hiltern H ills f rom O xfordshire t hrough t o H ertfordshire a re a lso b lank o n t he d istribution m ap o f e arly S axon s ites, c ountry b etween O xford a nd B uckingham . s ite t o t he C ity i s

a s i s t he t ract o f l owland

T o t he n orth o f L ondon

t hat a t S t . A lban 's ,

t he n earest

which m ay n ot h ave c ome i nto u se

b efore t he v ery e nd o f t he s ixth c entury . n othing s outh o f t he D unstable-Luton a rea .

A part f rom t hat, t here i s E xcept f or S tevenage , m ost o f

H ertfordshire i s b lank t ogether w ith t he w estern a reas o f E ssex .

N umerous

d iscoveries o f e arly S axon s ites d uring t he l ast t wenty y ears a re a w arning a gainst a ssuming t hat what i n n ow b lank w ill r emain s o . T he m ore t han t wo d ozen s ites n ow k nown i n E ssex a nd t he d ozen o r s o i n H ampshire h ave a lready c ompelled r evisions c oncerning t he i nitial E ngland.

1 7.

s ettlements

i n s outh-eastern

T he A rchaeology o f t he S ites.

T he n umber o f f ifth-century b urial-grounds 1 14 w ith t hree p ossible f urther i nstances.

c onsidered i n t his s tudy i s F or t he s ixth c entury t he

n umber i s 2 01 w ith t wo f urther p ossible i nstances . S ettlements o f t he f ifth c entury n umber 3 7 w ith e leven d oubtful i nstances ; a nd o f t he s ixth c entury t here a re 2 5 with a n a dditional s ix p ossible i nstances. d oubtful o nes

a re u sually

l acking

e ither

i n o bvious

b urials

T he

o r d wellings .

I n a n umber o f i nstances b oth k inds o f s ite h ave c ome t o l ight i n t he s ame p arish , b ut i t i s s eldom t hat t he t wo c an b e c orrelated a s a t M ucking E ss a nd

B ishopstone

S x .

S ome

i nstances

a re

d oubtful b ecause

t he

s ites

i ncompletely o r i ncompetently e xcavated a nd i t i s u nfortunate t hat s o

w ere f ew

s ites h ave b een f ully e xcavated a nd t hat s ome o f t hem h ave n ever b een p ublished . M ost s ites w ere r evealed b y c hance a nd w ere w holly o r p artly d estroyed

b efore

a k nowledgeable

o bserver

o r

e xcavator

c ould

b e

p resent .

M uch h as b een s aved f rom o blivion b y t he i nexpert a mateur. T he d ating o f a rtefacts, a nd s o o f s ites, i s n ever more t han a n a pproximation , w ith a m argin o f e rror o f a bout 5 0 y ears . F or t his s tudy i t h as p roved n ecessary t o g o b ack t o t he w orks o f E .T . L eeds ,

1

B aldwin B rown ,

R .A . S mith a nd N ils A berg , a ll o f w hom w ere p ublishing t heir f indings i n t he e arlier d ecades o f t his c entury . a ssumed a d ate o f c .450 f or t he g enerally

o bserved

d own

t o

t he

B ut o ne h as t o b ear i n m ind t hat t hey i nitial J utish s ettlement , a c onvention

l ast

d ecade .

A mong

l ater

s cholars

w hose

w orks h ave b een f ound o f e special v alue m ention s hould b e m ade o f D r . J .N .L . M yres ( with s ome M .G. W elch.

r eservations

a bout

W ith d ating s o a pproximate,

h is

d ating) ,

M rs .

S .C . H awkes

a nd

M r .

t he d ivision o f s ites b y • c enturies i s

n ecessarily a rbitrary t o s ome e xtent,

a lthough t he r elative d ating o f

a rtefacts m akes t his d ivision p ossible . E ven s o , t here i s a n i ndeterminate o verlap b etween t he t wo c enturies a nd a f ew s ites m ay w ell b e i n t he w rong l ist . I t h ad b een i ntended o riginally t o l imit c onsideration t o s ites o f t he e arlier c entury o nly. A f ew f ifth-century s ites c an b e s o d ated b ecause t hey y ielded o bjects t hat c an b e c losely m atched o n t he G ermanic c ontinent w here t hey w ere m ade , u sed a nd b uried , a bandoned o r l ost b efore t he m igration t o B ritain ; a nd i t i s a s well a t t his p oint t o r eiterate t hat t he m igrations l eading t o s ettlement h ere v ery p robably n eed t o b e p ut b ack a bout t wenty y ears b efore t he t raditional d ate o f 4 49 f or t he f irst i ncursions. T here

i s

n o

i ntention i n

t his

s tudy

o f

p roviding a n a nalysis

o f

e ach

s ite o r a b ibliography f or i t , b ut m erely o f i ndicating t he l ikely d ate o f t he f irst u se o f a s ite a s s uggested b y c ompetent s cholars . T he d ate o f manufacture o f a n o bject may b e a t l east a g eneration e arlier t han i ts d eposition i n ag rave o r i ts d iscarding o n a s ettlement s ite . g ap m ay b e e ven g reater f or a w eapon o r a b rooch a s

T he t emporal

t hey w ere

h anded d own a s h eirlooms, a lready v ery o ld when d eposited . l iterary r eferences ( See B T s .v . which r ender t his c ertain .

l af ,

I II ,

p . 6 15 ;

s ometimes T here a re

b ut c f L eeds

1 936 ,

3 5-6)

I n t he F ifth-Century L ist , t he b rief s tatement o f t he n ature a nd d ate o f as ite i s f ollowed b y a n i ndication o f t he n umber o f l ate R oman s ites w ithin a n a rbitrary d istance o f t en m iles. Most o f t he R oman s ites i ncluded y ielded s ome e vidence t hat t hey w ere p robably i n u se a fter c .350 , a nd m any o f t hem a fter 4 00 . T heir n umber a ffords s ome i ndication o f t he l ocal d ensity o f R omano-British o ccupation i n t he d ecades p receding t he a rrival o f t he f irst E nglish s ettlers .

W here o ccupation w as f airly d ense i n t he l ater

f ourth c entury , t he n ewcomers c ould p robably h ave t aken o ver f ields s till u nder t he p lough o r n ot l ong r everted t o s crub a nd e asily c leared . A nd t he d ensity o f t hat o ccupation m ay s uggest a l ocal p ersistence o f t he B ritons f or l ong e nough t o p ass o n a s mattering o f t heir s peech o r , a t l east , o f t heir p lace-names. A s y ear s ucceeds

y ear a nd

i ncreasing n umbers

o f

l ate R oman s ites a re

d iscovered , i t b ecomes a pparent t hat t here c an h ave b een f ew a reas i n s outhe ast B ritain w here n atives a nd i nvaders d id n ot e ncounter e ach o ther a nd , ( though t his i s s urmise) , s ettle d own i n s ome s ort o f r elationship t hat d id n ot n ecessarily i nclude c onstant w arfare b etween t hem . I nformation a bout

t he

R oman

s ites

h as

b een

c ulled

f rom

t he V ittoria

C ounty H istories a nd f rom n ational a nd l ocal j ournals , b ut t he n umber o f l ate R oman s ites g iven i n t he F ifth-Century L ist m ay w ell b e i ncomplete . E ven s o , t he n umber o f t hese s ites m ay b e e xpected t o b ear s ome r elation t o t he n ext e ntry i n t he L ist ,

n amely a s uggestion o f

E nglish p lace-names w ithin t he s ame t en-mile r adius .

1 2

t he

f requency

o f

p re-

T he n umber o f t hese

p lace-names

i s m ade u p o f h abitation-names ,

r iver - a nd h ill-names a nd o f

l ocal i nstances o f t he s urvival o f w ords f rom p re-English s peech , s uch a s c omp/camp * funta, v icus ( in W ickham n ames) a nd o f s ome o ccurring i nfrequently s uch a s * corte ,

* ecles , * faefer ,

p ort a nd c roh ,

m ost

o f

t hem

f ound o nly i n m inor p lace-names . W ords o f B ritish o r L atin o rigin , s uch a s s traet, c easter o r c umb h ave n ot b een i ncluded a lthough p lace-names i n w eala- a nd b rytt- r eferring t o B ritons ,

a re .

I t s hould b e a dded ,

h owever ,

t hat t here i s e ven g reater u ncertainty a bout m any o f t hese p re-English p lace-names t han t here i s a bout t he d erivations a nd m eanings o f p urely O ld E nglish

p lace-names .

d oubtfully

e arly

f rom c onclusive ,

d ate

F or a nd

w e f ind t hat

s ixth c entury h ave a n e lement , T he

n ext

i tem

i n

t he

s ite-names,

t hose where

e xcluding

a s

u sual

t he a rchaeological

1 9 .3% o f

o f

i s

f ar

t he f ifth c entury a nd 6 .47%

o f

t he

f irst o r s econd ,

F ifth-Century

t hose

e vidence

L ist ,

o f p re-English o rigin . ' Early

E nglish

P lace-names%

e numerates t he m ain t ypes o f e arly p lace-names w ithin t he t en-mile r adius , u sually w ith a s tatement t hat t he p lace w as a D omesday m anor .

A b rief n ote

i s a dded i ndicating w here ham o r ing p lace-names p redominate i n t he a rea . A s n oted a bove , o f t he 6 0 s ites a round which t he t wo e lements a re f ound i n s ignificant n umbers , 2 4 s how a p redominance o f ham a nd 2 1 o f ing . T he a rea a round 1 5 s ites h as a r ough e quality i n t he n umbers o f t hese e lements. T he n ote n ext f ollowing u nder e ach s ite ,

o n s oils a nd a griculture ,

i s a n

a ttempt t o a ssess t he a ttractiveness o f t he i mmediate n eighbourhood t o e arly s ettlers .

F rom t he D omesday r ecord i t i s p ossible t o g ain s ome n otion o f

t he r elative f ertility o f t he s oils o f a l ocality . E ven t hough t he D omesday S urvey w as m ade s ix c enturies l ater t han t he e arliest p hases o f t he E nglish

s ettlement ,

d uring which l apse

o f

t ime

t here

w as

a c onsiderable

e xpansion o f t he a creage f armed i n most r egions, y et t he n ucleus o f a D omesday e state was u sually a p lace where a s ettlement h ad b een l ong e stablished ;

a nd m ost f ifth- a nd s ixth-century s ites a re v ery c lose t o t he

n ucleus o f aD omesday m anor. B ut

t he

a bsence

o f

a p arish-name

( site-name)

f rom

D omesday

i mply t hat a c ommunity d id n ot e xist i n t hat p arish b efore 1 086 ,

d oes

n ot

f or e ven a

f ew m ajor s ettlements g elded u nder t he n ame o f a nother e state i n t he s ame ' honour '. A s was n oted e arlier , 8 2.46% o f f ifth-century s ites a re i n p arishes r ecorded i n t he D omesday B ook . F or t he s ixth c entury t he f igure i s 6 0.7% . O f t he b alance n ot s o r ecorded i t i s u sually t he c ase t hat t he s ite-name i t , c hat o f am inor p lace ( or what i n t he l ate e leventh c entury was am inor p lace) ,

a nd t hat t he p arish c ontaining t he m inor p lace h as i ts n ame

i n D omesday B ook. T he o nly f igures i n t he D omesday B ook i n which o ne m ay p lace a m odicum o f c onfidence a re t hose o f p loughs a ctually i n u se .

T he h idations a nd t he

v alues a re s ometimes a rtificially l ow , e specially f or c hurch e states which , i n t otal , w ere v ast i n 1 086 . B ut e ven t he n umber o f w orking p loughs m ay b e l ower t han i n s ay 1 060 o wing t o t he d evastation c aused b y t he N orman h ost i n i ts c ircuitous march f rom H astings t o L ondon i n 1 066. I t i s p erhaps f ortunate t hat f ew o f o ur s ites w ere o n t he l ine o f m arch o r n ear e nough t o h ave

b een a ffected b y

f oraging p arties .

I n g eneral

o ver

o ur

r egion

t he

n umber o f p loughs i n u se a ccording t o D omesday m ay b e t aken a s a t l east a r ough i ndication o f t he a gricultural p otential o f a n e state ; a nd t he s tated a reas o f m eadow a nd t he r eturn t o t he l ord o f s wine p astured i n t he w oodland o f

h is

e state,

a re

s ignificant

e lements

i n

a ssessing

t he

o verall

p roductivity o f a m anor , e specially i f a llowance i s m ade f or t he l oss o f woodland b etween t he f ifth a nd e leventh c enturies. S ome c heck o n t he

1 3

e xtent

o f

meadowland

c an u sually

b e

m ade

b y

a s tudy

o f

t he

p resent

t opography o f a manor f or, o f t he v arious c onstituents o f t he m anorial e conomy , t his w as t he l east s ubject t o c hange u ntil t he p resent c entury . T he d rainage o f r iverside l ands h as b een e xtended s ince N orman t imes ,

b ut

t he w ater m eadows

h as

r emain u nmistakable .

W oodland ,

o n t he o ther h and ,

s teadily d iminished f rom e arly p rehistoric t imes t o t he p resent ;

t he m odern

d istribution o f w oodland a ffords l ittle i ndication o f i ts d istribution i n t he f ifth c entury . B ut a t l east t he D omesday s tatements a bout w oodland r epresent r ealities t hat a re n ine c enturies n earer t o t he r ealities e xperienced b y t he e arliest E nglish s ettlers . T he d escription o f

l and-use d epicted i n t he O rdnance S urvey L and

C lassification Map o f 1 944 a ffords a nother u seful p ointer t o t he l ocal a vailability o f g ood a rable l and i n t he f ifth c entury . I t i s q uite r emarkable b ut u nsurprising h ow t he D omesday i nformation a nd t he l ilac ( LA ) o r b rown ( 2A ) c olouring ,

i ndicative o f f irst-class l and a nd o f g ood g eneral-

p urpose f arm-land r espectively , S mall t hough t he s cale m ay b e , s cale

( 1/625 ,000 ,

( -D . S tamp ,

i .e .

a bout

o n t his map a lmost

t en m iles

T he L and o f B ritain ,

i nvariably a gree .

' it i s p ossible t o s how s eparately o n t his 1 948 ,

t o 3 3) .

o ne

i nch )

.

a bout

a 1 00

a cres . '

T he s uperimposition o f f ifth-

a nd s ixth-century s ites o n t his m ap r eveals t hat t he v ery g reat m ajority o f t he s ites were o n g ood o r v ery g ood a rable .

O nly s ix s ites: L eighton

B uzzard B d , T herfield H rt , S hiplake O x , R awreth a nd W ickford E ss a nd B ow B rickhill B d a re i n a reas w here s oils a re l ikely t o h ave b een u nattractive t o t he e arly s ettlers ;

a nd t here a re s ome t wo d ozen s ites o n t he v ery e dge

o f g ood a rable s oils w hich w ere , n everthless , e asily a ccessible f rom t he p resumed l ocations o f t he s ettlements. Most o f t hese 2 5 s ites were c emeteries, p robably s ituated a t a s mall d istance f rom t he a ssociated s ettlement which i tself m ay h ave b een n earer t he g ood a rable . T he v illage o r h amlet a nd i ts b urial-place w ere p robably s ited o n t he l ess a ttractive s oils f or o bvious

r easons o f e conomy .

C ertainly

i t

c annot

b e

m aintained

t hat S axon a nd J utish s ettlements w ere u sually d istant f rom f ertile l and . O f t he s ites o n p oor s oils ,

T herfield ,

S hiplake ,

R awreth a nd W ickford

m ay n ot h ave b een c losely a ssociated w ith a s ettlement .

I n a ny c ase ,

e vidence f or e arly o ccupation a t t he t wo E ssex s ites i s s parse .

t he

T herfield

h ad g ood a rable a bout 5 00 y ards t o n orth a nd s outh ; B ow B rickhill w as w ell p rovided w ith f ourteen p lough-teams i n 1 086 , a lthough a t t he b eginning o f t his c entury o nly 1 6% o f t he p arish w as u nder t he p lough . S hiplake h ad c halkland a rable , n ot h ighly p roductive , y et s ufficient t o m aintain t he v ery s mall c ommunity t hat may b e i mplied b y t he f ew c remation b urials. D omesday,

L ashbrook ,

within S hiplake p arish ,

g elded f or 1 2 h ides

I n a nd

a lthough t he j urors d eclared t hat t here w as l and f or n ine p loughs , o nly t hree w ere w orking . T here h ad b een a s teep d ecline i n v alue f rom £ 12 t o 3 0 s hillings . I n t hat L eighton ( Buzzard) m eans ' vegetable g arden ' , t here i s a n i mplication t hat s ome ,

a t a ny r ate ,

o f t he l ocal s oils w ere f ertile ;

i n

1 086 t he r oyal d emesne m anor h ad 5 4 w orking p loughs w ith m eadow f or 3 20 p lough-oxen a nd w oodland r endering 1 00 s wine . A lthough t he D omesday e state p robably e xtended f ar b eyond t he l ands o f t he e arly s ettlement a t L eighton , i t w as o bviously n ot o n m arginal l and , f or t he s ite i s c lose t o t he j unction o f h eavy c lay a nd s andy s oils w here a n arrow b and , a t l east , o f f ertile l oam was p resent. I n 1 905 more t han 2 0% o f t he p arish was a rable . , T he l ocation o f t his s ettlement a t t he j unction o f t wo c ontrasting s oils c an b e p aralleled e lsewhere i n s outh-east B ritain ,

n otably t he Wandle v alley

s ettlements , a s w ell a s F arnham , A lton a nd t he g roup r ound B arling . T urning b ack o nce a gain t o t he i tems i n t he l ists o f s ites ,

1 4

t he f inal

c omment o n e ach o ne c oncerns t he r oute p robably t aken b y t he e arliest s ettlers t o g et t here . I n m any i nstances t his i s f airly o bvious , b ut i n a f ew , e specially t he n ine o r s o b ordering t he I cknield W ay , m ore t han o ne r oute o f i mmigration w as p ossible . I t m ust b e s aid t hat t he p roximity o f a s ettlement t o a n a ncient r oute d oes n ot n ecessarily i mply t hat i t w as u sed b y t he f irst S axon i mmigrants t o r each t he s ite . A long t he I cknield W ay , C hesterford E ss , L imbury B d a nd A ylesbury B k , f or e xample w ere a ccessible f rom t he s outh-east a long m ain R oman r oads ; a nd s ites s uch a s E welme O x , W allingford B rk a nd D orchester O x , n ear t he p oint w here t he I cknield W ay c rosses t he T hames , w ere m ore p robably r eached b y b oat a long t he R iver . I t m ay w ell b e t hat n ot a ll t he e arly s ettlers a t a s ite a rrived t here s imultaneously , h aving f ollowed t he s ame r oute . M any a c ommunity m ay h ave b een c omposed o f g roups o f m igrants w ho c oalesced i nto l arger b ands e ither e n r oute o r a t t heir d estinations ; a nd i t s hould b e a ccepted t hat s ome o f t he b urial-grounds a nd s ettlements w ere n ot a t t he i mmigrants ' f inal d estination i n s outhern B ritain . F rom s tarting-point t o f inish m ay h ave o ccupied m ore t han o ne s eason , w ith a f ew m onths ' h alt b efore t he s eac rossing t o B ritain a nd b etween t he t ime o f m aking l andfall a nd t he e nd o f t he j ourney . T hese m igrants c annot h ave k nown , e xcept i n a v ery g eneral w ay , where t hey w ere g oing a nd where t hey w ould e nd u p . I n f amily g roups , i ncluding c hildren , p ossibly w ith c attle a nd d raught a nimals , w ith a t l east s ome s eed c orn t o b e c arried a nd a m inimum o f v aluables , t hese p eople c annot h ave m ade r apid p rogress a nd a t a ll p oints o n t heir j ourney t hey were v ulnerable t o h ostile m en a nd t o t he v agaries o f n ature . M any m ust h ave b een l ost a long t he w ay . T o c omplete t he j ourney a s s oon a s p ossible , i f o nly b ecause s upplies o f f ood m ust h ave b een l imited , w ould h ave b een t he d esire o f a ll . T oo m uch s tress h as b een l aid o n R oman r oads c ommunications i n e arly S axon E ngland .

a s

t he m ain s ystem o f

T hey w ere v ery v ulnerable t o

n eglect ; a b locked c ulvert c ould r esult i n t he e rosion o f a l arge s ection o f a gger o r c auseway a nd t he c ollapse o f a b ridge would n ecessitate ( probably) a w ide d etour t o a f ord . T he a voidance o f R oman r oads b y e arly S axon s ettlers h as b een n oted i n s ome r egions a nd a p erusal o f t he O rdnance S urvey D ark A ge M ap d emonstrates c learly t hat t he m ajority o f s ites a re n ot a t o r n ear t o k nown R oman r oads . T here a re m any l ong s tretches o f r oad i n s outh-eastern B ritain w ith n o a djacent s ites e ven i n a reas o f h igh f ertility . O f f ifth-century s ites 5 0 .76% a re c lose t o o r o n R oman r oads a nd 4 9 .2% a re n ot s o o bviously r elated t o t hem . F or s ixth-century s ites , 5 0% a re o n o r n ear R oman r oads . B ut t here m ay b e a f ew m ajor a nd m any m inor r oads y et t o b e f ound . T he R oman s ites o f t he D arent v alley i n K ent , f or i nstance , w ould c ertainly h ave b een s erved b y am etalled r oad w hich m ay w ell b e b eneath o ne o f t he m odern r oads t hat r un p arallel w ith t he r iver . I n t he r egion a s aw hole a g reat m any m inor r oads a re i mplied b y t he v ast n umber o f h ouses , o ccupation s ites o f a n i ndeterminate n ature , i ndustrial a reas a nd m ilitary s tations , a lmost a ll o f t hem r equiring a ccess b y l and a nd s ome b y w ater a s w ell . A s ignificant

c hange

i n

t he

e nvironment

s ince

t he

f ifth

c entury

o r

p erhaps s omewhat e arlier , h as b een t he d epression o f t he l and-surface o f s outh-east B ritain r elative t o s ea-level , ap rocess c ontinued s imultaneously w ith m arine e rosion a nd d eposition . A lmost t he w hole o f t he c oastline f rom n orthern E ssex t o w estern H ampshire h as u ndergone c hange , m uch o f w hich c an o nly b e s urmised .

H owever , i t i s l ikely t hat s ome o f t he e arliest S axon a nd

J utish s ettlements h ave b een l ost t hrough c oastal e rosion ;

W ithering a nd

C udlow i n w est S ussex , l ong s ince d estroyed , m ay b e r elevant i nstances .

T he

f irst o f t hese p lace-names r efers t o a n e stuary o r r iver-mouth a nd i s a n -

1 5

i ng 2 f ormation , B erkshire.

p robably c omparable w ith t he s everal ing 2 r iver-names o f

I nland , t he f all i n t he w ater-table , m ost a pparent i n c halk c ountry , h as r esulted i n s prings i ssuing f rom a p rogressively l ower l evel , s ettlements

a ppear

s ource o f w ater .

t o

b e a t

a g reater e levation

t han

s o t hat s ome

t heir o bvious

B ut a c ombe c ontinuing a bove t he p resent

e arly

s pring t owards

t he n ucleus o f t he s ettlement m akes c lear w hat h as h appened . T he l arge-scale d estruction o f woodland , t hat p robably b ecame d evastating i n t he l ater I ron A ge a nd i n R oman t imes , a ffected t he S axon 's c hoice o f s ettlement s ites i n s omes a reas ; b ut w here t here h ad b een R omanoB ritish i ndustry , i ron b loomeries , p ot- o r t ile-making , t he c learances w ere m ost e xtensive , p robably g iving r ise t o t he O ld E nglish f inal e lement field i n t he p lace-names o f s uch a reas a s t he W eald , n orth-east H ampshire a nd m idE ssex ; b ut t hese w ere n ot a reas o f i nitial S axon S ettlement. A s

f ar a s

c an b e a scertained ,

t he

c limate o f

o ur r egion i n t he f ifth

c entury w as n ot m arkedly d ifferent f rom t hat o f t he t wentieth , a lthough s ome a melioration p erhaps o ccurred i n t he s ixth c entury . T he a reas c omprising s outh-east E ssex , t he l ower .T hames a nd p art o f n orth S urrey , p robably h ad a s l ow a m ean a nnual r ainfall a s n ow . I n a y ear o f p rolonged d rought a nd e specially i n af ew s uccessive y ears o f d eficient r ainfall , s ome s ettlements c ould h ave b een f aced w ith d isaster , e ven e xtinction , t hrough t he d iminution o r

c omplete f ailure

o f

c rops .

T he

e stablishment o f a s ettlement,

f ew

y ears

i mmediately

f ollowing

t he

when r eserves o f a ll k inds were l ow o r

l acking , w ould h ave b een h azardous . T he e xtinction o f a s ettlement m ay w ell h ave r esulted i n t he l oss o f i ts n ame , a lthough m aterial e vidence o f i t m ay h ave s urvived i n t he f orm o f b urials o r d welling-sites . s ites

a re c onventionally c alled a fter t he p resent n ame o f

l ocality w ithin i t .

T oday t hese

t he p arish o r a

T he l oss o f t he o riginal n ame m any g enerations b efore

t he p ractice o f w riting w ould r arely , i f a t a ll , b e a pparent t o t he s cholars o f t oday. T he m isfortunes o f t he E nglish s ettlers w ould h ave b een s hared b y t hose B ritons w ho h ad r emained i n t he S outh-East a fter t he S axon s ettlements h ad b ecome e stablished . I n o nly a f ew i nstances i s i t p ossible t o d etermine w hether R oman s ites c ontinued i n u nbroken o ccupation i nto p agan S axon t imes . T he a rchaeology o f l ate R oman B ritain a ffords v ery l ittle m aterial f rom w hich t o g eneralize a nd t oo o ften what e vidence t here m ight h ave b een w as d estroyed b y s ubsequent o ccupation o r b y t he p lough . E ven s o , t he e vidence f rom p lace-names , n ot s o n arrowly l imited a s h as s ometimes b een t hought , m akes i t v ery p robable t hat t hroughout s outh-east B ritain s ome f ragments o f B ritish s peech w ere a cquired b y t he S axons a nd J utes , a lthough i t i s a lso l ikely t hat t hey h ad l ittle i dea w hat t he B ritish w ords m eant , f or o nly i ncomprehension c an e xplain B rickhill B d ,

B k ,

H a ,

C rooksbury S y ,

t o

t he

n ame

D urobrivae

C amp(s)field O x ,

R ochester

( mea4

t autological h ybrid

B rill a nd C hetwode B k ,

J ackson ,

i n

i ts

p lace-names

s uch

a s

a nd p ossibly P amber a nd C huteley

S y a nd C hithurst S x .

f irst-element

B ut w hat h appened

t ransmogrification

f rom

2 67) s hould s erve a s a w arning t hat s ome m odern

p lace-names p robably u nderwent s imilar c hanges ,

b ut t hat ,

w ith t he e arlier

s pellings l ost ( as would h appen w ith m ost m inor p laces) , w e d o n ot s uspect a B ritish o rigin f or t hem . Y ork ( Eburacum) a nd t he f irst e lement o f S alisbury ( Sorbiodunum) a re t raceable i nstances; a nd t here a re o thers ( Gelling 1 978 , 5 3-5) . T hese , t hen , w e m ay t ake a ccount o f i n e stimating t he d egree a nd l ocations o f B ritish s urvival ; p lace-name h as n ot o bviously s urvived ,

1 6

b ut wherever t he B ritish

i ts m odern r epresentative c annot b e

s een f or what i t i s: r ecognition .

ap re-English p lace-name t hat h as c hanged b eyond

E very s hire i n t he o ld S axon a nd J utish r egions h as a t l east a f ew s ites w here a rchaeologists h ave c oncluded t hat R omano-British o ccupation c ontinued f or s ome t ime i nto t he f ifth c entury . T hese s ites i nclude m ost o f t he R oman t owns, major a nd m inor, t he S axon S hore F orts a nd s ome v illas. A ltogether

t here

a re m ore

t han

t hree

d ozen s uch

s ites f or w hich t here i s

e vidence o f o ccupation t hat c ontinued a fter A D 4 00 a nd t here a re s ome f our d ozen o thers where t he c oin-series e xtends t o t he emperors A rcadius o r H onorius, o r v ery r arely, t o e ven l ater . Most o f t he s ites where l ate R oman m ilitary m etalwork h as b een f ound may b e r egarded a s p laces o f p rolonged o ccupation , b ut s imilar a rtefacts f rom A nglo-Saxon s ites s eldom r elevant t o t he m atter o f B ritish s urvival .

a re

A nd t hese s ites o f l ate B ritish o ccupation a re s cattered a cross t he f ace o f t he m ap , i ntermingled w ith t he l ocations o f p lace-names t hat e lements o f B ritish s peech o r i mply t he l ocal p resence o f B ritons .

r etain B ut i t

n eed h ardly b e s aid t hat t he l ate p ersistence o f o ccupation i n t owns , a nd

v illas

f unctions ,

d oes f or

p etered o ut .

n ot

t he

m ean

t hat

o rganised

t hose

e conomy

p laces

o f

r etained

t heir

f orts

o riginal

l ater R oman B ritain h ad

l argely

I n t he l ate f ourth c entury t he p ottery i ndustry h ad c eased t o

o perate a nd t he f low o f R oman c oins t o B ritain d ried u p , s o t hat d istinctive e vidence

o f B ritish s urvival

l ater

c entury i s v ery l argely l acking .

t han t he

e arlier d ecades

o f

t he

f ifth

Y et t he a bsence o f s uch m aterial e vidence

c annot b e r egarded a s a n i ndication t hat t he B ritons h ad f led f rom t he S outh-East o r h ad b een e xterminated . M any m ust h ave r emained w here t heir l ivelihood w as ,

m ainly i n t he c ountryside where f ood c ould b e g rown .

More

t han i n t he e arlier R oman c enturies, s elf-sufficiency m eant p hysical s urvival . T he c ontinued t illing o f t he f ields i n t he f ifth c entury i s a v irtual c ertainty a lthough d irect e vidence o f i t i s e lusive . T he f irst E nglish s ettlements s eem t o h ave b egun i n a bout A D 4 30 .

S ome

o f t hem n o d oubt d isplaced B ritons , b ut t here w as p robably e nough f ertile l and f or t he n ewcomers without s erious d eprivation o f t he n atives. E conomic c ollapse h ad meant t hat t own p opulations n o l onger h ad t o b e s upplied a nd t he c essation o f t he v illa-estates a s l arge-scale p roviders o f c orn t o t he u rban p opulations a nd t o t he R oman a rmy p robably r esulted i n s ome, a t a ny r ate, o f t heir l and r emaining u ntilled .

I n s ome a reas i t

w ould h ave b een e xpedient t o a llow S axon s ettlement o n d isused a rable r ather t han t o d eny t hem w ith f orce . P erhaps m uch o f t his l and h ad r everted t o s crub , b ut i ts c learance a nd c ultivation w as a t ask l ighter t han f elling w oodland t o c reate a rable a nd p asture ; a nd t his n o d oubt w as u navoidable i n s ome l ocalities a nd h ere a nd t here w ent o n c ontinually t hroughout t he S axon p eriod a nd b eyond .

S ome

o f

t he

m ature woodland

o f

t he

f ifth

a nd

s ixth

c enturies h ad b een a rable l and i n t he t hird a nd e arly f ourth . I n s ome e arly E nglish s ettlements s tock-raising was p robably more i mportant t han t he g rowing o f c ereals . W here l ocal s oils w ere r elatively u nfavourable t o t he p roduction

o f

c orn ,

t he

r earing

o f

c attle

a fforded

a n

a lternative

l ivelihood. A s w as s tated e arlier , E nglish s ettlement h as y et

t here a re f ew a reas w here n o e vidence f or e arly c ome t o l ight . T he l argest o f t hese i s t he

W eald o f S urrey , S ussex a nd K ent i n i ts i nnermost f astnesses .

E ven i f t hey

h ad b een p enetrated a s e arly a s t he s ixth c entury b y s wineherds o n a n a nnual a utumn t ranshumance f or t he o ak- a nd b eech-mast o f t he w oodlands , t hese p eople w ere p robably s o i mpoverished t hat

1 7

t hey w ould h ave l eft

l ittle ,

i f

a ny ,

t races o f

t heir t emporary p resence ;

a nd l ater w hen p ermanent h amlets

w ere e stablished , t he s heer p overty o f m aterial c ulture o f t heir i nhabitants w ould h ave

r esulted

c enturies,

l eft f or t he modern i nvestigator

i n f ew

a rtefacts ,

r ecognisable t o

a s

o f

t he e arly S axon

i dentify .

Y et

i t

i s

s urprising t hat t he e astern e nd o f t he Weald , where i t m eets t he c oast a round H astings , h as p roduced n othing o f t he p agan S axon p eriod .

T he e arly

s aucer-brooch with a d ecoration o f f ive r unning-spirals i s o f d oubtful p rovenance ( Welch , 1 983, 5 06, f ig . l a) . T he c omplete a bsence o f p agan b urials

m ight b e e xplained b y t he p ractice o f u nurned c remation o r o f t he

e xposure o f c orpses t o c arrion-eaters o r b y t he d estruction o f a ll t races o f b urials

b ecause o f

t he a cid n ature o f

e xplanations i s r eally c onvincing .

t he l ocal s oils .

B ut n one o f t hese

I t i s t rue t hat t hese s oils d o n ot m ake

g ood a rable a nd t hat i n t he R oman p eriod v illas w ere n ot e stablished h ere . A s catter o f R oman f inds a t H astings i tself m ay b e r elated t o t he s hipping o f W ealden i ron , f or t he h interland h as a n umber o f R oman b loomery s ites ; a nd t here w as p robably a s heltered a nchorage a t H astings b efore t he e rosion o f

t he

s eaward

e nds

T hat t his h aven ,

o f

t he E ast

a nd W est H ills

( Copley 1 977 ,

5 8-9 ,

n .60) .

o r an eighbouring o ne w as u sed b y e arly S axons s eems c lear

f rom t he o ccurrence o f e ight ingas n ames i n t he R ape o f H astings . T he f act t hat t here a re o nly t wo ham n ames ( Burgham , W ilting-ham) i s n ot i n i tself s ignificant . C ontinent , i ts e arly g ood w ater-supplies ,

T he a ccessibility o f t he H astings r egion f rom t he p lace-names a nd s uitability f or s tock-farming , w ith m akes i t i nconceivable t hat i t r emained u noccupied

u ntil a fter t he p agan p eriod . S imilarly v oid o f e arly s ettlement a re t he c halk d ownlands s urrounding t he W eald T hese

where

a reas

t hey

h ave

a re

l argely

o verspread r emained

w ith

i nhospitable

u ntouched

d own

t o

r ecent e xcavations a t C halton H a a nd B ishopstone S x , s ettlements c ould b e e stablished o n c halk u pland ,

' clay-with-flints ' .

m odern t imes .

B ut

h ave s hown t hat e arly

C halton a t m ore t han 4 70

f eet a bove s ea-level, B ishopstone a t 1 60 f eet; b ut most c halkland s ettlements w ere a long t he r iver-valleys t hat d ivide t he c halk r egions a nd m uch o f

t he e xtent

o f

t he

c halk u pland a ppears

n ot

t o h ave

b een s ettled .

T his w as e qually t rue o f t he c oastal a nd e stuarine m arshlands o f t he S outhE ast , m uch c hanged s ince R oman t imes a nd l argely d evoid o f e vidence o f e arly E nglish o ccupation. I t i s b ecoming i ncreasingly a pparent t hat e arly S axon s ettlements w ere n ot

i mmobile .

W here h abitation s ites

a re k nown ,

i t

i s

c lear

t hat

t hey

m ostly b elong t o ap attern o f o ccupation d ifferent f rom t hat o f m edieval a nd m odern t imes , which h ad i ts o rigin i n t he m iddle S axon p eriod . B etween p agan a nd m iddle S axon t imes t he a vailable e vidence ( and i t i s s till s parse i n t otal) i ndicates a s hift o f l ocation . T he p agan h amlet h ad n o s uccessor o n t he s ame s ite a nd t he c hange o f s ite c onceivably c aused t he l oss o f t he o riginal

n ame

o f

t he

p lace .

C ertainly ,

i f

t hat

n ame

w as

t opographical ,

d escriptive o f a f eature o f t he p agan s ite, i t m ay well h ave b een i napplicable t o t he n ew s ite . C halton , h owever , m ay h ave r etained i ts n ame ' village

o n t he

S axon s ite .

c halk ' ,

a s

i t

B ut B ishopstone ,

i s a s a ppropriate t o t he m edieval a s a s n oted e arlier ,

t o t he

i s o bviously a n i mpossible

n ame f or a f ifth-century v illage ; a nd S utton ( Courtenay) i s a n u nlikely o ne . N either o f t hese s ites a ppears t o b e r elated t o t he e xisting v illage o r t o i ts

n ame.

T his

m ay

b e

t rue a lso o f Mucking,

S hakenoak ( Halley) a nd

E ynsham , a lthough M ucking w ould u sually b e r egarded a s a n e arly p lace-name a nd E ynsham ( -h amm) c ould w ell b e s o . P urwell , p robably o f a n e arly p lacen ame t ype , i f i t w as a ttached t o t he n earby e arly S axon s ite , m ay a lso b e t he o riginal n ame , r ather t han C assington , t he p resent n ame o f t he p arish .

1 8

I t

i s o nly with R oman p laces t hat t here i s c ommonly a n e lement o f

c ontinuity

i n

n ame

f rom R oman

t o

S axon

t imes .

C anterbury ,

C olchester ,

D orchester , P ortchester a nd W inchester , f or e xample , a re p re-Saxon i n t heir f irst s yllables . E ach n ame h as b een a nglicized , b ut p reserves s omething o f i ts f ormer s hape .

O f t hese p laces i t m ay b e s aid t hat t heir n ames i n t he

f ifth c entury w ere a ncestral

t o

t heir

p resent

n ames .

T he

s ame

m ay ,

o f

c ourse , b e t rue o f m any ingas a nd ham n ames , b ut o f t hem w e c annot b e s ure t hat t hey w ere u sed o f t he l ocal i nitial s ettlements . I ndeed , a lmost a ny g eneralizations h azardous. T he

a bout

m igrations

t he

o f

p lace-names

t he

E nglish

o f

e arly

E ngland

a re

l ikely

t o B ritain were v ery

t o

b e

p robably n ot

o rganized o verall a nd p robably d id n ot i nvolve t he m ass m ovement o f p eople a t a ny o ne t ime . P erhaps w e s hould t hink o f s mall b ands , s ome o f t hem c oming t ogether f ortuitously s omewhere e n r oute . N ot a ll m embers o f a r esulting l arger b and h ad a n i dentical c ulture a nd n ot a ll who t ravelled t ogether n ecessarily

s ettled

t ogether

i n o ne p lace .

P robably m ost

b ands

i ncluded w hole f amilies a nd w ith t hem t hey b rought a s m uch a s p ossible o f t he

b asic

n ecessities :

s eed

c orn ,

p lough-shares ,

w eapons ,

p ots

o r

s kins

h olding w ater f or a s ea j ourney o f u nknown d uration , a nd f ood t o b e c onsumed i n t he e arliest s tages o f t he j ourney . H aving r eached t he c oast o f B ritain t hey would h ave s ought a s heltered l andfall , p referably a n e stuary . S ome b ands s ettled a t t he r iver-mouth a nd o ther w ithin a s hort m arch o f i t ; m ost p erforce p roceeded f arms b eside t he s tream . Immigrants a ccessible ,

who

a nd

u pstream t o f ound v illages , h amlets S ome m oved u p a s f ar a s t he s ource .

c ame

i n o ther

l ater

t o

r espects

B ritain would

m ore

d esirable ,

h ave

p laces

o r

f ound

t he

e ither

b ut

i solated

more

s till

i n

B ritish h ands o r a lready t aken b y p recursors f rom a mong t heir o wn p eople . T hey would h ave m oved o n u pstream o r f urther i nto t he i nter-fluvial t erritory,

b ut

most

t hem

d id

i n

f act

c ome

t o

r est

b eside a s tream .

P robably f or m any b ands o f m igrants a nd t heir d ecendants t here c ould b e n o e arly r esting-place . F or o ne r eason o r a nother , n ow o nly t o b e s urmised , a s ettlement w ould d ie a nd w as i n t ime r eplaced , a t l east i n t he s ense t hat i ts l ands w ould a gain b e u sed . S ome s ettlements d id n ot d ie , b ut s hifted l iterally l ock , s tock a nd b arrel , d ownhill - t hough t hat i s ag eneralization f rom

t oo f ew

i nstances .

I t

s eems

l ikely t hat

t he n ames o f

t hese p laces

w ere a s t ransitory a s t he p eople who d welt i n t hem . W e s hould n ot a ssume t hat ' water-names ' , f or i nstance , w ere g iven t o s ome i nitial s ettlements a nd t hat t he n ames s tuck ; b ut t hey m ay h ave d one s o. I f

w e

l ook

a t

t he

p lace-names

f airly r ecently b y o ne o f

o f

B erkshire

a nd O xfordshire ,

w e f ind t hat n early 8 0 p laces h ave ( or h ad) a n ame i n a ewiell , w ielle ,

b ut t hat o nly t wo h ave f ifth-century a ssociations :

E welme O x .

s urveyed

t he n ew g eneration o f d istinguished t oponymists , a ewielm ,

I t w ould b e f olly t o b elieve t hat t he o ther 7 0 o r 8 0 h ad e arly

s ettlement f or w hich e vidence h as b een l ost o r i s y et t o b e f ound . s ame

o r

H arwell B rk a nd

m iddle T hames

r egion t here a re

t wo n ames

i n burna ,

I n t he

P angbourne a nd

L ambourn B rk , where s ixth-century s ettlement m ay h ave l eft t races ;

b ut t here

a re m ore t han 2 0 o ther n ames w ith t his e nding f or which n o f ifth- o r s ixthc entury o ccupation c an b e d emonstrated .

A bout 8 0 n ames i n ford i nclude

o nly s even w ith p ositive e vidence o f e arly s ettlement: F rilford, E ast S hef f ord a nd W allingford B k w ith B urford , H eyford a nd Y elford O x . N ames i n hamm t otal n early t hree d ozen , b ut o nly t wo , E ynsham O x a nd L ong W ittenham B rk ,

a ppear t o h ave b een s ettled e arly ;

a nd s o i t i s w ith ieg ;

o nly O sney

a nd K ingsey O x o ut o f 5 0 s uch p lace-names h ave y ielded t races o f e arly i nhabitants .

O n p resent e vidence w e w ould d o w ell

1 9

t o a ssume

t hat

t hese

' wate names '

w ere u sed o f

s ame

p lace-name c ontinued

t ype o f

s ome o f

l arge n umber o f ' water-names ' o f t he t ype o f d escendants.

s ite

p referred

t he e arliest s ettlements ,

b ut

t hat

t o b e g iven i n l ater g enerations .

t he T he

r elated t o e arly s ettlements i s ar eflection b y

t he

e arly i nvaders

a nd e qually b y

t heir

T he d etermination o f a c hronology i n t he u se o f p lace-names w ill r emain i mpossible s o l ong a s t he d ate o f t he f irst a pplication o f an ame t o ap lace i s u nknown ; b ut, o f c ourse, t his c ould o nly b e k nown a bout n ames o f t he p ost-pagan p eriod w hen d ocuments f irst a ppear . T hey b eing i n t he 6 70 's i n t he

f orm

o f

l and

c harters .

T here

i s

a f urther

d ifficulty :

t he

e xtreme

u ncertainty t hat m ust p revail c oncerning t he l ocation o f t he s ite t o w hich a n ame h ad b een g iven ; a nd t here i s a n i nescapable d oubt w hether t he n ame o r t he s ite h ad c hanged , f or o ne r eason o r a nother , b efore t he t ime w hen p lacen ames

f irst

c ame

t o

b e

r ecorded .

n ame w ith s ite i s l ikely

t o

b e

I n o ther w ords , g uesswork .

t he

i dentification o f

F urthermore,

i t

must

b e

r eiterated t hat t he d ating o f s ites i s s eldom r eliable b ecause t he c hronology o f a rtefacts i s i nsecure , w ith a m argin o f e rror o f 5 0 o r m ore y ears. I t m ay w ell b e t hat t he u se o f s ome p lace-name e lements ,

s uch a s ham

a nd ingas , w as a c ontinuation i n B ritain o f c ontinental G ermanic p ractices ; s uch

t oponymic h abits

w ere u nlikely

t o

d iffered m arkedly f rom t he f amiliar ; d egree :

b e s hed u nless t he n ew e vironment

b ut i t d id n ot d iffer i n s o g reat

a

s imilar f eatures o f l andscape w ere t o b e f ound o n b oth s ides o f t he

N orth S ea ;

a nd t he o ther m ajor c omponent o f t oponymy ,

b rought h ere b y t heir b earers . u ses o f ham a nd ingas ,

p ersonal n ames ,

w ere

B ut g iven t hat t here w as c ontinuity i n t he

t hey a re n evertheless s eldom t o b e f ound a ssociated

i n E ngland w ith f ifth- a nd

s ixth-century

s ites .

T he e lement tun r ecurs

f ar more f requently i n t he t wo l ists a nd, g ranted t he p ossibilities o f c hanges o f s ite o r o f n ame, t here s eems t o b e n o a dequate r eason f or r egarding i t a s c oming i nto u se i n B ritain a t a t ime l ater t han ham a nd i ngas . T hat i t c ontinued a s a n ame-forming e lement i nto t he l ate e leventh c entury i n n o w ay p recludes i ts u se i n t he f ifth . A ll i n a ll, t he t entative c onclusions r eached i n d isappointingly n egative . S everal h ypotheses p ropounded d ecade

o r

s o h ave

t his s tudy a re d uring t he l ast

b een f ound t o b e d ependent u pon u nsatisfactory e vidence

w hich w as , i n a ny c ase , s elective e vidence .

A f uller u nderstanding o f

e arliest

o nly

c enturies

o f

E nglish

h istory

w ill

r igorous r egard f or t he v alidity o f e vidence .

b e

a chieved

b y

t he

t he m ost

A n i maginative a nd r ealistic

r econstruction o f t hose c enturies, t o which a rchaeological r esearch i s b eginning t o c ontribute s o m uch , c an b e a chieved o nly b y t aking i nto a ccount a ll t he f actors t hat h ave v alidity a nd r elevance f or t he p agan p eriod . I t m ay w ell c ome a bout t hat p lace-name s tudies w ill e stablish a r ougha nd-ready c hronology o f p lace-name e lements ,

b ut w ith m uch o verlapping i n

t heir a pproximate t imes o f i nitial u se ; a nd n ew a rchaeological t echniques w ill a dd t o t he p resent s tore o f k nowledge g ained f rom t he h abitation-sites a nd b urial-places a lready k nown . T he l ocation o f n ew s ites w ill i ncrese s till f urther t he r ange o f i nformation f rom which g eneralisations m ay l egitimately b e m ade .

T he p ublication o f r eports o n e xcavations u ndertaken

d uring t he l ast t hirty o r more y ears i s much t o b e d esired. Y et t he e xisting c atalogue o f s ites i s s ufficiently e xtensive f or i t t o b e u nlikely t hat t here w ill b e a ny r adical c hange i n o ur u nderstanding o f t he m aterial r emains o f t he e arliest E nglish p eoples , s ites a re s o i mperfectly r ecorded .

2 0

e ven t hough s o m any o f

t he k nown

C omparison o f

t he

p lace-names

a ssociated w ith

s ites

i n t he t wo l ists

s uggests t hat ing-names , e xcluding 1ng 4 , a re m ore c haracteristic o f t he 5 th t han o f t he 6 th c entury . I t m ay b e t hat t hey w ere a lready c easing t o b e g iven t o n ew s ettlements i n t he l ater p hases o f t he i nvasions. G loucestershire , w hich h as y ielded e vidence o f 6 th-century s ettlement , h as a f ew n ames o f t his t ype , i n c ommon w ith t he W . M idland c ounties o f W a a nd W o ( PN G I I V ,

1 94) .

O f t he t wo 5 th-century s ites i n G l,

F airford i s n ear t he

O x b order a nd H ampnett i s l ittle more t han 7 m iles f rom i t. c emetery c an b e r egarded a s b eginning e arly i n t he 5 th-century .

N either

I n W a W o t here a re 4 i nstances o f inga- c ompounds a s w ell a s t he l ost d istrict n ame S toppingas ( S . 9 4) , w hich m ay h ave i ncluded t he s ettlements a t S nodsbury , R agley , A lcester ,

S tratford , B idford a nd W asperton ,

t he l ast

t wo

p robably o riginating i n t he 5 th c entury . B ut i n W o t here i s o nly t he o ne inga, B irlingham ( -hamm), a bout 2 1 /2 m iles N o f t he B redon 's N orton c emetery w hich i s p robably o f t he 6 th c entury .

P hepson ( PN W o ,

1 37) ,

3 1 /2

m iles N o f U pton S nodsbury , m ay w ell r epresent a s econdary s ettlement f rom M iddle A nglian t erritory ( Stenton 1 943, 4 4). T he S nodsbury c emetery y ielded a v ery l ate c ruciform b rooch ( BB I II , p l . X LV , 4 ) a s w ell a s l ate s aucerbrooches ( BB I V , 6 67) , A nglian s ucceeding S axon j ewellery .

a nd ,

t wo

P lace-names i n ham a re m ore n umerous i n Wo , b ut N ewnham i s al ate n ame o f t he r est , o nly S trensham , 2 m iles W o f B redon 's N orton , r elates t o

k nown e arly s ettlements. N ewnhams

a re

i rrelevant ,

O f b ut

t he f ew i nstances o f ham i n Wa ,

S outham

( perhaps

a hamm-name)

i s

t he

n ear

3

t he

B ascote a nd O ffchurch c emeteries w hich p robably c ame i nto u se i n t he 6 th c entury , a nd F inham ( -hamm?) i n S toneleigh , i s af ew m iles N o f t he g roup o f s ettlements r ound Warwick , a lso o f t he 6 th c entury . r etain t he n ame i t b ore i n t he 5 th c entury . I t c ould b e m ere c hance ,

B idford may well

f rom t he p aucity o f i nstances ,

t hat ham n ames

o verall , n umber o nly 6 i n e ach l ist a nd i t m ay w ell b e t hat s ome n ames i n h am o r hamm which l ack e arly f orms , i nclude g enuine ham n ames .

Y et i t i s

n ot s urprising t hat * -ge i s l imited t o t he 5 th c entury l ist, n or t hat c easter i s t hree t imes m ore n umerous a mong t he e arlier s ites .

T he m any -

t uns i n t he l ist: 1 7 o f t he 5 th a nd 2 4 o f t he 6 th , may b e t he r esult o f l ater r enaming which , i f t rue , i s a f urther i ndication o f t he i mpermanence o f

t he

e arliest

p lace-names

a nd,

b y

i mplication ,

o f

t he

s ettlements

t hemselves. O f

t he

t opographical

n ames,

t he

i ncrease f rom

1 6

t o

2 4

i n t hose

r eferring t o w ater a nd f rom 4 t o 1 3 o f t hose r eferring t o h ills , m ay s uggest a n i ncreasing u se o f t hese n ame-elements a s t ime w ent o n. T he

a bsence

o f w hat

a re

g enerally

r egarded a s

e arly

p lace-names

f rom

s outh-west C ambridgeshire m ay b e a r esult o f t he o usting o f t he f irst, S axon ,

s ettlers b y l ater ,

t heir d ead

t o

A nglian o nes .

t he s ame b urial-grounds

T hat b oth s hould h ave

c ommitted

i s h ardly s urprising a nd t he A ngles

p resumably o ccupied t heir p redecessors ' dwelling-sites o r o thers n earby . Y et a rchaeological e vidence o f ' early ' o ccupation , a s o pposed t o b urials , i s a ttested o nly a t G rantchester , w ith t he t ermination saete l, a n e lement m ore c ommonly r epresented i n t he w estern s hires f rom S hropshire t o D orset t han i n r egions o f p rimary s ettlement . I t i s n ot a d istinctively e arly e lement . H aslingfield, with a 5 th c entury c emetery, i s a n inga- f ormation a nd S awston , w ith l ater b urials , i s p robably 9 f s imilar t ype .

B ut T rumpington ,

w ith a 5 th c entury c emetery , i s a n ing g t ype . H ildersham , n ot r ecorded b efore 1 086 , a ppears t o b e aham-name , b ut i ts r iverside l ocation s uggests

2 1

t hat hamm i s p ossible . o f t he e arlier p eriod . e arliest ,

T he c emetery t here , a s f ar a s i t i s k nown , N ewnham ,

i s n ot

w ith b urials a nd c remations n ot a mong t he

i s p ossibly a hamm n ame .

B ut m ore t han h alf t he C ambridgeshire

p arishes w ith 5 th o r 6 th c ent. s ites h ave n ames i n tun , p ossibly a s a c onsequence o f t he r enaming o f s ettlements. T he p lace-names h alf

o f

t he n ames o f

i n t he l ower A von v alley h ave r elevant

s ites

i n W a a nd W o .

w ith a c emetery n ot n ecessarily e arly ,

A s a whole ,

t hat

i s

T here i s o ne ceaster

a burh-site n ot a pparently s ettled

b efore t he 6 th c ent" a nd t wo fords w ith s omewhat a re a lso t wo leahs w ith p ossibly 6 th c ent. s ites.

a nd J utish

9 tun-names ,

e arlier s ites .

T here

t hese r egions p eripheral t o t he m ain a reas o f p rimary S axon

s ettlement ,

h ave a p aucity o f

ingas

a nd ham-names w ith

f ew

r eally e arly c emeteries o r o ccupation-sites i n t he A von v alley , b ut a n u nusual c oncentration i n t he v alley o f t he C am a nd i ts u pper t ributaries b ecause o f i ts r elative n earness t o t he e ast c oast a nd i ts h avens .

N OTE I t i s n ot p ossible t o r ender t he O ld E nglish c haracters .

,a nd ä

t ypographically a nd t hey a re t herefore r epresented t hroughout a s a e , r espectively .

t h ,

t h ,

F or a s imilar r eason t he s ign i ndicating l ength o f v owels , a s

a nd s o o n ,

h as h ad t o b e o mitted .

H ypothetical a nd r econstructed e lements a re i ndicated b y a n a sterisk * , a s e .g . * clopp . T hey a re a ssumed f rom t heir o ccurrence i n p lace-names a lthough t hey a re n ot f ound i n c harters o r O ld E nglish l iterature . An umber f ollowing a nd a bove a n e lement,

a s i n o fer 2 , d istinguishes b etween w ords o f

s imilar s pelling b ut o f d ifferent m eanings a nd o rigins . R eferences s hould b e m ade t o A .H . Smith , E nglish P lace-Name E lements, E nglish P lace-Name S ociety v olumes X XV a nd X XVI ,

1 956 .

A R oman n umeral f ollowing a h ead-name ( e .g . F areham I I) ,

r efers t o t he

e numeration o f b urial-sites i n A .L . M eaney , AG azetteer o f E arly A nglo-Saxon B urial S ites,

1 964.

2 2

F IFTH-CENTURY S ITES: P LACE-NAMES e nding i n RAM , e state ,

h ousehold ,

' dwelling ,

m onastery ,

1 59; a nd e specially I ntroduction .

C hatham L ines K f orest . ' C hatham

h omestead ,

D odgson

7 64 6 81) ,

( Aberg,

e arliest ;

9 95 ,

i n

D B ;

A SE

1 ,

2 ,

G elling

2 6)

s uggest

b ut c f . E vison 1 965 ,

t his 2 2 ,

t o

4 0 ,

v illage ,

2 26-7 ;

S ee

7 0 ;

m anor ,

S awyer ,

1 -50 .

1 970 ,

E arly E nglish p -ns :

n either ;

( a) i n ham :

1 978 ,

a lso

my

' village b y t he

2 a re n either ;

p ars. , 2a re n either ;

l ate

5 th

c ent.

L eeds 1 913 ,

1 8 .

8 ,

( b) i n ing 2 : 8 , a ll m inor ;

a re p ars,

b e

7 9 ;

L ate R oman s ites w ithin 1 0 m iles :

+ 1 ?

h amlet ,

d istrict , ' E PNE

T he s ite i s i n G illingham p arish . T he f irst e lement o f i s B ritish . T he c emetery . I nhumations p rimary i n b arrows .

B rooches 17 .

( T IQ

L IST O NE

a t

1 06-9 ;

t he 1 949 ,

P re-English e tc . p -ns :

7a re i n D B &a re p ars ,

8

1i s

( c) i n i ngaham : 4 , 2 i n D B/DM &

( d) i n ingas:

( e) i n ing

9 ,

5 a re i n D B/DM,

x ingas:

7 a re

2 , b oth i n D B & a re

p ars ; ( f) i n ing 2 x ing 4 : 1 , n either i n D B n or a p ar ; ( g) i n 1ng 2 x -inga: 2 , b oth i n D B & a re p ars ; ( h) i n inga- x ingas : 1 , a p ar . n ot i n D B; ( i) f rom J our . 8 :8 . A griculture T his i s a n a rea o f f irst-class l and .

I n D B C hatham h ad 6

s ulungs w ith 1 3 p lough t eams ,

2 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd a r ender o f 1p ig o nly . I n D B G illingham h ad 6 + s ulungs w ith 2 0+ p lough-teams , 2 7 a cres o f m eadow a nd r endered 2 0 p igs .

I n t his a rea n ames i n ing o utnumber t hose i n ham a nd t he t wo

t ypes a re i ntermingled w ithout a pparent v ariation i n t he e nvironment . A ccess w as v ia t he r . M edway o r t he R oman W atling S t .

F aversham K

( TR 0 13 6 09),

8 11,

D B ;

' village o f t he s mith ' ( Lat.

K PN ,

f aber).

1 13-120 ;

G elling

B B I V , n s :

4 ;

7 33-7 & B MG , 3 8-52 . E arly E nglish p -ns :

( b) i n ing 2 : 4 ,

T he c emetery m ap 7 & f ig .

1 59 , I Ib ) o f t he 5 th c ent .

L ate R oman s ites : ( a) i n ham :

1 i n D B &a p ar ;

8 0:

T he s ettlement was p robably

e ngaged i n t he p roduction o f j ewellery a nd g lassware . y ielded a b rooch ( Aberg , f ig . 3 6) , p ottery ( Myres 1 969 , 4 0) a nd p erhaps g lassware ( DAB ,

1 978,

4 ,

1 8 .

S ee a lso

P re-English e tc . p -

a ll i n D B/DM & a ll p ars ;

3 m inor p -ns;

( c) i n ing 2 x

ingas : 1 i n D B &a p ar ; ( d) i n ing 2 x ing 4 : 1 m inor p -n ; inga- x ingas: 1 , a p ar . n ot i n D B ; (0 i n ingas; 2 ,

( e) i n b oth i n

D B/DM & p ars ; ( g ) i n ingaham : 0 ; ( h) f rom J our . 8 : 8 . A griculture T his i s a r egion o f f irst-class a rable . I n D B t his r oyal m anor g elded f or 7 s ulungs w ith 2 6 w orking p loughs, 2 a cres o f m eadow a nd a r ender o f 1 00 p igs . A ccess b y w ater w as a long t he S wale a nd F aversham C reek ; b y l and a long W atling S t .

F inglesham K ( ER 3 25 5 34) , b elow) ;

P NK ,

5 70 :

c . 8 50 , ' the

D B ( in N orthbourne p ar ,

p rince 's

e state . '

q .v . u nder BURNA

T he c emetery

i ncluded

o ne

b rooch w hich m ay b e o f t he 5 th c ent . ( MA X VIII , 1 3-14 ; A S &J , 2 6) , b ut was p ossibly b uried i n t he 6 th c ent. S ome o ther o bjects a re s imilarly d oubtful i n t heir d ates o f d eposition ( e .g . s pears ( BAR 7 , 5 1) .

L ate R oman s ites :

s ee E astry b elow u nder * -GE .

p re-English a nd e arly E nglish p -ns .

2 3

A griculture .

T here t oo

f or

T he s ite l ay o n t he

v erge o f a t ract o f f irst-class a rable .

I n D B t he m anor g elded f or 4

a s ulung w ith 1 4 p lough-teams . N orthbourne h ad 3 0 s ulungs , 4 7 p loughs i n u se , 4 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 0 p igs . A ccess T he s ite i s c lose t o 3R oman r oads a nd , i n t he 5 th c ent , v ery n ear . F or t he t opography s ee MA I I , 4 , f ig . 2 .

t he s ea w as

H igham U pshire K ( TQ 7 03 7 36), c . 7 67, D B ; E PND : ' high o r c hief v illage. ' U pshire : ( BAR 7 2 ,

' in t he h igher d istrict. ' 5 1;

E vison 1 965 ,

T he c emetery i ncluded a b rooch

4 9) o f t he 5 th c entury ,

b ut p ossibly n ot o f

S axon m anufacture . I n g eneral , t he f ew r emaining s urviving o bjects a re o f t he 6 th c entury ( Leeds 1 945, 4 0-2) . L ate R oman s ites: 1 3. P re-English p -ns : 1ng 2 : 0;

8 + 1?

E arly

E nglish p -ns :

( a) i n ham :

7 ; ( b )

( c) i n ingas: 6 ; ( d) i n ing 2 x ingas:1; ( e) i n

1ng 4 : 1 ; ( f) i n ingaham: o utnumber t hose i n ham .

3 ;

( g) f rom J our . 8 ; 6 .

i n

ing 2 x

P -ns i n ing

A griculture T he s ite i s w ithin a t ract o f f irst-class a rable . I n D B , H igham g elded f or 5 s ulungs w ith 9 4 w orking p lough-teams , 3 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd p asture f or 2 00 s heep i n E ssex . A ccess H igham w as e asily r eached f rom t he T hames e stuary o r f rom W atling S t , a way. M itcham S y

( TQ 2 70 6 81) ,

f rom

i ts

9 67 , D B ;

t opography ,

P N ,

p ossibly

5 1-2 :

' the

' the b ig v illage o r e state ' o r ,

b ig

w ater-meadow . '

i ncluded b rooches a nd p ottery o f 5 th c entury d ate . p l .VII ;

M yres

1 969 ,

P re-English e tc"

7 8 ,

p -ns :

8 7-8 ;

8 .

MA X X ,

2 m iles

1 34-6 .

E arly E nglish p -ns :

T he c emetery

M orris 1 959 ,

9 1 &

L ate R oman s ites : ( a) i n ham :

2 1.

7 ; 5 a re

i n D B &a re p ars ; 1i s i n D B o nly ; 1i s n either ; ( b ) i n 1m inor p -n ; ( c) i n ingaham : 3 ; 1i s i n D B &a p ar ; 1i s a p ar o nly a nd 1 i s n either ; ( d) i n ingas ( in S y & Mx within 1 0 m iles): 3 ; 1i n D B & a p ar ;

1 a p ar o nly a nd 1 i s n either ;

( e) f rom J ournal 8 :

1 4 .

P -ns i n

ham h ere a re m ore n umerous t han t hose i n ing . A griculture T his i s ( or was) a n a rea o f f irst-class s oils . I n D B t he manor h ad 7 1 /4 h ides with 3 4 p lough-teams, 5 6 a cres o f m eadow , b ut n o woodland . A ccess T he s ite i s c lose t o t he R oman S tane S t a nd b eside t he n avigable W andle , a t ributary o f t he T hames . G reat W altham E ss w ood.'

( TL

6 99

1 32) ,

D B ;

P N ,

O n p -ns o f t his t ype ,

2 70-1:

W EALDHAM ,

' settlement s ee MA X IX ,

i n o r n ear a 1 98-201.

s ite p roduced 5 th c entury p ottery a bove l ate R oman m aterial . 1 67 .

L ate R oman s ites :

p -ns :

( a) i n h am :

1 ?;

5 ,

( d) i n ingas:

1 5 .

P re-English p -ns :8 + 2 ?

a ll D B m anors ; 7 ,

a ll i n D B;

( b ) i n

-1 ng 2 :

2 ;

( e) f rom J our . 8 ;

T he

M A X XV ,

E arly E nglish ( c) i n ingaham : 1 .

H ere

ing

n ames p redominate . A griculture T he s ite i s w ithin a l arge t ract o f g ood a rable . I n D B t he t wo W altham m anors g elded i n a ll f or 1 3 h ides w ith 5 94 p lough-teams ,

7 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 270

s wine . A ccess T he s ite i s n ear t o t he j unction o f 2R oman r oads a nd t o t he r . C helmer . S ee D unnett 1 975 , 6 2 a nd G elling 1 978 , 7 4 . A P LACE-NAME i n H AMM o r HAM .

O n t he

e lements s ee G elling 1 978, R emenham ( Aston ) B rk . n ame

( SU 7 83 8 42) ,

a re i n d oubt.

m eadow.'

A ston ,

p re-English T he c emetery

a nd

1 220 : e arly

f requent

c onfusion b etween t hese

12-6. D B ;

P N I , 6 6-7 .

