Archaeology and Clays 9781841711751, 9781407352909

Citation preview

Archaeology and Clays

Edited by Isabelle C. Drue

BAR International Series 942 2001

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 942 Archaeology and Clays © The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 2001 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841711751 paperback ISBN 9781407352909 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711751 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2001. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

BAR

PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

CONTENTS

I n t rodu c t ion

i l

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s I s abe l le C . D ruc

v i i

L i s to fC on t r ibu to r s

1

C hap te rO ne

E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L e rna : AT echno log ica lP a rad igm C h r i s t ine M . S h r ine ra nd H aydn H . Mu r ray

C hap te r Two

A na to l ian Me ta l l ic Wa r e : At h i rd M i l lenn ium BC C e ram ic P henomenon E l izabe th S .F r iedman

C hap te rT h ree

S pec t ro scop ic C ha rac te r iza t ion o fE t ru scan d epura ta a nd i mpa s to P o t te ry f r om t h eE xcava t ion a tP l an d iC iv i ta i nT a rqu in ia ( I ta ly ) : AC ompa r i son w i th L oca l C lay S i lv ia B run i ,C a r ia t i , F . , B agna sco G iann i G . , B ongh iJ ov ino M . , A r t io l i G . , a nd R u s so U .

2 7

C hap te rF ou r

P e t ro log ica l EDS C hem ica l S tudy i nT h in S ec t ion o fS ome E t ru sco -Co r in th ian C e ram ic s : AC on t r ibu t ion t ot h e i rA r chaeo log ica l K now ledg e G e ra rd B o s s ie re a nd D om in ique F r e re

3 9

C hap te rF ive

C lay sa nd E a r ly N eo l i th ic P o t te r s G u i lm ine E ygun

C hap te rS i x

G ra in D i s t r ibu t ion b y I mage A na ly s i so fT h in S ec t ion s i nS ome G au lo -Roman C ommon Wa r e , S t Ma r ce l ( I nd r e ) F rance I s abe l le B oucha in a nd B ruce V e lde

1 7

5 5

7 1

C hap t e rS even

C r i te r ia f o rE va lua t ing Mu l t ip le C omponen t s i nP o t te ry P a s te E l izabe th J .M ik sa

8 1

C hap t e rE igh t

S o i l S ou rce sf o rC e ram ic P roduc t ion i nt h eA nde s I s abe l le C .D ruc

9 5

C hap te rN ine

D eve lop ing T echno log ica lS ty le so fP e ten P o s tc la s s ic S l ipped P o t te ry L e s l ie C ec i l

1 07

C onc lu s ion s

B ruce V e lde

1 23

P la te s

6 5

i

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

1

A r cha eo logy a nd C lay s I NTRODUCT ION ARCHAEOLOGY AND CLAYS I s abe l le C .D r uc D epa r tmen to fA n th ropo logy ,U n ive r s i ty o fW i scon s in -Mad i son

f o rm o r s u r f a ce a ppea rance t o c l ay s a nd p a s t e s , e v en tua l ly l e ad ing t o i d en t if i ca t ion o f s o c ia l g roup s a nd p opu la t ion s ( Cec i l ) . T he a na ly s i s o ft h e c l ay s a nd n on p l a s t ic i n c lu s ion s a l so a low s e s t ima t ion o ff i r ing t empe ra tu r e s( B run ie ta l . ) , a s m e l t ing o rn ew m ine ra l s f o rm w hen c e r ta in t empe ra tu r e s a r e r e a ched . I n a dd i t ion , l a bo ra to ry e xpe r imen t s , a na ly s i s o f c ompa ra t ive m a t e r ia l a nd g eo log ica l s u rvey a r e u sua l ly c onduc ted t og r ound t h e i n t e rp r e ta t ion o fc e ram ic a na ly s i s ,a s e xemp l if i ed i nt h ec hap te r so ft h i sv o lume .

O ne o ft h e m a in p rob lem s f a c ing a r cha eo log i s t s i n t e r e s t ed i n c e ram ic p r ov enance a nd t e chno logy i st od e t e rm ine t h e t y pe a nd o r ig in o ft h em a t e r ia l sa nd r e sou r ce a r ea su sed b ya nc ien t p o t t e r s . H ow eve r , i n f o rma t ion o n r e g iona l c l ay v a r iab i l i ty a nd l o ca l p o t en t ia l f o r c e ram ic p rodu c t ion i su sua l ly s p a r se . G eo log i s t s a nd a r chaeo log i s t s h ave d if e r en t o b jec t ive s a nd w ay s o f l o ok ing a t al a nd scape , r o ck o r s o i l . F u r the rmo r e , g eo log ica l m ap s r a r e ly m en t ion n on indu s t r ia l c l ay d epo s i t s o r m a t e r ia l s o f i n te r e s t t o p o t t e r s a nd a r cha eo log i s t s . T he s ympo s ium f r om w h ich t h i s v o lume i si n sp i r ed w a s m ean tt o b r ing g eo log i s t s , c l ay m ine ra log i s t s a nd a r cha eo log i s t s t o ge the r ,t od i scu s st h e se i s sue s : T he s ympo s ium w a s h e ld d u r ing t h e 3 7 th a nnua l C lay M ine ra l s S o c ie ty m ee t ing , a t t h e Wa t e r T owe r C ampu s , L oyo la U n ive r s i ty i nC h icago , i nJ une 2 000 . T he i d ea w a st o g e ta sw ide ar a ng eo fa na ly se sa nd i n t e rp r e ta t ion sa sp o s s ib le c on ce rn ing c l ay s a nd c e ram ic s . H av ing t h e s ympo s ium h e ld d u r ing t h e C lay M ine ra l s S oc ie ty m ee t ing a lowed f o r t h e c l ay m ine ra log i s t st og e ti n t e re s t ed i nt h ep rob lem sp a r t icu la r t o a r cha eo log ica l m a t e r ia l s a nd a r cha eo -ce ram ic i s t s t o e xp lo r e t h e c l ay s i de o ft h e i rm a te r ia l . M ine ra l i d en t if i ca t ion a nd c ha rac t e r iza t ion , m a te r ia l s ou r c ing , r e g iona l s u rvey o f a va i lab le r e sou r ce s f o r p o t te r s , a nd e s t ima t ion o f f i r ing t empe ra tu r e s w e re a mong t h e m a in t o p ic s b r ough t u p . C on t ra ry t oa r chaeome t ry s ympo s ium sw he re t h e e mpha s i s i s o n t h e c ha r a c t e r iza t ion o fc e ram ic m a t e r ia l s u s ing p hy s ico c h em ica l t e chn ique s a nd b u lk a na ly se s ( i . e . I NAA a nd EDXRF , s e e t h e a bb r ev ia t ion l i s t a tt h e e nd o ft h e c hap t e r ) , t h e p r e s en t s ympo s ium f o cu sed o n t h e m a te r ia l i n i t s m ine ra log ica la s pec t ,b o th a tt h ep l a s t ic ( c lay )a nd n on p l a s t ic ( t empe r )p ha se st or e so lve a r cha eo log ica lp rob lem s . T he t e chn ique s u s ed i nt h e s t ud ie s p r e sen ted i nt h i s v o lume r a ng e f r om o p t ica l t o c hem ica l , w i th e mpha s i s o n p e t rog raphy , s p ec t ro scopy a nd x ray d i ff r a c t ion . T he se t e chn iqu e sa low o ne t oc ha ra c t e r iz et h ed if e ren tc omponen t s o rp ha se s i n ac e ram ic , t os t udy t h e i rm u tua l r e la t ion sh ip s o r i n f lu enc e u pon t h e p rope r t ie s o f t h e p a s t e , t h e i r g ene t ic o r ig in , o r e s t ima t ion o f f i r ing t empe r a tu r e s . I n g ene ra l , a v a r ie ty o fc omp lemen ta ry t e chn ique s a r e a pp l ied t oc o r r e la te t h e r e su l t s a nd s t r eng then d a ta i n te rp r e ta t ion . S u ch a na ly se s l e ad t o t h e d e te rm ina t ion o f p rovenance , u nde r s tand ing c e ram ic t e chno logy a nd t e chno log ica l c hange s , o r d i s t ingu i sh ing w a r et y pe s . S ev e ra lc hap t e r s i nt h i sv o lume a r e c oncer n ed w i th t h e q ue s t ion o f p r ovenance d i r ec t ly o r i n d i r ec t ly ( Sh r ine r a nd Mu r ray , B o s s ie r e a nd F r e r e , D ruc , M ik sa ) . C ha ra c te r iz ing t h e d if e r en t l o ca l p a s te t y pe s f r om a s i t e m ay p o in t t o t h e e x i s t ence o f d if e r en t p roduc t ion c en te r s , as h if t i n r e sou r ce l o ca t ion s , o r ac hange i n t h e t e chno logy ( Sh r ine r a nd Mu r ray ) . T echno logy a nd o rgan iz a t ion o fp roduc t ion a r e a l so i n ve s t iga t ed ( F r iedman , E ygun , V e lde a nd B ou cha in , D ruc ) . M ine ra l a nd c hem ica l c ha ra c t e r iza t ion c an l i nk c e ram ic t y po log ie s b a sed o n s t y le , 1 1

O ne a spec t w h ich i s n ece s sa ry t o s t r e s s i st h e c omp lex c ha ra c te r a nd v a r iab i l i ty o f t h e m a t e r ia l a r chaeo log i s t s a r e d ea l ing w i th . U n l ike i n du s t r ia l c e ram ic s , a r cha eo log ica l c e ram ic s a r e u sua l ly c ompo sed o fc l ay s t h a t c on ta in v a r iab le a moun t s o f i n c lu s ion s , n a tu ra l t empe r g r a in s , o rgan ic m a t e r ia l , a nd o t he r ' i mpu r i t ie s ' ( Ve lde a nd D ru c 1 999 ) . T h e se c l ay s , f i ne o r c oa r se , a r e u s ed a l one o r m ix ed w i th o t he r c l ay s , s o i l s , s and , c r u shed r o ck , b one , s h e l l , o r o t he r m a t e r ia l s . A ny i n t en t iona l a dd i t ion t ot h e c l ay b a se i sc a l led t empe r i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l l i t e ra tu r e , a nd o ne i mpo r tan t o b jec t ive i n c e ram ic s t ud ie s i st o d e te rm ine t h e d if e ren t c omponen t s u s ed b y t h e p o t t e r . E thnog raph ic s t ud ie s a nd p a s t ea na ly s i so f e ra ni d ea o ft h ew ide r a ng eo fm a t e r ia l st h a t a r e u s ed i n t r ad i t iona l p roduc t ion . When m ix ing s o i l s , g r ind ing s ou r ce m a te r ia l s ,o rw i thd raw ing t h ec oa r se rf r a c t ion o f as ed imen t b y l e v iga t ion o r o t he r m e thod s , t h e p o t te r 's o b jec t ive i st op roduce ac l ay b ody o rp a s t et h a t , w hen w a t e r i sa dded ,w i l lh av et h ec o r r ec tw o rk ing p l a s t ic i ty t ow o rk w i th a nd r e nde r t h e t y pe o fp a s t e s u i tab le f o r t h e w a r e h e o r s h e w i she s t op roduce . T he p o t t ing t e chn iqu e , s u r f ace t r ea tmen t a nd f i r ing p roce s sa l so i nf luence t h ep rope r t ie so ft h ef i n i shed p roduc t , s u ch a s i t s a b i l i ty t o w i th s tand s hock s a nd t empe ra tu r e c hange s , o r i t s p o ro s i ty . T he se p rope r t ie s h ave f u nc t iona l a nd e conom ic c on sequence s , w h i le t h e q ua l i ty o r t y pe o ft h e w a r e s m ay d e t e rm ine t h e i r u s e i nd if e r en t s oc ia l n e two rk s a nd o cca s ion s . E nv i ronmen ta l c on s t ra in t i s i mpo r tan t , b u tt h eh uman f a c to ri nt h ev a r iab i l i ty o b se rved i n c e ram ic s i st r emendou s . T h i s i sa n a s pec t g eo log i s t s d o n o t h ave t o c on t end w i th w hen a na lyz ing s e d imen t s a nd c l ay s . H ence t h ei mpo r tance o fa ni n te rd i sc ip l ina ry d i a logue . B ecau se o ft h e b a ckg round o fm any c on t r ibu to r s a nd o ft h e o r ien ta t ion o ft h e i r r e sea r ch a nd m e thodo log ica l b e l ief s , t h e s t ud ie s i n t h i s v o lume e mpha s iz e t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o f t h e d if e r en tc on s t i tuen t s i nt h e c e ram ic p a s t e . T he se c on s t i tuen t s a r e t h e c l ay p a r t ic le s a nd n on p l a s t ic i n c lu s ion s , n a tu ra l o r p r e sen t a sp a r t o f as e cond o rt h i rd i n g r ed ien t a dded b y t h e p o t te r t ot h e c l ay . B y i d en t if y ing t h e p a s t e c on s t i tuen t s a nd c ha ra c te r iz ing t h e i r m ine ra l a nd c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion s , m uch c an b e l e a rned a bou t t h e p rovenance o ft h e m a te r ia l s a nd t h e w a r e s , a nd i n f o rma t ion c an b e g a the r ed o n a nc ien t c e ram ic t e chno logy . T he i d en t if i ca t ion o fw a re p rovenance i s b a sed o n t h e p r em i se t h a t p o t t e r s w i l l p r ef e rab ly u s e t h e m a t e r ia l s a va i lab le l o ca l ly o r i nt h e i r r e g ion . I ti sa s sumed

A r chaeo logy a nd C lay s t h a tt h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e c e ram ic s f ound o n o ne a r chaeo log ica l s i te w ou ld b e l o ca l . H oweve r , i n m any c a se s , t r ade w a re s c on s t i tu te ac e r ta in p e r cen tage p e rs eo ra sc on ta ine r s f o rn on l o ca l g ood s t h a t w e r e b rough t t o t h e s i te . I d en t if y ing t h e p rovenance o f t h e n on l o ca l c e ram ic s y i e ld s c l ue s a bou t p o l i t ic s , e conomy a nd c u l tu ra l i n te ra c t ion s b e tween s i te s o r r e g ion s . I ti s aw ay t o e xpand o u r k now ledge a bou t a nc ien t c u l tu re s a nd c i v i l iza t ion s . T h is r e qu i re s o ne n o t o n ly t os t udy t h e m a te r ia l s b u t a l so t oh ave ag ood k now ledge o ft h e l o ca l g eo logy , o ft h ec l ay s a nd o t he rr e sou rce s a va i lab le , a nd o ft h e a r chaeo log ica la nd c u l tu ra l c on tex t so ft h e s amp le sa na lyzed .

C lay M ine ra logy L abo ra to ry i nt h e D epa r tmen to fG eo log ica l S c ience s a t I nd iana U n ive r s i ty . S t y l i s t ic a na ly s i s a nd c ompo s i t iona l d a ta l e d S h r ine r t o p ropo se a r ad ica l ly n ew u nde r s tand ing o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion a tL er na , a t at ime w hen n ew c e ram ic s hape s a nd d eco ra t ion o ccu r . E lec t ron m ic rop robe a nd XRD a na ly se s o f l o ca l c l ay s ou rce s a nd L e rnean c e ram ic s a l lowed S h r ine r a nd Mu r ray t o a s ce r ta in t h e l o ca l c ha rac te r o f t h e p roduc t ion f o r t h e w a re s w i th m e tamo rph ic p a s te , t h ough t o nce t ob e i mpor t s . F u r the rmo re , t h ey i d en t if ied a s h if t i n c l ay s ou rce s t h rough t ime a nd a c hange o ft e chno logy t oa dap tt ot h en ew c l ay b ody . E l izabe th F r iedman 's s t udy o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re ( Chap te r 2 ) i n ve s t iga te s t h e m a te r ia l c ha rac te r i s t ic s o ft h e se h a rd a nd t h in c e ram ic s , f o rme r ly b e l iev ed t ob e f i r ed a th igh t empe ra tu r e d ue t ot h e m e ta l l ic r i ng t h ey m ake w hen s t ruck . I n o rde r t oa s se s s t h e c ompo s i t ion a nd f i r ing t empe ra tu r e o f t h e se w a re s , F r iedman , a n a r chaeo log i s t a c t ive ly e ngaged i n c e ram ic a na ly s is , c onduc ted S EM /EDS s t ud ie s , c omp le ted w i th o p t ica l m ic roscopy , XRD , a nd I NAA s t ud ie s . T he r e su l t o ft h i s c omb ined a na ly t ica l a pp roach s how s t h a t t h e m e ta l l ic a spec t o ft h e w a re i sn o t d ue t ov i t r if ica t ion b u t t op a r t icu la r c hem ica la nd m ine ra log ica l a t t r ibu te s .