B oth e lements o f t his

P ossibly ' border v illage ' o r ' border water' east f arm o r e state . ' E nglish

p -ns

s ee

A b rooch ( Ant . J . L VIII ,

2 4

F or l ate R oman s ites ,

S hiplake

b elow

u nder

2 65) a nd p ottery ( Myres

LACU . 1 969 ,

89) may be of the 5th century. Agriculture The site is in a region In DB this royal manor gelded TRE for 12 hides with of good arable. 8 ploughs TRW, 52 acres of meadow (the -hamm?) -- and woodland for fencing . Access was along the Thames . PLACE-NAMES in -INGAS. . On these see EPNE I, 298-303; MAX, 1-2 7; Appendix, 2 8-9 is probably erroneous in that Toddington.Bd, Hornton Ox, Wallingford Brk, Wingham K, and Feering Ess· , all -inga- or -ingas names, should be included among 5th century sites or,. at any rate, If contemporary should be regarded as of the earlier 6th century. sites in -ham had been included, the balance between the two · types of p-ns, at least for Saxon and Jutish regions, would have probably shown a predominance of -ing names. This is true of the sites considered in the present study. See also Sawyer 1978, 157-60 for other objections to· Dodgson's thesis in MA loc. cit. His proposition that -ingas-/ inga-names are not related to the earliest phase of the English settlement was put forward as 'a speculation' (ibid., 2 0) and its impact on scholarly thinking has been salutary; but for an old dogma to be replaced by a new, insecurely founded, would be unfortunate. The meaning of -ingas names is probably 'the people of ...' preceded by a personal name in all the instances discussed here. See also Cox, Journal 8, 64-5,·including his note on -inga-. Barling Magna Ess. (TQ 037 896), 998, DB; PN, 178: 'the people of *Baerel. or *Baerla? The settlement is assumed from one hut with probably 5th century sherds. MA XXII, 143. Late Roman sites: 8. Pre-English p-ns: 1 + 3? Early English p-ns: (a) in -ham: 4 + 2 ?, of which 3 are DB & are pars; 2 are in DB only; 1 is neither; (b) in -ing2 : 2 , 1 in DB, neither a par; (c) in -ingaham: 1, in DB & a par; (d) in ingas:2, both in DB & are pars; (e) from Jour. 8: 1. Here -ham and ingas/ing2 names are in rough balance. Agriculture The area has very fertile soils and extensive salt-marsh grazing. The 3 relevant DB manors gelded for over 3½ hides in all, with 5 working ploughs TRE and pasture for 40 sheep, although 160 were kept. Access was from the sea, but there has been much coastal change here. Basing Ha.· (See Lickpit under -PYTT below). TRE it had 11 hides, 14 ploughs, _19 acres of meadow; and TRW had woodland rendering 2 5 pigs). Feeri.ng Ess (TL 868 19 2 ), 1067, DB; PN, 389: · 'the companions' (on migration?) or the people of *Fera;' but the settlement-name may have been Kelvedon (see under -DENU), or, less probably, Inworth (see under -WORTH)� The cemetery (unpublished) comprised many inhumations, some of the 5th century as well as late Roman burials. Another late Roman cemetery had g·raves with abraded Saxon sherds of 5th century type. Continuity of occupation is probable here. BAR 15, 95 (Kelvedon); Myres 1969, 88, 104; Aberg 58. Meaney ascribes the Saxon; cemetery to the 7th & 8th centuries (MAX, 2 9). Pre-English p-ns: 5 + 2 ? Early Eng lish p-ns: (a) in -ham: 6; 5 are in DB, 3 are pars, 1 is neither; (b) in -ham or -hamm: 6; 5 in DB; 3 are pars, 1 is neither; (c) in -ing 2 : 2 ,lin DB&is a par; the other a par only; (d)-in -ingaham: 1, in DB only; (e) in -i!1Sas: 4, all in DB & 3 are pans; (f) from Jour. 8, 1. Here there is no great imbalance between -ham and ing p-ns, although the former predominates. Agriculture The area has very fertile soils, with Feering at the edge of them. In DB the manor gelded for 6 3/4 hides, with 22 ploughs in use, 3 2 acres of meadow and a render of 52 0 pigs - mainly a stock rearing economy. 25

T his s ettlement i s i n ar egion o f l owest a nnual r ain-fall w ith a r isk o f p oor h arvests i n t he d riest y ears . A ccess w as p erhaps e ither v ia t he r iver C olne o r u p t he r iver B lackwater a nd a long t he R oman r oad t hat l inks C olchester a nd W itham . T he c emetery w as v ery c lose t o t he R oman w ayside t own o f C anonium F erring ( High D own ) S x .

( DQ 0 92

&S ,

0 43) ,

2 96-7) .

7 91,

D B ;

P N ,

1 67-8 :

' the

p eople

o f

* Fera ,' b ut p ossibly i dentical w ith F eering E ss ( above) . S ee a lso C ameron 1 961, 6 7 . S mith ( EPNE I , 2 89 ( v)) h as f earr , ' a b ull ' o r t he p ersonal n ame * Fearr ,

i ncluding t his p -n u nder

11 7 1i2 -.

T he v ariation

i s f orms f or F erring s uggests r ather a n ingas x ing 2 t ype . H igh D own , 1 610, m ay h ave b een p art o f A ngmering, G oring, P atching o r C lapham i n t he 5 th c entury ;

b ut e qually t he p resumed e arly S axon

s ettlement o n H igh D own i tself m ay h ave h ad a nother , l ost , n ame . c emetery ( & s ettlement?). i nhumations, S axons , t he ( 1973, f ig .

T here

J ,

a s

T he

well

a s

t wo p eoples b eing n eighbours ( BAR 8 2 , 2 77) . C unliffe 4 6 & p . 1 34) p ostulates a S axon a nd B ritish e nclave B rooches ( Evison 1 978 ,

8 6) a nd o ther m etal g oods ( Evison ,

s ee B ell

P re-English p -ns :

i n B randon

6+ 3 ?

8 8 & m ap 5 b ) b etoken a 5 th

W elch ,

1 978 ,

2 76 ; M orris

1 965 , 6 2 &m aps 2 & 1 0 ; A S &

1 36-7) a s w ell a s p ottery ( Myres 1 969 ,

c entury d ate f or s ome o f t he b urials . s ettlement

c remations

a nd b urials may h ave b egun with B ritons a s well a s

b etween t he r ivers A run a nd A dur . 1 959 ,

w ere

1 983 ,

4 61-84 .

L ate

R oman

4 6-7 .

E arly E nglish p -ns :

F or t he s ites :

( a) i n ham :

1 3 ;

1 2 .

6a re

i n D B &a re p ars ; 6a re i n D B o nly ; 1 i s a p ar o nly ; ( b) i n 1ng 2 : 0 ? ; ( c) i n ingaham : 0 ; ( d) i n ingas : 1 3 ; 9 a re i n D B &a re p ars ; 1 i s i n D B o nly ; 1i s ap ar o nly ; 2a re n either ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 6 . A griculture T here a re g ood a rable s oils c lose t o H igh D own . I n D B , F erring h ad 1 2 h ides T RE ,

7 4 p lough-teams T RW ,

2 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd

woodland r endering 4 p igs . A ngmering h ad r espectively 1 0 , 5 , 3 , 3 ; P atching h ad 1 2, 8 , 0 , 4 ; a nd G oring 2 9, 1 5, 5 , O . T he h idages a re T RE ,

t he r est T RW .

B ut wherever t he l ands

o f

t he H igh D own p eople

may h ave b een t hey were v ery f ruitful. A ccess T he s ite i s n ow 2 miles f rom t he s ea , b ut t here h as b een much c oastal e rosion h ere . Movement

o n l and

i n

t his

a rea

w as

r elatively

u nimpeded

b y

n atural

o bstacles. S outh Mailing S x .

( Mailing H ill) ( TQ 4 21

1 12),

8 38 ,

D B;

P N ,

3 54:

' the

p eople o f * Mealla . '

' South ' i n r elation t o E & W Mailing K ,

o f

i dentical e tymology .

T he c emetery y ielded a b rooch ( Morris 1 959 ,

8 1

n ) a nd a g lass a rmlet ( Evison 1 965, 2 1) b oth a ssigned t o t he 5 th c entury . S ee V CH I , 3 38-9 . W elch ( 1983 , 8 8 , 2 19 , f ig . 6 5 , 4 04-5) i s h esitant a bout a 5 th c entury d ate . E nglish e tc . p -ns :

1 0 + 3 ?

L ate R oman s ites:

E arly E nglish p -ns :

8 .

( a) i n ham :

P re2 , b oth

i n D B a nd a re p arishes ; ( b) i n 1ng 2 : 0 ; ( c) i n ingaham : 2 , 1 i n D B , n either i s a p ar ; ( d) i n i ngas : 7 , 4 i n D B & p ars" 1 i n D B b ut n ot a p ar" 2 a re n either ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 . H ere ing n ames a re m uch m ore n umerous t han t hose i n ham . A griculture T here a re g ood a rable s oils i n t he i mmediate v icinity . m isleading a s

t hey

r efer

T he D B f igures ,

t o a n a rea

f ar g reater

8 0 h ides e tc . a re t han

t he p arish o f

M ailing a nd o f t he p robable t erritory o f t he f irst s ettlers . G .R .J . J ones i n S awyer 1 979 , 2 0-29 s ees ' many s triking p arallels b etween t he c ustomary

o bligations

o f

n orth

Wales

.

a nd

t hose

o f

t he

( archbishop 's) Mailing e state ' a nd s uggests s ome c ontinuity i n m anorial c ustoms f rom B ritish t o S axon t imes . A ccess f rom t he c oast w as n o d oubt u p t he O use .

2 6

R eading I B rk .

( SU

* Read(a).'

7 41

7 39),

c .

9 00,

D B;

P N

I ,

1 70:

' the

p eople

O riginally t his was t he n ame o f a w ider a rea .

c emetery i ncluded c remations a nd y ielded b rooches 1 912, p l . 2 6, 1 ) a nd p ottery e tc. ( Myres i ndicating a 5 th c entury d ate . B AR 8 2, 2 0. P re-English p -ns :

9+ 7 ?

T he

( VCH 1 ,240 ;

L eeds

1 969, 9 1; MA V , 4 5) L ate R oman s ites: 1 2.

E arly E nglish p -ns :

a re i n D B &a re p ars ., 2 a re n either ; ( b) i n

o f

( a) i n ham : -1 ng 2 :

3 + 4 ? ;

5

1i n D B &ap ar ;

( c) i n ingaham : 1 , a p ar . o nly ; ( d) i n ingas : 2 , b oth i n D B & p ars ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 4 . I n a ll , ham-names a re s lightly m ore n umerous , b ut s everal o f t hem a re p robably i n f act hamm . a n a rea o f g ood a rable . w ith 6 2 w orking p loughs , 1 05 p igs.

A griculture

T his i s

I n D B t he r oyal m anor g elded f or 5 1 h ides 1 65 a cres o f m eadow , a nd w oodland r endering

T o t his s hould p erhaps b e a dded S outhcote,

w ithin t he

m edieval p arish o f R eading , w ith 2 h ides a nd 3 p loughs . T he t otal m ay h owever r epresent a w ider t erritory t han t he p arish a nd i nclude T ilehurst a nd T heale,

a djacent a nd n ot i n D B .

A s a whole,

t his

p ossibly r epresents t he l ands o f t he f irst S axon s ettlers h ere, * Re Oa 's p eople . A ccess w as n o d oubt a long t he T hames . G reat W akering E ss . W aecer.'

( TQ

c .

9 37 8 73) ,

D B ;

P N ,

2 03 :

' the p eople o f W acor o r

T he c emetery ( ?) P ottery f rom h ere i s l ikened t o t hat f rom

G t. S tambridge ( q.v . b elow), c iting Myres ( 1969, 8 1, 8 8, 1 04, m ap 5 b?) , b ut t he t ypes o f w are a re n ot s pecified ( - H elliwell , S -E E ss . i n t he S axon P eriod, p . 7 . P ub . C o . B orough o f S outhend, 1 971) . S ee a lso T he A rchaeologist i n E ss/Hrt . e tc ,

1 959 ,

p . 9 ,

i ssued

b y G rp

1 0 o f C BA , 1 960 . A lso b urials w ith 6 th c entury s pears ( BAR 7 , 5 4) . L ate R oman s ites: s ee G t. S tambridge, a nd s o f or r elevant p -ns. Within

a f ew

S tambridge ,

m iles

o f

B arling a nd ,

Wakering p ossibly ,

a re N .

t he

5 th

S hoebury .

c entury

s ites

o f

T here i s a s imilar

g roup o f c ontemporary s ites o n t he o pposite s ide o f t he T hames e stuary i n K ent .

A griculture

I n

t his

a rea

a re

f irst-class

a rable

s oils .

I n D B t he m anor g elded f or 5 1 h ides w ith 9 p loughs , p asture f or 3 00 s heep a nd w oodland r endering 4 0 p igs . T he p asture w as o n P otten ( --ing 2 ) I sland .

A ccess

w as p robably d irect f rom t he s ea ,

c oastline h as c hanged g reatly h ere . 1 975, 6 1, 6 2. P LACE-NAMES i n

-I NG 2

o r INGAS .

b ut

t he

O n l ocal R oman r oads s ee D unnett

T he e arly s pellings o f s ome p -ns m akes i t

u ncertain t o w hich t ype t hey b elong . F erring S x . S ee u nder INGAS a bove a nd s ee a lso t he r un o f f orms , a ll l ater t han 1 066 , i n P N , I , 1 67 . T he f orm o f 7 65 i s f rom a d ubious c harter ( S. 4 8). M ucking E ss .

( TQ

6 73 8 03) ,

G elling

( 1978 ,

( EPNE I ,

2 88 ,

19-21) : 6 , i i) .

D B ;

P N ,

1 63 :

' the p eople

a n ing 2 n ame :

o f M ucca

( -ingas)

' place a ppertaining

t o

o r

Mucca '

T he 2 c emeteries & 2 s ettlements h ave p roduced

n umerous 5 th c entury S axon a rtefacts i ncluding b rooches ( AS & J ,

1 60 ,

f ig. 4 , a -d ; B AR 6 , 2 9, 3 1) a nd p ottery ( BAR 7 2, 2 6, 2 8). A lthough t hese w ere a lso R oman s ites , t here i s n o e vidence o f c ontinuity o f o ccupation . L ate R oman s ites: 1 1. P re-English e tc . p -ns : 1+ 2 ? E arly E nglish p -ns: ( a) i n ham: 3 ; 1i n D B &ap arish , 2a re p ars o nly ; ( b) i n ham o r hamm : 2 , n either i n D B n or a re t hey p ars ; ( c) i n ing 2 : 1 i n D B & a p ar ;

( d) i n ingaham:

2 ;

1 ,

i n D B & a p ar . ,

1

n either ; ( e) i n ingas : 2 , b oth i n D B &a re p ars ; (0 f rom J our . 8 : 1 . H ere ing n ames p redominate . A griculture T he M ucking s ites a re v ery c lose t o f irst-class a rable s oils a nd t o m arsh g razing .

2 7

D B g ives a n

a ssessment

o f

7 h ides

r endering 3 00 p igs . p loughs .

with p asture f or 3 00

T here w ere 4 0 a cres

o f

s heep a nd w oodland

m eadow a nd 1

w orking

T he s ettlers l ived a nd b uried t heir d ead o n m arginal l and ,

b ut t hey h ad e asy a ccess t o g ood a gricultural r esources . B ut t his i s a n a rea o f r elatively l ow a nnual r ainfall w ith h arvests a t r isk f rom p rolonged d rought .

A ccess w as f rom t he T hames e stuary .

r oads i n t he a rea s ee D unnett 1 975, u ndergone m uch c hange h ere . S towting K

CM 1 23 4 23) ,

c . 1 045 ,

D B ;

6 1,

E PNE I I ,

6 3.

F or R oman

T he c oastline h as

1 65 u nder * stut 2 : p ossibly

' place a t a h ill . ' F or t his t ype o f p -n s ee J our . 4 , 5 8 . T he c emetery i ncluded a f ew o bjects t hat h ave b een d ated t o t he 5 th c entury ( Evison 1 965 , m ap 1 0 ; M orris 1 959 , 1 06-7 : 5 th o r 6 th c entury ; B AR 7 , 8 4) , b ut i t i s m ore l ikely t hat b urials b egan a fter 5 00 . F or t he g rave-goods a s a w hole s ee B B I V , 7 13-5 .

L ate R oman s ites , p re-

E nglish a nd e arly E nglish p -ns a re l argely a s f or L yminge b elow u nder * -GE . A griculture T his p lace i s o n t he m argin o f g ood a rable s oils . I n 1 086 i t w as p art o f A ldington , b ut T RE i t h ad 1 4 s ulungs , 9w orking p loughs , 2 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland t o r ender 1 0 p igs . A ccess w as b y t he R oman r oad r unning N . f rom t he R oman h arbour a t L ympne , 6 m iles a way . A P LACE-NAME i n ING 2 , o n which s ee E PNE I , 2 85-7, m odified b y J our . 1 , 2 7-8 . S ee a lso G elling 1 978 , 18-22 . H ersden K .

( TR

1 99 6 15) ,

a lso

r eferred t o a s W estbere ,

S turry o r E asden .

H ersden 1 270 ; H ersing ' 1 3th & 1 4th c entury ( PNK , 5 15 ; J ournal 4 , 5 6) . E ither ' place a t ah ill-top ' ( *herse, E PNE I , 2 45) which i s h ardly a ppropriate t opographically , o r ' place a ssociated w ith * Her(e)sa , ( ibid ; P N D , 7 4) . W estbere 1 212 ( no : , 5 15) : ' western s wine-pasture . ' S turry , 6 79 , D B ( Journal 8 , 4 2) : ' district o n t he r . S tour , ' a p -n o f t he s ame t ype a s E astry (q.17. b elow) o f v ery e arly d ate . E asden m ay b e a c orrupt v ersion o f H ersden . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . O bjects o f 5 th c entury d ate i nclude a c ruciform b rooch ( Ant . J . X XVI , 1 5 , b ut p ossibly s oon a fter 5 00) a nd p ottery ( Myres 1 969 , 4 9 , n . 2 , 9 6, 9 7) . L ate R oman s ites : 7 . P re-English e tc . p -ns : 8 + 3 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n ham : 6 ; 5 i n D B &a re p ars" 1 i s n either ; ( b) i n -i ng 2 : 2 1 m inor p -ns ; ( c) i n ingaham : 1 , i n D B &a p ar ; ( d) i n ing 2 x ingas : 6 ; 1i s i n D B &a p ar" 1 i s i n D M o nly ; 4a re m inor p -ns ; ( e) i n ingas: 0 ; ( f) f rom J our . 8 : 3 . T he p redominance o f h am-names i n E . K ent i s s eldom m atched e lsewhere i n S axon a nd J utish a reas . A griculture T here i s al ong s trip o f f irst-class a rable h ere . N either W estbere n or H ersden i s i n D B . T hey w ere e ither i n C hislet , w ith 1 2 s ulungs a nd 4 4 p loughs , 5 0 a cres o f m eadow , a nd a r ender o f 1 30 p igs ; o r i n S turry w ith 5 s ulungs , 1 4 p loughs i n u se , 2 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd 3 0 p igs i n d ues . A ccess a long t he r . S tour w as d oubled b y ap arallel R oman r oad f rom R eculver . P LACE-NAMES i n INGARAM

S ee E PNE

I ,

2 98-9

( 2) ;

MA X ,

1 -29 ;

G elling

1 970 ,

1 8-20. G illingham K W ingham K

S ee C hatham a bove u nder HAM .

c m

2 40 5 71) ,

8 21,

D B ;

P NK ,

5 37 :

' homestead o f W iga 's

p eople . '

I t i s d oubtful w hether t his p -n b ears a ny r elation , h istorically , t o t he v illa-site a nd t o t he G ermanic f inds m ade o n i t . AR oman v illas ite w ith v ery e arly G ermanic p ottery p robably r epresents n o m ore t han

2 8

t emporary

s quatting

F rere 1 967,

3 74 ;

t here .

Myres

1 969 ,

A rch .

C ant .

9 6 .

L ate R oman s ites ,

L XXXI ,

e arly E nglish p -ns a re a s f or A sh b elow.

l xvi ;

L XXXII ,

A griculture

W ingham h ad 4 0 s ulungs T RE a nd 7 3? p loughs i n u se T RW . v ia t he R oman r oad f rom R ichborough t o C anterbury .

V III A P LACE-NAME I N MYNSTER . M inster L ovell O x

( SP

2 83-4 ;

p re-English a nd I n D B

A ccess w as

O n i ts s ignificance s ee E PNE 1 1,

3 17

10) ,

D B ;

P N

I I ,

3 64 ;

' the

4 6-7.

m onastery . '

T here w as a s mall p riory h ere .

T he p -n i s o bviously l ater t han t he

5 th c ent .

4 3 ,

T he c emetery B AR 7 2 ,

L ate R oman s ites : n s:

( a)

9 .

i n ham:

4 7

& f ig .

3 .4 ;

W elch ,

P re-English e tc . p -ns : 8+ 1 ?

3 ,

a ll d oubtful ;

( b)

1 983 ,

5 6 .

E arly E nglish p -

i n 1ng 2 :

0 ? ;

( c)

i n

ingaham: 1 ; i n D B &a p ar . ( d) i n ingas: 1 ?; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 2 . A griculture T here a re t racts o f g ood a rable h ere , m uch e xploited i n t he R oman p eriod . I n D B i t g elded f or 7 h ides w ith 1 3 w orking p loughs ,

7 8 a cres o f

m eadow a nd e xtensive w oodland .

A ccess w as v ia

t he r ivers T hames a nd W indrush o r a long t he R oman A keman S t .

I X

P LACE-NAMES I N INGTUN . I II, 9 33-5.

B eddington S r

E PNE

( T IQ 3 00 6 55) ,

H ackbridge ,

1 235 ( PN , L VI 1 33-4 ;

n s

1 22-4 ; a re

a s

2 91-8 ;

c . 9 05 , D B ;

w ith B eadda o r B eada . ' V I ,

I ,

P N ,

G elling

4 0 :

4 1-2) .

B rk

' f arm o r e state a ssociated

g elded f or 5 0 h ides T RE ,

S yAC

L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p A griculture

A s

l ate a s

1 905 ,

I n D B t he 2 B edddington m anors

w ith 1 3 p loughs i n u se T RW .

a cres o f meadow a nd a r ender o f 1 0 p igs.

T here w ere 4 4

I n c . 9 05 i t h ad h ad 7 0

A ccess w as v ia t he T hames a nd a long t he g ravel

t erraces o f t he r . W andle . t o E .

P N

T he c emetery i ncluded c remations .

B AR 7 , 3 2 .

f or C roydon a nd M itcham .

5 01) .

2 0-22 ;

T he c emetery i s s ometimes r eferred t o a s

n early h alf o f t he p arish w as a rable .

h ides ( EHD I ,

1 970 ,

T here w as a R oman r oad f rom L ondon a m ile

S ee a lso S wanton 1 973 , 3 1.

B righthampton O x ( SP 3 83 0 33) , 9 84 , D B ; P N , I I , 3 29-30 : t he f orms o f t his p -n v ary b etween es t un a nd ingtun : ' Beorthel es f arm o r e state ' o r ' farm/estate

a ssociated

w ith

B eorhthelmJ

n ecessarily a n e arly t ype o f p -n . o riginally . S ites) .

I n

n either

I t i s i n t he p arish o f S tandlake

P re E nglish e tc . p -ns :

( a) i n ham :

1+ 2 ? ;

f orm

i s

t his

I t was n ot a n ame i n hamtun ( q .v .

4 + 6 p ossible .

i n S ixth-Century

E arly E nglish p -ns :

( b) i n ing 2 : 3 + 2 p ossible ;

( c) i n ingaham :

0 ; ( d) i n ingas: 1 ?; ( Filkins, q .v . among 6 th c ent. s ites); ( e) f rom J our . 8 :1. N o e arly t ypes o f p -ns o ccur w ithin t he n ear v icinity o f B righthampton . 2 03-4

T he c emetery i ncluded c remations .

f or b ibliography

& B AR 8 2 ,

2 0 ;

T here a re a reas o f g ood a rable h ere . f or 7 4 h ides, w ith 1 0 p loughs, p astures .

D uMpton K .

S ee

M yres

1 969 ,

2 9

A griculture

I n D B t he 2 m anors g elded i n a ll

1 06 a cres o f m eadow a nd e xtensive

A ccess was v ia t he T hames a nd W indrush .

b elow u nder TUN.

S ee M eaney 1 964 , 2 23 .

H ornton O x

( SP 3 90 4 50) ,

d welline

o n

t he

194 ;

P N I I ,

t ongue

o f

3 99 :

' farm o r e state o f t he p eople

l and , '

i .e . ingatun ;

o r p ossibly a n

-ing-z o r a n ing- 4 c ompound ( EPNE , I 2 62 s .v . * horning ) . O nly o ne a mong m any M E s pellings s uggests a n inga- c ompound . T he s ite i s c lose

t o

t he

b orders

o f

t he

Hwicce

T he b urial(s) T here i s o nly o ne t hat t his w as a 5 th c ent . s ite .

a nd

o f

t he

Middle

A ngles.

b rooch ( Aberg , f ig . 1 8) t o s uggest A nother b rooch i s o f t he 6 th c ent .

( Leeds 1 949 , 6 5) V CH I , 3 59 . L ate R oman s ites i n O x &B k ( within 1 0 m iles) : 1 3 . P re-English p -us : 7+ 3 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a) i n ham : o nly B loxham ( in D B &ap ar) , a nd n one o f t he o ther e arly t ypes . ( b) f rom J our . 8 :2.

A griculture

T here a re l ocal s preads o f g ood

a rable a nd t he p ar . was l argely u nder t he p lough i n t he 1 8th c ent. ( 6 TCH I X , 1 31) . I n D B t he 3 m anors o f H orley ( which i ncluded H ornton ) g elded i n a ll f or 2 2 h ides w ith 1 6 w orking p loughs a s w ell a s o ver 4 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd e xtensive w oodland . A ccess T here i s n o n avigable r iver o r k nown R oman r oad w ithin 4 m iles , b ut m ovement a cross c ountry w ould h ave b een i mpeded b y f ew n atural o bstacles . O rpington K

( TQ 4 68 6 76),

1 032, D B ; P NK , 2 8 ; G elling 1 970,

a ssociated w ith * Orped . '

2 10 :

' estate

B ut i t m ay b e t hat t he s ite o riginally t ook

i ts n ame f rom t he s ource o f t he C ray ( Craeges a euuelma , a bout a i m ile f rom t his c emetery .

7 98 ;

S . 1258) ,

A bout a 1 /4 o f a m ile S E o f i t a

s unken h ut h as b een f ound n ear t he s tream .

( Lon . A rch . v ol. 4 , n o .

1 4, 3 86). A bout 1 0 5 th-cent. s ites w ere s imilarly s ituated . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations (lrell. C ant . L XXXIII , 1 25-50 ; L XXXIV , 3 97 7 ;

X CIII ,

2 01-2 ; M yres 1 969 , m ap 7 ; A S&J ,

1 49) .

L ocal R omano-British

o ccupation c ontinued u ntil a t l east A .D . 3 70 . L ate R oman s ites : P re-English e tc . p -ns : 1 + 1 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a) i n ham :

1 0 . 1 0 ;

( b) ‚ In ing 2 : 3 ; ( c) i n ingaham : 2 ( d)in ingas: 2 ; ( e) i n i ng 4 : 1 ; ( f) f rom J our . 8 : 2 . This i s a r egion where ham p redominates . A griculture T his w as o nce a v ery f ruitful m arketg ardening r egion . I n D B t he m anor g elded f or a t l east 3 s ulungs w ith 2 6i w orking p loughs , 1 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd 5 w oodland p astures g iving a r eturn i n d ues o f 6 1 t he R .

H eybridge,

C ray .

p igs .

A ccess

w as p robably u p t he v alley o f

S ee A ddenda .

e arlier T idwoldington ,

E ss

( TL 8 50

' estate a ssociated with T idweald . '

0 82),

H eybridge,

b egan t o d isplace t he o lder n ame i n t he l ate

c .947,DB ;

P N,303:

' the h igh b ridge,'

1 2th c ent .

T he o riginal

n ame o f t he 5 th-cent . s ettlement i s p robably l ost . T he s ettlement w as o n t he e dge o f a s mall R oman t own a nd p ort . MA X VII , 1 40 ; X XVI , 1 -40 ; B AR 1 5 ,

9 2,

9 5 a nd f ig . 2 ; M yres 1 969 ,

P re-English e tc .

p -ns :

9+ 2 ?

10 n .2 .

L ate R oman s ites :

E arly E nglish p -ns :

( a) i n ham :

1 0 . 1 0 +

3 ? ; ( b) i n ing 2 : 2 ; ( c) i n ine 2x ingas : 1 ? ; ( d) i n -i ngaha-7 1- 3 ; ( e) i n ingas : 4 ; ( f) f rom J our . 8 : 2 . A griculture T his i s a n a rea w ith s preads o f g ood a rable .

I n D B t he m anor h ad 8 h ides w ith 1 0 p loughs

i n u se T RE , 3 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 6 0 p igs . T here w as p asture f or 1 60 s heep . A ccess M inor r oads s erved t he c luster o f R omano-British s ettlements o n t he B lackwater e stuary .

T he r iver

i tself a fforded t he e asiest r oute f or t he f irst S axon s ettlers h ere .

W inton S x .

S ee A lfriston b elow u nder TUN.

3 0

XP LACE-NAMES i n CEASTER , ' an o ld f ortification , a c ity . ' T his w as a b orrowing f rom L at . c astra e ither b efore t he E nglish m igrations ( EPNE I , 8 6) o r d uring t he c onquest a nd s ettlement o f B ritain ( Jackson , 2 52 , 2 55, b y i mplication ; O ED S 07. c hester) . I f t he l atter , t hen i t i s c omparable w ith L at . l oan-words s uch a s * ecles , c amp , s traet c roh , * faefer , * funta a nd wic ( On t hese s ee G elling 1 978, 6 3-86) . A ll i nstances o f t he u se o f c easter i n S axon a reas w here t here w as 5 th c entury s ettlement h ave p re-English f irst e lements . S ee a lso A ASE , 1 42 , n .43 ; A ntiq . X LVIII , 1 59 ; C ox , J our. 8 , 6 2 . C olchester E ss ( II 9 97 2 51) , &S , 2 94-5 ,

c . 9 25 ,

D B ;

P N ,

3 68 f or E nglish f orms ;

3 12-3 f or p re-English f orms o f t he n ame :

( of R oman l egionary v eterans) a t t he f ortress p robably , ' Roman t own o n t he r iver C olne '

o f

R

' the s ettlement

C amulos '

o r ,

l ess

S ettlement P , C rummy , C olchester , R ecent E xcavations & R esearch , 1 974 , 1 7-25 .

L ate R oman s ites :

7 .

P re-English e ct . p -ns :

5 + 1T essible .

E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a) i n ham : 2+ 1 d oubtful ; ( b ) i n in e ; ( c) i n ingaham : 2 ; ( d ) i n ingas : 2 + 1 d oubtful ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 :0 . H ere ing n ames p redominate . A griculture T his i s a r egion o f g ood a rable . T he D B f igures a re u nusually c omplex , b ut i t i s c lear t hat t he e conomic p otentiality o f t he a rea w as v ery c onsiderable . A ccess C olchester w as a r oute-centre t o w hich 5 o r 6R oman r oads c onverged . T he r . C olne w as a lmost c ertainly n avigable a s f ar a s t he s ea . D orchester O x . ( SU 5 80 9 40), c .730, D B ; R & S , 5 13 a nd P N , I , 1 52 f or E nglish f orms o f t he n ame . T he m eaning o f t he f irst e lement i s u nknown . C emeteries & s ettlement : I ( Dyke H ills) a nd I I ( Minchin ) a re G ermanic o f t he i mmediate p re-invasion p eriod ( Oxon . V , 1 63-4 ; X VII/XVIII, 6 3-76) a s i s t he e arly 5 th c entury b uilding ( Arch . J . C XIX , 1 21-3) . I II B urials r ound a b arrow w ere p robably l ater t han t he 5 th c entury ( Oxon . X I/XII , 1 64) . I IIa ( Burcot) S econdary b arrowb urials o f l ater 5 th o r e arlier 6 th c entury , b ut i n C lifton H ampden p arish ( BAR 7 2 ,45 ; P N , 1 49 , 198) . I V %erinsfield ' ( a m odern p -n ) a t W ally C orner ( SU 5 80 9 56) , w as t he s ite o f a m ixed c emetery i n u se f rom t he e arly (?) 5 th t o t he l ate 6 th c entury ( 4A X IX , 2 27) . T he p -n Wally i s p robably n ot f rom weala, b ut f rom waelle , ' a s pring , a s tream ' ( q . 1 7 . b elow) . A b rook r ose n earby ( OS 1 " M ap , 5 th e d . , S heet 9 4) . T his c ould b e a v ery e arly p -n . V I U nstratified 5 th c entury p otsherds ( b irch . J . C XIX , 1 48-9). V II B ishop 's C ourt : b urials a nd h uts , 6 th c entury? ( BAR 6 , 4 4) . V III A llotments ( SU 5 75 9 45) : a 6 th c entury h ut (Ar a. J . C XIX , 1 23-4 ; A ASE , 4 17) . F ifth c entury o bjects c ame f rom I IIa , I V &V I ( N S &J , 1 49 ; B AR 7 2 , 4 2 &f ig . 3 . 7 b ; i bid . , 4 5 ; A rch . J . C XIX , 1 49 & f ig . 2 1, 1 6 &1 7; M yres 1 969, 7 8 &m ap 5 a) . S ee a lso A rch E xc . 1 972, 6 2, 1 01. L ate R oman s ites: 1 8 . E nglish e tc . p -ns : 1 0 . E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n ham ; 1 ; 1 ng 2 : 4 ( in B rk) ;

( c) i n ingaham :

0 ;

( d) i n ingas :

1 ;

P re( b ) i n

( e) f rom J our .

8 : 0 . N ames i n ing 2 , o riginally s tream-names , o utnumber a ll o thers , b ut t his i s n ot a r egion w here e arly k inds o f p -ns u sually s urvive . A griculture T his i s a n a rea o f r ich a rable . D B i s n ot h elpful , f or t he 9 0 h ides a ttributed t o t his m anor ( DB , M orris e d . 6 . l a . S ee a lso 6 . l b , c &6 .9) m ust r epresent a f ar w ider a rea t han t he p arish o f D orchester ; b ut t he 1 8 p loughs h ere a re p erhaps t hose w orking a t D orchester i tself. S outh S toke, 7 m iles S SE o f D orchester , was i ncluded i n t he l ands o f t hat m anor ( ibid . , l c) a nd 5 p arishes n eighbouring D orchester , a nd n ot s eparately e ntered i n D B , w ere p robably a lso r egarded , f or f iscal p urposes , a s p art o f i ts l ands . I t

i s

j ust

p ossible

t hat

t his

3 1

c onsiderable a rea

r epresents

t he

a pproximate e xtent o f t he 5 th c entury s ettlers , w ho t ook o ver t he t erritorium o r c ivitas o f t he s mall R oman t own ( on w hich s ee B AR 1 5 , 1 15-8) . T he t emporal g ap b etween R oman a nd S axon i s s mall , b ut c ontinuity o f o ccupation i s a s y et u nprovable b ut p robable . A ccess T he T hames a fforded t he o bvious r oute f or t he f irst S axon s ettlers . T he R oman r oad f rom A lchester t o S ilchester a nd m inor w ays l inking t he l ate R oman s ettlements o f t he a rea m ay a lso h ave b een u sed . T he d ensity o f 5 th c entury S axon s ettlement i n t his r egion i s c omparable w ith t hat o f E .Kent . P orchester H a ( SU 6 25 0 46) , 9 04 , D B ; R & S , 4 41-2 ; G elling 1 978 , 7 8 : ' o ld f ortification b y t he h arbour ( Lat .. p ortus) . ' O n t he R oman f ort s ee C unliffe 1 975 & J ohnson 1 979 , 6 0-63 . T he S axon s ettlement : C unliffe 1 975, 1 6-52 ; A nt . J . L , 6 8-71 & s ee A rch . J . C XXXIV , 4 09 o n al ater d ating o f t he s ite . L ate R oman s ites : 1 ? P re-English p -ns : 1 4 + 1 2 d oubtful . T his i s b y f ar t he l argest n umber o f s uch n ames w ithin a 1 0 m ile r adius o f a ny 5 th c entury s ite i n S . E ngland . E arly E nglish p n s : ( a ) i n ham : 2+ 4 d oubtful ; ( b ) i n Ing 2 : 3 + 2 d oubtful ; ( c ) i n ingaham : 1d oubtful ; ( d ) i n i ngas : 3 ; ( e f rom J ou . 8 : 3 . N ames i n ing p redominate i n t his a rea . A griculture T his a rea i s a n e xtension o f t he h ighly f ertile c oastal p lain o f S ussex . T here m ay h ave b een p loughland w ithin t he w alls o f t he R oman f ort ( Cunliffe 1 975 , 6 1) . I n D B t he k in g 's p art o f t he m anor d id n ot g eld . I t h ad 2p loughs , a n a cre o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering d ues o f 1 0 p igs . O n t he o ther h and , W illiam M audit 's h olding g elded f or 5 h ides T RE a nd t here w ere 3 s maller h oldings t otalling 3 3 /4 h ides . I n a ll , t here w ere 7 p loughs a nd s mall a reas o f m eadow a nd w oodland a part f rom t he k ing 's . A ccess w as n o d oubt d irect f rom t he s ea . P ortchester i s c lose t o P ortsmouth w here t he A SC r ecords t he l anding o f P ort , B ieda a nd M aegla . P ort i s af ictitious p erson a bstracted f rom t he l ocal p n s i n P ort, b ut t he o ther 2 p ersonal n ames a re q uite p lausible a s t hose o f S axons a nd J utes c oming t o B ritain a s s ettlers i n A D 5 01 ( more p robably c . 482) . M aegla , m ay , h owever , b e a B ritish p ersonal n ame . ( Plummer , A SC I I, 1 3) . I t i s r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he a rrival o f C erdic a nd C ynric , o f S tuf a nd W ihtgar , a s w ell a s o f B ieda a nd M aegla , r epresent 3 o f t he m any l andings o n t he H ampshire c oast i n t he d ecades a round 5 00 . I t i s n ot n ecessary t o a ssume t hat t hese a nnals r eduplicate o ne a nother ( See f urther C opley 1 954 , 1 44-6) . R ochester K ( rO p 7 47 6 80 ) , c . 730 , D B ; J ackson , 2 67 ; G elling 1 978 , 5 6 ; R &S , 3 46-8 : ' *Hrofi 's f ort o r w alled t own . ' T he f irst s yllable o f t his -p n p erhaps p reserves , m uch a ltered , t he R omano-British n ame , D urobrivae , ' the b ridges o f t he f ortress o r w alled t own . ' B urials A b ronze t ubular m ount f rom S tar H ill ( Evison 1 965 , 5 01 &m ap 1 0 ) a nd a B 2 t ype s pear ( BAR 7 , 7 5) a re t he o nly l ikely 5 th c entury o bjects f rom h ere . A ll 3 b urials-sites ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 34) w ere o utside t he R oman t own . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p -ns s ee C hatham . A griculture R ochester i s a n a rea o f t he h ighest f ertility , b ut D B m akes n o m ention o f i ts a gricultural r esources . A ccess T his i s a n e stuary t own d irectly a ccessible f rom t he s ea . W atling S t c rossed t he r . M edway h ere . W inchester H a ( SU 4 80 2 94) , c . 730 , D B ; R & S , 4 92 : t he f irst e lement w as t aken o ver f rom t he B ritish p -n V enta , w hich m ay b e p re-Celtic . S ee J our . 1 6 , 1 -7 . T o t his w as a dded ceaster i n O E . T he f ine d ownland a nd r iverside p astures r ound t he C ity m ay p artly a ccount f or t he c hange t o W in- ( from O E * winn , ' p asture , m eadowland . ' E PNE I I , 2 69 ) .

3 2

S ettlement i s i ndicated b y e arly S axon p ottery a nd c ombs ( Ant . J . L II , 1 01; MA X IV, 1 58 ; C urrent A rch V II, 3 96, n .2) . T he n earest k nown S axon c emetery o f e arly d ate w as a t K ing 's W orthy ( q .v .) T he s uggestions

t hat G ermanic m ercenaries

w ere h ere a nd

t hat

o ccupation

w as c ontinuous a re s peculations b ased o n e vidence t hat c an b e o therwise i nterpreted . L ate R oman s ites : 1 4 . P re-English e tc . p n s :

1 3 + 3 p ossible .

E arly E nglish p -ns :

( a ) i n ham :

2 ,

i ncluding

W altham , + 4 d oubtful ; ( b ) i n ing 2 : 8 + 5 d oubtful ; ( c) i n ingaham : 1d oubtful ; ( d ) i n ingas : 0 ; ( e ) f rom J our . 8 : 2 . A lthough t he ing 2 t ype i s d ominant , n one i s ap arish-name a nd s everal a re p robably f rom hlinc . A ll o f t he d oubtful i nstances o f ham a re l ate r ecorded m inor p -ns . T he n umber o f p re-English e tc . p -ns i s r oughly m atched b y t he n umber o f l ate R oman s ites , b ut o nly 3 o f t he s ites c oincide w ith s uch p -ns . A griculture T here i s a l arge t ract o f g ood a rable i mmediately S W o f t he C ity a nd t races o f c ultivation a nte-dating c .980 h ave b een d etected w ithin t he w alls MA X II , 1 55) . D B i gnores t he a gricultural r esources o f t he p lace . A ccess T his w as a R oman r oute-centre ; a nd t he I tchen a fforded a ccess f rom S outhampton W ater . Y thancaestir E ss. C hesterford , E ss . X I

S ee B radwell u nder WIELLA b elow . S ee u nder FORD b elow .

P LACE-NAMES i n B URH , ' a f ort, a f ortified p lace . ' E PNE I , G elling 1 978, I , 1 43-6 ; C ox , J our 8 , 6 2-3; A nt. J . L XI, 1 46.

A ylesbury B k , W alton ( SP 8 22 1 32) , c .900 , D B ; i f a l ate p -n : . - ( fortified) m anor . '

5 8-62;

P N , 1 45 : ' 9 ,A egel 's f ort ' o r , B ut t he f ormer m eaning i s

m ore p robable . T his p ostulated p ersonal n ame c an b e p aralleled i n C ontinental G ermanic l anguages a nd s eems t o o ccur i n p -ns i n D , E ss , K , L ei , N f , N th , W o a nd G 1 ( PN G 1 I , 2 00 ; E PND SJU A ilsworth ) . T he p -n W alton m ay h ave a risen 2 o r m ore c enturies l ater . s urviving f orms ( 1090, 1 139, 1 146) l ack a m edial e,

T he o nly s o t hat a

d erivation f rom O E w eala- h as b een c onsidered u nlikely ( jour . 1 2 ,

2 8) ;

y et t his i s a n a rea w ith m any t races o f R omano-British o ccupation ( though f ew i nto t he l ate 4 th c entury ) a nd b oth W alton a nd A ylesbury h ave p roduced R oman p otsherds . M oreover , t his w as a S axon r oyal a dministra tive c entre i n a n a rea w ith a s ignificant s prinkling o f p reE nglish p -ns a nd p arts o f t he C hilterns, o nly 4 m iles a way, w ere p robably h eld b y t he B ritons i nto t he l ater 6 th c entury . F or t hese r easons t he p ossibility t hat W alton m eans ' farm o f t he B ritons ' s hould s till b e e ntertained . T he S axon s ettlement A rch . E xc . 1 973, 6 9 ; 1 974 , 7 3 ; A rch . J . C XXXV , 3 40 ; M A X XIV , 2 79-80 . T here w as p ossibly a n e arly S axon m ixed c emetery h ere t oo . T he A SC c ampaign o f 5 71 ( probably c . 552) d oes n ot n ecessarily i mply a f irst S axon l and-taking a t t hat t ime a nd t he W alton s ite m akes i t e vident t hat i t c ould n ot b e s o . T he 5 th-century s ites a t K empston , L imbury , E welme , a nd C assington i ndicate t he s ame t hing , f or t hey a re a ll a t c rucial p oints i n t he c ourse o f t he c ampaign . M ore p robably , t hen , w e h ave a n a ccount i n t he a nnal o f a n e xpansion f rom t he m iddle T hames o f S axon r ule i nto a r egion u ncommitted t o a ny c entre o f p ower . T he B ritons r esisted , p erhaps w ith l ocal S axon h elp , b ut t he ' l atter w ent u nmentioned i n t he a nnal . T here i s c ertainly n o g ood r eason t o b elieve t hat B riton a nd S axon c ould n ot c o-exist ; a nd i n t his a rea i t s eem p robable - h ence t he s urvival o f a n umber o f p re-English p -ns . L ate R oman s ites: 3 . P re-English p -ns: 5 + 1 p ossible ; a nd j ust o utside t he 1 0-mile r adius ,

a nother 5 .

3 3

E arly E nglish p -ns :

( a ) i n

ham ; 1+ 1 d oubtful ; ( b ) i n -i ng 2 : 0 ; ( c) i n ingaham : 0 ; ( d ) i n ingas : 3 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : O . T he p aucity o f e arly t ypes o f p -n i n t his a rea m ay b e d ue t o d epopulation a s a r esult o f c ampaigns l ike t hat o f 5 71 a nd t o t he l ater b order w arfare b etween W essex a nd M ercia . A f urther c ause m ay b e t hat f airly e xtensive t racts w ere u nsuitable f or e arly s ettlement . W here e arly n ames d o o ccur , t he s oils p roduce g ood a rable . A s i t n ow s eems , n ames i n ingas p redominate h ere . A griculture I mmediately S o f A ylesbury a re s oils o f a verage f ertility . D B r ecords t hat t he r oyal m anor o f A ylesbury ( Walton i s n ot m entioned) g elded f or 1 6 h ides , w ith 1 2 p loughteams b ut m eadow s ufficient t o s upport o nly 8 t eams .

T here w as a n u nfree p opulation

o f 3 6 l abourers ( wealas ? ) o n t he d emesne . A ccess A m ain R oman r oad , f rom V erulamium t o A lchester , w ith a l ocal b ranch-road t o t he R oman s ettlement a t F leet M arston , t ogether w ith t he I cknield W ay , w ould h ave f acilitated p enetration t o h ere a fter a l anding o n t he s hores o f t he W ash o r o f N orfolk . T he T hames a nd T hame s uggest a n a lternative r oute . S ee t he A ddenda f or t he p -n . B lewbury B rk.

S ee B lewburton b elow u nder DUN.

C anterbury K .

( TR 1 50 5 80 ) ,

8 04 , D B ; J ackson ,

2 59-60 ; R &S , 3 53-4 f or p re-

E nglish f orms o f t his p -n ; E PND f or E nglish f orms . T he B ritish n ame was D urovernum C antiacorum , ' alder-fort . . . ' o r ' walled t own b y t he a lder-swamp o f t he C antiaci ' ( the p eople o f C antium , i .e . K ent) . T he E nglish n ame m eant ' the f ortified t own o f t he p eople o f K ent ' ( the C antware) . T he ' fort ' m ay b e a r eference t o t he B elgic o ppidum o f e arly i st c entury A D , b ut e vidence f or t his i s l imited s o f ar t o o ne l arge d itch ( Wacher 1 974 , 1 79) . T he p lace i s a lso r eferred t o i n O E a s aceaster i n A SC , ' E% s .a . 6 04 : D orwitceastre , t he f irst s yllable p reserving t he f irst s yllable o f D urovernum ; t he s econd i s p erhaps a s cribal e rror f or wic, f rom L at . v icus , ' a p art o f a c ity ' , O E w ic ( q .v . b elow) . T his p lace, t hen , would h ave b een r eferred t o a s a b urh , ac easter o r aw ic . B ut t he f orms u sed i n l iterary t exts , B ede a nd A sser , w ould h ave b een u nknown t o t he u nlearned w ho , p robably f rom t he 5 th c entury k new t he p lace a s C antwaraburh : a nd t he ' learned ' f orms c annot b e u sed a s e vidence f or c ontinuity i n o ccupation , f or t hey w ere p robably t ransmitted t hrough t he C hurch .

T he s ettlement : 7

h uts a nd v ery e arly ' Anglo-Frisian ' p ottery o f p easant s ettlers , n ot o f G ermanic m ercenaries , a re k nown . R oman c oins a s l ate a s H onorius a nd A rcadius a nd v ery l ate R oman p ottery n arrow t he t emporal g ap b etween t he t wo p eoples . S ee F rere i n W acher , 1 975 , 9 1-3 ; W acher 1 974 , 1 93-5 . B urials o f 5 th c entury d ate : A nt . J . X XXVIII , 5 2-7 ; M A X VIII, 1 3; A nt . J . L III, 7 7; MA X XV, 1 71. S ome o f t he b urials m ay h ave b een o f R omano-Britons . L ate R oman s ites: 1 3. P re-English e tc . p -ns :

7+ 5 d oubtful .

p arish n ames) ;

E arly E nglish p -ns :

( b ) i n ing 2 : 2 7

( a ) i n ham :

( none i s a ,parish-n ame) ;

8 ( 6

( c) i n ing

ingas: 5 ( only 1 a p ar . n .) ; ( d) i n in e x 1ng 4 : 2 ( 1 ap ar .-n .) ; ( e) i n ingaham : 1 ( a p ar .-n .) ; ( f) i n ingas : 2 ( 1 s p ar .-n .) ; ( g) f rom J our . 8 :

1 8 .

T he 2 i ngas-names a re s ituated c lose t o ham-names .

A griculture F irst-class a rable c ame r ight u p t o t he w alls o f t he C ity . D B i gnores a rable b ut r ecords 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd 1 000 a cres o f w oodland n ot y ielding m ast ( as f eed f or s wine) . T his me h ave b een w oodland i n p rocess o f r egeneration . A t hick l ayer o f b lack s oil w ithin t he w alls , a bove R oman b ut b elow S axon l evels , c ould b e p lough s oil . A ccess S ix R oman r oads c onverged h ere a nd t he n avigable S tour a fforded a ccess f rom t he W antsum C hannel a nd t he o pen s ea . T here h as b een c onsiderable l and-subsidence h ere .

3 4

L imbury ,

L uton ,

B iscot ,

B d ( rL 0 81

2 29) ,

c .900 ;

P N ,

1 55 :

' fort o n t he r iver

L ea ,' aB ritish r iver-name ( ERN , 2 41; J ackson , 3 10 & n .) , p ossibly m eaning ' bright r iver . ' O f t he n ames g iven t o t his c emetery , n either B iscot n or L uton i s a n i nstance o f e arly t ype , b ut burh p robably i s . T he f act t hat L imbury i s m entioned i n A SC, s .a . 5 71, s uggests t hat t his p -n m ay w ell h ave b een i n u se i n t he m id-5th c ent. , f or t he a nnalist o f c . 9 00 i s u nlikely t o h ave c oncocted a ll 5 p -ns i n t he a nnal i n o rder t o g ive v erisimilitude t o h is a ccount .

H e w as a lmost

c ertainly r ecording e arly o ral t raditions , s ome o f t hem p reserved t o h is d ay i n O E a lliterative v erse ( Copley 1 954 , 3 9-40) . B iscot w as i n t he p arish o f L imbury a nd t he m ain S axon c emetery i s s omewhat n earer t o t he o ld n ucleus o f L imbury t han t o t hat o f L uton . B ut t he i dentification o f t he b urh i s d ifficult o wing t o t here b eing s everal e arthworks i n t he v icinity . E ven s o , t he l ikelihood i s t hat t he p -n r efers t o Waulud 's B ank ( TL 0 65 2 46), a l ate N eolithic d efensive e nclosure w ith r emaining t races o f a m assive r ampart ( VCH I , 2 69) , b eside t he I cknield W ay a nd , a ppropriate t o t he O E p -n L imbury , a t t he s ource o f t he r . L ea . T wo b urials h ere ( PSA X XI ( 1906) , 5 9-63 ; B MG , 7 5 , f ig . 8 7) m ay b e o f t he l ate 5 th c ent . A b urial a t L eagrave ( EL 0 65 2 38 ; M eaney , 3 9) m ay n ot b e l ater . ( BAR 7 2, 4 7) . T he m ajor c emetery a t B iscot was l ess t han 1 /4 m ile f rom t he L ea a nd t he I cknield W ay . O n C uthwulf 's c ampaign o f 5 71 ( c . 5 52) s ee A ylesbury , E welme a nd C assington . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . A nt . J . V I , 1 84 ; V III , 1 77-92 ; H odgkin , I 1 13 , f ig . 2 8 ; A nt . J . L V , 9 2 ; L VIII , 2 76 ; K ennett 1 978 , f ig . 9 , n o . 4 3 ; M yres 1 969 , f ig . 2 2 . L ate R oman s ites : ham :

7 . P re-English e tc . p -ns : 1 0 . E arly E nglish p -ns : 1+ 1 d oubtful ; ( b) i n ing 2 : 3 + 1 d oubtful ;

( a) i n ( c) i n

ingaham : 0 ; ( d ) i n ingas : 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 :0 ; A griculture . I n t he L uton n eighbourhood a re s preads o f g ood a rable l and a nd t hinner , b ut p roductive, d ownland s oils. I n D B t he r oyal m anor o f L uton , i ncluding L imbury a nd L eagrave , g elded f or 3 0 h ides w ith 8 2 w orking p loughs , a n umber t hat s uggests a v ery e xtensive a rea o f p loughland . T here w as m eadow f or o nly 4 p lough-teams a nd w oodland r endering 2 000 p igs . A s ub-manor h ad a f urther 6 p loughs; B iscot, a lso r oyal d emesne , w as • s eparately r ecorded : 5h ides w ith 5 p loughs a nd m eadow f or 3 p lough-teams . A ccess w as f rom t he I cknield W ay ( NE t o S W) o r f rom t he R oman W atling S t ( SE t o N W) 4 m iles t o W . A t t heir j unction was t he R oman t own o f D urocobrivis o n t he s ite o f D unstable ( q.v . u nder STAPOL ) . B ut V erulamium d ominated t he w hole r egion u ntil c . 4 50 ( Frere 1 975, 9 7-8) . N o S axon p resence i s k nown t here u ntil , p erhaps , t he 7 th c ent . ( . Arch . E xc . 1 967 , 2 0) .

R ichborough K

( TR 3 24

B ritish o rigin o f

6 03)

i n t he p arish o f A sh

t he n ame s ee R & S ,

f or i ts l ater f orms. S ee P NK , ' Rutubi p ortus , c orruptly n amed b y

4 48-50 ;

( q.v .

i nfra) . O n t he

p ossibly ' mud-flats ; '

5 31. B ede, c . 7 30, c alled i t t he E nglish R eptacaestir ' ( H IE I .

1 ) . F orms i n burh o ccur f rom t he l ate 1 2th c ent . B urials w ith Saxon ' w eapons b elonged t o l ate 4 th o r e arly 5 th c ent . s old iers , n ot s ettlers ( Bushe-Fox 1 949 , 8 0 & p l . L XIII) . A R oman C hristian c hurch a nd b aptistery w ithin t he f ort a re p robably c o-eval w ith t he b urials ( Johnson 1 979 , 1 52-4) a s w ere t he tR INN IM H ia 30 0 1-0 p ots ( DAB , 2 6 , 3 2) a nd m ilitary ( ?) m etalwork

au V , 4 7f) .

A ll i ndicate v ery l ate R oman

o ccupation o f t he f ort , which i s c onfirmed b y t he v ery l arge n umber o f l ate R oman c oins ( Bushe-Fox 1 949 , 2 77-9) . A g reater s quare-headed b rooch ( Leeds 1 949 ,

p l . A l,

5 ) i s p robably o f e arly 6 th-cent .

3 5

d ate .

N orth S hoebury E ss

( TO 9 33 8 62) ,

s haped p iece o f

c . 9 00 ,

l and ( ?) ;'

D B ;

E PNE I I ,

P N ,

1 98 :

1 06-7 :

' fort n ear

a s hoe-

' fort t hat g ave s helter . '

T he D anes a ssembled h ere i n 8 93 ( AS IC s .a . 8 94) ' and t here t hey m ade a f ort,' which was p robably m erely t he s trengthening o f a l arge d efensive e arthwork ( RC M I V , 1 44-5) w hich h ad p ossibly b een a B elgic o ppidum. P ottery o f t hat p eriod h as b een f ound h ere ( Bushe-Fox , S warling , I ron A ge ,

1 925 , p . 3 9) f rom a c emetery ( Dunnett 1 975 , 1 4) ; a nd e arlier R oman a nd s ub-Roman o ccupation i s k nown ( ibid . , 1 08 , 10)

a nd p erhaps a h arbour f ort,

n ow

l argely

( ibid . ,

1 25) ;

d estroyed ,

i s

a nd t he o ccurrence o f a p re-Roman p robable .

T he D anes

n o

d oubt

o ccupied i t, b ut t hey were p robably n ot t here l ong e nough t o h ave o riginated s uch a l arge e arthwork . T he n ame S hoebury , t hen , w ould h ave b een i n u se c enturies b efore t heir a rrival a nd i t m ay w ell h ave b een t he n ame o f t he e arly S axon s ettlement . T he c emetery ( MA X VII , 1 41) s eems t o h ave i ncluded c remations C a m ixed i nhumation c emetery ') o f b oth s exes , b ut t he s houlder-boss u rns , a t a ny r ate , m ay h ave b een o f t he e arly 6 th c entury . ( Myres 1 969 , 1 09) . O ther , u ndated , S axon b urials w ere r eported f rom S hoeburyness ( Leeds S hoebury s ite i s 2 m iles f rom B arling G t . W akering

s upra) ;

(q 07.

a m uch-changed c oast ,

a nd

4 3-4) .

T he N .

j udging f rom t he p resent

t opography o f

m ore a ccessible f rom t he s ea t han e ither .

r elevant l ate R oman s ites a nd p -ns s ee B arling . i s w ithin a t ract

1 912 ,

s upra) a nd 4 a m ile f rom

(q 0 , 7.

o f f irst-class a rable .

F or

A griculture S hoebury

I n D B t he 3 m anors

t here

g elded i n a ll f or 1 04 h ides w ith 1 7 p loughs i n u se , 3a cres o f m eadow , w oodland r endering 3 2 s wine a nd p asture f or 1 40 s heep .

T ilbury E ss.

S ee C hadwell b elow u nder - W IELLA .

P LACE-NAMES i n TUN , v illage.'

' enclosure ,

e nclosed b uilding(s) ,

n ot i n u se i n t he 5 th c entury, f ormation o f p -ns u ntil t he 1 976 ,

9 401; C opley 1 952 ,

S ee a lso C ox J our . 8 , A lfriston S x

f armstead ,

h amlet ,

T here i s n o g ood r eason t o b elieve t hat t his e lement w as b ut i t c ontinued t o b e u sed i n t he

1 1th c entury .

E PNE I I ,

1 88-98 ;

G elling

1 52-4 : S axton C a p robably a 5 th c entury p -n .

6 3 .

( TQ 5 1f , 0 37), D B; P N , I I, 4 15 : ' Aelfric 's e state,' p robably

n amed f rom t he m an who h eld i t i n 1 086 ; b ut t his p ersonal n ame i s c ommon e nough , a t l east i n t he 1 1th a nd 1 2th c enturies a nd i ts c oincidental o ccurrence i n t he 5 th c entury c annot b e r uled o ut .

B ut

t he c emetery w as a t W inton , i n A lfriston p arish a nd t his m ay h ave b een t he n ame o f t he s ettlement t hat u sed t he c emetery . e ither

' the

f arm

o r

e state

o f

W ig 's

p eople '

W inton ,

( -ingatun )

o r

D B ,

' the

w as f arm

a ssociated w ith W iga l ( -ir eb l r) . T he s ame p ersonal n ame r ecurs i n W ingham a bove u nder INGARAM . T he c emetery w as i n u se f rom t he m id5 th c entury t o t he e arly 7 th . 1 983 , 3 45-89 ; M yres 1 969 , 4 8 , E nglish p -ns : D B &a p ar ;

1 0 + 3 ?

( b) i n

S xA C L VI , 1 6-35 ; L VII , 1 97-210 ; 8 8 , 11. L ate R oman s ites : 6 .

E arly E nglish p -ns :

-i ng 2 :

1 , a m inor n ame ;

( a) i n ham :

2 ,

( c) i n ingaham :

W elch P re-

o nly 1 i n 1 , am inor

n ame , p ossibly i n hamm , b ut i n D B ; ( d) i n ingas : 1 0 o f w hich 6 a re i n D B a nd a re p ars ; 4 a re n ot p ars , b ut 3 a re i n D B ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 .

T he ingas t ype p redominates h ere ; m ost o f t heir s ites a re e asily

a ccessible f rom

t he s ea .

A griculture

T here i s g ood a rable h ere a t

t he f oot o f t he D owns a nd l ighter , b ut p roductive , s oils o n t he c halk . I n D B 3 m anors r epresent t he p arish o f A lfriston , i ncluding t he m anor o f W inton .

I n a ll t here w ere 1 44 h ides a nd l and f or 1 1 p loughs.

3 6

W inton 's s hare w as 1 /4 h ide a nd 1 p lough . F rog F in e h ad 8 h ides w ith l and f or 4 p loughs . T he l arge h idage i n r elation t o p loughlands m ay b e e xplained b y t he i mportance o f s heep-farming o n t he D owns , b ut i t w ould b e u nwise t o a ssume t hat t his w as s o i n , s ay , A .D . 5 00 . A ccess Winton i s s ituated where 2 a ncient h ighways c ross . T he r iver C uckmere a fforded a n avigable a pproach f rom t he s ea t o A lf r iston i tself. A lton H a

( SU 7 15 3 87) ,

1 080 ,

D B ;

E PND ;

' f i l m/estate a t t he s ource ( of t he

r . W ey )2 T he f irst e lement , a ewiell a lmost i nvariably r efers t o a s ite o ccupied i n p re-historic , R oman a nd e arly S axon t imes . E well S r h ad 6 th c entury b urials , C arshalton S r u ndated p agan b urials , E welme O x

i s a 5 th c entury (?) s ite a nd E well i n K elvedon E ss i s v ery n ear

5 th c entury b urials . T his e lement v aries b etween e - a nd a e-wiell a nd e welm/aew(i)elm . T he c emetery ( unpublished ) i s l ittle k nown e ven t hough e xcavated 1 958-60 . I t i ncluded c remations . MA I V , 1 34 ; V , 3 09 ; V I/VII , 3 06 ; M eaney 1 964 , 9 4 ; A S &J , 1 49 . A S axon s ettlement was f ound a t N eatham , s ite o f t he m inor R omano-British t own o f * Vindomium ' the white p lace ' ( R & S , 5 02-3, w rongly(?) p ut a t N . W altham) , where t here w as e vidence o f B ritish o ccupation c ontinuing u ntil t he 5 th c entury . ( Arch . E xc . 1 976, 8 0) . T he S axon s ite m ay not be an early one ( D. Graha m & M . Millett, N eatham , AR oman T own a nd i ts S etting , F arnham , 1 980 , 8 ) . I t i s 2 m iles N E o f t he A lton c emetery . N eatham m eans ' cattle-enclosure hamm) o r ' the c attle e state ( -ham) ' a nd i s f irst r ecorded i n D B ( EPND) . L ate-Roman s ites: 3 . P re-English p -ns : 6+ 9 p ossible . E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n ham : 2+ 5 d oubtful ; ( b ) i n ing 2 : 1 ; ( c) i n ingaham : 0 ; ( d) i n ingas : 2 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 . ham a nd ingas a re p robably a bout e qual i n n umbers . i n t his a rea a nd b eyond a ppellative . A griculture

I n t his a rea , T he t erm c omp

i t, a s i n E S ussex , was i n u se a s a n A lton l ies w ithin a t ract o f g ood a rable

s oils . S ix o r s even R omano-British o ccupation s ites i n t he i mmediate v icinity ( I DS R B ) s uggest t he l ikelihood t hat m uch o f t he a rea m ay h ave b een u nder t he p lough a nd h ad n ot l ong c eased t o b e w orked w hen t he f irst S axons a rrived . I n D B t his r oyal m anor , t ogether w ith 2 s maller h oldings a t A lton , g elded f or 1 6 h ides, w ith l and f or 7 p loughs , 3 4 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland f or f ences . N eatham , a lso r oyal , w as n ot h idated , b ut h ad 5 2 w orking p loughs , 1 5 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 50 p igs . I t h ad a m arket a nd w as c learly m ore i mportant t han A lton w hich , i n 1 316 w as , w ith o ther p arishes , p art o f t he N eatham e state ( VCH I , 4 50 , n . 3 ) . W hether t he t erritory o f t he f irst S axon s ettlers w as e qually w ide o r n ot , t hey h ad f ound a m ost f ertile e nvironment . A ccess A R oman r oad , f rom C hichester t o S ilchester , p assed t hrough N eatham a nd t races o f W inchester t owards L ondon h ave b een f ound a t N eatham . A ston B k

a nother

f rom

S ee R emenham a bove u nder RAM .

B ishopstone B k ( SP 7 99 10 ) i n t he p arish o f S tone ; P N , 1 65 ; ' the b ishop 's e state . ' F irst r ecorded 1 227 . T he p -n S tone , D B , m ay r efer t o l ocal s urface e xposures o f P urbeck o r P ortland s tone , l ater q uarried i n t he v icinity ; o r t he m eeting-place o f S tone H undred m ay h ave b een m arked b y a s tone o r s tones . ( The D B f orm i s S tanes , p lur . ) . M ore t han a d ozen h undred-moots e lsewhere were s o m arked , a f ew w ith s tones e xtant . Y et a t hird p ossibility i s t hat S tone m ay r efer t o aR oman b uilding o r a k iln ( M EW I , 2 90 ; O SRB) . C f S tone a nd K eston E , S taines Mx b elow . T his i s p ossibly a 5 th c entury p -n i n u se l ong

3 7

b efore h undredal j urisdiction w as e stablished .

T he c emetery a t

B ishopstone h ad o nly a b uckle-plate w ith q uoit-brooch s tyle o rnament ( AS & J , 1 34 ; B B I V , p l . C LV , 1 ) o f t he 5 th c entury . A ' n eedle-case ' a nd s pears o f 5 th o r 6 th c entury d ate ( MA I I , 3 5-6 ; B AR 7 , 3 3) m ay a lso b e r elevant . T he 2 o ther p agan b urial-places i n S tone p arish ( leaney 1 964 , 5 8) a ppear t o b e n ot q uite s o e arly ; a nd a c emetery i n t he n eighbouring p arish o f D inton ( SP 7 65 14) h ad a s pear (P IR 7 , 4 3) a nd a c one-beaker d ated t ypologically t o t he 5 th o r e arly 6 th c entury ( Swanton 1 973 , f ig . 6 8 ; W elch 1 983 , 1 45) . A griculture T he m anor o f D inton ( -inga-?) g elded i n D B f or 1 5 h ides w ith 1 3 w orking p loughs a nd m eadow a dequate t o s ustain 1 04 o xen . T he 2 m anors i n S tone t ogether h ad 1 4 h ides , 1 0 p loughs a nd a s mall m eadow . B oth D inton a nd S tone a re s ituated o n g ood a rable . T hese 2 s ettlements a nd t hose a t B ishopstone a nd A ylesbury ( q .v . s upra) f orm a g roup o f n eighbouring e arly p agan s ettlements r elevant t o t he A SC a nnal f or 5 71 ( c . 5 52) . F or a ccess t o h ere s ee A ylesbury . B ishopstone S x ,

R ookery H ill

( TO 4 67

0 07),

D B ;

P N ,

3 65;

' the b ishop 's

e state.' I t was p robably a lready i n t he h ands o f t he b ishop o f C hichester i n 8 01 ( SxAC L XXXVII , 1 26-8) a s p art o f t he m anor o f D enton ( PN , 3 65: ' valley f arm ' A .D . 8 01.) o f w hich t he p -n i s p robably e arlier t han B ishopstone . T he o nly p -n o f e arly t ype i n t he v icinity i s T arring ( Neville) , 1m ile f rom D enton . T arring i s f irst r ecorded i n D B .

I t i s p ossible t hat t he B ishopstone e state a nd t hat o f D enton

w ere p art o f t he l and o f t he * Teorringas , ' the p eople o f * Teorra , ( n4 3 99) , o f d oubtful e tymology . T he s ettlement ( SxAC C XV , n ot c ons . ) w as p robably e stablished c . 4 50 a nd n ot o ccupied l ater t han t he 6 th c entury when , p erhaps, i t w as m oved t o t he p resent s ite o f B ishopstone , 1 /3 o f a m ile N E . ( Bell i n B randon 1 978 , 3 7-44 ; A ASE , 4 10 .

T he c emetery ,

u npublished ,

i ncluded c remations a nd i s s aid t o

h ave f irst c ome i nto u se c . 4 00 w ith b urials c ontinuing i nto t he e arly 6 th c entury M .A . X II , 1 55 ( incorrectly a ttributed t o B k ) , 1 61 ; X III , 2 40 ;

W elch 1 983 ,

1 75 ,

3 94) .

L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p -ns a re

m uch t he s ame a s f or A lfriston a bove . A griculture A lthough t hese 2 s ites w ere o n m arginal l and ( Cunliffe i n B randon 1 978 , 2 23) , i t d oes n ot f ollow t hat t he s ettlement l acked g ood a rable , f or t here i s a t ract o f g ood p lough-land e xtending 4 m iles i nland f rom t he c oast b etween t he r iv ers O use a nd C uckmere ; a nd R ookery H ill i s o n t he e dge o f t hat t ract . T he p redominance o f s heep-bones i n t he s ettlement i ndicates t hat t he d ownland p astures w ere g razed m uch a s t hey w ere i n l ater c enturies . A c harter o f 8 01 m ay i ndicate t hat D enton h ad 2 5 h ides . I n D B B ishopstone h ad t he s ame n umber a nd i t i s r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he s ame l ands w ere b eing r eferred t o ; D enton i s n ot m entioned i n D B . H owever , B ishopstone h ad 3 9 p loughs ( so m uch f or m arginal l and !) , 4 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd a r ender o f 3 p igs . S ubm anors w ithin t he e state h ad 6 p loughs . T arring , o n t he s ame t ract o f g ood a rable , h ad 8 h ides w ith p lough-teams a nd S . H eighton , s imilarly s ituated , w as o f 2 h ides w ith o ne p lough ; b ut T arring a nd H eighton a re l ocated w here t he b and o f a rable w as m uch n arrower t han a t B ishopstone . A ccess T here w as p robably a p rotected h aven i mmediately b elow R ookery H ill .

C oastal c hanges h ere h ave b een

c onsiderable . T hat t he W eald w as a ccessible a t a n e arly d ate f rom h ere i s d emonstrated b y t he u se o f p otting-clay f rom t here MA X XIV , 2 71). B righton S x s ame

3 03

0 56) ,

D B ;

p ersonal

( r I Q

n ame

a s

P N , i n

2 91:

Seorhthelm 's

B righthampton

3 8

a bove .

e state , ' w hich i s T he c emetery

t he S xAC

X XXIV ( 1886) ,

2 63 ;

W elch 1 983 ,

4 33-5 ;

t his s pear i s d ated V3 o n p . x xiv ;

B B I V ,

6 82 & I II ,

p l . X XXII ,

4 :

S wanton 1 973 , 4 0-5 ( One 5 th-century

s pear , t ype B 2) . T his i s n ot a dequate e vidence f or a 5 th c entury s ettlement: w eapons c ould b e h eirlooms; y et t he a rea w as v ery a ccessible f rom t he s ea a nd t he c oastal p lain h ere w as o f t he h ighest f ertility , a lthough m uch h as b een l ost t hrough m arine e rosion . I n D B t he c onstituent p arts o f t he m anor t ogether g elded f or 1 7 1 /4 h ides , w ith 1 0+ w orking p lough-teams . S urprisingly , t here w ere 7 a cres o f m eadow , b ut n o d oubt s heep w ere a n i mportant p art o f t he e conomy a nd t he t ribute o f 4 ,000 h errings i ndicate a nother a spect o f w ealth . C assington O x

( SP

4 43

w atercress g rows . '

1 16) ,

D B ;

P N ,

I I,

2 52:

' farm

o r

T his i s n ot a n ingtun c ompound .

t he m anor 's

e state

where

T he c ress w as

p robably n ot c ultivated d eliberately b ut w as r ecognised a s ah erb o f h ealth-giving q uality . C arshalton S y , w ith 2 p agan b urial-places , h as t he s ame f irst e lement . P urwell , w here s everal o f t he C assington s ites w ere l ocated , i s n ot r ecorded b efore t he m id16th c entury ; a nd t he e tymology ' pear-tree s pring ' i s d oubtful ( P4 2 53) . E .T . L eeds 's B urghwell ( Oxon . V II, 6 9) r efers t o B urleigh ( PN , 2 52-3) a nd n ot a pparently t o P urwell . I t i s j ust p ossible , h owever , t hat t his p -n a nd t hat o f C assington c ould h ave a risen i n t he 5 th c entury . C emeteries I : P urwell , k nown o nly i n p art ( Oxon , V II, 6 2-70) ; I I: S mith 's P it . M ore i nhumations ( Oxon , V , 1 63 , V II 6 1-70 ; V III/IX , 1 96 ; X VI, 7 9) ; I II : E . o f t he v illage : i nhumations ( Oxon . I , 3 57) ; I V : L ay 's G arage : u p t o 3 b urials ( OS D A ) . S ettlements V : P urwell ( Oxon . X XIIII, 1 30 ; MA I I, 1 88 ; I V, V , 6 3, n o . 7 ; V I/VII, 1 -14 & m ap 2 ; V I: T olley 's P it ( Oxon . I II , 1 65 ; V II , 6 1-2) a nd s ome g raves ( Oxon . V II , 6 1) . T he 5 th-century o bjects f rom t his p arish a re r eferred t o i n O xon . V II , 6 5 , p l . 5 c ; M yres 1 969 , f ig . 4 1 & p . 8 9 . L ate R oman s ites i n B rk & O x : 2 1. T he d ensity o f d istribution o f t hese s ites i s m atched b y t hose o f t he e arly p agan S axon p eriod . P re-English p -ns : i n B rk & O x : 1 3 . E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n ham : 2 + 1 d oubtful ; ( b) i n ing 2 : 0 ; ( c) i n ingas : 0 , b ut s ee P N O x , 4 55; ( d) i n ingaham : 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 + 1 ? T he i nfrequency o f r ecognisable e arly p -ns i n t his r egion m ay b e d ue t o t heir e xtinction d uring t he l ate 7 th a nd 8 th c enturies w hen W essex a nd M ercia w ere b attling f or i ts p ossession ( Stenton 1 943, 2 8, 6 5) . A griculture T here a re s preads o f g ood a rable h ere . A nimal b ones f rom t he s ettlements o ccurred i n t he f ollowing p roportions : o x 5 0% ; p ig 3 0% ; s heep 1 5% ; d eer 5 % ( MA V I/VII, 3 ), which i mply s tock-farming a nd h unting f or f ood . O f t he 3 e ntries f or C assington i n D B t he s econd i s a v erbatim r epetition o f t he f irst , a pparently a c opyist 's e rror . T ogether , t he 2 p arts o f t he e state g elded f or 8 + h ides w ith 9 w orking p loughs a nd 4 1 a cres o f m eadow . T here w ere a lso e xtensive t racts o f p asture a nd s ome t horn-scrub . P urwell i s a h ill-top s ite a t b etween 2 50 a nd 3 00 f eet , c omparable w ith M ucking E ss , C halton H a , B ishopstone S x a nd p ossibly H igh D own S x . A ccess T he R oman A keman S t i s s ome 4 m iles t o N , b ut t he T hames p robably a fforded a r oute f or t he f irst S axon

s ettlers .

C lifton H ampden O x ( SU 5 70 9 55) , 1 146; P N , I , ( river) c liff . ' 4 5) . 198 ,

T he s ite y ielded

1 49 :

' farm o r e state b y a

s econdary b arrow-burials

(P IR

7 2 ,

I t was c lose t o B urcot ( PN , 1 49-50) : ' ?*Bryda 's c ottage(s),' a r elatively l ate t ype o f n ame . S ee D orchester a bove u nder -

C EASTER.

3 9

D enton S x S ee B ishopstone S x u nder TUN. D umpton K ( TR 3 94 6 70) ,

185-6 ,

i n t he p arish o f S t . L awrence ,

T hanet ,

t he

c emetery u sually b eing r eferred t o a s B roadstairs ( q .v . i n 6 th -c entury L ist) , s ometimes a s V aletta H ouse; P NK , 6 01: Tudeman 's e state ' o r ' e state a ssociated w ith D udeman ' ( -i ngtun) . F orms o f t his p-n f rom 1 270 s uggest t hat t his m ay w ell b e a n -i ngtun c ompound , b ut i t i s n ot i ncluded a s s uch i n J our . 4 , 5 7 . I t i s p robably n ot a n e arly p n . T he o nly l ocal p-n e t m ight h ave b een a ssociated w ith t his s ite i s P oghelinge , a n -i ng n ame ( Jour . 4 , 5 6 ; P NK , 6 03) , b ut i t i s n ot r ecorded b efore 1 347 . T he c emetery P SA X XIII ( 190911) , 2 72-82 ; B B I II , 1 32-3 ; I V , 6 99 . R ecent e xcavations p roduced m ostly 7 th -c entury g raves ( MA X VI , 1 56 ; X VIII , 1 79) . A nother c emetery ( at 3 75 6 92) , i n u se f rom t he l ate 6 th t o 8 th c enturies h as r ecently b een f ound ( M ,A X IV , 1 60 ; X V , 1 26 , X VI , 1 56) . O n t he f inds f rom D umpton s ee i nter a lia W elch i n P orchester I I , 1 96-7 ; E vison 1 965 , 4 0 &m ap 1 . L ate R oman s ites : 7 . P re -E nglish e tc ' . p -ns : 3 + 2 p ossible . . 2 E arly E nglish p-n s : ( a) i n -! ii : 2 1; ( b ) i n -i ng 2 : 8 ; ( c) i n 1 10g1 1224 : 2 ; ( d) i n ingas : 0 ; ( e) i n x -i ngas : 1 ; ( f) i n -f r ig' x ing : 1 ; ( g) f rom J our . 8 : 9 . I t i s p ossible t hat , i n i ts e arliest p hase , D umpton , l ike Mucking E ss , m ay h ave b een a ' staging -p ost' f or i mmigrants , t he n ew a rrivals , i f s trong e nough , o usting t hose w ho h ad c ome e arlier . T he h arassment o f T hanet b y V ikings m ay h ave l ed t o t emporary d epopulation a nd a s ubsequent r enaming o f i ts s ettlements , o bliterating t he o riginal p -ns . I t i s s ignificant t hat o nly G arlinge . a nd P oghelinge , b oth - mg 2 n ames , s urvive a s p ossible e arly p -ns , b ut t hese a re d oubtfully 5 th c entury . A griculture A ll o f T hanet i s c overed b y g ood a rable . D umpton i s n ot m entioned i n D B . A ccess T his i s o ne o f t he n earest p oints i n B ritain t o t he C ontinental h omelands o f t he E nglish . H ampnett G I

( SP

( *heantun ) . c entury .

1 05

1 51) ,

1 086 ;

P N ,

I ,

1 73 :

' ( at) t he h igh f armstead '

T he F rench d iminutive s uffix

-e t

w as a dded b y t he 1 3th

T he c emetery i ncluded c remations a nd i nhumations , s econdary

b urials i n a b arrow . W . G rimes , E xcavations o n D efence S ites , 1 9394 5 , I , ( 1960) , 1 13-26 ; B AR 8 2, 2 0 ; B AR 7 , 3 9 ; A nt . J . X XVIII, 3 2 . T he s ite w as a t B urn G round , p robably O E b yrgen ' A b urial -p lace , a g rave , a b arrow ,' EPNE I , 7 3 , h ere p erhaps r eferring t o t he l ong a nd r ound b arrows w hich w ere v isible r ather t han t o t he S axon c emetery . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant pms a re , i n p art , t he s ame a s t hose f or F airford b elow .

A griculture

T he s ite c omes j ust w ithin a r egion o f

m ixed s oils t hat i nclude g ood a rable . T his s ite m ay b e w ithin H wiccan t erritory . I t i s c lose t o t he R oman F osse W ay . H orton K irby I ( 1 ' 1Q 5 64 6 94) , 1 086 ; P NK , 4 3 ; E PND : ' f arm o n m uddy g round . ' T he c emetery V CH I , 3 77-8 ; B B I V , 6 29 ; E vison 1 965, m ap 1 0 & 8 1; R onald J essup , A nglo -S axon J ewellery , H orton K irby I I ,

R iseley ( T 1Q 5 62 6 75) .

1 974 ,

5 9-60 ,

6 1 .

T he m inor p-n i s p robably m odern ,

b ut i f o riginal, p robably m eant ' a c learing i n b rushwood . ' T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . T he T imes 1 6-9 - 1 938 ; M eaneY 1 964 , 1 33-4; E vison 1 965 , 3 1, 3 3 , 5 1; Myres 1 969 , 9 6 , m ap 7 ; B AR 7 , 7 5 . Late R oman s ites: 9 . P re - English p-ns: 1 1 + 3 d oubtful. E arly E nglish p-n s :

( a) i n

-h am :

1 0 ;

( b ) i n

-i ng 2 :

3 ; ( c ) i 9 i ngahae :

1 ; ( d) i n ingas : 4 ; ( e) i n -ing 2 x - i ngas : 1 ; ( f) i n -i ng x - i ng 1 ; ( g) f rom J our . 8 : 1 . T he a pparent b alance b etween t he n umbers o f -h am a nd - i ng p- n s m ay b e i llusory , f or a ll o f t he - h am n ames a re

4 0

t hose o f p arishes ,

b ut s everal a mong t he

-i ng

t ypes a re n ot .

H ere a s

i n p arts o f H ants a nd S ussex , c omp s eems t o h ave b een i n u se a s a n a ppellative . A griculture B oth s ites l ie w ithin a t ract o f f irst c lass a rable . I n D B 4e ntries r elate t o H orton a nd t ogether t hey g elded f or 2 4 s ulungs w ith 8 p loughs i n u se , 2 3 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland t o r ender 2 0 s wine . A ccess f rom t he s ea w as v ia t he T hames e stuary a nd t he r iver D arenth o r , i nstead o f t he s tream , b y t he R oman r oad t hat m ust h ave s erved t he d ozen o r s o v illas a long i ts v alley . M oreover , W atling S t i s 5m iles t o Na nd t he N . D owns r idgeway 6 m iles t o S . A s t he 2 c emeteries a re p artly c ontemporary t hey a re l ikely t o h ave s erved 2 d istinct s ettlements , b ut t here a re n o o bviously e arly t ypes o f p -ns i n t he i mmediate n eighbourhoods t hat c ould b e a ssociated w ith t he c emeteries , w hich a re a m ile a part . ( But s ee n ote b elow) . T his i s a n i ntensively R omanised a rea w ith a n umber o f b uildings y ielding e vidence o f o ccupation u ntil t he l ate 4 th o r e arly 5 th c enturies . T he B ritish p easants a re l ikely t o h ave c ontinued t illing t he r ich f ields u ntil t hey w ere w holly o r i n p art t aken o ver b y t he S axons . T he u nusual n umber o f p re-English p-n s ( and t he l ike) t hat s urvive s trongly s uggests t hat t he 2 p eoples w ere i n c ontact h ere f or s everal d ecades a t l east . N ote . S oninges , D B , a f ield -n ame i n t his p arish , ( DB , M orris e d . 5 .7 n ote) m ay b e a n t he o riginal n ame o f o ne o f t he s ettlements . H oughton R egis B d ,

P uddlehill .

H oughton

f irst

-i ngas

r ecorded

t ype a nd p ossibly

i n D B ;

P N ,

1 28 :

' farm/estate o n a h ill - s pur . ' I t was a r oyal m anor i n 1 086 . P uddlehill , 1 274 ; P N , 1 29 : Tudele 's o r P uda 's c learing ' ( -l eah) . T he s ites ( a) A s ettlement ( E L 0 06 2 35) . A ASE , 4 36 ; B eds . A rch . J I , 4 8-57 ( n .c .) ; M eaney 1 964 , 3 9 .

( b) a c emetery ( II 0 03 2 37) . I bid . , 2 5-47 ( n .c .) ; T he s ites a re l ocated b eside W atling S t i n a n a rea

o f g ood a rable , b ut a f m ile f rom t he n earest b rook . T he D B m anor o f H oughton , 1 m ile N E o f P uddlehill , g elded f or 1 0 h ides w ith 2 44 w orking p lough -t eams a nd a dequate m eadow a nd w oodland - i n a ll a v aluable e state .

B ut t he 2 s ites m ay h ave c ome i nto u se a fter t he

e nd o f t he 5 th c entury . K empston B d

cm

0 31

4 74) ,

1 060 ,

D B ;

P N ,

7 5-6 ;

E PND .

T here i s m uch d oubt

c oncerning t he d erivation o f t his p-n f rom a n u nrecorded p ersonal n ame , * Cemmi ( PN Wo , x l; b ut t here i s n o n eed , a s t here, t o i nvoke e penthesis , f or , i n 1 276) h as -mm -, b ut ( EPND) f rom B ritish 5 0910) , w hich w ould

a t otal o f 5 5 s pellings o f t he p-n , o nly 1 ( for 1 7 h ave - m b - /- m p-) . M ore l ikely i s a d erivation * cambo - , ' c urved , c rooked ' ( R . & S , 2 92 ; J ackson , h ave r etained i ts - m b- i f b orrowed b y t he S axons

i n t he 5 th c entury ( ibid . , 6 95) ; a nd t his c emetery i s c ertainly 5 th , p robably e arly 5 th ; a nd t he e lement * cambo - r ecurs i n a n umber o f E nglish pms . T he c rookedness o f t he O use h ere r enders t he t erm v ery a pt . C ertainly t his e tymology i s p referable t o t he a lternative. T he m eaning m ay t hen b e ' e nclosure o r f arm b y t he r iver -b end ;' l ess l ikely ' *Cemmi's e nclosure o r f arm ,' T he c emetery i ncluded c remations a nd m uch 5 th - c entury m aterial . V CH I , 1 76-84 ; B B I V , 7 84 ; BMG , 7 2 -5 ; A berg , 1 85 ; Myres 1 969 , 8 8 , 1 43 . L ate R oman s ites : 6 . K empston i s o ne o f t hem . P re-English e tc . , p -ns : 6+ 1 ? ' Early E nglish p-n s : h amm ;

( b) i n

( a ) i n

-h am : 3;

5 , a ll d oubtful :

( c) i n

-i ngah am :

0 ;

a ll a re t opographically ( d) i n

-i ngas :

n one ,

b ut

s ome o f t he -i ng 4 n ames m ay b e ing 2 x - i ngas : ( e ) f rom J our . 8 : 1 . A griculture T he s oils h ere a re v ariable b ut i nclude s ome g ood a rable : i n 1 905 t here w ere 2 000 a cres i n t he p arish u nder t he p lough M I I II , 2 96) . I n D B t he m anor a ppears t o h ave g elded f or a bout 1 24 h ides i n

4 1

a ll , w ith 1 6 p loughs i n u se , r endering

2 00

p igs .

T he

i nfra) l ay i n K empston ,

(q 0 , 7 .

m eadow t o s upport 1 60 o xen a nd w oodland j urisdiction

o f

W ilshamstead

a nd

E lstow

a ll 3 m anors m aking a u nit o f 2 0 h ides ,

w hich p ossibly r epresents t he t erritory o f t he f irst S axon s ettlers h ere . A ccess w as p robably a long t he O use . N ear K empston 6 m inor R oman r oads a re s aid t o c onverge ( C . T aylor 1 979 , K ingston S y

5 1 ,

f ig .

2 2) .

S ee H am b elow u nder HAMM .

K ingston b y L ewes S x , 1th c entury ;

S axonbury

P N ,

I I ,

CM

3 10 :

4 07

0 95) ,

f irst

r ecorded

i n

( ' the r oyal m anor o r e state ') .

t he

l ate

S axonbury

i s a m odern h ouse -n ame . T he c emetery S xAC X XXVIII , 1 77-83 ; C XVII , 8 5-102 . A s pear , p erhaps f rom o ne o f t hese b urials, i s o f at ype t hat d id n ot s urvive t he 5 th c entury ( BAR 7 , 5 , 6 1) . M orris ( 1975 , 6 21) a ssigns t he c emetery t o 4 60-500 ; W elch ( in B randon 1 978 , 2 7) p uts i t i n t he 6 th . A s a s pear c ould b e a n h eirloom , a 5 th c entury d ate f or t he p resumed b urial i s d oubtful . T he o ther g rave - g oods a ppear t o b e o f t he 6 th c entury a nd l ater . p assim ; p p. 4 0918 ; &f igs 6 9-74. L eighton B uzzard B d

( SP 9 21 2 65) ,

S ee a lso W elch 1 983 ,

D B;

P N ,

1 29-30 :

2 17 ,

2 25

e t

' a h erb g arden . '

A

f airly c ommon p-n n ot r ecorded b efore t he 1th c entury , a lthough t here a re e arlier l iterary r eferences ( BT s .v . l eac - t un) . I n m ost i nstances t hese p laces a re D B m anors . T he c emeteries : I , D ead M an 's S lade . T his i ncluded c remations . V CH I , 1 87 ; B MG , 3 4 , f ig . 2 8 ; A S & J , 1 49 . I I , C hamberlain 's B arn ( 927 2 63) . A pparently t here w ere t wo c emeteries h ere , p robably o f t he l ate 6 th a nd 7 th c enturies . T he t hree c emeteries m ay h ave b een i n s uccessive u se b y o ne s ettlement . A rch . J . C XX , 1 61-200 . A s ettlement w as n ot o f t he e arly p agan p eriod . I t was 2 - m iles t o t he S . ( MA X IX , 2 33; X XII, 1 56) . F or r elevant l ate R oman s ites a nd p-n s s ee A ylesbury ( Walton) a nd K empston a bove . A griculture A lthough t his a rea s eems u nattractive t o p easant f armers b ecause o f i ts s oils , y et t hey c ould b e w orked a nd i n 1 905 , a t a ny r ate , m ore t han 1 /5 o f t he p arish w as a rable . I n D B t he r oyal m anor o f L eighton g elded f or 4 7 h ides T RW ( 30 T RE) . W ith 5 4 p loughs i n u se , m eadow e nough f or 4 3 p lough - t eams a nd woodland r endering 1 00 p igs , i t w as c learly a v aluable e state . I t m ust h ave e xtended

w ell

b eyond

t he

p arish ,

t he

l ands

o f which c annot

b e

s eparated f rom t he t otal a ssessment . A ccess T he s ites a re a bout 2 m iles f rom W atling S t a nd n ot a pparently o ccupied i n R oman t imes . T he n earby r . O uzel w as p ossibly n avigable b y c raft o f s hallow d raft. L uton B d ,

7 92, D B.

S ee L imbury a bove u nder BURH.

M ilton-next -S ittingbourne K f arm o r e state . '

(M 9 05 6 40) ,

S ittingbourne ,

c . 8 93 , D B ;

1 200 ;

o f S idu 's p eople ;' b ut c f . E PND s .n . ;

P NK ,

2 54 :

' t he m iddle

G elling 1 970 ,

1 72 :

' t he s tream

( Journal 4 ,

5 9 :

inga -

x -

i ngas) , i s l ikely t o b e t he o lder p-n . T he c emetery ( Meaney 's I , a t t he h ead o f M ilton C reek , n ear W atling S t) , V CH I , 3 73 ; B B I V , 7 38 ; BMG , 5 3; A berg , 2 9 . B rooches w ere o f t he 5 th c entury a nd l ater . L ate R oman s ites : 1 4 , i ncluding b oth M ilton a nd S ittingbourne . 'P re E nglish p -ns : 4 + 1 ? . E arly E nglish p- n s: ( a) i n -h am : 9 ; 8a re p arishes ; ( b) i n -i ng 2 : 1 2 ; 2o n1y 2 ve p ar . n s ; ( c) x ingas : 2 , b oth p ars; ( d) i n -i ng x ing : 1 ? ( e) i n -i ng x -i nga - : 1 , a p ar ; ( f) i n -i nga - x ingas : 1 ( Sittingbourne) ; ( g) i n -i ngaham : 4 ( 2 a re p arishes) ; 3 .

( h) i n

I n t his a rea

-i ngas

-i ng - f orms

7 ( 6 w ere p arishes) ;

( i)

f rom J our .

8 :

g reatly p redominate a nd t hey i ntermingle

4 2

t opographically w ith

-h am

p-n s

i n s uch a w ay

s aid t o h ave p referable l ocations . l arge

e xtent

o f

f irst -c lass a rable .

w ider a rea t han t he v icinity . f or 8 4 s ulungs w ith 1 8 a cres

t hat n either c ould b e

A griculture

T his p lace i s o n a

D B i ncludes i n t he m anor a f ar

T he e state w as r oyal d emesne , g elding o f m eadow , 1 73 p loughs , s ome p asture

( probably o n m arshes b y t he S wale) a nd w oodland r endering 2 20 p igs . ( In 1 086 i t p robably i ncluded t he W ealden d istrict r ound M arden) ' mares ' p asture) , 1 6 m iles t o S W ( Al l I II , 1 87 , 2 09 ; W itney , 4 1-2 , 8 8 , 8 9) ; a nd B orden , a nother -d enn p-n , 2m iles S W o f M ilton , w as p robably o ne o f i ts s wine -p astures . A ccess T he f irst S axon s ettlers p robably a rrived v ia t he S wale a nd M ilton C reek .

M ilton i s o ne o f as eries o f

s ettlements c lose t o Watling S t : H ersden , C anterbury , F aversham, G illingham , S trood , H igham a nd N orthfleet , m ost o f t hem w ith ' S axon ' c ultural f eatures a nd r eadily a ccessible f rom F risia a nd N orth G ermany ; a nd a ll o f t he s ites w ere e ndowed w ith e xcellent s oils , w ater s upplies , m eadows a nd w oodlands . A ll w ere h ighly d esirable l ocations. Monkton K i n T hanet , ( TR 2 90 6 55) 9 61, c , 1 086 ( DM) ; P NK , 5 98 : ' estate o f t he

m onks ' o f C hristchurch ,

C anterbury .

T his

c annot

b e

t he n ame

o f

t he o riginal E nglish s ettlement . T he c emetery m ay h ave i ncluded s herds f rom 5 th c entury c remation u rns , o therwise t he g raves w ere o f 6 th- a nd 7 th - c entury d ate . A rch . C ant . L XXXIX , 4 9-89 ; A rch . J . C XXXII , 3 401 . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re v ery l argely t he s ame a s f or O zengell

( i n i L )

a nd S arre b elow .

A griculture

T he

c emetery w as o n t he e dge o f a b road s pread o f g ood a rable . I n 1 066 ( DB) t he m anor g elded f or 2 0 s ulungs w ith l and f or 3 1 p loughs, w oodland r endering 1 0 p igs a nd 2 c hurches : t he l ast i tem i ndicating t hat t he f igures d o n ot r elate o nly t o M onkton . T he w oodland m ay h ave b een i n t he F orest o f B lean where t he n eighbouring m anor o f Minster h ad p asture ( S , 1 180) . A ccess f rom t he s ea was v ia t he W antsum ,

t hen a n avigable c hannel .

S elmeston S x ( PQ 5 10 0 70) , D B; P N , I I , 3 38 :

' Sigehelm 's f arm o r e state . '

W ithin t he p arish D B r ecords 2 o ther m anors : S herrington ( -i ngtun) , ' farm/estate a sso 9 _ated nth S cira ,' 1 086 ; a nd S idnor : ' on t he b road h ill - s lope , ( *ofer o r o ra ) , 1 086 , a t opographical p-n t hat c ould b e e arly . T he c emetery y ielded m ostly 6 th a nd 7 th c entury o bjects , b ut e arlier o nes o ccurred ( MA V III, 2 38 ; X XIV , 2 32; A S &J , 1 31; W elch 1 983 , 1 26 , 1 57 , 2 19 , 3 89-90) . L ate R oman s ites : 7 . P re -E nglish e tc . p -ns : 9+ 2 p ossible , i ncluding 3 i n lunta a nd 6 i n c omp . E arly E nglish p-n s : ( a) i n -h am : 2 ; ( b) i n -i ng : 0 ; ( c ) i n -i ngaham : 1 ? ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 1 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 . O f t he - i ngas p-n s o nly 3a re o f p arishes , b ut 5 w ere D B m anors . O ne o f t he -h am p-n s w as a D B m anor . A griculture T he c emetery i s c lose t o t he e dge o f g ood a rable . I n D B t he 3 e states g elded f or 1 3 /4 h ides w ith 1 2+ p loughs , 3a cres o f m eadow a nd a r ender o f Ip ig . I t s eems t hat t he f arming h ere w as m ainly a rable . A ccess T he L ower G reensand r idge g ave E -W c ommunication . S hepperton Mx

( TQ

T he r . C uckmere i s 2m iles t o t he E . 0 67

6 73) ,

c .

1 055 ,

D B;

P N,

1 7-18 :

' farm

o f

t he

s hepherd(s).' S uch a n ame s uggests t hat t his was a n e xceptional o ccupation i n t he a rea . S ites T here a re 4 s preading o ut f or a m ile a nd t he s ame p- n m ay n ot o riginally h ave a pplied t o t hem a ll . A p olyfocal s ettlement o f f arms a nd h amlets i s p ossible ; t he l ittle t hat i s k nown o f t he s ites h ardly i ndicates t hat o ne o f t hese c ommunities was m arkedly l arger t han a nother . T here h ave b een 3 c entres o f

4 3

s ettlement h ere s ince a t l east t he M iddle A ges : S hepperton i tself n ear t he c hurch ,

S hepperton G reen a nd L ower H alliford

( 02 1 I II ,

2 ) .

T he

T hames h as c hanged i ts c ourse h ere w ith m uch e rosion a t H alliford ( ibid . , 1 -2) . T he m ain o riginal s ettlement m ay h ave b een n ear t he c hurch , f or i mmediately t o N E i s h igher , d rier g round l ess l iable t o f looding a nd t o i nfestation b y t he l iver - f luke w hich , o n w et l and , m ay d evastate f locks . S hepperton G m ns eems e qually w ell p laced . E ven a s l ate a s 1 879-80 , 3m illion s heep w ere l ost i n t he U .K . , m ost o f t hem v ictims o f t his p arasite ( Fox , P ersonality o f B ritain , 1 943 , 9 4) . O f o ther p -ns i n t he p arish , H alliford , ( 962 , P N , 2 3 : ' the h oly f ord ') , c ould w ell b e e arly , i ts s anctity p agan r ather t han C hristian ( EPNE 1 ,22 2 . T he c emeteries : I ( 067 6 73) i ncluded c remations a nd a b rooch

( BB I V ,

p l .

C LVI ,

6 ) w hich ,

s uperficially a t

l east ,

r esembles

o ne f rom F riesland ( Leeds 1 913 , f ig . 1 8 , n o . 4 ) , p ossibly o f 5 thc entury d ate . S ee a lso M yres 1 969 , 11; B B I II , p l . X XVI , 2 : ( 5th c entury i bid . , x xii) ; P SA 2 nd s er . I V , 18-9 ; A rch . J . X XV , 1 71-2 ; V CH I , p l . o pp . p . 7 5 , n o . 4 ; B AR 7 , 8 0 . I I: Walton B ridge G reen ( 092 6 65) . A c emetery i ncluding c remations ( VCH I , 7 5) . I II : Warre C lose ( 080 6 67) . A n i nhumation c emetery ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 68) . I V : S hepperton G m n( 070 6 76) . A h ut s ite w ith p ottery o f t he w hole S axon p eriod (U X II, 1 59 ; A rch . E xc . 1 973 , 9 0-1) . S ites I , I I & I V p robably c ame i nto u se d uring t he 5 th c entury . L ate R oman s ites : i n Mx a nd S r : 1 5 . P re -E nglish e tc . , p- n s i n Mx & S r : 8+ 3p ossible . E arly E nglish p-n s i n M x a nd S r : ( a) i n -h am :- 1 + 3 p ossible , o f w hich a ll b ut 4 a re b oth p arish -n ames a nd D B m anors ; a nd 1 i s ap ar e b ut n ot i n D B ; b ut 1 0 o f t hem a re -h amm t opographically ; ( b) i n -2 1 EL: 0; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 1 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 4 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 4 . H ere p- n s i n -h am p redominate . A griculture S oils h ere a re o f t he h ighest f ertility . I n D B t he m anor g elded f or 8 h ides w ith 7 p loughs i n u se, a dequate m eadow a nd s ome p asture . F ish f rom t he T hames s upplemented t he d iet o f t he W estminster m onks w ho h eld t he m anor . A ccess w as u p t he T hames . S utton C ourtenay B rk ( SU 4 89 9 40) , i n r elation t o A bingdon .

c . 8 70? , T he p agan

D B ;

P N ,

S axon

I I ,

4 24 :

' s outhern f arm '

s ettlement

w as

s ituated

c lose t o t he D rayton p arish b oundary a nd a m ile W o f t he n ucleus o f S utton , s uggesting t hat t he p resent l ocal t erritorial d ivisions d id n ot e xist i n p agan t imes b ut t hat a d ifferent p attern o f b oundaries o btained t hen . T he e arliest S axon v illage m ay h ave p ossibly r elated t o aR oman e state , f or t he s ite o f aR oman b uilding , w ith a c oin s eries e xtending t o t he 5 th c entury ORS 5 7 , 1 59) i s s ituated o nly 1 /3 o f a m ile t o t he E ;

a nd m uch R omano -B ritish m aterial h as b een f ound

l ocally b esides t hat f rom t he d eserted S axon v illage ( Peak .e , 2 32-3) . Moreover , n ames l ike S utton , Weston , e tc . , t he ' geographically r elated ' t ype , a re p robably l ate c oinages ( PN , I II , 9 41) a nd , a ltogether , i t i s r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he n ame o f t he f irst S axon v illage i s l ost . T he s ettlement O ccupations s uch a s s pinning , w eaving , p otting a nd m etal - w orking w ere d etected h ere . I n i ts f inal p hase , t he R oman v illa h ad s pecialised i n i ron -w orking ( JRS L VII, 1 98) . A m ale i nhumation i n t he f loor o f S axon h ouse X was a ccompanied b y ak nife a nd d ouble -s ided c omb . T heir d eposition w as p robably s ubsequent t o t he o ccupation o f t he h ouse . F or t he e xcavated a reas s ee A rch . L XXIII , 1 47-92; X CII, 7 9-94 . S ee a lso A berg , 1 5 ; MA I , 2 8-30 ; M yres 1 969 , 7 8 &m ap 5 ; A S &J , 9 8 . F or a djacent c ra pmarks i ndicating f urther a reas o f t he S axon v illage s ee A ntiq . X LVIII , 2 23-6 & p l . X XVII . O ther S axon b urials , 3a ltogether , w ere f ound ( 503 9 37) c lose t o t he p resent v illage n ucleus a nd m ay

4 4

r elate t o i ts e arliest p hase .

O ne h ad a b rooch o f c . 4 50 A nt . J . L V ,

9 0 n . 1;

B AR ,

O xon . V III/IX ,

2 00-201;

7 , 8 6 .

L ate R oman s ites

i n B rk

& O x : 2 4 . P re -E nglish e tc . ' p- n s i n B rk & O x : 1 4 + 2p robable . E arly E nglish p-n s : i n B rk ad O x : ( a ) i n -h ang 1 , t opographically a -h amm

( Wytham) ; ( b) i n -i ng : 5 , o f w hich 3 a re p arish -n ames a nd D B m anors ; 2a re l ost ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 1 ? ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 0 ; ( e) f rom

J our . 8 : s ee D orchester . T opographical p-n s o ccur i n r elation t o e arly p agan s ites i n t his r egion : W heatley , B lewbury , H arwell , E welme , A bingdon , F rilford , W allingford e tc . , w ithout t he i nclusion o f 6 th c entury s ites o f w hich t here a re m ore t han a d ozen , a t l east . T he l ocal e xceptions a mong 5 th -c entury s ites a re S utton a nd C assington , w hich m ay w ell h ave l ost t heir o riginal n ames . A griculture T he d eserted S axon s ettlement w as o n at ract o f g ood , w ell -d rained a rable . I n 1 905 2 /3 o f t he p arish w ere u nder t he p lough a nd m ost o f t he r emainder u nder p ermanent g rass ( VCH I V , 3 69) . A fter a lmost c ontinuous e xploitation s ince t he N eolithic p eriod , woodland was l acking f rom t he v icinity a nd l ocal p-n s g ive n o h int o f i t

( P n q ,

m ap

V I) . S heep m ay h ave b een a n i mportant e lement i n t he e conomy , a s s eems t o b e i ndicated b y t he e vidence f or c loth - m aking a nd t he p-n S hipstow ( PN , 4 25 , 1 7th c entury) . I n D B t he r oyal m anor o f S utton g elded f or 2 4 1 /4 h ides T RE . T here w ere 2 04 p lough-teams T RW , 3 00 a cres o f m eadow , a nd woodland ( perhaps n ear Wootton t o t he N ) t o r ender 4 0 p igs . A ccess A m inor R oman r oad t o t he S utton v illa p robably c onnected w ith t he m ore i mportant r oads o f t he r egion , b ut t he T hames w as t he m ost i mportant r oute f or i ncoming s ettlers , r ather t han t he I cknield Way . T he m iddle T hames r ound A bingdon a nd D orchester , a nd E . K ent, were t he m ost d ensely s ettled r egions o f s outhern B ritain i n t he 5 th c entury . W ithin 1 0 m iles o f S utton t here a re a t l east 1 4 S axon s ites o f t his p eriod a lready k nown . T he m ain l acuna i n t he s ettlement p attern i s t he a bsence o f s uch s ites b etween W allingford a nd G oring , t opographically w ell s uited t o e arly S axon s ettlement . F rom G oring t o R eading t here i s a l ack o f g ood a rable , a lthough t here m ay h ave b een a n e arly s ite a t P angbourne ( q .v . s ub BURMA) . I t i s p ossible t hat t he C hiltern d ip - s lopes w ere d ominated b y aB ritish e nclave w hich d eterred S axon s ettlers , b ut e vidence f or a B ritish p resence t here i s l argely l acking . ervet B rk U fton N

( SU

6 17

6 90) ,

D B ;

P N ,

I ,

2 24-5 :

' U ffa 's

f arm o r e state .'

T he s ite A h ut o f 5 th o r 6 th c entury d ate w ith e arly p ottery . B erks . A rch . J . L XVII , 1 -62 . T he m odern p arish e xtends t o b oth b anks o f t he r . K ennett , w ith t he e arly s ettlement o n t he N s ide a nd t he l ater m edieval n ucleus o n t he S . T he b oundaries o f t he 2 s ettlements w ere n ot n ecessarily t he s ame , b ut t he p resent o ne c rosses G rin's B ank ( Padworth) a nd i ncludes t he e nd o f i t . T he B ank ' c annot b e a s l ate a s c . 5 00 a nd i n a ll p robability i s n ot l ater t han c . 4 50 , i f i ndeed a s l ate a s t hat ' ( Boon 1 974 , 8 0 &f ig . 5 , p . 3 9) . I t h as b een s een a s a n a ttempt t o w ard o ff t he e arly S axons • a t R eading ( : ].. v . s upra) , b ut t he b ounds o f U fton m ay s uggest , i f t he s ettlement t here i ndeed o f 5 th - c entury d ate , t hat S ilchester , i n d emise b y c . ( ibid . , 8 2) , w as b eing a pproached b y s ettlers i n t he d ecades a fter R oman t own h ad c eased t o f unction . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p- n s a re l argely a s f or R eading L ickpit ( Basing) b elow .

A griculture

T he K ennet v alley a t

was 4 50 t he a nd

U fton h as

t racts o f g ood a rable . I n 1 905 , 4 3% o f t he p arish w as u nder t he p lough ( VCH I II , 4 37) . T here w ere 2 U fton e states i n D B g elding f or 1 0 h ides T RE , w ith 1 0 p loughs i n u se T RW, 8 0 a cres o f m eadow , b ut w oodland r endering o nly 1 p ig .

A ccess w as v ia t he T hames a nd K ennett .

4 5

T he R oman r oad f rom S ilchester t o D orchester c rossed t he K ennett l ess t han a m ile f rom U fton ; a nd S ilchester , s ome 4 m iles S , h ad 5 r oads r adiating f rom i t . F or a m ap o f t his a rea s ee G ates 1 975 , m ap 8 , & p. 2 9 . W alton ( Aylesbury) B k W alton o n T hames S y

S ee A ylesbury u nder BURH a bove. ( T IQ 0 94

6 65) ,

D B ;

P N ,

9 6 ;

J our .

1 2 ,

2 0-22 ,

4 5 :

' f arm

o f t he B ritons . ' M edial -e- f orms o f t his p-n a re n umerous . B urials A nt . J . I X , 3 23-5 ; M yres 1 969 , 11 , 1 80 , f ig . 1 7 , f ig . 2 5 . T here m ay b e s ome c onfusion w ith a s ite i mmediately a cross t he T hames . S ee S hepperton a bove a nd S yAC L VI , 1 45 . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p n s

a re a s

f or S hepperton a bove .

A griculture

T here

i s

f irst -c lass

a rable h ere . T here w ere 4 m anors i n D B , i ncluding A pps w hich i s n ow , a t a ny r ate , w ithin t he p arish . T here s eem t o h ave b een 1 8f h ides a ltogether T RE a nd i n 1 086 t here w ere 1 8 w orking p loughs , 8 6 a cres o f m eadow, a nd woodland r endering 5 6 p igs , i n a ll a v aluable e state . A ccess w ould h ave b een a long t he T hames . T here a re n o l ocal R oman r oads. A P LACE-NAME i n O E THROP e lement ,

whatever

( or O N THORP?) .

i ts

o rigin ,

i s

T he p robable m eaning o f t his

' an

o utlying

f arm ,

d ependent

s ettlement o r h amlet . ' ( EPNE I I, 2 14-6) . T he m eaning ' outlying f arm ' s eems t o b e n ot i nconsistent w ith m uch p rimary s ettlement , f or i t i s e vident f rom t he m any i nstances o f v ery s mall c emeteries t hat t hey c an h ave s erved o nly v ery s mall c ommunities . I n s ome i nstances t he p aucity o f b urials m ay b e d ue t o i ncomplete s urvival o r e xcavation ; a nd t he s ame a pplies t o s ettlements , w hich o ften c omprise o nly a f ew h uts ( AASE, 4 05-52) . A part f rom t he e vidence f rom G estingthorpe , t here w ere b urials , p robably o f t he 6 th c entury a t E ythrope i n U pper W inchendon B k a nd T ythrop i n K ingsey O x , t he l atter aD B m anor l ike G estingthorpe . E ythrope i s n ot o n r ecord b efore 167 . A ston U pthorpe , 1 316 ( Lowbury) B rk a nd C okethorpe O x , 1 226 , a re y et l ater . A lthough t he f irst r ecorded d ate o f a s ettlement i s o ften a m atter o f c hance i n t he s urvival o f d ocuments , y et t he i mpression g ained f rom t hese f acts i s t hat t he e arliest n ames o f t he s ettlements h ave b een l ost . T here a re a lso a d ozen i nstances o f O N THORP r elated t o p agan b urials i n t he A nglian r egions o f S fk , N fk , L ei , W a , L i a nd Y ks w hich h ave m ore o bviously b een r enamed . G estingthorpe E ss

( TL 8 30 3 84) ,

c .995 ,

D B;

P N ,

4 30 ;

E PNE

I I ,

2 15 :

' the

h amlet o r o utlying f arm o f * Grystel 's o r * Gyrstel 's p eople ,' a p ersonal n ame t hat s eems i mprobable ; a nd t here i s d oubt w hether t he f inal e lement i s O E o r O N . I t h as a lso b een d oubted t oo w hether t his i s a n -i nga - c ompound ( NA x , 2 7) . I t i s b est l eft u nexplained a nd i s p robably n ot t he o riginal n ame o f t he s ettlement . I t w as d escribed a s o f ' e arly S axon o ccupation . ' T he s ite y ielded l ate R oman m ilitary e quipment a nd i s r egarded a s t hat o f a s mall R oman t own . B AR 1 5 , 9 2 , 9 3;

MA I II ,

2 85

& f ig .

9 7 ,

s ite B .

' Early ' o f

c ourse

d oes

n ot

n ecessarily m ean 5 th c entury . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant pn s , a griculture a nd a ccess s ee B ulmer u nder MERE b elow . P LACE-NAMES i n HAMM .

T his

i nterpretation

o f

i ts

d evelo pment

i n

i ts

a nd

e lement

e arliest

p resents m eanings ,

d ifferentation

f rom

d ifficulties i n

-h am .

t heir

i n

t he

s ubsequent

E arly

m eanings ,

p erhaps b rought f rom t he C ontinent , a re ' pasture e nclosed w ith a d itch ' a nd ' a p iece o f e nclosed g round . ' T he m eaning ' a n e nclosure '

4 6

m ay h e o ne o f t he e arliest i n u se h ere . H owever , t he s enses ' l and i n a r iver - b end ' o r t hat w hich w as e nclosed b y a m eander , n amely ' a w ater-m eadow ,' b etter s uit t he t opography o f H am ( Kingston) S r a nd o f L ong W ittenham B rk . B ut i ts a ppropriateness i s l ess o bvious i n t he t opography o f F arnham S r ,

w here t he r iver W ey n ow

m akes o nly s mall

m eanders . I n t he 5 th c entury i t m ay w ell h ave b een d ifferent . T he s ame m ay b e t rue o f G lynde R each , b eside w hich B eddingham S x s tands , w hich m ay w ell h ave b een s traightened t o f acilitate t he d rainage o f T he B rooks . B ut b oth t hese p laces m ay h ave h ad -h amm i n t he s ense o f ' water - m eadow , ' w hich i s e ntirely s uited t o t heir l ocations ; a nd t he s ense

' enclosure ' c annot

b e i gnored ,

f or a m inor e arthwork e nclosure

c ould e asily h ave b een o bliterated . S ee E PNE I , 2 29-31 , e specially ( 2) . T he e lement - h amm s hould p robably h e c ounted a mong t he t opographical e lements u sed i n t he f ormation o f t he e arliest E nglish p- n s . I t i s l argely c onfined t o t he S axon a nd J utish r egions o f B ritain . F or a f uller d iscussion s ee G elling 1 978 , 12-6 ; D odgson i n A SE 2 , 6 -8 ; a nd C ox , J our . 8 : 6 1 . B eddingham S x e nclosure

( T IQ 4 59 0 60) , o f B eada 's

8 25 ,

p eople '

D B;

P N ,

( -i nga - ) .

I I,

3 57-8 :

S pellings

' Water - m eadow o f

t his

o r

p-n f rom

8 25 t o 1 332 i nclude a n umber i n -m m -, m aking i t p robable t hat t he s econd e lement w as -h amm . T here w ere e nclosures o f L ate B ronze A ge d ate o n t he s outhern s lopes o f I tford H ill ( 447 0 53; S .E . C urwen , A rch . o f S x , 1 954 , f ig . 4 ) ; a nd I tford i tself w as a D B m anor , p robably a s ettlement d istinct f rom B eddingham , a lthough n ow w ithin t he p arish . T he e arly c emetery i s r oughly e quidistant f rom t he 2 s ettlements , b oth o f which h ave t racks , p resumably o ld , l eading t o B eddingham H ill . E ven s o , i t i s m ore l ikely t hat t he p-n r eferred t o a v alley - f eature n earer t o t he s ettlement a nd t hat t he f eature w as p ossibly t he w ater m eadows . T he c emetery i s m iles S E o f t he p resent v illage , o n B eddingham H ill , w hich r ises t o o ver 6 00 f eet a bove i t . T he b urials w ere p rimary i n b arrows . T here i s d oubt a bout t he d ate o f t he b urials ( BAR 8 2, 2 58 ; W elch 1 983 , 3 95-6 : c . 5 00 ; MA V , 4 5 , n o . 1 4 : t he a ssociation o f t hese o bjects i s u ncertain) . N ear t he v illage , o n l ower g round ( 455 0 73) w ere 6 th c entury b urials . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p- n s a re a s f or S . M ailing a bove , u nder INGAS . A griculture T here a re g ood s oils h ere . I n D B t he m anor was a ssessed a t 6 0 b ides , w hich c an p robably h ave l ittle r elation t o t he l ands o i t he e arliest S axon s ettlers . I tford h ad o nly 4 h ides a nd 3 p loughs i n u se .

A ccess

T his p lace w as 6 m iles f rom t he s ea u p t he

r iver O use . C lapham , L ondon , f ormerly S y ( TO t 2 93 7 59) , c . 8 80 , D B; A SE 2 , 2 3; P N , 2 1: ( ' enclosure n ear a b arrow? ')

W ater -m eadows w ere p erhaps t oo f ar a way

t o h ave g iven n ame t o t his p lace a nd a part f rom t he r iver -c liff , n ow a m ile f rom t he T hames , t here i s n o o bvious n atural h ill . T he f irst e lement i s v ery p robably * clop , ' h illock , h ill ;' a nd t he h illock w as p erhaps a b urial - mound , n ow d estroyed i n t his b uilt -u p a rea . A s pelling o f 1 255 , i n b osco d e C lophammesgrave , w ith - m m-, i ndicates -h amm

r ather t han

-h am ,

a s t he d erivation o f t he s econd e lement.

T he s ite i s n ear t o t hat o f t he p arish c hurch . I t p roduced ' a q uantity o f 5 th - 7 th c entury p ottery . ' ( Lon . A rch . 4 , n o . 2 , P . 4 8) . S ee a lso i bid . , 4 , 7 , 1 77-83 ; MA X XV , 1 73; X XVI, 1 94 . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re r oughly t he s ame a s f or M itcham ( -HAM a bove) a nd L ondon b elow . A griculture I n t he l ate 9 th c entury t here w ere 3 0 h ides h ere ( EHD I , 4 96) , b ut T RE o nly 1 0 , w ith 6 w orking p loughs a nd 5 a cres o f m eadow ,

4 7

b ut n o w oodland .

A ccess

C lapham i s

o n t he R oman S tane S t ,

w hich g oes f rom L ondon t o C hichester .

I t i s

u nder 4 m iles f rom L ondon a nd 5 f rom M itcham , w hich i s c lose t o S tane S t .

T he s ite m ay a lso h ave b een a pproachable a cross t he T hames

m arshes. E ynsham O x

( SP

4 32

1 08) ,

8 64 ,

D B;

P N ,

I I,

2 58-9 :

' *Aegen 's water

m eadow(s) ;' & s ee E PND s .n . E ynsford : ' Eogen 's h amm . ' E ogen ' i s d oubtless E ugein ( Old W elsh) ' o p . c it . &J ackson , 3 24 . I f t he l atter p ersonal n ame i s i ndeed t he f irst e lement o f E ynsham , i t i s o ne o f t he f ew i nstances , l ike C hertsey , o f a B ritish p ersonal -n ame c ompounded w ith a n O E t opographical t erm ( Cf a lso C harford H a , E PND S J 1 .) . T he f irst s cribe o f t he P arker M S o f t he A SC , s .a . 5 71 , w rote E gones h am , i .e . h am , b ut h e h ad d ifficulty w ith s everal p-n s i n t he e arly a nnals : A egaeles t hrep , 4 55 ; C recgan f ord , 4 57 ; W ihtgara b yrg 5 44 , c f . 5 30 ; D orces c eastre , 6 36 , c f . 6 35 . T he s ettlement & b urials : I ( 435 0 98 ; 4 33 0 99) , i nhumations ( Oxon . X VII/XVIII , 2 16-7 , 2 24) ; I I ( 432 1 08) 6 th - c entury i nhumations ( MA X III , 2 38) ; I II : ( 430 1 08) p art o f(?) a s ettlement ; p erhaps p art o f I V ( 4A X VII , 1 48) ; I V : ( 432 1 08) , t he N ew W intles s ettlement ( AASE , 4 30) ; V : ( 436 0 98) , h ut f loors w ith p ottery e tc . , ( Oeon . I II , 17) ; V I : ( 433 0 99) a n i nhumation c emetery ( o 5 a6) . T he o nly 5 th - c entury f inds , a nd t hose d oubtful i n d ate , w ere 2 s herds o f B ii amphorae f rom s ite I I ( Arch . E xc . 1 971, 7 6) , which w ere p erhaps r esidual . A t p resent t his i s b est r egarded a s a 6 th -c entury s ite . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re a s f or C assington ( above u nder TUN) , t he i mmediately n eighbouring s ettlement, w ith which E ynsham h ad m uch i n c ommon . A griculture I n D B E ynsham g elded f or 1 5+ h ides w ith 1 8 p loughs i n u se , m eadow ( hamm) o f 2 55 a cres a nd p asture o f 1 00 a cres . I ts w oodland w as 1 + x 11 /4 l eagues a nd i t m ade a n a nnual r ender o f 4 50 e els . T his was c ertainly a v ery v aluable e state . A ccess S ee C assington . F arnham S y

( SU 8 42 4 67) ,

c . 6 86 ,

f ern ' o r ' f ern m eadow ' ( Jour .

D B ;

P N ,

8 ,

2 1) ;

1 69 :

' enclosure a mong t he b racken

b ut t he

-h amm

h ere c ould h ardly

h ave b een a m eadow s ince b racken t hrives o nly i n w ell -d rained s oils . A h igher s ite i s l ikely . T he s ettlement K .P . O akley , W .F . R ankine & A .W.G . L owther , A S urvey o f t he P rehistory o f t he F arnham D istrict ( Surrey) , S yAC , 1 939 , 2 55-9 . T he f inds a re p robably o f 6 th- t o 7 thc entury d ate . A n u nassociated s herd w ith d ecoration n ot u nlike t hat o n b awls f rom W alton- o n -T hames , A bingdon a nd K empston Ceres 1 969 , f ig . 1 7) c ould w ell b e o f t he 5 th c entury. T he s ite l ies m idway b etween G uildown a nd A lton a nd i s c omparable i n i ts l ocation w ith m ost 5 th- c entury s ites . L ate R oman s ites : 6 . P re-English e tc . p -n s : 4 + 2 ? E arly E nglish p-n s : ( a) i n -h am : 4i n S y ; 3d oubtful i n H a ; a nd a ll o f t he S y n ames c ould b e -h amm a nd n one i s aD B m anor . T wo o f t he 7 7— e . H a p -ns a re i n D B ; ( b) i n ing • 0 ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 3i n S y , 1o f w hich i s i n D B ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 5 . A griculture T his i s a n a rea o f f irst - c lass a rable . B efore 1 066 F arnham h ad g elded f or 6 0 h ides ; i n 1 086 f or 4 0 h ides . T here w ere t hen 4 3 w orking p loughs , 3 5 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 75 p igs . E ither t he f irst S axon s ettlers h ad a v ery w ide t erritory o r D B g oes f ar b eyond i t . A ccess T here w as p robably a R oman r oad f rom W inchester v ia A lton a nd F arnham t o L ondon a nd t he a ncient H arroway a fforded a n a lternative r oute. H am i n K ingston S y 8 . 15 ; P N , 5 7 :

( PQ 1 69 7 16) , c . 150 , D B(?) S ee D B , M orris e d . , n . t o ' water - m adow(s) ' o r ' l and i n a r iver-b end ' ( The T hames) .

B oth m eanings a re a ppropriate t o t he t opography .

4 8

K ingston ,

8 38(?) o r

9 24 ,

D B . ;

P N ,

5 9 :

c entury o rigin ,

' the k ing 's e state ' .

T he p- n H am m ay b e o f 5 th

b ut K ingston i s u nlikely t o b e s o u nless k ings w ere

h olding s way i n t he r egion a t t hat t ime . C amden s ays o f K ingston t hat i t was ' antiently a s s ome s ay c alled Moreford ,' ( Copley 1 977, 3 3) w hich , i f t rue , i s a p ossible e arly p-n , b ut w ithout p arallel . T he s ettlement w as a bout l i m iles N W o f t he m edieval n ucleus o f K ingston . S yAC L II , 1 01-2 . I t y ielded s herds o f a c arinated p edestal b owl o f t he e arly 5 th c entury s uch a s w as f ound a t M itcham a nd D orchester ( Myres 1 969 , 7 8 , 1 11, m ap 5 a) . A griculture I t i s l ikely t hat t he E streham o f D B ( Morris e d . 8 . 1 5 &n ) i s a s cribal b lunder f or H am i n K ingston . S treatham ( Estreham a lso) h as 2 s eparate e ntries ( ibid . , 5 , 1 4 ; 1 9 . 1) . I f t his i dentification i s r ight , H am g elded f or 1 h ide w ith l and f or 1 p lough . T he m anor o f K ingston h ad b een d ivided i nto 4 b y 1 086 , w ith a t otal o f 3 9 h ides , 2 7 p loughs i n u se , 4 0 a cres o f m eadow , a nd w oodland r endering 6 p igs . I n 1 253 H am h ad 2 00 a cres o f a rable , 7 4 a cres o f m eadow a nd p asture f or 2 00 s heep ( VCH I II , 5 05) . A s l ate a s t he 1 940 's t here w as s till a l arge t ract o f a rable h ere . L ate R oman s ites : 3 i n Mx .

1 3 i n S y ; 3i n Mx .

E arly E nglish p-n s :

P re-English p -ns : 5+ 2 ? i n S y ;

( a) i n ham :

8i n S y ;

2 ,i n Mx .

F ive

o f t he S y p-n s a re i n D B , b ut o nly 1 i n / e c ; ( b) i n ing 4 : 1 e ach i n S y & Mx ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 1i n s y ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 2 i n S y ; 3 i n Mx ; 1i n S y i s i n D B a nd 1 i n Mx ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 ; 1 7 . A ccess was u p t he T hames . T here a re 1 8 5 th -c entury s ites a long i ts c ourse . P .S . A t l east 2 e arly ( 5th -c entury) s pears a re k nown f rom K ingston . 6 0. L ong Wittenham B rk

( SU 5 45 9 37) ,

8 62,

D B;

P N ,

I I ,

4 27 :

B AR

7 ,

' Witta 's h amm . '

S ee a lso P N I II , 7 50 , 7 53-4 . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations a nd w as i n u se f rom a bout t he m id - 5 th c entury . A rch . X XXVIII , 3 27-52 ; X XXIX , 1 35-42 ; V CH I , 2 29-35 ; B B I V , 6 64-7 ; A nt . J . L VIII , 2 76 ; M yres 1 969 , 9 1-2, 1 14; S yAC L VI, 8 1n ; A ntiq . X L , 3 23 ; B AR 8 2 , 2 0 . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re a s f or S utton C ourtenay a nd D orchester a bove . A griculture t he s ite i s w ithin a t ract o f g ood a rable s oils w hich h ad b een e xploited f or m any c enturies . I t h ad b een a r oyal m anor a nd i n D B g elded f or 2 0 h ides T RE w ith 1 2 p loughs i n u se T RW . T here w ere 1 63 a cres o f m eadow ( a l arge h amm b y t he T hames?) . A ccess was a long t he T hames . W ittenham h ad a c oin - s eries e nding with A rcadius ( 395-408) . T here w ere ' l ate ' B ritish g raves ( Peake . , 2 47-8) a nd e v idence o f s everal R omano -B ritish o ccupation s ites ; y et f ew p re E nglish p- n s w ere p assed o n t o t he S axons , p erhaps 1 6 i n a ll i n a r egion

d ensely

o ccupied

i n

b oth p eriods .

N o

s ecure

c ase

f or

c ontinuity b etween t hem c an b e m ade f or t his l ocality e ven t hough t he g ap i n t ime b etween t hem s eems t o h ave b een s hort .

P LACE-NAMES i n DUN ,

' a h ill ,

a t ract

o f

h igh

g round . '

I t

w as

p robably

l ater t hat t his e lement d eveloped t he m eaning ' o pen c ountry ' ( Cf . F ELD b elow) . D un m ay b e a l oan - w ord f rom C eltic , b orrowed b efore t he 5 thc entury m igration t o B ritain ( EPNE I , 1 38-9 ; R &S , 2 74-5 ; b ut J ackson ( 319-20) w ould m ake t he b orrowing l ater , s o i t m ay h ave c ome f rom O ld B ritish s peech) . O E t un i s a c ognate w ord . H owever , d un i s o ne o f t he e lements u sed i n t he f ormation o f t he e arliest E nglish p-n s , b ut n ot a ll i n -d un a re e arly s ince i t c ontinued t o b e u sed i n t he f ormation o f n ames f or s everal c enturies , c ourse o f t ime .

S ee a lso C ox ,

A bingdon B rk ( SU 4 90 9 63) ,

J our . 8 ,

a cquiring a n ew m eaning i n

6 0-61 .

c . 9 31, D B ; P N , I I, 4 32-4 :

4 9

' Aebba 's ( masc .) o r

A ebbe 's

( fem .) h ill . '

T he p -n S evekesham was p robably a m onkish

i nvention . T he l arge S axon c emetery w as i n t he h amlet o f C aldecott ( c .1264) , w hich i s a n i nstance o f a r elatively l ate t ype o f p -n I , 1 09 ( 2 )) . T he r . O ck s eparates t he c emetery f rom A bingdon p roper . T here w ere S axon d wellings a t B arton O W , l ater a g range o f A bingdon A bbey . B arton , t oo , i s a l ate t ype o f p- n . ( ibid . , 3 1) . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . E .T . L eeds & D .B . H arden , T he A nglo -

( E N E

S axon C emetery a t A bingdon , B erkshire , 1 936 . L ater f inds : O xon . V II , 1 02 ; X XXVII , 6 6-81; M A V I/VII , 3 06 ; a nd s ee M yres M A X II , 3 5-41 , f igs . 7 -9 . E xc .

A s ettlement ( SU 5 10 9 78) a t B arton o f t he 5 th c entury . A rch . 1 976 , 1 45 ; B AR 6 , 3 9 . S ee i bid . , 3 6-41, f ig . 3 o n t he

r elationship b etween R omano - B ritish a nd S axon s ettlement i n t his r egion . T he B arton s ite i s j ust w ithin t he p arish o f R adley ( see u nder -L EAH b elow) . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p -ns a re a s f or D orchester a nd S utton C ourtenay w ith a f ew a s f or C assington . A griculture T here i s f irst - c lass a rable h ere ; t he l and h ad b een f armed i ntensively f or a l ong p eriod b efore t he S axons a rrived . T he D B m anor o f A bingdon ( Barton ) w as p erhaps m ore e xtensive t han t he t erritory o f t he f irst s ettlers , f or B arton , i ncluding S hippon , D ry S andford , B ayworth , S ugworth a nd K ennington , g elded f or 6 0 h ides w ith a t l east 3 7 p loughs . H owever t he d etails m ay b e i nterpreted , i t i s c ertain t hat t he m anor w as a v ery v aluable o ne . T here w as n o m anor o f A bingdon i tself . A ccess w as a long t he T hames . A shdon E ss w as i ncluded b y M orris ( 1975 , 6 21) a mong h is l ist o f s ites d ating f rom 4 60-500 , C entury L ist. B lewburton B rk

b ut I h ave f ound n o e vidence f or i t .

( SU 5 44 8 61) ,

9 64( 9 ;

P N ,

I ,

1 52 ;

B ut s ee S ixth-

' h ill w ith a v aricoloured

a ppearance ( because o f c ultivation) s urmounted b y l ies o n t he p arish b oundary o f B lewbury ( 964 ; D B ;

a h ill -f ort . ' P N , I , 1 51-2) .

I t A

c emetery w ith o ne c remation , w as f ound w ithin t he r amparts o f t he f ort . B rk . A .J . L III ( 1953) , 2 1-64 ; L VII ( 1959) , 5 2-73 ; W elch i n P orchester I I , B rk & O x : 1 4 .

2 10 ; M A V , f ig . 1 4a ; B AR 8 2 , 2 0 . L ate R oman s ites i n P re -E nglish e tc . p- n s i n B rk & O x : 9+ 2p ossible .

E arl xE nglish p-n s i n B rk & O x : ( a ) i n -h am : 3 , a ll D B m anors ; ( b) i n -i ne : 6 i n B rk , 4 i n D B ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas ; 1 ; i n D B ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 4 .

H ere

-i ng

t ypes p redominate .

A griculture

T he

c emetery is n ear t he j unction o f g ood v alley a rable a nd t hinner d ownland s oils . I n D B t he r oyal m anor o f B lewbury w as o f 4 1- h ides , b ut w as o f 5h ides T RE. T here w as , i n a ll , l and f or 2 1 p loughs ( suggesting a r educed h idation) , 3 6 a cres o f m eadow , b ut n o w oodland . A ccess w as p ossibly v ia t he p artly -t raced R oman r oad f rom D orchester t o S ilchester , b ut m ovement a cross c ountry would n ot h ave b een d ifficult. T he B erkshire R idgeway i s o nly 2 m iles t o t he S , c onnecting w ith t he I cknield W ay . A long t his a ncient r oute , o r c lose t o i t , a re 5 th - c entury s ites a t G t . C hesterford , T herfield S tevenage , L imbury ( Luton) , A ylesbury , Wallingford , A bingdon , E welme(?)

a nd

B lewburton ,

t ogether

w ith H arwell

n earby ;

a nd

i t

i s

n oteworthy t hat a ll o f t hese n ames h ave t opographical f inal e lements . T he s inuous l ine o f t he T hames i s b ordered b y e ven m ore s uch s ites a nd t he o verland r oute f rom t he H ants c oast t o t he m iddle T hames h as 6 o f t hem . G uildown S y

S ee G uildford b elow .

S windon

S ee S ixth -C entury S ites.

W .

5 0

T oddington B d ,

S heepwalk H ill

p eople' (- i nga - ) . ( 1913) , 1 84 ; V CH I ,

( EL 0 13 2 92) ,

D B ;

P N ,

1 34 :

' the h ill o f T uda 's

T he c emetery F SA , 2 nd s er . X I ( 1887) , 3 11; X XV 1 85 ; B AR 7 , 8 7 . T his i s p robably o f 6 th - c entury

d ate a nd n either t he c emetery a t

F ancott

n or

t hat

a t

W armark ,

b oth

w ithin t he p arish , i s e arlier . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re p artly a s f or L imbury a bove a nd p artly a s f or B ow B rickhill b elow . T he s ite l ies j ust w ithin a b and o f g ood a rable a nd i n 1 086 g elded f or 1 5+ h ides a nd 1 0 c arucates , w ith 2 7 p loughs i n u se . Ample m eadow a nd woodland w ere a vailable , m aking i t , i n a ll , a m ost v aluable e state . T here a re n o n avigable r ivers n earby , b ut W atling S t . i s o nly 21m iles t o t he S W .