B ecau se o f t h e i n he ren t c omp lex i ty o f t h e m a te r ia l , o f i t s o f t en mu l t ip le o r ig in s ( i f mo r e t h an o ne m a te r ia l i s c omb ined ) , o f t h e t r an sf o rma t ion s i n t roduced b y t h e p o t te r w hen p r epa r ing t h e p a s t e o r b y f i r ing t h e w a re s , i ti sh e lpf u l t o s t udy t h e c l ay s a nd n on p l a s t ic s b ef o re e ngag ing i nb u lk a na ly s i s . T he l a t te r r e f e r s t o c hem ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e w ho le p a s te ( ma t r ix a nd i n c lu s ion s ) c ru shed i n to p owde r s amp le s . A l though i mpo r tan t i n f o rma t ion o n c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion i s a cqu i r ed , p r ec iou s i n f o rma t ion o n w a r e t e chno logy i sl o s t b y t h e p repa ra t ion p roce s s o ft h e s amp le s . T he i n terp re ta t ion o f t h e c hem ica l d a ta i s a l so s i gn if i can t ly e a sed w hen m ine ra log ica l i n f o rma t ion i s p re sen t . No t o ne t e chn ique , h oweve r , w i l l a n swe r a l t h e q ue s t ion s a r chaeo log i s t s a r e c once rned w i th . A cco rd ing ly , a na ly s is t e chn ique s a nd d i sc ip l ine sm u s t c omb ine t oy i e ld ac omp rehen s ive p i c tu r e o f w a re p roduc t ion a nd p rovenance , t e chno logy a nd h uman b ehav io r . T o r e ach t h i s g oa l , a na ly s t s , m ine ra log i s t s , a nd a r chaeo log i s t s mu s tw o rk t oge the r .

C hap te r s 3a nd 4 d ea l w i th t h e a na ly s i s o fE t ru scan c e ram ic s i n I t a ly . T he I t a l ian t e am o f S i lv ia B run i a nd c o l leagues , c ompo sed o f m embe r s f r om d epa r tmen t s o f I n o rgan ic C hem i s t ry , S c ience s o f t h e A n t iqu i ty , a nd E a r th S c ience s f r om M i lan a nd P adua , e xp lo i t t h e p o t en t ia l o f F ou r ie r T ran sf o rm i n f ra red s pec t ro scopy a nd n ea r inf ra red d i f f u se r e f lec tance s pec t ro scopy , r a re ly u s ed t o c ha ra c te r ized a r chaeo log ica l c e ram ic s . T he f o rme rm e thod ( FT IR ) s p ec if ie s t h e m ine ra log ica l p ha se s i nt h e p a s te , t ol a te r d e ta i l t h em b y X ray p owde r d i f f rac t ion . T he l a t te r m e thod ( N IR ) a l low s a pp rox ima t ion o ft h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e . I na dd i t ion , d i f f u se r e f lec tance i nt h e v i s ib le r ange a nd Mö s sbaue r s p ec t ro scopy y i e ld c ompa ra t ive a s se s smen t s .

T he i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry s cope o ft h e s t ud ie s p resen ted h e re i s e nhanced b yt h e d ua l b ackg round o fm any c on t r ibu to r s ( w i th t r a in ing i n a n th ropo logy a nd d if e ren t a spec t s o f c e ram ic a na ly s i s ) , o r a s t h e r e su l t o ft e am e f f o r t s , w o rk ing i nc l o se p a r tne r sh ip a nd i n vo lv ing s cho la r s s pec ia l ized i n m a te r ia l s c ience s , c hem i s t ry a nd g eo logy , a nd a r chaeo log is t s , a r t h i s to r ian s a nd c l a s s ica l a cadem ic s . T h i s i n su r e s ab e t te r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e p rob lem t o b e r e so lved . T h i s d ua l a pp roa ch a nd f l ex ib le v i s ion i s r e f lec ted i n t h e c hap te r s p r e sen ted i nt h i sv o lume .

T he s e cond s t udy o fE t ru scan c e ram ic s( Chap te r4 )b yG e ra rd B o s s ie re a nd D om in ique F re re i s f o cu sed o n t h e u se o f e l emen ta l x ray s pec t ro scopy b y s c ann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scopy ( EDX -SEM ) t od e te rm ine t h e s i gna tu r e e xpec ted i n w a re s f r om d if e r en t r eg ion s . T h i s t e chn ique a low s c ha rac te r iz a t ion o ft h e c ompo s i t ion o fs pec if ic g ra in s o ra r ea s o ft h e p a s te b y a im ing t h e e l ec t ron b eam a tt h em , y i e ld ing a ' s po t a na ly s i s , ' i n c on t ra s t t o ab u lk a na ly s i s . B o s s ire , a F rench g eo log i s t , c ame i n to c on tac t w i th a r chaeo logy w hen a s t uden t o f A r t H is to ry a sked h im t o i d en t if y m ine ra l s i n E t ru scan c e ram ic s . A s as pec ia l i s t i n m e tamo rph ic r o ck s , B o s s ie re a pp roa che s c e ram ic s a s t h e r e su l t o f c on tac t m e tamorph i sm .

T h i s i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry t r end h a s b een a dvoca ted s i nce t h e m id e i gh t ie s , i n c on junc t ion w i th a n u rge t o r e tu rn t o a mo r e g l oba l v i ew o fp roduc t ion a nd a n u nde r s tand ing o fm an a nd s oc ie ty ( Ma t son 1 984 ; K o lb 1 988 ) . A l though t h e a n th ropo log ica l a nd s oc ia l p e r spec t ive i s n o t a lway s e xp l ic i t ly e xp r e s sed h e re , t h e l e ve l o fd a ta i n te rp r e ta t ion g oe s b eyond t h e a na ly s i s e xe rc i se t o a n swe r q ue s t ion s r a i sed b y a r chaeo log i s t s a nd b e t te r u nde r s tand t h e p o t te r a nd h i s w o rk . T he i n ter na t iona l p ane l o f c on t r ibu to r s i n t h i s v o lume a l so of e r s ab road p e r spec t ive o fc l ay a nd c e ram ic a na ly s i s f r om d i f f e ren t g eog raph ica l a r ea s , i n b o th t h e O ld a nd N ew Wo r ld s .

O ne l a s t s t udy f o cu s ing o n t h e I t a l ian P en in su la i sp r e sen ted i n C hap te r 5b y G u i lm ine E ygun , a n a r chaeo log i s t w i th t r a in ing i nc e ram ic a na ly s i s . E ygun p r e sen t s at e chno log ica l s t udy o fN eo l i th ic p o t te ry o ft h e T avo l ie re P la in i ns ou thea s t I t a ly . T he c ha rac te r iza t ion o ft h e d if e ren t c e ram ic p a s te s i s b a sed o n p e t rog raphy a nd X ray d i f f ra c t ion ,w i th c ompa ra t ive s t ud ie s o f l o ca l c l ay d epo s i t s . T he r e su l t s a r e i n te rp re ted i n l i gh t o ft h e r e g iona l g eo logy , a nd t h e a u tho rg oe s b eyond t h e

C h r is t ine M . S h r ine r a nd H aydn H . Mu r ray w o rk t owa rd u nde r s tand ing t h e c e ram ic t e chno logy a tt h e G reek s i te o f L e rna d u r ing t h e t h ird m i l lenn ium BC ( Chap te r 1 ) . S h r ine r i s ac l a s s ica la r chaeo log i s tw ho h a st r a in ing i ng eo logy . Mu r ray , ac l ay m ine ra log is t , i s p rof e s so r e me r i tu s o f g eo logy a t I nd iana U n ive r s i ty . I n a dd i t ion , h e i sh ead o f t h e A pp l ied i v

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s a na ly s i s t o r e la te t h e r e su l t s t o t h e p o t t e r s ' b ehav io r a nd f u nc t iona l s t ra teg ie s .

e x tended i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e a na ly s is r e su l t s , t a ck l ing i d en t i ty i s sue s , i d eo logy a nd s oc ia lc on tex t s .

A rchaeo log is tI s abe l le B oucha in a nd c l ay m ine ra log i s t B ruce V e lde o f f e r a n i mage a na ly s i s v i ew o f G au lo -Roman c e ram ic s f r om c en t ra l F rance ( Chap te r 6 ) . T he i d ea i st o i s o la te g r anu lome t r ic p a t te rn s i n t h in s e c t ion s u s ing a n i mag ing s y s t em a nd l o ok ing a t g ra in d i s t r ibu t ion p a t ter n s . T he a u tho r s t h en r e la te t h e se p a t te rn s t om a te r ia l a cqu i s i t ion b ehav io r s , d e te rm in ing t h e u se o f s imp le o r mu l t ip le s ed imen t s , a nd t o m e thod s o f m anuf a c tu r e a nd c e ram ic p roduc t ion .

A s c an b e s e en , t h i s v o lume e mpha s iz e s a d i ve r s if ied a pp roach t o t h e a na ly s i s o f c l ay a r t if ac t s , c omb in ing m ine ra logy , a r chaeo logy a nd c hem i s t ry i n a t r ue i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry w ay . T he i mpo r tance o f u nde r s tand ing t h e l o ca l g eo logy a nd m ine ra l r e sou rce s i sa l so s t r e s sed . I ti sn o t s uf i c ien t t oh ave g eo log i s t s i d en t if y ing l i s t s o fm ine ra ls a nd a r chaeo log i s t s t r y ing t o i n te rp re t t h e r e su l t s . T o e ngage i n c on s t ruc t ive d i scu s s ion a nd s ound e xp lana t ion o f a nc ien t t e chno log ie s a nd s oc ie t ie s , s cho la r s s hou ld k now e nough o f e ach o t he r 's d i sc ip l ine s t ou nde r s tand t h e a na ly se s d one a nd t h ea s soc ia ted r e sea rch o b jec t ive s .

B e th M ik sa 's s t rong b ackg round i nc e ram ic p e t rog raphy a nd s ou thwe s ta r chaeo logy of e r s av e ry s y s tema t ic ,m ine ra log ica l a pp roa ch t ot h es t udy o fc e ram ic p rovenance ( Chap te r7 ) . S he a pp l ie s g ranu lome t r ic , t e x tu ra l a nd c ompo s i t iona l c r i te r ia t o d i s t ingu i sh t h e d if e ren t p l a s t ic a nd a p la s t ic c omponen t s o fa c e ram ic p a s te a nd t od e te rm ine t h e i rg ene t ic o r ig in . T h is p r io r k now ledg e i se s sen t ia l t o s amp le c o r rec t ly t h e c e ram ic s f o r b u lk c hem ica l a na ly s i s a nd t o i n te rp re t t h e c hem ica l d a ta . F ur the rmo re , h e r s t udy o f H ohokam b uf f w a re l e ad h e r t o c onduc t e xpe r imen ta l s t ud ie s w i th c r u shed s ch is t t o d i s t ingu i sh b e tween n a tu ra l ly o ccu r r ing s ch i s tw i th in t h e c l ay a nd a dded m a te r ia l . S he a dvoca te s t h e s t udy o fm ine ra l a nd c l ay r e sou r ce s a va i lab le t o t h e p o t te r s b y b u i ld ing c ompo s i t iona l r e f e rence c ha r t s b a sed o n p o in t c oun t ing a na ly s i s o fs a nd a nd s i l t s amp le s t op or t ray t h e v a r iab i l i ty o f t h e s ou rce s . T he s t udy o ft h e s i l ta nd s and c omponen t s o ft h e c l ay d epo s i t s a l low s h e r t o d i s t ingu i sh n a tu ra l v e r su s a dded t empe r i n t h e c e ram ic s , a n i mpo r tan t t o p ic i n c e ram ic a na ly s i s . I s abe l le D ruc a pp roache s t h e q ue s t ion o f p a s te c ha rac te r iza t ion a nd w a re p rovenance b a sed o n e t hnoa rcha eo log ica l d a ta . A s a n a r cha eo log i s t t r a ined i n ma te r ia l s s c ience s , s he s e ek s t ou nde r s tand p a s t p roduc t ion s a nd p o t te r s ' b ehav io r i na n i n te rd i sc ip l ina ry w ay , c omb in ing t h e a na ly s i s o f r aw m a te r ia l s a nd r e sou r ce s t o t h e s t udy o f a cqu i s i t ion s t ra teg ie s a nd p r epa ra t ion p rocedu re s . P r io r s t ud ie s a l low h e r t op re sen t ad i ach ron ic p e r spec t ive o ft h e m a te r ia l s u sed f o r c e ram ic p roduc t ion i n t h e n o r th c en t ra l A nde s . T he u se o f c r u shed s l a te o r s ha le a s t empe r b y a n umbe r o f n e ighbo r ing c ommun i t ie s a nd t h e p re sence o f s im i la rm a te r ia l i ne a r l ie rw a re p romp ted t h e c ha rac te r iza t ion o ft h i s t empe r ing m a te r ia l o n ar eg iona l s ca le . T he o b jec t ive w a s t o i d en t if y c ompo s i t iona l d i f f e rence s t o a l low f o r a c o r rec t i d en t if ica t ion o f p rovenance . H oweve r , a cqu i s i t ion s t ra teg ie s i mp ly ing t h e u se o ft h e s ame r e sou rce s b y d i f f e ren t p o t t ing v i l lage s b l u rt h e p i c tu r e a tt h e l o ca l l e ve l a nd s ugg e s t t h e u se o fc omp lex e xp lana to ry mode l s f o r w a re p roduc t ion i nt h ep a s t . F ina l ly , L e s l ie C ec i lt r iangu la te sp a s te c ompo s i t ion w i th s t y le a nd t e chno log ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s t oh igh l igh t s oc ia l i d en t i t ie s a mong Men P o s tc la s s ic Maya p o t te r s ( Chap te r 9 ) . S he d raw s o n p e t rog raphy , XRD a nd s t rong a c id -ex t rac t ion I CPS t o c ha ra c t e r ize d if e r en t t e chno log ica l s t y le s o f P e te r ' P o s tc la s s ic s l ipped w a re .C ec i li sa na n th ropo log ica l ly t r a ined a r chaeo log i s t w ho s pec ia l ize s i n a r chaeo log ica l c hem is t ry . T he a n th ropo log ica l b ackg round o f t h e a u tho r l e nd s t o a n

Abbrev ia t ions a nd L i s t Men t ioned i nt h i sV o lume

o f

Ana ly s i s

T echn ique s

B e low i s al i s t o f a bb rev ia t ion s a nd a na ly s is t e chn ique s m en t ioned i nt h i s v o lume , f o l lowed b y as ho r t d e sc r ip t ive . A f u l l d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e se t e chn ique s c an b e f ound i nn ume rou s p ub l ica t ion s o n c e ram ic a na ly s i s ( e .g . B i shop e t a l . 1 982 ; G of f e r 1 980 ; R ice 1 987 ; V e lde a nd D ruc 1 999 ) . O p t ica lt e chn ique s P e t rog raphy . T he m ine ra l a na ly s i s i s p e rf o rmed w i th a p e t rog raph ic m ic ro scope u s ing 3 0 m ic ron t h ick t h in s e c t ion s . T he o p t ica l c ha rac te r is t ic s s e en b y t r an sm i t ted l i gh t h e lp i d en t if y t h e t ype , s i ze , a ngu la r i ty , a nd a spec t o fm ine ra l s a nd g ra in s i n t h e p a s te . T he r e so lu t ion o f t h i s m ic ro scope i s h oweve r n o t p owe rf u l e nough t o s t udy c l ay s ize m ine ra l s . T he se c an b e s t ud ied w i th a s c ann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scope ( SEM ) . S pec t ro scop ic t e chn ique s EDS /SEM T h i s t e chn ique c omb ine s e ne rgy d i spe r s ive s pec t ro scopy ( EDS ) a nd o p t ica lm ic ro scopy . T he EDS d ev ice i sc oup led t o as cann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scope ( SEM ) . T h i s a l low s s e lec t ing t h e a r ea o r g ra in f o r c hem ica l a na ly s i s . T he t e chn ique m ea su re s t h e s e conda ry x ray s e m i t ted u pon t h e i n te rac t ion w i th t h e e l ec t ron s i n aw ay s im i la r t o XRF a na ly s i s u s ing e ne rgy d i spe r s ive s pec t ro scopy . I ta l low s f o r t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f m a jo r a nd m ino r e l emen t s o n as em i q uan t i ta t ive b a s i s( w i th i n te rna l s t anda rd s ) . EMPA E lec t ron M ic rop robe A na ly s i s . A s f o r EDS /SE M , t h e m ic rop robe i sc oup led t oa n e l ec t ron m ic ro scope . H oweve r , t h e t e chn ique u se s w ave leng th d i spe r s ive s pec t ro scopy t o g ive c ompo s i t ion b y o x ide s o f i n d iv idua l m ine ra l s o n a q uan t i ta t ive b a s i s . F T IR F ou r ie r -T ran sf o rm i n f ra red s pec t ro scopy . T he m e thod h e lp s d e te rm ine m ine ra log ica l p ha se s . I t m ea su r e s t h e a b so rp t ion o fr ad ia t ion i nt h e i n f ra red r ange a tt h e mo lecu la r l e ve l . I CPS I nduc t ive ly c oup led p l a sma e m i s s ion s pec t ro scopy . T he t e chn ique a l low s t od e te rm ine t h e c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion o fa s amp le , u s ing a n a t om ic -em i s s ion o r a t om ic -ab so rp t ion s pec t rome te r f o r t h e a na ly s i s . T he p repa ra t ion m e thod r equ i r e s t h e d i s so lu t ion o f t h e s amp le i n ad i lu t ion . T he s t rong a c id -ex t rac t ion p repa ra t ion m e thod i s t h e m e thod e mp loyed i nC hap te r9 .