AP LACE-NAME i n

-H OH ,

' a h ill - s pur ,

B eds a nd N orthants .

I t

H oughton ( Regis) B d a bove . C ainhoe B d ( EL c .010 3 70) ,DB ; p arish

o f

C lophill ,

P N ,

D B ,

a r idge ' a n e lement e specially c ommon i n

o ccurs

a s

E PNE I ,

t he

f irst

e lement

i n t he p- n

2 56-7 .

1 47;'*Caega 's

h ill - s pur . '

' h ill w ith a b arrow

I t

( hillock) . '

i s

i n t he

S ee C lapham

a bove u nder HAMM f or t he f irst e lement . B ut i t i s u nlikely t hat * clop(p) h ere m eant ' a l ump , h illock , h ill ' a s t he s ense ' h ill + h ill ' i s o nly p ossible i f t he m eaning o f * clop(p) h ad b een f orgotten ; b ut a s ense ' barrow ( on a h ill) ' i s p erhaps p referable f or t his p-n . T he s ettlement i s k nown f rom v ery l imited e vidence, b ut was d ated t o c .500+70

( Beds. A .J .

1 0 ,

4 1-52,

n ot c ons;

A rch .Bib .

1 976,9) .

F or

l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee L imbury ( Luton) a nd K empston . A griculture C ainhoe a nd C lophill t ogether g elded f or 1 0 h ides i n 1 086 .

T hey h ad 1 4 p loughs i n u se a nd ample meadow a nd woodland .

A ccess was p erhaps f rom t he N . f rom t he r . O use .

P LACE-NAMES i n HYLL e lement

( Kentish HELL) ,

' a h ill . '

r efers t o u pland l ess e xtensive

n ever c ombined w ith ( EPNE I , 2 74). ( Bow) B rickhill B d.

-h am ,

s uggesting

i t

i nvariably ( q .v .

w as

i n t he p arish o f S t. L awrence .

s ometimes r eferred t o a s R amsgate ; p erhaps

t hat

-d un

n ot

t his

s upra) a nd i s i n

e arly

u se

S ee b elow u nder p re -E nglish p-n s.

O zengell i i n T hanet, 6 01:

A lmost

t han

' t he h ill

o f

O sa 's

T he c emetery

( TR 3 61 6 55 & 3 57 6 54) ,

p eople '

( -i r lga - ) o r

i s

1 240 ; PM , a ssociated

w ith O sa ' (l r l e-) . T here a re 3 o ther c emeteries i n T hanet o f t he 5 th c entury b ut t here a re o nly 2 p ossible e arly p-n s , P oghelinge a nd G arlinge , b oth i n ing 2. F or a p ossible e xplanation o f t his p aucity o f e arly p-n s s ee u nder D umpton a bove ; a nd t here , t oo , f or l ate R oman s ites

a nd

r elevant

p- n s.

T he c emetery

c onsisted

o f

p rimary

i nhumations i n b arrows . V CH I , 3 62-3 ; B B I V , 7 00-1; Myres 1 969 , 4 9 , n .2 ; & s ee MA X XVI , 1 89-90 . A griculture T hanet h as a c overing o f g ood a rable s oils ,

b ut n atural s urface-water ,

m eadowland a nd w oodland

w ere p robably i nadequate . T his s ettlement i s n ot i n D B ; T hanet a s a whole g elded f or w ell o ver 6 6 s ulungs . A ccess w as f rom P egwell B ay , a m ile t o t he S .

A P LACE-NAME i n A ESC ,

' an a sh - t ree ,' i mportant

t o t he S axons f or t he m aking

o f s pear - s hafts , a nd t he h afts a nd h elves o f a gricultural t ools . A sh K I , DM.; G uilton o r G ilton MR 2 81 5 82) , P NK , 5 29 : ' at t he a sh -

5 1

t ree.' G uilton , 1 218 ; P NK , 5 29 : ' t he w ealthy , r ich e state ' ( EPNE I , 2 11) , p erhaps n amed f rom t he j ewellery f ound i n g raves o f t his c emetery . T he c emetery m ay h ave i ncluded c remations . I , 3 52-5 ; B B I V , 7 05-7 ; A berg , 3 0 , f ig . 4 2 ; B AR 7 , 5 3 . l ater c enturies s ee M A I I ,

1 86 ; X VIII ,

1 79-80 ; X X ,

M A X I , 1 0 : V CH F or g raves o f

1 64 .

O n t he w hole

i t i s d oubtful w hether t his b urial -p lace c ame i nto u se b efore 5 00 . A sh

I I

( IR

2 90 5 97) ,

G oldstone o r C op

S t . G oldstone ,

1 292 ;

P NK ,

5 29 :

' Goldstan 's e state ( -t un) o r s tone (- s tan) ;' o r p ossibly ' G 's s tone b uilding . ' T he c emetery w as 1 m ile N NE o f A sh I a nd a pparently c ontemporaneous w ith i t , e ach r epresenting a d istinct s ettlement w hose n ames a re p robably l ost . I t was a r ich c emetery . O nly a ' chip c arved ' b uckle i s l ikely t o b e o f t he 5 th c entury V CH I , 3 61 . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re m uch t he s ame a s f or W ingham ( See u nder INGARAM a bove) . A griculture B oth s ites a re s ituated w ithin a b road b elt o f g ood a rable . I n D B t he m anor o f A sh g elded f or 3 i s ulungs w ith 4 p loughs i n u se . T he K ing h ad 2 woodland p astures ( denas) i n t he m anor , b ut t hese w ere p robably a t s ome d istance i n t he W eald . T he 6 f s ulungs a nd 1 0 p loughs o f F leet ( in A sh) A D 7 98 ( S . 1 258) :

6 0 h ides

( Fleet

i n A sh)?) ,

w ere n o d oubt p art o f t he e arlier

A sh e state , b ut i t i s i mprobable t hat a ny o f t hese D B f igures r elate d irectly t o e ither o f t he l ost s ettlements t hat b uried t heir d ead a t G uilton o r G oldstone . A ccess w as f rom t he W antsum C hannel , 2 1- t o 3 f m iles N . T he ' Goldstone ' s ettlement w ould h ave b een o n o r v ery n ear t he c oast i n t he 5 th c entury . A sh i tself w as a t a n odal p oint o f R oman r oads . AP LACE-NAME i n

' a t horn - t ree ,' ' o ne o f t he c ommonest t ree -n ames i n

p lace - n ames ' ( EPNE I I, 2 04) .

I t h ad i mportance i n i ts u se f or t he

m aking o f p rotective e nclosures . S ouldern O x

( SP

5 19

3 14) ,

c . 1163 ;

P N ,

I ,

2 35-6 :

' thorn- t ree

i n a g ully ' o r

' p loughland m arked b y a t horn-tree ,' p erhaps a b oundary -m ark i n o rigin r ather t han a s ettlement - n ame . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . O nly a B uckelurn o f G rp I I ( lyres , 1 969 , 14 , 1 44 , m ap 8 ) a ppears t o b e o f t he 5 th c entury . H ornton u nder INGTUN

F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee a bove . A griculture T his p lace i s n ot

m entioned i n D B , b ut o ne o f t he t wo F ritwell m anors m ay h ave i ncluded S ouldern . F ritwell , 1 086 , D B ; P N , I , 2 11 : ' wishing(?) w ell . ' p-n w as p ossibly t hat o f t he p agan s ettlement , s ite u nknown .

T his T he

m anors g elded f or 1 6 h ides , w ith 8 1 w orking p lough -t eams a nd 3 2 a cres o f m eadow . I n 1 279 S ouldern i tself h ad 4 1 v irgates ( 10 1 /4 h ides) o f a rable w ith m eadow a nd p asture a ppurtenant ( Va l V I , 3 05) .

A ccess m ay

h ave b een f rom t he S . a long t he r . C herwell .

P LACE-NAMES i n LEAH . ' . .leah was t he r egular t erm f or s ettlement i n a w oodland e nvironment a nd t un f or o ne i n o pen c ountry a nd l eah s hould b e t ranslated ' c learing ' w hen i t o ccurs i n a c luster o f ( like?) n ames , b ut ' wood ' o r . ' meadow ' w hen i t i s i solated . ' T he e lement l eah w as ' probably i n v ery c ommon u se f or a l ong p eriod w hich e xcluded b oth t he e arliest a nd t he l atest p eriods o f f ormation o f m ajor p lace -n ames . ' G elling 1 978 , 1 26 - 8 ; s ee a lso E PNE I I , 1 8-22 & E PND s .v . H owever , t he o ccurrence o f t his e lement i n p robable r elation t o 5s ites o f t he 5 th c entury a nd 6 o f t he 6 th c entury , r enders i t l ikely t hat i t w as i n u se f rom t he b eginning o f E nglish p -n f ormation i n B ritain . S ee a lso C ox , J our . 8 , 6 0 .

5 2

A veley E ss

( EQ

5 61

8 12) ,

c .1073 ,

D B;

P N ,

1 20-2 ;

H art

1 971,

Welfgyth 's wood ,' t he l and - h older b eing a woman . A elfith c it . , 2 5 ,

n o .

3 7 ,

n o .

8 6 :

T here was a n

A elfgyth) i n t he n eighbouring p arish o f W ennington ( op . 5 0) i n t he m id-llth c entury . I f t his w oman g ave h er

n ame t o Aveley , i t was o bviously a p- n o f l ate f ormation . T he s ettlement w as t hought t o b e o f 5 th - c entury d ate . T he A rchaeologist i n E ss . , H erts . , e tc ' , 1 959 : R egional G roup 1 0 o f t he C BA , 1 960 , p . 9 , n o . 7 2 . L ate R oman s ites : 4 . P re -E nglish e tc . p -ns : 4 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n ham : 2+ 2 ? ; ( b) i n ing' : 2 ? ; ( c) i n ingaham : 2; ( d) i n -i ngas : 4 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 6 . H ere - i ng p- n s p redominate . A griculture T he s ite l ies w ithin a n e xtensive t ract o f f irst - c lass a rable . I n D B t his was a m uch - d ivided e state . I t g elded f or o ver 1i h ides w ith 1 3 p lough - t eams T RE , 6 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd a r ender o f 1 00 p igs . A ccess I t i s l ikely t hat r eached f rom t he T hames e stuary , a bout 2 m iles a way . H alley O x , W ilcote ,

S hakenoak ( SP 3 74 1 38) ,

c .1240 :

P N ,

t he

I I,

s ite w as

3 21:

c learing .' W ilcote , D B ; P N , 2 74-5 : leifel 's c ottage(s) ,' ( -i ng 4 ) i s i n N orth L eigh , D B ; i bid : ' north c learing . ' S hakenoak , 1 300 ; P N , 3 22 : ' t he f orsaken o ak . ' T he s ite w as t hat o f aR oman b uilding , s aid t o h ave b een o ccupied u ntil 4 30 ( MA X I , 2 68) . A S axon ' small - l ong ' b rooch ' of t he l ate 5 th c entury . ' ( ibid . , X IV , 1 62) a nd a t ubular b elt -a ttachment ( cf.. E vison 1 965 , m ap 1 0) w ere f ound h ere . I t m ay w ell b e s ignificant t hat t he s mall s tream t hat r uns t hrough t he s ite r etained i ts p re -E nglish n ame , Y ccen ( Gelling , MA X I, 1 02 , n . 1 8) . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p- n s a re l argely a s f or C assington a bove . A griculture T here a re s preads o f g ood a rable h ere . I n D B H alley w as n ot a r ecorded m anor , b ut W ilcote w as . I t g elded f or 1 h ide , h aving l and f or l f p lough - t eams , 1 2 a cres o f m eadow a nd e xtensive w oodland . N . L eigh , a t t he s ame d istance a s W ilcote f rom t he e arly S axon s ite , was a ssessed a t 1 0 h ides w ith 1 4 working p loughs , 9 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd woodland c overing l f x 1l eagues . A ccess T he s ite i s o nly 1 m ile S o f t he R oman A keman S t . T he r . Evenlode , 1 4- m iles t o N E, was p erhaps n avigable a t l east t o t hat p oint. L ittle O akley E ss

( EM 2 22 2 92) , D B ; P N ,

3 45 :

' the c learing a mong o ak-

t rees.' T he l ocal d istribution o f p-n s i n -f eld a nd - l eah i ndicates t hat t h is s ettlement w as o n t he e astern f ringe o f aw ooded t ract i n S axon t imes . T he s ettlement was c lose t o t he s ite o f R oman b uilding(s) w hich y ielded 4 th -c entury s herds . C olchester A rch . G rp . B ulletin N o . 1 , 1 958 , 4 3-5 ; M yres 1 969 , 8 7-8 , 1 04 , 2 18-9 , f ig . 3 6 ; V CH I II ,

1 64 .

E nglish i n O .

L ate R oman s ites : n one f or c ertain w ithin 1 0 m iles . rns :

2+ 1p ossible .

E arly E nglish p-n s :

( a) i n

-h am

P re 0 :

( b)

-i ng

:2 ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : A griculture O akley l ies j ust within a v ast e xpanse o f g ood

a rable s oils . Woodland c over h ad p robably b een d iminished i n a ffording f uel f or t he R oman c oastal s alt - m aking i ndustry . G t . a nd L ittle O akley w ere p robably o ne e state o r t erritory i n e arly S axon t imes , b ut i n D B t hey w ere s eparate m anors . L ittle O akley g elded f or 5 1 h ides w ith 6 w orking p loughs , 2a cres o f m eadow a nd w oods r endering 3 3 p igs . G t . O akley h ad 1 0 h ides , 1 3 p loughs i n u se T RE , 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd a r eturn o f 1 00 p igs . I n a ddition , t he 2 m anors h ad p asture f or 1 20 s heep , n o d oubt o n t he c oastal m arshes . A ccess w as f rom t he s ea a long t he O akley C reek . s hore -l ine h ere s ince S axon t imes .

5 3

T here h as b een r ecession o f t he

P uddlehill B d. R adley B rk

S ee H oughton R egis a bove u nder TUN.

( SU

5 10 9 78) ,

c .1180 ;

P N ,

I I,

4 55 :

' red

w ood

o r

c learing '

p erhaps w ith r eference t o t he g ravelly n ature o f t he s oil .

T he

s ettlement w as o nly p artly i n R adley . S ee a bove , A bingdon u nder D UN . B urial : a n i nurned c remation ( Berks . A .J . X LI , 3 8) . L ate R oman s ites , r elevant p-n s a nd a ccess w ere a s f or A bingdon .

A griculture

R adley

w as n ot r ecorded i n D B , b ut was p robably i ncluded w ith B arton ( on which s ee A bingdon) , which h ad a n a ssessment o f 6 0 h ides , e xtraordinarily h igh . R iseley K

S ee H orton K irby a bove u nder TUN.

Wheatley O x

( SP

6 02 0 46) ,

1 163 ;

P N ,

I ,

1 93 :

' clearing where wheat i s

g rown .' T he c emetery i s m ainly o f t he 6 th c entury , b ut s ome o bjects were o f t he l ater 5 th (MR 8 2 , 2 0 ; M orris 1 959 , 8 1, n ; A nt . J our . L VIII , n s :

2 60 ;

( a) i n

B AR 7 , 8 9) . -h am :

0 ;

P re-Eng ysh p -ns :

( b) i n

-i ng

:0 ;

1 4 + 3 ?

( c) i n

E arly E nglish p -

-i ngaham :

0 ;

( d)

i n

-i ngas :

0 ; ( e) f rom J ournal 8 : 4 . T he c omplete a bsence o f e arly t ypes o f E nglish p-n s w ithin 1 0 m iles i s m ost r emarkable ; i t m ay b e d ue t o t heir e xtinction t hrough t emporary d epopulations d uring t he l ate 7 th a nd 8 th c enturies w hen W essex a nd M ercia w ere b attling f or p ossession o f t his r egion . E .T . L eeds ( PSA X XIX , 6 3) a ssumed ' a c onsiderable s urvival o f B ritish s tock ' h ere a s a t E . S hef f ord ( q .v . i nfra) , h is a ssumption b eing b ased o n e vidence f rom t he c emetery . H is a ssumption i s s upported b y e vidence f rom n umerous l ate R oman s ites a nd p re -E nglish p-n s ; a nd t he i mmediately l ocal a rchaeological e vidence s trengthens h is c ase s till f urther . A griculture T he s ite l ies n ear t he j unction o f t he f ormer f orested t ract E o f O xford a nd ' g ood ' b ut ' heavy l and . ' T he p- n i tself i ndicates c ereal c ultivation i n a f orest c learing . T his p lace i s i gnored i n D B , b ut i t h as b een i nferred ( Morris e d . o f D B O x , n ote 9 .8) t hat a h olding o f 1 1 - h ides i ncluded u nder G arsington ( ' grassy h ill ') i s t he s ame a s t hat r eferred t o a s Wheatley i n t he C hronicle o f A bingdon A bbey . A ccess T he a pproach t o t he s ite b y t he f irst s ettlers was p robably a long t he r ivers T hames a nd T hame t o w ithin a f m ile o f t he s ite .

A P LACE-NAME i n WALD ,

' ( a

l arge

t ract o f) woodland ,' s ometimes u sed

i nterchangeably w ith l eah . I ts l ater m eaning w as ' a t ract o f u pland ' a s i n C otswold . S ee E PNE I I, 2 39-42.

H arrold B d ( SP 9 53 5 72) , D B; E PNE I , 2 34 :

' wood o n t he ( shire) b oundary . '

T he c emetery a nd s ettlement y ielded e vidence o f 5 th - t o 9 th-century o ccupation . M eaney 1 964 , 3 6; B eds . A rch . J . V , 1 7-55 , ( not c ons) ; M yres 1 969 , m ap 7 ; A ASE , 4 22 . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee K empston a bove u nder TUN , b ut i t i s 8m iles I n 1 905 a bout 4 3% o f t he p arish w as a rable , m ainly D B t he m anor g elded f or 1 0 h ides w ith l and f or 1 6 m eadow s ufficient f or 6 p lough - t eams a nd w oodland A ccess w as v ia t he r . O use ,

t o S E . A griculture g rowing w heat . I n p loughs ( 8 i n u se) , r endering 2 00 p igs .

o nly 1 /4 m ile f rom t he s ite .

A P LACE-NAME i n BAER 2 , a w oodland p asture ' e specially f or s wine . 1 6.

5 4

E PNE

I ,

W estbere K .

S ee H ersden a bove u nder ING 2

P LACE-NAMES i n STAN ,

' a s tone . '

I n t he a lmost s toneless r egions o f m uch o f

l owland B ritain t his e lement would u sually r efer t o what w as e xceptional i n t he l andscape . S econdary m eanings w ere p robably s tone -b uilt' o r ' a s tone b uilding'. E PNE I I, 1 43. K eston K ( TO 4 15

6 33) ,

8 62 ,

D B ;

h is ' s tone b uilding . ' m ausoleum ,

c lose

P NK ,

2 7 :

' * Cyssi 's

s tone ' o r m ore

p robably

T he m asonry o f R oman b uildings a nd o f aR oman

t o t he e arly S axon s ite ,

w ould h ave b een m ore

e vidence i n t he 5 th c entury t han i n r ecent t imes . p resumably o n Kyssi ls l and . K eston i s n ow a s cattered

i n

T hey w ere s ettlement ,

b ut t he S axon s ite i s n ear t he o ld n ucleus o f t he v illage a nd t he R oman s ites a nd i t i s q uite p ossible t hat t his i s t he o riginal n ame o f t he p lace . T he s ettlement i s l ittle k nown , b ut f inds f rom i t i ncluded s herds a nd a b one c omb t hat c ould b e o f t he 5 th c entury M A X VII , 1 45 . L ate R oman s ites i n Ka nd S y : 8 . P re -E nglish p -ns : 1 5 + 1 ? i n

E arly E nglish p-n s i n K &S y : -I ng

x

f ro p p J our .

-i nga - :

8 : 4 .

1 ; ( d) i n

O f

( a) i n

-i ngaham :

-h am -n ames ,

-h am :9 ;

( b) i n ing 2 : 3 ;

2+ 1 ? ; ( f) i n

7a re D B m anors ;

-i ngps :

( c )

2 ; ( g)

o f ing : 1 ; o f -

i ng x inga - : 1 ; o f -i ngaham : 3 ; o f ingas : 2 ; w hich g ives a r ough e quality o f -h am a nd - i ng t ypes . A griculture T his i s a n a rea o f v ariable s oils i ncluding s ome g ood a rable a nd s ome l ighter , b ut p roductive , d ownland s oils , e specially i n t he b ottoms o f t he c oombs . D B/DM h ave 2 r eferences t o K eston , w ith a t otal a ssessment o f 1 s ulung , 2 p loughs i n u se a nd woodland r endering 5 s wine . T his s uggests t he p ossibility t hat t he e arly S axon s ettlement h ere w as l ittle m ore t han a f arm o r , a t m ost , a s mall h amlet . T he R omano B ritish f ields w ere n ot l ong d isused , i f a t a ll , a nd t he n umerous p re E nglish ( etc .) p-n s o f t he a rea s uggest c ontacts b etween B ritons a nd S axons f or a f ew g enerations . A ccess T he R oman r oad f rom L ondon t o L ewes p asses l ess t han l f m iles t o t he E o f t he s ite ; a nd t he N . D owns t rackway i s 4 1 - m iles t o t he S . I n t his s tretch t he R oman r oad i s s till a s hire b oundary a nd w as u sable i n e arly S axon t imes . S taines Mx

( r iQ 0 38 7 17) ,

o bviously k nown a nd p erhaps

c . 1 050 , D B; P N ,

1 8-19 :

i n p art

' at t he s tone' ( sing .) .

T he R oman b ridges i mplied b y i ts L at . p- n P ontibus &S, 4 41) s uggest t he s urvival o f a s tone a butment o r b ase o f a p ier . T hese would h ave r emained f or l ong a fter a wooden s uperstructure h ad p erished ;

b ut

' the

c ollapse

o f

t he

R omano - B ritish

' town '

c ame

g radually i n t he 5 th c entury A .D . ' a nd ' a t o ne p oint S axon a nd R omano B ritish p eople l ived s ide b y s ide . '

L on . A rch . 3 .7 ,

1 86 .

A b ridge o f

s ome s ort m ay h ave b een m aintained u ntil t he S axons b ecame d ominant h ere . I bid . , l a ( 1970) , 1 61-2 ; 2 . 14 ( 197 0 , 3 62-5 ; 3 .7 ( 1978) , 1 806 . T he S axon s ettlement y ielded p ottery o f t he l ate 5 th a nd 6 th c enturies a s w ell a s. 2 e arly s pearheads ; b ut t his d oes n ot n ecessarily i ndicate a n o verlap o r c ontinuity o f o ccupation . L ate R oman s ites i n / 4x , B k , B rk & S y : 7 . P re -E nglish e tc . p- n s : 1 3 + 3 p ossible . E arly E nglish p- n s : ( a) i n ham : 1 8 + 1 d oubtful ; 8 a re n either p arishes n or D B m anors ; ( b) i n -i ng 2 : 0 ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 4 , o f w hich o nly 1 i s aD B m anor ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 4: T he ham t ype p redominates h ere . A griculture T his i s ar egion o f f irst c lass s oils . I n D B S taines g elded f or 1 9 h ides w ith 2 4 p loughs i n u se a nd

a dequate

m eadow .

Woodland

r endered

2 0

p igs .

T here

i ntensive c ultivation o f t his a rea d uring t he R oman p eriod .

5 5

was

A ccess

B esides m ovement u p

t he T hames ,

t he L ondon t o S ilchester R oman r oad

m ay h ave b een u sed b y t he f irst i ncoming S axons . S tone B k.

S ee B ishopstone B k a bove u nder TUN.

S tone n ext F aversham K ( D O t b uilding ' w ith

9 92

r eference

6 13) ,

t o

t he

D M,

m ain

c .1087 ; f eature

( EPND) ; o f

t his

' the

s tone

s ite .

S tone

n ear D artford K a lso h ad a R oman b uilding . T he s ite w as p robably t hat o f a4 th-century R oman m ausoleum i n al arge R oman c emetery b eside W atling S t . ( MA X V , 6 ) . U nstratified s herds o f ' S axon ' p ottery o f c .400 - 7 00 w ere f ound . A nt . J . L VII , 6 9 . A griculture T his i s a mong t he m ost f ertile r egions o f B ritain . I t i s n ot m entioned i n D B . F or f urther d etails s ee F aversham a bove u nder RAM .

P LACE-NAMES i n W ORTH ,

' an e nclosure . '

T his e lement

' was b eing u sed i n t he

f ormation o f s ome p lace -n ames i n t he l atter h alf o f t he 6 th a nd i n t he 7 th c entury . a nd i t c ontinued t o b e u sed a s an ame - f orming e lement t ill l ong a fter t he C onquest . ' C ameron , J our . 1 2 , 4 0 ; a nd s ee i bid . , 3 8-40 , n . 5 8 c orrecting s ome p oints i n S mith , E PNE I I , 2 73-5 . C ox ( Jo tn 7 . 8 : 6 6) i s p erhaps i n e rror i n a ssigning t he u se o f t he e ighth c entury a nd l ater . ' I nworth E ss

( TL

8 83

1 82) ,

1 206;

P N ,

3 94 :

' Ina 's

-w orth

e nclosure . '

' t o

T he s ite

y ielded a b utton-b rooch o f l ate 5 th o r 6 th c entury d ate . A rch . E xc . 1 971 , 5 7 ; MA X VI , 1 53 . R oman p ottery o f t he l ate 4 th- a nd e arly 5 th c entury . ( 16I R 7 1 , 10) a nd R oman a nd S axon b urials ( VCH I II , 1 49) h ave c ome f rom h ere . T he F eering S axon c emetery i s a l ittle o ver a m ile t o t he N W . S ee F eering u nder INGAS a bove f or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s . Worth K

( ER 3 37

5 53) ,

1 226 ;

P NK ,

5 90 :

' the e nclosure . '

T he s ite A

g roup o f g raves i s s aid t o h ave i ncluded p ottery o f w hich a t l east o ne v essel was a bove) . c entury . X VII ,

' Anglo-Saxon . '

T he r est w ere s ub -R oman ( cf . I nworth

T he p ot a nd t he s temmed g lass b eaker m ay b e o f t he 5 th D AB , 1 7 , 1 58-9 ; MA I I , 3 8 ( cf . f ig . 4 a) ; & s ee A nt . J .

3 1013 ,

p l .

x xxiii) .

F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant

pms

s ee E astry b elow u nder * -GE . A griculture W orth i s a t t he e dge o f a l arge t ract o f v ery g ood a rable . I t i s n ot m entioned i n D B . I n t he 5 th c entury i t w as p robably a c oastal s ettlement . S ee S teers 1 946 , 3 34.

AP LACE-NAME i n W ORTHIG , E ngland .

' an

e nclosure . '

T his w as

c ommonly

i n u se

i n S W

E PNE I I, 2 75-6.

K ing 's W orthy H a , W orthy P ark ( S L 1 5 00 3 28) , c .956 , D B ; E PND . T he c emetery ( unpublished) , i ncluding c remations , c ame i nto u se b efore 5 00 . M A V I/VII , 3 07 ; V III , 2 33 ; A S &J , 1 36 ; M yres 1 969 , 2 7 n . 1 , 1 56 f ig . 5 ; R AR 7 , 8 9-90 . O ne g rave h ad m aterial o f ' J utish ' t ype ( MA V I/VII , 3 07 S wanton 1 973 , f ig . 8 3f) . L ate R oman s ites : 1 3 . P re -E nglish e tc . p -ns : 1 3 + 2 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a) i n -h am : 3+ 1 ? ( b) i n 1 ng 2 : 1 0 , a ll m inor p laces ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 1 . A griculture T his i s a d ownland a rea w ith s hallow b ut p roductive s oils , e specially i n t he c oombs . T he r oyal m anor , a b erewic o f B arton S tacey , h ad l and f or 2 5 p loughs , b ut o nly 2 3 i n u se . I t h ad 3 7 a cres

o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 8 0 p igs .

5 6

A bbot 's

Worthy

( on

which

s ee

A ddenda) ,

p robably

p art

o f

t he

o riginal

s ettlement , h ad 2 w orking p loughs , 2 15 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland f or f encing . H eadbourne W orthy h ad 3 1 /4 h ides , 7p loughs i n u se , 7 a cres o f m eadow a nd s ome l and f or g razing .

T he e stablishment o f a

S axon c ommunity a t W orthy w as f acilitated b y i ts p revious e xploitation b y R omano -B ritish c ultivators ( Finberg 1 972 , 9 4-5) . A ccess T he r . I tchen i s c lose b y , a ffording a r oute f rom t he S . c oast t o o ne o f p robably m any u nco -o rdinated s mall i nvasions b y t he S axons , h ave c ome , i mmediately , f rom N .E . G aul .

AP LACE-NAME i n * -MAWE , a ssumed i n o rder

' a m eadow '

( EPND

t o e xplain t he

s .n .

D unmow) .

e lement

s econd e lement o f D unmow .

b een a ccepted b y a t l east s ome s cholars . : D odgson , P N C h V , 2 79 ; E PNE I I , 3 7. G reat D unmow E ss

T his

Smith ,

(m , 6 26 2 19) , c . 9 47 , D B ; P N , 4 74-5 :

w ho m ay

P N G I

w as

I t h as I V ,

1 54 ;

' hill - m eadow(s) . '

T he n ame i s d istinctive i n t hat m eadows a re u sually i n r iver -v alleys . T he s ite i ncluded R omano-British s tructures , o ne o f w hich w as b elieved t o h ave b een i n u se i n t he 5 th c entury . A S axon s tructure h ad a ssociated g rass - t empered p ottery w hich m ay b e o f t he 5 th c entury o r l ater . A rch . E xc . 1 971, 5 7 , 7 0 ; 1 972 , 4 9 ; A ASE , 4 21; b ut t he S axon o ccupation w as l ater a ssigned t o t he 7 th c entury . M A X XVI , 3 5 . S ee B AR 1 5 , 8 8 , f ig . 2 f or t he R oman s ettlement . F or s ome o f t he l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee G t . W altham a bove u nder W EALDHAM , b ut i t i s 7 m iles t o t he S E . A griculture T here i s a l arge t rack o f g ood a rable h ere . B y 1 066 , t he D unmow e states h ad b een f ragmented i nto 1 0 h oldings w hich i n t otal g elded f or n early 1 5 h ides w ith 3 0p lough-teams . T here w ere 1 86 a cres o f m eadow a nd a n a nnual r ender o f 1 379 p igs f rom w oodland . A ccess D unmow i s a t t he j unction o f 2 R oman r oads .

T he r . C helmer m ay n ot h ave b een n avigable h ere i n t he

5 th c entury , a lthough w ith a h igher w ater - t able t hen t he s tream w as p robably d eeper t han n ow . P LACE-NAMES FELD , ' o pen c ountry ' a m ore e xtensive t han a - l eah ( EP e I , 1 66-8 & s ee L EAH a bove) .

a rea c leared o f t rees I n t he S x W eald t here

a re 1 3 i nstances o f -f eld w here R oman b loomeries a re k nown t o h ave e xisted . I n t he o ther 2 3 W ealden p arishes w ith p-n s i n -f eld n o s uch s ites a re k nown . T his i ndustry c onsumed m uch f uel , r equiring e xtensive t ree - f elling o ver 2 c enturies o f working . W ith t heir c essation i t i s l ikely t hat t he l abourers s tayed o n n ear t he s ites , u sing t he c leared a reas f or t he g razing o f s tock a nd f or m inor c ultivations . T hese w ould h ave i nhibited s pontaneous r egeneration o f t he f orest , p erhaps u ntil t he 6 th c entury ( ?) when t he J utes a nd S axons p enetrated i nto t he Weald i n s earch o f s wine -p astures . B esides i ron-working , b rick - a nd t ile - m aking a nd t he p ottery i ndustry h ad a s imilar e ffect o n w ooded a reas . L impsfield ( below) h ad a t l east 3 R oman p ottery k ilns , Ampfield a nd B raishfield , H a h ave k ilns ites a nd B radfield a nd E nglefield , B rk a re n ear t o t he p ottery s ite a t Maidenhatch . T he F arnham a nd A lice H olt p otteries a lso h ave n earby p-n s i n -f eld . S uch n ames t o t he E a nd N E o f S ilchester , H a p robably h ave a d ifferent e xplanation , n amely f orest -c learance f or c ultivation a nd f or p asture t o s upply t he n eeds o f t he R omano -B ritish t own . C ontemporary f ields h ave b een d etected f rom t he a ir i n t his n eighbourhood ; a nd l ess p opulated R oman s ites e lsewhere h ave l ocal n ames i n -f eld t hat m ay h ave a s imilar s ignificance . B ut i t m ust b e e mphasised t hat m any o f t he -f eld n ames c annot b e e xplained i n t hese

5 7

ways . T he m atter n eeds m uch f urther s tudy i nvestigation o f t he r elationship , i f a ny , b etween a reas c leared o f t rees f or a s pecific p urpose . 8 , 5 8-9 . L impsfield S y

( D 4 p 4 25 5 34) , D B; P N , 3 23 :

a nd -f eld

w ith i t a n a nd l eah a s

S ee a lso C ox ,

J our .

' open c ountry w ith e lm - t rees . '

O n t he f irst e lement o f t his p-n s ee L ympne a nd L yminge b elow a mong p re -E nglish p-n s . A m eaning ' m arsh ' O Z & S , 3 85-7) i s p ossible h ere

a s t here i s a l ost M oreland , 1 440 " 3 25 , n .3 ; E PNE I I , s .n . m or b . T his i s b ut o ne a mong a n umber o f p re -E nglish e tc . p-n s i n t he a rea : C roydon , A ddiscombe , W allington , W ickham , C aterham , c amp i n M ersthamm , C herchefelle ( Reigate) , C hevening , a nd P itch F ont i n L impsfield . T he s ite ( PSA 2 nd s er . X III , 2 49-50) i s d oubtful w ith r egard b oth t o i ts d ate a nd t o i ts n ature . T hree p ots , o ne p erhaps l ate R oman , w ere f ound ( Myres , D AB , 1 7 , 1 8 , f ig . 1 , n o . 1 1) . A nother , a f luted u rn , m ay b e i n t he s ame c ategory a s p ots f rom S arre a nd W estbere 1 969 , 9 7) , b ut t he ' flutings' o n t he L impsfield u rn m ay p erhaps b e r egarded a s m ultiple b osses . S ee Morris 1 959 , 1 43 : 6 th c entury . A griculture T here i s s ome g ood a rable o n t he D owns a nd a s trip a long t heir s carp - f oot . I n D B t he m anor g elded f or 2 5 h ides w ith 1 9

p loughs i n u se , 4a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland t o r ender 1 50 p igs ; a v aluable e state . T his p art o f S urrey was p robably o nce i n K ent ( Witney , 4 0) . A ccess T he s ite i s d irectly o n t he l ine o f t he L ondon-Lewes R oman r oad a nd o nly 1 1 m iles S o f t he N . D owns t rackway . T herfield H rt ,

R oyston

( 1 ' ,

3 41 4 01) ,

D B ;

P N ,

1 66 :

' waterless

o pen c ountry . '

T he n earest s prings s eem t o b e a bout a m ile f rom t he v illage , b ut t hey w ere p erhaps n earer b efore t he f all i n t he l ocal water - t able . T he s ite B urials o n T herfield H eath w ere a bout 2 m iles N o f t he p resent v illage a nd m ay h ave n o r elationship t o i ts n ame . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t hese b urials m ay h ave b een o f p lunderers i n t he e arliest p hases o f s ettlement o f t he r egion ( Fox C R , 2 77) r ather t han o f v illagers , b ut t here were p robably 9 b urials, 3 o f which were p erhaps o f c hildren , w ho w ould n ot h ave a ccompanied r aiders . I t i s m ore l ikely t herefore t hat t hese p eople c ame f rom a l ocal f armstead . A b uckle w ith o ne o f t he a dults w as d ated t o t he 5 th c entury . ( BB I II , p l . V , 1 2 ; i bid . , x vii , c alled R oyston H eath) . s ites a nd r elevant p- n s s ee S andy , C hesterford A griculture

F or l ate R oman a nd S tevenage .

B eyond t he f ringes o f T herfield H eath t here i s m uch g ood

a rab le , b ut m eadowland , a nd p erhaps w oodland , w ere d eficient ; a nd t he w ater - s upply p resented d ifficulties . I n D B T herfield w as a n 1 -h ide m anor w ith 1 4f w orking p loughs a nd w oodland f or 2 0 p igs . A ccess T his s ite i s am ile f rom t he i ntersection o f t he I cknield W ay a nd t he R oman E rmine S t .

AP LACE-NAME i n HEALH , ( EPNE

I ,

2 23 ,

( 1) ,

' a n ook o r c orner o f l and . ' ( i)(iv )) ,

t he

O f s econdary m eanings

o nly o ne a ppropriate

t o

t he

m odern

t opography o f R ivenhall i s ' a p iece o f l ow-lying l and b y ar iver ' , s ynonymous w ith o ne o f t he m eanings o f -h amm a bove. R ivenhall E ss ( IT 8 28 1 78) , 1 068 , D B; P N , 2 95 : ' at t he r ough c orner o f l and.' I t i s p ossible t hat t he o riginal n ame , o r a t l east a n ç arlier n ame o f t he s ettlement , s urvives i n A ppleford , A tlingefordia l ate 1 3th c entury ; i bid : ' f ord o f t he p eople o f A etla ' o r ' f ord o f t he p rinces ' ( *Aethelingaford) , b oth - i nga - c ompounds . T he s ite E arly S axon p ottery c ame f rom t he s ite o f aR oman b uilding .

5 8

( MA X VI ,

1 53 ; X VIII ,

1 74) .

T he v estiges o f aS axon h ut w ere p robably u ncovered .

S ome o f

t he p ottery w as o f t he 5 th c entury . F or R oman s ettlement i n t he a rea s ee B AR 4 8 , 9 4 , m ap ; f or t he i mprobability o f c ontinuity o f s ettlement h ere s ee B AR 6 , 1 8; a nd f or t he h istorical t opography s ee V CH I II, 1 71-4 . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p- n s s ee F eering a bove u nder INGAS . A griculture T here i s g ood a rable h ere . I n D B t he e state a ppears m uch d ivided .

I n a ll ,

n early 4 3 /4 h ides g elded , y et

t here w ere 1 7+ p lough - t eams , 7 41 a cres o f I n 1 066 t here w as a r eturn o f 4 10 p igs .

m eadow a nd s ome p asture . A ccess T he s ite i s l ess

t han a m ile f rom t he L ondon -C olchester R oman r oad a nd n ot m uch f urther f rom t he r . B lackwater , p ossibly n avigable h ere .

A P LACE-NAME i n STAPOL, ' a p ost, a p illar ' m arking a r oute , b oundary o r ah undred m eeting -p lace. E PNE I I, 1 46. D unstable B d

( FL

0 06

2 11) ,

c .1123 ;

G elling

1 970 ,

8 5 :

' Duna 's

a f ord ,

p illar . '

a

I f

t he s tapol w as a w ay - m ark o n t he n eighbouring d own , a s i s l ikely , w e m ay h ave

a g enitival

c ompound

* dunestapol ,

' h ill -p illar . '

T he

n oun

d un i s f em . w ith g enitive d une; t he m edial - s- o f t he p roposed c ompound i s t he f irst p honeme o f s tapol , n ot a m asc . g enitival - ( 1 e )s . D unstable i s t he s ite o f t he m inor R oman t own o f D urocobrivis , o n t he p ossible m eaning o f w hich s ee R & S , 3 49-50 . T he s ite . F rom o ne o f a g roup o f B ronze A ge b arrows o n D unstable D owns c ame s everal e arly S axon o bjects ( Arch . J . L XXXVIII, 1 93-210 , f ig . 6 , n os 2 -5 , f ig . 7 , n os 8 -10) o f t he 5 th o r 6 th c enturies . s exes a nd i ncluded a c hild ; t he s keletons o f r aiders ,

T he b urials were o f b oth

t hey w ere u nlikely t herefore t o h ave b een

b ut r ather p erhaps o f s ettlers o n t he l ower

g round . A griculture T here i s a b road b and o f g ood s oils a long t he C hiltern s carp - f oot . D unstable i s n ot i ncluded i n D B b ut was p robably p art o f t he g reat L uton e state ( See L imbury a bove u nder B U M) . A ccess T he s ite i s n ear t he i ntersection o f 2 o f t he m ost i mportant r outes o f 5 th - c entury B ritain , t he I cknield W ay a nd W atling S t.

P LACE-NAMES

i n D. E NU,

' a

v alley '

K elvedon b elow t here o ccurs a nd d un , -' a h ill. ' C roydon S y 1 978 ,

( DO P 3 25 6 50) , 8 1-2 :

' a v alley

( EPNE I ,

1 30) .

I n

b oth C roydon a nd

t he n ot u ncommon c onfusion b etween d enu

8 09? , D B; P N , 4 7-8 ; G elling 1 970 , 2 3-4; i dem, w here

s affron

t his p-n i s a b orrowing f rom L at .

g rows . '

c rocus .

T he

f irst

e lement

o f

C roydon i s v ery p robably

t he o riginal n ame o f t he s ettlement . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations. P SA X V ( 1895) , 3 28-33; V CH I , 2 58-61; B B I V , 6 31-2; M orris

1 959 ,

1 37-9 .

M any w eapons w ere f ound w ith t he

S ee a lso E vison 1 965 , 1 969 ,

4 6 ,

1 14

& m ap

2 0 ,

4 7 ,

4 a;

5 01,

B AR

s ettlements o n t he r . W andle , c remations . i n S y &K : -h ang

1 0 ,

7 ,

6 2 ; D AB , 4 2 .

a ll D B m anors ;

i nhumations .

1 59 & f ig . 2 5 ; M yres

C roydon

i s

o ne

o f

i ncluding M itcham a nd B eddington ,

L ate R oman s ites i n S y & K : 1 7 + 4p ossible .

1 58 ,

1 7 .

-i ng

: 5 ,

3

w ith

P re -E nglish e tc . p-n s

E arly E yglish p-ms i n

( b) i n

t he

S y &K :

a ll m inor

p laces ;

( a) i n ( c) i n

-i ngaham:

3 , 1i n D B; ( d) i n -i ngas: 1 , i n D B; ( e) f rom J our : 8 : 8 . I n t he C roydon a rea c haracteristic e arly p-ms a re i n -h am a nd - s tede P N ,

B rk ,

8 20) .

T he

1 0 ham n ames a re n ot

r elated t o a ny

e arly S axon s ettlements a ttested a rchaeologically . O f t he 1 - s tede n ames r ound C roydon , 6a re D B m anors a nd a re a lso p arishes . T he o ther

5 9

5 a re

m inor p laces .

O f

t he

6 m ajor p laces ,

4 y ielded p agan S axon

b urials w ithout s ignificantly e arly g rave -g oods a nd o nly B anstead h ad b urials o f a d ate a s e arly a s t he 6 th c entury . I ndeed , t here i s n o i nstance o f a p-n i n

-s tede

a mong m ore t han 1 30 5 th c entury - b urial - o r

s ettlement - s ites i n t he S axon a nd J utish r egions ; a nd B anstead a nd S anderstead a re t he o nly i nstances a mong t he n umerous s ites o f t he 6 th c entury . A griculture T here w ere s ome v ery p roductive s oils i n t he c oombs n ear C roydon a nd r ound t he s ource o f t he r . W andle . I n D B t he m anor h ad 8 0 h ides T RE , r educed t o 1 6 1 /4 T RW . T here w ere 3 8 p loughs i n u se , 8a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 2 00 p igs . T his e state w as a ssuredly v aster t han t he l ands o f t he f irst S axon s ettlers h ere . A ccess T he L ondon -H assocks R oman r oad p asses t hrough C roydon .

K elvedon E ss

( TL

' Cynelaf 's

8 68

1 92) ,

( masc .)

o r

9 67

( Tart

1 971,

C yneleofu's

n o .

( fem.)

2 1) ,

D B ;

v alley.'

P N ,

2 90-1:

T he

S axon

i nhumation c emetery ( unpublished) e xtends i nto F eering (q.,4 s upra s ub INGAS) . T here w as e vidence t hat R omano -B ritish b urials c ontinued t o b e m ade a fter t he c oming o f t he S axons h ere ( BAR 1 5 , 9 5) . I t i s t he s ite o f t he R oman t own o f C anonium , ' p lace o n t he r eedy r iver ' O Z &S , 2 96-7) ; t he r iver w as c alled P ant , ' a v alley ,' a B ritish r -n I I , 5 9) . S ee B AR 4 8 , 9 4 &B AR 1 5 , f ig . 2 , p . 8 9 f or t he w ider R oman

( E u m

c ontext. F or l ocal d etails o f p- n s a nd s ites s ee F eering . A griculture I n D B, T RE, t here were i n a ll 8 1 h ides , 1 6 working p loughs , 5 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 00 p igs .

AP LACE-NAME i n D EL'

( Kentish) ,

' a v alley ,

p it o r h ollow ' ( EPNE I ,

1 25-6) o r

i n D EL 2 ' a s hare o f l and , a n a llotment o f l and , a d istrict . ' ( ibid .) . D EL p robably b elongs t o t he e arlier p eriod o f O E, a nd was l ater r eplaced i n s ome i nstances b y D ENU. D eal K ( FR

3 76

5 28) ,

D B;

m eanings a s

A .H .

Smith

( loc .cit .)

o ffers

b oth

t he

a bove

p ossible ; E kwall ( EPND) p refers D EL '. T he s ite

O nly o ne u rn i s i n q uestion : ' Jutish ' o f a bout t he m id - 5 th c entury ( Myres 1 969 , m ap 7 , 9 6) w ith m any p arallels . T his m ay b e t he s ole s urviving r elic o f ac emetery ; t here a re a d ozen o f t his c entury i n E . a nd N E . K ent . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee E astry b elow u nder * -GE . T here w ere 2 o ther p agan c emeteries a t D eal , n either o f t hem v ery e arly . A griculture T here i s g ood a rable h ere a nd l ighter d ownland s oils . 3 /4 s ulungs w ith

I n 1 086 t he f ragmented e state g elded f or n early 3 7 p lough - t eams . A ccess w as d irect f rom t he S ea .

T here h as b een m uch c oastal e rosion h ere .

AP LACE-NAME i n B OCLAND.

AP LACE-NAME i n STOW ,

S ee B uckland i n D over b elow .

' a p lace

( of a ssembly) ,

a h oly p lace ' ( EPNE I I ,

1 58-

6 1 )• E lstow B d

( " IL

0 48

4 74) ,

D B ;

P N ,

7 0-1;

E PND :

' *Aellen 's

o r A ellra 's

o r

A ella 's p lace , c hurch o r m onastery . ' T he e arly n ame o f ' t his s ettlement i s l ost . T he s ite p roduced 5 th - o r 6 th -c entury p ottery a nd a n i nurned c remation . M A X III , 2 30 . A nother , u ndated , S axon s ite ( 050 4 73) i s k nown . A rch . E xc . 1 976 , 1 04 . s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee K empston a bove u nder

6 0

F or l ate R oman A griculture

I 'm .

T he s ite l ies a t t he e dge o f a n a rea o f v ariable s oils w ith s ome g ood a rable . I n 1 905 , 2 /3 o f t he p arish was a rable . I n 1 086 t he m anor g elded f or 3 f h ides w ith 7 p loughs i n u se ,

m eadow t o m aintain 3 2 o xen

a nd w oodland r endering 6 0 p igs . T he j urisdiction o f t he v illagers a lways l ay i n K empston ( DB , Morris e d . , 5 3 .4) , which s uggests t hat E lstow

m ay h ave b een K empston t erritory

l ittle m ore t han a m ile W o f E lstow .

i n e arlier t imes .

A ccess

P LACE -N AMES i n STOC , ' a s econdary o r d ependent h amlet.' E PNE I I , 1 53-6, e spec. 1 54 ( 3). B asingstoke H a .

S ee L ickpit u nder

M eonstoke H a

6 18

( SU

2 08) ,

D B ;

-P YTT

p robably

I t

l ies

a s f or K empston .

s ettlement , •a n o utlying

b elow . ' the o utlying h amlet

o f

t he M eon

e state . ' T he r iver -n ame M eon i s p re -E nglish O Z & S , 1 85 , 4 19) . A b urial w as o f a 5 th - o r 6 th -c entury S axon w arrior , p robably p art o f 7 c emetery .

MA X VIII ,

1 76-7 .

E valuation o f t he g rave -g oods m akes a

6 th-c entury d ate m ore l ikely a nd t his i s n ow a ccepted g enerally . b urial w as m ade 11 -m iles N . n ear E xton ( 940 , s ites ,

D B ; E PND :

o f t he D roxford c emetery

' the t un o f t he E ast S axons ') .

l ocal p-n s a nd a ccess a re a s f or D roxford ,

T he

( q .v .) a nd v ery L ate R oman

b elow u nder FORD .

A P LACE-NAME i n PYTT , ' a p it , a n atural h ollow, a n e xcavated h ole , q uarry , ag rave ,' E PNE I I , 7 5-6.

a

L ickpit ( Fm) H a , i n B asing , r eferred t o a s C owdery 's D own , B asingstoke . O S h as lychpit ' ( SU 6 57 5 32) , 9 45, D B . T he f irst e lement i s l ic , ' a c orpse ,

a b ody ,' p ossibly

e arlier . L ickpit w as r egarded a s c orrespond B asingstoke ,

r eferring t o a b urial - p lace ,

S axon o r

B asing , c .900 , D B ; E PND : ' *Basa 's p eople ,' ( -INGAS) . a n e state d istinct f rom t hat o f B asing , b oth o f w hich a re s uch i n 9 45 a nd 1 086 . T he L ickpit e state m ay r oughly t o t he l ands o f t he e arliest S axon s ettlers h ere . 9 90 , D B ; E PND : ' the S TOC b elonging t o B asing ' s hould b e

l ater t han e ither . T he s ite o f t he L ickpit s ettlement l ies b eyond t he e astern b oundary o f B asingstoke . E xcavation r evealed a s mall v illage o r h amlet w ith a n umber o f b uildings . T he d ate o f t he f irst o ccupation o f t he s ite w as l ate 5 th o r 6 th c entury M A X XIV ,

2 20 ;

X XV ,

1 68 ;

7 .

P re -

x v I ,

1 83 ;

A rch .

E nglish e tc . p -ns :

J . C XL ,

1 + 6 ? .

o f w hich 5 a re D B m anors ;

1 92-277) .

L ate R oman s ites :

E arly E n eish p -ns : ( b) i n

-i ng

( a) i n

1m inor p-n ;

-h am :

( c) i n

2+ 6 ? , -i ngaham :

1 ? ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 2 + 1 ? , with 2 i n D B ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : O . A griculture T his w as a c halkland s ettlement w ith v ariable s oils , s ome v ery p roductive . I n 9 45 ( S, 5 05) , a s i n D B , i t was a ssessed a t 2 c assati ( hides) , w ith a ppurtenant w oodland a t O akridge ( 1 m ile W NW) a nd t he a ncient a ppurtenancies o f l and a nd p asture a t M iddelsellum ( 'middle h uts o r s heds') a nd B infields ( ' open c ountry w ith c oarse g rass ,' I .a m ile t o N .) . O n t he O S ' one - i nch ' m ap , 5 th e d . , 1 933 , B infields F m w as s till l imited o n 3s ides b y w oodland . I n D B L ickpit g elded f or 2 h ides w ith l and f or 2 p loughs ( 2 i n u se) a nd 5 a cres o f m eadow. T here w ere 1 3 l abourers o n t he e state . T he s ize o f t he e xcavated s ettlement a ppears t o b e a ppropriate t o t he r esources o f t he e state i n 9 45 a nd 1 086 ; a nd t he D B m anor m ay h ave b een r oughly c onterminous w ith t he l ands o f t he f irst S axon s ettlement h ere . T he m odern f arm (101W Old?) i s o nly a f ew h undred y ards N E o f t he o riginal s ite , am ove w hich m ust d ate i n o r a fter t he M iddle S axon p eriod w hen

6 1

a t l east 1 1 o f t he e xcavated h alls w ere i n u se . L ickpit m ay r efer t o t he

T hat t he n ame

S axon b urial - g round ( not y et f ound) i s

s uggested b y t he f act t hat w herever b oth s ettlement a nd a ssociated c emetery h ave b een l ocated , t hey w ere i n c lose p roximity ( MA X XV , 1 459 ) . A ccess T he H arraway , a c ontinuation o f t he N . D owns t rackway , p asses 2 m iles t o t he S ; a nd t he R oman r oad f rom N eatham ( see A lton ) t o S ilchester i s 1m ile E . T he n earby r . L oddon m ay n ot h ave b een n avigable n ear i ts h eadwaters . B asingstoke i tself y ielded a 5 th -c entury s pear . B AR 7 , 3 2 .

P LACE-NAMES i n * -GE ,

' a d istrict ,

a r egion . '

E PNE

I ,

1 96-7 .

T his c eased

t o b e u sed i n p re-literate t imes , s urviving o nly i n p -ns . E astry a nd L yminge b elow ,

A part f rom

a nother p lace i n *-L e _ w ith a 5 th-century

s ite n earby , i s S turry K , c lose t o W estbere ; a nd S urrey h as 5 k nown s ites o f t his d ate . T he K entish p laces D unge a nd L inton W ester , b oth d oubtful i nstances o f * -Ef2 a re r ather d istant f rom e arly s ites ; a nd t his i s t rue a lso o f V ange E ss a nd E ly C a . E astry K

c m

3 11 5 45) ,

7 88 , D B ; K PN ,

7 3 ; E PND :

' t he e astern d istrict . '

T he

c harter o f 7 88 r efers t o D uningcland i n t he p rovince o f K ent a nd i n t he r egio c alled E astry . T he n ame c ould b e c ontemporary w ith t he e arliest b urials h ere . T he s ite i s s ometimes c alled B uttsole ( the B utts 1 494) , which i s a1 /4 m ile S . T he c emetery p roduced e arly p ottery . M yres 1 969 , 4 9 , n o . 2 ; 9 6 , m ap 7 . B B I II , 2 03-4 ; I V , 7 078 . L ate R oman s ites : 1 2 . P re-English e tc . p -ns : 9 + 7 d oubtful . E arly E nglish p -ns ( a ) i n ham : 7 , 4i n D B ; (9 i n -i ng 2: 3 0 , 1i n D B ; ( c) i n 1ng 2 x ingas : 7 , 1i n D M ; ( d ) i n -i ng x 1 , i n D B ; ( e ) i n -i ngaham : 2 , 1i n D B ; ( f) i n ingas : 0 ; ( g) f rom J our . 8 : 1 9 . H ere ham-names a re d ominant . A griculture E astry l ies a t t he e dge o f at ract o f v ery g ood a rable . I n D B i t g elded f or 7 s ulungs w ith 2 7 p loughs i n u se , 1 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 0 p igs . T his w as a r oyal v iii u ntil a t l east 8 05 . A ccess T his p lace w as e asily a ccessible , a long a m inor i nlet , f rom t he o pen s ea ; a nd i t w as o n t he R oman r oad l inking D over , R ichborough a nd C anterbury . L yminge K I ( Ta 1 67 4 07) a nd I I ( 164 4 17) ,

6 89 & D B ; P NK ,

4 35 ;

J our . 8 ,

4 1: ' the d istrict a round L ympne . ' T he f irst r ecorded r eference a lludes t o L yminge a s a ' p lace ' ( in l oco q ui d icitur L imingae) a nd n ot a s a r egio , s uggesting t hat s ome t ime b efore 6 89 t he o riginal m eaning o f *-E f.h ad b ecome o bscured . B ut a s l ate a s 7 88 E astry ( above) w as c alled a r egio . A s t he 2 L yminge c emeteries w ere a t l east p artly c ontemporary , t hey w ere p robably t he b urial -p laces o f 2d istinct s ettlements , t he n ame o f o ne o f t hem b eing n ow l ost . T his c emetery i ncluded a c ruciform b rooch ( Aber& 2 9 & f ig . 3 9 ; b ut s ee , f or e arlier d ating , Morris 1 975 , 3 3 , 5 49 , n o . 3 3 ; &s ee B B I V , 7 11-2 . I I i ncluded a f ew p robable 5 th-century o bjects . M yres 1 969 , 9 2 , n . 4 ; 8 7-8 f or d ating ; E vison 1 965 , 3 5 &m ap 2 ; 1 968 , 2 44 ; A mt . J . L V , 9 4 , n . 7 . F or t he c emetery a s a w hole : A rch . C ant . L XIX , 1 -40 ; A rch . J . C XXXI , 4 15 , n . 2 0 . L ate R oman s ites : 5 . P re-English e tc . p -n s : 8+ 4 p ossible . E ar e E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n ham : 1 0 , w ith 7i n D B , 2i n D M ; ( b) i n in e : 2 6 m inor qaces ; , ( c) i n -i ng 2 x -i ngas : 1, 4 i n D B , 1i n D M ; ( d ) i n ing x in e : 2 , 1I n D B ; ( e ) i n -i ngaham : 1 ( minor) ; (0 i n ingas : 1i n D B ; ( g ) f rom J our . 8 : 1 5 . M ajor p-n s i n ing a nd ham a re n early i n b alance . A griculture T here i s s ome f irst -c lass a rable i n t he S o f t he p arish . O riginally a r oyal v iii ,

i n D B i t c omprised 7 s ulungs w ith 5 9 p loughs i n u se ,

6 2

3 0

a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 1 00 p igs .

Ad istant s ub - m anor

h ad 1 14 p lough - t eams , 4 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd a r eturn f rom w oodland o f 1 s wine . A ltogether , t his w as a v aster e state t han t he c ombined l ands o f t he 2 L yminge s ettlements . A ccess T he N . D owns t rackway , b eginning a t F olkestone , p asses w ithin a m ile o f t he s ettlements . T he R oman h aven a t L ympne , p erhaps s ilted u p , w as 5 m iles d istant ; t he L ympne-Canterbury R oman r oad i s 2m iles t o W . o f t he s ites . S turry K .

S ee H ersden a bove u nder ING 2

AP LACE-NAME i n * -HLEP , ' a p lace p lace.' E PNE I , 2 51. H artlip K ( TO 8 30 6 39) , c omplex ,

c .1087

t hat

( DM) .

c an

b e

P NK ,

c rossed b y

2 49 .

l eaping ,

a s teep

F rom a m ixed - f arming

o ccupied t o t he e nd o f t he R oman p eriod ,

c ame S axon p ottery

c omparable w ith s ome f rom C ambridge , B ulmer E ss , C anterbury a nd M itcham S y , o f v ery e arly d ate . A ntiq . X VIII , 5 3 ; A nt . J . L III , 7 8 . I t l ies i n a r egion o f f irst -c lass s oils , a m ile S . o f W atling S t . i n t he k ind o f l ocation g enerally f avoured b y t he e arliest S axon s ettlers; b ut t he a vailable e vidence s uggests n othing m ore t han t emporary s quatting h ere.

A P LACE-NAME i n

-A C,

' an o ak ' o r HAECC ,

' a g ate . '

E PNE I ,

1 -2 ;

2 13-4 .

H AECC I s ac ommon p-n e lement i n w ooded c ountry . S tevenage H rt

c .240 :

2 40 s ic) ,

c . 1060 ,

D B . P N ,

1 37-8 .

O n t his d ifficult

p -n s ee G elling 1 970 , S 4 1 . : ' ( place a t) t he s trong o ak - t ree . ' E PND 1*- S titha 's h atch ' i s p ossible o r ' the s trong h atch o r g ate ' . T he s ite A s unken h ut c ontained 5 th c entury p ottery . MA V III, 2 34 ; M yres 1 969 , 1 04 , 1 43) . L ate R oman s ites : 8 . P re-English p -ns : 1 + 5 ? E arly E nglish p-n s : ( a) i n -h am : 5 , a ll i n D B , b ut 1 n ot a p ar ; ( b) i n

-1 ng 2 :

3 , Ii n D B, 2 n ot p ars; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n 2 , b oth i n D B &p ars ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 3 . A griculture T he s ite i s n ear t he m argin o f a t ract o f g ood a rable a long t he C hiltern s carp - f oot w here i t w idens t ö t he S . I n D B S tevenage g elded f or 8

-i ngas :

h ides w ith l and f or 1 0 p loughs ( 9 i n u se) , s ome p asture , a nd w oodland r endering 5 0 p igs . T ewin ( -i ngas) , 7 m iles t o S . w as a ssessed w ith S tevenage a nd i ts 2 4 h ides m ay b e i ncluded i n t he S tevenage g eld . W ithin t he p arish i s Woolwicks ( Wulfwy m 's ( fer n .) f arm ') , t he 2 p arts o f w hich i n D B g elded t ogether f or o ne h ide , w ith l and f or l f p lough t eams a nd m eadow t o s ustain 6 o xen , b ut o nly o ne p lough i n u se . W ithout c ounting T ewin , S tevenage w as p robably o nce a 1 0-hide m anor . A ccess T he a rea was s erved b y t he R oman r oad t hat r uns S W f rom B aldock ; a nd t here i s c onsiderable e vidence o f R omano -B ritish o ccupation i n t he a rea .

P LACE-NAMES i n BRYCG , H eybridge E ss. G reat

N o n avigable r iver i s n ear .

' a c auseway , ab ridge.'

E PNE I , 5 4-5.

S ee T idwoldington u nder INGTUN a bove.

S tambridge E ss p-n i s u nlikely

( rO P 8 98 9 18) , t o b e

D B ;

P N ,

2 02 :

' the s tone b ridge . '

c ontemporary w ith t he

s ite .

T his

I n a s toneless

r egion s uch a s t his , a c auseway o f s hingle o r b rushwood i s p robable ( cf . P N , 1 19 , 3 36 , 6 13 & S . 5 67 : t o p yppel ( pebble) b ricge) .

6 3

T he s ite , o f d wellings r ather t han o f b urials , y ielded s herds o f 3 e arly u rns . M yres 1 969 , 8 1, 8 8 &m ap 5 h . T here w as a lso l ate R oman a nd e arlier p ottery . V CH I II, 1 81. F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p- n s s ee B arling a bove u nder INGAS , w ith t he f ollowing a dditions : 2p re -E nglish p- n s + 1 ? . A griculture T he s oils h ere a fford l imited a rable o f g ood q uality , y et i n D B t he m anor g elded f or o ver 3 3 /4 h ides w ith 6 p loughs a nd p asture f or 3 00 s heep . T he m anor o f B arton , w ithin t he p arish , h ad a f urther i f h ides , 1 p lough a nd p asture f or 1 00 s heep . T hese f locks p robably c onstituted t he r eal w ealth o f t he m anors . B arton w as B retton(e) i n 1 202 a nd l ater , a nd m ay w ell m ean ' f arm o f t he B ritons ' ( P N , 2 02) . S ee V CH I , 4 86a S o l l . G t . S tambridge f or t he B arton a ssessment . I t i s l ikely t hat S tambridge w as a s mall s ettlement , i ts s ize r elated t o i ts a rable p otential . A ccess w as f rom t he o pen s ea v ia t he r . R oach .

AP LACE-NAME i n S TROD ,

' marshy

l and

( overgrown w ith

b rushwood

o r

t rees) . '

E PNE I I , 1 64. S trood K ( T IQ 7 32 6 87) , 8 89 , K PN , 2 27-32 :

' marsh ' ( beside t he r . Medway) .

T here w ere 3 b urial -p laces h ere , o ne o f w hich i ncluded e arly o bjects , b ut n one r eliably d ated b efore 5 00 a nd m ost o f t hem 6 th c entury . B B I II, 1 15-7; E vison 1 965 , 3 4; BAR 7 , 8 6 . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s s ee C hatham a bove u nder HAM . A griculture F irst -c lass a rable w as d irectly a vailable . D B i gnores S trood . A ccess w as f rom t he o pen s ea v ia t he M edway e stuary o r a long W atling S t . P LACE-NAMES i n WIELLA E Tc% ,

' a well ,

s pring ' i n t he p resent c ontext .

a s pring ,

a s tream ,' u sually

' a

' This e lement i s o f c ommon o ccurence

i n e arly p lace - n ames . ' E PNE I I , 2 50 . S ee a lso P N B rk I II, 8 34 . W ith 8 i nstances a ssociated w ith 5 th - a nd 6 th -c entury s ites , D r . C ox i s p robably w rong i n a ssigning t he u se o f t his e lement ' in g eneral t o t he p eriod a fter c .730 . ' J our . 8 : 6 6 . B radwell - o n -S ea E ss

( r I 4 0 31 0 82) ,

1 212 ;

P N ,

2 09 :

' t he

b road s pring . '

T he

R omano-British n ame o f t he F ort o f t he S axon S hore h ere w as k ithona , o f u nknown e tymology, which v ery p robably l ies b ehind B ede 's Y thancaestir ( HE I II , 2 2 , c .730) a nd w hich h e c alls a c ity ( c ivitas) , a lthough a S axon t own i s n ot k nown h ere . I n s pite o f t he p honological d ifficulties , a d erivation f rom ' N Othona i s p referable t o o ne f rom a n u nrecorded p ersonal n ame * Yththa . ( EP le) . S ee a lso R & S , 4 34-5 . I n D B 2 o f t he B radwell m anors a re c alled E ffecestre , a d evelopment f rom B ede 's f orm . T he t ransmission o f t he o lder n ame i s r endered m ore l ikely f rom e vidence t hat t he F ort w as s till o ccupied i n l ate R oman t imes ( VC l i I II , 5 4-5) t ogether w ith t he p resence o f e arly S axon s ettlers;

b ut t his c annot b e h eld i n i tself t o d emonstrate

c ontinuity o f s ettlement . g raves

o f

T he s ite y ielded a f ew S axon o bjects f rom

t he 5 th a nd 6 th c enturies a nd o ne l ate R oman p iece o f n o

s ignificance t o t he d ate o f S axon o ccupation ( MA V , 5 9 , n . 1 , M orris ( 1975 , 6 20) d ates t he e arliest g rave(s) t o 4 30/470 . S ee a lso J ohnson 1 979 , 4 3f a nd e spec . T he R eport o f t he C olchester & E ssex M useum 1 947-8 , 2 5-8 , p l .ix , 1&2 . A griculture T he F ort i s c löse t o s alt m arsh b acked b y f irst -c lass a rable . I n D B B radwell i ncluded 4 m anors , o f w hich o nly 2 a re r elevant , n amely E ffecestre ( East H all) a nd E ffecestre ( Battails) , w hich t ogether g elded f or o ver 4 h ides w ith 3 f p lough - t eams a nd ( marsh?) p asture f or 5 00 s heep . W ith t he o ther 2 B radwell m anors t hey p robably c onstituted a 3 0-hide e state .

6 4

A ccess

A R oman r oad r uns S W

f rom t he F ort t o a n u ncertain d estination ,

b ut

d irect a ccess f rom t he s ea w as p ossibly s till p racticable i n t he 5 th c entury. C hadwell E ss

( l IQ

6 57

7 79) ,

D B ;

P N ,

1 50 :

' the

c old

s pring . '

T he s ite

( see

n ote b elow) i s o nly 1 4 m iles f rom t hat a t L inford ( : 1 0V . i nfra) a nd t he o ne a t A veley i s 5 m iles a way ( v . s upra) . T here w as o ne S axon h ut h ere w hich , a lthough e arly , w as n ot n ecessarily o f t he 5 th c entury ( AASE , 4 14) . T here h ad b een e xtensive R omano -B ritish o ccupation i n t he n eighbourhood ( lUR 4 8 , 9 2 , f ig . 1.3) , b ut n o l ocal e vidence o f i ts c ontinuation i nto t he l ate 4 th c entury . ( VCH I II, 6 3) . A griculture T he s ite i s w ithin a b road e xpanse o f f irst -c lass a rable a nd t he D B a ssessment o f t he 2 C hadwell m anors w as 3 4 h ides i n a ll . W ith 5 4 p lough - t eams ,

w oodland f or 8 0 s wine a nd

( marsh) p asture f or

2 00 s heep, t his was a c onsiderable e state . A ccess was f rom t he T hames e stuary . N ote P .S . T he s ite i s i n W est T ilbury ( c . .730 ; P N , 1 73 : ' Til(1)a's b urh') a nd n ot C hadwell ( as i n A ASE). C higwell E ss ( FQ c .440 9 40) , D B; P N , 5 4-5 : W ring o f

? Cicca 's p eople ' ( -i nga) .

' ?Cicca 's s pring ' o r p ossibly

H ere w as p robably t he s ite

o f t he s mall R oman t own o f D urolitum , ' f ort a t t he f ord ' , p erhaps a R oman f ort . R &S , 3 52 . A m ap o f t he s ite : B AR 1 5 , 8 8-92 , f ig . 3 . E arly S axon o ccupation ( ibid . , 9 2) m ay n ot b e o f t he 5 th c entury . I n D B t his w as a v aluable e state o f n early 1 0 h ides w ith 2 2 p lough - t eams , 4 1 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 8 70 s wine . T he n umber o f p loughs i s s urprising s ince , u ntil i t w as b uilt o ver , t he l and w as o f o nly m edium q uality.

F ritwell O x . H anwell Mx

S ee S ouldern a bove u nder THORN. CM 1 59 7 98 & 1 53 8 00) ,

D B ;

P N ,

3 5 :

' c ock - f requented s pring ' o r

E PND : I lana 's s pring . ' T here was a s pring n ear t he p arish c hurch ( Va l I II , 2 21) . T he s ites w ere ( a ) a c emetery a nd ( b) d welling( s) . E arly S axon s herds ( 4yres 1 969 , 11 & m ap 7 ) , a s pear ( 16A 7 , 5 5) a nd ap air o f s aucer -b rooches ( Wheeler 1 935 , 1 36-9) m ay b e d ated 4 50/550 . L ate R oman s ites i n 1 4 x , L on . , &S y : 1 3 . P re -E nglish e tc . p -ns : 1 + 2 ? E arly E nglish p- n s : ( a) i n ham : 4+ 3 ? ; 4i n D B a nd a re p ars ; ( b) 2 1m inor p-n ; ( c) i n -i n a ham : 1 i n D B , 2p ars ; ( e) f rom J our . : 1 4 .

1l ost p-n ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 3 , A griculture T he p arish h ad

v ariable s oils i ncluding s ome g ood a rable .

I n D B i t h ad 8 h ides w ith

5p loughs i n u se , m eadow f or 1 p lough - t eam a nd w oodland r eturning 5 0 p igs . A ccess T he L ondon t o S ilchester R oman r oad w as 2 m iles t o t he S , b ut a ccess w as m ore l ikely v ia t he r ivers T hames a nd B rent . H arwell B rk

( s T 489

8 82) ,

9 73 ,

D B ;

P N ,

I I ,

5 21-2 :

' s pring r ising f rom t he

g rey h ill . ' I t i s p ossible t hat t he m eaning was ' spring o n t he b oundary . ' E PNE I , 2 34 . T he c emetery p robably c ame i nto u se i n t he l ate 5 th c entury . O xon . X XI, 2 2-34; X XXII, 7 3-4 ; MA X I, 2 62 ; X XI, 2 12 ; M yres 1 969 , 1 02 & f ig . 2 4 ; M orris 1 959 , 8 9 . L ate R oman s ites a nd d etails o f p- n s a re a s f or B lewburton a bove u nder DUN . A griculture T his p lace l ies i n a t ract o f g ood a rable s oils , B y 1 086 i t h ad b een d ivided i nto 3 m anors g elding i n a ll f or 2 6 h ides T RE a nd w ith 1 4 p loughs i n u se T RW , a lthough 1 7 p loughs w ere t hought p ossible . T here w ere 4 5 a cres o f m eadow b ut n o w oodland . I n 9 85 t he H arwell e state h ad 1 7 c assatos s egetibus m ixtis , i .e . 1 7 h ides w ith f ields h eld i n c ommon ( Gelling 1 979 ,

6 5

6 1-2 ;

F inberg 1 972 ,

4 89

&

n .2) .

A ccess

T he s ite i s 3 m iles N o f t he B erkshire R idgeway w hich

c rossed t he T hames a t G oring . P rittlewell E ss ( DQ 8 78 8 73) , D B; P N ,

1 90-1:

' the b abbling s pring ,' t he

f irst e lement b eing a n a ssumed * pritol . T he s pring i s a t T he P riory . T he c emetery m ay h ave c ome i nto u se c . 500 , b ut t here w as a b uckle o f e arlier d ate ( K & H , 3 06 , 3 12-3) b ut n ot n ecessarily o f e arlier d eposition . A nt . J . X , 3 86-8 ; X I, 6 1-2; • i bid . , 2 84-5; B AR 7 , 7 4 . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd p-n d etails s ee B arling a bove u nder INGAS . A griculture

T he

a rea h as

f irst -c lass a rable .

I n D B ,

P rittlewell ,

w ith t he m anor o f M ilton H all , g elded f or 91h ides w ith 2 1 p loughs i n u se , w oodland r endering 7 2 p igs a nd p asture f or 2 00 s heep , a ll T RW . A ccess

S ee G reat W akering a bove u nder INGAS .

T here a re 3 , p ossibly

4 , 5 th-c entury s ites w ithin 4 m iles o f P rittlewell. P urwell O x .

S ee C assington a bove u nder TUN .

AP LACE-NAME i n A EWIELM ,

' the s ource o f ar iver .'

E welme O x ( SU 6 44 9 29) , D B ; P N , I , 1 26-7 .

E PNE I , 7 .

T he s pring i s n ow a bout i a m ile

d ownhill f rom t he v illage a s a r esult o f t he f all i n t he w ater - t able . T he c emetery i ncluded n othing o bviously e arly , b ut a s mall 5 th -c entury p ot w as f ound a f ew h undred y ards a way . M yres 1 969 , 2 18 & f ig . 3 6 ; P SA 2 nd s er . X XII , 7 1-3 . L ate R oman s ites : i n O x &B rk : 1 9 . P re E nglish e tc . , p- n s :

6+ 2 ?

E arly E nglish p- n s : ( a) i n

-h am :

3 , i n

D B; ( b) i n 1ng 2 : 0 ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 1 , i n D B ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 5 . T he p aucity o f E nglish p-n s o f e arly t ypes m ay b e d ue t o c ivil s trife i n W essex a nd w arefare b etween W essex a nd M ercia f rom t he l ate 6 th t o t he l ate 8 th c enturies r esulting i n d epopulations w ith l ater r esettlement . A griculture T here i s g ood a rable h ere . T he 4 m anors o f E welme i n D B t otalled 2 0 3 /4 h ides w ith l and f or 2 4 p loughs ( 17i i n u se) , e xtensive w oodland .

m eadow o f 2 8 a cres , p asture o f 8 0 a cres a nd v ery A ccess T he s ite i s w ithin 2 m iles o f b oth t he

I cknield W ay a nd t he T hames .

P LACE-NAMES i n IEG ,

i sland ,

a p iece o f d ry g round i n a m arsh . '

T his

i s p robably a n e arly p-n e lement . S ee G elling 1 976 , 8 34-5 ; 1 978 , 1 19 ; C ox J our . 8 : 5 8 ; C opley 1 952, 1 52-5 : A nglesey C a i s d emonstrably e arly. O sney O x i n O xford

( SP

5 01

0 60) ,

c . 1003 ;

P N ,

I ,

s urrounded b y b ackwaters o f t he T hames . a c remation ,

c ame f rom h ere .

V CH I ,

2 2 :

' O sa 's

i sland . '

I t

i s

A n u rn , p ossibly c ontaining

3 56 ;

M yres 1 969 ,

14 ,

1 45 ,

1 90

f ig . 2 2 . A nother u rn ' from n ear O xford ' m ay a lso b e f rom h ere a nd i s o f t he 5 th c entury a lso ( ibid . , 9 0 , f ig . 2 6) . T hese m ay n ot r epresent b urials m ade f rom a s ettlement. d a " , 1 77 4 88) , D B ; P N , 1 07 : ' s andy i sland ,' p robably i n t he r . I ve1 . S andy B T he c emetery i ncluded c remations w ith e arly p ottery . M A X IV , 1 7-33 . T he s ite i s a lso t hat o f aR oman s ettlement , p ossibly o ccupied u ntil t he e arly 5 th c entury , B AR 1 5 , 2 26 , f ig . 1 . L ate R oman s ites: 4 . P re-English p -ns :

7+ 2 ?

E arly E nglish p-n s :

( a) i n

-h am :

1+ 2 ? ,

a ll

p ars a nd i n D B ; ( b) i n -i ng 2 : 2 , n either a p ar . n or i n D B ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas 0 ; ( e) f rom J ournal 8 : O . A griculture H ere i s f irst - c lass a rable . T he s everal D B e ntries r elating t o

6 6

S andy , t ogether w ith B eeston , g elded i n a ll f or 2 6 3 /4 h ides w ith l and f or 2 6 p loughs ( 20 i n u se) a nd m eadow f or t heir o xen . W oodland w as l acking . A ccess S andy w as o n a m ain R oman r oad f rom L ondon t o T he Na nd i t w as a ccessible f rom t he W ash v ia t he r ivers O use a nd I vel .

P LACE-NAMES

i n BURNA ,

' a

s pring ,

a s tream ,' a n e lement

G ermanic l anguages b efore t he S axon m igrations p robably u sed h ere f rom t he b eginning .

i n u se

t o B ritain .

E PNE I ,

6 3-4 .

i n W . I t

w as

C ommonly t he

s tream -n ame w as a pplied t o s ettlement(s) o n i ts b anks .

T here a re

o r

i s

8 i nstances

o f

-b urna

a rchaeologically .

where

5 th

-c entury

o ccupation

O nly t he d ozen o r s o i nstances o f

7

a ttested

-f ord

o utnumber

i n t he n aming o f p laces a ssociated w ith e arly s ites . C ox , J our . 8 : 6 1.

S ee a lso

-b urna

B akesbourne K ,

I I

s tream ' ,

C owslip

b ut

l ater

( TR 2 00

5 54) ,

d ifferentiated

W ood

f rom

D B .

O riginally

o ther

s ettlements

c alled

' the

a long

i ts

b anks s imilarly n amed , b y t he a ddition o f t he n ame o f t he l ater l andholders, t he B eche f amily . E PND . I n D B t he 3 m anors o f B ekesbourne ,

P atrixbourne

B urna o r a v ariant o f i t .

a nd

a s a s ingle e state i n 1 086 , d istinct

s ettlements,

b urial - p laces T he c emetery p ublished .

B ishopsbourne

a ll

r eferred

t o

a s

b ut i n t he 5 th c entury t hey w ere p robably

a s t hey were l ater ;

immediately E xcavations

E arlier ,

a re

B ekesbourne a nd P atrixbourne w ere t reated

a fter

o f

t he

1 955-8

d o

a nd t hey h ad s eparate i nitial n ot

s eem

5 th -c entury p ottery w as f ound .

s ettlements. t o

h ave

M yres 1 969 ,

b een 9 6 ,

m ap 7 ; a nd s ee M eaney 1 964 , 1 09 . I n t he l ater 6 th c entury b urials a pparently c eased h ere a nd b egan t o b e m ade + m ile t o t he S E . L ate R oman s ites : 9 . P re -E nglish e tc . , p -ns : 1 0 + 7 ? E arly E nglish g n s : 4 0 ;

( a) i n -h am : 1 2 , 7i n D B , 2 i n D M & 9a re p arishes ; ( b ) i n in : o nly 2 i n D B , b ut 1 o f t hese n ot a p ap ( c) i 2 -i ng 2 ingas : e x4 ;

3 i n D B ,

1 i n D M ; 3 a re p ars ;

( d) i n

-i ng _

x ing : 1 , i n D B &a p ar ;

( e) i n -i ngaham : 1 ; n ot i n D B n or a p ar ; (f) i n -i ngas : O . ( g) i n J our . 8 : 2 1 . S ee c omments o n E astry , Monkton , C anterbury , H ersden , P atrixbourne . A griculture T his i s a n a rea w ith g ood a rable s oils . I n D B t he 2 m anors g elded f or 3 s ulungs w ith 1 p loughs i n u se a nd 3 + a cres o f m eadow . T here w as a lso p asture ; a nd w oodland r endering 6 4 p igs . A ccess I t i s c lose t o 2R oman r oads . T he N ailbourne m ay n ot h ave b een n avigable s o f ar u p .

H ollingbourne K ( DQ 8 21

5 47) ,

c .959 ,

D B ;

E PND :

' s tream o f

* Hola 's p eople ' o r

' s tream o f t he p eople d welling i n t he h ollow ,' ( -i nga - ) , b ut c f .

J our .

4 , 5 9 : a n -i ng 2 x ingas f ormation . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations a nd s econdary i nhumations i n b arrows . O ne o f t he p ots h ad ' J utish ' a ffinities o f t he 5 th c entury. L XV , 1 60-66 .

Myres 1 969 ,

9 6 , m ap 7 ; A rch . C ant.

T he s ite was 1 + m iles f rom t he p resent v illage ; i ts 5 th

c entury p redecessor i s l ikely t o h ave b een e lsewhere i n t he l ocality . L ate R oman s ites : 1 2 . P re-English e tc . , p -ns : 6+ 3 ? E arly E nglish p-n s : ( a) i n -h am : 9 , a ll b ut o ne i n D B o r D M &8a re p ars ; ( b) i n 2 . . -i ng • 9 , o nly 1 i n D B &a p ar ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 2 , 1i n D B & 1 i n D M , b oth p ars ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 1 0 ; 6 i n D B o r D M ; 8 . re p ars ; ( e) i n -i ng 2 x -i ngas : 4 ; a ll i n D B ; 3a re p ars ; (0 i n in e x -inga: 2 ; b oth i n D B

& a re p ars ;

c oast , t hem .

-i ng

( g) f rom J our .

8 :5 .

n ames p reponderate ,

A griculture

I n m id -K ent ,

w hereas

i n E .

e xtending t o t he N .

K ent

-h am

o utnumbers

H ollingbourne h ad a n arrow t ract o f g ood a rable a t

6 7

t he s carp - f oot o f t he N . D owns a s w ell a s f avourable s oils o n t he D owns a nd a t as hort d istance t o t he S . D B r ecords a g eld l iability o f 6s ulungs w ith 2 5 p loughs i n u se , 8a cres o f m eadow a nd a r eturn o f 4 0 p igs f rom w oodland . T his w as a v ery r ich m anor , p robably a r oyal v ill o riginally . A ccess T he N . D owns t rackway t raverses t he p arish a nd t he R oman r oad f rom R ochester t o M aidstone i s 4 m iles t o t he W . T he l ocal r ivers w ere p robably u nnavigable . L ittlebourne, K ,

H owletts

( ER 2 00 5 68) ,

6 96 ,

D B ;

P NK ,

5 23 :

s tream .' T his i s t he N ailbourne ( not i n E RN , E PND) . E ylebourne : ' an i ntermittent s tream . ' H owletts i s a n h ouse .

T he c emetery m ay h ave i ncluded c remations .

b rooches ( A lxn rg ,

' the

s mall

S ee O ED s .n . 1 8th c entury C ruciform

2 9) a nd o ther m etalwork a nd p ottery ( Myres 1 969 ,

9 6 ,

m ap 7 ) a ttest a 5 th c entury d ate . P SA X XX ( 1917-8) , 1 02-9 , A nt . J . I V , 2 76-7 . F or l ate R oman s ites , r elevant p- n s a nd a ccess s ee B ekesbourne a bove . A griculture T he l ocality h as v ery g ood a rable s oils . I n 1 086 t he m anor g elded f or 7 s ulungs w ith l and f or 1 2 p loughs ( 9i t eams i n u se) , 3 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 4p igs . N orthbourne K ,

D B ;

P angbourne B rk

E PND :

( SU

p eople ,' a n

6 35

-i nga -

' northern

7 65) ,

s tream . '

8 44 ,

f ormation .

D B;

P N ,

S ee

I ,

M eaney

F inglesham

1 67 : ( 4A ,

a bove

u nder

' stream o f P aega 's 2 8 ,

D ) u nder

s ites

' probably b elonging wholly t o t he 5 th a nd 6 th c enturies ' i ncludes P angbourne w ith a q uery - m ark ; b ut I f ind n o o ther r eference t o t his s upposed s ite . I t i s n ot m entioned i n i dem 1 964 , b ut P eake, 1 29 r ecords t hat b attle -a xes , s pearheads a nd h orse - s hoes o f S axon d ate h ave b een f ound h ere . S wanton i n R AR 7 , 7 2 r efers t o aB 2 s pearhead , ag roup w hich ' a s aw hole . s eems t o b elong t o t he e arliest s tage o f s ettlement;' b ut i f i t w as f rom t he T hames i t m ay h ave n o l ocal s ignificance w ith r egard t o s ettlement . P atrixbourne K , B ifrons ( OS D A : T R 1 90 5 45 ; M eaney 1 964 ,

1 86 5 52) , D B ; i n D B

s imply B orne , ' t he s tream . ' T he m anor w as h eld b y t he P atrick f amily i n t he m 1d - 1 2th c entury . B ifrons was a c ountry h ouse, n ow d emolished . 1 936 , 4 4) .

T he c emetery m ay h ave i ncluded i nurned c remations ( Leeds T here were c ruciform b rooches ( Aberg , 2 9) a nd e arly

p ottery ( Myres 1 969 , 9 6 , m ap 7 ) a mong o ther 5 th-century o bjects . A rch .Cant . V I, 3 29f ; X , 2 98f ; X III, 5 52; V CH I , 3 42-3 . T here m ay h ave b een 2 a djacent b urial g rounds h ere ( MA I , 6 , n .3) . F or l ate R oman s ites , r elevant p-p ns a nd a ccess , s ee B ekesbourne a bove . A griculture T here a re v ery g ood s oils h ere . I n D B t he m anor g elded f or 6 s ulungs w ith 1 3 p loughs i n u se , s ome p asture , a nd woodland r endering 4 p igs . T hese f igures m ay , h owever , r elate t o a n a rea l arger t han t hat p robably h eld b y t he f irst s ettlers . S ittingbourne K .

S ee M ilton a bove u nder TUN .

W interbourne G unner W ( SU 1 82 3 52) , D B ; P N , o nly i n w in ter . '

3 83-4 :

' a s tream f lowing u sually

D B h as t he f irst p art o f t he p-n w ith r eference t o

ag roup o f 3s ettlements . G unner a s ad istinct p lace o ccurs f irst i n 1 267 . T he c emetery h as b een r egarded a s s tarting i n t he 5 th c entury b ut i t was p robably s omewhat l ater . MA V , 3 10 , WAM L IX , 8 6-109 ; E vison 1 965 , 3 9 ; c f . A ntiq . X L , 3 23 & E HR L XXXI , 3 43 ; B AR 7 , 8 9 .

6 8

AP LACE-NAME i n FLEOT ,

' an e stuary ,

a n i nlet . '

E PNE

I ,

1 76-7 .

S ometimes

' a r iver' i s a ppropriate. N orthfleet K

( TQ

6 22

7 38) ,

c .959 ,

D B;

p robably

' north

s tream '

w ith

r eference t o t hat w hich r ises a t S pringhead a nd f lows N . t o t he T hames e stuary;

b ut t he e stuary o f t his s tream m ay h ave b een t he f leot.

T he c emetery i ncluded c remations a nd h as m ore o bvious a ffinities w ith c emeteries o f t he T hames v alley S axons t han w ith t hose o f E . K ent . Among e arly o bjects a re a s aucer - b rooch ( Aberg , 1 7) , a th orned ' u rn ( l 'eres 1 969, 4 8 , n .1) a nd o ther p ots ( ibid . , 9 6 , m ap 7 & m ap 8 ) . L ate R oman s ites : E nglish p-n s :

b oth m inor p-n s ; & p ars ; 2 ,

9 .

( a ) i n

( e) i n

b oth m inor ;

P re - English e tc" p-ns :

-h am :

( c

i n

-i ng

-i ngaham :

-i ng

x

1 0

a ll i n D B & p arishes ;

-i neas :

x

( g ) i n

7 ,

1 , m inor ;

( d) i n

1i n D B &ap ar ; -i nga:

+ 2 ?

E arly

( b) i n -i ng 2 : 2 ,

-i ngas :

( f) i n

1i n D B &ap ar ;

3 , 4 2

-T ing

2 i n D B x

ing 4 :

( h ) f rom J our .

8 : 4 . About 1 m ile S . o f t he s ite i s t he R oman s ettlement o f V agniacis, ' marshy - p lace - e state'? & S , 4 85) , where o ccupation c ontinued i nto t he 5 th c entury . J essop 1 970 , 1 93 ; & s ee B AR 1 5 , 1 3 , p l .

X b .

A griculture

H ere

i s

a l arge

t ract

o f

f irst-class

a rable ,

p robably s till i n c ultivation when t he f irst S axon s ettlers a rrived . D B r ecords 6 s ulungs T RE, with l and f or 1 4 p loughs ( 12 i n u se) , 2 0 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 2 0 p igs . T hames e stuary .

A P LACE-NAME

W atling S t . i s l ess t han

i n LACU,

c harters.

' a water - c ourse,

E PNE I I,

A ccess w as v ia t he

1m ile t o t he S .

a s tream ,' w ell e videnced i n O E

8 .

S hiplake O x ( 3U 7 75 7 95) ,

160 ;

P N ,

I ,

8 1:

' s tream w here s heep w ere w ashed . '

T he c emetery c omprised 2 c remations w ith e arly p ots . I f t his w as a ll , i t m ay n ot r epresent a s ettlement . i n

O x

p -ns :

&

B rk :

( a) i n

1 3 .

-h am :

P re -E nglish e tc" p -ns :

5+ 6 ? ;

M yres 1 969 , 8 9 . L ate R oman s ites

1 5 + 4 ?

E arly-English

8 a re i n D B &a re p arishes ;

3a re n either ;

( b) i n -i ng 2 • . u , i n -i ngaham : 1 ; ap ar ., b ut n ot i n D B; ( d) i n 2 , b oth i n D B &p ars ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 4 . T here a re s everal

-i ngas :

c ollocations o f l ate R oman s ites a nd p re-English p-n s i n t he a rea : l ate R oman m etalwork n ear S evern a nd C amp i n H urley ;

( a )

( b) c omp a nd t he

p robable C ruchfield i n E ye a nd D unsden ; ( c) P inge a nd W ickhams(?) b etween R eading a nd S ilchester , b oth w ith l ate R oman e vidence ; ( d) i n B ray c omp a nd a nother C ruchfield w ith l ocal l ate R oman o ccupation ; ( e) W argrave h as s imilar o ccupation w ith t he p ossibility t hat C amps P uddle i s s ignificant . E arly t ypes o f E nglish p-n s a re s ufficient i n n umber t o s uggest c ontacts b etween t he t wo p eoples f or l ong e nough f or t he o lder p-n s , a f ew o f t hem , t o b e h anded o n . A griculture T he s oils o f t he a rea w ere n ot v ery a ttractive t o e arly S axon s ettlers a nd S hiplake i tself i s n ot p arish ,

e ntered i n D B ;

w as a v aluable D B m anor ,

b ut L ashbrook,

l and f or 9 p loughs

( but o nly 3 i n u se) ,

s uprisingly

r egion ,

i n

t his

n o

w ithin t he

g elding f or a s m uch a s 1 2 h ides w ith w oodland .

2 2 a cres T he

o f

m eadow

e state w as

b ut,

p robably

e xtensive, i ts b ounds f ar b eyond t hose o f t he p arish o f S hiplake . A ccess w as a long t he T hames .

A P LACE-NAME i n RITH ,

' a s mall s tream .'

R awreth E ss

9 27) ,

( TQ 7 77

1 177;

P N ,

E PNE I I, 8 5. 1 92-3 :

' heron - s tream . '

T he s ite

G rass-tempered p ottery was f ound u nstratified a nd ' provisionally

6 9

a scribed ' t o t he 5 th t o 7 th c enturies . 3 .

A ssociated were

l ate

M A X III ,

2 32 ; A nt . J . L ,

4 th - c entury R oman s herds .

T he

2 72s ame

a ssociation w as f ound a t W ickford , 1 m ile N E ( See W ickford b elow) . T his i s d oubtfully 5 th c entury . S oils a re n ot v ery f avourable h ere a nd t his was n ot a D B manor .

I t m ay well h ave b een o ne o f t he

W ickford m anors . P LACE-NAMES i n MERE' ,

f a

p oo

l . '

E PNE

I I, 3 8-9 .

T his

i s

a t opographical

t erm s ometimes u sed i n p-n s o f l ocal i mportance s uch a s h undred -n ames. B ulmer E ss

( FL 8 34 3 84) ,

D B;

P N ,

p arish i s T hunderlow, D B,

4 17-8 :

' bulls' p ool . '

W ithin B ulmer

' the g od T hunor 's b arrow o r h ill,' which

g ave n ame t o aD B h alf -h undred . T he s ite E xcavation s uggested t hat a ' pagan A nglo -S axon h ut - s ite o f a pproximately s ixth - s eventh - c entury d ate e xisted o n t op o f t he h ill . '

MA I II,

2 85 , Myres ( 1969 ,

1 10 ,

n .2) d ifferentiates b etween a n a ccessory u rn f rom B ulmer ' perhaps d atable a round 5 00 ' a nd s herds f rom B ulmer T ye ( the a bove s ite) ' which i nclude a f ew t hat c ould b e a round 5 00 . '

S ee a lso i bid . ,

9 6 ,

m ap 7 &

ANL 6 , n o . 7 ( 1958) , 1 74. A 5 th - c entury p ot f rom S t . S epulchre's C anterbury c losely m atches o ne f rom B ulmer . A nt . J . L III , 7 8 . L ate R oman s ites :

9 .

P re -E nglish e tc . ,

p -ns :

3 + 1 ?

E arly E nglish p -ns :

( a) i n -h am : 4+ 1 ?; t he 4 a re i n D B &a re p ars; ( b) i n -la g _2 .. 1 , i n D B &ap ar ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 2 ; b oth i n D B & 1ap ar ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 2 ; 1i n D B b ut n either a p ar ; ( e) f rom J ournal 8 : 0 . A griculture T his i s a n a rea w ith g ood a rable .

T he 5 D B m anors o f B ulmer t ogether

g elded f or 8 4 h ides w ith 1 54 working p loughs , woodland r eturning 6 5 p igs.

A ccess

4 9 a cres o f m eadow ;

a nd

T he r . S tour m ay h ave b een

n avigable f or v essels o f s hallow d raft a s f ar a s h ere . K eymer S x ,

H assocks

( F IQ

2 96

1 55) ,

D B;

P N ,

I I,

2 76 :

' the

c ow's

p ool . '

H assocks w as a f ield -n ame r eferring t o g rass - t ussocks . T he c emetery i ncluded S axon c remations a nd R oman b urials . S axon u rns i ncluded o ne s imilar t o a 5 th - c entury p ot f rom S t . S epulchre 's , C anterbury . M yres A nt . J , L III , 7 8 . W elch 1 983 , 4 38-40 . A nother c emetery ( 3 15 1 36) o f 5 th - o r 6 th - c entury d ate . MA XXVI, 2 10 . Welch 1 983 , 4 37-8 , 5 08 . S ee

a lso

p-n s :

1 54 ,

5 .

2 25-6 ,

2 78-9 .

L ate R oman s ites :

E arly E nglish p-n s :

t he 3 rd n either ;

( b) i n

( a) i n

-i ng 2 :

1m inor p-n ;

• with S axon s ettlement c . 8 50 ; p ars ;

( e) f rom J our . 8 :

Agriculture

1 .

-h am :

( d) i n

H ere

-i ng

6 .

P re -E nglish e tc . ,

3 ; 2a re i n D B &a re p ars ; ( c) i n

-i ngas;

-i ngaham :

1 , i n D B

1 0 ; a ll i n D B & 9a re

f ormations g reatly p redominate .

T he s ite i s i n a t ract o f g ood a rable .

I n D B K eymer

g elded f or 1 4 h ides w ith l and f or 2 5 p loughs ( 19 i n u se) a nd 4 0 a cres o f m eadow - a v aluable h olding . A ccess T his p lace i s a t t he j unction o f t he L ondon -B righton R oman r oad a nd t hat which f ollows t he L ower G reensand r idge . P lace - N ames i n FORD, E PNE

I ,

1 80-3

' a f ord ,

a s hallow c rossing - p lace i n a s tream . '

& s ee P N B rk I II,

8 34 & C ox J our .

8 ,

5 9-60 .

T his

e lement i s t he o ne m ost f requently a ssociated w ith 5 th - c entury s ites a nd a ccounts f or a t l east 1 i n 1 0 o f a ll s uch s ites . A ppleford E ss

S ee R ivenhall u nder HEALH a bove.

G reat C hesterford E ss ( gemaera) ,

D B ;

P N ,

( TL 5 01 5 19 :

4 35) ,

' ford a t

1 004:

( Aethelwardes) c easterforda

t he R oman w alled t own . '

F or a p lan

o f t he t own s ee B AR 1 5 , 8 8 , f ig . 2 & s ee D unnett 1 975, 8 6-8 . T he c emetery ( unpublished) i ncluded c remations . Two p agan S axon

7 0

cemeteries are known here (BAR 15, 95). Metalwork (Evison 1978, 272; 149; BAR 7, 54) and pottery (BAR 72, 44; Myres 1969, 119n.) AS & J, are of the 5th century; & see Swanton 1973, 153, 196, 205, 209, 210, 214, 215. Late Roman sites in Ess, Ca & Hrt (within 10 miles): 14. 2? Early English p-ns: (a) in -ham in Ess Pre-English p-ns etc: 9 2 & Ca: 5 + 2? 6 are in DB & are pars; (b) in -ing : 2, both in DB & are pars; (c) in -ingaham: O; (d) in -ingas: 1, in DB & a par; (e) from Jour. 8: 2. Here -ham predominates. There are co-incidences of pr e-English p-ns & late Roman sites at Comberton Ca & at Saffron Walden Ess. Up to 10 miles to the N of Chesterford are 5th-century cemeteries at Cam bridge ( 2), Barrington ( 2), Girton, Trumpington, Linton Heath, Haslingfield & Little Wilbraharn, all with Saxon cultural affinities in their earlier phases; and there was a contemporary settlement at Grantchester. (On these see a later list). DB records dependencies of Chesterford at Babraham and Hinxton, in the same area; and Chesterford in its earliest phase had more in common with the Ca sites than with those, usually more distant, to the E, S Agriculture This is a region· of variable soils, including and W. sonie good arable. In DB (1.9) the royal manor was of 10 hides TRE with 22 ploughs in use, 15 acres of meadow and 'woodland for 1000 Access The Roman town was at the intersection of at least 2 pigs.' Roman roads and 3 miles S of the I cknield W ay. The river Carn (Granta) was probably navigable, affording a route inland from the Wash via the Great Ouse, which was an alternative to movement along the Icknield Way.

+

Droxford Ha (SU 612 184), 939, DB; EPND: 'dry ford' (?), perhaps one approachable on dry ground rather than on marsh. The cemetery was of inhumations. PSA 2nd ser. XIX , 125- 9; Proc. Ha. F.C.A.S. 35, 93-182. A brooch (ibid., 143, fig. 31, 5), other metal objects (ibid., figs 32, nos 170 & 48, 11; 33, no 52) and a pot (ibid., P• 174, fig. 37, no. 82) are probably of the 5th century. A few of the later objects have close affinities-with some from E. Kent and Wight, Jutish regions, like coastal Rants, according to Bede (HE I, 15). However, most of the finds from Droxford are 'Saxon' in style. Bede's statement is further borne out by a few p-ns as well: Eadens (Ytedene i n E a s t M eon , 1263 f.; G o v e r , 64) a n d p r o b a b l y b y ·th e f o r m (aet) Yting stoce ( 960; S, 683), identified as Itchen Stoke or A later source, Florence of Bishop's _Stoke (Arch. J. LXXVIII, 12-4). Worcester. (d. ll.18), said of the New Forest that it was called Ytene in the English tongue (Stenton 1943, 23). k remarkable feature of the area is the large number of probable or possible pre-English p-ns, but they are not matched by the number of late Roman sites. However, it must be emphasised that nearly half of the names are doubtfully British, although the camp/comp names are numerous enough to suggest that the word was in use as an appellative in this region as in some other parts of Rants and of Sx. Late Roman sites: 7. Pre­ English etc., p-ns: 26 + 17? Early English p-ns: (a) in -ham: 4 + 8? Only 3 of �ese are·in DB and parishes & 1 is a par. bu- not in DB; (b) in -ing : 14, all minor p-ns; (c) in -ingaham: O; (d · in -ingas: 1, in DB and a par; (e) from Jour. 8: 2. Agriculture The site is at the northern edge of a belt of first-class arable, with good downland soils to the N. In DB Droxford gelded for 16 hides TRE with as many ploughs TRW. It had 10 acres of meadow, and woodland rendering 40 pigs. It was a relatively populous settlement with 61 labourers. Authentic charters of AD 936 and 9 56 (S, 446, 600) record royal d o n a t i o n s of 17 h i d e s ( m a n s a e ) a n d 20 h i d e s ( m a n s a e ) h e re

71

r espectively .

A ccess

T here i s n o k nown R oman r oad w ithin 6 m iles ,

b ut c ross - c ountry m ovement i n t his r egion was e asy . u nlikely t o h ave b een n avigable . F airford G 1

( SP

1 45

0 15) ,

8 62 ,

D B; P N , G I I ,

3 4-5 :

T he r . M eon i s

' the f air o r c lear

f ord ,' a c rossing o f t he r . C olne . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . A rch . X XXIV , 7 7-82 ; B B I V , 6 62-5; M eaney 1 964 , 9 1; B AR 8 2 , 2 0 . B rooches ( Lee ds 1 912 , f igs . 5 & 6 ) a nd a n u rn ( 4yres 1 969 , 8 8 & m ap 5 b) a re p robably o f t he 5 th c entury . S ee a lso B AR 7 , 5 0 . L ate R oman s ites i n C l &W :4 P re-English p -ns : 1 5 + 1? E arly E nglis p-ns : ( a ) i n -h am : 0 ? ( PN I V , 1 35; i n W :? ( PN , 4 08-9) ; ( b) i n -i ng : i n C l & W :0? ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : O . ( d) i n -i ngas : i n G l : 2 ; i n W ; 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 :4 . A griculture T here a re s ome g ood a rable t racts h ere . I n D B t here w ere 2 1 h ides w ith 3 9 p loughs i n u se . M eadow a nd w oodland a re o mitted , b ut t here w as a mple o f b oth . A ccess T he R oman A keman S t . i s a bout 2 m iles t o t he N ; c ross -c ountry m ovement w as e asy . T he T hames a nd r . C olne a fforded t he o bvious r oute t o i mmigrants t o t his p lace. F rilford B rk

( SU

ter ithela 's

4 37

9 64) ,

f ord . '

D B;

P N ,

T he c emetery

I I ,

4 07

& I II ,

7 10-11,

D I X :

i ncluded R omano-British b urials

a nd S axon i nhumations a nd c remations . A rch . X LV , 4 05f ; X LII , 4 17f ; A nt . J . I , 8 7f . B rooches ( ibid . , 9 3 , 9 4) a nd p ottery ( Myres 1 969 , f ig . 6&2 5) i ndicate 5 th- c entury b urials . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t his c emetery c ame i nto u se b efore 4 50 ( BAR 8 2 , 2 0) . L ate R oman s ites a nd r elevant p-n s a re l argely a s f or S utton C ourtenay ( above u nder TUN) . A griculture T he s ite v erges o n a t ract o f g ood a rable . I n D B t he m anor g elded f or 1 0 h ides w ith 6 1 p lough-teams w orking , 1 00 a cres o f m eadow b ut n o w oodland .

A lthough t hese r ound f igures a re

o bviously a rtificial , t his w as c learly a p rosperous e state . A ccess AR oman r oad h as b een t raced r unning N E t o t he f ord a t F rilford . I t i s d oubtful w hether t he r . O ck w ould h ave b een n avigable h ere .

G uildford S y

( SU 9 88 4 88) ,

c .880 ,

D B ;

P N ,

9 10 :

' fon d w here y ellow f lowers

g row ' o r ' golden f ord ' r eferring t o t he c rossing a t t he f oot o f S t . C atherine 's H ill w here t he ' P ilgrim 's W ay ' f orded t he r . W ey a nd w here t here i s a n e xposure o f g olden s and ( Jour . 2 : 3 8) . I n O E g old was u sually r eferred t o a s ' r ed g old ' , a d escription t hat f its t he c olour o f t he s and h ere . B ut t he e arly c emetery was o n G uildown , 1 195 , p ossibly e lliptical f or ' G uildford D own ' ( Gelling 1 970 , 1 01) , a m ile f rom t his f ord . T he c emetery m ay h ave i ncluded a t l east o ne c remation . S yAC X XXIX , 1 -50 ; L VI , 1 41-2 . B rooches ( ibid . , p l . X II , 2 a ; E vison 1 978 , 2 62) , s pears ( 1 kR 7 , 5 4) a nd p ottery ( 4yres 1 969 , 8 8 & m aps 5 b a nd 7 , f ig . 3 7) s uggest a l ate(?) 5 th-c entury d ate . L ate R oman s ites : ( a) i n

-h ar n :

n either ; -i ngas :

9 . 8 ,

( b) i n

P re -E nglish e tc" p -ns : 3+ 7 ? 3 a re i n D B -1 ng 2 :

0 ? ;

b B&

& a re p ars;

( c) i n

-i ngaham :

E arly E nglish p -ns :

2 a re p ars

o nly ;

3 a re

1 , i n D B &ap ar ;

( d) i n

6 , 3a re i n a re p ars ; 3a re n either ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 9 . A griculture I mmediately S o f t he s ite a re s preads o f g ood a rable . T he D B e ntry h as n o a gricultural d etails . A ccess T he c emetery w as b eside t he N . D owns t rackway o n t he H og 's B ack .

T he r . W ey was

p robably n avigable u pstream f rom i ts c onfluence w ith t he T hames . ' H ertford H rt,

c .750 , D B; P N , 2 25 :

' hart f ord . '

f rom h ere ' lacks a t rue p rovenance '

7 2

An e arly u rn s aid t o b e

( Arch . J . C XXXV ,

3 35 ,

n . 1 0) ,

b ut

i mmediately E o f

t he

t own a t F oxholes

CL 3 38

1 26) S axon h ut -s ites

m ay , f rom t he g rass - t empered p ottery f ound i n t hem , b e c entury o r l ater . A rch . E xc . 1 975 , 6 2, 9 6; 1 976 , 1 26 . l ate R oman o ccupation o f t he s ite . L inford E ss

C DR 6 72 8 03) .

U nmentioned i n P N E ss .

o f t he 5 th T here w as

M ucking F ord

( OS) m ay

r efer t o t he s ame c rossing . S axon s herds o f v ery e arly t ype ( Ant . J . L V , 8 9 , 9 4; M yres 1 969 , 7 8) i ndicate a 5 th - c entury d ate f or t his s ettlement . S ee J .K . B arton , T rans . E ss . A rch . S oc . 1 04 ( not c ans .) a nd s ee M ucking a bove u nder INGAS . O xford

( SP 5 15 0 65) , c .925 , D B; P N , I ,

1 9 :

3 rd s er .

I ,

5 7-

' oxen - f ord ;' a nd s ee MA X XVI,

2 05 , n os . 1 26 , 1 28 . A b racteate o f ' A ' t ype was f ound i n u nknown c ircumstances . V CH I , 3 56 ; A nt . J . X XVI , 2 3-4 & P l . V I , 4 . M yres ( 1969 , 8 1) r eports a n e arly u rn f rom O xford , p erhaps o ne o f t hose n oted u nder O sney , a bove , u nder IEG , w hich i s n ow , a t a ny r ate w ithin t he C ity b ounds. S ee O xford a lso u nder S ixth -C entury S ites. E ast S hefford B rk c emetery

( SU

3 89

i ncluded

7 49) ,

D B;

b rooches

A berg . f ig . 5 2) a nd p ottery

P N ,

( Morris Ceres

I I,

3 25-6 :

1 959 ,

8 2-3 ;

1 969 ,

8 8 ,

' sheep-ford . ' A nt .

J . L VIII ,

T he 2 62 ;

1 02) o f t he 5 th c entury .

S ee a lso J our . R oy . Anthropological I nst . X IV , 9 2-130 ; P SA 2 nd s er . X III 8 .

( 1890) ,

1 07 ;

X XIX

P re -E nglish e tc . ,

( 1917) , p -ns :

6 0-3 ;

1 0 + 6 ?

B AR 8 2 ,

2 0 .

L ate R oman

E arly E nglish p-n s :

s ites : ( a ) i n

-h am :

3 , n one i n D B o r p ars; ( b) i n ing 2 : 3 ; a ll i n D B &a re p ars ; ( Er in - i ngas : 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngaham : 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : O . T he c oi ncidence o f a p ossible c amp - n ame a nd 2 i nstances o f weala - i n K intbury m ay b e s ignificant f or B ritish s urvival t here . A griculture S hefford a ppears t o h ave b een a n i solated e arly s ettlement i n a l arge t ract o f f ertile d awnland . G reat a nd L ittle S hefford h ad b een p arts o f o ne e state . I n D B E ast ( Little) S hefford h ad 1 0 h ides T RE , w ith 5 p loughs i n u se , 8 a cres o f m eadow , a nd w oodland r endering 1 0 p igs , t hese 3 i tems T RW . G t . S hefford , ac omposite m anor , h ad 2 3 h ides T RE w ith 1 p loughs i n u se T RW , 8a cres o f m eadow , a nd w oodland r endering 3 0 p igs . T he p agan c emetery l ay a lmost e quidistant f rom G t . a nd E . S hefford a nd i f t he f ormer w ere t he e arlier ( PN , 3 26) , t hen t he c emetery b elonged t o i t; b ut a s econd e arly c emetery m ay a wait d iscovery . A ccess T here a re 2 R oman r oad i f m iles S . o f S hefford , b ut t he r . L ambourn , c onnecting w ith t he r ivers K ennet a nd T hames , m ay h ave b een t he r aute u sed b y t he f irst S axon s ettlers h ere . W allingford B rk ( SU 6 04 8 90) ,

c .895 ,

D B ;

P N ,

I I ,

5 35-6 :

' the f ord o f W ealh 's

p eople ,' a n -i nga - c onstruction . T he p ersonal n ame m ay i mply t hat a t s ome t ime b efore t he l ate 9 th c entury a W elshman c ontrolled , o r h eld l and , n ear t he f ord . H e m ay h ave e njoyed a r elatively h igh s tatus i n S axon s ociety i n l ate 7 th -c entury W essex ( cf . L aws o f I ne , a rticles 2 3 .3 & 2 4 .2 i n E HD I , 3 67) . T he s ite o f t he t own w as s till o ccupied b y t he B ritish u ntil t he e nd o f t he 4 th o r b eginning o f t he 5 th c entury f or t he c oin- s eries e xtends t o H onorius ( 395-423 ; V CH I , 2 16) a nd i t i s c onceivable t hat i ts E nglish n ame was g iven o nly a g eneration l ater w hile B ritons r emained s till d istinctive i n t he p lace ( see f urther J our . 1 2 , 2 7) . T he c emetery i ncluded c remations . B erks . A rch . J . X LI , 3 9 ; X LII , 2 8 , 9 3101 . A b rooch ( Ant . . J . L V , 8 9 , 9 5) a nd a n u rn ( Myres 1 969 , 1 43 & f ig . 2 3) i ndicate a b eginning i n t he 5 th c entury . L ate R oman s ites : 1 7 . F or r elevant p-n s s ee B lewburton u nder DUN a nd E welme u nder A EWIELYL A griculture o f g ood a rable where t here h ad b een i ntensive

7 3

H ere i s a t ract R omano - B ritish

e xploitation o f t he r egion ,

c ontinuing l ate a t W allingford ,

n ot

I n D B

b y c .400 s o i ntensive .

a grarian u nit, b ut C lapcot,

t his p lace w as

n ot

i n t he N . o f t he t own ,

a lthough

a ssessed a s a n d ivided i nto 2

e states , g elded i n t otal f or 1 4 h ides T RE w ith 8 p loughs i n u se a nd 5 0 a cres

o f

m eadow

T RW.

N o

woodland

i s

r ecorded .

A ccess

T he

s ettlement i s a t am ajor n odal p oint i n t he c ommunications o f s outhern B ritain w here t he I cknield W ay c rosses t he T hames . W ickford E ss t he

( FQ

R oman

7 62

9 37) ,

c .977 ,

s ettlement . '

D B ;

P N ,

1 76 :

S ee G elling

t hat L at . v icus l ies b ehind

-w ic

1 978 ,

' f ord

b y

7 0-71

t he w ic ,' i .e .

' b y

f or h er a ssumption

i n t his p -n .

T he a ssumption i s

s upported b y t he f act t hat l ate 4 th - c entury R oman p ottery a nd c oins h ave b een f ound h ere ( Ant. J . L , 2 68-9 ; A rch . E xc . 1 969 , 6 4) . H ere were

a t

l east

2 R oman

s ettlement) and t he R oman P eriod , R omano -B ritish p ottery

s ettlements

m aterial

( Ant.. J . L ,

( or e lements

o f

a s cattered

a Roman v illa ( W. Rodwell, S .E. E ssex i n 1 971, 6 , 7 ; B ar 1 5, 8 9 , f ig . 2 ,92) . Moreover , w as

2 74) .

f ound

i n

a ssociation

H alf a m ile a way

w ith

i n R awreth

RITH) a t l east 3 n ative s ettlements a re k nown .

p agan

S axon

( above u nder

T hese f acts s uggest

a n e xplanation o f t he b orrowing o f L at. v icus b y t he e arly S axons h ere . T he s ite was p robably a s ettlement which i s d ated , v ery a pproximately b y 2 s herds o f g rass - t empered p ottery ,

t o t he 5 th

c entury o r l ater . C ontinuity o f o ccupation i s s aid t o b e i ndicated h ere , a nd a t R awreth a nd D ownham a s w ell a s , p ossibly , a t S hoebury ( above u nder BURR) , G reat Wakering ( above u nder INGAS) a nd C anewdon ( Rodwell ,

o p .cit . ,

a c onclusion . h ypothesis .

4 ) ,

b ut

t he e vidence t o h and d oes n ot w arrant s uch

A t W ickford , h owever , t he p -n i tself s upports s uch a L ate R oman s ites: 7 . P re -English p-ns : 6 + 2 ?

E arly E nglish p-n s :

( a) i n

-h am :

6 , 2a re i n D B &a re p arishes ,

3 a re

i n D B b ut n ot p ars , 1i s ap ar . b ut n o i n D B ; n one o f 4p -ns i n h am/ -h amm i s i n D B o r ap ar ; ( b) i n -i ng : 3 , 2i n D B &a re p ars , 1i n D B b ut n ot a p ar . ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 2 " b oth i n D B , 1ap ar ; ( d) i n -i ngas: 4 , 2 i n D B & p ars, 2 i n D B o nly; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : 3 . A griculture T his h as n ot b een a m ainly a rable a rea i n r ecent t imes . I n D B t he m anor was much d ivided , w ith 9 s eparate h oldings . T he t otal h idage w as

a bout

1 8 ,

w ith

1 6i p lough - t eams ,

w oodland f or

3 40

p igs a nd 1 2 a cres o f m eadow , b esides 1 2 ' h ides ' a nd 5 0 a cres o f o ther ( ?)woodland a nd a f urther u nspecified 7 0 a cres . T he e states w ere p robably e ngaged i n s tock - r aising .

A ccess

W ickford w as

a t

a R oman

c rosF -r oads w ith a r oute t o C helmsford ( Caesaromagus) t o t he N W . t he s ettlement w as o n L ondon C lay ,

m etalled r oads ,

A s

e ven i n d isrepair ,

w ere a m uch -n eeded f acility . P LACE-NAMES

WITH

a P RE-ENGLISH

( etc .) E LEMENT

p roportion o f t hese p-n s a mong t hose r elated ,

T he

r elatively

h igh

s pacially a t a ny r ate ,

t o 5 th- c entury s ites, s eems t o b e s ignificant, i ndicating i n m ost i nstances

c ontacts

b etween B ritons

a nd S axons

s ufficiently

s omething o f t he e arlier n ames t o b e p assed o n .

l ong

I ndeed ,

f or

i f a ny

c orrelation i s t o b e f ound b etween t ypes o f p- n s a nd t he e arliest S axon s ettlements ,

i t i s

i n t his

b road c ategory

o f p-n s ,

i ncluding

s ome o f t hose w ith - w eala - , W ealh a nd W ick - ; f or t hese l atter t ypes m ay a lso i mply c ontacts b etween t he 2 p eoples . O f t he 2 6 p-n s , 5a re B ritish r iver -n ames , 8 h ave p re -E nglish w ords c ombined w ith ' an O E e lement ,

4h ave L atin words c ombined w ith O E , 5h ave p re -E nglish w ords

c ombined w ith L atin ; o ne , P orchester , h as b oth e lements f rom L atin ; a nd L ondon , t ogether w ith L ympne , a re e ither wholly B ritish i n o rigin o r ,

a t a ny r ate ,

p re -E nglish .

7 4

A ndover H a

( SU 3 43 4 62) ,

c .953 , D B; G elling 1 970 ,

3 9 :

' ash - t ree r iver . '

J ackson , 2 73 . T his i s a B ritish p- n . T he c emetery i ncluded m any c remations a nd c ame i nto u se p ossibly c .500 . T he 6 s aucer -b rooches s uggest a Saxon ' c ommunity . MA X IX , 2 22; Welch 1 983 , 4 5 . A s ettlement , o r p erhaps a t emporary o ccupation- s ite a bout a m ile t o t he E ( SU 3 56 4 65) o n O ld D own , was o f t he 6 th c entury . A rch . E xc . 1 976 , 1 20 ; H inton 1 981, 6 0 . F ew d atable S axon b urials h ave b een f ound i n t his a rea a nd n one o bviously o f t he 5 th c entury . L ate R oman s ites : 6 . P re -E nglish e tc . p -ns : 1 0 + 4 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a) i n -h ang -i ngahang

1d oubtful m inor p -n ; ( b) i n ing 2 : 1 m inor p-n ; ( c) i n 0 ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 0 ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : O . T he a bsence o f

e arly t ypes o f E nglish p- n s i s r emarkable . Much o f t he a rea w as t hinly p opulated a nd t he f ew p eople t hat t here w ere m ay w ell h ave b een B ritish f or s everal d ecades a fter t he e stablishment o f t he A ndover s ettlement . T here i s n o c ertain 5 th - c entury s ite n ear A ndover . C ollingbourne ( see 6 th- c entury s ites) , p robably n ot o ccupied u ntil a fter 5 00 , i s t he n earest , a bout 7 m iles t o N W . E . S hefford ( above) i s 1 5 m iles t o N . U fton ( above) i s e ven f urther t o N E; B asingstoke ( Lickpit , a bove) i s 1 5 m iles E ; K ing 's W orthy ( above) 1 t o S E ; t here i s n othing t o S ; a nd n othing s o e arly t o S W o r W . H owever , w ithin 1 0 m iles t here a re a f ew p-n s i n -b urna a nd -f ord . A griculture A bove t he r iver v alley t his i s c halk u pland ,

o nly m oderately p roductive b y

e arly a grarian s tandards . T he D B j urors w ere a pparently i gnorant o f A ndover 's h idage , b ut i t h ad 2 6 p loughs i n u se , 1 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd 1 00 p igs f rom w oodland p asturage . I t w as a r oyal m anor , p robably o f w ide e xtent , j udging b y t he n umber o f i ts p loughs . A ccess T he s ettlement w as a t t he c onvergence o f 2 m ajor R oman r oads a nd o f t he a ncient r oute c alled t he H arroway, a westward e xtension o f t he N . D owns t rackway . A nd t he r . T est m ay h ave a fforded a n avigable r oute f rom t he S . c oast . N umerous R oman f inds h ere s uggest a s ettlement ; a nd w ithin a f ew m iles , m ore t han a d ozen R oman b uildings h ave b een f ound , m ost o f t hem i n u se i n t he 4 th c entury , a f ew t o i ts e nd . B ow B rickhill B k ( SP 8 91 3 55) , D B; E PND :

' hill o f B olla(?) . '

T his i s a

t autological c ompound o f B ritish * brico - a nd O E h yll . T he s ame p-n o ccurs o ne m ile N . o f B edford t own . T he a ffix B ow m ay b e d erived f rom t he O E p ersonal n ame B olla . B ut t he a rchaeological s ite w as l i m iles N W o f B ow B rickhill a nd 1 /4 m ile W o f t he h amlet o f C aldecotte , a p-n u nlikely t o b e t hat o f a n e arly S axon v illage . A bout f m ile N . o f t he s ite i s W alton , ap arish -n ame , w here R omano -B ritish o ccupation e xtended f rom t he 2 nd t o t he 4 th c entury . (A n . "11. E xc . 1 972 , 4 2) ; b ut M E f orms o f t he p-n , W aldone ( P4 3 9) , i ndicate d erivation f rom - OE w eald

' forest ,'

which i s a ccordant w ith t he wooded c haracter o f t he

n eighbourhood . I t i s t herefore i mprobable t hat t his w as a w eala - pn . T he s ite p roduced ' e arly t o m iddle S axon p ottery i n t he t ops o f R oman f ield b oundaries ' a nd a p ost -b uilt s tructure . MA X XIV , 2 18 . E arlier ( ibid . , X XIII, 2 35) , t he p ottery w as c entury.' N o d ate i s g iven f or t he L ate R oman s ites i n B k ,

B d &N orthants :

1 2 .

d ated ' 5th t o 8 th R oman material.

P re -E nglish e tc . , p -ns :

3 . E arly E nglish p- n s : ( a) i n -h am : 1 , i n D B &ap arish ; ( b) i n 122: 2 , b oth m inor p-n s ; ( c) i n -i ngaham : 1 (?) , i n D B & a p ar ; ( d) i n -i ngas : 1 , i n D B &a p ar ; ( e) f rom J our . 8 : O . T he s ites a t S andy , E lstow , K empston , A ylesbury , W heatley a nd B rickhill b ear o ut t he s upposition t hat t he c ampaign r ecorded i n A SC s .a . 5 71 ( probably n earer 5 52) w as a r econquest o f t he C hiltern s carp - f oot z one a nd t hat t he s eizure o f t he 4 t unas o f L imbury ( Luton) , A ylesbury , B enson ( near Ewelme) a nd E ynsham ( near C assington) was a r eturn t o a r egion

7 5

t emporarily l ost b y t he S axons t o t he B ritons , p ossibly a s a n i ndirect r esult o f t he S axon d efeat a t M ons B adonicus c .500 . T he e ffects o f t he c ampaign o f ' 5 71' a nd p articularly t he c ause o f i t , m ay e xplain t he p aucity o f e arly p-n s i n t he B rickhill a rea a s w ell a s e lsewhere i n t he r egion . D epopulation a nd r esettlement d estroyed t he c ontinuity

o f

p lace -n omenclature .

A griculture

I n

t he

e arly

2 0th

c entury o nly 1 6% o f t he p arish o f B ow B rickhill w as u nder t he p lough . T his i s h eavy , f ertile l and , b ut t he p eriod o f w orking i s r estricted . I n D B t he 3 p arts o f t he e state g elded i n a ll f or 1 4 h ides w ith 1 4 w orking p loughs a nd m eadow s ufficient f or t he n umber o f p lough o xen . W oodland r endered 2 50 p igs . P ossibly a l ittle m ore s hould b e a dded ( VCH

I ,

2 66) .

T he

a ssessments

o f

t he n eighbouring

m anors

c onfirm

t hat t his w as a p roductive a rea . A ccess T he W atling S t . a nd t he R oman s ettlement o f M agiovinium ( meaning u nknown ) w ere 1 m ile t o t he S . P ossibly t he r . O usel g ave a ccess v ia t he G reat O use a nd t he W ash . C anterbury K .

S ee u nder BURH a bove .

C hatham K .

S ee u nder HAM a bove.

C hesterford

S ee u nder FORD a bove.

C olchester E ss S ee u nder CEASTER a bove. C ray K

S ee u nder O rpington , u nder INGTUN a bove.

C roydon S y

S ee u nder DENU a bove.

D arenth K ( EQ 5 64 7 06) ,

c .980 , D B .

T he s ettlement was n amed f rom t he

s tream w hich h ad a B ritish n ame m eaning ' r iver i n t he o ak-wood . ' R & S , 3 33 . S ee a lso G elling , L ocal H istorian 1 2 , 2 74 . T he s ite , o f Sa l co rC s tructures , w as f ound n ear R oman b uildings f rom w hich c ame l ate o ccupation m aterial i ncluding ' R oman-Saxon ' p ottery . T he S axon s ite y ielded ' fifth/sixth c entury o ccupation d ebris . ' A rch . J . C XXXI, 4 11; A rch . E xc . 1 972 , 5 7 : 6 th c entury . C ontinuity o f o ccupation i s n ot d emonstrable h ere . A s ingle i nhumation t o t he N . was o f t he l ater 6 th c entury . A rch . C ant . L XX , 1 87-91; B AR 7 , 4 3 . F or l ate R oman s ites a nd l ocal p-n s s ee H orton K irby a bove u nder TUN . A griculture T he p arent v alley t raverses a b road t ract o f f irst -c lass a rable . I n D B t he e state s eems t o h ave g elded f or 3 s ulungs w ith 11 p loughs i n u se , 1 4 a cres o f m eadow , a nd w oodland r endering 2 3 p igs . A ccess T he 1 0 o r s o R oman b uildings a long t he v alley w ould h ave b een s erved b y a R oman r oad t hat l eft t he W atling S t . a t D artford . T he r iver w as p ossibly n avigable f rom i ts c onfluence w ith t he T hames a t l east a s f ar u pstream a s D arenth . D orchester O x . D over K

S ee u nder CEASTER a bove.

( ER 3 18 4 15) ,

c .700 , D B ; R & S ,

3 41:

' the waters ,

t he s tream . '

T his i s aB ritish n ame r eferring t o t he r . D our . D over I , P riory H ill ( 319 4 14) . T he i nhumations h ere w ere a ccompanied b y n othing o f t he 5 th c entury . V CH I , 3 84 ; B B I V , 5 37, 7 09 . T his m ay p ossibly h ave b een t he c emetery o f D over I II . D over I I , O ld P ark , B uckland ( 309 4 30) ;

p ossibly 8 25 ,

D B;

P NK ,

5 67 :

' land d onated b y c harter . '

F rom t he f irst t his, u nder a d ifferent n ame , m ay h ave b een a s ettlement s eparate f rom t hat o f D over . T he B uckland c emetery i s

7 6

m ore t han a m ile i nland f rom t he 5 th-c entury s ettlement a t D over I II . As aucer-b rooch w ith 5 s pirals , w ith a l ate R oman b uckle a nd a b uttonb rooch MA V , 5 5) p robably i ndicated a l ate 5 th -c entury d ate f or g rave 4 8 ; b ut a n u rn f rom g rave 8 7 ( Myres 1 969 , 1 09 , n o . 2 ) i s l ikely t o b e e arlier t han 5 00 . S ee a lso E vison 1 965 , 4 0 ; B AR 7 „ 4 4 . D over I II , M arket S t . ( 318 4 15) w as a n o ccupation s ite i n u se f rom t he 5 th c entury o nwards . A rch . E xc . 1 973 , 4 9 ; MA X VII , 1 45 . L ate R oman s ites : 7 . P re-English e tc . , p -ns : 5 . E arly E nglish p -ns : ( a ) i n -h am : 4 , a ll p ars , 3 i n D B , 1i n D M ; ( a b ) i n -1 ng 2 : 2 2 , a ll m inor p-n s e xcept 1 , ap ar . n ot i n D B ; ( c ) i n ing x -i ngas : 6 , 1i n D M , b ut n ot 2 ap ar . &5m inor p-n s ; ( d ) i n -1 .m. x ing 4 : I i n D B &ap ar ; ( e ) i n -i ngahang 3 , 2 i n D B &p ars , 1n either ; ( f ) i n -i ngas : 0 ; f rom J our . 8 : 7 . H ere ham a nd ing f orms a re r oughly i n e qual n umbers . A griculture T he o nly a grarian s tatistic r elating t o D over i s t he 2 s ulungs a nd 4 1 p lough -t eams o n t he B uckland e state a nd t his a ccords w ell w ith t he i ndifferent b ut p roductive s oils o n t he O S L and C lass . M ap . A griculturally , t his w as a d ownland s ettlement , w ith g ood v alley s oils n ow b uilt o ver . T here a re p -ns i n -d enn i n t he a rea , s ome o f w hich m ay r epresent s wine -p astures o f t he D over p easants ; a nd t here w as m eadow b eside t he r . D our . A ccess w as b y s ea ; a nd t he f irst J utish? i mmigrants m ay h ave c ome , i mmediately , f rom t he P as d e C alais . O n t he R oman p ort h ere s ee A rch . J . C XXVI , 7 8100 . I ts s ilting m ay h ave b een i n p art n ullified b y m arine t ransgression , r endering i t u sable b y s hallow c raft .

F aversham K .

S ee a bove u nder HAM .

K empston B d ( ?) S ee a bove u nder TUN . L imbury ( Luton) B d . L impsfield S y . L ondon

( T IQ 3 25

S ee a bove u nder BURR.

S ee a bove u nder FELD . 8 10) .

F irst

r ec .

i n E nglish c .962 .

I ts m eaning i s

u nknown . R &S , 3 96-7 . O f S axon f inds f rom h ere , a ' horned ' p ot ( Myres 1 969 , 4 8 &n .1) i s p erhaps o f t he 5 th c entury , r elated t o e xamples f rom c emeteries a t H igh D own , A lfriston , N orthfleet , O rpington a nd M ucking . Ap ot f rom n ear G uildhall i s s aid t o b e o f t he 5 th c entury Meaney 1 964 , 1 67) ; a nd f rom e arly i n t hat c entury t here i s t he S mithfield b uckle ( MA V , 6 2) , b ut i t i s n ot S axon . T here w ere a lso s pears o f 6 th-century d ate f rom t he C ity ( BAR 7 , 6 2) ; g lassware f rom j ust o utside ( DAB , 1 42 , n .42) ; a nd a 6 th-century K entish b uckle ( Aberg , 2 13 , n o . 4 6) . A t radition w as p reserved i n W essex ( A SC) t hat a b attle a t C rayford ( see O rpington a bove) i n 4 57 ( c .438?) w as f ollowed b y B ritons f leeing t o L ondon i n g reat f ear , p resumably t o t ake r efuge w ith t heir o wn p eople ; b ut t here a re o nly t he p ots t o s uggest t hat S axons w ere i n L ondon b efore t he 6 th c entury . T he a pplied b rooch f rom B illingsgate Marsden 1 980 , 1 86) i s m atched b y o ne f rom M itcham t hat w as a ssociated w ith a c one-beaker , p robably o f t he 6 th c entury ( Morris 1 959 , 15-6) . T he f urthest o ne m ay r easonably g o i s t o a ccept t he p ossibility t hat t here w ere S axons i n L ondon b y t he e nd o f t he 5 th c entury . F or a r ecent a ccount o f t he e nd o f R oman L ondon s ee M arsden 1 980 , 1 63-86 , w ith a c orrection t o h is d ating o f t he B illingsgate b rooch . L ate R oman s ites : 8 + w ithin t he w alls . O utside , u p t o 1 0 m iles : 2 5 . P re-English e tc . p -ns : 1 4 + 1 ? E arly E nglish p-n s i n M x , E ss , K . , S y : ( a ) i n ham : 7+ 4 ? ; 4a re i n D B

7 7

&a re p ars ;

3 i n D B b ut n ot p ars ;

a ll m inor p-n s ;

( c) i n

-i ngaham :

2 a re i n D B &a re p ars ; f rom J our . 8 : 1 6-46 :12 .

4a re n either ;

1m inor p-n ;

( b) i n ing 2 : 1 + 4 ? ;

( d) i n

-i ngas :

3+ 1 ? ;

1i s ap ar . b ut n ot i n D B ; 1i s n either ; ( e) A griculture T he v icinity o f L ondon h ad

f irst -c lass s oils a nd a mple m eadows a nd w oodland . T he C ity i s n ot e ntered a s am anor i n D B . A ccess w as a long t he T hames . N ine R oman r oads c onverge h ere . L uton B d . L ympne K ,

S ee L imbury a bove u nder BURH. B ellevue

UR

1 09 3 49) .

F irst

r ecorded i n O E

c . 807 ;

a nd i n D B .