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s P r i tcha rd . Am s te rdam : U n ive r s i te i t v an Am s te rdam , p p . 2 5 -50 . R ice , P . 1 987 . C e ram ic a na ly s i s . As ource b ook . C h icago : U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s . V e lde , B . , a nd D ruc , I .C . 1 999 . A rchaeo log ica l c e ram ic m a ter ia l s . O r ig in a nd u t i l i za t ion . B e r l in H e ide lbe rg : S p r inge rV e r lag .

Mö s sbaue r s pec t ro scopy . T he t e chn ique h e lp s e s t ima te f i r ing t empe ra tu re b a sed o nt h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e o x ida t ion s t a te o fi r on . N IR N ea r inf ra red d i f f u se r e f lec tance s pec t ro scopy . T he t e chn ique h e lp s e s t ima te t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e b y m ea su r ing t h ea moun to fa b so rbed w a te ri n as amp le . XRD X ray d i f f rac t ion . A s pec t ro scop ic t e chn ique t o d e te rm ine t h e i d en t i ty o fc ry s ta l l ine m a te r ia l s , o f t en u sed f o r t h e i d en t if ica t ion o fr aw c l ay s . T he f i r ing o ft h e c e ram ic m ay d e s t roy t h e c r y s ta l l a t t ice i ft empe ra tu re s a r e h i gh e nough , p roh ib i t ing t h e u se o f t h is t e chn ique f o r m e l ted b od ie s . H oweve rt h e m e thod i sv e ry u sef u l t oi d en t if y n ew ly f o rmed , m ic ro -c ry s ta l l ine m ine ra l sp roduced d u r ing f i r ing . B u lk p hy s ico -chem ica lt e chn ique s I NAA I n s t rumen ta l n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s . A b u lk c hem ica l a na ly s i s t o s t udy t h e e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion o f a p a s te , m a in ly i t s r a re , t r ace a nd m ino r e l emen t s . T he t e chn ique i n duce s t h e e xc i ta t ion o f t h e a t om ic n uc leu s , p roduc ing r ad io i so tope s , w ho se d ecay t ime a nd r a d ia t ion a r e c ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h ee l emen t sp re sen ti nt h es amp le . XRF X ray f l uo re scence . Ab u lk c hem ica l a na ly s i s t o s t udy t h e e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion o f ap a s te , ma in ly i t s m ino r a nd m a jo r e l emen t s . XRF y i e ld s a q uan t i ta t ive a na ly s i s b y e m i s s ion s pec t ro scopy o fs e conda ry x ray s . Ab eam o fx ray s h i t s t h e e l ec t ron s o f t h e i n ne r s he l l , w h ich i n duce s t h e i r e xc i ta t ion a nd e j ec t ion f r om t h e i r o r ig ina l o rb i t . A n e l ec t ron f r om t h e u ppe r o rb i t s f i l l s t h e e mp ty s pace . T he c hange o f e ne rgy l e ve l i nduce s t h e r e lea se o f s e conda ry r ay s o r f l uo re scence , c ha rac te r i s t ic o f e ach a t om . T he t e chn ique m ea su r e s t h e e ne rgy o rw ave leng th o ft h e x ray s . EDXRF i s e ne rgy d i spe r s ive x ray f l uo re scence . A cknow ledgmen t s B ruce V e lde h a s b een t h e i n i t ia l i n s t iga to ro ft h e s ympo s ium o n A rcha eo logy a nd C lay s p re sen ted a t t h e C lay M ine ra l s S oc ie ty m ee t ing , w h ich Ic o -o rgan iz ed w i th h im . F o rt h i s a nd h i s c on s tan t s uppor t , may h e b e h ea r tf u l ly t h anked . T he p ape r s i n t h i s v o lume h ave b een s ubm i t ted t o t wo p ee r r ev iew s a nd b enef i ted f r om c ommen t s s ub sequen t t o t h e s ympo s ium . Iw an t t o t h ank t h e p e r son s w ho h e lped m e i n t h i s t a sk , i n p a r t icu la r B ruce V e lde , H aydn H . Mu r ray , C h r i s t ine M . S h r ine r , S i lv ia B run i a nd G u i lm ine E ygun . R ef erence s B i shop , R . L . , R and s , R .L . , a nd H o l ley , G .R . 1 982 . C e ram ic c ompo s i t iona l a na ly s i s i n a r chaeo log ica l p e r spec t ive . Ad vance s i n A rchaeo log ica l Me thod a nd T heory , 5 :2 75 -330 . G of f e r , Z . 1 980 .A rchaeo log ica lc hem i s t ry . As ou rce b ook o n t h e a pp l ica t ion s o fc hem i s t ry t o a rchaeo logy . N ew Y o rk : J ohn W i ley a nd S on s . K o lb , C . 1 988 . C e ram ic e co logy i n r e t ro spec t : A c r i t ica l r e v iew o f m e thodo logy a nd r e su l t s . I n C e ram ic E co loy R ev i s i ted 1 987 . e d . C .C . K o lb . O xf o rd : B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 4 36 ( 1 ) ,p p .2 6 1-375 . Ma t son , F . 1 984 . C e ram ic s a nd m an r e con s ide r ed w i th s ome t h ough t s f o r t h e f u tu re . I n T he many d imen s ion s o f p o t tery : C e ram ic s i n a rchaeo logy a nd a n thropo logy , e d s . S .E . v an d e r L eeuw a nd A .C .

v i

A r chaeo logy a nd C lay s L i s to fC on tr ibu tor s A r t io l i G .

B agna sco G iann iG .

D ipa r t imen to d iS c ienze d e l la T e r ra , U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S t ud i d iM i lano , V ia Mang iaga l l i3 4 , 2 0 133 M i lano , I t a ly D ipa r t imen to d iS c ienze d e l l 'An t ich i tä , U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud id iM i lano , V ia F e s ta d e l P e rdono 7 , 2 0 122 M i lano , I t a ly

B ongh iJ ov ino M .

D ipa r t imen to d iS c ienze d e l l 'An t ich i tä , U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud i d iM i lano , V ia F e s ta d e lP e rdono 7 , 2 0122 M i lano I t a ly

B o s s ie r eG .

L abo ra to i re d e P l ane to log ie e t G eodynam ique ( FRE CNRS 2 129 ) F acu l te d e s S c ience s e t d e s T echn ique s d e N an te s , 2r u e d e l aH ou s s in ie re , B P 9 2208 , 4 4322 N an te s C edex 3 ,F rance ( UMR CNRS 6 112 ) G e ra rd .Bo s s ie re @ch im ie .un iv -nan te s .f r WEBs i te : h t tp : / /www .sc ience s .un iv -nan te s .f r / scna t /g eo log ie /ea2 156 te

B oucha in I .

UMR A r cheo log ie e tS c ience sd e l 'An t iqu i te , E P 1 630 , U n ive r s i te d eN an te r re , 9 2023 P a r i s , F rance

B run i S .

D ipa r t imen to d iC h im ica I n o rgan ica , Me ta l lo rgan ica eA na l i t ica , U n ive r s i ta d eg l i S t ud i d iM i lano , V ia V enez ian 2 1 ,2 0 133 M i lano , I t a ly s brun i @c sm tbo .m i .cn r . i t

C a r ia t i F .

D ipa r t imen to d iC h im ica I n o rgan ica , Me ta l lo rgan ica eA na l i t ica , U n ive r s i ta d eg l i S t ud i d iM i lano , V ia V enez ian 2 1 ,2 0133 M i lano , I t a ly

C ec i lL .

D epa r tmen to fA n th ropo logy , Ma i lcode 4 502 , S ou the rn I l ino i sU n ive r s i ty a tC a rbonda le , C a rbonda le , I L 6 2901 h unapu @ s iu .edu

D ruc I .C .

D epa r tmen to fA n th ropo logy , 5 240 S oc ia l S c ience B u i ld ing , 180 O b se rva to ry D r ive , Mad i son W I 5 3706 1393 U SA i c d ruc @f a c s taf f .w i sc .edu

E ygun G .

D epa r temen t d ' an th ropo log ie , U n ive r s i te d e Mon t rea l , C .P . 6 128 S ucc . C en t r e V i l le , Mon t r ea l , Q uebec H 3C 3 J7 ,C anada g _eygun@ho tma i l .com

F re re D .

U n ive r s i te d eB re tagne S ud , UFR d 'H i s to i r e , 4r u eJ ean Z ay , 5 6325 L o r ien tC edex , F rance ( ETU MR CNRS 1 26 -4 ) d om .f re re @ inf on ie .f r

F r iedman , E .S .

D epa r tmen to fN ea rE a s ter nL anguage sa nd C iv i l iza t ion s , T he U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago , 155 E .5 8 `1 S t . C h icago , I L6 0637 e sf l @m idway .uch icago .edu

M ik sa E .J .

D e ser tA r cha eo logy , I n c . ,3 975 N . T uc son B lvd . , T uc son AZ 8 5716 U SA e m ik sa @de ser t .com

Mu r ray H . H .

D epa r tmen to fG eo log ica l S c ience s , I nd iana U n ive r s i ty , 1 005 E . 1 0 th S t ree t , B loom ing ton , I N4 7405 Mu r ray @ Ind iana .edu

R u s so U .

D ipa r t imen to d iC h im ica I no rgan ica , Me ta l lo rgan ica eA na l i t ica ,U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud id iP adova , V ia L o redan 4 ,3 5100 P adova , I t a ly

S h r ine rC .M .

D epa r tmen to fG eo log ica l S c ience s , I nd iana U n ive r s i ty , 1 005 E . 1 0 th S t ree t , B loom ing ton ,I N4 7405 c Sh r ine r@ Ind iana .edu

V e lde B .

L abo ra to i re d eG eo log ie , E co le No rma le S upe r ieu r e ,2 4r ue L homond , 7 5231 P a r i sC edex 0 5 p apa @geo log ie .en s .f r v i i

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

CHAPTER 1 EXPLA IN ING S UDDEN CERA M IC CHANGE AT EARLY HELLAD IC LERNA : A TECHNOLOGICAL PARAD IG M C h r i s t ine M . S h r ine r D epa r tmen to fG eo log ica lS c ience sa nd D epa r tmen to fC la s s ica l S tud ie s , I nd iana Un ive r s i ty H aydn H . Mu r ray D epa r tmen to fG eo log ica l S c ience s , I nd iana U n ive r s i ty D ed ica ted t ot h em emo ry o fR icha rd E .P ee le r , Ma s te rP o t te r

T h i sr e sea rch e xam ine s a s sump t ion s a bou tc e ram ic c hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L erna i nl i gh to fi n teg ra ted a na ly t ica l s t ud ie s o n b o th c e ram ic a r t if ac t s a nd p o ten t ia l l o ca l c l ay -r ich s ed imen t s . P e t rog raph ic ( PE ) , e l ec t ron m ic rop robe ( E MPA ) a nd X -ray d iff rac t ion ( XRD )p ro jec t s w ere c omb ined t oe va lua te t h e e x ten t o fl o ca l c eram ic r aw ma te r ia l a va i lab i l i ty a nd t h e t e chno log ica l c apab i l i t ie sf o r c e ram ic p roduc t ion . W he rea sp e t rog raphy a nd e l ec t ron m ic roprobe a re u sed i nt h i s m e thodo logy t op red ic ta nd q uan t i ta t ive ly c onf i rm l o ca lv e r su sn on loca lc e ram ic p rovenance , X -ray d i eac t ion i su sed t or econ s t ruc ta spec t s o ft h e c e ram ic t e chno logy e mp loyed a tL e rna d ur ing t h e c u l tura lp e r iod s I I ( c a . 2 650 -2150 BC ) a nd I V ( c a . 2 150 -2000 BC ) . C hange s i nt h e c e ram ic t e chno lo gy a re u sed a s e v id ence f o r b e t te r u nd e r s tand ing t h e p rof ound c u l tura lc hange sa tt h eL e rna1 1 1 / 1V b ounda ry .

I NTRODUCT ION N a ture o ft he P rob lem L e rna , ap reh i s to r ic s i te i nt h e A rgo l id , G reece , d i sp lay s a w e l l s t ra t if i ed s equence f r om t h e F ina l N eo l i th ic ( c a . 4 000 3 000 BC ) t h rough t h e E a r ly H e l lad ic I I ( 2 150 -2000 BC ) p e r iod ( F igu re 1 ) . S ig n if ican t c e ram ic t e chno log ica l c hange s o ccu r red a tL e rna o ve r t h e c ou r se o ft h e T h i rd M i l lenn ium ; h oweve r , p r ev iou s c e ram ic s t ud ie s a t L e rna f o r t h i s t ime p e r iod h ave f o cu sed p r ima r i ly o n c hang e s i ns t y l i s t ic f e a tu re s s uch a s s hape a nd s u rf a ce d eco ra t ion a s i n d ica to r s o fs oc ia l a nd e conom ic c hange ( Ru t te r 1 995 ; W iencke 2 000 ) . D e sp i te t h e f a c t t ha t t e chno log ica l c hange i sm en t ioned i n t h e se s t ud ie st h et e chno log ica l c e ram ic e v idence h a sn o tb een i n t e rp r e ted c u l tu ra l ly b y t h e s ame s t anda rd s a s t h e s t y l i s t ic e v idence a nd h a s mo re o f t en b een r e lega ted t o r epo r t s i s o la ted i nt h e a ppend ice so fp ub l ica t ion s . F o l low ing t h e l e ad o f Ma t son ( 1965 ) , J one s( 1986 , 1 993 )a nd Wh i tb read ( 1995 ) , s i gn if i can t c e ram ic t e chno log ica l c hange s a tL e rna o ve r t h e c ou r se o f t h e T h i rd M i l lenn ium c anno t b e e xc luded f r om d i scu s s ion a so ne o f many " even t s" i n vo lved i n ama jo rs h if t i nh uman b ehav io r . R e su l t so fC e ram ic P rovenanc ing ( PE a nd EMPA )P ro jec t s T he r e su l t so ft h eo r ig ina lp e t rog raph ic a na ly se s f o rL e rna I I a nd I V ( Be tancou r t a nd Mye r 2 000 ; B e tancou r t e ta l . 1 995 ; V aughan e ta l . 1 995 ) d ocumen ted t h ree ma jo r f a b r ic g roup s i n t h e s he rd m a te r ia l : ( 1 ) f me c a lca reou s ; ( 2 ) b iogen ic l ime s tone ; a nd ( 3 ) d i spa ra te m e tamo rph ic . T he m ine ra l c on s t i tuen t s a nd p ropo r t ion s t h a t c ha rac te r ize t h e P E f a b r ic g roup s a r e ar e f lec t ion o ft h e n a tu ra l s ed imen t s o ft h e l o ca l X e r ia s R ive rs y s tem , i . e . ar aw ma ter ia l c on t inuum ( Vaughan e ta l . 1 995 : 6 93 -710 ) .

U s ing l o ca l c l ay r ich s ed imen t s a s as t anda rd o f r e f e rence , EMPA c ompo s i t iona l d a ta w e r e c ompa red w i th t h e L e rnean s he rd ma te r ia l ( Sh r ine r a nd D o ra i s 1 999 ) . Mu scov i te c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion s i n r e f e rence a nd s he rd ma te r ia l s o ve r lapped . I n a dd i t ion t wo m ine ra l s , c h lo r i to id a nd t ou rma l ine , w h ich a r e p r e sen t i nt h e r e f e rence s amp le s b u t h ad p rev iou s ly b een u n iden t if ied i nt h es he rd s , w e r e a na lyzed i nt h e s he rd t h in sec t ion s . I d en t ica lc h lo r i to id ,t ou rma l ine a nd mu scov i te c ompo s i t ion s i nb o th s ou rce m a te r ia l s a nd s he rd s p re sen ted a q uan t i ta t ive g eoma rke r o r f i nge rp r in t f o r l o ca l c e ram ic p rovenanc ing . C ompa ra t ive m ic rop robe a na ly se s s ub s tan t ia ted a l o ca l s ou rce f o r v i r tua l ly a l l o f t h e c e ram ic c l a s se s s pann ing c u l tu ra l p e r iod s I I a nd I V . T h i s r e sea rch a nd t h e s amp le t o d a te s ugge s ted t h a t 9 5% o ft h e L er na I I a nd I V c e ram ic s w e re l o ca l , w i th o n ly a f ew e xo t ic s a ppea r ing i nt h es amp le . T he v e r if ica t ion o fl o ca l c l ay c ompo s i t ion su sed a tL e rna a nd t h e v a r iab i l i ty w i th in t ho se c l ay s ou r ce s a r e c r uc ia l e v idence i nt h e r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e c e ram ic t e chno logy e mp loyed a t L e rna d u r ing L er na I I a nd I V . O nce l o ca l p rovenanc ing w a s e s tab l i shed , o the r t e chno log ica l p a rame te r s c ou ld b e i d en t if ied t h rough c l ay m ine ra log ica l a na ly s i s , i n c lud ing XRD a nd p hy s ica l p rope r ty t e s t ing , o fc e r am ic a r t if ac t s a nd l o ca lc l ay r ich s ed imen t s . T he p r e sen ts t udy d ea l ss pec if ica l ly w i th t h e r e su l t s o f t h e L e rna XRD p ro jec t a nd d i scu s se s a l te rna t ive t e chno log ica l e xp lana t ion s f o r s ome o f t h e p rof ound s t y l is t ic c hange s i n t h e L e rna I I a nd I V a s semb lage s .

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

C re te

F igu re 1 .G ene ra l ized map o fG reece a nd t h es u r round ing a r ea s how ing t h e l o ca t ion o fL e rna .

a s semb lage f r om t h e o r ig ina l s t y l i s t ic s amp le f o rc ompa ra t ive XRD a na ly s i sw i th t h e l o ca lc l ay r ich s ed imen t s .

T echno log ica lP rem i se C lay ma t r ix c ompo s i t iona l d a ta f o r L e rna I I a nd L e rna I V s he rd s , w h ich r ep re sen t t h e l o ca l p e t rog raph ic f a b r ic s ( D i spa ra te Me tamo rph ic , B iogen ic L imes tone , a nd F ine C a lca reou s ) f o r e ach p e r iod , w e re p lo t ted u s ing a d i ag ram a dop ted f r om P h i lpo t s ( 1994 ) . P h i lpo t s s ugge s ted t h a t a h ypo the t ica l c l ay c ompo s i t ion f o r a r chaeo log ica l c e ram ic m a te r ia l c ou ld b e e s t ima ted u s ing EMPA a na ly s i s o n c l ay m a t r ix . P h i lpo t s u sed e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion s f o r i l i te a nd s mec t i te d e r ived f r om Weave r ( 1989 ) a s p a rame te r s a nd p lo t ted o c tahed ra l ( Fe , Mg ) c a t ion s a ga in s t t e t rahed ra l ( A l ) a nd i n te r laye r c a t ion s ( K , N a , C a ) . T he p lo t s f a l l b e tween P h i lpo t 's s ugge s t ed p a rame te r s f o r mu scov i te / i l l i te a nd s mec t i te . Two d i sc re te g roup ing s a r e r e cogn ized i n t h e d i ag ram ( F igu re 2 ) . T he L ema I I s he rd s h ave a mo re mu scov i te / i l l i te r ich c l ay c ompo s i t ion . T he L ema I V s amp le s d i sp lay ac ompo s i t ion c on s i s ten tw i th r andom ly laye red i l i t e s mec t i te c l ay s( Dee re ta l . 1 992 ) .

ARCHAEOLOG ICAL PROBLE M L erna 1 1 / IV B oundar y C a skey 's e xcava t ion s a t L ema r e vea led t h a t t h e s i t e w a s o ccup ied i nt h e E a r ly , M idd le a nd L a te N eo l i th ic ( c a . 6 000 3 000 BC ) p e r iod s ( Lema l e ve l s Ia nd I ) , a f t e r w h ich t h e r e a ppea red t o h ave b een a h i a tu s o r a tl e a s t a much r educed o ccupa t ion i n t h e E a r ly H e l lad ic I p e r iod . I n t h e E a r ly H e l lad ic I ( c a . 2 650 -2150 BC ) p e r iod ( Lema l e ve l I I )t h e re a ro se a t L ema a w a l led s e t t lemen t d om ina ted b y l a rge r e c tangu la rs t ruc tu re s s uch a sB u i ld ing BG a nd t h e" Hou se o f T i le s" . S ign s o fd eve lop ing s oc ia l c omp lex i ty , e . g . c a che s o f s e a l i mp re s s ion s , w e r e f ound i nt h e" Hou se o fT i le s" . P o t te ry f r om EH I d epo s i t s c on s i s ted o fa n u nbu rn i shed f i ne w a re w i th ab l ack t ob rown t or ed s l ip /pa in t( EH U r f i rn i s )a nd a f i ne b u rn i shed w a re w i th a l i gh t s l ip /pa in t ( Ye l low Mo t t led ) . S hape s i n t h e se w a r e s i n c luded : s auce r s , s auceboa t s , b a s in s , b ow l s , a sko i a nd b eaked j ug s . Ac oa r se , d a rk -su rf a ced a nd u nbu rn i shed w a re w a s u sed f o r p i tho i , h ea r th s , l a rge c ook ing b ow l s , s t and s a nd b ak ing p an s ( 1960 : 2 89 -293 ) .

A s ap o in t o f d epa r tu re f o r t h i s s t udy t h e p re sen t a u tho r s p ropo sed t h a tt h e L emean p o t te r s made ac on sc iou s d ec i s ion t o c hange a nd /o r u t i l ize a d if e ren t c l ay s ou r ce w i th in t h e i r l o ca l m e tamo rph ic c l ay s d u r ing t h e L e rna I I a nd I V p e r iod s . R ep resen ta t ive c e ram ic a s semb lage s f o r L ema I I /Pha se L a te Aa nd L e rna I I /Pha se E a r ly C w e re c ho sen f r om an ew 2 00 c oun t t e chno log ica l s amp le a l ong w i th a L ema I V /Pha se 1 2

1-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hang e a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L erna

F e2O 3 +MgO

•= L erna I I 0= L erna I V

A 120 3

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

K20 +N a20 +C a0

F igu r e 2 .F e 2O3 + MgO — A 1 203 — K20 + Na2O + C aO c ompo s i t ion s o ft h e ma t r ix c l ay s o ft h e L e rna s h e rd s ( af t e r P h i lpo t s 1 994 ) . L e rna I I s amp le s a r e r i che r i ni l i te t h an L er na I V s he rd s , w h ich a ppea rt oh ave b een made f r om ar andom ly laye red i l i te smec t i te c l ay .

( 1960 : 3 01-303 ) .

C a skey o b served t h a t s ho r t ly a f t e r t h e e r ec t ion o ft h e EH I " Hou se o f T i le s" s t ruc tu re , t h e s i te w a s b u rn t a nd t h e s ub sequen tE a r ly H e l lad ic I I ( c a . 2 150 -2000 BC )c ommun i ty ( Ler na l e ve l I V ) w a s u nwa l led a nd c on s is ted o f s ma l le r s t ruc tu re s , a p s ida la nd o b long i np l an . C er ta in c e ram ic s hape s s uch a s t h e s auceboa t w e re n o l o nge r p re sen t . N ew s hape s s uch a st a nka rd s , o ne -hand led c up s , t wo -hand led b ow l s a nd o uzo c ups w e r e i n t roduced . N ew p o t t e ry c l a s se s i n c luded D a rk -on -L igh t P a t ter n ed , D a rk B u rn i shed a nd s ome e a r ly G ray M inyan ( 1960 :2 93 -297 ) .

T o s t reng then h i s h ypo the s i s C a skey m a r sha led t oge the r n o t o n ly s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence - e . g . d e s t ruc t ion l a ye r s a nd p e r iod s o fa bandonmen t -b u t e v idence o fa brup t c hange s i n t h e ma te r ia l a s semb lage s ( i . e . a r ch i tec tu re , c e ram ic s , l i t h ic s a nd b u r ia l c u s tom s ) a tL e rna , a nd b y c ompa r i son , a to the r s i te s i n t h e r eg ion ( 1960 : 2 89 -297 ) . C a skey i s o la ted t h r ee p r e sumab ly " non loca l" a nd i n nova t ive c l a s se s i nt h e L er na I V p o t te ry a s semb lage : ( 1 ) S l ipped a nd B u rn i shed ; ( 2 ) Mode ra te ly F ine B ur n i shed ; a nd ( 3 ) E a r ly G ray M inyan ( 1960 : 2 95 -297 ) . T he a ppea rance o f t h e se " non loca l" c e ram ic c l a s se s a t L er na p l ayed a p rom inen t r o le a s s uppo r t ing e v idence i n C a skey 's i n va s ion t h eo ry . U nf o r tuna te ly , C a skey 's c e ram ic a na ly s i s f o rt h e L er na I I / IV b ounda ry w a s p re l im ina ry a nd n o t c omp le ted b y h im b ef o re

T he c u l tu ra lb reak o r" even t" , o b se rved b ye a r l ie rr e sea r che r s a s ad e s t ruc t ion l e ve l a tv a r iou s o t he r s i te s , o ccu r s a tL er na b e tw een EH I ( Le rna l e ve l I I ) a nd EH I I ( Ler na l e ve l I V ) , n o t b e tween EH I I a nd t h e M idd le H e l lad ic ( MH ) . A s t h e re w a s n o a dequa te t empo ra l c o r re la t ion a tt h i s p o in t , C a skey m ade L e rna t h e s t anda rd . I nh i s 1 960 a na ly s is h e r ev i sed t h e d a te f o r t h e d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s o b se rved b y o the r s a tv a r iou s s i te s i nt h e A rgo l ido -Co r in th ia s t udy a r ea b y i d en t if y ing t h e d a te s o ft ho se d e s t ruc t ion s i nt e rm s o ft h e i r p la ce w i th in t h e L e rna s equence . H e p ropo sed t h a t T i ryn s , A s ine , Z ygou r ie s , A y io s K o sma s a nd p e rhap s C o r in th w e re d e s t royed a tt h e s ame t ime a s L er na b y a n i n vad ing g roup . K o rakou a nd E u t r e s i s , h e s ugge s ted , s u rv ived t h e d e s t ruc t ion a tt h e e nd o f t h e EH I a nd w e re d e s t royed a tt h e e nd o ft h e EH I I p e r iod

h i sd ea th . R ecen t ly , R u t te rh a s d eve loped ac l a s s if ica t ion s y s tem f o rt h e L e rna I V c e ram ic c o rpu s a nd of e r ed am od if i ed e xp lana to ry mode l f o r t h e a brup t c e ram ic c hange s b e tween L er na I I a nd I V ( 1995 ) . T he r e su l t s o fR u t te r 's s t y l i s t ic a na ly s i s f o r L e rna I V i nd ica te t ha t t h e e a r l ie s t EH I I ( Le rna I V ) p o t te ry f r om L er na w a s am ix tu r e o fi n d igenou s e l emen t s ( i . e . c on t inu i t ie s f r om L er na I I ) w i th a s e r ie s o f i n t ru s ive s t y l i s t ic e l emen t s , 3

A r chaeo logy a nd C lay s d e r ived f r om w e s te rn A na to l ian a nd C yc lad ic mode l s w h ich c oa le sced i n c en t ra l G reece b ef o r e mov ing s ou th i n to t h e P e loponne se ( 1995 :477 ,6 49 ) .

c en t ra l G r eece . S pec if ica l ly , R u t te r s aw t h e b u rn i sh ing o f s o l id ly p a in ted a nd u npa in ted s u rf ace s a nd r e duc t ion f i r ing a s n ew t e chno log ica l i n nova t ion s f r om o u t s ide t h e l o ca l e nv i ronmen t . B a sed o n t h e r e su l t s o ft h e XRD c ompa ra t ive a na ly s i s , t h e a u tho r s w ou ld l i ke t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e s udden a ppea rance o ft h e se c e ram ic c l a s se s i nL e rna I V i sd ue i np a r t t ot h e i n c r ea sed u se o fl o ca l i l i t ic c l ay sf r om t h eX e r ia sR ive r s y s tem . L ikew i se , t h e i n c rea sed u se o f t h e se c l ay s ou rce s o ve r t ime i s t h e r e su l t o f a l o ca l ly e vo lv ing c e ram ic t e chno logy .

C a skey 's o r ig ina l " non loca l" a nd i n nova t ive c e ram ic c l a s se s w e re r e ta ined b yR u t te rb u ts ubd iv ided o nt h eb a s is o fs l ipped v e r su s u n s l ipped a nd e n la rged t o f ou r c l a s se s . H i s S o l id ly P a in ted a nd B ur n i shed c l a s s e xh ib i t s ad a rk -f i r ing s l ip a l o ve r t h e s u r f ace o ft h e v e s se l , w h ich i st h en b u rn i shed . H i s o t he r t h r ee c l a s se s a r e b u rn i shed b u t a cco rd ing t o R u t t e r r ema in u n s l ipped . T he F ine B ur n i shed Non -G ray a nd Med ium C oa r se B ur n i shed c l a s se s d i sp lay d a rk b rown , g r ay b l ack t o m o t t led s u rf ace s . T he e mpha s is o n b l ack a s t h e s u rf ace c o lo ro ft h e v e s se l s i nt h ese c l a s se s i mp l ied t oR u t te r t h a t a tt h e e nd o ft h e f i r ing p roce s sr educ ing c ond i t ion s w e r e a ch ieved ( 1995 : 2 0 -25 ) . T he F ine G ray B u rn i shed v e s se l s r ep re sen tp e rhap st h e mo s td i s t inc t ive " non loca l" c l a s so ft h e L e rna I V a s semb lage . T h i s w a re w a s u n s l ipped , b u rn i shed a nd r educed w i th a u n if o rm ly gay s u rf ace c o lo r . I t i s c on s ide r ed t h e EH I I a nce s to ro ft h e c ha rac te r i s t ic MH w a r e k nown a s" G ray M inyan" .

ANALYT ICAL PREPARAT ION

TECHN IQUES

AND

SA MPLE

X -ray d if rac t ion/Ref e rence S amp l e s S amp le s u sed f o r t h i s a na ly s i s w e re f r om t h e X e r ia s r i ve r s y s tem : ( 1 ) t h e s ap ro l i te s ( SAP ) f r om t h e m e tamo rph ic w indow ( F igu re 3 , l o ca t ion s 6a nd 7 ) ; ( 2 ) t h e y e l low a nd ma roon P indo s C lay s tone s ( PC ) f r om t h e u ppe r f l y sch d epo s i t s ( F igu re 3 ,l o ca t ion 3 ) ; ( 3 ) X e r ia s r i ve r c l ay ( XRC ) f r om t h e u ppe r A rg ive p l a in ( F igu re 4 , l o ca t ion 2 ) ; a nd ( 4 ) L e rna m idd le a nd u ppe r g r ay s e c t ion s ( L MG /LUG ) f r om t h e l a cu s t r ine s ed imen t s o f t h e l owe r A rg ive p l a in ( F igu re 4 , l o ca t ion 1 ) .

Much l i ke C a skey , R u t te r h ypo the s ized t h a t t h e se c e ram ic c l a s se s w e re i n t roduced t o L er na I V b y s pec ia l ized p o t te r s w ho w e r e p a r t o fh i s p ropo sed " popu la t ion movemen t " f r om

K l ee

1

T hru s t T eig ar g c m es0 R oad

M t: A r tem i s ion

R ive r e

1 1 1 1 1 1 11 f let i ge

1 %4 1 . 00

gim

X

Q ua ternary

X er ia sR iver

c,

0

gg-

O lonos -P indos Z one

==== F ly sch

E Ne s tone i

S ha le s

T r ipo l is Z one F ly sch Po lom i t ic L im es tones

I

IT id r ,1, `

P la t t enka lk S er ie s

me t e Me s t c l i ) 1

? km

F igu re 3 .S imp l if ied g eo log ica l m ap o ft h e Maz i -Ka rya m e tamo rph ic w indow , s how ing t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e P hy l l i te -Qua r tz i te S e r ie sr o ck sa nd t h ef l y sche so ft h e O lono s -P indo s a nd t h e T r ipo l i sZ one ( af t e rP apa s tama t iou e ta l . 1 970 ) . ( X ) : t h e l o ca t ion o f r e f e rence s amp le s . 4

1-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L e rna

t e i c R oad R S i a ve mr p le

° 1% r m o rO X

Loca t ion

Qua ternary

Aluv ium

XB r ick F a c tory

F ans

XBr ick F ac to . -„

r ic e l il e-

o

O lonos -P indos Z one

I mi i lm m e s sm i tm a u t ima s s immem e g

um m en a m m aim

F lysch

E le i l s tone

K epha lar i

. -

d r dn in ir a r dn ini t rwenr dnra war an dra ird e d r ar an dra ir ir d n in tr are i lwar dr i dr anin w ir ' 331 3 13 13 1 31 3 101l b, I E IZE I f l ia lar

la t e • • ••

-

r

1

2 km

-

-

e id

-

-

-

re e

-

-

-

A dr

- 7

N ea K io s

N

F igu re 4 :S imp l if ied g eo log ica l map o ft h ew e s tA rg ive p l a in a nd t h eX e r ia sr i ve rv a l ley ( af t e rP apa s tama t iou e ta l . 1 970 ) . ( X ) : t h e l o ca t ion o fr e f e r ence s amp le s .