T his w as t he B ritish n ame o f a r iver , L emana ' r iver i n t he e lm -w ood ' ( Jour . 8 , 4 5) l ater t he E . R other ; o r i t r eferred t o t he m arshes which w ere f orming a t i ts e stuary , n ow R omney M arsh . R &S , 3 85-7 . N earby a re t he s hattered r emains o f aF ort o f t he S axon S hore , L eman's , w hich t he J utes c alled S tutfall , s uggesting t hat e ither t hey u sed t he f ort a s a n e nclosure f or h orses o r t hat t hey b elieved t hat t o h ave b een i ts f ormer f unction . I t i s r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he n ame o f t he f irst J utish s ettlement h ere w as L ympne . T he c emetery i ncluded o ne b urial 1 969,

w ith map

5 th- c entury p ottery , 7 ) . B B I V, 7 12.

E nglish e tc . , p -ns :

4 + 3 ?

w ith p arallels i n J utland L ate R oman s ites: 4 .

E arly E nglish p-n s :

( a) i n

-h am :

3 ;

( Myres P re 2 a 5e

p arishes o f w hich 1 i s i n D B , 1i n D M a nd 1 a m inor p-n ; ( b ) i n i ng : 2 3 ; 1i s ap ar . n ot i n D B ; 2 2 a re m ino p-n s ; ( z ) i n ing 2 x Ingas : 4 ,

a ll i n D B &a re p ars ;

( d) i n

-i ng

x ing : 2 ; 1i n D B &ap ar . ,

t he o ther a m inor p- n ; ( e) i n -i ngaham : 1 , a m inor p -n ; ( f) i n -i ngas : 1 i n D B a nd a p ar ; ( g) f rom J our . 8 : 1 0 . N ames i n -i ng o utnumber t hose i n -h am , e ven i gnoring t he ing2 n ames . A griculture L ympne i s o n t he S . e dge o f a l arge t ract o f v ery g ood a rable s oils . I n D B t he m anor , t ogether w ith 2 s maller e states w ithin t he p arish , g elded f or 2 s ulungs , w ith 9 p loughs i n u se . T here w ere 2 8 a cres o f m eadow a nd w oodland r endering 2 0 p igs . A ccess w as b y s ea , t he h aven o f P ortus L emanis a ffording a s afe a nchorage . A t l east 2 R oman r oads c onverged o n L ympne , o ne f rom C anterbury t he o ther f rom R ichborough . P orchester H a.

S ee a bove u nder CEASTER.

R ichborough K .

S ee a bove u nder BURH .

R ochester K .

S ee a bove u nder CEASTER.

W allingford B rk. S ee a bove u nder FORD. W alton ( ?) B k. W iCkford E ss. W inchester H a.

S ee a bove u nder TUN. S ee a bove u nder FORD. S ee a bove u nder CEASTER.

Y thancaestir E ss. S ee a bove , B radwell u nder WIELLA .

AP LACE-NAME o f u nknown o rigin a nd m eaning. S arre K

( TR 2 61 6 50) ,

c . 7 61 ,

D M .

B oth t he m eaning a nd t he d erivation o f

t his p-n i s u nknown , a lthough g uesses a t t hem h ave b een m ade . S ee D EPN . I t i s p ossibly o f p re -E nglish o rigin . T he c emetery i ncluded

7 8

b rooches

( Aberg ,

2 9-30 ;

E vison ,

1 965 ,

6 2) a nd

o ther

m etal

g oods ,

a s

w ell a s p ottery ( Myres 1 969 , m ap 7 & p . 9 6) o f t he 5 th c entury . L ate R oman s ites : 1 0 . P re -E nglish p -ns : 2 + 3 ? E arly E nglish p -ns : i n 2 8 ;

-h am :

5 , 3a re i n D B &a re p arishes ; 2 a re n ei 9er ; ( b ) i n -i ng : 1 i n D B &ap ar ; 2 7 a re m in2r p-n s ; ( c) i n 7 1ng x - i ngas : 5 , a ll . m inor p-n s ; ( d) i n -l ng 2 x - i ng : 2 , b oth m inor ; ( e) i n -i ngaham : 1 , i n D B & a p ar ;

( f) i n

-i ngas :

u nder TUN .

A griculture

g ood a rable .

I t i s n ot

0 ;

( g) f rom J our .

8 :

s ee M onkton a bove

S arre i s a t t he e dge o f a l arge

s eparately m entioned i n D B .

t ract

o f

I t p robably h ad

t o g o t o t he Weald a nd t he F orest o f B lean f or s wine -p asture, b ut t here w ere m arsh -p astures b eside t he W antsum C hannel . A ccess w as f rom t he o pen s ea a nd a long t he Wantsum , C ontinent.

T he

l ist

p ostscript,

o f

' Early '

s till

a nd

a s hort

S ixth - C entury

s ites

c rossing

which

f rom

f ollows

t he

i s

a

f urther e xtended b y t he i nclusion o f Warwickshire,

W orcestershire a nd C ambridgeshire s ites ,

m ost o f which y ielded o bjects t hat

a re g enerally r egarded a s c ulturally S axon . Among t hese s ites a re s ome which m ore p robably

f irst

c ame i nto u se i n

t he f ifth c entury : A lveston W a , Wa ,

B arrington ' A ' a nd

C ambridge

( St .

J ohn 's) ,

' B ' C a ,

B eckford

C harlton W ,

' A ' Wo ,

D artford K . ,

B idford

G irton C a ,

G rantchester C a , H aslingfield C a , L inton H eath C a , T rumpington C a , W asperton Wa , L ittle W ilbraham C a a nd p ossibly W est O verton W. I n t he F ifth-Century L ist a re s ome i nstances w hich a re d oubtful a nd m ore p robably o f t he s ixth c entury : A ndover H a ,

A sh

B righton S x , D unmow

E ss ,

( Guilton) K ,

C ainhoe B d , E lstow

B d ,

B eddingham S x ,

C hadwell E ss,

E ynsham O x ,

B ow B rickhill B d ,

C higwell E ss ,

F arnham

S y ,

G reat

F inglesham K ,

G estingthorpe E ss , H ertford H rt, H igham U pshire K , H oughton R egis

B d ,

I nworth E ss,

K eston K ,

K ingston

n ear L ewes

S x ,

L impsfield S y, L ondon , M eonstoke H a , Monkton K , O xford O x , P angbourne B rk , P rittlewell E ss , R awreth E ss , R ichborough K , R ochester

K ,

N orth

S hoebury

E ss,

S towting

K ,

S trood

T oddington B d , W ickford E ss, W interbourne G unner W , W orth K .

7 9

K ,

' EARLY' a nd S IXTH-CENTURY S ITES: L IST T WO

P lace -n ames i n HAM . B arham K ,

I nhumations w ith w eapons .

E PNE I , 2 26-9.

D .M . W ilson , ( date?) ; ( BB

B reach D own ( ER 2 05 4 85) ,

B AR 7 , 3 1;

1 960 , 2 18 ; M A X XVI , I V , 7 23-5) .

1 87

7 99, D B; E PND: 1* Biora's h am .' B reach , 1 226 ; ' land c leared f or t illing .'

A M E p -n .

B urpham S x

( 11Q 0 42

D B ;

P N I ,

1 66 :

T he

b urh i s ,

1 00) ,

a t

Ab arrow - b urial w ith s word o f t he 6 th

c .920(?) ,

' ham b y t he

o r e arly 7 th c entury . W elch 1 983 , 2 27 . O n t he B urpham f ort o f t he B urghal H idage s ee A rch . E xc . 1 972 , 1 4.

f ort . '

t he e arliest ,

o f

l ate 9 th c entury d ate a nd , u nless i t o verlies a n e arlier e arthwork , t he p-n c annot h ave a risen b efore t hat t ime. B ut t he s ite was a t P eppering , c .725(?) ; P N I , 1 67 : ' t he p eople o f P iper(a) ,' ( -i ngas) ; D odgson i n B randon 1 978 , 6 4. F elmersham B d E PND :

( SP

9 90

& s ee

5 78) ,

' *Feolomaer 's h am o r

D B;

-h amm ,

P N , 7 6 : -h am .

( r 1Q 1 56 5 54) ,

c .980 ,

Tecce 's h am(m) ;t A SE

I ckham K

cm 2 2 5 8) ,

2 ,

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons , p ottery e tc . 7 1.

7 85 , D B ; E PND :

( TQ 5 8 5 3) ,

c . 1100 ; E PND :

' *Ehta's h am .' Mersham K

( ER 0 50 3 90) ,

1* Maersa's

N ewnham B d 6 0 :

' the

8 58 , D B;

h am .'

h am ,' b ut

7 ,

A s quare -h eaded b rooch a nd a b ut f rom a b urial . B MG , 5 7 ; a nd a s hield -o n- t ongue b uckle . A berg , 2 13 , n o . 2 5 ; V CH I , 3 85 . B ut a re t hese from Howletts? Q .v. under L ittlebourne ( Fifth -C ent. L ist). A s hield - o n- t ongue b uckle 2 12 , n o . 1 8). A s tray?

( Aberg ,

A b urial w ith s quare -h eaded a nd d isc V CH

I ,

P N ,

A b urial w ith s quare -h eaded a nd d isc -

i s

b rooches a nd a b uckle-plate . V CH I , 1 86 ; P SA 2 nd s er . X VI, 14 . A lso a s herd w ith s tamped d ecoration a nd

I n t he

p ar .

G oldington ,

E PND:

(-i ngtun).

B AR

h amm

t opographically .

' Golda's t un '

1 401;

198 ;

p ossible o f

S yAC L VI ,

b rooches a nd a b uckle -p late . 3 85 ; A S &J , 2 0-21.

( E L 0 75 4 92) , n ew

A s herd

3 2 :

E cca 's h am . '

E PND :

A nt . J . X XXI, 4 5-50 .

D B ;

' a y oke ( a m easure o f l and) + ham? ' B ut s ee J our . 8 , 3 4 : lI c(c)a 's o r

I ghtham K

d ate .

f rom h ere i s p aralleled b y s ome a t S utton C ourtenay B rk .

' water-m eadow .'

F etcham S y

A n i ll - d efined s ettlement o f e arly

D B;

b urials w ith w eapons . A rch . E xc . 1 973 , 3 6 . S ee a lso B edford b elow u nder FORD. 8 0

P atcham

Sx ,

D B;

P N

I I,

S ee M oulsecoomb b elow u nder CUMB.

2 93:

' *Pecc(e)a's h am .' R ainham E ss teegn a's

( TO 5 53 8 36) , D B ; E PND :

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith a s quare h eaded a nd s mall - l ong b rooches , a s

h am .'

w ell a s p ots & w eapons . 1 59-95 ; B AR 7 , 7 4.

A rch .

X CVI ,

T hurnham K ( DQ 8 06 5 78) , D B; E PND :

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons

' h am a mong t horn -t rees ' o r i s t his a

( 6th c entury?) . . Ant . J . X X , B AR 7 , 8 7 .

' ham w ith a t horn h edge?' W rotham K ( I o r I I?) ( T I Q 6 19 5 90 o r 6 15

5 98) ;

7 88 , D B; E PND :

t* Wrota 's

h am .' S ee

B urials w ith s pears a nd a g arnet b rooch .

A ICA-4

C ant. X XXIV , 1 58 ( n .c .)

B AR 7 , 9 0 ; M orris 1 975 : a lso L ambourn

b elow

u nder

3 80-2;

7 th c entury .

-

B URNA . AP LACE-NAME i n HAEMATUN , ' farmstead

o r

d wellers ( in E PNE I , 2 16 . B edhampton H a E PNE I ,

3 2 .

v illage

a

o f

c ertain

( SU

6 92

t he

p lace) . '

0 64) ,

D B;

' tun o f t he d wellers

A n i nhumation c emetery a ssociated w ith a l ong b arrow . B urials w ere p erhaps f rom t he l ate 6 th c entury o nwards ( Arch . H ants , 5 6 ; A rch . E xc . 1 974 , 2 3 ; 1 975 , 9 2-3 .

w ho g rew b eet?'

P LACE-NAMES i n INGAHAM . m eaning s ee G elling 1 970 ,

O n

t he

1 819.

F arningham K C rQ 5 55 6 75) , D B ; E PND :

A s unken h ut w ith s herds o f S axon

' ham

p ottery c lose t o a R oman h ouse . A rch . Exc . 1 975 , 1 22 , b ut n o d ate i s

o f

t he

d wellers

i n

a f erny

p lace'(?)

g iven . T wo m ore h uts a t 5 54 6 73 . X X , 1 64 ; I I , 3 8 n . 8 7 . G reat Mongeham K D B;

A SE

2 ,

2 9 ;

( ER 3 5 5 1) ,

E PND :

7 61

' the h am o f

* Mundel 's p eople . ' P LACE-NAMES i n W ICHAM.

F or

B urials

w ith

D ating : A berg , M A I I , 3 8.

M A

b utton - b rooches

e tc .

2 8 ;

1 964 ,

1 30 ;

MA X II,

1 59 .

M eaney

i ts

s ignificance s ee G elling , M A X I , 8 79 8 . W est W ickham K MA

X I,

9 0,

a ssociated

( ' D Q 3 9 6 5) , 9 6:

w ith

8 62 , D B ;

' settlement

a R oman

v icus . '

T here i s a mple e vidence o f a R oman s ettlement h ere.

A n

e scutcheon

o nly .

M orris 1 975 , 6 23 d ates a b urial h ere b etween 5 50/610 , b ut t his m ay b e a c onfusion w ith Wickhambreux ( next i tem) , c alled W ickham i n D AB a nd e lsewhere.

W ickhambreux K c n k 2 27 6 04) , 9 48 , D B ; MA X I, 9 1, 9 6 : ' settlement

A n i nhumation c emetery f rom w hich c ame F rankish A rgonne ' ware o f 0 . 500 . 8 1

a ssociated

w ith

a R oman

v icus. '

B ut f ew J utish s ites a re n ot n ear a R oman s ite . T he s ite w as n ear S upperton , 1 242, ' the s outh c orn f arm '

( PNK ,

5 27) ,

Myres 1 969 , 9 2 , n .4 ; a nd s ee B B I V , 7 16 . T here w as a lso a p ot o f t he 6 th o r 7 th c entury. M A X I, 1 2, 9 1.

a l ate t ype o f p-

n . P LACE-NAMES -h amm

i n

HAM o r HAMM .

f or

s ee b elow .

C ookham B rk ( SU 8 89 8 58) , 7 98 , D B;

A s mall

P N

w eapons a nd a n u rn . M orris 1 975 , 6 23; B AR 7 , 4 1; P eake , 1 26-7 . B ut ? 6th c entury .

I ,

7 9-80 :

' cook

v illage(?) '

T his i s p robably a -h am n ame.

D ownham E sp 1 54 :

( TQ 7 37 9 53) ,

168 ;

P N ,

' ham o n ah ill(?)'

F areham I H a

( SU 5 75 0 65) D B ; E PND :

F etcham S y

w ith

S herds p ossibly o f t he 6 th c entury A nt . J . L , 2 71. Two

c remation

u rns

w ith

s tamped

S ee a bove u nder HAM .

S ee a bove u nder HAM .

L yneham O x 3 62 :

c emetery

d ecoration . P roc . H a . F .C . & X XV , 5 1-9 ( n .c.); M yres 1 969 , 17.

' the f erny h am(m).'

F elmersham B d

i nhumation

( SP 2 97 2 10) , D B ; P N I I ,

' ham(m) w here f lax g rows.'

S econdary b urials i n a l ong b arrow , w ith w eapons . V CH I , 3 58 ; B AR 7 , 6 6 . M orris 1 975 ,

N ewnham B d

6 24 ; 7 th c entury.

S ee a bove u nder HAM .

P LACE-NAMES i n ING 2, o n w hich

s ee

E PNE I , 2 85-9. L ockinge B rk P N I I, 4 86.

( SU 4 28 8 71) ,

8 68 ,

D B ;

A n E nglish s tream-name.

P LACE-NAMES I n ING2 x INGAS .

A b urial w ith d isc -b rooches .

B B I V ,

6 51; M orris 1 975 , 6 23 : 5 50 t o 6 10 .

O n

i ngas s ee r eference b elow . F ilkins O x

( SP 2 37 0 43) ,

1 173 ; P N

I I , 3 20 : ' t he p eople o f * Fileca?' i f r egarded a s a n -i ngas t ype. S towting K

A n i nhumation c emetery i ncluding s aucer - b rooches . V CH I , 3 64 ; B B I V , 6 62; B AR 7 2 , 5 0 .

S ee F ifth-Century S ites.

P LACE-NAMES i n INGAS .

s ee E PNE

I ,

2 99-303 : J ournal 1 , 2 9. U pper B eeding S x c .880 ,

D B ;

P N I ,

2 05 :

CM

2 09

0 96) ,

' t he p eople o f

B eada.' D orking S y ( T 1Q 1 60 4 92) , D B; 2 69 : ' the p eople o f * Deorc(?)'

P N ,

P rimary

i nhumations

i n

b arrows .

Welch 1 983 , 4 53-4 . A k nife o nly . V ery d oubtfully o f t he 6 th c entury. V arious f inds . B AR 7 , 4.

8 2

M orris

V ery d oubtful.

1 959 ,

1 39 ;

G roveley W

( ?)

S ee

b elow

u nder

B arford. L ancing S x ( TO 1 90 0 60) , D B; P N I ,

B urials

1 99:

W elch 1 983 , 2 27 ; B AR 7 , 6 0 .

' the

p eople

o f

* Wlenca/

w ith

s pears

a nd

k nives .

* Wlanc/Hlanc'. L idsing K ( TQ 1 31. M eaning?

7 8

6 2) ,

c . 1100 ;

P NK ,

U rns a nd b eads , p erhaps f rom b urials . M eaney 1 964 , 1 26 . 6 th c entury? A b urial .

Morris 1 975 ,

>5 50

t o 6 10 .

D oubtfully o f 6 th c entury.

O ving B k

( SP 7 8 2 1) , D B; P N ,

1 07 :

' the p eople o f U fa.' P eppering S x u nder HAM . ' Postling K 4 56 :

6 10 .

S ee ( ER

B urpham

1 4

3 9) ,

1 32 :

Morris 1 975 , 6 22 : 5 50 t o

D oubtfully o f t he 6 th c ent.

a bove

D B;

P NK ,

' the p eople o f * Possel.'

S onning B rk

A b urial .

( SU 7 5 7 5) , D B; P N I ,

' the p eople o f * Sunna.'

A b urial w ith s hoe - s haped s tuds V CH I , 3 85.

e tc .

A b urial.

1 19

( 1 1 .,C s);

M orris

S wanton 1 973 , P LACE-NAMES i n INGATUN ,

B erks. 1 975 , 1 25 :

A .J. 6 20 :

L IX ,

4 30 t o 4 70 .

a n e arly s pear .

o n w hich

s ee E PNE I , 2 92 ( 2). B everington S x

S ee E astbourne u nder

BURNA b elow . C atherington H a ( SU

7 07

1 53) ,

( lorndean

1 015;

n .d .) ,

s ee E PND

s .n .

C hadderton ; E PNE I , 7 5 , s .v . * cadeir ( Pr . Welsh) ; J our . I , 4 4 . P ossibly

B urials , p erhaps i ncluding s ome o f t he 6 th c entury . P . H a . F .C . & X IX , 1 17-70 ( n .c .) ; Welch 1 983 , I , 3 3 ; B AR 7 , 8 3 . T here w as g rass t empered p ottery n ear C atherington c hurch. M A X VI, 4 .

ap re -E nglish f irst e lement .

P LACE-NAMES i n INGTUN , o n w hich s ee E PNE I , 2 91f s .v . INC. A rreton I OW

( SZ 5 35 8 74) ,

D B;

2 97 :

E PNE

I ,

' tun

c .

8 75 ,

a ssociated

S econdary b urials i n b arrows. Meaney 1 964, 9 4; Morris 1 975, 6 22 :550-610 .

w ith E adhere.

C f .

W innall ,

f ig .

1 ;

7 th c entury.

C hadlington O x

( SP 3 30 2 10) , D B ; P N

I I, 3 38: ' tun a ssociated with * Ceadela.' The s ite was a t C atsham , 1 551 : ih kumm f requented b y

T he b urials i ncluded o ne w ith a k nife d ated 4 50-600. MA V , 2 28; b ut p robably 7 th c entury : O xon V , 2 3-9 ; V CH I , 3 57 .

w ild c ats.' D inton B k ( 'tun

( SP 7 65 14) , D B; E PND :

a ssociated

with

Dunn

o r

A n i nhumation c emetery . S ee F ifthC entu r y S ites u nder B ishopstone B k.

D ynne').

8 3

G oldington B d

S ee N ewnham a bove

u nder HAM . O ddington C l D B ;

P N I ,

( SP

2 24 :

P odington B d 3 7-8 :

2 16

2 53) ,

c . 1075 ,

S econdary

' Im a a ssociated w ith

Op

9 20

6 30) ,

D B ;

P N ,

Y arnton O x ( SP 4 76 1 14) ,

q .v .

s ub

1 005 , D B;

I nhumations w ith w eapons .

' tun a ssociated w ith E arda.' P LACE-NAMES i n CEASTER ,

w ith

a

A b urial w ith a l ate s mall-long b rooch . V CH I , 1 89-90 ; B MG , 8 4 . D ate?

' tun a ssociated w ith P ud(d)a

o r P od(d)a . ' I n F arndish H EDISC , i nfra.

b arrow - b urials

s pear , p ossibly o f t he 6 th c entury . B B I V , 6 58 ; B AR 7 , 7 1.

9 7-8 ; B AR c entury.

7 ,

9 0 .

O xon .

D oubtfully

X , 6 th

' R om an c ity

o r o ld f ortification . ' E PNE I , 8 6 ; A ASE , 1 42 , n .43; A ntiq. X LVIII , 1 59 . C hichester S x D B ;

( SU 8 6 0 4) ,

G elling 1 970 ,

7 2 :

A s mall - l ong b rooch .

c .900 ,

c ity.' C irencester C l

( SP 0 17

0 23) ,

f irst

r ec . i n O E c .900 , D B ; R &S 3 21-2 : t he f irst e lement a n u nexplained B ritish w ord ; + c easter . P N I , 6 02 ; G elling 1 970 : C orinion .'

I Zm i lan t own c alled

D B ;

A B ritish r- n , n ow t he Y eo . E RN , 2 21-2 a nd R & S , 3 92-3 .

S ee T he

t own w as L indinis, S ilchester H a

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith a p ot a t B arton R oman v illa . M yres 1 969 , 17 n .3 . E lsewhere , a s cabbard ( MA X VI , 1 54) , b oth 6 th c entury . C f . t he A SC a nnal f or 5 77 ( 558?) w hen t he S axons c aptured C irencester . 7 2 , 4 0.

I lchester S o ( ST 5 24 2 26) , E PND : ' Roman t own o n t he r .

( SU

W elch 1 983 ,

4 99 ; a nd a 6 th c entury d isc - b rooch . M A X I , 3 1 .

' C issa 's R oman

S ee a lso B AR

A p air o f s mall - l ong b rooches . 1 945 ,

1 02 .

L eeds

P erhaps f rom a b urial .

' river -p ools.' 6 4

6 2) ,

D B ;

E PND :

Among

s tray

f inds

w as

a b utton -

b rooch . M A I II , 8 3 ; a nd a p alm - c up . C f. D AB , 1 42 ( K) f or d ate.

' Roman c ity ? rear a w illow -c opse . ' R &S , 2 91-2 : ' town i n t he w oods . ' V erlamacaestir o r U aeclingacaestir

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith g rave

H rt

g oods ,

( TL 1 31

0 67) ,

c .730 ,

t he

f ormer

p ossibly

f irst

i n u se i n t he

f rom i ts B ritish n ame V erulamium , i ts m eaning u nknown O Z &S , 4 97-8) ;

l ate 6 th c entury . A ntiq . X LI , 4 6-7 ; MA X II , 1 58 . E xcay . A nnual R ep .

t he

1 965 , 2 0 . ( HMSO) .

l atter

a n

inga - f ormation .

G elling 1 970 : ' Roman t own o f t he p eople o f Waecel . ' N ow c alled S t . A lbans , D B. W inchester I , 4 89 2 92) .

S t . G iles 's H ill ( SU

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons

S ee F ifth -C entury S ites

f rom 5 th t o 7 th c enturies .

W inchester I I, 2 95).

B AR 7 ,

8 9 . I t p robably s erved a s ettlement o ther t han W inchester.

f or t he p-n .

West H ill

( SU 4 72

A b urial with a s pear c entury?). B AR 7 , 8 9.

8 4

( El:

5 th

A P LACE-NAME i n PORT2, ( town).'

E PNE I I,

' a m arket

7 01.

N ewport P agnell B k ( SP 8 87 4 42) , P N ,

2 1 :

' n ew m arket ' .

D B ;

T he s ite w as

a t T iCkford , q .v . u nder FORD b elow. P LACE-NAMES i n BURH , p lace'.

B M Q uarterly X I,

1 68 : g lass e tc.

' a f ortified

E PNE I , 5 8-62.

A mesbury W , 4 01) , c .880 ,

B oscombe D own D B ; P N , 3 58-9 :

o r A embre 's b urh ' . b elow u nder CUMB. B arbury W . u nder

B urials w ith s aucer -b rooches . L eeds 1 933 , 2 43 ; S yAC L V1 , 9 1. S ee a lso

S ee

( SU 1 78 ' Ambre 's

A b arrow -b urial w ith a s pear . 1 , 3 0 ; B AR 7 , 3 6 .

V CH I ,

S ee B oscombe

Wroughton

b elow

' TUN .

C harlbury " Ox ( SP 3 4 1 9) , c 1000 ; P N

O f s everal b urials ,

I I,

m ay b e o f 6 th o r 7 th c entury d ate . M A

4 15-6 :

' Ceorl 's

b urh . "

o ne w ith a s pear

( -i ng 4) . I n C ornbury P k , a s eparateXXVI, 2 03. p ar, D B; P N, I I, 3 45: ' burh f requented b y h erons ( corn) . ! C herbury B rk

S ee

C harney

B asset

b elow u nder IEG. W est C hisenbury W P N ,

3 28 :

g ravel

( SU 1 36 5 32) , D B ;

' burh o f t he d wellers

( *cisud ) , '

-i nga -.

o n

I n E nford

A b urial w ith a s pear . WAM X LV , 8 4 ; b ut

p ossibly

c entury.

l ater

t han

t he

6 th

B AR 7 , 8 8 .

p ar . , q .v . i nfra FORD . L owbury B rk

S ee

A ston

U pthorpe

b elow u nder TUN. R ichborough K

S ee F ifth - C entury

S ites. S alisbury W G elling

( S U147

1 970 :

3 04) ,

' ?trick

c 900 , D B ;

o r

a rmour

b urh .' T he f irst e lement i s p re E nglish. S ee a lso R & S 4 61. S almonsbury G 1

S ee

B ourton

o n

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons . V CH I , 1 , 1 02 a nd I , 2 4 73 . B AR 7 , 7 8. C f. A SC a nnal f or 5 52 ( 533?).

t he

W ater b elow u nder TUN . S pelsbury O x

( SP 3 39 2 13) ,

e arly

1 1th c entury, D B; P N I I, 3 79: l e tSpeol 's b urh . ' S ee a lso E PND o n t he f irst e lement . A t D ean , D B;

A s unken h ut, c entury.

p ossibly o f t he 6 th

O xon I II,

1 68 .

' valley.' West T ilbury E ss

( TQ

6 58

7 79) ,

c .730, D B; P N, 1 73 : ' Til(1)a's b urh ;' b ut s ee G elling 1 970 , 1 801.

A h ut - s ite w ith p ottery . A rch . B ibl . 1 974, 2 1. P ossibly o f t he 6 th c entury.

8 5

W inkelbury W

S ee B erwick S t .

J ohn

b elow u nder = WIC.

W oolbury o r W orlbury H a

S ee L ittle

S omborne b elow u nder BURNA . P LACE-NAMES i n TUN ,

' an e nclosure ,

f arm , e state, v illage . ' 1 89-98 . A ston T irrold B rk D B;

P N

I I,

E PNE I I,

( SU

5 10 :

5 60

' east

8 60) ,

t un'

i n

B urials w ith a n e arly s pear . 2 9.

B AR 7 ,

r elation t o B lewbury . P robably o ne p art o f a n o riginal A ston . S ee n ext i tem . A ston U pthorpe ,

L owbury B rk ( SU 5 41

8 23) , 9 64? , D B ; P N I I, 5 11-2 :

' east

t un , u pper v illage?' L owbury , 1 839 ; P N I I , 5 12 : • possibly h law ( barrow) + burh .

T here

i s

b oth a n ' e arthwork

e nclosure a nd a b arrow a t t his s ite.

B arfreston K E PND :

b urial was d ated 5 50-650 . A tkinson , L owbury H ill ( 1916) ,

D . 1 9 ,

2 1, 7 5 , 1 16 . W eapons i ncluded a s pear o f 5 th/7th c entury . B AR 7 , 6 4 ; b ut B AR 8 2 , 1 36 : 7 th c entury . S ee a lso A rch . J . C XX , 1 96 : 7 th c entury .

D B;

A c emetery o f p rimary b arrow -b urials

o r B eorhtfrith 's

w ith ' p ouched ' b ottles , u rns , b uckles e tc . B B I V , 7 27-8 ; D AB , 1 41, 1 60 : l ate 6 th - 7 th c entury . A djacent t o

( TR

2 66

Seornfrith 's

Ah anging -b owl f rom a p rimary b arrow-

4 88) ,

t un .'

t he S ibertswold s ite o r p art o f i t .

B ishopstone B k

S ee F ifth -C entury

S ites u nder TUN . B oughton A luph K ( rR 0 37 4 87) , DM ;

B urials

E PND :

P robably 7 th c entury.

' tun w here b eeches g rew.'

B ourton o n t he W ater G 1 2 11) ,

7 14? ,

9 49 ,

D B ;

P N I ,

( SP

1 71

1 95 :

' t un

n ear t he f ort ,' i .e . S almonsbury , 7 79 ; ' p loughman 's b urh . ' B righton S x

w ith

w eapons .

B AR

7 ,

3 6 .

A n e arly S axon s unken h ut . A nt . J . X II, 2 84-92 . M orris 1 975 , 6 24 : 7 th c entury.

S ee F ifth -C entury S ites

u nder TUN. B roughton P oggs O x D B; P N I I, 3 09 :

( SP 2 21

0 43) ,

' tun b y t he b rook . '

A t K inching K noll , n .d. B uriton H a ' tun

b y

( SJ

7 2

a h ill

1 9) ,

1 227 ;

( beorg)

( burh);? p ossibly c .960 ; G over , 5 5 :

o r

E PND : f ort

B utser f ort , b ryttes o ran ,

' steep s lope o f B eorht' o r ' of t he

8 6

B urials w ith s aucer -b rooches e tc . B B I V , 6 61-2 ; S yAC L VI , 9 0 ; W elch 1 983 , 4 9 . A n i nhumation c emetery w ith ' i nter a lia a p ot a nd s pear , 6 th C ent. A rch. B ib . 1 975 , 3 0 .

o r

7 th

B riton.' B r itwell.

C f .

C balton H a E PND :

P N

( SU

O x

7 34

I ,

1 45) ,

1 05

s .n .

1 015 ,

D B ;

' tun o n t he c halk .'

A v illage, X VII,

C harlton W 3 97 :

( SU

' tun

o f

( ceorla - ) .i

C ompton W Sx , 7 94

1 67

2 49) ,

1 209 ;

t he

f ree

p easants

S ee

1 51) ,

G elling

A pple

D B ;

v alley ( cumb).

1 978 ,

D own

P N I ,

P N , 1 85 .

( n .d .) ,

4 7 :

( SU

' tun i n a

S ee A ddenda.

‚

E ast G arston B rk

s herds

s uggesting

6 th/7th c entury d ate .

( SU

3 58

7 70) ,

1 180 ; P N I I , 3 30 : l Esgar is e state. ' S ee a lso G elling 1 978 , 1 24 : a n 1th

MA X VI,

a

2 8 ;

1 7 .

P art o f a c emetery t hat w as i n u se f rom t he 5 th c entury . M A X XVI , 2 12 . A r are

i nstance, o f

5 th - c entury

b urials i n W ilts . Ac emetery i ncluding c remations , w ith s aucer - a nd b utton-b rooches a nd p art o f a s quare - h eaded b rooch . Welch 1 983 , 7 7, 2 79 ; M A X XVII , 2 05.

A b urial w ith a h andled u rn . 1 964 , 4 6; Morris 1 975 , 6 23 ; 1 301: c .700 . 6 th c entury?

M eaney P eake ,

c entury p -n . E ast G rafton W P N , 3 47:

( SU 2 94 6 00) ,

D B;

' tun b y a g rove.'

A s econdary b arrow -b urial w ith s pear a nd b uckle , 6 th o r 7 th c entury . V CH I , 1 , 2 43; B AR 7 , 4 7 . And a s quare h eaded b rooch .

E aton S ocon B d E PND :

( T l , 1 73 6 15) ,

D B;

A

s ingle

i nurned

5 88 . A ASE, i s w rong .

( DQ 2 62 'tun o n

( *hangel/*hangol -- j äj . s ubs.).

3 63 :

2 86 :

m onastic

Or

t t le ,high

L ittle H inton W P N ,

0 73) , D B; a s lope'

t un . '

( SU 2 5 8 0) ,

' tun o f t he

B ut

1 205 ;

( Winchester)

c ommunity . ' N ot

4 18 ;

t he MA r ef ,

A b urial w ith w eapons . 2 27, 4 46.

t here

W elch

1 983 ,

P robably 6 th c entury.

a n

e arly

A ( barrow?)

b urial

w ith

a s word .

W elch 1 983 , 2 25 , 3 95.

A b urial w ith a s pear , E 3 t ype , p ossibly 7 th c entury . B AR 7 , 5 6 . A lso a s urface f ind o f a 6 th-century s pear.

p-n . H oughton R egis B d

w ith

h angra

( DQ 4 53 0 33) ,

S outh H eighton E Sx D B ; P N I I , s ee E PND.

c remation

b eads . M eaney 1 964 , 3 5 . 6 th c entury? O ccupation , 5 th/7th c entury a t 1 73

' tun b y t he r iver .'

H angleton •ESx E PNE I , 2 33:

A rch . B ib . 1 972 , 5 4.

I bid.,

6 1.

S ee F ifth-Century

S ites u nder TUN. I dmiston W P N , 3 80 :

( SU 2 28 3 54) , 9 47, D B;

‚* Idmaer's

t un? '

A s econdary b arrow -b urial w ith s pear e tc . V CH I , 2 , 4 75.

8 7

6 th c entury?

K ingston n ear L ewes E Sx .

S ee

F ifth

C entury S ites u nder TUN. K ingston -o n -T hames S r

C FQ 1 80 6 90 ,

8 38,

' the

D B;

P N,

5 9:

K ing's

e state'. T he s ite w as c lose t o E den S t . ( i .e . h eathen) , 1 353 , 1 3 /4 m iles f rom t he s ite a t H am. L eighton B uzzard B d C entury

S ites

S ee

under

G rass - t empered p ottery f rom a n earby s ettlement?

A rch .

E xc .

1 974 ,

9 9 .

P ossibly 6 th c entury . S ee a lso H am a mong 5 th -c entury s ites u nder -H AMM .

F ifth -

-T UN

f or

p ossible 6 th c entury s ites h ere. M ilton B rk

( SU 4 87 9 25) ,

9 56 , D B;

P N I I, 4 16 :

' the m iddle t un .'

Monkton K

S ee F ifth-Century S ites

B urials w ith g rave - g oods . m ay b e 6 th c entury . B AR P eake,

S pears 7 , 6 7 ;

1 34-5.

u nder TUN: B redon 's N orton Wo

( SO

9 30 3 90) ,

D B ; E PND : ' north t un n ear B redon H ill ,' t he l atter h as a B ritish f irst e lement . W est O verton W D B; P N , 3 05 :

( SU

19

6 83) ,

9 39 ,

' upper t un.'

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons . V CH I , 2 30 ; B AR 7 , 3 6.

B urials I ,

P urton W

Ile

F ox '

( SU

1 09 8 74) ,

D B; P N, 3 7: ' pear - t ree t un» O riginally ' at t he p ear- t ree.' R atton E Sx

o f

t he

5 th - ( ?)

a nd

c enturies s econdary i n b arrows .

S ee E astbourne

2 , 4 75 ; E vison 1 965 ,

6 th V CH

4 0 .

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons . WAM X XXVII, 4 96 , 6 06 ; c f . V CH I , 2 , 4 73; B AR 7 , 7 4.

b elow

u nder BUENA . S herrington W ( SU 9 69 3 92) , 9 68 ( S.766) , D B; P N , 2 29 : ' dung t un .'

S econdary V CH I , 1 79 .

S ingleton W Sx J ournal

I ,

( SU

8 81

3 5 :? %un

i n

b urnt c learing . ' T he * sengel i s o bscure . S tanton H arcourt O x , 1 3th c entury) , I I ,

2 82 :

1 11) , o r

f irst

D B;

n ear

a

e lement

( Beard M ill ,

( SU 3 97

0 56) ,

D B ;

P N

' tun n ear s tanding s tones ;'

T he D evil's Q uoits, n .d.

S tourton W

er 7 7 3 3) , D B ; P N ,

' tun o n t he r . S tour.'

1 81:

b arrow - b urials

w eapons . WAM X LVI ,

A n

1 ,

1 43 ,

u nassociated

with

1 65 ; B AR 7 , 8 0 ;

2 43 . S wanton 1 973 ,

s aucer -b rooch

a nd

a

s eparate b urial w ith a b uckle o f t he 6 th/7th c entury? W elch 1 983 , 5 02-3.

S axon s herds w ith s tamped o rnament . O xon . V , 1 61-3; V II , 1 04 ;and a t 4 11 0 51 s econdary b arrow - b urials, p ossibly 6 th c entury . I bid . , V , 1 612 ; X , 3 3-41. A lso a s ettlement a t 3 85 0 45 . P SA I V , 2 15-6.

A b urial w ith a s pear o f H 1 5 th/6th c entury.

8 8

B AR

7 ,8 4 .

t ype,

S upperton K S ee W ickhambTeux a bove u nder W IC-HAM . S utton S cotney H a E PND : ' south t un .'

( SU 4 62 3 91) ,

U ffington B rk ( SU 3 00 8 65) , D B ; P N I I, 3 79 :

A b urial c entury . 1 01.

c .931,

' Uffa's e state.'

U fton N ervet B rk

w ith a s pear , 6 th/7th B AR 7 , 8 6 ; M eaney 1 964 ,

A c emetery w ith c remations . B erks . X XXVII , 7 8 ; B AR 7 , 8 4 . 6 th c entury?

S ee F ifth -C entury

S ites u nder TUN . W arbleton E Sx

CM 6 37 1 97) ,

D B ;

P N

I I, 4 68-9 :

' Waerburh's t un '

Wilton W

( SU 0 9 3 1) , 8 38 , D B; P N ,

2 18 :

( fem .)

c entury.

' tun b y t he r . W ylye.'

W itherington W

( SU 1 85 2 52) ,

A b loomery , MA X V , 1 34 ; b ut n ot 6 th

D B;

P N , 3 97-8 : ' t un n ear w ithies . ' I n S tandlynch p ar , D B ; P N , 3 97 : ' s tony

W elch 1 983 , 3 33.

A h anging -b owl o nly , p ossibly p ost 6 th c entury . B B I V , x viii : V I. A b urial w ith w eapons . 4 73; B AR 7 , 8 9 .

V CH I ,

2 ,

h ill o r s lope.' Wootton B rk I I ,

4 62 :

( SP 4 77 0 05) , 9 85 ; P N

' tun i n o r n ear a w ood . '

Wootton O x

( SP 4 45 1 87) , 9 58 , D B;

P N I I , 2 93 : a s a bove . a t Hordley, 1 194;

T he s ite w as i bid., 2 94;

' clearing w here t reasure w as f ound.' Wroughton W

( SU

1 4

7 6) ,

( c .890) ,

D B ; P N , 2 78 : ' tun o n t he r . Worf . ' A B ritish r -n . E RN , 4 70-1; R & S , 4 93 :

' the w inding o ne.'

P LACE-NAMES i n T HROP ,

A b urial w ith a s pear . 3 06 ; B AR 7 , 8 9 .

MA V I/VII,

A p robable s unken h ut w ith e arly S axon s herds , c lose t o t he R oman A keman S t . MA X VII, 1 48 . P ossibly 6 th

c entury .

T he s ite w as a t B arbury ,

a n I ron A ge

h ill - f ort ( Cf . A SC , s .a . 5 56 ( 537?) , c .890; P N, 2 78 : ' Bera ls b urh.' B urial ? w ith t wo s pears,

5 th/7th

c enturies. B AR 7 , 3 0; a nd i solated s word . W ÄM X LVI , 1 71.

' a h amlet ,

a n

a n

o utlying f arm ,' a r elatively l ate t ype o f p -n . E PNE I I, 2 14-6. E ythrope B k

( SP 7 71 1 41) ,

1 39 :

( ea - ) throp . '

' river

Winchendon b elow .

p ar,

G estingthorpe E ss

q .v .

167 ;

P N ,

I n U pper s ub

B urials w ith w eapons .

V CH I ,

B AR 7 , 4 9.

DUN,

S ee F ifth-Century

S ites u nder THORP. T ythrop B k 12 :

( SP

7 41 0 72) ,

D B ;

P N I ,

I n K ingsey , q .v . s ub IEG b elow .

' double t hrop.' 8 9

1 97 ;

P LACE-NAMES i n

-W IC ,

' a d welling ,

a

b uilding w ith a s pecial f unction , a ( dairy) f arm . ' E PNE I I , 2 57-63 . A s af inal e lement i t i s n ot i ndicative o f R omano -B ritish s ettlement . S ee a lso A ntiq . X LVIII , 1 59 . A stwick B d 1 00 :

( TL 2 20 3 80) ,

D B;

B urials w ith w eapons . F ox , C R , 2 67 ;

P N ,

B AR 7 , 2 9. 6 th c entury?

' the e astern w ic.'

B erwick S t. J ohn W

( ST 9 51

A c emetery w ith b urials s econdary i n

2 12) ,

arrows w ith m etal g rave -g oods . S ome 1 167 ; P N , 2 01: ' barley - f arm o r b urials o n f lat g round . V CH I , 2 , g range.' T he s ite w as a t W inkelbury b 73. ( an I ron A ge f ort) , 9 55 ; P N , 2 02 : 4 ' burh u sed i n w inter.' D B;

P rimary(?) b arrow - b urials with w eapons . B AR 7 , 5 4 . 6 th c entury?

9 31),

A p rimary b arrow - b urial(?) P SA 2 nd

G reenwich K ( TQ 3 87 7 73) , 9 64 , F ield 1 980 :

' green h arbour/port.'

H igh Wycombe c .970 , D B; d wellings'

B k

( SU

G elling

8 66

s er . X V , 4 06 ; M orris 1 975 ,

1 970 : ' at t he d at. p lur.).

A P LACE-NAME i n A ERN

' a h ouse ,

6 10 .

6 22 :550 t o

P robably 7 th c entury.

a

b uilding.' E PNE I , 4 . B itterne H a E PND :

( SU

4 35

1 34) ,

1 172,

' house i n t he b end o f a r iver

( byht)? '

A s tray f ind o f o ne d isc -b rooch o nly . W elch i n C unliffe 1 976 , 2 05 .

T he s ite w as a t t he R oman

f ort o f m eaning .

C lausentum , o f R &S , 3 08-9 .

o bscure

AP LACE-NAME i n *-C YTE , ' a c ottage , a c ell . ' E PNE I , 1 24 ; b ut s ee J our . I , 1 6 ( 124). P reshute W ( SU 1 35 7 27) , 3 07 :

' priest 's

w ood'

o r p riests '

1 185 ; I N , * cyte

o r

( Prim . W elsh * ced).

A P LACE-NAME

i n B ERN,

' a

A n

u rn

c entury? X LVI ,

o nly .

9 7 .

6 th

' Possibly a h ut-site .

V CH

I ,

1 ,

W AN

1 73.

b arn .'

E PNE I , 3 01. B arnes - S y 1 2 :

( TQ 2 3 7 6) , D B; P N ,

1 1-

A 6 th-century b uckle -p late ; B MG ,

' the b arn .'

A P LACE-NAME

i n WIG,

s hrine.'

E PNE I I, 2 64-5.

Wye I K

( TR

0 70

4 65) ,

' a

a s tray?

6 1, f ig . 6 7.

p agan

8 39 ,

D B;

E PND .

b urials i n b arrows w ith CH I , 3 68-9 , 3 87 ; B AR 7 , w eapons . V 9 0 .

P rimary

P LACE-NAMES i n M YNSTER ' a m onastery , a omajor c hurch.'

E PNE I I, 4 6-7.

M inster i n T hanet K 6 94 , D B ;

( FR 3 10 6 42) ,

' the m onastery.'

A b urial w ith a p alm - c up e tc . D AB , 1 42 , 1 64 ; V CH I , 3 85.

9 0

M inster L ovell O x

S ee F ifth -C entury

S ites u nder M YNSTER . AP LACE-NAME i n CIRICE ,

c hurch . '

ta

E PNE I , 9 5. ( SY 4 05 Whitchurch C anonicorum D o 9 44) , D B ; E PND : ' the w hite c hurch . ' H eld T he

b y

t he

s ite

c anons

was

o n

? har 2 , ' boundary '

o f S alisbury . H ardown ,

o r h ara ,

P LACE-NAMES i n F MK ,

n .d.

' a h are . '

A s econdary b arrow •b urial w ith a s mall -l ong b rooch a nd s pears . L eeds 1 945 , 2 4 ( Morecombelake) ; B AR 7 , 5 5 ; R CHM I , 2 65 ; & e spec . S wanton 1 973 , 4 9 , 7 9 , 1 55n.2.

' land e nclosed

b y w ater , a w ater - m eadow . ' G elling 1 978 , 14-5 ; E PNE I , 2 29-31. B eddingham E Sx

S ee F ifth -C entury

S ites u nder B uckingham B k D B;

P N,

( SP 6 8 3 6) ,

6 0:

p eople ,' a n

' hamm

-i nga -

C atsham O x

o f

c .918 ,

B ucca's

A n i solated b urial . 6 22 : 5 50/610 ( ?)

Morris

1 975 ,

f ormation .

S ee C hadlington a bove

u nder INGTUN. E ynsham O x u nder

S ee F ifth-C entury S ites

-H AMM .

E ast H arnham W P N , 2 22 :

( SU 1 37 2 87) ,

115 ;

' hare's o r h ares' h a m .'

H arrietsham K D B ; E PND :

( PQ

8 74

5 30) ,

c .980 ,

I leregeard's h amm .'

Marcham B rk

9 65 , D B; P N I I ,

' riverside m eadow w here

4 14 :

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith s aucera nd b utton -b rooches a nd s pears . V CH I , 1 , 1 02-4; B AR 7 , 5 5.

B urials ,

o ne

w ith

a r adiate

A berg , 2 03; M eaney 1 964 ,

b rooch .

1 23.

S ee C othill b elow u ndet HYLL .

s mallage

g rew .' P LACE-NAMES i n HLAW o r HLAEW , h ill , ab arrow .' B ledlow B k P N , 1 67 :

' a

E PNE I , 2 48-50 .

( SP 7 74 0 10) ,

c .970 ,

Secondary b arrow - b urials a nd c remations w ith a s pear . R ec . B ucks X III , 3 13-51; Morris 1 975 , 6 22 :

D B ;

' *Bledda's b arrow .'

5 50/610 ; B AR 7 , 4 2.

L ewes E Sx G elling m ounds

( T IQ 4 1

1 970 , o r

1 24 :

1 0) ,

c .959 ,

' the

P rimary b arrow -b urials w ith w eapons .

D B;

T he

b urial -

s pears

i nclude

c entury t ype ; b ut 4 05-7 ; B AR 7 , 6 0-1 .

( possibly) h ills . '

9 1

c f .

o ne

o f

5 th -

W elch

1 983 ,

W interslow W ( SU 2 51 3 58) , 3 85 : ' Winter's b arrow.'

D B ;

A s mall c emetery w ith k nives ' c d 6 th c entury t ype.' V CH I , 1 , 1 28; S wanton 1 973 , 1 61.

P N ,

P LACE-NAMES i n BEORG , ' a h ill , b arrow.' E PNE I , 2 9-30.

a

E llesborough B k ( SP 8 45 0 70) , D B ; P N , 1 48 : ' Esla's o r a ss -h ill.'

B urials w ith a k nife a nd t wo - s ided

W anborough W

B urials w ith w eapons , a b uckle e tc . V CH I , 2 , 4 73; a nd s ee i bid . , I , 1 ,

D B;

P N,

( SU

2 83:

h ill(?).'

2 23

8 22) ,

W oodnesborough K

( n z

Woden 's

g od)

o n

a

2 97

M eaney 1 964 , 5 7.

( ?)

18 f or o ther l ocal f inds.

1 276 .

E PND :

' ( the

c . 1055 ,

' barrow(s)

A t F ox H ill ,

c omb .

5 75) ,

D B ;

Ap rincely c remation w ith g rave -g oods o f t he 6 th c entury.

b arrow . '

M A X I, 9 -36.

T he s ite was a t C oombe , q .v . s ub CUMB b elow . P LACE-NAMES i n DUN ,

' a h ill ,

e xpanse o f u pland c ountry . ' 1 38-9 . A shdown B rk I ,

2 -3:

( SU 2 8 8 1?) , ' ash - t ree

a n

E PNE

I ,

c .900 ;

d un .'

P N

Morris 1 975 , 6 23 : 5 50/610 .

T he

o nly?

A s pear

B AR 7 , 2 9 .

B erkshire D owns. A shendon B k 1 01:

( SP 7 05 1 42) , D B; P N ,

' dun g rowing w ith a sh - t rees.'

B assett D own W

aucer -b rooches . A b urial W ith l arge s ' BB I II, x xxi : V I3.

S ee L ydiard T regoze

b elow u nder p re -E nglish p -ns. B redon 's N orton W o

S ee

a bove u nder

• S ee

b elow u nder

TUN. C hessell D own I OW HYLL. C larendon W ( S I J

1 66

2 90) ,

1 072 ;

A c emetery

P N ,

w ith s aucer - a nd b utton-

s ettlement r elated t o t his c emetery .

b rooches . A n A nglo -S axon C emetery a t P etersfinger , 1 953 . S ee a lso B AR 7 , 7 3 . T here was a n e arly h ut . A ASE, 4 34 .

C oulsdon S y

A c emetery

3 75 : ' clover - g rown d un . ' T he s ite w as a t P etersfinger , 1 773 . M umworth ( q .v . i nfra s ub WORTH) m ay b e t he

4 4 :

( IQ 3 00 5 80) , D B ; P N ,

' C uthraed 's

o n F arthingdown ,

E ggington B d P N ,

1 21 :

Hardown

d un . '

T he

Do

s ite w as

1 322.

( SP 9 60 2 54) ,

' o ak - o r E cca 's S ee

w ith

s ome

b urials

i n

b arrows , s ome o n f lat g round S yAC L VI , 1 36-7 . G rave -g oods s uggest t he l ate 6 th/7th c entury.

1 195 ;

B urials w ith w eapons .

d un . '

2 30 ; M eaney 1 964 , 3 6.

Whitchurch

C anonicorum a bove u nder CIRICE.

9 2

A nt . J . X X ,

6 th c entury ?

H endon Mx P N , 5 6 :

( TQ 2 29 8 95) ,

c .975 ,

D B ;

' at t he h igh d un .'

An o ccupation s ite with g rass t empered s herds a nd a nimal b ones . M A X IX, 2 24. c entury.

S hillington B d ,

1 060 ,

D B ; E PND :

' d un

o f * Scytla 's o r

* Scyttel 's p eople . '

N ot

n ecessarily

6 th

S ee P egsdon u nder D AEL b elow .

( -i nga - ) . S windon W 2 76 :

( SU

1 57

8 36) ,

D B;

P N ,

' swine -d un .'

T oddington B d , D B ; P N , 1 36 : T uda's p eople.' (-i nga - ) .

W illingdon S x .

' dun o f

S unken h uts w ith d ebris o f 5 th c entury o nwards, M A X XI , 2 14 ; X XIV , 3 1. S ee F ifth-Century S ites u nder DUN.

S ee E astbourne b elow

u nder BUENA . L ower W inchendon B k (e 7 3 1 2) .

S ee

U pper Winchendon B k D B ;

i nhumation

a nd

a n

c remation . R ec . B ucks , 3 0612 : l ate 6 th c entury.

b elow f or p -n .

1 004 ,

An

E PND ;

( SP 7 71

E PNE

I I ,

1 41) , 2 67 :

i nurned X VIII,

4 ,

A s tamped c remation u rn . M yres 1 969 , 1 10n .3; Morris 1 975 , 6 22 : 5 50/610 .

' sharp b end ( ?) i n ad un .'

A t E ythrope ,

W ithington G 1 ( SP 0 12 1 80) , c . 7 36 , D B; P N I , 1 86 : ' Widia 's d un . ' A t F oxcote , D B ; P N I , 1 87 : ' fox-lair.'

B urials w ith b one c ombs ; 6 th c entury? T rans . B ristol & G los . A rch . S oc . L VIII , 1 65-7 . M orris 1 975 , 6 24 : 7 th c entury.

W orplesdon S y ( SU ? 992 5 37) , D B ; P N ,

P rimary b arrow -b urials w ith a k nife e tc . S yAC X LII , 4 9 ; b ut t he g rave g oods w ere i nsufficient f or a d ating 5 00/600.

1 61 :

' track u p a d un . '

a t W hitmoor ,

1 548 .

AP LACE-NAME i n H OH , r idge.'

s ub THORP a bove .

' a h ill -s pur , a

E PNE I 2 57 -7.

T otternhoe B d E PND :

T he s ite w as

q .v .

' a

b uilding

r idge

( SP

9 99

w ith

2 13) ,

D B;

a l ook - o ut

( aern ) . '

A c emetery i ncluding a s mall - l ong b rooch e tc; and possibly a s ettlement . M eaney 1 964 , 4 1; MA I I , 1 83. L argely 7 th c entury.

A P LACE-NAME i J our . I , 1 6 . C ogges O x

* COGG ,

' a

h ill . '

( SP 3 61 0 96) ,

D B ;

P N I I ,

3 33 : ' hills . ' I n W itney , 9 69 , D B ; P N I I , 3 33 : Vitta 's i sland ( ieg) . '

9 3

A s ettlement(?) w ith p ottery

o f

6 th c entury o nwards .

1 75 .

M A X XV ,

t he

P LACE-NAMES i n 1 1LINC , h ank . '

a

E PNE I , 2 52 .

O cklinge E Sx I I ,

' a r idge,

4 32 :

( TV 6 02

9 99) ,

167 ;

P N

' r idge w here o aks g rew ' o r

' *Oc(c)a 's r idge . ' s ee b elow .

I n

S tandlynch W . S ee a bove u nder TUN.

E astbourne ;

A c emetery

( site C ) i ncluding o ne(?)

c remation a nd p ossibly a s ettlement . W elch 1 983 , 3 34-9 .

W itherington

P LACE-NAMES i n HYLL , E PNE I , 2 74-5.

' a

C hessell D own I OW ( SZ 3 99 8 53) , 1 317 ; E PND : ' coffin -h ill + D own ,' p ossibly r eferring t o b urials i n t he Jutish c emetery. I t i s in S halfleet , 8 38(?) , D B; E PND : ' the

A c emetery i ncluding c remations , p ossibly p rimary i n b arrows . A

s hallow i nlet;' b ut i s n earer t o S halcombe , D B ; E PND : ' the s hallow

( c .511?) , s .a . 5 34 ( c .515?) a nd A sser (42) , who r egarded t he l eaders o f t he i nvasion a s J utes ( so B ede , H E I ,

v alley

s election o f g rave - g oods ( V0 1 I H a , o ppos . 3 88) a re o f t he 6 th c entury , a ccordant w ith t he A SC s .a . 5 30

( cumb) . ' I n D B S halfleet h ad 5) . T he c ulture o f W ight h as m ost 1 5 p loughteams, S halcombe o nly 2 . 1 n c ommon w ith t hat o f J utish K ent . B B ( IV, 7 51) p sotulated a i MG , 6 5-7 . S ee f urther C opley 1 954 , f lourishing J utish c ulture i n I OW B 1 47; Myres 1 969, 9 2, n .3; C .J. f rom t he l ate 5 th c entury. A rnold . T he A nglo -S axon C emeteries o f t he I OW , 1 982 ( n .c.).

Coleshill c . 9 50(?) ,

Br k

D B ;

( SU

P N I I ,

2 37 3 56 :

943) , ' Coil 's

h ill?'

A b urial w ith a s quare -h eaded b rooch a nd a p air o f J . X III ,

C othill B rk ( SU 4 6 9 9) , 4 15 : C hill c ottages? ')

1 783 ; P N I I , I n M archam

w hich s ee a bove u nder HAMM . O dell B d ( SP ' woad -h ill.'

9 56 5 ( 38) ,

D B;

E PND :

1 67-9 ;

s aucer -b rooches . L eeds 1 949 ,

6 5 ,

A nt . 1 05 .

P robably a s ettlement , w ith s herds , i ncluding r usticated w ares . A rch . J . C XIX , 1 49 ; O xon . X IV , 2 8 , 7 5. T wo t imber - l ined w ells o f 6 th a nd 7 th c entury d ate.

A rch . E xc. 1 975 ,

8 1.

A P lace - n ame i n OFER 1, ' a r iver b ank.' E PNE I I, 5 3. H edsor B k ( SU 9 0 8 6) , 5 4 ; P N ,

1 81:

196 ; E PNE I I ,

' Hedde's b ank.'

Burials. 5 50/610(?) .

Morris 1 975, 6 22: S wanton 1 973 , 4 9 , n .l.

( Cliveden). A P lace - n ame

i n C LIF,

' a

s teep

9 48

2 71) ,

s lope . ' E PNE I , 9 8-9 . B ishop's

C leeve

G I

( SO

c .770 & D B; P N I I, 8 6 .

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith s aucer b rooches e tc . M A X IV ,

9 4

1 56.

AP lace -n ame i n STAEGER , E PNE I I,

' a s tair . '

1 41.

B roadstairs K ( TR 3 75 6 92) , E PND .

1 565 .

A n i nhumation c emetery , l ate 6 th/8th c entury . MA X IV , 1 60 ; X V , 1 26 ; B AR 7 , 7 7-8 .

I n S t. P eter's P arish.

AP lace -n ame i n D AEL 1, ' a h ollow , E PNE

I ,

a

1 25-6 .

P egsdon B d ( E L 1 33 3 10) ,

1 015 & D B ;

S econdary

' hollow b y a s harp h ill ( peac) . ' C f . E PNE I I, 6 0 & P N , 1 75 . I n S hillington , q .v . a bove u nder DUN. P lace - n ames i n DENU , E PNE I , 1 30 .

b arrow

b urials

w eapons . M orris 1 975 , 6 22 : b ut c f. M eaney 1 964 , 3 9(?).

with 5 50/610

' a v alley . '

F igheldean W ( SU 1 65 4 69) , D B; P N ,

P robably a s econdary b arrow - b urial ,

3 65-6 :

w ith a n H I s pear . 7 , 5 1.

' *Fygla's v alley.'

H orndean H a .

V CH i , 2 , 4 73 ; B AR

S ee C atherington a bove

u nder INGATUN. O vingdean S x ( PQ 3 60 0 36) , I I ,

3 11 :

' v alley

o f

D B;

P N

A b urial w ith a s pear .

O fa 's p eople

MA X ,

2 8 ,

( B); W elch 1 983 , 2 25 , 4 26.

( 7 . 12 2 .7)•' K ing 's W alden H rt ( E L 1 40 2 20) , & D B ; P N , 2 2-3 : B ritons ( weala - ) .'

' valley

8 88?

o f

B urials w ith s mall -l ong a nd a pplied b rooches a nd p ossibly a c remation . P SA X XV , 1 85.

t he

A b urial w ith a s pear .

S affron Walden E ss ( TL 5 3 3 8) , c .1000 , D B; P N , 5 37 : ' valley o f t he

B AR 7 ,

7 6:

P ossibly 7 th c entury.

B ritons.' S affron w as g rown h ere i n t he M iddle A ges. Woodingdean .d ate .

S x

( D O t

3 65

I n R ottingdean ,

D B ;

0 54) , P N ,

A s mall i nhumation c emetery w ith a b uckle a nd s pear . W elch 1 983 , 1 31, 4 24-6 ; B AR 7 , 8 9. P robably 7 th c ent.

n o 3 11 :

' valley o f * Rota's p eople ( -i nga - ) .' P lace - n ames i n C UMB, ' a h ollow , a v alley.' A w ord o f B ritish o rigin . E PNE I , 1 19. B oscombe

W ,

D B;

P N ,

3 61:

' cumb

o vergrown w ith s piky p lants . ' ( See Amesbury ( Boscombe D own) a bove u nder BURH) . S o E PNE I , b ut c f . i bid . , 4 5 s .v . b ox ,

' a b ox - t ree . '

B owcombe I OW ( SZ 4 61 8 74) , D B ; E PND :

P rimary i nhumations a nd c remations i n

' Bofa's ( before

b arrows w ith w eapons , b utton-b rooches e tc . B B I V , 7 46 ; M eaney 1 964 , 9 5 ; M A

c umb .' I n C arisbrooke 1 175) , t he f irst e lement

u nexplained, b ut p erhaps E nglish . T he s econd e lement ' marsh , b rook . '

X XIV ,

p re -b roc ,

2 25 :

( 5 f urther c remations) ;

E vison 1 965 , 6 2.

' Bowcombe H undred

. . s eems t o h ave c overed m ost o f 9 5

t he i sland ,' D B H a , Morris e d . , n . t o I OW I , n o p age . W atchingwell ( -i nga - ) i s 1m ile N W . C oombe

K ,

1 235;

P NK ,

5 87.

S ee

W oodnesborough a bove u nder BEORG. M oulsecoamb 1 1th

S x ( DQ 3 29 0 69) ,

c entury ;

P N

I I,

l ate

2 94 :

A n i nurned c remation . W elch 1 983 , f ig . 7 5; 2 25 , 4 32 ; b ut p ossibly 7 th c entury.

Sul 's

c umb .' I n P atcham ( q . 1 . 7 . s ub HAM) , b ut t he l ocality was c lose t o H odshrove , 1 557 ; P N I I , 3 09 : ' s teep s lope c overed w ith h eath . ' B ut H odshrove i s i n F almer , D B ; P N I I, 3 08 : ' dark p ond . '

A n i nhumation a nd c remation c emetery

S addlescombe S x ( DQ 2 69 10) , D B ; P N I I, 2 86 : ( ' cumb n ear t he b road

w ith s pears a nd u rns . W elch 1 983 , 1 54 , 4 43-4 . P ossibly 7 th c entury .

c ol . ') I n N ewtimber , 9 60 & D B ; E PNE I I, 2 86 : ' a n ew b uilding o f w ood . ' S ee a lso i bid . , I , 9 5 . S halcombe E PND:

I OW

' the

S halfleet ,

( SZ

3 90

s hallow

8 38(?) & D B ;

8 50) ,

D B ;

c umb .'

I n

T his m ay h ave b een a ssociated w ith P oynings (-i ngas), h alf a m ile t o N W. S econdary b urials i n b arrows, p ossibly i ncluding c remations . A n u rn with l inear a nd s tamped d ecoration o ccured i nter a lia. M eaney 1 964 , 9 9 .

' the s hallow

e stuary ( fleot) . ' C f . E PND . A P lace - n ame i n HOP ' , ' av alley . ' E PNE I ,

2 59-60 . A b urial with knife a nd s pear . Meaney 1 964, 1 01; BAR 7 , 6 7.

M iddle Wallop H a ( SU 2 90 3 78) ; D B; ' valley w ith a s tream .'

P ossibly 7 th c entury.

A P lace - n ame i n C EALC , E PNE I , 7 7 ,

' chalk e tc . '

s .v . c alc.

B road C halke W ( SU 0 42 2 50) , 9 55 & D B ; ' main s ettlement o n c halk ,' o r , a s t his i s c halk c ountry, ' place f rom w hich m aterial f or c ement o r w hitewash w as g ot . ' P N , 2 03 4 . A

P lace - n ame

e nclosure.'

i n

E PNE I ,

* GLIND,

Leeds

( Ant.

A

1 210 ; P N I I ,

c emetery

c remations , Myres 1 969 , 4 02-3 .

-n ames

F arndish

in

EDISC,

a p asture . '

B d ,

D B;

X III,

2 30n.)

c emetery

t o

b e

' an

3 52.

e nclosure , 1 46 .

J .

c onsidered t his ' obviously l ate . '

2 04 .

G lynde S x ( DQ 4 49 11) ,

Place

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons e tc . V CH I , 2 , 4 73 ; B AR 7 , 3 8 . E .T .

P N ,

E PNE

3 8 :

i ncluding

i nurned

w eapons a nd a b uckle . 1 12; Welch 1 983 , 2 25 ,

' an I ,

' ferny

S ee P odington a bove u nder INGTUN.

p asture o r e nclosure.'

9 6

C havenage G 1 er 8 74 9 52) , 1 327 ; I , 9 1-2: ' *Ceafa's e disc.'

P N I n

H orsley q .v . b elow u nder LEAH. A

P lace - n ame

i n

-W ORTH,

L eeds ? 510-

' an

e nclosure , a f armstead . ' 2 73-5.

E PNE I I,

M umworth W ,

1 250 ;

( SU 1 56 2 93) ,

B urials w ith s aucer -b rooches . 1 912 , 1 97 ; Morris 1 975 , 6 21: 5 40 .

P N ,

3 82: ' *Mumma's worth.' In L averstod jq .v . E elow u nder STOC .

A h abitation -s ite w ith p ottery . MA X III , 2 41. ( 6th c entury?) . T his may h ave b een t he s ettlement a ssociated w ith t he P etersfinger c emetery ( q .v . u nder C larendon ( DUN) a bove) . B ut M umworth m ay n ot h ave b een t he o riginal n ame .

AP LACE-NAME i n 1 1 1ALH , l and ,

a w ater - m eadow . '

' a c orner o f E PNE I , 2 23-

4s .v . h alh . M ildenhall W D B ; P N , 3 01:

( SU 2 10 6 90) , c .803 ,

1 4ilda's h ealh .'

W innall I H a ( SU c .491 3 01) , G over ,

1 4 :

1 204;

A s aucer -b rooch a nd e lsewhere a p air o f t hem . V CH I , 1 , 8 9 . A .L . M eaney & S .C . H awkes , T wo A nglo S axon

' willow -h ealh .'