T he r aw c l ay sw e re s l aked i nd e ion ized w a te r , w edged t ot h e p o in t o fp l a s t ic i ty a nd e x t ruded f r om aP lay -Doh b rand t o y e x t rude r i n to 1 . 2x 1 .2x26 c m b r ick s . T he b r ick s w e r e f i r ed i n at h e rma l g r ad ien t f u rnace a t ah ea t ing r a te o f 1 0 °C /m in t o 8 50 °C . T he b a r s w e re s egmen ted i n to f i ve s e c t ion s ( e a ch s pann ing — 1 80 °) f r om w h ich o ne g ram s amp le s w e r e c o l lec ted f o rm ic ron iz ing . O ne g ram s amp le s w i th a< 0 . 5 mm p a r t ic le s i ze w e re a dded t ot h e m ic ron ize r c up . T en m l s o fw a te r w e r e a dded t ot h e c up , a nd t h e s amp le s w e r e g round f o r 1 0 15 m inu te s . T he g round s amp le s w e r e w a shed i n to 5 0 m l t e s t t ube s a nd c en t r if uged t o a c l ea r s upe rna te . Af t e r d ecan t ing t h e s upe rna t e s , t h e g round s amp le s w e r e t h o rough ly m ixed a nd s mea red a st h in ,g lo s sy c oa t ing so ng l a s ss l ide s . M ic ron ized s mea r s l ide s w e r e a na lyzed o n aP h i l l ip s X ray d i f f rac tome te r w i th C uk r ad ia t ion w i th s e t t ing s o f 4 5 k i lovo l t s a nd 2 0 m i l l iampe re s . As c ann ing r a te o f 2° 2 0 /m in o ve ra n a ngu la rr ange o f2 ° - 6 0° w a su sed . K ey m ine ra l sa nd t h e i r r e la t ive p e rcen tage s i nt h e r e f e rence p a t te rn s w e re u sed t oe va lua te s pec if i cs ou r ce l o ca t ion s .

t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re , a tmo sphe re a nd t h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e r aw m a te r ia l . M ine ra log ica l a nd s t ruc tu ra l t r an sf o rma t ion s , w h ich o ccu r d u r ing t h e f i r ing p roce s s , w e re u sed t o i s o la te t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re f o r t h e s he rd s amp le s . I mpo r tan t m ine ra l t r an sf o rma t ion p a rame te r s u t i l ized i nt h i s a na ly s is w e r e ( 1 ) c a lc ium c a rbona te t r an s i t ion t o c a lc ium o x ide b y t h e e vo lu t ion o f CO 2 a t 8 40 -860 °C ; ( 2 ) mu l l i te f o rma t ion a t 9 30 -950 °C ; ( 3 ) k ao l in i te d ehyd roxy la t ion a t 5 50 °C ; a nd ( 4 ) l o s so fi l i te s t ruc tu re a t8 50 °C . X -ray D if f rac t ion Ana l y s i s/Ar t if ac tS amp le s C e ram ic s amp le s e t s f o rL e rna I I /Pha se L a te A ( Tab le 1 )a nd L e rna I I /Pha se E a r ly C ( Tab le 2 ) w e r e c ho sen f r om a2 00 c oun t t e chno log ica l s amp le . R u t te r 's o r ig ina l p e t rog raph ic s amp le s e t f o r L e rna I V /Pha se I w a s u sed a s t h e mo s t r ep re sen ta t ive s amp le f o rt h e t r an s i t ion f r om I I t oI V ( Tab le 3 ) . M ic ron ized s mea r s l ide s w e r e p repa red f o r e ach s he rd s amp le . T he a r t if a c t p a t te rn s f r om L er na I I /Pha se L a te A , L e rna I I /Pha se E a r ly C a nd L er na I V /Pha se 1s amp le s e t s w e r e c ompa red w i th t h e c l ay r e f e rence s amp le p a t ter n s i n o rde rt od e te rm ine s ou rce l o ca t ion a nd f i r ing t empe ra tu re . P hy s ica lP roper ty T e s t ing /Ref e rence S amp l e s G r een a nd f i r ed s t reng th a l ong w i th t h e p e r cen tage o fl i nea r f i r ing s h r inkage w e re d e te rm ined f o r a l l t h e c l ay s w h ich o u t l ine t h e X e r ia s r i ve r s y s tem c on t inuum . Modu lu s o f R up tu re ( MOR )w a sm ea su red u s ing aT h ree P o in tB end . T he

I n a dd i t ion t h e f i red r e f e rence c l ay s a c t ed a s ac ompa ra t ive t oo l f o r d e te rm in ing f i r ing r ange . M ine ra log ica l a nd s t ruc tu ra l t r an sf o rma t ion s o ccu r d u r ing t h e f i r ing p roce s s . T he se c hange s a r e i d en t if iab le w i th XRD a nd d epend u pon 5

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion a na lyze r .

3 . 532 Mpa i nc ompa r i son t ot h e r e f e rence p o rce la in a t2 . 440 Mpa . T he i r f i red s t reng th , w hen f i red t o9 00°C , i s ar a nge o f 1 7 .16 -1 9 .73 Mpa . Mean p a r t ic le s i z e i s4 . 686 -5 . 196 pm w i th a moda l p a r t ic le s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion . S h r inkage i s2 . 25 2 . 75 % .

RESULTS

X -ray D i ff rac t ion Ana l y s i s/Ar t if ac t s

X -ray D if f rac t ion Ana ly s i s/Ref e rence Ma te r ia l s

A l l s he rd p a t ter n s w e re e xam ined w i th t h e c ompa ra t ive r e f e rence m a te r ia l p a t ter ns upe r impo sed o nt h e s he rd p a t te rn . T he re w a s n o mu l l i te f o rma t ion i nt h e s he rd s ; h oweve r , i n m any i n s tance s t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e w a s h igh e nough ( 8 50 °C ) t h a t i l i te w a s t h e o n ly r ema in ing c l ay p eak . R ecogn i t ion o ft h e i n ten s i ty a nd s hape o ft h e 0 0 1 r e f lec t ion p eak f o r i l i te a nd t h e r e la t ive a bundance o f c a rbona te t o f e ld spa r i nt h e s he rd ma te r ia l w e re i mpo r tan t i n d ica to r s f o r c ompa ra t ive a na ly s i s o fs ou rce l o ca t ion o n t h e r aw m a te r ia l c on t inuum .

r e f e rence s t anda rd f o rt h e MOR t e s t sw a s ap o rce la in a t2 . 440 m egapa sca l s ( Mpa ) . T h ree t r ia l s w e re made f o r e ach s amp le a nd t h e r e su l t s w e re a ve raged . P a r t ic le s i z e d i s t r ibu t ion w a s c a lcu la ted u s ing aH o r iba LA -920 , al a se r s ca t te r ing p a r t ic le

T he s ap ro l i te s amp le s ( SAP 1 a nd S AP2 ) r ep re sen t c l ay r ich s ed imen t s c o l lec ted o f f o f t h e w ea the r ing c h lo r i to id s ch i s t w i th a bundan t mu scov i te . T he u ppe r s e c t ion o f t h e s ch i s t s ap ro l i te ( SAP2 ) i s al ow -g rade k ao l in i te w i th a s soc ia ted F e r i ch m ine ra l sa nd t h ea dd i t iona ln on -c lay m ine ra l s ,q ua r tz a nd f e ld spa r . K ao l in i te f o rma t ion r e su l t s f r om t h e l o s s o f p o ta s s ium a nd t h e r e o rgan iza t ion o f t h e a l um ina a nd s i l ica d ue t o w ea the r ing . A s ma l l a moun t o f c h lo r i te i sp re sen t . S AP 1 , f r om o ne k i lome te r l owe r i n t h e p rof i le , i s a n i l i t e /deg raded m ica d epo s i t . T he re i sn o c a rbona te i ne i the r s amp le , b u t ag ood q uan t i ty o f t h e d i s t inc t ive f e ld spa r i s p re sen t . T he P indo s c l ay s tone s a r e r i ch i ns mec t i te , w i th s ome i l i te a nd much h i ghe r p e rcen tage s o f c a rbona te t h an t h e l owe r p l a in a l luv ia l c l ay s . T he P indo s c l ay s tone s a r e c l a s s if ied a s h igh ly c a lca r eou s . T he X e r ia s r i ve r /uppe r A rg ive p l a in c l ay ( XRC ) i s p r edom inan t ly i l i t ic w i th s ome s mec t i te a nd k ao l in i te . A bou t 5 10% c a rbona te /ca lc i te i sp re sen t a s af i ne c a rbona te c emen t . T he d i s t inc t ive f e ld spa r i sp r e sen t a l ong w i th q ua r tz . T h i s c l ay i sc l a s s if ied a s l ow c a lca reou s a s i t c on ta in sl e s st h an 1 0% C a . T he l owe r p l a in a l luv ia l c l ay s ( LMG /LUG ) a r e i l i t ic c l ay s w i th i n te rg rown s mec t i te l a ye r s . T he d i s t inc t ive f e ld spa r i s s t i l l p re sen t , b u t i s b e ing w ea the r ed o u t o f t h e s ed imen t . T hu s , t h e r e la t ive a bundance o f f e ld spa r t o c a rbona te d ec rea se s c l o se r t ot h e c oa s ta l p l a in . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e a moun t o f c a lc i te p re sen t i n t h e a l luv ia l c l ay s i n c rea se s d rama t ica l ly . T he a l luv ia lc l ay sa r ec l a s s if ied a sc a lca reou s .

P hy s ica lP rope r ty T e s t ing /Ref e rence Ma ter ia l s S apro l i te 1a nd 2( SAP1&2 ) T he SAP 1&2 c l ay sh ave av e ry l ow g r een s t reng th o f0 . 765 1 . 416 Mpa i nc ompa r ison t ot h e p o rce la in s t anda rd a t2 . 440 Mpa . T he i rf i red s t reng th , w hen f i red t o9 00 °C , i s ar ange o f 1 . 31 -3 . 33 Mpa . Mean p a r t ic le s i ze i s1 6 .119 -3 1 .169 pm w i th a b imoda l p a r t ic le d i s t r ibu t ion . S h r inkage i s 1 .5 0 . 25 % .

L erna I I /Pha se L a te A Two c l ay c ompo s i t ion s w e re n o ted i n t h e L e rna I I /Pha se L a te A s amp le ( See T ab le 1 ) . T he f i r s t c l ay c ompo s i t ion c ompa re s t o c l ay s ou rce s i n t h e l owe r A rg ive p l a in ( L MG /LUG ) . T he s e cond c l ay c ompo s i t ion c ompa re s t o s ou rce s i nt h e u ppe r A rg ive p l a in . T he u ppe r A rg ive p l a in c l ay s a r e t h e l ow c a lca reou s c l ay s ( XRC ) t o m e tamo rph ic s ap ro l i te ( SAP )c l ay s . T he a l luv ia l c l ay ( L MG /LUG ) i sf i red i n av e ry c on s i s ten t a nd s ho r t f i r ing r ange o f 8 50 -900 °C . T he SAP /XRC c l ay s d i sp lay t wo f i r ing t empe ra tu re s . T he f i r s t f i r ing r a nge i s b e tween 8 50 -900 °C o r h ighe r . T he s e cond f i r ing r a nge i s b e tween 6 20 -775 °C . T he l ow -f i red s amp le s a r e n o ta ted i n T ab le 1w i th a na s te r i sk ( * ) . L erna I I /Pha se E ar ly C C ompa ra t ive a na ly s i s r evea led as im i la rp a t te rn i nt h e s amp le f o r t h i s p ha se o f L erna I I ( See T ab le 2 ) . T he a l luv ia l c l ay ( LMG /LUG ) i ss t i l l u t i l iz ed i n P ha se E a r ly C a nd i sf i r ed , o nce a ga in , i n t h e c on s i s t en t ly s ho r t f i r ing r ange o f 8 50 9 00 °C . T he re i s a ma rked i n c rea se i n t h e u se o f t h e S AP /XRC c l ay s . W i th in t h e S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing t h e re i sa l so am o re f r equen t u t i l iza t ion ( 1 3 .8% i n I I /A , 2 4% i n I I /C ) o f al owe r f i r ing r a nge o f 6 20 -775 °C . T he l ow -f i red s amp le s a r en o ta ted i nT ab le 2w i th a na s te r i sk

L erna I V /Pha se 1 T he p a t ter no ft wo c l ay c ompo s i t ion s , w h ich w a s o b se rved i n t h e L e rna I I p ha se s , i sc on t inued i nt h e L erna I V /Pha se 1 s amp le ( See T ab le 3 ) . T he a luv ia l c l ay ( L MG /LUG ) i s af a r s ma l le r c omponen t ( 65 .5% i n I I /A , 2 8% i n I I /C , 3 4% i n I V / 1) o f t h e s amp le t h an i n t h e L e rna I I /Pha se L a te A s amp le . T he S AP /XRC c l ay s a r e d om inan t . W i th in t h i s t e chno log ica l g roup ing t h e l ow -f i red ( 620 -775 °C ) s t ra tegy i s r e l ied o nt o amuch g rea te rd eg ree t h an i nt h ep rev iou sp ha se s ( 1 3 .8% i nI I /A , 2 4% i nI I /C , a nd 4 6% i nI V / 1) . T he l ow f i red s amp le sa r en o ta ted i nT ab le 3w i th a n a s te r isk ( * ) .

X er ias R iver C lay ( XRC ) T he XRC c l ay s h ave as l igh t ly b e t te r g reen s t reng th o f 1 . 81 Mpa . T he i r f i red s t reng th , w hen f i r e t o9 00 °C , i s6 . 30 Mpa a nd s h r inkage i s0 . 75 % . T he m ean p a r t ic le s i ze i s5 . 44 1 pm a nd d i s t r ibu t ion i sb imoda l . L erna M idd le a nd U pper G ray ( L MG /LUG ) T he LMG /LUG c l ay s h ave ah igh g r een s t reng th o f2 . 923 6

1-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L e rna S ummar yo ft he T echno log ica l Da ta T he XRD p a t te rn s r e t r ieved f r om t h e c l ay r e f e rence s amp le s f o rt h e m e tamo rph ic s ap ro l i te2 ( SAP2 ) a nd t h e X e r ia s R ive r C lay ( XRC ) c onf i rmed t h e h ypo the t ica l c l ay m a t r ix p rog r e s s ion , o b se rved i n t h e EMPA p ro jec t , w i th in t h e m e tamo rph ic f a b r ic s f o r L e rna I I a nd I V . Mo reove r , c ompa ra t ive XRD a na ly s i s b e tween s he rd s amp le s a nd f i red r e f e rence s amp le s i d en t if i ed t wo c e ram ic t e chno log ica l g roup ing s a tL e rna ( LMG /LUG a nd S AP /XRC ) i nt h e L er na I I a nd I V s amp le s e t s . T he LMG /LUG t e chno log ica l g roup ing c an b e c ha rac te r ized a s ar e la t ive ly h igh -f i red o x id ized c e ram ic f o r p reh i s to r ic t ime s , w h ich u se s af i ne t o m ed ium f i ne c a lca reou s c l ay b ody . T he S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing u t i l iz e s b o th h i gh a nd l owe r f i r ing s t ra t eg ie s . T he h igh -f i red m icaceou s c l ay b ody i s af i ne t o m ed ium c oa r se f a b r ic ; t h e l ow -f i red i s ac oa r se r f a b r ic . T he S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing i s g ene ra l ly f ound i n c on junc t ion w i th a b u rn i shed s u rf ace t r ea tmen t a nd /o r a r educed s u rf ace c o lo r .T he re i sa ni n c rea s ing u t i l iza t ion o ft h e l ow -f ir ing s t ra tegy w i th in t h i sg roup ing i nt h e L e rna I I /Pha se E a r ly C a nd L e rna I V /Pha se 1s amp le s e t s .

CLAY MINERALOG ICAL CERA M IC S TYLE

CONSTRA INTS

ON

T he c l ay m ine ra logy o ft h e X e r ia s r i ve r s y s tem i s af unc t ion o ft h e l o ca l b ed rock , w h ich i s as e r ie s o fc a rbona t e p l a tf o rm s o ve r ly ing am e tamo rph ic w indow n o r thwe s t o fL e rna . F i r s t , t h e r e i s t h e p oo r ly s o r t ed q ua r tz p hy l l i te -de r ived c l ay w ea the r ing i ns i tu o n t h e mu scov i te -ch lo r i to id s c h i s t . N ex t , t h e r edd i sh -b rown i l i t ic c l ay s o ft h e u ppe r A rg ive p l a in a r e f o rmed t h rough e r o s iona l p roce s se s a nd f l uv ia l t r an spo r t . F ina l ly , t h e s ed imen ta ry i l i te smec t i t e c l ay s o f t h e c oa s ta l p l a in a r ed epo s i t ed . A l though t h e t op o ft h e m e tamo rph ic f o rma t ion i sk ao l in i t ic , t h e c l ay s o f t h e r i ve r c on t inuum a r e p redom inan t ly i l i t ic . T he re i s a n i n c r ea s ing c a lca r eou s c omponen t d ue t o t h e s u r round ing c a rbona te f o rma t ion s . A s w i th mo s t n a tu ra l s amp le s t h e i l i t ic c l ay s c on ta in s ma l l a moun t s o f i n t e r s t ra t i f ied s mec t i te l a ye r s . T he r e a r e t h r ee ma in c l ay s ou rce s a l ong t h e X e r ia s r i ve r s y s tem c on t inuum : ( 1 ) t h e k ao l in i t e f r om t h e t op o f t h e m e tamo rph ic f o rma t ion n o r thwe s t o f L e rna ; ( 2 ) t h e c a lca reou s i l i t ic c l ay s w h ich o ccu r o n t h e h igh land s a nd u ppe r A rg ive p l a in s u r round ing L e rna ; a nd ( 3 ) t h e f i ne -g ra ined c a lca reou s i l i te smec t i te c l ay s o ft h e l owe r A rg ive p l a in . A s w i l l b e s e en b e low , t h e c a lca r eou s i l i t ic c l ay s of e r t h e b e s t p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o r t h e d eve lopmen t o f ad u rab le , a l l -pu rpo se a nd s t i l l a e s the t ica l ly p l ea s ing w a re .

a nd a l um ina t o p roduce c a lc ium a l um inum s i l ica te s s u ch a s g eh len i t e a nd a n tho r i te ; s ome o f t h e c a lc ium m ay b e i n co rpo ra ted i n to ag l a s sy p ha se ( He imann 1 989 : 1 36 ) . T he b l a ck c o re a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e se c l ay s a nd o b se rved i n t h e f i red t h e rma l g rad ien t b r ick s i sn o t a n i n d ica t ion o fl ow f i r ing ; b u t i st h e b l ack c o r ing a s soc ia ted w i th r ap id f i r ing w h ich l e ad s t o v i t r if ica t ion . B lack c o r ing i n d ica te s a t empe ra tu re g rad ien t f r om o u t s ide , w h ich i sh i gh e nough t o b u rn o u t t h e c a rbon , w he rea s t h e re i s s t i l l c a rbona ceou s m a te r ia l i n t h e c o re , w h ich i n d ica te s a l owe r i n te rna l t empe ra tu re . E a r ly P E a s se s smen t o fL er na I I t h in -sec t ion s s ugge s ted t h a t t h ey r ep r e sen ted ab i sque f i r ing ( 900 1000 °C ) . T he c a rbona te d u s t e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted a c ro s s t h e m a t r ix i s n a tu ra l ly o ccu r r ing a nd a n i nd ica t ion o ft h i s t ype o ff i r ing . Ab i sque f i red b ody c an r educe p o ro s i ty t o 2 3% ( R ice 1 987 : 1 06 ) . T h i s c ha rac te r i s t ic w ou ld b e v a luab le i ns hape s , w h ich i mp ly u se a s af i ne o rt a b lewa re , e . g . s auceboa t , s auce r , p yx i s , a nd c up . A d rawback f o r t h e u se o f t h i s c l ay c ou ld b e t h e r e la t ive ly h igh f i r ing t empe ra tu r e a nd n a r row f i r ing r a nge t h a t mu s t b e a t ta ined a nd c on t ro l led i no rde r f o r t h e f i ne p a r t ic le c a lc i te t o s i n te r a nd f u se ( Mu r ray 1 994 : 2 47 ; R ice 1 987 : 1 04 ) . T he c on s ide rab le g r een s t reng th o f t h e LMG /LUG c l ay s a l low s f o r s i gn if ican t s t ruc tu ra l i n teg r i ty . T h is p hy s ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic i sp a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o f l a rge c e ram ic p i ece s w he re s agg ing o ft h e b ody n eed s t ob e a vo ided , e . g . p i tho i ( s to rage j a r s ) . T he p re sence o ft h e s ma l l a moun t o fs mec t i te i nt h e se c l ay s i n c rea se s p l a s t ic i ty a nd d ry s t reng th . T he 2 . 25 -2 . 75% s h r inkag e i sn o t h i gh e nough t o c au se s t ruc tu ra l f l aw s( Mu r ray 1 994 : 2 47 ) . T h i s t e chno log ica l g roup ing d oe s h ave a s ma l l r ange i n p a r t ic le s i ze . C lay s w i th b imoda l o r t r imoda l p a r t ic le s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion u sua l ly l e ad t ob e t te r p a r t ic le p ack ing /den s i ty . A w ide p a r t ic le s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion w i l l h e lp t ol owe rp o ro s i ty a nd i n c r ea se f i red s t reng th . As ma l l d i s t r ibu t ion c an c au se h ighe r p o ro s i ty a nd w eake r f i red s t reng th , e xcep t w hen s mec t i te i s p r e sen ti ns ma l lq uan t i t ie s . S AP /XRC T echno log ica lG roup ing T h i s c l ay g roup e xh ib i t s f r om L er na I I /Pha se L a te A o nwa rd s t h e c apab i l i ty f o r t wo f i r ing s t ra teg ie s . T he f i ne t o m ed ium c oa r se c l ay ( SAP ) i sf i red t ot h e s ame r ange a s t h e LMG /LUG g roup ing b u t i sn o t a s h a rd a nd g l a s sy a s t h e LMG /LUG c l ay sd ue t ot h e l a ck o f af l ux ing a gen t( F igu re 6 ) . T he s e cond f i r ing s t ra tegy , w h ich e ncompa s se s c a lca reou s i l i t ic c l ay s ( XRC ) , p l a ce s much mo re e mpha s i s o n al ow f i r ed , p o rou s a nd c oa r se r tex tu red c e ram ic . T he c a rbona te c an b e e mp loyed a s af l ux , w h ich l owe r s f i r ing t empe ra tu re , r educe s f u e l n eed s a nd s t i l l a ch ieve s ad en se c e ram ic b ody ( F igu re 7 ) .

LMG /LUG T echno log ica lG roup ing T he XRD p a t ter n s f o rt h e LMG /LUG t e chno log ica l g roup ing a r e s t r ik ing i nt h e i r v i sua l r egu la r i ty ( F igu re 5 ) . T he se c l ay s c on ta in v e ry f i ne -g ra ined c a rbona te ( c a lc i te ) w h ich a c t s a s a f l ux a l low ing f o r a d en se r , g l a s sy p ha se a t a l owe r t empe ra tu r e . When f i r ed i n t h e 8 50 1050 °C r ange , f i ne g r a ined c a lc i te o ccu r r ing i nt h e c l ay m a t r ix r e ac t s w i th s i l ica

A c oa r se r , t h icke r -wa l led a nd l owe r -f i red w a re i s b e t te r s u i ted f o r c ook ing w he re t h e rma l s hock r e s i s tance i s i mpo r tan t . F i r ing s t ra teg ie s , h oweve r , a r e n eeded i no rde r t o 7

A r chaeo logy a nd C lay s c on t ro l f i r ing t empe ra tu re a nd r educe t h e e f f ec t s o fs pa l l ing . T he t h e rma l d ecompo s i t ion o fc a lc i te t oC aO i nt h e c e ram ic a nd t h e i n c r ea se i n v o lume c au sed b y r e ca rbona t ion a f t e r c oo l ing c an l e ad t o d e s t ruc t ion o ft h e p o t . I ft h e c a lca reou s i l i t ic c l ay i s f i r ed u nde r r educ ing r a the r t h an o x id iz ing c ond i t ion s , t h e d ecompo s i t ion r e ac t ion s o fc a lc i te a nd i l i te a r e c oup led . N o f r ee C aO o ccu r s a nd p o t s h ave l e s s r i sk o f b e ing d e s t royed b yl ime s pa l l ing ( He imann 1 989 :136 ) . T he r e su l t s o fp hy s ica l p roper ty t e s t ing s ugge s t t h a tt h e S AP c l ay s l a ck t h e g r een a nd f i red s t reng th o f t h e LMG /LUG t e chno log ica l g roup ing . T he s ap ro l i te s d o h ave a b imoda l s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion , w h ich s hou ld h e lp f i red s t reng th a nd l owe r p o ros i ty . T he i r l a rge p a r t ic le s i z e a nd a b sence o f s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f s mec t i te m ake s t h em l e s s p l a s t ic . T he XRC c l ay s o f t h i s t e chno log ica l g roup ing e xh ib i t ah ighe r g r een a nd f i red s t reng th a s w e l l a s b imoda l p a r t ic le s i z e d i s t r ibu t ion . T he b imoda l p a r t ic le d i s t r ibu t ion i s i n p a r t a r e f lec t ion o f t h e n a tu ra l b l end ing o f t h e m icaceou s a nd c a lca r eou s c omponen t s o ft h e X e r ia sr i ve r s y s tem c on t inuum . S h r inkage i smuch l owe rt h an f o rt h e LMG /LUG g roup ing .

D ISCUSS ION T he r aw m a te r ia l c on t inuum t h a t w a s o b se rved t h rough t h e EMPA s t udy r e vea led i nt h e c ompo s i t iona l a na ly se s o ft h e c l ay m a t r ice s f o r L e rna I I a nd I V s he rd s t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t b e tween t h e se t wo c u l tu ra l p e r iod s t h e r e w a s ac hange i n s pec if i c s ou r ce l o ca t ion s , p e rhap s r ef lec t ing c hang e s i n p ref e rence f o rp a r t icu la rp u rpo se s . T he o r ig ina l L erna I I a nd I V p e t rog raphy r e po r t s o fB e tancou r t a nd Mye r ( 2000 : 6 80 7 03) a nd B e tancou r t e ta l . ( 1995 : 6 66 -693 ) s how , a sw e l l , a m a rked i n c rea se i n t h e u t i l iza t ion o f m icaceou s c l ay s ( SAP /XRC )b yt h e l a te rp ha se s o fL e rna I I /C a nd D a nd i n to L e rna I V /Pha se 1 .

Am a jo r i ty o fR u t te r 's p re sumed " non loca l" a nd i n nova t ive c l a s se s c ome f r om t h e D i spa ra te Me tamo rph ic P E g roup ( 1995 : 7 36 -749 ) . T h i s i st h e s ame g roup t h a t w e h ave b een a b le t oi d en t if y a sl o ca l a nd h ave d e s igna ted a st h e S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing . T hu s , w e i n f e r t h a t t h e u se o f b u rn i shed s u r f ace t r ea tmen t s a nd r educ t ion f i r ing s w h ich a r e o b se rved i nt h e D ispa ra te Me tamo rph ic P E f a b r ic g roup ( a nd t h e c e ram ic c l a s se s r ep re sen ted b yt h a t P E f a b r ic ) t h roughou t b o th L e rna I I a nd I V c an b e d i scu s sed i n t e rm s o f l o ca l d eve lopmen t . H ow much o f t h e t e chno log ica l i n nova t ion e xh ib i ted i nt h e L e rna I V c l a s se s o f F ine G ray B u rn i shed , F ine B u rn i shed Non -G ray , Med ium C oa r se B u rn i shed a nd S o l id ly P a in ted a nd B ur n i shed c ou ld b et h er e su l to f al o ca l ly e vo lv ing c e ram ic t e chno logy? T he r e i s at e ndency t owa rd s p a r t ia l ly r educed v e s se l s i nb o th LMG /LUG a nd SAP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing s , b u t r educ t ion f i r ing i sp r ima r i ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e S AP /XRC c l ay s . R educ t ion f i r ing b ecome s much mo r e a ppa r en t w i th in t h e S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing i nt h e L e rna I V /Pha se 1a s semb lage . A r educ t ion a tmo sphe r e d u r ing t h e f i r ing p roce s s w i l l h a rden t h e f i n i shed p roduc t . U nde r r educ ing c ond i t ion s i r on c ompound sr eac tw i th s i l ica t op roduce af l ux . T h i s r e ac t ion c r ea te s ag l a s sy p ha se a t al owe r t empe ra tu r e ( R ice 1 987 : 3 54 ) . P h i lpo t s h a s s hown t h a t t h e b u rn ing o f g ra s s t empe r d u r ing f i r ing c an b e u sed t o p roduce r educ ing c ond i t ion s . H i s c onc lu s ion w a s t h a t " by m ix ing o rgan ic t empe r w i th t h e c l ay t h e p o t te r i n su r ed t h a t r educ ing c ond i t ion s w e r e a ch ieved . T he r educed w a re a l lowed f o r a l e s s p e rmeab le v e s se l a t l owe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re s" ( 1994 : 6 16 ) . W iencke h a s m en t ioned a n o rgan ic /vege ta l t empe r , w h ich a ppea r s i nt h e l a te rp ha se so fL e rna I I ( 2000 : 3 18 ) .

T he XRD a na ly s i s c onf i rmed t h e p robe e v idence a nd t h e f a b r ic p a t te rn ing t h a t i sa ppa ren t i nB e tancou r t a nd Mye r 's L er na I I a nd I V p e t rog raphy . I nL er na I I /Pha se L a t e At h e L e rnean p o t te r s u sed f o r t h e i r m e tamo rph ic f a b r ics a mo re mu scov i te r ich c l ay d e r ived f r om h ighe r i nt h e r i ve r s y s tem . T he c oa r se r , mo r e c a rbona te r ich i l i t ic c l ay s ou rce h a s a s ma l l p re sence . B o th t h ef i ne a nd c oa r se m e tamo rph ic f a b r ic s a r e c omp le te ly o ve r shadowed b y t h e u t i l iza t ion o f f i ne g ra ined a l luv ia lc l ay s( L MG /LUG ) .

I n t h e s amp le s e t s b u rn i sh ing o r p o l i sh ing a s as u rf a ce t r ea tmen t i s mo s t p reva len t i n t h e S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing . R u t te r n o te s t h a t " a l a rge r p e rcen tage o f t ho se v a se s c oa ted a l l o ve r w i th p a in t a nd s ub sequen t ly b u rn i shed h ave af i ne , r a the r s of t , a nd s l igh t ly m ica ceou s f a b r ic" ( 1995 : 5 4 ) . S l ipped a nd b u rn i shed s u rf ace s r e ta rd t h e p ene t ra t ion o f l i qu id s b y c r ea t ing a d en se s u rf a ce o f f i ne a nd c ompac ted p a r t ic le s ( R ice 1 987 : 2 31) . T he u se o ft h is s u rf a ce t r ea tmen t i so f ten ar e spon se t o al e s s s i n te red c e ram ic b ody . A l though t h e re i s ag r ea te r f ondne s s i nL er na I V f o r b ur n i shed v e s se l s u rf a ce s , b u rn ish ing a s soc ia ted w i th p a in ted a nd u npa in t ed s u rf ace s i sd ocumen ted b y W iencke f o r L e rna I I a s w e l l ( 2000 : 3 20 -328 ) .

B y L e rna I I /Pha se E a r ly C t h e L e rnean p o t te r s w e re c on s is ten t ly u t i l iz ing t wo s ou rce s f o r t h e i r m e tamo rph ic f a b r ic s : ( 1 ) af i ne r -g ra ined m ica ceou s c l ay ; a nd ( 2 ) ac oa r se r mo re c a rbona te r ich i l i t ic c l ay f r om l owe ri nt h e X e r ia sr i ve r s y s tem . T he XRD s amp le s e t s how s t h e s ame i n c rea se i n p ref e rence f o r t h e se t wo c l ay s ou rce s t h a t w a s s e en i nt h e o r ig ina l p e t rog raphy s amp le . T he c on s is ten tu t i l iza t ion o ft h e t wo s ou rce s f r om t h e u ppe r X e r ia s r i ve r s y s tem c on t inued i n t h e L e rna I V /Pha se 1s amp le s . I ndeed , t h e l a rge , s pec ia l ized a nd t h in -wa l led L e rna I I a s semb lage o fb ow l s , s auce r s a nd s t o rage v e s se l s w i th f ew h and le s g i ve s w ay s l ow ly t o a s ma l le r , l e s s -va r ied L e rna I V a s semb lage o f c oa r se r a nd t h icke r -wa l led v e s se l s w i th m any mo re h and le s p r e sen t ( Ru t te r 1 993 ) .

B a sed o n t h e e v idence f r om t h e s amp le s e t s , t h e re i sa n i n c rea s ing f r equency o fp o t s p roduced i nS AP /XRC c l ay s . I s t h e re a t e chno log ica l e xp lana t ion f o r t h is t r end t owa rd a c oa r se r c l ay w i th mo r e c a rbona te a nd /o rq ua r tz p r e sen t i nt h e b ody? T he c ompa ra t ive f i r ing t empe ra tu re a na ly s i s r evea led t h a t t h e L ime s tone w i th Me taqua r tz i te P E f a b r ic g roup , i . e . t h e XRC c l ay s , i nt h e L e rna I I /Pha se L a t e A , L er na I I /Pha se E a r ly C a nd L er na I V /Pha se 1s amp le s e t s i sv i r tua l ly a lway s a l ow -f i r ed c e ram ic . O ne s ugge s t ion m igh t b e t h a t t h e L e rnean p o t te r s w an ted t h e p rope r t ie s o f s t r eng th a nd r e s i s tance t ot h e rma l s hock i ns pec if ic c e ram ic s hape sf i r ed a t t h e l owe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re . T o a ccomp l ish t h i s t h ey n eeded ac l ay b ody w i th af l ux ing a gen tt oc r ea te t h en ece s sa ry p ha se r eac t ion s f o r a n i n e r t b ody a t al owe r t empe ra tu r e . H e imann 8