C emeteries

a t

Winchester , H adpshire , S hield -b osses o nly . A P LACE-NAME i n T HORN , t ree.'

' a

W innall , 1 970 ,

4 -6 .

t horn

E PNE I I, 2 04-5.

P itstone B k ' Picel 's

(e 9 47 1 48) ,

D B ; E PND :

A b urial(?) w ith w eapons .

B AR 7 ,

7 3 .

P ossibly 7 th c entury.

t horn . '

P LACE-NAMES i n LEAH , w oodland c learing . '

' a wood ,

G elling

a

1 978 ,

1 26-8 . B oxley K

( TQ

7 7

5 9) ,

DM;

B AR 7 , 3 6 .

E PND :

INGAS.

' box- t ree w ood . ' F arley C hamberlayne H a ( SU 2 86) , D B; E PND : ' ferny l eah . ' H ockley E ss I ,

2 55 :

g rew.'

A b urial w ith a s hield .

4 03

f ig .

where

1 , n o . 2 1.

-

W innall ,

M eaney 1 964 , 9 7-8 .

A s econdary b arrow - b urial(?) w ith

( FQ 8 39 9 38) D B; E PNE

' clearing

S ee L idsing a bove u nder

A re t hey t he s ame s ite?

s herds .

m allow

M yres

1 969 ,

10 ,

n . 2 .

T he s ite w as a t P lumberow ,

D B ( beorg ,

' barrow '?).

H ordley O x .

S ee

Wootton

a bove

u nder TUN . H orsley G l ,

D B;

P N I ,

9 1:

S ee C havenage a bove u nder EDISC.

' horse -

c learing.' E ast I lsley B rk P N I I, 5 02 :

S econdary b arrow - b urials with w eapons. B erks. A .J. X XXIX , 1 79.

( SU 5 06 8 10) , D B;

g lild's l eah.' 9 7

N orth L eigh O x I I, 2 74 :

( SP 3 87 1 43) , D B ; P N

A n i nhumation c emetery f rom w hich a

' northern l eah.'

k nife m ay b e o f 4 50/6004 :

M A V , 2 28 ;

V CH I , 3 59-60 ; b ut C hristian?

P urley S y

( TQ 3 31 6 24) ,

1 200 ; P N ,

A n i nhumation c emetery ; o ne b urial e arly 6 th c entury . M eaney 1 964 , 2 45 ; M orris 1 959 , 1 44 : ' U ndated . '

54: ' pear - tree leah.' At S anderstead , c .880 , D B ; i bid : ' s andy p lace'

( on t he c halk).

S treatley B rk D B ;

O SDA .

J our

( S L 1

8 :27 :

5 92

8 12) ,

' leah

b y

c .690 ,

o r

o n

A b uckle w ith s hield - o n-t ongue. L eeds 1 945 , 6 6. 6 th c entury?

a

R oman r oad . ' T hrowley K

( ' I 'Q

9 85 5 64) ,

D B ;

B urials w ith a s quare -h eaded b rooch . V CH I , 3 83 ; M eaney 1 964 , 1 09 .

E PND :

' leah i n ad eep v alley?' T hundersley E ss 1 72 :

C FQ 7 8 8 8) ,

' clearing

g od) T hunor.' U ley G 1

D B ;

d edicated

t o

P N ,

A b urial

B AR 7 , 4 3.

A b urial w ith a s pear .

B AR 7 , 8 7 .

P ossibly 7 th c entury.

' yew-wood .' P LACE-NAMES i n WEALD ,

' a ( large)

wood , h igh f orest - l and . ' 2 39-42, s .v . w ald .

E PNE I I,

B urials w ith weapons and b elt f ittings. V CH I , 3 63 ; L eeds 1 936 , 7 3.

R ingwould K ( TR 3 50 4 80) , 8 61; J our . 4 , 5 8; ( EPND) . ' weald w ith H rethel2

S ibertswold K ( TR E PND :

( 5th/7th

1 563.

( ST . ? 78 ? 98) ; P N II , 2 53 :

a ssociated

a s pear

c entury) a nd a k nife.

( the

A t D awes H eath ,

with

2 66

( -7 17 19j 4 88) ,

P rimary b arrow - b urials . B B I V , 7 25-7 ; B AR 7 , 8 0-81; D AB , 1 64 ; b ut v ery

D B ;

' Swithbeorht's w eald.'

l argely 7 th c entury . A djacent B arfreston c emetery. ( q.v .) AP LACE-NAME i n HANGRA ,

t o

' a wooded

s teep s lope.' E PNE I , 2 33. M oggerhanger B d ( EL 1 38 4 91) , 1 216 ; P N , 9 1: t he m eaning o f t he f irst

O ne i nurned c remation o nly . Myres 1 969 , 17 ; B eds. A rch. J . V II, 3 9-44.

e lement i s o bscure. A

P LACE-NAME

G RAFE,

i n

G RAF ,

G RAFA

' a g rove, a c opse . '

O R

E PNE I ,

2 07-8. G rove B k 2 35.

( SP

9 23

2 26) ,

A P LACE-NAME I N * HATH , E PNE I , H oath K

D B;

E PND .

A 5 th o r 6 th c entury h ut. CMOUX , 2 9 .

A rch . J .

' a h eath . '

2 35 . ( FR 2 05 6 53) ,

A b urial w ith p ouch -b ottles , p ossibly l ate 6 th c entury . V CH I , 3 85 ; A nt .

1 3th c entury ;

E PNE; E PND.

J . X XVI, 9 8

1 2 , n .3.

P LACE-NAMES

' a

s tone ,

s tony, s tone - b uilt, a b uilding.' E PNE I I, 1 43-5.

i n

S TAN,

s tone

F olkestone ( I &I II) K ( IR 2 30 3 58 , 2 38 3 76) , c .700 , D B; E PNE I , 1 79 ; EPND:

' *Folca's

s tone'

o r

p eople 's s tone . ' T here i s R oman h ouse h ere . R .F . K ent ,

ac emetery w ith w eapons , b rooches a nd b uckles a t t he o ther . B B I V , 7 09-11; V CH I , 3 64 , 3 95; B AR 7 , 5 2.

' the

a l arge J essup,

2 0910 .

Maidstone K D B ;

A n i nurned c remation a t o ne s ite a nd

E PNE I I ,

s tone' a lso .

3 2 ;

o r

T here w as

( PQ

7 63

5 61) ,

E PND :

' the

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons ,

c .975 ,

s hoe - s haped s tuds a nd u rns .

' the m aidens '

p eople's

3 85.

s tone.'

a l arge R oman h ouse h ere

J essup ,

R .F .

S tone B k ( I &I I) ,

1 930 ,

(e

7 79

2 59 . 1 22 ,

An

8 07

6 37 ;

T he c emetery w as a t B urn H ill ,

b yrgen, ' a E PNE I , 7 3.

b urial

s econdary

' a p lace,

s ettlement. '

E PNE

c emetery

( I)

with

M orris

1 975 ,

6 22 :

5 50/610 .

S ee

a lso B ishopstone u nder TUN among

p lace ,' 1 275 .

P LACE-NAMES i n STOC ,

i nhumation

weapons a nd u rns; a nd ( II) a b urial w ith a l arge s aucer -b rooch . B B I V ,

1 00) , D B ; P N , 1 64 . T here was a h undred - m oot h ere a nd a R oman k iln e tc .

V CH I ,

F ifth-Century

S ites .

a

I I,

1 53-6. B asingstoke H a .

S ee

L idkpit u nder

PYTT a mong F ifth-Century S ites. L averstoke W ,

D B;

P N ,

3 81:

' place

S ee M ümworth a bove u nder

W ORTH.

f requented b y l arks.' M eonstoke H a

S ee F ifth -C entury S ites u nder STOC.

W est S toke W S x P N I ,

P LACE-NAMES E PNE I I,

1 205 ;

i n STEDE,

' a

A c remation(?)

c emetery ,

b arrows

with

c ombs

p ossibly 5 03-5.

a s ettlement .

p rimary

a nd

u rns

W elch

i n a nd

1 983 ,

p lace . '

1 47-9.

B anstead S y 6 8 :

( Sg 8 20 0 98) ,

6 1.

( T IQ 2 41 6 02) , D B; P N ,

B urials

' place w here b eans g rew.'

3 .

w ith u rns .

S yAC MXVII ,

Morris, . ibid . , L VI,

1 33 :

9 1-

' late

s ixth c entury.' S anderstead S y .

S ee

P urley

a bove

u nder LEAH . A P LACE-NAME i n SEATH , h ole.'

E PNE I I,

O rsett E ss P N ,

1 65.

( PQ 6 54 8 14) ,

E PNE I I,

' a p it,

a

16.

5 5 :

9 57,

D B;

S axon h uts with s tamped p ottery. A rch . E xc . 1 969 , 6 4 ; MA X XII, 1 43 .

' ore -p its.'

9 9

O dsey C a

S ee

A shwell

H rt

b elow

u nder WIELLA . A P LACE-NAME i n T HEL , b oard.'

T heale B rk I ,

' a p lank , a

E PNE I I, 2 03.

2 21:

( SU 6 35 7 10) ,

' a

1 208 ; P N

p lank - b ridge'

o r

A c emetery

a

h undred -m oot. A P LACE-NAME i n MOR , w aste -l and , am oor.' M e lemore B k

' a

A P LACE-NAME i n MERSC,

c remations . p l . C XXXVII ,

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith w eapons a nd a l arge s aucer - b rooch . L eeds 1 913 , 1 68 , f ig. 8 a ; A rch. X XXV , 3 79f.

' watery

E PNE I I, 3 9-40 .

S todmarsh K ( TR . 2 16 6 03) ,

Primary

6 75 ; E PND :

b arrow

-

b urials

with

' jewellery . V CH I , 3 57 ; A berg , 1 384 0 ; MA X I, 1 1; A rch . X XXV , 1 79 ; A nt . J . X XVI , 1 2 , . n .3 : 7 th c entury.

' marsh w here h orses g razed.'

i n S TROD,

' marsh

o vergrown w ith b rushwood . ' 1 64.

E PNE I I ,

S trood K .

B B I V ,

b arren

(e 9 06 1 96) , D B ; E PND :

A P LACE-NAME

i ncluding 17 ;

E PNE I I, 4 2-3.

' *Menta's m or .'

l and , m arsh .'

M yres 1 969 , 5 -6 .

S ee F ifth-Century S ites.

P LACE-NAMES i n MERE', E PNE I I, 3 8-9. F almer E Sx .

' a

p ool . '

S ee M oulsecoomb a bove

u nder CUML K eymer E Sx ( TQ 3 15 1 36) .

F or p- n

s ee F ifth -C entury L ist.

A f urther

c emetery

w as

r ecently

f ound ; o f 5 th? t o 6 th c entury d ate . ( MA X XVI, 2 10 ; W elch 1 983 , 5 08) , n early 2 m iles f rom t he H assocks c emetery. I t was p robably t he b urial -g round o f a s ettlement a t t he s carp -f oot o f t he D owns , p erhaps n ear L odge F arm .

P LACE-NAMES i n WIELLA , WELLA , ' a E PNE w ell , a s pring , a s tream . ' I I, 2 50-3. A shwell H rt

( IL 2 98 3 86) , c .1060 ,

D B ; P N , 1 53 : ' spring n ear a sh t rees.' A t O dsey , D B ; i bid , 1 501 : ' 0 4lia's p it.'

B urials w ith ? applied b rooches . F ox C R , 2 54n4 M orris 1 975 , 6 22 : 5 50/610 ; a nd a t 2 89 3 73 u ndated S axon b urials . M A X X , 1 63. 1 00

B roadwell C l ( SP 1 92 2 71) , D B ; P N I , 2 14 : ' broad s pring .' C hadwell E ss . S ites.

S ee

A b urial w ith a s pear . B AR 7 , 3 9 : C 3 , 6 th c entury a nd l ater .

F ifth - C entury

C halkwell K ( TQ 8 94 6 37) , 1 334 ; P NK , 2 54: ' chalk s pring .' In M ilton q .v .

C higwell E ss .

S ee

B urials w ith p ouch -b ottles , a b uckle e tc . V CH I , 3 84 ; D AB , 1 41 , 1 63 : l ate 6 th/7th c entury. M eaney 1 964 , 14.

F ifth - C entury

S ites. W estwell K ( TQ 9 90 4 74) , 1 004 , D M ; E PND : ' western s pring . ' i n r elation t o E astwell. A P LACE-NAME i n A EWIELL ,

' the s ource

o f a s tream .' A EWELL.

I ,

Ewell S y P N , 7 5 :

E PNE

( TQ 2 19 6 22) ,

-I EG ,

1 64 ;

7 s .v .

1 066 ,

D B ;

A c emetery

w ith

c remations ,

t he

g rave -g oods i ncluding s aucer -b rooches a nd w eapons . S yAC L VI, 1 39-40 ; B AR 7 , 4 9 .

' the s pring(s).'

P LACE-NAMES i n

B urials w ith g lass v essels . D AB , M eaney 1 964 ,140. 7 th c ent?

' an

i sland ,

l and p artly s urrounded b y water . ' E PNE I , 1 47 , s .v . E G. C anvey E ss ( TQ 7 95 8 20 & 8 23 8 33) , 1 254 ;

P N ,

p eople.'

1 48 :

' the i sland o f C ana 's

S ome ' early S axon p ottery . ' L , 2 72 ; M A X VI , 1 52 .

Ant . J .

(- i nga - ? ).

C harney B assett B rk 9 58 ( S, 6 51), D B;

( SU 3 74 , P N I I,

9 63) , 3 89:

' island i n t he r . C ern ,' a B ritish

A b urial , w ith a s pear a nd s quare h eaded b rooch . 1 949 , p l. 7 3.

B AR

7 ,

4 0 ;

L eeds

r- n . T he s ite was a t C herbury , c . 1200 ; i bid . , 3 90 : ' f ort b eside t he C ern .' E ast H anney B rk D B ;

P N I I ,

4 77 :

( SU 4 2 9 3) ,

9 56 ,

' i sland o f t he w ild

b irds.'

K ingsey O x ( Bk) P N

I ,

1 11:

( SP 7 41 0 72) ,

' king 's

s ite w as a t T HROP a bove .

T he

B erks . A .J . L XIII , M yres 1 969 , 1 09.

6 7

( n .c .) ;

c f .

A c emetery w ith c remations a nd g rave g oods i ncluding a s aucer -b rooch a nd

u nder -

s pears . L eeds 1 912 , 1 97; Myres 1 969 , 17 ; V CH I , 3 52; B AR 7 , 6 0 . '

156 ; P N W , 6 1-

A s mall - l ong b rooch o nly ; a s tray?

' water -m eadow w here

L eeds 1 945 , 1 01, f ig . 2 3e ; V CH I , 1 , 9 0 .

M inety W ( SU 0 2 9 0) , 2 ; P N C l I , 7 7 :

i sland . '

T ythrop q .v .

196 ;

An i solated s houlder - b oss u rn m ay i ndicate b urial o r s ettlement.

w ild m int g rew .'

1 01

P ewsey W ( SU 1 55 5 81) , P N , 3 50 :

c .880 ,

D B;

A

' *Pefe's l eg .'

R omsey H a D B ; E PND :

E PNE

C ogges

I ,

c remations .

A s pear .

B AR 7 , 7 2 ,

A s tray?

A n F 2

t ype 6 th/7th .century. a bove

P LACE-NAMES i n BURNA , s tream . '

l ate 1 0th ,

' um 's l eg.' S ee

i ncluding

G rave-goods i nclude s aucer - b rooches a nd w eapons . MA X IV , 1 64 ; X V , 1 35 ; V CH I , 2 , 4 72-3.

( SU 3 5 2 1) ,

W itney O x . * COGG .

c emetery

u nder

' a s pring ,

a

6 3-4 .

C ollingbourne D ud s W

( SU 2 46 5 42) ,

c .935 , D B; P N , 3 42; E PND :

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith s aucer

' steam o f

b rooches a nd a ( late?) e qual - a rmed b rooch e tc . W AN L XX-LXXI , 6 1-98 ; M A X I X , 2 2 8 . d wellers b y t he r . ( -i m r- ) . T he s ite w as a t C adley ( c .1840) .

* Colla 's p eople ' o r ' stream o f t he

E astbourne E Sx , s tream .'

D B ;

P N I I ,

4 26 :

T here a re s everal b urial -p laces o f which t hose r elevant a re: ( a)

' t he

' East ' i s a 1 4th c entury

a ddition . F or O cklynge s ee a bove u nder M IL INC ; b ut t he s ite m ay h ave b een a ssociated w ith B everington , D B, ' tun o f * Beofor 's p eople . ' ( -i nga - ) . H ampden i s a l ater p- n a nd t he b urial -s ite m ay b e r elated t o R atton , D B; P N , 4 25 : ' *Raeda 's t un ' o r t o W illingdon , D B ; i bid . , 4 24 : l oalla 's h ill ( dun) ,' i n which p ar .

O cklynge ( Site C , a round T Q 5 98 0 00) , a n i nhumation c emetery w ith a n u rn a nd w eapons ( Welch 1 983 , 3 35-7)) ; ( b) H ampden P ark ( 599 0 16) . I nurned c remation b urials . 6 th c entury ( ibid" 3 33-4) . T here m ay b e a n o ccupation- s ite n ear ( a) .

R atton i s l ocated .

E bbesbourne Wake W

( ST 9 93 2 34) ,

9 02 , D B ; P N , 2 07 : . t* Ebbel 's s tream . ' T he s ite w as a t B arrow H ill , 1 710. L ambourn B rk P N I I ,

3 33 :

s tream .'

( P J 3 2 7 8) ,

c .880 ,

' l amb - s tream ' o r

K ing A lfred 's W ill

D B ;

' loam

A b urial w ith w eapons . 1 68;

B AR

7 ,

3 2.

WAM X LVI,

P ossibly

6 th

c entury. A b uckle o nly , f rom a b arrow . V CH I , 2 40 ; M orris 1 975 , 6 23 : 5 50/610.

( < 2 .880)

r efers t o t he h am ( estate) h ere. L ittle S omborne H a ,

D B ;

E PND :

An

b oar s tream . ' T he s ite w as a t Worlbury ( doolbury) ( SU 3 8 3 5) ; G over , 1 86 : W elnabyrig , 9 47 : ' h ill f ort o f

t he

P N

( ibid.,

I I,

f ig .

' cruciform '-b rooch 9 6)

f rom

a r abbit

s crape , p ossibly f rom a b urial . M orris 1 975 , 6 22 : 5 10/540 ( ?)

? springs . '

W imborne S t . G iles D o D B ;

a nomalous

( Aberg ,

2 63 :

( SU

0 20

1 75) ,

' meadow - s tream '

b arrow - b urial

b utton - b rooch .

S ee F ifth -

C entury S ites a nd E HR L XXXI,

3 43 :

6 th c entury. 1 02

w ith

M eaney 1 964 ,

S ee t he s imilar s ite W oodyates W , n earby.

1 83).

W interbourne G unner W

A s econdary

a

8 1-2 .

b elow

a t

A P LACE-NAME i n L ACU , b rook.' E PNE I I, 8 . S tandlake O x P N I I, 3 29 :

( SP

3 86

' a s tream , a

0 46) ,

c . 1150 ;

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith s aucer b rooches . L eeds 1 912 , 1 92; B AR 7 , 8 4 . L argely 7 th c entury . T here w ere

' stony s tream .'

s unken h uts n earby . I , 3 63. A P LACE-NAME i n E PNE I , 1 42-3.

-E A ,

' a

s tream . '

T winham ( now C hristchurch) H a ( SZ 1 57 9 30), c .900, D B; EPND: ' (settlement) b etween t he s treams.' A P LACE-NAME i n LAD,

' a

c ourse , a r iver - c rossing , E PNE I I, 8 -9. P ortslade E Sx

c emetery

c entury o nwards.

o f

w ater a f erry . '

P N

A s mall

o r

n ear t he h arbour ,' ( OE p ort' f rom

s pears e tc . B AR 7 , 7 4 .

L at p ortus) .

c oastal c hange h ere .

E PND :

P LACE-NAMES i n FORD .

t he l ate 6 th

M A X XIII , 2 35-6.

D B ;

2 89-90 ;

( FQ 2 59

A m ixed

' crossing a t

I I,

A ASE , 4 40 ; V CH

0 52) ,

E PND I ,

i nhumation c emetery w ith W elch 1 983 , 2 27 , 4 46-8 ; T here h as b een m uch

1 80-

3 . A ylesford K ( TO 7 24 5 83) , D B; E PND :

P N ,

B urials . T he s quat j ars ( DAB , 1 412 ) , t he b rooch ( Jessop 1 950 , 1 17-8) a nd t he j ug a re p robably 7 th c entury . T he s pears m ay b e 6 th. ( BAR 7 , 3 0).

9 00 ,

'9c . A Eggl's f ord.'

B arford S t . M artin W D B ;

c .

2 12 :

( SU

0 59

3 32) ,

' barley-ford . '

T he

A b urial w ith a s pear o f t ype E 2 , 5 th/7th c entury . B AR 7 , 5 4 . a lso F inberg 1 972, 2 60.

s ite w as a t H amshill D itches , t emp . E d . I I, i bid . , 2 16 : ' hemp? -h ill ,'

S ee

immediately a djacent, a s i s G roveley , 9 40 , D B . T he D B a nd s ome l ater f orms i ndicate a n -i nga - t ype p- n : ' the p eople l iving n ear G roveley? ,; a nd s ee E PND B eckford ' B ' W o ( G1) ,

( SQ 9 89 3 66) ,

T he c emetery i ncluded 4 c remations

8 03 ,

4 3 :

a nd 1 07 i nhumations p robably o f t he 6 th c entury . MA I II, 2 96 . G rave -

f ord.'

D B;

P N

C l

I I,

' Becca 's

g oods i ncluded s aucer - , a pplied a nd s quare -h eaded b rooches . B eckford ' A' c emetery o f i nhumations ( 30 9 64 3 55) i ncluded a 5- s piral s aucer b rooch . A S &J , 1 49 . S ee a lso b elow u nder Worcs s ites f or B eckford c emetery.

1 03

B edford B d

( FL 0 61 4 96) , 8 80 , D B;

B urials

w ith w eapons .

B AR 7 ,

3 2-3 ;

E PND : ' B Weda 's f ord . ' T he s ite w as n ear N ewnham , q .v . u nder H AM/HAMM a bove.

P SA X VI ( 1895/7) , 14 ; a nd t here w ere b one c ombs f rom H orn L ane ( 048 4 96).

B rentford M x

An e arly S axon h ut . C oll . L on . , N ot n ecessarily 6 th c entury .

3 1:

( T IQ

1 78

7 75) ,

7 05 ;

P N ,

' ford o ver t he r iver B rent.'

B urford O x 3 10 :

Qe 2 47 1 20%

D B ;

P N I I ,

' fortified p lace a t t he f ord.'

A b urial w ith w eapons .

. Oxon .

1 13-4;

B AR

V CH

I ,- 3 67;

8 5 .

X XXIV , 7 ,

3 9.

6 th c entury. S wanton 1 973 , 1 03 . D artford K

( PQ 5 6 7 2) ,

D B;

E PND :

A n e arly

s ettlement

a nd a c emetery .

A rch . C ant . L IV , 6 9 ; L XX , 2 56-9 ; MA X XVI, 1 88 . T he l atter w ith a 5 th

' ford o ver t he r . D arent.'

c entury g lass b owl .

Enford

W ,

D B;

P N,

3 28:

' ford

S ee C hisenbury a bove u nder BURR.

f requented b y d ucks.' L ower H eyford Ox P N

I ,

. 218 :

( SP 4 88 2 45) , D B ;

' hay - f ord.'

Also

B urials w ith d isc - b rooches, s pears e tc .

V CH

I ,

3 54;

B AR

7 ,

5 6.

r eferred t o a s H eyford P urcell .

P robably 6 th c entury.

K empsford C l

A b urial w ith a b ronze c auldron . M eaney 1 964 , 9 2; Morris 1 975 , 6 22 :

D B ; P N I , 3 8 :

( SU 1 55 9 74) ,

c .900 ,

' Cynemaer's f ord.'

5 50/610 .

L angford B d P N ,

1 06 :

( TL

1 8 4 0) ,

c .945 ,

D B ;

A b urial .

4 11) ,

D B ;

A v illage o f s unken h uts .

' long f ord, '

G reat L inford B k

( SP

8 62

P ossibly 7 th c entury.

6 22 :

F ox C R ,

2 67 ;

M orris

1 975 ,

5 50/610 ( ?) MA X XIV ,

E PND : ' maple - o r f lax- o r l ime -t ree f ord.'

2 18 ; X XV , 1 66 . 6 th o r 7 th c entury . T here w ere p agan S axon s herds a t 8 51

O tford K

A c remation b urial i n a n u rn w ith s tamped o rnament. M eaney 1 964 , 1 31.

E PND :

MP

5 35

5 99) ,

8 33 ,

D B;

',N Otta's f ord.'

O xford ,

P ark C rescent

( SP

5 12

0 78) .

S ee F ifth-Century S ites f or t he p -n .

4 23 a nd a t P ennylands . V III , 2 04.

A b urial w ith w eapons . B AR 7 , 7 2 . F urther

1 72 :

( fL 1 35 3 87) ,

' sheep f ord.'

1 220 ;

P N ,

V CH I , 3 55 ; b urials a t

S ummerstown w ith a d isc -b rooch e tc . V CH l oc . c it . &s ee A rch . E xc . 1 970 , 8 2. S wanton 1 973 ,

S hefford B d

C urrent A rch .

1 31, n .25 ;

1 33.

A b urial(?) w ith 2 s aucer - b rooches . L eeds 1 912 , 1 83 ; Meaney 1 964 , 4 0 . O SDA ,41 r ecords a c remation c emetery h ere.

1 04

N orth S tifford E ss D B;

P N,

J our .

1 28:

2 :42:

A s mall s ettlement o f s unken h uts .

( TQ 5 98 7 98) ,

' path - f ord;'

M A X XV ,

b ut

1 67.

P ossibly 7 th c entury.

' difficult ( stith)ford ,'

- p robably. T ickford B k ,

D B ;

P N ,

2 3 :

' k id - f ord '

S ee N ewport PORT 2 .

o r ' Tica's f ord.' W ilsford W ( Un c lerditch H undred) , 1 20

3 95) ,

D B;

P N ,

3 72 :

( SU

P agnell

a bove u nder

A s econdary b arrow - b urial w eapons. V CR I , 2 , 4 75.

' *Wifel 's

w ith

f ord'. A P LACE-NAME i n * HLYDE, o ne'

' the l oud

( a r iver). E PNE I , 2 54.

L eeds K

( TQ

8 27

5 38) ,

DM;

E PND :

B urials, i ncluding a s hoe - s haped s tud . M eaney 1 964 , 1 26 .

' (place) o n t he n oisy r iver.' AP LACE-NAME i n W ER/WAER , d am ,

a f ish - t rap. '

W are H rt

( TL

3 5

' a w eir , a

E PNE

1 4) ,DB ;

1 1,255 .

P N ,206 :'the

Morris

1 975 ,

6 21:

4 60/500 ,

w ith h is

o wn ' ? ' c oncerning t he n ature

w eir.'

o f

t he

s ite. A P LACE-NAME i n A NSTIGA , n arrow way . ' • A nsty W , 2 54) ,DB ;

E PNE

' a p ath ,

a

1 ,12.

S wallowcliffe D own ( ST 9 67 P N ,183 :

' the

A s econdary b arrow -b urial w ith g rave g oods i ncluding 2 p alm - c ups . MA X I ,

n arrow p ath . '

2 71.

S wanton

1 973,

5 2,

1 61:

7 th

c entury. A P LACE-NAME i n

-W EG,

' a

way,

a

r oad . ' E PNE 1 1,248 . B roadway W o

( SP

1 18 3 69) ,DB ;

P N ,191 .

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith s aucer b rooches and s pears. Ant. J . ) ( XXVIII , 5 8f ; B AR , 7 , 3 9 ; W elch 1 983 , 4 9 ,

A P LACE-NAME i n SCEARU , d istrict

o r

' a s hare ,

a boundary.'

5 0 ; M A V , 4 5 , n o. 1 6.

a

E PNE

1 1,102. E sher

S y

( TQ

1 39

6 50),1005,D

;

P N ,9 2: ' ash - s cearu? '( EPND ) . PLACE-NAMES c ountry . ' E PNE

in

' open

1 ,166-8 .

B roomfield E ss P N ,241:

FELD,

B urials w ith w eapons . A nt . J . X XVII , 2 4; B AR 7 , 4 9. 6 th c entury?

( TL

' broom - c overed

7 10 o pen

An a ristocratic

0 96) ,DB; c ountry .

c remation(?) b urial

o f t he 7 th c entury . 5 ) ,

2 50-5 ,

P SA X V ( 1893-

w ith a s pear o f E 4 t ype

( 6th c entury) p ossibly a n h eirloom . B AR 7 , 3 9.

1 05

Shri ng _field 0 82) ,DB;PN ,268 :

Ess

( TL

A

736

s prings o r w ith a c opse ( spring) . ' P ossibly a n E PNE 1 1 ,140 .

-i nga - t ype .

S ee

c emetery

a lso

C aesaromagus o ccupied f or d ecades 1 5,

P LACE-NAMES o pening ,

i n GEAT,

a g ap . ' E PNE

R amsgate K ,1275 ; ( TR

3 57

L awrence

o f

a nd

i nto

( Chelmsford) was ' at l east s everal

t he

5 th c entury . '

B AR

1 72 .

a n

1 ,198-9 .

a t N ethercourt ,1431

6 54); p ar .

' a h ole,

i nhumations

c remations a nd a s ettlement , n either d ated . MA X XVI, 1 83; X XVII, 1 76 , n o . 4 4; X XVIII, 2 18 , n o . 3 8 . N earby

' open c ountry w ith

P NK ,601; G elling

i n

B urials w ith a v ariety o f g rave -g oods 5 th? t o 7 th c entury . MA X XV , 1 71; X XVI, 1 89.

S t

1 970 ,157:

' ?gap i n t he c liffs b y a r ock c alled T he R aven . ' N one o f t hese p- n s i s l ikely t o h ave b een i n u se b efore t he 7 th c ent . Woodyates D o 8 70? ;

( SU 0 39 1 95) ,859?

P N 1 1 ,271 :

A s econdary b arrow - b urial .

o r

6 55 ; B AR 7 , 8 9 ; A berg , 2 7 b rooch); M eaney 1 964 , 8 2.

' a t t he g ate o r g ap

i n t he w ood . ' C f E PND s .n . A

P LACE-NAME i n S MITHTHE o r S M ETHE,

' a s mithy . '

E PNE 1 1 ,131 .

S meeth K ( ' I 'R 0 7 3 9) ,1018 ;

An i nhumation c emetery . 1 964, 1 37 ; Arch . J . C XXVI,

E PND .

M orris 1 975 , P LACE-NAMES f rom t he d edication o f a m onastery o r c hurch . S t A lban 's Hrt .

S ee V erlamacaestir

a bove u nder CEASTER . St

Lawrence,

Ramsgate St

B B I V ,

( a b utton

T hanet,

above

Peter's,

K .

under

Thanet, K.

S ee

-GEAT. See

B roadstairs a bove u nder STAEGER .

1 06

6 24 :

Meaney

1 88 ; b ut

7 th c entury.

P LACE-NAMES w ith a p re -E nglish e lement a nd t hose i mplying t he l ocal p resence o f B ritons a fter t he s ettlement .

O n t hese s ee G elling 1 978 ,

c haps

3 & 4 .

P laces w ith a p re -E nglish r iver -n ame a s f irst e lement , s uch a s D artford a nd N etheravon , a re n ot s ignificant a s e vidence o f b orrowing b y S axons f rom B ritons ; o nly t he r iver -n ame i tself a ffords s uch a p robability . S ome m ajor r iver -n ames a nd p lace -n ames , s uch a s T hames a nd D over , m ay h owever h ave b een l earned b y r aiding S axons b efore t heir s ettlement i n B ritain a nd n eed n ot i mply t hat t here w as a p eriod o f c ontact b etween t he t wo p eoples a fter t he S axon s ettlement.

B rentford M x . S ee a bove u nder FORD. C arisbrooke ( ?) I OW.

S ee B owcombe

a bove u nder CUMB . D arenth K .

S ee F ifth-Century S ites

u nder p re -E nglish p -ns. D artford K .

S ee a bove u nder FORD.

D overcourt E ss

cm

2 5

3 1) ,c .1000 ,DB ;

A n i solated f ind o f ar adiate b rooch . A berg , 2 03 , n o. 1 5 ; M eaney 1 964 , 8 6.

P N ,337 ; G elling 1 970 ,84 : ' farmyard b y t he r iver D over?' I lchestet S o . CEASTER .

S ee

a bove

u nder

K emble C l ( ST 9 89 9 78) ,956?,DB; P N

I nhumation c emeteries w ith s aucer

1 ,75-6 :

a nd

' border(settlement?) . '

O n

W orcester . 9 71 9 66 .

T he

s econd

c emetery

( Bassett D own ,

1 637) ,

9 00? ,DB ;

15

7 99) ,

A n i solated f ind o f a 6 th c entury

2 6?) ,

6 6

' Western

i n t he Meon d istrict . '

s ettlement

b uckle - p late .

Meon i s a

A nt . J . X VII, 1 99 , 4 41. E ast M eon .

3 96) ,

D B;

A n i nhumation c emetery . W innall , f ig . 1 ; Morris 1 975 , 6 21: ? 460/500 ; M eaney 1 964 , 9 8 ; V CH I , 3 91. '

D B;

A b urial w ith w eapons . WAM X LIII, 4 00 ; B AR 7 , 7 0. P robably 6 th c ent.

B ritish r-n . M icheldever H a E PND :

( SU

5 05

' the g reat(?) r iver.'

N etheravon W

( SU

1 56

B AR 7 , 3 2; V CH

c .730 ,DB ;

W est M eon H a

( SU

a nd 6 th c enturies .

i n

e nclosure '

E PND .

X XXVII 9 2.

I , 2 , 4 70-1; B B I V , 6 55-6 & p l . C LV , 1 2 & 1 4 .

' a h ill ;' ' ridge o r m odern W elsh . E PND .

4 19 ;

A rch .

M eaney 1 964 ,

A n i nhumation c emetery i ncluding s pears o f t ype C l a nd I l , o f t he 5 th

P N ,35 :

m eaning o f f irst e lement o bscure; t he s econd i s p erhaps W elsh g arth ,

R &S ,

13-5.

a t

L ydiard T regoze W , ( SU

d isc - b rooches .

( 1857),

t he b orders o f t he B ritish D obunni a nd o f t he S axon d iocese o f

4 86) ,

P N ,331 :' ( settlement) f urther d own t he A von .'

1 07

C f . B MG , 6 1, f ig . 6 7 ; P erhaps i n

P ortslade S x . S ee a bove u nder LAD. P reshute W ( ?) . * -CYTE.

S ee

a bove u nder

R eculver K ( FR 2 00 6 67) ,

c ,730 & D B ;

R &S,446-7:'the g reat h eadland.' V erulamium H rt .

S ee

a bove

B urials i ncluding a s houldered u rn a nd s tray f inds. D AB, X I, 3 5 ; V CH I , 3 61.

u nder

CEASTER . S alisbury W . S ilchester H a.

S ee a bove u nder BURH. S ee u nder CEASTER .

K ing 's W alden H rt .

S ee

a bove

u nder

DENU. West Wickham K .

S ee a bove u nder

W ICHAM .

1 08

1 59 ,

I Ib ; MA

THE SOUTH -WEST CAMBRIDGESHIRE REGION AND THE LOWER AVON VALLEY IN WARWICKSHIRE For most of the sites in these regions no attempt has been made to differentiate between those of the fifth and sixth centuries. It has been assumed that the objects mentioned against each site belong to these two centuries, although some saucer-brooches and greater square-headed brooches may have been deposited in graves in the early part of the seventh century. From almost all these sites have come objects which were buried before about AD 600 and not a few before 500. Wrist-clasps and girdle-hangers are regarded as typically Anglian as are cruciform brooches groups II to V. Equal-arm brooches and window-urns can be matched in the Saxon regions of the Continental homelands and in Britain suggest the origin of their owners and usually indicate very early use of a burial ground. Saucer-brooches and applied brooches are typ-i cal mainly of Saxon culture, although the distribution of both kinds extends northwards into the Anglian regions of England . It must be said, however, that some initial settlements were probably made by people from both main groups, Saxon and Anglian; and there is evidence in the form of place-names or artefacts to suggest that other tribes, Frisians, Swabians and Franks were among the early invaders; and there is evidence from place-names as well as artefacts that enclaves of Saxons occurred in mainly Anglian regions; and settlements of Angles are indicated by place-names bearing their name in Saxon regions. In the Cambridge region there is a Saxton (tun of the Saxons) and there are probably six other instances of Seax(e) in Anglian regions (EPNE II,116); and there ·is an Anglesey (DEPN; but cf PN Ca,131) 3 miles from the Little Wilbraham cemetery and 4 miles from C�mbridge, both having graves of apparently Saxon people. The latter may have had its name from an Anglian settlement am0ng a predominantly Saxon population; and there are several further instances of place-names suggesting a similar admixture of peoples in regions where one or the other predominated. Less than 2 miles east. of Anglesey is Swaffham (ham of the Swabians), a place-name that recurs in Anglian Norfolk; and eight miles north-west of Cambridge the same people gave their name to Swavesey. For details see Copley, ANL vol.4,no.10,152-6. In Hwiccan teritory, on the lower Warwickshire Avon, a mile from the Beckford 'A' cemetery, is Conderton, a settlement of Kentishmen. Canterton in the Jutish New Forest· has the same meaning; and in the Jutish Meon valley, close to the Droxford cemetery is Exton, originally an East Saxon community. Englefield, Berkshire, in West Saxon territory, was an Anglian settlement near to the early sites at Theale and Ufton Nervet. There is, however, the possibility that some of these places may have acquired, their names later than the period of the earliest settlements. Even so, it may well be that the 'tribal' admixture in the regions of south-west C�mbridgeshire and the lower reaches of the Warwickshire Avon is not an unusual phenomenon in the pagan period. 109

S ites i n S outh-West C ambridgeshire B arrington

' A '

( TL

3 72

4 96) ,

D B;

P N ,70 : 'eara 's t un . ' A t E dix H ole, c .1250 ; P N ,71:* tE dok's(?) h ill.'

A n

i nhumation

c emetery

w ith a 6 -

s piral - d ecorated s aucer - b rooch, small - l ong a nd g rp I c ruciform b rooches , wrist - c lasps, g irdleh angers , a pplied a nd s quared -h eaded b rooches , s pears a nd u rns . F ox , C R , 2 50-2 ; B AR 7 , 3 1-2 .

B arrington F ield , n .d .

V

( FL 3 87 4 97) ,

H oopers

S ometimes c alled M alton

o r O rwell.

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith a t l east a

f ew

c remations .

G rave - g oods

i ncluded a n i ron b ow-brooch , a pplied a nd s aucer - b rooches, s mall s quare h eaded a nd s mall -l ong b rooches , ag rp Ia nd t wo g rp I I c ruciform b rooches , w rist -c lasps , g irdle -h angers , w eapons a nd a n u rn w ith f acetted c arination . F ox C R , 2 50-5; M yres 1 969 , 8 8.

C ambridge ,

G rantacaestir ( FL 4 4 5 8) ,

c . 7 30 & D B ; P N , 3 6-7 : ' Roman f ort o n t he r iver G ranta ,' l ater ' bridge o ver t he G ranta,' p robably a p re E nglish r iver -n ame . O n t he R omano B ritish n ame s ee R & S , 3 51-2.

C ambridge ,

S t . J ohn 's

( TL 4 41 5 88) .

F or t he p-n s ee a bove.

( a) G range R d : a n i nhumation a nd 2 ? c remations w ith a n u rn a nd w eapons ; ( b) M adingley R d : c remation u rns e tc? ( c) a c remation c emetery e roded b y t he r iver : ( d) v arious l esser f inds i n t he e nvirons . F ox C R , 2 42-6 & m ap G ; B AR 7 , 4 0 .

A l arge c emetery o f i nhumations a nd c remations w ith 2 g rp I a nd l ater c ruciform b rooches , s quare -h eaded a nd s mall -l ong b rooches , wrist - c lasps, e arly b one c ombs , e arly p ottery a nd w eapons. F ox C R , 2 42-3.

F en D itton ( TL 5 07 5 94) , c . 9 50 ( S, 1 483) ; P N ,

1 42 :

B urials w ith w eapons.

B AR 7 , 5 1.

' tun b y t he d itch ,'

i .e. t he F leam D yke. F oxton

( FL

4 08

4 90) ,

D B ;

P N ,

8 3:

ox B urials w ith b uckles a nd w eapons . F C R , 2 59 ; M eaney 1 964 , 6 5.

D B;

A l arge

' tun w here f oxes a bound.' G irton P N , 1 76 :

( 1 1 . , 4 23

6 09) ,

c .

' tun o n g ravel . '

1 060 ,

c emetery o f i nhumations

a nd

c remations w ith a g rp I a nd 5 g rp I I c ruciform b rooches, s aucer - a nd s mall - l ong b rooches , wrist -c lasps , g irdle - h angers , a f ew w eapons , a b arred z oomorphic c omb , aw indow u rn a nd o ther e arly p ottery . F ox C R , 2 46-9 ; M yres 1 969 , p assim ; B AR 7 , 5 3.

1 10

Grantchester (TL 431 556), DB; PN, 7 5: 'settlers (saete) by the river Granta.'

Burials with weapons and a carinat d? bowl. FOX CR, 249; and a 5th-cent. settlement. MA XVI, 148. They were probably contemporary.

76:

Burials with saucer- and squareeaded brooches and weapons. But t h e s e p r o b ab l y �a m e f r o m Haslingfield. F_ox CR, 257-8; Meaney 1964, 67.

Haslingfield (TL 413 530), DB; PN, 77: 'feld of *Haesel(a)'s people.' An -inga- formation.

An inhumation cemetery with a few cremations. Grave-goods included an equal-arm brooch , saucer-brooches , grp II cruci orm brooches, weapons, a window urn and a carinated bowl. Fox CR, 255-7; BAR 7, 55; Myres 1969, 220, 228 & passim.

Hauxton (TL 432 528), c.- 97 5, DB; PN, 8 5: 'i1Ieafoc's tun .'

An inhumation cemetery with small­ long and applied brooches, an urn and weapons, mainly of the 6th century. Fox CR, 259; Meaney 1964, 67.

Hildersham (TL 552 487), DB; PN 107: ''Aflildric's ham.'

Inhumations and inurned cremations, a bronze bowl and weapons. Meaney 1964, 67.

Cherry Hinton (TL 484 555), DB; PN, 141: the first element obscure + tun . Cherries were grown here.

S e co n d ary barro w -b u r i als w it h weapons, a n iron buckle , a pot, a hog- acked comb etc. Meaney 1964, 63; BAR 7, 40.

Linton Heath (I'L 583 468), 1008 (S, 919), DB; f>N, 109; 'flax-tun.'

A l arge in hurnatio n cemetery , secondary in a barrow ith early types of cruciform brooches, an e�ual -arm brooch and several other brooch­ types, wrist-clasps, and pottery. VCR I, 315; Meaney 1964, 67- 8; BAR 7, 61; Fox, CR, 260.

Linton (TL 564 468 • see above.

For the p--r1

Burials includi ng er mations with cruciform brooches and a s pear. For Me ney 1964, 67; VCR I, 315. early settlement here see MA XXVI, 13 (Form B52) and p. 37, n. 44.

Melbourn (TL 38 2 438), c.975, DB; EPNE II, 38, s.v. rnelde: 'stream where orach? grew.'

Burials with weapons. BAR 7, 6 7. In ge neral, a late cemetery. Meaney 1964, 6. Swanton 1973, 52, 55, 163.

Harlto n (TL 38 52), DB; PN, 'Herela's tun .'

111

N ewnham

( T l ,

4 39

5 74) ,

i n

A s mall? m ixed c emetery w ith 2 g rp I V

' the

c ruciform b rooches , wrist - c lasps , s pears a nd 6 th -c ent . u rns . F ox ( CR ,

1 194;

C ambridge q .v . s upra . P N , n ew h am/hamm .'

4 3 :

2 44) i ncludes a n e qual -a rm b rooch o f t he 5 th c ent. M eaney 1 964 , 6 8-69. O akington ( EL 4 15 6 45) , g ioc(c)a's t un ' S awpton 9 6 :

( E L 4 80 5 04) ,

' tun

D B ;

P N ,

B urials w ith w eapons.

1 82 :

o f

9 70 ,

* Salse 's

D B ;

P N ,

B urials w ith b ronze b owls , a n u rn ,

p eople . '

w eapons , a n S- s haped b rooch , s herds. F ox C R , 2 59-60.

( -i ngatun?). L ittle S helford

( IL 4 59 5 09) ,

P N , 8 7 : ( ' shallow I . 3 4 ( 104). T rumpington D B ; P N , T rump.'

f ord ') .

S ee

L ittle W ilbraham P N,

( TL 1 37:

5 60

a nd

B urials w ith l ate s aucer -b rooches , b uckle e tc . V CH I , 3 16 .

D B; J our .

a

A n i nhumation c emetery w ith a g rp I &

( II 4 50 5 50) , c .1060 ,

9 1: ' tun a ssociated ( -i ngtun).

c .975, D B; ( fem .) h am .'

V CH I , 3 16 .

(-i ngtun).

2 g rp

w ith

I I c ruciform b rooches ,

c lasps a nd a s pear . A berg , F ox C R , 2 49 ; B AR 7 , 8 7.

w rist -

1 84 ,

1 85 ;

A l arge m ixed c emetery w ith a n e qual a rm b rooch, p ossibly 2 t utulus b rooches ( AS & J , 1 31) , c ruciform a nd o ther t ypes o f b rooches , wrist c lasps , g irdle -h angers , B uckelurnen , g rps I & V , e arly c ombs a nd w eapons .

5 77) ,

' Wilburg's

F ox C R , 2 60-2 ; B AR 7 , 6 1-62 .

M yres

1 969 ,

p assim ;

S ites i n t he l ower A von v alley i n W arwickshire a nd W orcestershire T he f ollowing s ites w ere i n t he v icinity o f t he W est S axon b order a nd a re i ncluded i n t he l ists o f F ifth - a nd S ixth -c entury s ites .

S ome o f t hem

m ay h ave b een H wiccan r ather t han W est S axon , i f t hat i s av alid d istinction a t t hat t ime : B eckford C l , B ishop's C leeve C l , B lockley C l ( oh m Wo) , B ourton -o n-t he -W ater G l , B redon 's N orton W o , B roadwell G l , C irencester G l , F airford G l , H ampnett C l , H orsley G l , K emble C l , O ddington C l , W ithington C l a nd K empsford C l.

A lcester

( SP

1 93 :

c easter o n t he

' the

0 86

5 70) ,

p robably a B ritish r- n .

1 138 ;

I nhumations a nd c remations w ith a s pear . V CH I , 2 67 ; B AR 7 , 2 8 ; M eaney

P N ,

r . A lne Y

1 964 ,

J ackson ,

A rrow B ritish R agley ,

2 57 .

Morris

1 975 ,

6 23 :

7 th

c ent.

5 13. ( SP

0 79

5 57 ,

D B ;

E PND :

emale b urial w ith a s quare -h eaded a A f b rooch , a b uckle e tc . V CH I , 2 65-6 ; B B I V , 6 68 .

r- n ? T he s ite w as a t c .1086 ; P N , 1 96 : . ' moss?

l eah .'

12

Aston Cantlow (SP 134 596), DB; PN, Burials with saucer-brooches, a buckle , urns and eapons. Meaney 196: 'east tun. ' 1964, 257. Bidford-on-Avon ' SP 099 518), DBJ An early settlement (MA XVI, 163-4) and a cemetery with inhumations and PN, 201: 'Byda's ford.' An -ing cremations. There were saucer­ construction? And see EPND. brooches, applied , cruciform and square-headed brooche�, weapons, shoulder-boss c;remation urns and others with stamped ornament. Meaney 1964, 258; BAR 7, 33; MA XVI, 1634; 'pure S axon' (Leeds 1933, 238); Myres 1969, 116. See also MA XXIV, 233; XXVIII, 244 (146) . Long Compton Wa (SP 295 309), DB; PN, 299: · 'tun in a valley (cumb ).' The site is c loser t o Lit tle Rollright Ox, DB, of which both elements are in doubt. See PN Ox II, 371-2.

An inhumation cemetery with one inurned cremation. Meaney 1964, 260. Morris 1975, 623: 7th century.

Halford (Bridge). (SP 259 453), 12th century; PN, 254: 'ford by a halh' ('corner of land or water-meadow' ) .

An inhumation cemetery with weapons and sherds in the vicinity. VCH I, 259-60.

Long Itchington (SP 405 636), 1001; PN, 133: 'tun by the r. Itchen,' a British r-n. Jackson , 556. The site was at Bascote, 1174; PN, 134: '?Baecci's cottage(s).'

Burials w ith weapons and -urns. Meaney 1964, 257; Myres 1969, 116, n.2; VCR I, 256.

Marton (SP 404 681), DB; PN, 140: 'tun by a mere. '

A mixed cemetery , secondary in a barrow , with a late square-headed brooch, saucer-brooches and weapons. BB IV, 669, 775; VCR I, 255; Meaney 1964, 261 .

Milverton (SP 306 652), DB; PN, 176: 'mill-ford-tun.' The site was at Emscote, 1202; ibid: 'Eadhelm's cottage(s) . '

An inhumation cemetery with a square­ headed brooch, saucer-brooches, urns, weapons etc. Meaney 1964, 260; VCH I, 258; K & R, 309; BAR 7, 49.

Offc urch (SP 380 655), 1139; PN, 177: 'Offa 's church. '

Burials with a late saucer-brooch, a square-headed brooch and weapons. BB IV, 669; Meaney 1964, 262 .

Stratford-upon- von (SP 210 547), c. 708, DB; PN, 236: 'ford where the Roman road crosses the r. A von.' The site was at Alveston, 966, DB; PN, 231: 'Eanwulf'� tun. '

An early settlement (MA XV, 134) and a mixed cemetery with applied and saucer-brooches, and square-headed Ibid.; brooches as well as spears. Meaney 1964, 262-3; BAR 7, 84- 5; Myres 1969, 116.

113

S tretton -o n -F osse

D B ;

A n e arly i nhumation c emetery w ith

3 06 : ' tun o n t he R oman r oad c alled t he F osse . ' ( *foss , ' d itch , ' a l oan-w ord f rom L atin o r B ritish) .

( SP

2 18

3 83) ,

d isc, s aucer - a nd c ruciform b rooches a nd e arly s pears e tc . X V 1 34 ; B AR 7 , 8 5-6 .

M A X IV , 1 63 ; A s ettlement

t oo , w ith s unken h uts a nd s urface b uildings , d isturbed b y g raves . MA X III , 2 41; X V , 1 34 . Warwick

( SP 2 75

6 32) ,

e arly

1 1th

A n i nhumation c emetery ' with s aucer brooches,

c entury, D B; ( PN, 2 59-60): ( d wellings ( wic) b y t he w eir . ' T he s ite was a t L ongbridge, 1 123; i bid . , 2 63 .

W asperton - ( SP 2 61 5 81) , D B ; P N ,

l ate

s quare - h eaded

b rooches , ag rp V c ruciform b rooch , a l ate g old b racteate ( Ant . J . X XVI, 2 5) , g irdle -h angers , a n e arly c one b eaker ( 1 59) , c inerary u rns a nd w eapons. B B I V , 6 68-9 ; B AR 7 , 6 3.

D m ,

2 66 :

A m ixed c emetery o n aR omano -B ritish s ite . O ne g rave i ncluded s aucer b rooches . T he b urials a re a ssumed t o b e o f t he 5 th a nd 6 th c enturies . M A X XVI , 2 11 ; X XVII , 2 06 . X XVIII , 2 45 ;

d oubtful f irst e lement + t un .

8 2 o f t he 2 00 i nhumations ' have d iagnostically S axon a rtefacts' w hilst 1 01 ' were e ither u nfurnished o r c ontained n on - d iagnostic a rtefacts;' 2 0 ( out o f 2 1) o f t he c remations w ere S axon ;' a nd t here w ere p robably 4 7 R omano - B ritish b urials.

L eek Wootton

( SP 2 90 6 75) ,

A n e arly s ettlement a nd b urials w ith

1 122;

a f ew p ossible S axon s herds . 4 11.

P N , 1 91: ' tun b y a wood . ' T he s ite was a t B lacklow , 1 4th c entury ; i bid : ' black h ill o r b arrow.'

A ASE

W orcestershire

B eckford

( SO

9 64

3 55) .

F or t he

p-n s ee S ixth -C entury S ites u nder F ORD.

B lockley G l , 8 55 ,

D B ;

o h m

P N G 1 I ,

W o

( S P

2 34 :

1 82

was

t he

l ocation

s ettlement . I ts p robably l ost .

o riginal

o f n ame

c ruciform b rooch a nd w eapons . 1 964 , 2 80 .

B urials

3 69) ,

' *Blocca 's

l eah ;' b ut t he s ite i s a lmost 2 m iles N W o f B lockley . P ossibly t he n earer P axford , 1 208 o r N orthwick , 9 64?

B urials with a s piral - d ecorated s aucer -b rooch ( AS & J , 1 49) , a g rp V

w ith

u rns ,

M eaney

i ncluding

t he

s houlder - b oss t ype , a nd w eapons . M eaney 1 964 , 2 80 ; S wanton 1 973 , 3 1 , 1 03n . 5 0 .

t he i s

114

E vesham

( SP 0 40 4 30) ,

c .1020 ,

E PND: ' Eof's h amm.' G elling 1 970 , 9 1 s .n. U pton S nodsbury E PND :

S ee

D B;

a lso

( SO 9 44 ,5 44) , D B;

' Snodd's b urh.'

B urials with a l ate s aucer - b rooch . M eaney 1 964, 2 81.

A n

i nhumation

c emetery

w ith

a l ate

t ype o f s aucer - b rooch , 3 c ruciform b rooches ( one o f g rp V ) , w eapons e tc . V CH I , 2 28 ; B B I V , 6 67.

A DDENDA

A bbot's Worthy Ha

( SU

5 04

3 27).

F or t he p- n s ee t he F ifth -C entury L ist u nder W ORTHIG .

A 5 th/6th

c entury

1 /4

S E

m ile

o ccupation s ite a

o f

t he

c emetery

of

i nhumations

i n Worthy

c ontemporary

cremations P ark .

and T here

were 5 s unken - f loored h uts with p ottery e tc . , a nd 1 2 a ssociated p its . M A X XVIII, 2 20 , ( 45). O rpington K .

F or t he p- n s ee t he

F ifth - C entury L ist u nder INGTUN .

A s unken - f loored h ut . 2 26 ,

( 79).

T he

s ite

MA X XVIII,

T he h ut - s ite ( 11 1 4 70 6 74) i s i n ( St . Mary) C ray , 7 98 , D B; a s ettlement t aking i ts n ame f rom t he d edication o f i ts c hurch a nd f rom t he r iver , o f which t he n ame i s C eltic m eaning ' C lean , p ure . ' F ield 1 980 , 4 2 . G reat C hesterton Ox 1 005,

D B;

c easter . '

P N,

T he

( SP 5 63 2 14) ,

2 06

' tun

b y

a

c easter w as p robably

y ielded

s herds

A lchester , t he s ite o f w hich i s l ess

This

t han a m ile

s ettlement t han a c emetery .

t o t he S E .

m inor R oman t own a nd t hat

c ontinued

I t was a

' probably

dating f rom the 6 th t o 8 th c enturies . ' MA X XVIII, 2 35 , ( 116) . i s

more

l ikely

t o

b e

a

r oute - c entre

i n

o ccupation

p robably u ntil t he 5 th c entury ( Ant . J . V II, 1 60) . B icester , D B; P N , 1 98 :

' fort

o f

t he

w arriors,'

1 4

m iles t o N E , h as a pparently y ielded n o R oman r emains . I ts - c easter m ay h ave

b een a n e arlier e arthwork n ow

o bliterated. Watchfield B rk D B ;

P N

l and.'

I I,

( SU 2 49 9 07) ,

3 82 :

' *Waecel 's

9 31,

A c emetery o f ' inhumations o f 5 th - t o

o pen

6 th - c entury b rooches, e tc.' ' A c ommunity.

d ate'

A l ittle m ore t han a

1 15

with

s aucer

weapons , a b elt - b uckle wealthy and i mportant 0 1A X XVIII , 2 38 ( 121) . 2 1 -

m ile t o t he S E

i s

C ompton W Sx ,

A ppledown .

S ee S ixth -

a n u nexcavated(?)

( Peake,

1 13).

P ossibly

6 0

R oman

b uilding

c remations

a nd

6 0

C entury L ist u nder TUN f or t he p -n .

i nhumations h ave b een r evealed b y f urther e xcavation . M A X XVIII , 2 434 ( 142) .

A ylesbury B K .

A ylesbury

S ee u nder BURH I N

h ill-fort

T HE l ist o f F ifth -c entury S ites .

l ies w ithin a n I ron -A ge ( Royal

Arch.

I nst.

Programme 1 985-6: N otes o n L ectures) . T his r ecent d iscovery m ay e xclude t he m eaning ' ( fortified) m anor ' f or t he e lement BURH i n t his pm a nd s trengthens t he p robability t hat t his i s a n e arly p-n e ven t hough n ot r ecorded b efore c . 9 00.

C hibolton H a

( SU 3 84 3 90) ,

E PND : ( tun C eobeald) - a n

H idcote B artrim G 1 P NI ,

2 44 :

9 34 ,

D B ;

a ssociated with -i ngtun f ormation .

( S P

9edeca 's

1 7 o r

4 3) ,

D B ;

p ossibly

L ater 5 th o r

e arlier 6 th c ent . ( Swanton 1 973 , n .37) ; D ate?

a nd a h ut

( 389 3 91) .

A b urial w ith a s pear , S wanton

1 973 ,

1 57 .

1 37 , C SDA .

t ype C l ,

e tc .

P robably

6 th

c ent.

H uda's c ottage.'

W est D rayton Mx A .D. 1 00, D B;

A b urial w ith w eapons .

( c . T Q 0 60 7 83) , c . F ield 1 980, 9 7:

' ( west) f arm b y a p ortage p lace ,' o n t he r iver Colne. West in d istinction f rom D rayton i n E aling .

A s unken

h ut

w ith

g rass - t empered

p ottery , p ossibly o f t he 6 th c ent . L on . A rch . 5 , n o. 2 , 5 2.

116

T HE E LEMENTS, O THER T HAN P ERSONAL-NAMES, R ELATING T O S ITES O F T HE F IFTH A ND S IXTH C ENTURIES.

T his

l ist

i s

m ainly

o f

f inal

e lements,

b ut

s ome

t opographical e lements i nitially a nd t hey a re l isted b elow .

s ite - n ames h ave P ersonal n ames ,

a lmost a lways i nitial e lements i n O E f orms o f p lace -n ames , a re g iven i n a s eparate l ist f ollowing t his o ne . A s t he a reas s tudied a re S axon a nd K entish ,

t he a ppropriate

d ialectal

f orms

f or

t hose

a reas h ave

b een c ited .

H owever , n ear t he M iddle A nglian b oundary a v ery f ew A nglian d ialectal f orms o ccur i n s ite -n ames. A ll e lements a re O E u nless o therwise s tated. T he e lements o f s everal p lace -n ames h ave b een i ncluded e ven t hough t hey a re n ot a pparently t he n ames a ssociated w ith t he a rchaeological s ites , t hey m ay o riginally h ave b een s o . a ny

o ne o f

t he n ames C lapham ,

b ut

A n e xtreme e xample i s H igh D own S x w here P atching ,

A ngmering ,

G oring o r F erring m ay

h ave b een t hat o f t he e arly s ettlement . Where t here i s a c hoice o f m eanings , t hat w hich a ppears t o b e m ost a ppropriate t o t he t opography i s g enerally g iven . E lements p receded b y * o ccur o nly i n p lace -n ames; a re n ot o therwise r ecorded a nd a re m erely a ssumed t o h ave e xisted.

a c ,

' an o ak - t ree ;' ? Egginton B d ,

? Ocklinge S x ,

L ittle O akley E ss ,

? Stevenage H rt. a ern ,

' a h ouse :' B itterne H a.

a esc,

' an a sh - t ree ;' A sh K , A shdown B rk, A shwell H rt.

a escen ,

' growing w ith a sh - t rees;'

a ewiell, a ewielm ,

' the s ource o f a r iver ;' A lton H a , E well S y. ' the s ource o f a r iver ;' E welme O x .

b aer 2 ) ' a w oodland p asture;' b ean , b eorg ,

A shendon B k.

W estbere K .

' a b ean ;' B anstead S y. ' a h ill ,

a b urial

m ound ;' Ellesborough B k ,

Wanborough W ,

W oodnesborough K . b ere, b ete,

B arford S t. M artin W . ' beet;' B edhampton H a?

b etweonan , b iscop ,

' between ;' T winham ( Christchurch) H a.

' a b ishop ' ;' B iscot B d ,

B ishop 's C leeve G l ,

S x. * bleo ,

' blue, v ariegated ;' B lewbury, B lewburton B rk.

1 17

B ishopstone B k

t hey

b ocl,

' a b eech - t ree;' B oughton A luph K .

b ocland, * h ors , b ox ,

' land d onated b y c harter ;' B uckland ( Dover) K . ' a b ristly p lant;' ? Boscombe W .

' a b ox- t ree ;'

b rad ,

' broad ,

? Boscombe W , B oxly K .

w ide ' ;' B radwell o n S ea E ss ,

B roadstairs K ,

B roadway

W o , B roadwell C l . * brico - , B ritish ,

' a h ill ;'

* briga , l ate B ritish , b roc ,

0 1 00

B rickhill B d.

' a h ill ;' B redon's ( Norton) W o .

' a b rook ;' B roughton ( Poggs) O x .

b rom ( Cytisus s coparius), b rycg ,

' a

c auseway ,

' broom ;'

B roomfield E ss.

a b ridge;' C ambridge ,

H eybridge

E ss,

L ongbridge W a , G reat S tambridge E ss. * bula ,

' a b ull ;' B ulmer E ss.

b urh ,

' a f ort ,

a f ortified p lace ;' Amesbury W , A ylesbury B k,

B arbury W , B lewbury B rk , B ourton o n t he Water C l , B urford O x , B uriton H a , B urpham S x , C anterbury K , C harlbury O x , C herbury B rk , ( West) C hisenbury W , C ornbury O x , L imbury B d , L owbury B rk , R ichborough K , S alisbury W , S almonsbury C l , ( North) S hoebury E ss , S pelsbury o x , ( U pton ) S nodsbury W o , ( West) T ilbury E ss , W ilburY H rt , W inkelbury W , W oolbury H a . b urna ,

' a

s tream ;' B ekesbourne

K ,

C ollingbourne

( Ducis)

W ,

E astbourne S x , E bbesbourne ( Wake) W , H ollingbourne K , L ambourn B rk, L ittlebourne K , Melbourn C a , N orthbourne K , O gbourne ( St . A ndrew) W , P angbourne B rk , P atrixbourne K , ( Little) S omborne H a , W imborne ( St. G iles) D o. b yht,

' d b end ( in a r iver);' B itterne H a.

* cadeir , P rim . W elsh ,

' a c hair ;'

? Catherington H a.

* caersen ,

' growing w ith c ress;' C assington O x .

C antware ,

' the p eople o f K ent;' C anterbury K , C onderton W o .

c at(t), c ealc ,

' a c at;' C atsham O x . ' c halk ,

w hitening ;' C halton H a ,

( Broad) C halke W ,

C halkwell

K. c eald ,

' cold ;' C aldecotte B rk , C hadwell E ss.

c easter , ' an o ld f ortification , a c ity ;' Alcester W a , C hesterford E ss , C hichester S x , C irencester C l , C olchester E ss , D orchester O x , G rantacaestir ( Cambridge) , I lchester S o , P orchester H a , R ochester S ilchester H a , V erlamacaestir ( St . A lban 's) H rt , W inchester H a ,

1 18

Y thancaestir

( Bradwell o n S ea) E ss .

* ced , P rim . W elsh ,

' a w ood ;' C hatham K ,

? Preshute W .

c eorl ,

' a f reeman ;' C harlton W .

* cest,

' a c hest , ac offin ;' C hessell I OW.

c irice , * cis ,

' a c hurch ;' O ffchurch W a , W hitchurch C anonicorum D o.

' gravel ;' W est C hisenbury W .

c laefren ,

' growing w ith c lover ;' C larendon W .

c lif , ' a c liff ' , a s teep s lope ;' B ishop 's C lifton H ampden O x , S wallowcliffe W . * clop, c oc ,

C lifton

B d ,

' a h illock , ah ill ;' C lapham S y S x , C lophill B d .

' a c ook ;'

* cogg ,

? Cookham B rk.

' a h ill ;' C ogges O x .

c orn 2 , ' a * corte , c ot ,

C leeve C l ,

h eron ;' C ornbury O x .

' ?(farm)yard ;'

' a c ottage ;

? Dovercourt E ss.

a s helter ;' B ascote W a ,

B iscot B d ,

C aldecott B rk ,

C othill B rk , E nscote W a , W ilcote O x . * crogig/croh ; C u ,

' (growing w ith) s affron ;' C roydon S y.

' a c ow ;' K eymer S x .

c umb ,

o f

B ritish o rigin ,

' a v alley ,

a h ollow;' B oscombe

W ,

B owcombe I OW , C ompton S x W a , M oulsecoombe S x , S halcombe I OW . c yning ,

' a . k ing ;' K ingsey O x , K ingston n ear L ewes S x , K ingston

u pon T hames S y . * cyte ,

' a c ottage;' ? Preshute W .

a h ollow , av alley ;' d ael 1 , ' d el l , K entish , d enu , H a ,

? Pegsdon B d.

' a h ollow , av alley ;' Meal K .

' a v alley ;' C roydon S y ,

K elvedon E ss ,

D enton

S x ,

F igheldean W ,

O vingdean S x , R ottingdean S x ,

H orndean

( King 's & S affron )

W alden H rt E ss. d ic ,

' a d itch ;' ( Fen) D itton C a.

* drocen ,

' a d ry p lace';

* dubro - , B ritish ,

? Droxford H a.

' water ,

a r iver ;'

D overcourt E ss , M icheldever H a .