I-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L e rna h a s s hown t h a t c a lca reou s i l i t ic c l ay s w e r e w ide ly u sed i n a n t iqu i ty , b ecau se t h ey h ave al owe rv i t r if ica t ion t empe ra tu re t h an k ao l in i te r ich c l ay s( 1989 : 1 32 ) . T he g r ea t e r u se o ve r t ime o fc oa r se r c l ay s f i red a t al owe r f i r ing t empe ra tu r e c ou ld s ugge s t ac hange i nt h e i mpor tance o fs pec if ic l o ca lc l ay s ou rce s . Mo re c oa r se w a re si nL e rna I V c ou ld i mp ly mo re o n s i te c ook ing a nd f ood p r epa ra t ion —a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f mo re p e rmanen t h ou seho ld s a tL e rna i nI V t h an i n I I . O ne c ou ld s pecu la te t h a t i n EH I ( Le rna I I ) L e rna w a s at r ad ing p o s ta nd ah ab i ta t ion s i te i nL e rna I V . A no the r s ugge s t ion m igh t b e t h a t t h e se t e chno log ica l g roup ing s o f u ppe r X e r ia s r i ve r c l ay s a nd l owe r v a l ley a l luv ia l c l ay s r e p re sen t t wo p opu la t ion s o f p o t te r s . T he h igh land p opu la t ion h ad a t i t s d i spo sa l t wo c l ay c ompo s i t ion s ;t h el owe rp l a in p opu la t ion h ad o n ly t h e a l luv ia l c l ay s . E a ch p opu la t ion c ou ld h ave e ven tua l ly s pec ia l ized i n p roduc t s f o r w h ich t h e i r c l ay s w e r e b e s t s u i ted . I f t h e t e chno log ica lg roup ing sd or ep re sen tt wo l o ca l p opu la t ion sa t L e rna , t h e c hange s i n c l ay p ref e rence s a nd t h e i n c rea s ing f r equency o f t h e S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing i n t h e s amp le s e t s c ou ld i mp ly a s i gn if i can t c hange i n l o ca l

b ody t h a t i s c hem ica l ly s t ab le /v i t r i f ie s a t l owe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re s . T he c e ram ic t e chno logy d a ta s e t s s uppo r t a c on t inu i ty i n c e ram ic t e chno log ica l p rac t ice s a mong l o ca l p o t te r sb e tween t h eL e rna I I a nd I V c e ram ic a s semb lage s . T he t e chno log ica l e v idence s ugge s t st h a tn on loca l i nf luence s o n l o ca l L emean p opu la t ion s a nd p o t te r s a tt h e L e rna I I / IV b ounda ry w e r e o f an a tu re t h a t i mp l ie s e qua l s t a tu s b e tween f o re ign e l emen t s a nd i n d igenou s e l emen t s , i . e . t r ade , s ma l l g roup s o fn ewcome r s a nd t h e d i f f u s ion o fi d ea s . Wha t m ay a ppea ra s as udden s t y l i s t ic c e ram ic c hang eb e tween L e rna I I a nd I V c ou ld b e i n te rp re ted a s as e r ie s o f much e a r l ie r a nd mo r eg radua l a dap ta t ion sb yl o ca lp o t te r st o ac hang ing s oc ia l a nd e conom ic e nv i ronmen t . T he se s oc ia l a nd e conom ic f a c to r s c ou ld i n c lude : ( 1 ) i mpor ted f o rm s o r i mm ig ran t c r af t smen ; ( 2 ) n ew f o rm s a nd r e f u rb i shed o l d f o rm s a dap ted t o a ccommoda te n ew t e chno log ie s a nd c hanges i n s oc ia l b ehav io r ; ( 3 ) t h e i n t roduc t ion o fn ew f ood s t h a t n eces s i ta ted c hange s i ns t o rage o rc ook ing v e s se l s ; ( 4 )t h e i mp l ica t ion s o f m a r r iage ; ( 5 ) s pec if ic i n d iv idua l s o r g roup s w ho i n f luenced t h e u se o fs pec if ic s t y le s ; a nd ( 6 ) t e chno log ica l u t i l iza t ion o f l o ca l c l ay c ompo s i t ion s f o r s pec if ic p u rpo se s o r p hy s ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s .

s e t t lemen tr eg ime sa tL e rna . S h r ine r h a s made o ne o b se rva t ion , w h ich m igh t t e nd t o d i scoun t , b u t n o t p r ec lude , t h e i d ea o f t wo s epa ra te p opu la t ion s o fp o t te r s . A tt h e s ame t ime ( Le rna I I /C a nd D ) t h a t t h e L emean p o t te r s w e r e u t i l iz ing a n u ppe r X e r ia s r i ve r c l ay mo r e f r equen t ly f o r f i ne a nd s pec ia l p u rpo se c e ram ic s , f o r t h e i r h ou se t i l e s t h ey w e r e mov ing a way f r om t h e f i ne m icaceou s c l ay o ft h e S AP /XRC t e chno log ica l g roup ing t oa c a lca r eou s c l ay . P r io r t o t h e " Hou se o f T i le s" ( Le rna I I /Pha se D ) , r oof ing t i l e s f o r s pec ia l b u i ld ing s w e re p roduced i n am icaceou s c l ay . I n c on t ra s t , t h e " Hou se o f T i le s" i sr oof ed i n t i l e s p roduced f r om a c a lca reou s c l ay ( L MG /LUG t e chno log ica l g roup ing ) . I t a ppea r s t h a t t h e L emean p o t te r s w e re a wa r e o fb o th u ppe r X e r ia s r i ve r a nd l owe r v a l ley a l luv ia l c l ay s f r om a n e a r ly p e r iod . W i th t ime t h ey l e a rned t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic s a nd a dvan tage s o fe a ch k i nd o f c l ay b ody a nd c ame t o u se t h e i r r aw m a te r ia l s f o r t h e s pec if ic p u rpo se s mo s t s u i ted t o t h e c l ay b ody . T he l e s s p o rou st i l e se xecu ted i nt h eh igh -f i r ed a l luv ia lc l ay sw ou ld b e f a r s upe r io r t o t i l e s c on s t ruc ted f r om m icaceou s c l ay s . I ndeed , t h e se a l luv ia l c l ay s a r e s t i l l u sed i n mode rn t ime s f o r t h ec on s t ru c t ion o fr oof t i l e s .

ARCHAEOLOG ICAL IMPL ICAT IONS

T he c e ram ic s t y l i s t ic e v idence f o r t h e t r an s i t ion b e tween L e rna I I a nd I V a tL e rna d ocumen t s ad i scon t inu i ty i ns hape e vo lu t ion , d eco ra t ive p a in t ing a nd s u rf ace c o lo r . A tt h e s ame t ime t h e t e chno log ica l e v idence s ugg e s t s a d ef en s ib le c on t inu i ty a mong t h e c e ram ic c l a s se s a nd t h e l ong te rm u se o f l o ca l c l ay c ompo s i t ion s w i th in l o ca l p o t te r g roup s . T he c omb ined s t y l i s t ic a nd t e chno log ica l e v idence f r om L e rna s ugge s t s a n o ve rp r in t —n o t r ep lacemen t —o n al o ca l c e ram ic a s semb lage . I nt h eh i s to ry o fL e rna c e ram ic st h i so ve rp r in t ing o n a n e x i s t ing a s semb lage m ay s i gna l as i gn if ican t a nd p e r s i s ten tl o ca lp opu la t ion o fa r t i san s .

A cknow ledgmen t s T he a u tho r s w ou ld l i ke t o e xp re s s t h e i r g ra t i tude t o D r . W i l l iam C a r ty , D i r ec to r o ft h e Wh i tewa r e R e sea r ch C en te r , N ew Y o rk S t a te C o l lege o f C e ram ic s a tA lf red U n ive r s i ty , f o r c onduc t ing t h e p hy s ica l p rope r ty t e s t ing o n t h e L e rna r e f e rence c l ay s . S pec ia l t h ank s a r e e x tended t o Ms . E r in B ecke r , w ho p e rf o rmed t h e t e s t s a nd o rgan ized t h e r e su l t s . F und ing f o rf i e ldwo rk a nd s amp le d eve lopmen tw a sp rov ided f o r C .S . b y t h e F u lb r igh t F ounda t ion , t h e H a r r ie t a nd L eon P ome rance F e l low sh ip , t h e P rog ram i n C la s s ica l A rcha eo logy ( I nd iana U n ive r s i ty ) a nd t h e W iene rL abo ra to ry ( Ame r ican S choo lo fC la s s ica l S tud ie sa tA th en s ) .

T he t e chno log ica l e v idence s ugge s t s t h e c on t inuou s u t i l iza t ion o f t wo c l ay s ou rce s a nd t h e i r d ependen t t e chno log ie s t h roughou t c u l tu ra l p e r iod s I I a nd I V a tL e rna . T he S AP /XRC c l ay sr ep re sen tt h e l o ca lm e tamo rph ic w indow n or thwe s t o f L e rna a nd t h e u ppe r X e r ia s r i ve r s y s tem ; t h e LMG /LUG c l ay sr e p r e sen tt h e l owe rA rg ive p l a in . B eg inn ing i n L e rna I I /Pha se E a r ly C , t h e S AP /XRC c l ay s a ppea r t o h ave i n c r ea sed i np opu la r i ty . C oup led w i th t h i s mo r e d i ve r se u se o fl o ca l c l ay s i nL e rna I I /Pha se s Ca nd D , a n i n c rea s ing t e chno log ica l s oph is t ica t ion i n f i r ing s t ra teg ie s i s d ocumen t ed . T he re a ppea r s t ob e at r end t owa rd u s ing ac l ay 9

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s R ef erence s B e tancou r t , P .P . a nd Mye r , G .H . 2 000 . P e t rog raph ic E xam ina t ion o fP o t te ry S amp le s f r om L e rna I I , I n L e rna , AP rec la s s ica lS i te i nt h eA rgo l id , I V , L erna I I : A rch i tec tu re , S t ra t i f ica t ion a nd P o t te ry , M .H . W iencke . P r ince ton , N J : Ame r ican S choo l o f C la s s ica l S tud ie sa tA then s , p p . 6 80 -703 . B e tancou r t , P .P . , Mye r , G .H . , a nd V aughan , S . J . 1 995 . C e ram ic P e t rog raphy o f S e lec ted P o t te ry S amp le s f r om L e rna I V . I nL erna , AP rec la s s ica lS i te i nt h e A rgo l id , I I , T he P o t tery o fL erna I V , J . B . R u t te r . P r ince ton ,N J : Ame r ican S choo l o fC la s s ica l S tud ie s a tA then s ,p p . 6 66 -693 . C a skey , J .L . 1 960 . T he E a r ly H e l lad ic P e r iod i nt h eA rgo l id . H e spe r ia 2 9 : 2 85 -303 . D ee r , W .A . , H ow ie , R .A . , a nd Z u s sman , J . 1 992 . A n I n t roduc t ion t o t h e R ock -Fo rm ing M ine ra l s . 2n d e d i t ion . H ong K ong : L ongman S c ien t if ic a nd T echn ica l . H e imann , R .B . 1 989 . A s ses s ing t h e T echno logy o fA nc ien t P o t t e ry : T he U se o f C e ram ic P ha se D iag ram s . A rcheoma te r ia l s3 :1 23 148 . J one s , R .E . 1 986 . G reek a nd C yp r io t P o t te ry : AR ev iew o f S c ien t i f ic S tud ie s . F i t ch L abo ra to ry O cca s iona l P ape r 1 .A then s : B r i t i sh S choo l a tA then s J one s , R .E . 1 993 . P o t te ry a s E v idence f o r T rade a nd C o lon i sa t ion i n t h e A egean B ronze A ge : t h e C on t r ibu t ion o fS c ien t if ic T echn ique s . I n W ace a nd B ieg en : P o t te ry a s E v id ence f or T rad e i n t h e A egean B ron ze A ge , 1 939 -1989 , e d s . C . a nd P . Z e rne r a nd J .W inde r , Am s te rdam : G ieben , p p . 1 1 7 Ma t son , F .R . 1 965 . C e ram ic E co logy : a n A pp roa ch t o t h e s t udy o f t h e E a r ly C u l tu re s o f t h e N ea r E a s t . I n C e ram ic s a nd Man , e d . F .R . Ma t son . V ik ing F und

I n c . , p p . 2 47 -248 . P apa s tama t iou , J . , V e tou l i s , D . , T a ta r i s , A . , C h r i s todou lou , G . , B o rnova , J . , L a lecho s N . , a nd K oun is , G . 1 970 . G eo log ica l Map o fG reece . 1 : 50 ,000 . A rgo s S hee t . A then s : I SGR . P h i lpo t s , A . 1 994 . A pp l ica t ion o f P e t rof ab r ic a nd P ha se E qu i l ib r ia A na ly s i s t o t h e S t udy o f aP o t she rd . J ourna lo fA rchaeo log ica lS c ience 2 1 : 6 07 -618 . R ice , P . 1 987 . P o t te ry A na ly s i s : A S ou rcebook . C h icago : U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s . R u t te r , J .B . 1 993 . E a r ly H e l lad ic P o t te ry : I n f e rence s a bou t E xchange a nd P roduc t ion f r om S ty le a nd C lay C ompo s i t ion . I n W ace a nd B l egen : P o t ter y a s E v id ence f or T rad e i n t h e A eg ean B ron ze A ge , 1 939 -1989 , e d s . C . a nd P . Z eme r a nd J .W inde r , Am s te rdam : G ieben , p p . 1 9 -37 . R u t te r , J .B . 1 995 . L erna , AP rec la s s ica l S i te i nt h e A rgo l id , I I , T he P o t te ry o f L e rna I V . P r ince ton , N J : Ame r ican S choo l o fC la s s ica l S t ud ie sa tA then s . S h r ine r , C . a nd D o ra is , M .J . 1 999 . AC ompa ra t ive E lec t ron M ic rop robe S tudy o f L erna I I a nd L erna I V C e ram ic s a nd L oca l C lay -R ich S ed imen t s . A rchaeome t ry 4 1( 1) : 2 5 -49 . V aughan , S . J . , Mye r , G .H . , a nd B e tancou r t , P .P . 1 995 . D i scu s s ion a nd I n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e P e t rog raph ic D a ta . I n L erna , AP rec la s s ica l S i te i nt h e A rgo l id , I I , T he P o t te ry o fL erna I V , J . B . R u t te r . P r ince ton , N J : Ame r ican S choo l o fC la s s ica l S tud ie s a tA then s , p p . 6 93 -710 . Weave r , C .E . 1 989 . C lay s , Mud s , a nd S ha le s . Am s te rdam : E l sev ie rS c ien t if ic . Wh i tb read , I . K . 1 995 . G reek T ran spo r t Amphorae : a P e t ro log ica l a nd A rchaeo log ica l S tud y , F i tch L abo ra to ry O cca s iona l P ape r 4 , B r i t ish S choo l a t A then s , O xf o rd . W iencke , M .H . 2 000 . L erna , A P rec la s s ica l S i te i n t h e A rgo l id , I V , L e rna I I : A rch i tec tu re , S t ra t if ica t ion a nd P o t te ry . P r ince ton , N J : Ame r ican S choo l o f C la s s ica l S tud ie sa tA then s .

P ub l ica t ion s i nA n th ropo logy , 4 1 . C h icago : Wenne r G r en F ounda t ion ,p p . 2 02 -217 . Mu r ray , H .H . 1 994 . C ommon C lay . I n I ndu s t r ia l M ine ra l s a nd R ock s , 6t h e d i t ion , e d . D .D . C a r r , L i t t le ton , C o : S oc ie ty f o r M in ing , Me ta l lu rgy a nd E xp lo ra t ion ,

1 0

1-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L e rna T ab le 1 .T echno log ica ls amp le f o rL e rna I I /Pha se A . T he s amp le w a su sed f o rX ray d if rac t ion a na ly s is . L ow -f i red ( 660 -775 ° C )s amp le sa r en o ta ted w i th a na s te r i sk ( * ) . S ou r ce : W iencke 2 000 . L ERNA I I /PHASE LATE A

T echno F abr ic

P E F abr ic

S hape

S ur f ace T rea tmen t

Macrofabr ic

S amp le

F ine

A sko s

D a rk P a in ted , P a t te rned

Med ium F ine

P 218

w /Ca rbona te

J ug o rJ a r

D a rk P a in ted , P a t te rned

Med ium F ine

P 125

P yx i s

D a rk P a in ted , P a t te rned

Med ium F ine

P 169

S auceboa t

D a rk P a in ted , P a t te rned

Med ium F ine

P 173

S auce r

D a rk P a in ted , P a t ter ned

Med ium F ine

P 128

B a s in

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 223

B a s in

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 133

J a r

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 136

J a r

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 227

J a r

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 225

J ug

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 137

P yx i s

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 14 1

S auceboa t

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 143

S auceboa t

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 142

S auce r ( Pede s ta l )

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 145

S auce r

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 148

S auce r

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 152

J a r

U npa in ted

Med ium F ine

P 16 1

J ug

U npa in ted

Med ium F ine

P 162

F ine /

J ug

L igh tP a in ted , F ine P o l ished

F ine

P 117

M icaceou s

B ow l ( Pede s ta l )

L igh tP a in ted , B u rn i shed

Med ium C oa r se

P 123

S auce r

L igh tP a in ted ,B u rn i shed

Med ium C oa r se

P 124

S auce r

U npa in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 120

B a s in

L igh tP a in ted ,F ine P o l i shed

Med ium C oa r se

P 122

A sko s

U npa in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 159

B a s in

L igh tP a in ted ,F ine P o l i shed

Med ium F ine w /M ica

P 116*

B ow l ( I ncu rved )

C oa r se

V e ry C oa r se

P 164*

P i tho s

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 211*

H ea r th

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 2 10*

C " )

Me tamo rph ic

L ime s tone w /Me taqua r tz i te

1

A rchaeo logy a nd C lays T ab le 2 .T echno log ica l s amp le f o rL erna I I /Pha se E a r ly C . T he s amp le w a su sed f o rX ray d i f f rac t ion a na lys is . L ow -f i red ( 660 -775 ° C ) s amp les a r en o ta ted w i th a na s te r i sk ( * ) . S ou rce : W iencke 2 000 . LERNA I I /PHASE EARLY C

P E F abr ic

S hape

S urf ace T rea tmen t

Macrofabr ic

S amp le

F ine w /Ca rbona te

J a ro rJ ug

D a rk P a in ted , P a t ter ned

Med ium F ine

P 579

B a s in

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 547

S auceboa t

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 548

S auce r

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 556

B a s in

Unpa in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 558

P yx i s

L igh tP a in ted , F ine P o l ished

V e ry F ine

P 607

S auceboa t

L igh tP a in ted , F ine P o l ished

F ine

P 543 /T569

S auce r

ine P o l i shed L igh tP a in ted , F

Med ium F ine

P 608

B ow l

Da rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 563

B ow l ( Pedes ta l )