1 19

A ndover

H a ,

D over

K ,

d un ,

' a h ill ,

A shendon B k ,

a t ract o f h igh g round ;' A bingdon B rk , A shdown B rk , B lewburton B rk ,

B redon 's

( Norton) W o ,

C larendon W ,

C oulsdon S y , ( Great) D unmow E ss , ? Dunstable B d , D ownham E ss , E gginton B d , E llendun ( Wroughton) W , G uildown S y , H ardown ( 4hitchurch C anonicorum) D o , H endon M x , S windon W , S hillington B d , T oddington B d , W illingdon S x , W inchendon B k , W ithington G l , W orplesdon S y . e a,

' a

r iver;' E aton

( Socon)

B d,

? Eythrope

B k,

Twinham

( Christchurch) H a. e ast ,

' east;' A ston ( Jpthorpe) B rk , A stwick B d, E astbourne S x ,

E astry K . e disc ,

' an e nclosure , p asture;' C havenage G l , F arndish B d.

e llen ,

' an e lder - t ree ;' E llendun ( Wroughton) W .

e ned ,

' a d uck ;' E nford W .

* faefer , f rom L at. f aber , f aeger , f earn ,

F airford G l. ' fern , b racken ;'

F arndish B d , f earr , f eld , S y ,

' a c raftsman ;' F aversham K .

F areham H a , F arley ( Chamberlayne) H a ,

F arnham S y , F arningham K .

' a b ull ;'

? Ferring S x .

' o pen c ountry ; ' B roomfield E ss ,

S pringfield E ss ,

f leot ,

H aslingfield C a ,

L impsfield

T herfield H rt .

' an e stuary , a n i nlet, a r iver ;' N orthfleet K .

f olc,

' the p eople ;'

? Folkestone K .

f ord ,

' a f ord ;' A ppleford

( Rivenhall) E ss , A ylesford K , B arford

( St . Martin) W , B eckford G l , B edford B d , B idford o n Avon W a , B rentf9rd Mx , B urford O x , ( Great) C hesterford E ss , D artford K , D roxford H a , E nford W , F airford G l , F rilford B rk , G uildford S y , H alford Wa , H ertford H rt , ( Lower) H eyford O x , K empsford G l , L angford B d , ( Gr6 9t) Linford B k , L inford E ss , M ilverton W a , O tford K , O xford O x , S hefford B d , ( East) S hefford B rk , S helford C a , ( North) S tifford E ss ,

T ickford B k ,

W allingford B rk ,

W ickford E ss ,

W ilsford W . f ox ,

' a f ox ;' F oxton C a.

* ge,

' a d istrict, a r egion ;' E astry K , L yminge K , S turry K .

g eat,

' a g ate ;' M argate K , W oodyates D o.

g eoc l , ' a y oke ( a m easure o f l and) ;' * glind , g raf ,

? Ickham K .

' an e nclosure ;' G lynde S x .

' a g rove;' G rafton W , G rove B rk.

1 20

* grafal, g reot,

' a d itch ;' G roveley W ( lamshill D itches).

' gravel;' G irton C a.

g ylden ,

' golden ;' G uildford S y , G uildown S y, G uilton ( Ash) K .

h aecc,

' a g ate ;' ? Stevenage H rt.

h aematun , h aenep, h am , S x ,

' tun o f t he d wellers ..;' B edhampton H a.

' hemp;'

? Hanshill ( Groveley) W .

' a d welling e tc ;' B arham K ,

B urpham S x ,

F aversham K , F elmersham B d , F etcham S y ,

C hatham K ,

F ingelsham K ,

C lapham H igham

( Upshire) K , H ildersham C a , I ckham K , Mersham K , Mitcham S y, ? Newnham B d , P atcham S x , R ainham E ss, T hurnham K , ( Little) W ilbraham C a , W ingham K , Wrotham K . h am/hamm :

C ookham B rk ,

D ownham E ss ,

F areham H a ,

L yneham Ox ,

N ewnham B d C a, R emenham ( Aston) B rk. h amm ,

' a water- m eadow e tc ;' B eddingham S x , B uckingham B k , C lapham

S y , E vesham W o , E ynsham O x , F arnham S y , H am S y ,

( East) H arnham W ,

H arrietsham K , M archam B rk , P agham S x , P atcham S x . h ana ,

' a c ock b ird ;'

* hangel/*hangol, h angra ,

( East) H anney B rk,

' a s lope;'

Mangleton S x .

' a w ooded s teep s lope;'

? I langleton S x , M oggerhanger B d.

h ar 2 , ' grey ,

a b oundary ;' ? Hardown

H arrold B d,

? Harwell B rk.

h ara ,

' a h are;'

* hath , h eah ,

T Hanwell M x .

( Whitchurch C anonicorum) D o ,

Mardown ( Whitchurch C anonicuorm) D o , H arnham W .

' a h eath ;' H oath K , H odshrove ( Falmer) S x . t h igh ,

H eybridge h ealh ,

c hief ;' Hampnett G l ,

( South) H eighton S x ,

H endon Mx ,

( ridwoldington) E ss , H igham ( Upshire) K .

' a n ook o r c orner o f l and , a w ater m eadow;' Halford Wa,

M ildenhall W , R ivenhall E ss , W innall H a . h eg ,

' hay;' H ailey O x ,

( Lower) H eyford O x.

h eorot,

' a h art;' H artlip K , H ertford H rt.

* herse,

' a ( hill) t op;'

h igan ,

? Hersden K .

' a m onastic c ommunity;'

h law/hlaew ,

' a h ill ,

( Little) H inton W .

a b urial - m ound ;' B lacklow

L ewes S x , W interslow W .

1 21

W a ,

B ledlow

B k ,

h lep , K .

' a s teep

h linc ,

p lace ,

a p lace t o b e c rossed b y l eaping ;' H artlip

' a h ill - s ide t errace;' O cklynge S x , S tandlynch W .

* hlede,

' a l oud

( river);' L eeds K .

h lyn ,

' a m aple - t ree;'

? (Great) L inford B k ,

h occ ,

' mallow ;' H ockley E ss.

h oh ,

' a h ill - s pur ,

a r idge;' C ainhoe

? Linford E ss.

B d,

H oughton R egis

B d ,

T otternhoe B d. h olh ,

' a h ollow ;'

? Hollingbourne K .

ho p l ,

' a v alley ;'

( Middle) W allop H a.

h ord ,

' a t reasure;' H ordley ( Wootton) O x .

* horna,

' a h orned - s haped p iece o f l and ;' H ornton O x .

h ors,

' a h orse;' H orsley C l.

h oru ,

' dirt, m ud;' H orton ( Kirby) K .

h ragra , h reof,

' a h eron ;' R awreth E ss. ' rough ;' R ivenhall E ss.

h waete ,

' wheat;' W heatley O x .

h wit,

' white;' W hitchurch ( Canonicorum) D o.

h yll ,

' a h ill;' ( Bow) B rickhill B d , C hessell I OW, C lophill B d ,

C oleshill B rk ,

C othill B rk ,

H amshill W ,

O dell B d ,

O zengell K .

i eg ,

' a r iver - i sland , h ard g round i n a m arsh ;' C anvey E ss ,

B rk,

Mythrope B k, H anney B rk , K ingsey O x , Minety W , O sney O x ,

C harney

P ewsey W , R omsey H a , S andy B d, W itney O x . 1 ng

2:H ersden

K , L ockinge B rk.

-i ng 2 x ingas : K.

-i nga - :

? Ferring S x ,

A ppleford

B everington

( Rivenhill) E ss ,

( Eastbourne)

C atherington

Ha,

? Collingbourne W ,

? Filkins O x ,

S x ,

? Chigwell

F arningham K ,

? Mucking E ss ,

B asingstoke H a , B uckingham E ss,

B k ,

( West)

S towting

B eddingham S x , ? Canvey

Chisenbury

G estingthorpe E ss ,

E ss, W ,

G illingham K ,

? Groveley ( Barford S t . M artin) W , ? Hollingbourne K , ? Hornton O x , M cmgeham K , O vingdean S x , Tzengell K , P angbourne B rk , R ottingdean ' S x , S hillington B d , ? Sittingbourne K , T oddington B d , W allingford B rk , W ingham K , -i ngas :

? Winton ( Alfriston) S x .

A ngmering S x ,

F eering E ss,

B arling E ss , B asing H a ,

? Ferring S x ,

G oring S x ,

1 22

( Upper) B eeding S x ,

L ancing S x ,

L idsing K ,

( South) M ailing S x ,

O ving B k ,

R eading B rk , S onning B rk,

-i ngtun :

O x ,

P eppering ( lurpham) S x ,

A rreton I OW , B eddington S y , B righthampton O x , C hadlington

( Great) C lacton E ss, D inton B k,

? Hornton Ox, O ddington G l, T idwoldington ( Heybridge) E ss . i w ,

P ostling K ,

( Great) W akering E ss.

? Dumpton K , G oldington B d ,

Orpington

K ,

P odington

B d,

' a y ew - t ree;' U ley G l.

l acu , l ad ,

' a w ater - c ourse, a s tream ;' S hiplake O x , S tandlake O x . ' a r iver - c rossing ;' P ortslade S x .

l awerce e tc ,

' a l ark ;' L averstoke W .

l am ,

? Lambourn B rk.

' loam ;'

l amb ,

' a l amb ;'

l and,

' cultivated l and ;' S nodland K -

l ang ,

' long ;'

l eac - t un , l eah ,

7 Lambourn B rk.

L angford B d.

' a v egetable g arden ;'

' a w ood ,

L eighton ( Buzzard) B d.

a c learing i n wo ckaa rk i ;' Aveley E ss ,

B lockley

G l ,

B oxley K , F arley ( Chamberlayne) H a , H ailey O x , H ockley E ss, H ordley ( Wootton) O x , H orsley G l , ( East) I lsley B rk , ( North) L eigh Ox , ( Little) O akley E ss, P uddlehill B d , P urley S y, R adley B rk , R agley W a ,

S treatley B rk ,

T hrowley K ,

T hundersley E ss ,

U ley

G l ,

Wheatley O x . * lec(e),

' a s tream i n m arshland ;' N orthleach G l.

* lemo - / *lim- , ' elm/marsh;' L impsfield S y , L yminge K , L ympne K . l ic ,

' a c orpse;' L ickpit ( Lychpit) H a.

l in ,

' flax ;' ( Great)

7 Linford B k ,

7 Linford E ss ,

L inton C a ,

L yneham

O x . l ind ,

' a l ime - t ree ;'

l ytel,

( Great) 7 Linford B k,

' small;' L ittlebourne K .

m aegth l , ' a m aiden ;'

Maidstone K .

m aegth 2 , ' the p eople;' * mawe, e re ,

' a m eadow ;'

' a p ool ,

Maidstone K .

( Great) D unmow E ss.

t he s ea ;' B ulmer E ss , F almer S x ; K eymer S x ,

K , M arton W a. m erece ,

7 Linford E ss.

' wild c elery;' M archam B rk.

1 23

M argate

m ersc ,

' a m arsh ;' S todmarsh K .

m ice',

' large, g reat;'

m iddel ,

' middle;' M ilton B rk, M ilton (-n ext -S ittingbourne) K .

m inte, m or ,

? Micheldever H a , M itcham S y.

' water mint;' M inety W .

' barren w aste - l and, a m oor ;' M entmore B k.

m unuc , m yln ,

' a m onk ;' M onkton K . ' a m ill ;' M ilverton W a.

m ynster , K.

' a m onastery ;' M inster

n eothera ,

' lower ;' N etheravon W .

n iwe/neowe ,

' new ;' Newnham

B d

( Lovell) O x ,

C a ,

N ewport

M inster

( Pagnell)

( in T hanet)

B k ,

N ewton

( Longville) B k. n orth ,

' north ;' N orthbourne

K ,

N orthfleet

K ,

N orthleach

( Bredon's) N orton W o. o fe r', o ra 1

' a r iver - b ank;' H edsor B k. ' an e dge o f ah ill , a s lope;' L ewknor O x .

o ra 2 , ' ore;' O rsett E ss. o xa,

' an o x ;' O xford O x .

* peac ,

' a k noll ;' P egsdon B d.

p irige,

' a p ear - t ree;' P urley S y , P urton W ,

? Purwell O x .

p ort',

' a h arbour;'

p ort2,

' a m arket t own ;' N ewport ( Pagnell) B k.

p ostel M E, p reost,

r eoma, r ith ,

Wostcombe O x .

' prattling ;' P rittlewell E ss.

' a h ollow , ap it, a g rave;' L ickpit ( Lychpit) H a.

* ragge?, r ead ,

' a d oor -p ost;'

' a p riest;' P reshute W .

* pritol , p ytt,

P orchester H a, P ortslade S x .

' moss, l ichen ;'

? Ragley W a.

' (golden) r ed;'Radley B rk. ' a b order ;'

? Remenham B rk.

' a s mall s tream ;' R awreth E ss.

1 24

C l ,

s adol ,

' a b road c ol ;' S addlescombe S x .

s aete,

' settlers , d wellers;' G rantchester C a.

s and ,

' sand ;' S andy B d.

s ceald,

' shallow ;' S halcombe I OW .

s ceap ,

' sheep,' S hefford B d,

s ceap -h irde,

( East) S hefford B rk , S hiplake O x .

' a s hepherd ;' S hepperton M x .

s cearn ,

' c lung ;' S herrington W .

s cearu ,

' a d istrict;' E sher S y .

* sceo ,

' a s helter ;'

* sceorf ,

( North) S hoebury E ss.

' a s teep s lope ;' H odshrove S x .

s earu ,

' a t rick ;'

s eath ,

' a p it, a h ole ;' O dsey C a , O rsett E ss.

* sengel , * siele,

? Salisbury W .

' ? ;' S ingleton S x . ' a w illow- c opse ;'

s miththe , s pring ,

' a s mithy ;

? Silchester H a .

S meeth K .

' a s pring ( of w ater), a c opse;' S pringfield E ss.

s taeger ,

' a s tair ;' B roadstairs K .

s tan , ' a s tone , s tony , s tone - b uilt;' F olkestone K , ? Goldstone ( Ash) K , K eston K , M aidstone K , S taines Mx , S tambridge E ss, S tandlake O x , S tandlynch W , s tapol , s tede, s tig ,

S tanton ( Harcourt) O x , S tone B k , K .

' a p illar , ap ost;' D unstable B d. ' a p lace ;' B anstead S y, S anderstead S y.

' a p ath ;' A nsty W ,

s tith ,

( North) S tifford E ss.

' strong ;' S tevenage H rt.

s toc , ' a d ependent s ettlement , a n o utlying h amlet ;' B asingstoke H a , L averstoke W , M eonstoke H a , ( West) S toke S x . s tod ,

' a h erd o f h orses ;' S todmarsh K , S tutfall ( Lympne) K .

s tow ,

' a ( h oly) p lace;' E lstow B d.

s traet ,

' a m etalled w ay ,

S treatley B rk ,

a R oman r oad ; ' S tratford ( upon A von ) W a ,

S tretton ( -o n -F osse) W a .

1 25

s trod ,

' overgrown m arshland ;' S trood K .

* 5tut 2 , ' a s tumpy h illock ;' s ulh ,

? Stowting K .

' a p loughland ;' S ouldern O x.

* sulh -m ann , s uth ,

' a p loughman ;' S almonsbury ( Bourton o n t he W ater) G l.

' south ;' S utton ( Courtenay) B rk , S utton ( Scotney) H a.

s wealwe 1 , a s wallow'; S wallowcliffe W . s winl,

l a p ig ;'

( Little) S omborne H a , S windon W .

t iccen ,

' a k id ;' T ickford ( Newport P agnell) B k.

t imber ,

' timber , aw ooden b uilding ;' N ewtimber ( Saddlescombe) S x .

t ot -a ern , t un ,

' an

' a l ook - o ut h ouse;' T otternhoe B d. e nclosure, a f arm, e tc ;' A lfriston S x , A lton H a , A ston

Wa , A ston ( Remenham) B rk , B arfreston K . , B arrington C a , B righthampton O x ,

A ston ( Tirrold & U pthorpe) B rk , B eddington S y , B ishopstone B k S x ,

B righton S x ,

B oughton

( Aluph) K ,

B ourton

( on-

t he -W ater) G l , B roughton ( Poggs) O x , B uriton H a , C assington O x , C halton H a , C harlton W , C lifton B d , C lifton ( Hampden) O x , ( b ong) C ompton Wa, C ompton W Sx , ( Broadstairs) K , F oxton C a ,

D enton S x , ( Fen) D itton C a , D umpton E ast G arston B rk , ? Goldstone ( Ash) K ,

G rafton W , G uilton ( Ash) K . , H ampnett G l , H angleton S x , H arlton C a , H auxton C a , H orton

( South) H eighton S x ,

( Kirby)

I tchington Wa , L inton C a ,

H oughton

K empston B d ,

L uton B d ,

M onkton K . , C a ,

K ,

( Cherry) H inton C a ,

( Regis)

H ornton O x ,

I dmiston

W ,

( Long)

K ingston S x S y , L eighton ( Buzzard) B d ,

Marton Wa,

N ewton ( Longville) B k ,

O rpington K ,

B d ,

Milton B rk K ,

M ilverton Wa ,

( Bredon 's) N orton W o ,

( West) O verton W ,

P urton W ,

O akington

R atton ( Eastbourne)

S x , S awston C a , S elmeston S x , S hepperton Mx , S herrington W , S ingleton S x , S tanton ( Harcourt) Ox , S tourton W , S tretton( -o nF osse) W a , S utton C a,

S upperton ( Wickhambreux) K ,

( Scotney) H a ,

U ffingtoo B rk ,

Walton

T idwoldington

S utton

( Heybridge)

U fton ( Nervet) B rk ,

( Aylesbury) B k,

Walton

E ss ,

U pton

( on T hames) S y ,

W asperton Wa , W ilton W , W inton ( Alfriston) S x , Wootton B rk , O x , W a , Wroughton W . ( be - ) tweox(n),

( Courtenay) B rk , T rumpington

( Snodsbury) Wo , Warbleton S x , W itherington

W ,

' between ;' T winham ( Christchurch) H a.

t wi - , ' double;' T ythrop O x . t hel,

' a p lank;' T heale B rk.

t hengel/fenge1 2 , ' a p rince;' F inglesham K . t horn ,

t hym e ,

t hrop/thorp ,

' a t horn - t ree ;' P itstone B k ,

' an o utlying f arm ,

T hurnham K .

a d ependent s ettlement ;' Eythrope

B k, G estingthorpe E ss , T ythrop O x . t hruh ,

S ouldern O x ,

' a w ater - c ourse;' T hrowley K .

1 26

t hyrre ,

' waterless;' T herfield H rt.

u ferra,

' upper ;'

( West) O verton W .

* uenta , P re -English , m eaning? W inchester H a. w aer l , ' a w eir ;' W are H rt, W arwick. w ad,

' woad ;' O dell B d.

w ald/weald ,

' ( a

K , S ibertswold K , w ealdham ,

' an

l arge

t ract

o f) woodland ;' H arrold B d ,

R ingwould

? Walton B k.

a dministrative

c entre

o f

a f orest -e state ;' ( Great)

W altham E ss. w ealh ,

' a s lave ,

a B riton ;' ( King 's) W alden H rt ,

E ss,

? Walton B k, W alton o n T hames S y.

w eg ,

' a w ay;' B roadway W o.

w enn/waenn , * werpels, w est,

( Saffron) W alden

' a m ound;' M anborough W .

' a p ath ;' W orplesdon S y.

' west;' W estbere K , W estwell K .

wic , ' a dwelling , a f arm , av illage;' A stwick B d , B erwick ( St. J ohn) W , G reenwich K , Warwick , W ickford E ss , g Wycombe B k .

( H ih )

A ll 6 o f t hese p-n s h ave a ssociated R oman s ites ;

b ut t his m ay b e

c oincidence f or , o f s everal h undreds i n t he O S R B l ists , o nly 2 1 a re a ssociated w ith w ie. O n G reenwich s ee F ield 1 980 , 5 3. w ic -h am ,

' a f ormer R oman s ettlement ;' W ickhambreux K .

Most p-n s

o f t his t ype a re a ssociated w ith R oman o ccupation - s ites.

G l ,

' a s pring , a s tream ;' Ashwell H rt , B radwell E ss , B roadwell C hadwell E ss , C higwell E ss , F ritwell O x , H anwell Mx , H arwell

B rk , P r ittlewell E ss , P urwell ( Cassington) O x ,

( Middle) W allop H a ,

W estwell K . w ig ,

' a p agan s hrine;' W ye K .

* wiligen , w ince ,

' growing w ith w illows;' W innall H a.

' a s harp b end?;' W inchendon B k.

w inn l , ' a m eadow ;' W imborne D o. w inter ,

' winter ;' W inkelbury ( Berwick S t. J ohn) W .

w inter - b urna ,

' a s tream

f lowing

( only?)

( Gunner) W . * withign , W oden ,

' a w illow ;' W itherington W .

t he p agan g od : W oodnesborough K .

1 27

i n

w inter ; ' W interbourne

worth, 'an enclosure;' Duxford Ca, Inworth Ess, Mumworth W, Worth

K.

worthig, 'an enclosure;' (King's) Worthy Ha. wudu, 'a wood ;' Wootton Brk Ox Wa, Woodyates Do. Of the 241 elements listed above, 42 (17.43%) are unrecorded.

128

P ERSONAL-NAMES i n t he P LACE-NAMES A SSOCIATED W ITH S ITES o f t he F IFTH & S IXTH C ENTURIES.

O f t he

1 41 p ersonal -n ames

l isted b elow ,

6 6

( 46 .8%) a re a ssumed t o h ave

e xisted f rom t heir a pparent o ccurrence i n p lace -n ames a nd m any o f t hem a re r easonable a ssumptions l anguages . t o

A f ew ,

r egard

i n t hat

h owever ,

t hey h ave c ognates i n C ontinental G ermanic

a re u nconvincing a nd i t m ay b e m ore r easonable

t hem a s i nexplicable o r ,

r arely ,

a s l ost c ommon e lements .

T he

l arge p roportion o f t hese p ersonal -n ames t hat a re n ot r ecorded i n d ocuments , a part f rom t heir a pparent u se i n p lace -n ames , m ay w ell b e r egarded a s a n i ndication o f t he a ntiquity o f t hose p lace - n ames , a re t he r esult

o f i nformed g uessing .

p ersonal -n ames

a re

c ombined

w ith

I ndeed ,

e lements

e ven t hough s ome o f

t hem

t he g reat m ajority o f t hese

t hat

o n

o ther

g rounds

m ay

b e

c onsidered a s h aving c ome i nto u se d uring t he e arlier p hases o f t he E nglish s ettlement; a nd s ome o f t he r ecorded p ersonal-names t hat w ere i n e arly u se n o d oubt s urvived t he c hanges i n p ersonal n omenclature t hat o ccurred i n f ollowing g enerations . I n g eneral , t hen , i t i s r easonable t o c onclude t hat t he o ccurrence o f a n u nrecorded p ersonal n ame ( or c ommon e lement f or t hat m atter) i n a p lace -n ame a ssociated w ith a n e arly a rchaeological s ite i s a n i ndication t hat

t he p lace - n ame was p robably c ontemporary w ith t he s ite

r ather t han t he r esult o f a l ater r enaming o f t he l ocality . T he n ames b elow m arked * a re n ot i ndependently r ecorded i n t he f orm c ited o r a re h ypothetical f orms .

A Ebba/AEbbe

( Abingdon

B rk) ,

* AEgel

( Aylesbury

B k ,

A ylesford

1 0 )

* AEgen/Eogen ( Eynsham •O x) , A Elfgyth ( Aveley E ss) , A Elfric ( Alfriston S x ) , * AEllen/AEllra/AElla ( Elstow B d) , A Etla ( Appleford E ss) , A Embre/Ambre ( Amesbury W ) , * Baerla/*Baerel ( Basing H a) ,

( Barling

B eada

( Beddington S y) ,

E ss) ,

B ar(a)

( Beddingham S x ,

B ecca

B eornfrith

( Barfreston K ) ,

K ) ,

( Bledlow

B k) ,

( Barrington

B eeding S x) ,

( Beckford Wo) ,

* Bera ( Barbury W ) , B eorhthelm * Bledda

* Angenmaer ( Angmering S x) .

* Blocca

B asa

* Beofor ( Beverington S x) ,

( Brighthampton O x , B (i)eda

C a) ,

B eadda/Beada

( Bedford B d) ,

( Blockley

G 1) ,

B righton S x) , * Biora ( Barham B ofa

( B s c

ombe

I OW), B ucca ( Buckingham B k), B yda ( Bidford W a). * Caega * Ceafa O x) ,

( Cainhoe E d) ,

C ana

( Chavenage G 1) ,

C icca

( ?Chigwell

( ?Clacton E ss) ,

E ss) ,

* Coll

? *Deorc

* Ceadela

( Chadlington O x) ,

( ?Kempston B d) , C eorl ( Charlbury

* Cissi/Cissa

( ?Coleshill B rk) ,

C uthraed ( Coulsdon S y) , ( Kempsford G 1),

( Canvey E ss) , * Cemmi

( Chichester

* Colla

S x) ,

C lacc

( Collingbourne W ) ,

C ynelaf/Cyneleofu ( Kelvedon E ss) ,

C ynemaer

* Cyssi ( Keston K ).

( Dorking S y) ,

D ucc ( Duxford C a) ,

D udeman ( Dumpton K ) , D una

( ?Dunstable B d), D unn/Dynne ( Dinton B k). E adhelm Wa) ,

( Emscote W a) ,

E arda

E adhere

( Yarnton O x ) ,

B d , ? Ickham K ) , E of ( Ellesborough B k).

( Arreton I OW) ,

* Ebbel

( Evesham Wo) ,

( Ebbesborne E sgar

1 29

E an(w)ulf W ) ,

E cca

( Alveston ( ?Egginton

( East G arston B rk) ,

E sla

* Fearr B d) ,

( ?Ferring S x) ,

F ecce

* Fer i a ( ?Feering E ss,

* Folca ( ?Folkestone ( Figheldean W ). * Cara

( Goring S x) ,

( Fetcham

S y) ,

? Ferring S x) ,

K ) ,

* Frithela

* Feolomaer

( Felmersham

* Filica ( ?Filkins O x) ,

( Frilford

G olda ( Goldington B d) ,

B rk) ,

G oldstan

* Fygla

( Goldstone K ) ,

* Grystel/*Gyrstel ( Gestingthorpe E ss). * Haesel(a) ( Haslingfield C a) , l i ana ( ?Hanwell Mx) , * Heafoc ( Hauxton C a) , H edde ( Hedsor B k) , H eregeard? ( Harrietsham K ) , H erela ( Harlton C a) ,

* I-l er(e)sa

( Hildersham C a) , ( Hollingbourne K ) ,

( ?Hersden K ) ,

H ild

( Ilsley B rk) ,

H occa ( ?Hockley E ss, H rethel ( Ringwould K ) .

I c(c)a ( ?Ickham K ),

O akington

* Hildric

C a) ,

* Hola

* Idmaer ( Idmiston W ).

L eofeca ( Lewknor O x). * Maersa

( Mersham K ) ,

* Mealla

M ilda ( Mildenhall W ) ,

( Mailing S x) ,

Mucca ( Mucking E ss) ,

* Menta Mul

( Mentmore B k) ,

( Moulsecoombe S x) ,

* Mumma ( Mumworth W ) , * Mundel ( Mongeham K ) . O c(c)a

( Ogbourne W ) ,

O fa

( Ovingdean S x) ,

( Osney

O x ,

K ) ,

* Ot(t)a

O zengell

O ff a

( Offchurch Wa) ,

( Oddington G l ,

O tford K ) ,

O sa

* Orped

( Orpington K ). * Paecci ( Patching S x) , * Paecga ( Pagham S x) , * Paega ( Pangbourne B rk) , B k) ,

* Pecc(e)a P iper(a)

( Patcham

S x) ,

( Peppering

* Pefa

S x) ,

( Pewsey

W ) ,

P od(d)a/Pud(d)a

P icel

( Pitstone

( Podington B d) ,

* Possel ( Postling K ), P uda/Pudela ( Puddlehill B d). * Raeda

( Ratton

S x) ,

* Reada

* Rota ( Rottingdean S x), * Salse

* Regna

S idu ( ?Sittingbourne K ) ,

( ?Stevenage

( Rainham E ss) ,

* Rum ( Romsey H a).

* Snodd ( Snodland K ,

* Stitha

B rk) ,

( Sawston C a) , S cira ( Sherrington S x) ,

( Shillington B d) , S x) ,

( Reading

S nodsbury Wo) ,

H rt) ,

* Sunna

* Scytla/*Scyttel

S igehelm

( Selmeston

* Speol ( Spelsbury O x) ,

( Sonning

B rk) ,

Swithbeorht

( Sibertswold K ). * Teorra

( Tarring N eville

( Tidwoldington E ss) ,

T il(1)a

S x) ,

T ica

( ?Tickford B k) ,

( Tilbury E ss) ,

T rump

T idweald

( Trumpington

C a), T uda ( Toddington B d). U fa ( Oving B k), U ffa ( Uffington B rk , U fton N ervet B rk). W acor/Waecer

( Wakering E ss) ,

W aerburh f em .

( Warbleton S x) ,

W ealh

( Wallingford B rk) , Weohthun ( Wing B k) , W idia ( Withington G 1) , * Wifel ( Wilcote O x , W illesborough K , W ilsford W ) , W iga ( Wingham K , W inton S x) , W ilburg f em . ( Wilbraham C a) , W inter ( Winterslow 1 4 ) , W itta ( Witney O x , L ong W ittenham B rk) , elanc/*Wlenca ( Lancing S x),

* Wrota ( Wrotham K ).

1 30

A BBREVIATIONS & S ELECT B IBLIOGRAPHY. A ASE

D .M .

W ilson

( ed .) T he A rchaeology o f A nglo -S axon E ngland ,

1 976. A berg , N .

T he A nglo -S axons i n E ngland ,

A ddyman , P .

' The A nglo-Saxon H ouse :

A ddyman ,

P .et a l .

1 926.

a n ew r eview ,' A SE

' A nglo -S axon h ouses a t C halton ,

I ,

2 73-307 .

H ampshire ,' MA X VI ,

1 3-

3 1. A ddyman ,

P . e t a l .

' The A nglo -S axon v illage a t C halton ,

H ampshire ,' MA X VII ,

1 -25. A kerman ,

J .

' An

a ccount

o f

e xcavations

i n

b urial - g round a t H arnham H ill , X XXV , 2 59-78 . A kerman ,

J .

Anglo - S axon X XXVII ,

A kerman , J .

' R eport

r emains

A ldsworth , F .

o n f urther r esearches

A rthur's B ritain ,

A rch .

K emble,' ( Glos .) ,

A rch .

i n a n A nglo -S axon b urial-

B erkshire ,' A rch .

X XXIX ,

1 35 -

1 971.

' Droxford Anglo - S axon c emetery , S oberton , H ampshire;' P roc . H ants .

F .C .

XXX ,

9 3182 ,

1 979 .

A nderson , 0 .S.

T he E nglish H undred -N ames, L und ,

A NL

A rchaeological N ews L etter ,

A ntiq.

A ntiquity,

A pplebaum , S .

e arly A nglo - S axon

13-21 .

g round a t L ong W ittenham , 4 2. A lcock , L .

a t

a n

n ear S alisbury . '

1 934 ,

1 939.

1 948-1965.

1 927f.

' Roman B ritain' i n F inberg 1 972, 5 -267.

A nt. J .

A ntiquaries J ournal,

1 921f.

A rch.

A rchaeologia ,

A rch. B ib.

A rchaeological B ibliography

1 804f. f or G t . B ritain & I reland .

C ouncil f or B ritish A rchaeology , A rch. C ant.

A rchaeologia C antiana,

A rch. E xc.

A rchaeological E xcavations,

A rch. J .

A rchaeological J ournal,

1 31

1 940f .

1 858f. 1 961f ( HMSO).

1 844f.

A rthur , B &J ope,

' E arly S axon p ottery k ilns a t P urwell F arm , E .M . O xfordshire ,' M A V I-VII , 1 12 .

A S &J

A ngles, S axons & J utes, e d. V .I. E vison ,

A SC

T wo S axon C hronicles P arallel , 1 892 & 1 899.

A SE

A nglo -S axon E ngland ,

A sser

A sser ts L ife o f K ing A lfred ,

C assington ,

1 981.

e d . C . P lummer & J . E arle ,

1 972f. e d .

W .H .

S tevenson ,

e d .

o f

1 959 . A tkinson ,

D .

T he R omano -B ritish S ite o n L owbury H ill , B erkshire ,

A tlas .

D . H ill ,

A ustin W . & B agshawe , T .

' A S axon c emetery a t L uton , B edfordshire ,' A nt . J . V I, 1 84-90 ; V III , 1 77-92 .

B akka,

' Scandinavian - t ype

E .

A n A tlas o f A nglo -S axon E ngland ,

1 916 .

g old

c ontinental g rave-finds ' , A S

b racteates &J ,

1 981 .

i n

K entish

&

1-38 .

B AR

B ritish A rchaeological R eports ,

1 974f.

B AR 6

T . R owley e d., A nglo -S axon S ettlement & L andscape , 1 974.

B AR 7

M .J .

S wanton , A C orpus o f P agan A nglo -S axon S pear -T ypes ,

1 974. B AR 1 5

W .

R odwell

B ritian ,

& T .

R owley

( eX 15 .4),

T he S mall -T owns o f R oman

1 975.

B AR 2 2

D . L angley , T he A nglo -S axon C onnection ,

B AR 3 7

L l. L aing ( ed.), S tudies I n C eltic S urvial , 1 977.

B AR 4 8

H . B owen & P . F owler ( eds.) , E arly L and A llotment, 1 978 .

B AR 7 1

P . C asey ( ed.), T he E nd o f R oman B ritain , 1 979 .

B AR 7 2

B AR 8 2

S .C .

H awkes

e t

a l .

( eds .) ,

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A nglo - S axon S tudies i n

A rchaeology & H istory , I ,

1 979 .

P .

A nglo - S axon C emeteries 1 979 ,

R ahtz

e t a l .

( eds .) ,

1 980 . B AR 9 2

D .

B rown

e t

a l.

( eds.) ,

Anglo - S axon S tudies

i n

A rchaeology & H istory 2 , 1 981. B AR 12 ( i &i i) E . B arker

M .G. W elch , E arly A nglo -S axon S ussex , ' Sussex

A nglo-Saxon

I Y MVII,

12163; L XXXVIII, 5 1113.

1 32

1 983.

C harters ,' S xAC

L XXXVI,

4 2-101;

B artholomew , J . B arton, K .J.

T he S urvey G azetteer o f t he B ritish I sles,

9 th e d.,

1 943.

' Settlement o f t he . p agan S axon p eriod a t L inford , E ssex ,' T rans. E ss. A rch. S oc., 3 rd s er., I , 5 7104.

B B

G . B aldwin B rown , I V ,

B d

T he A rts i n E arly E ngland ,

v ols .

I II

&

1 915.

B edfordshire.

B eck , R .T.

' Am u nrecorded

S axon c emetery a t T hurnham , K ent ,' A nt .

J . X X , 3 80-2. B ede

O pera H istorica, e d. C . P lummer ,

2v ols.

1 896.

B ell 1 977

M . B ell,

' Excavations a t B ishopstone,' S xAC C XV.

B ell 1 978

M . B ell,

' Saxon s ettlements & b uildings i n S ussex ,' i n

B randon 1 978, 3 6-53. B eresford, M &

D eserted M edieval V illages,

1 971.

H urst, J .G. B erks

A .J.

B idder, H .

B erkshire A rchaeological J ournal, &

' The A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t M itcham ,

M orris, J .

5 1-131.

B k

B uckinghamshire.

B lake, B .

1 931f. S urrey ,' S yAC L VI ,

' A n A nglo-Saxon s ite a t H ill F arm , B ulmer T ye , E ssex ,' MA I II, 2 82-5.

B MG

R .A . Smith, B ritish A ntiquities, 1 923.

B MQ

B ritish M useum Q uarterly.

B onney , D .j.

' Pagan S axon b urials

Museum

Guide

t o Anglo-Saxon

&b oundaries . i n W iltshire ,' W AN L XI ,

2 5-30. B onney, D .J.

' Early

b oundaries

& e states

i n

S outhern E ngland ' i n

S awyer 1 979, 4 1-51. B onney, D .J.

' The P agan S axon P eriod, c .500 - c .700 ' i n V CH W ilts I , i i, 4 68-844.

B oon ,

1 959

G .C .

B oon ,

' T he l atest

o bjects

f rom S ilchester ,' MA I II ,

7 9-88. B oon 1 974

G .C. B oon , S ilchester, T he R oman T own o f C alleva.

B owen , H .C.

A ncient F ields,

1 961.

B radford, J .S &

' Excavations

S ilchester ,

G oodchild, R .C.

5 4-70.

a t

1 33

B erkshire ,

1 937-8 ,' O xon

I V ,

B randon 1 978

P . B randon ( ed.), T he S outh S axons.

B rk

B erkshire.

B rookes, C .E.

&

B ritish F loods & D roughts,

1 928.

G lasspole, J . B rown , D .

' Problems o f c ontinuity' i n R owley 1 974,

B rown , P .D.C.

' S axon & M edieval W alton , R ec. B ucks. X X ,

B T

A ylesbury :

1 6-19.

E xcavations 1 973-4 , '

1 91f.

A n A nglo-Saxon D ictionary e d .

J .

B osworth

& T .N .

T oller ,

1 898. B TS

A n A nglo-Saxon D ictionary :

S upplement ,

e d . T .N . T oller ,

1 898. B ull,

F .W .

' Anglo-Saxon

inhumations

B uckinghamshire' , B ushe-Fox , J .P.

A nt. J . V .,

a t

T ickford

Abbey,

2 89 .

F ourth R eport o n t he E xcavations o f t he R oman F ort a t R ichborough , K ent,

1 949.

B uxton , L .H.D.

' Excavations a t F rilford , B erkshire,' A nt. J . I , 8 7-97.

C .A .

C urrent A rchaeology.

C a

C ambridgeshire.

C ameron , K .

T he P lace-Names o f D erbyshire,

1 959 .

E PNS v ols X XVI-

X XIX . C ameron , K . C ameron, K .

E nglish P lace-Names, ' Eccles

i n

i n B ritain

1 961.

English 3 00-700 ,

p lace-names'

e d .

M .W . B arley

i n

Christianity

& R .P .

H anson ,

1 968 ,

8 7-92. C ameron , K .

' The

Meaning

& S ignificance

o f

E nglish P lace-Names,' J ournal 1 2,

O ld

C eloria F .S.

' The P agan S axon P eriod' i n V CH M x I ,

c ent.

c entury.

C hatwin , P .B.

E nglish w alh i n

1 -53. 1 939,

' A nglo-Saxon f inds a t W arwick ' ( Emscote) ,

7 4-9.

A nt . J . V ,

2 68-

7 2. C lapham , J &

hn f .a .

E .

C lay , R .C.

( eds)

T he C ambridge E conomic H istory o f E urope: V ol. I : T he A grarian L ife o f t he M iddle A ges,

T he B road C halke c emetery , W iltshire . X LVI,

C lay , R .C.

1 942.

T he E bbesbourne W ake b urial , X LVI,

W AN X LIII , 9 4-101;

1 53.

1 68.

1 34

W iltshire .

W AN X LIII ,

1 01;

C ollins, A .E.

' Excavations

o n B lewburton H ill,

B erkshire ,' B erks , A J

L III, 2 1-64. C ook , J .M .

' An A nglo-Saxon

c emetery

a t

B roadway

- W orcestershire ,'

A nt. J . X XXVIII, 5 4-84. C opley 1 954

T he C onquest o f W essex i n t he S ixth C entury.

C opley 1 958

A n A rchaeology o f S outh-East E ngland: A S tudy i n C ontinuity

C opley 1 963

N ames &Places.

C opley 1 968

E nglish P lace-Names & T heir O rigins.

C opley 1 977

e d.

C opley 1 977

e d . C amden's B rittannia: S urrey & S ussex.

C otton ,

' S axon d iscoveries a t F etcham , 5 1.

A .R .

C ouchman , J .E. C ox , B .H .

C amden's B ritannia: K ent.

S urrey ,' A nt . J . X III,

' A R oman c emetery a t H assocks,' ' T he

p lace-names

o f

4 8-

S xAC, L VI, 6 1.

t he e arliest

E nglish r ecords ,' J our .

8 , 1 2-66. C rawford, O .G.S.

' West

S axon g raves a t A ston ,

B erkshire,' A nt. J . X II,

4 45. C rawford , O .G.S.

T he A ndover D istrict,

1 922.

C rummy , P .

C olchester: R ecent E xcavations & R esearch ,

C unliffe, B .

. ' The S axon & M edieval S ettlement P attern i n t he r egion o f C halton, H ampshire,' M A X VI,

1 974.

1 -12.

C unliffe, B .

T he R egni,

1 973.

C unliffe, B .

E xcavations a t P orchester C astle, V ol. I I: S axon, W AM X LVI,

1 975.

C unnington , M .E.

' Wiltshire i n P agan S axon T imes,'

1 47-75.

C unnington , M .E.

T he F oxhill, W anborough , c emetery. W AM X LIX , 5 42-3. D evon.

D AB

H arden , D .B.

( ed.), D ark A ge B ritain,

D B

D omesday B ook, 2 0:

D B

D omesday B ook , 5 :

D B

D omesday B ook ,

D B

D omesday B ook , 4 :

B edfordshire ,

1 956.

e d. J . M orris,

B erkshire, e d. P . M organ ,

1 3 :

B uckinghamshire ,

1 979.

e d . J . M orris ,

H ampshire, e d. J . M unby ,

1 35

1 977.

1 982.

1 978 .

D B

D omesday B ook , 1 2 :

D B

D omesday B ook ,

D B

D omesday B ook , 1:

M iddlesex , e d. J . M orris ,

D B

D omesday B ook , 1 4:

O xfordshire, e d. J . M orris , 1 975.

D B

D omesday B ook , 3 : S urrey , e d. J . M orris ,

D B

D omesday B ook , 2 :

S ussex , e d. J . M orris,

D B

D omesday B ook , 6 :

W iltshire , e d. C . &F. T horn ,

D B,

( Little)

1 :

H ertfordshire, e d. J . M orris, K ent , e d. P . M organ ,

D omesday B ook , 3 2:

D ale, W .

1 976.

1 983.

E ssex , e d. A . R umble,

1 978.

1 975. 1 976. 1 979.

1 983.

. - a n A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t D roxford , H ampshire,' P SA 2 nd s er. X IX ,

1 25-9.

D arby , H .C.

( ed.)

A n H istorical G eography o f E ngland b efore 1 800 , 1 951.

D arby , H .C.

( ed.)

AN ew H istorical G eography o f E ngland b efore 1 600 ,

D arby , H .C.

D omesday-England,

D arling ton , R .R .

' Anglo-Saxon W iltshire ,' V CH I I,

1 977.

The A nglo-Saxon b urial K ent,' M A X I, 1 -41.

D erolez, R .

' Cross-Channel T ies,' A SE 3 , 1 -14. &

C hampion T .C. D ickinson , T .M .

a t

1 -34.

D avidson , H .R . &Webster , L .

D evenish D .C.

1 976.

C oombe

( Woodnesborough) ,

' A s ixth-century g rave a t M eonstoke,' P .Ha .F .C . X XXIV , 3 7-42. ' E xcavations a t

S tandlake D own i n

1 954 :

t he A nglo-Saxon

g raves,' O xon. X XXVIII, 2 39-57. D ickinson, T .M .

' O n t he o rigin & c hronology o f t he e arly A nglo-Saxon d isc b rooch ,'

D itchfield , P .H .

B AR 7 2, 3 9-80.

' A n A nglo-Saxon b urial a t L ockinge ,

B erkshire , ' P SA 2 nd .

s er. X IV , 1 03. D M

D omesday M onachorum o f C hristchurch C anterbury e d . D .C . D ouglas,

D odgpon , J .M .

' T he

1 944 & V CH I II,

s ignificance o f

n ames i n ingas ,

1 932 , 2 53-69.

t he d istribution o f E nglish p lace-

inga- i n s outh-east E ngland ,' M A X ,

1 -

2 9. D odgpon , J .M .

P lace-names f rom h am d istinguished f rom h amm n ames i n r elation t o t he s ettlement o f K ent , S urrey & S ussex , ' A SE 2 ,

D odgpon , J .M .

1 -50 .

P lace-names

i n S ussex :

B randon 1 978 , 5 4-88.

1 36

t he M aterial f or a N ew L ook ' i n

D onovan , H .E.

&

.

S axon

b urial

a t

F oxcote,

D unning , G .C.

G loucestershire ,' ( Withington) . A rch. S oc. L VIII, 1 57-70.

D unning ,

' A S axon c emetery a t Ewell ,

G .C.

X III , D unning , G .C.

&

' Soldiers

& S ettlers

c entury ,' M A V ,

D unnett, R .

T he T rinovantes,

E vison , V .I.

&

B ristol

S urrey ,' A nt .

J .

& G loucs .

X II ,

4 42-3;

t o

f ifth

3 02 .

H awkes, S .C.

E agles, B .N.

Andoversford,

T rans .

' Excavations

i n

B ritain ,

f ourth

1 -70. 1 975.

o f

A nglo-Saxon

B edfordshire,' B eds. A .J. V ,

s ites

• • •

a t

H arrold,

1 7-55.

e d.

e dited b y/edition.

E HD

D . W hitelock ( ed .) E nglish H istorical D ocuments c .5001 042, 1 955.

E HR

E nglish H istorical R eview ,

E kwall, E .

E nglish P lace-Names i n ing ,

E kwall, E .

1 886f. 1 923.

' The C eltic E lement' i n I ntroduction t o t he S urvey o f E nglish P lace-Names ,

P t .

I ,

1 933 ,

1 5-35 .

E llis, H .

AG eneral I ntroduction t o D omesday B ook , e d.

E PND

E . E kwall , T he C oncise O xford D ictionary o f E nglish P lace N ames, 4 th e d., 1 960.

E PNE

A .H . S mith ,

E nglish P lace-Name E lements ,

P ts

1 971.

1 & 2 ,

1 956 .

E PNS v ols X XV & X XVI. E PNS

E nglish P lace-Name S ociety/Survey ,

E RN.

E . E kwall, E nglish R iver-Names,

E ss

E ssex .

E vans, J .G .

T he E nvironment o f E arly M an i n t he B ritish I sles,

E vison 1 955

1 923f.

1 928.

' E arly A nglo-Saxon i nlaid m etalwork ' ,

1 975.

A nt . J . X XXV ,

2 0f .

&

X XXVIII, 2 40-4. E vison , V .I.

' A n A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t H olborough ,

K ent ,' A rch .

C ant .

L XX , 8 4-141. E vison , V .I. E vison 1 965

' Sugar-loaf s hield-bosses,' A nt. J . X LIII, 3 8-96. V .I. Evison ,

T he F ifth-Century I nvasions S outh ' o f t he

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' Quoit-brooch s tyle b uckles,' A nt. J . X LVIII,

1 37

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E vison ,

1 978

' E arly A nglo-Saxon a pplied d isc-brooches ,' A nt . 8 8f .,

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I ,

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R oman C anterbury , t he C ity o f D urovernum , 4 th e d. . , 1 965. S .

F rere ,

C XIX , F rere 1 966

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F rere 1 967

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G armonsway , G .N .

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G elling 1 970

M .

G elling e t a l"

1 953 ,

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G elling 1 976

M . G elling , T he P lace-names o f B erkshire.

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M . G elling , S ignposts t o t he P ast.

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M . G elling , T he E arly C harters o f t he T hames V alley .

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e xcavation

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o f

a n

e arly A nglo-Saxon

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C ollingbourne D ucis,' W AM L XX-LXXI, 6 1-98. G 1

G loucestershire.

C over

J .E.B. C over , H ampshire P lace-Names,

G raham D . & M ille n, M .

R oman N eatham ,

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T he E nglish f ield s ystems,

G riffith , A .F. S alzmann , L .F. G riffith , F .L1.

&

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1 980.

1 915.

' A n A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t 1 6-53; L VII,

1 961

A lfriston ,

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S xAC

L VI ,

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S urrey ,' PSA 2 nd s er .

X V , 3 28. G rinsell, L .V .

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G azetteer '

i n V CH W iltshire I ,

1 957 ,

2 1-

1 33. G rinsell, L .V .

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H a

H ampshire.

H arden , D .B.

' G lass V essels i n B ritain 1 32-67.

H arden , D .B.

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H arden , D .B.

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C XXVIII, 7 8117.

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d evelopments ,' M A

H arden , D .B.

X XII , H arden D .B.

&

.

G lass

• •

&I reland ,

: some

2 42-4.

a .d .4001000 ' i n D AB ,

r ecent

1 -24 .

( Stanton H arcourt

b urials)"

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X ,

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2 ).

H art 1 971

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1 -14.

4 1

( v . 1 1 31 .1

1 61-

H awkes, C .F.C.

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C hase,' A rch. J . C IV , 2 7-81. H awkes, C .F.C. H awkes, S .C. &

' The J utes o f K ent,' i n D AB , 9 1 111. ' Soldiers C entury , '

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i n

G .C .

B ritain ,

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' The

A nglo-Saxon

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a

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H inton 1 981

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H rt

H ertfordshire.

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a l.

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I .O.W .

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J ackson

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T hanet) ,

a t

B idford-on-Avon,

1 956.

P SA 2 nd s er . X XIII ,

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B uzzard ,

1 953.

' The A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t W estbere, K ent,' A nt. J . X XVI,

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A nglo-Saxon J ewellery ,

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J ohnson , S .

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1 40

1 950; r ev . e d. 1 974. 1 964.

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J ones, G .R .J.

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3 4. J ones , M .U .

S axon

M ucking

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2 1-

3 7. J ones , M .U. & J ones, W .T .

' A n e arly S axon l andscape a t M ucking , E ssex ' i n B AR 6 , 2 03 5.

J ones, M .U.

' Mucking , T hurrock , E ssex ,' M A X VIII,

&

1 75.

J ones, W .T . J ope ,

E .M .

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& S axon

f inds

A nt. J . X XXI, J our.

f rom F elmersham ,

B edfordshire,'

1 75.

T he J ournal o f t he E nglish P lace-Name S ociety ,

1 968f.

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K endrick , T .D . W ales 1 914-31,

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A nglo-Saxon A rt t o A .D .900 ,

K ennett , D .H .

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& o ther f inds

C .F .C"

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c remation

1 957.

1 967.

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V alley i n p agan t imes,' i n D AB,

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M arshall, K .

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S nell's

H orndean , H ampshire,' P roc. H ants. F .C. X IX ,

4 ,

C orner ,

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H . K ökeritz, T he P lace-names o f t he I sle o f W ight,

K PN

J . K . W allenberg , K entish P lace-Names,

L ambert, H .

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1 41

3 7-59 .

1 931.

1 940.

L eeds 1 912

' The d istribution o f t he A nglo-Saxon s aucer-brooch i n r elation t o t he B attle o f B edford A .D .571 ,' Arch . L XIII , 1 59-202.

L eeds 1 913

T he A rchaeology o f t he A nglo-Saxon S ettlements.

L eeds, E .T.

' A n A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t W heatley , 2 nd s er. X XIX , 4 8-63.

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' A S axon v illage L XXIII,

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S utton

O xfordshire,' P SA

C ourtenay ,

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' The W est

S axon i nvasion

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I cknield

W ay , ' H istory X ,

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' T he e arly S axon p enetration o f A nt . J . X III, 2 29-51.

L eeds 1 936

E arly A nglo-Saxon A rt & A rchaeology .

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t he U pper T hames a rea , '

V i l a A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t W allingford ,

B erkshire,'

B erks . A .J . X LII, 2 8 , 9 3-101. ' Anglo-Saxon R emains,' V CH O x , V ol. I , 3 46-67 ,

L eeds, E .T . L eeds, E .T.

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' Two S axon c emeteries i n N orth O xfordshire ,' O xon .

I V ,

2 1-

3 0. L eeds 1 945

' The d istribution o f t he A ngles & S axons a rchaeologically c onsidered,' A rch .

1 106 .

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L eeds, E .T.

A C orpus o f e arly A nglo-Saxon g reat s quare-headed

L eeds 1 949 L eeds, E .T .

X CI ,

&

T he A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t A bingdon , B erkshire ,

b rooches . 1 936.

H arden , D .B. L eeds, E .T.

&

' Two e arly S axon c emeteries a t C assington , R iley ,

L eeds, E .T.

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O xfordshire ,'

6 1-70 .

A n A nglo-Saxon C emetery a t P etersfinger , n ear S alisbury , W iltshire, 1 953.

S hort, H . L eeds, E .T.

M . O xon . V II ,

&

( The S utton C ourtenay b urials), O xon V III/IX , 2 00-2.

A tkinson , R .J.C. L ennard , R .

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L ethbridge , T .C.

' Anglo-Saxon R emains' i n V CH C a I ,

L on. A rch. L owther, A .W .G.

1 938 , 3 0517.

T he L ondon A rchaeologist, 1 968f. ' The S axon c emetery a t G uildown , X XXIX ,

1 -50.

1 42

G uildford ,

S urrey ,' S yAC

L owther, A .W.G.

' Excavations a t E well,' S yAC X LIII,

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M A

M edieval A rchaeology ,

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M aitland , F .W .

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1 6-35. W otton

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P uddlehill ,

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A .L"

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B asingstoke,

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I ,

1 977;

P t

I I ,

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V ols L II, L III. ' The E ast S hefford c emetery ,

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( & X XIX ,

B erkshire,' P SA 2 nd s er .

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J . M orris,

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' Anglo-Saxon S urrey', S yAC L VI,

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T heale,'

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t he

N ewbury

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' Romano-Saxon p ottery ,' i n D AB,

M yres, J .N.L.

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M yres, J .N.L.

' Anglo-Saxon p ottery f rom M ucking ,' A nt. J . X LIII, 2 22-8.

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S tevenson, W .H.

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' The

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O SDA

Map o f B ritain i n t he D ark Ages , e d . 1 966 .

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M ap o f L and C lassification, O rdnance S urvey ,

O SRB

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O x

O xfordshire.

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1 931.

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P N B d

A . M awer & F .M . S tenton , &H untingdonshire, 1 926.

P N B k

A . M awer & F .M . S tenton , T he P lace-Names o f s hire, 1 925. E PNS v ol. I I.

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P SA

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T he P lace-Names o f B erkshire , P ts I -III ,

E PNS v ols X LIX-LI.

P .H . R eaney ,

T he P lace-Names o f C ambridgeshire

I sle o f E ly ,

1 943 ,

A .D .

M ills ,

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E PNS v ol .

&t he

X IX .

T he P lace-Names o f D orset ,

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I &I I ,

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P N i n ing

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P N M x

J .E .B .

C over

e t

a l"

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1 923.

T he P lace-Names o f M iddlesex ,

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M . G elling ,

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E PNS

v ols X XIII & X XIV. P N S x

A . Mawer 1 929-30.

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E PNS v ols V I &V II.

1 45

P N S y

PG M awer & F .M . S tenton , T he P lace-Names o f S urrey , E PNS v ol. X I.

1 934 .

P N W

J .E .B . C over , e t E PNS v ol. X VI.

1 939 .

P N W a

A . M awer & F .M . S tenton , T he P lace-Names o f W arwickshire , 1 936.

P N W o

A .

a l ,

T he P lace-Names o f W iltshire ,

E PNS v ol. X III. Ma wer

&

F .M.

N ames o f W orcestershire, P ollitt,

W .

Stenton, 1 927.

The

Place-

E PNS v ol. I V.

' Anglo-Saxon r emains i n S outh-East E ssex ,' A nt. J . X , 3 86-8.

P ollitt, W .

' F urther A nglo-Saxon r emains f rom E ssex ,' A nt . J . X I ,

6 1-

2 ; 2 84-5. P roc. H ants. F .C.

P roceedings o f t he H ampshire F ield C lub & A rchaeological S ociety. 1 887f.

P SA

P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries.

r (n)

r iver ( -name).

R adford,

C .A .R .

' The

S axon h ouse :

a r eview & s ome p arallels ,' MA I ,

2 7-

3 8. A .L.F.

R &S

Rivet

&

N ames o f R oman B ritain , ' A G azetteer

R ahtz, P .

o f

i n W ilson 1 976 , R CHM D o I ,

1 952 ,

C .

Smith,

The

Place-

1 979.

A nglo-Saxon

d omestic

s ettlement

s ites ,'

( 23-48), 4 05-52.

S axon b urials o n H ardown H ill, W hitchurch , C anonicorum .

2 65b. " T he

R ead, C .H .

c emetery

a t

H igh

D own ,

S ussex ,' A rch .

L IV ,

3 69-82;

L V, 2 03-14. r ec

r ecorded.

R ec. B ucks

R ecords o f B uckinghamshire,

R ivet, A .L.F.

T own & C ountry i n R oman B ritain, 2 nd e d.,

R oach-Smith , C .

1 854f. 1 964.

( Cemeteries a t B arham & G uilton , K ent) , A rch . X XX , 4 7f; 1 32.

R oach-Smith , C .

( The

c emetery a t S towting ,

K ent) ,

A rch . X XXI ,

3 98f; X LI ,

4 09f. R obertson , A .J. R od vll, K .

&W .

A nglo-Saxon C harters,

1 939.

' Excavations a t R ivenhall c hurch , 2 19-31.

1 46

E ssex ,' A nt.

J .

L III,

R odwell, W .

S outh-East E ssex i n t he R oman P eriod,

R odwell, W .

1 971.

' Trinovantian t owns & t heir s etting ,' B AR 1 5, 8 5101.

R olleston , G .

' The c emetery a t F rilford, B erkshire,' A rch . X LII, 4 174 2; X LV, 4 05f.

R owley , T .

( ed.)

S alisbury , F .S.

A nglo-Saxon S ettlement & L andscape, B AR 6 , ' The

R ichborough

c oins

& t he

e nd

1 974. o f

t he

R oman

o ccupation,' A nt. J . V II, 2 68-81. S alway , P .

R oman B ritain ,

1 981 .

T he O xford H istory o f E ngland ,

V ol .

I a. P .H .

S awyer ,

B ibliography , S awyer, P .H.

A nglo-Saxon C harters: A n A nnotated L ist & 1 968.

' Anglo-Saxon s ettlement : 6 ,

t he d ocumentary e vidence ,' B AR

1 08-19.

S awyer 1 978

' from R oman B ritain t o N orman E ngland.

S awyer 1 979

( ed.) E nglish M edieval S ettlement.

S helton , H .

&

C ollecteana L ondiniensia,

1 978.

S haaf, L . S mith , R .A .

' A nglo-Saxon R emains ' i n V CH I W o , E ss , 1 903; B d &W a , K , 1 908 .

1 904; B k &S x ,

( Cemeteries a t K ing 's 2 nd s er. X XV , 1 84-5.

S mith , R .A .

( The J utish c emetery a t H owletts , K ) , P SA 2 nd s er . X XX , 1 02-9; A nt . J . I V, 2 76-7; BMQ X , 1 31-2; X I, 5 1-2; BMG ,

S mith , R .A.

H rt

1 902; 1 906;

S mith , R .A .

5 3-4; V CH I ,

W alden ,

1 901; H rt & S y , 1 905; B rk & S om ,

&T oddington ,

B d) P SA

1 5.

Saxon d iscoveries

a t F etcham ,

S urrey ,' A nt . J . X III ,

4 8-

5 1. S mith , R .A .

( rhe c emetery a t N ewport P agnell , B k) B MQ X I ,

1 68; V CH I ,

2 04. S mith , W .G.

' A n A nglo-Saxon c emeterf a t L eagrave ,

B edfordshire ,' P SA

2 nd s er. X XI, 5 9-63. S tamp , L .D.

T he L and o f B ritain, I ts U se & M isuse,

S teers, J .A.

T he C oastline O f E ngland &Wales,

S tenton

F .M. S tenton , A nglo-Saxon E ngland,

S tenton ,

F .M.

1 948.

1 946. 1 943.

Personal N ames i n P lace-Names ,' E PNS v ol . 1 65-89.

1 47

I , P t .

I ,

1 933

S tenton, F .M . S tevens, C .E. S tevens, F .

S tevens, F .

T he L atin C harters o f t he A nglo-Saxon P eriod , ' Gildas S apiens,' E HR L VI, 3 53-73. ! A S axon b urial o n P erham D own , W AN X LIX , 14. ' The W ilton h anging

S tevens, J .

S axon A ssoc. L ,

S tone , J .F.S.

1 955.

b urial-place

W iltshire ' ( N . T idworth) ,

W AN X LVI, 4 41-4. n ear

R eading ,' J our .

B rit .

A rch .

1 50-7.

' S axon i nterments o n R oche C ourt D own ' ( Winterslow) ,

W AN

X LV , 5 68-82. S wanton 1 973

T he S pearheads o f t he A ng lo-Saxon S ettlements ,

R oy . A rch .

I nst. M onograph S wanton , M .J.

A C orpus o f P agan A nglo-Saxon S pear-Types, B AR 7 ,

T ansley , A .G.

T he B ritish I slands & T heir V egetation , r ev .ed.

T aylor 1 979

C . T aylor, R oads & T racks o f B ritain,

T ester, P .J.

' An A nglo-Saxon o ccupation s ite

1 974.

1 949.

1 979.

a t D artford ,' A rch .

C ant .

L XX , 2 56-9. T ester , P .J.

' An

A nglo-Saxon

c emetery

a t

O rpington ,' A rch .

C ant.

1 25-50 . T ester, P .J.

' Excavations L KKK EV ,

T ester , P .J.

a t

F ordcroft,

O rpington ,'

A rch .

C ant.

3 9-77 .

' Further n otes o n t he A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t O rpington ,' A rch. C ant. X CIII, 2 01-2.

T hompson , D .

' Bishopstone, E ast S ussex ,' M A X II,

1 61; X III, 2 40.

T oms, H .S.

' Some c remations n ear S addlescombe,' S xAC L VII, 2 20-1.

T RE

I n t he t ime o f K ing E dward t he C onfessor.

T RW

I n t he t ime o f K ing W illiam t he C onqueror.

V CH

V ictoria H istory o f t he C ounties o f E ngland,

W acher,

1 974

J . W acher, T he T owns o f R oman B ritain.

W acher ,

1 975

( ed.) T he C ivitas C apitals o f R oman B ritain.

1 900f.

W acher, J .

R oman B ritain ,

1 978.

W ainwright, F .T.

A rchaeology &Place-Names &History ,

W allace-Hadrill,

E arly G ermanic K ingship i n E ngland & o n t he C ontinent,

J .M .

1 971.

1 48

1 962.

W AM W arhurst, A . W elch , M .G.

W iltshire A rchaeological M agazine,

1 854f.

' The J utish c emetery a t L yminge ,' A rch . C ant. L XIX , ' Mitcham G rave

2 05

1 -40.

& t he c hronology o f a pplied b rooches

w ith f loriate-cross d ecoration ,' A nt. J . L V , 8 6-93. W elch , M .G .

W elch , M .G .

( Contribution o n t he P orchester f inds) , C unliffe 1 975 , 2 0514. l ietenau

i nhumation g rave

I I ,

1 96

& t he d ating o f

t he

A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t M itcham ,' M A X X , 1 34-6. W elch , M .G .

' Early A nglo-Saxon S ussex ' i n B randon 1 978 ,

W elch , M .G .

' The S axon c emeteries o f S ussex ' i n B AR 8 2, 2 55-83.

W elch 1 983 W ells, A .G.

1 3-35.

A nglo-Saxon S ussex , B AR 12. ' The W ingham V illa , K ent,' A ntiq. X VII, 2 10.

W heeler 1 935

R .E.M . W heeler , L ondon & t he S axons.

W himster , D .C.

T he A rchaeology o f S urrey ,

W ilcox , H .A .

T he W oodlands &Marshlands o f E ngland ,

W illiam-Freeman , J. P.

A n I ntroduction t o F ield A rchaeology a s I llustrated H ampshire, 1 915.

W ilson , A .E.

' R eport o n e xcavations L XXXI , 1 73-200.

W ilson , D .M .

T he A nglo-Saxons,

W ilson 1 976

D .M .

W ilson

1 931. 1 933.

o n H igh D own H ill ,

b y

S ussex , ' S xAC

1 960 .

( ed .) ,

T he Archaeology o f Anglo-Saxon

E ngland. W innall

A .

M eaney

& S .C .

H awkes ,

T wo A nglo-Saxon C emeteries a t

W innall , W inchester, H ampshire, A rch . M onograph , 4 . W itney

' Some a spects

&Linton , D .L .

E ngland ,' G eography X X ,

W ooldridge, S .W .

o f

t he

S axon s ettlement i n S outh-East 1 61-75.

' The A nglo-Saxon S ettlement' i n D arby 1 951, 8 8-132. ' T he l oam t errains o f S outh-East E ngland , ' A ntiq . L inton ,

W ylie, J .M .

S oc . f or M ed .

K .P. W itney , T he J utish F orest, 1 976.

W ooldridge, S .W .

W ooldridge, S .W .

1 970 .

D .L .

' T he A nglo-Saxon c emetery a t F airford , A rch .

X XXIV ,

V II ,

&

2 97-309 .

7 7-82 .

1 49

G loucestershire ,'

Z achrisson , R .E. Z achrisson, R .E.

R omans, K elts & S axons i n A ncient B ritain, U ppsala, ' The F rench E lement,' E PNS V ol. I , p t.

1 50

1 ,

1 927.

1 933 , 9 3114.

D r . n umber o f

M argaret

G elling 's

P lace-Names i n t he L andscape ,

1 984

t he p lace-names i n m y F ifth- a nd S ixth-Century l ists

e lements w ith a t opographical s ignificance . w hich h er s tudies r equire t o b e r econsidered .

i ncludes

a

w hich h ave

B elow a re l isted t he n ames I n t he f irst p lace r eference

s hould b e m ade t o h er G lossarial I ndex w hich i ncludes t he m eanings o f n ames . R eference t o p p. 2 55-6 w ill b e f ound t o b e h elpful. A shdown ( AEscesdun) B rk

H angleton S x

A nsty W B eddingham S x

H arrietsham K H arrold B d

B redon Us N orton) W o

H aslingfield C a

B rickhill B d

L eagrave B d

C ainhoe B d

L impsfield S y

C anvey E ss C arisbrooke I OW c lif ( Cleeve G l)

L ittlebourne K

C ookham B rk

R ingwould K

c umb D uxford C a

R ivenhall E ss ( Great) W altham E ss

E ynsham O x G roveley ( Barford) W

W asperton W a

L ockinge B rk P urton W

W inchendon B k

1 51