L igh tP a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 575

c n

B a s in

L igh tP a in ted , B u rn ished

Med ium C oa r se

P 544

0 X

S auce r

L igh tP a in ted , F ine P o l ished

F ine

P 570

S auce r

L igh tP a in ted , F ine P o l ished

F ine

P 57 1

J a r( Hyd r ia )

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 628

J a r

L igh tP a in ted , B ur n ished

Med ium C oa r se

P 545 /T568

J a r( P i tho s -S ized )

Unpa in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 560

B ak ing P an

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 605

B a s in

D a rk P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 627*

B ow l( Co l la red )

L igh tP a in ted

Med ium F ine

P 574*

P i tho s( Bow l T . )

D a rk P a in ted , C oa r se

C oa r se

P 562

P i tho s( Bow l T . )

C oar se

C oa r se

P 565*

P i tho s( Necked T . )

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 566

J a r

Unpa in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 559*

H ea r th

Unpa in ted

C oa r se

P 690*

B ow l ( R ing -Base )

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 564*

T echno F abr ic

F ine /M icaceou s

Me tamo rph ic

L imes tone w /Me taqua r tz i te

( / )

S i l t s tone

1 2

I-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L er na T ab le 3 .O r ig ina lc e ram ic p e t rog raphy s amp le f o rL e rna I V /Pha se L T he s amp le w a su sed f o rX ray d i f f rac t ion a na ly s i s . L ow -f i red s amp le sa r en o ta ted w i th a na s te r i sk ( * ) . S ou rce s : R u t te r 1 995 ; B e tancou r te ta l . 1 995 . L ERNA I V /PHASE 1 T echno F abr ic

P E F abr ic

S hape

S urf ace T rea tmen t

Macrof abr ic

S amp le

F ine w /

J a r( Na r row -Necked )

D a rk o n L igh t , P a in ted

V e ry F ine

P 119 /T514

c a rbona te

J a r( Na r row -Necked )

D a rk o n L igh t , P a in ted

P 120 /T516

J a r( Na r row -Necked )

D a rk o nL igh t , P a in ted

P 126 /T518

T anka rd

D a rk o n L igh t , P a in ted

P 20 /T517

T anka rd

D a rk o n L igh t , P a in ted

F ine

T anka rd

D a rk o n L igh t , P a in ted

V e ry F ine

P 2 /T513

O uzo C up

L igh to n D a rk , P a in ted

F ine

P 378 /T533

T anka rd

S o l id ly P a in ted a nd B ur n i shed

F ine /Med ium

P 168 /T368

P 386 /T519

C oa r se B ow l

S o l id ly P a in ted a nd U nbu rn i shed

P 197 /T379

O uzo C up

S o l id ly P a in ted a nd U nbu rn i shed

P 179 /T378

T anka rd

F ine G ray B u rn i shed

F ine

P 20 1

K an tha ro s

F ine G ray B urn ished

F i ne

P 202

F ine /

J ug

L igh to nD a rk , P a in ted

F ine

P 286 /T531

M icaceou s

C up /Bow l

L igh to nD a rk , P a in ted

H igh ly M icaceou s

P 287 /T532

B ow l

S o l id ly P a in ted a nd B u rn i shed

V e ry F ine w /M ica

P 331/T369*

T anka rd

S o l id ly P a in ted a nd B u rn i shed

F ine w /M ica

P 164 /T367*

B ow l

F ine B ur n ished Non -G ray

F ine

P 2 10 /T358

B ow l

F ine B u rn i shed Non -G ray

F ine

P 2 13 /T359

T anka rd

F ine B u rn i shed N on -G ray

F ine w /M ica

P 206 /T350

L id

F ine , U nbu rn i shed

V e ry F ine w /M ica

P 301/T364*

T anka rd

Med ium C oa r se , B u rn i shed

Med ium C oa r se

P 320 /T387

O pen S hape

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 256 /T405

L ime s tone w /

A sko s

F ine B ur n ished Non -Gray

F ine w /M ica

P 2 16 /T357*

Me taqua r tz i te

B ow l

F ine B u rn i shed Non -G ray

F ine

P 296 /T360*

B ow l

F ine B ur n ished Non -G ray

F ine

P 2 19 /T361*

B ow l

F ine B ur n i shed N on -G ray

F ine

P 292 /T388*

S auce r

F ine , U nbur n i shed

F ine w /M ica

P 31 0 /T363*

C up

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 241/T538*

J a r (W ide -Mou thed )

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 352 /T408*

J a r (W ide -Mou thed )

C oa r se

C oa r se

P 330 /T537*

T anka rd

C oa r se

C oa r se w /M ica

P 408 /T543*

C up

Med ium C oa r se , B u rn ished

Med ium C oa r se

P 313 /T386*

C up

Med ium C oa r se , B ur n ished

Med ium C oa r se

P 321/T406*

C up

Med ium C oa r se ,U nbu rn i shed

Med ium C oa r se

P 322 /T400*

J ug

D a rk o n L igh t , P a in ted

Med ium C oa r se

P 11 1 /T5 15*

S i l t s tone

1 3

_

1 — C N J

> c 2 0 . e

§

1 4

. 1 -

A

2 v

( SdO )A l !sua lu l

F igu re 5 .C ompa ra t ive XRD p a t tern f o rL erna I/A P 173 .

r-

1

1

r -

r

1-

1 -

1

1 i t1 „

& 1 44 )1‚

-1-

I

T

S auceboa t

S ource Ma ter ia l : LMG # 6

_

-

1 < 05 -0586> C a lc i te , s yn -C aCO3 < Ma jo r>

‘

i t ) -

o i

0 ) t o c v )

, 1 4 fb 1 9 '

Y ‚4 j

4 0

1 1 < C9 -0478> A no r thoc iase , d i so rde red -( Na ,K ) (S 13A 1 )08 < Ma jo r>

el _ ( K ,H30 )A l2S 13A 10 10 (OH )2 < Ma jo r>

k i \ e r m A

P N/ 4\ 14 4 °

C N

C N I

C V 0

A rchaeo logy a nd C lays

-

_ _ _

_ _ _ , _

7 F " . [ -

_ _

_

__ _ _

1 5 4 9 ke4

C \I

•>

1 = =

A . -

e v

( s c i3 )N 4s ue u i

F igu re 6 .C ompa ra t ive XRD p a t tern f o rL e rna I I /A P 123 .

< 05 -0586> C a lc i te ,s yn -C aCO3 < Ma jo r>

1

i tH

,

i

1 _

WM 1

I < 09 -0478> A no r thoc l ' a se ,d i so rde red -( Na ,K ) (S i3A 1 )08 < Ma jo r>

# 1 -( K ,H30 )A l2S 13A 10 10 (OH )2 < Ma jo r>

N . e N c o u

_ _ • ___ _ __ _ _ _

c o 0

I -

I —

_

C N I

( N I

h c e N a; N ( I iN 1

N C D

_

4 e i

B ow l ( Pedes ta l )

\ 44 1 4 e

i

I NM . J oom

S ource Ma ter ia l : SAP2 # 6

_ _ _ _

e iti

l ti

I

1

1-E xp la in ing S udden C e ram ic C hange a tE a r ly H e l lad ic L erna

_

_

_

_

- I _

- -

r

1 r

44 ` 4 4)

2

1 6

2 v

4

1

7 (OH )2 < Ma jo r> ( K ,H30 )A l2S i3A 10 1 iC

A i i 4 ,

j i Li Wj A ft i 447

r—

L444M N4 4

07; C • 1 I I — C N

1

—

I

( 8d0 )Aesua ;u 1

F igu re 7 .C ompa ra t ive XRD p a t te rn f o rL er na I I /EC P 565 . I 1 IL 1

I

r

‘ 1 1 11

C N

f ' • C N I I

0 c o c o

C ` 4 4

—

„ < 05 -C688> C a lc i te , s yn -C aCO3

1 Li _ A no r thoc lase ,d i so rde red -( Na ,K ) (S i3A 1 )08 < Ma jo r>

i f l

\ \ 4 0 4 ,0, „ , , , e ,e1 4, / 4 w

t emMit t

1

—

. -E r 9 -0, 4 78>

2 " E

N W twA

.N

4 4 ( 1

N

0 3 I

ce

C D

I \ Ii .

i ° 44* ‚ \* Ä

C ,

4 ei t

t o c o

r N

—

(

L

L4 144

144 ?

g 4 1

t4h 14 . 4 4 4‚ 4 4 / \

l i

1 t Wd

I

1 9 4 1 i 1 L4 xe1 4, / 4l ' e vo, 4 4 ,mmhA s e d e e 4,4 0 . .4

P i thos ( Bow lT ype )

\ iw ij i l l '

I

S ource Ma ter ia l : X RC # 4

A rcha eo logy a nd C lay s

1 1 . -

i

_

_ _ i 1 -

_

1

_ E

I

I

CHAPTER 2 ANATOL IAN METALL IC WARE : A TH IRD MILLENN IU M BC CERA M IC PHENO MENON E l izabe th S .F r iedman D epa r tmen to fN ea rE a s te rn L anguage sa nd C iv i l iza t ion s , U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago

F ive t hou sand y ea r s a go , a nc ien t N ea r E a s te rn p o t ter s c r ea ted " me ta l l ic w a re s" , h a rd , t h in , c e ram ic s i d en t i f ied b y t h e m e ta l l ic s ound t h ey make w hen t apped o rs t ruck . B a sed o n t h e i rs ound a nd a ppea rance , m e ta l l ic w a re s h a ve b een t o u ted a s e xamp le s o fe a r ly , h igh -f i red c e ram ic s . A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re , i n p a r t icu la r , h a sb een d e sc r ibed a sh igh f i red , d e sp i te t h ea b sence o fa ny s c ien t i f ic e v id ence s uppo r t ing s uch ac l a im . I n o rd e r t o i n ve s t iga t e t h i s m e ta l l ic p henomenon , s amp le s o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re w e re e xam ined b y m u l t ip le a na ly t ica l t e chn ique s t o d e term ine t h e d eg ree o f v i t r if ica t ion , t h e e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion , a nd m ine ra l c omponen t o ft h e c l ay . P ha se a na ly s i s b ys cann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scopy r evea l s t ha t t h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re e xh ib i t s t h e p hy s ica l q ua l i t ie s o f ah igh -f i red c e ram ic , b u t w i thou t v i t r if i ca t ion . C ompo s i t iona l a na ly s i s b y e ne r gy d i spe r s ive s pec t rome t ry a nd n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s e s tab l i she s t ha t t h e m e ta l l ic w a r ef rom A na to l ia w a s m anuf ac tured f rom ap hy l lo s i l ica te , s erpen t ine c l ay . T he u se o ft h i s h igh magne s ium -l ow p o ta s s ium c l ay s ou rce e nab led t h ep o t te r s o fa nc ien tA na to l ia t o p roduce ab r i t t le , d en se , n on -po rou sc e ram ic w i thou tb e ing f i red a th igh t empera tu re s .

I NTRODUCT ION D u r ing t h et h i rd m i l lenn ium BC o rE a r ly B ronze A ge , an ew t y pe o f p o t t e ry c a l led " me ta l l ic w a re" a ppea r s i n c e ram ic a s semb lage s t h roughou t t h e N ea r E a s t . T h i s p o t te ry i sn o t d ubbed " me ta l l ic w a re ' b ecau se i tc on ta in s l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f m e ta l , b u t r a the r b ecau se o ft h e m e ta l l ic r i ng i tm ake s w hen t a pped o r s t ruck a ga in s t ah a rd s u r f a ce . Me ta l l ic w a r e r e p re sen t s at e chno log ica l i n nova t ion t h a t s t re tche s f r om c en t ra l A na to l ia t ot h e s ou the rn L evan t . C on tempo ra ry E a r ly B ronze A g e m e ta l l ic w a re s h ave b een f ound i n s ou th a nd c en t ra l T u rkey ( Go ldman 1 956 ; Me l laa r t 1 954 , 1 963 ; Me l l ink 1 989 , 1 993 ; Ö z ten 1 989 ) , t h e ` Amuq V a l ley ( B ra idwood a nd B ra idwood 1 960 ) , n o r the rn I s rae l ( G reenbe rg a nd P o ra t 1 996 ) , a nd n o r thea s te rn S y r ia ( Kühne a nd S chne ide r 1 988 ; S chne ide r 1 988 , 1 989 ) . E ach o ft h e se r eg ion s e xh ib i t s a m e ta l l ic w a re c e ram ic t r ad i t ion d if e ren t ia t ed b y t h e c ompo s i t ion o f t h e c l ay , c ho ice o f t empe r , m ode o f m anuf a c tu re , r a ng e o f v e s se l s , s u rf ace t r ea tmen t , f i r ing t empe ra tu re , a nd f i r ing a tmo sphe re ( f o r a d e ta i led c ompa r i son o f N ea r E a s te rn m e ta l l ic w a re s s e e F r iedman 2 000 ) . F o r d ecade s , n o ted a r chaeo log i s t s a nd p o t te ry s pec ia l i s t s s uch a s R obe r t a nd L inda B ra idwood ( 1960 ) , J ame s Me l laa r t ( 1962 ) , Ma ch te ld Me l l ink ( 1993 ) , F r ede r ick Ma t son ( 1956 ) , Amnon B en -To r ( 1992 ) , R af ae l G reenbe rg a nd N aom i P o ra t ( 1996 )h ave a l l a s sumed t h a tt h e m e ta l l ic r i ng o f me ta l l ic w a re w a s a n e f f ec t o f h igh -f i r ing t empe ra tu r e s . R e sea rch w a s u nde r taken t o t e s t t h i s a s sump t ion a nd mo re b road ly , t o e xp la in t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween m e ta l l ic w a re s a nd m e ta l p roduc t ion ( s ee F r iedman 2 000 ) . O f p a r t icu la r i n te r e s t t o t h i s s t udy i st h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re f r om s ou th -cen t ra l T u rkey , w he re c oppe r a nd b ronze p roduc t ion p ro l if e ra ted d u r ing t h e t h i rd m i l lenn ium BC . T he A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e s he rd s s e lec ted f o r a na ly s i s c ome f r om t h e s ma l l , E a r ly B ronz e A ge s i te o f G ö l tepe , l o ca ted i nt h e T au ru s Moun ta in s , a bou t 8 0 k i lome te r s n o r th o f t h e Med i te r ranean c oa s t . A rcha eo log ica l e xcava t ion s a t G ö l tepe r e vea led s ub te r ranean s t ruc tu re s , p o t te ry , a nd

e v idence o f m e ta l p roce s s ing p r ima r i ly i nt h e f o rm o f c l ay c r uc ib le s , c a s t ing mo ld s , a nd g r ind s tone t oo l s ( Vand ive r , Y ene r , a nd May 1 992 ; Y ene r a nd V and ive r 1 993 ) . T he n e ighbo r ing t i n m ine o f K e s te l a ppea r s t o h ave b een e xp lo i ted a t a bou t t h e s ame t ime . C e ram ic e v idence c omb ined w i th r ad ioca rbon d a te s p l a ce t h e o ccupa t ion o f G ö l tepe a nd t h e m in ing o fK e s te l t ob e tween c a . 2 800 -2200 BC . A l though G ö l tepe i so n ly 8 10 h ec ta re s i ns i z e , c on tempo ra ry c u l tu ra l d eb r i s i n t h e f o rm o f c e ram ic ma te r ia l a nd l i t h ic s c ove r s a bou t 6 5 h ec ta r e s ( Yene r a nd V and ive r 1 993 ) . T he i n du s t r ia l c e ram ic sa r er ep re sen ted b yt h ou sand so ff r agmen t s o f c rude , h and -made c haf f tempe red c r uc ib le s . A l l o f t h e d ome s t ic p o t te ry w a s h andmade a s w e l l . T he h ou seho ld a s semb lage i n c lude s o range -g r i t ty p i tho i , l ow -wa l led b ak ing t r ay s , h o le -mou th c ook ing p o t s , c up s , s ha l low v e s se l s , a nd d eep b ow l s . T he b ow l s a nd c up sw e re m anuf ac tu red i nc oa r se w a re , t h ick r ed s l ipped w a re , m ica ceou s w a re ( bo th b u rn i shed a nd u nbu rn i shed ) , g rog tempe red f i ne s l ipped w a r e , a nd A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re . T he j ug s a nd p i tche r s a r e r e s t r ic ted t oA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re .

ANATOL IAN METALL IC W ARE T h i rd m i l lenn ium BC A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e i s f ound p r ima r i ly i ns ou th -cen t ra l T u rkey ( F igu r e 1 ) . I t s d i s t r ibu t ion r a nge s f r om t h e c en t ra l K onya p l a in , e a s t t ot h e f oo th i l l s o f t h e T au ru s Moun ta in s , a nd f r om A cemhöy ük o n t h e c en t ra l p l a teau , s ou th t ot h e C i l ic ian c oa s t ( Ga r s tang 1 953 ; G a r s tang a nd G o ldman 1 947 ; G o ldman 1 956 ; Me l laa r t 1 954 , 1 963 ; Me l l ink 1 993 ; ö zgü9 1 986 ; Ö z ten 1 989 ; S e ton -W i l l iam s 1 954 ; Y ene r a nd V and ive r 1 993) . S he rd s o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re h ave b een f ound i n a nd a round t h e C i l ic ian G a te s i n t h e T auru s Moun ta in s a nd a l ong t h e C a lycadnu s p a s s a t t h e e a s ter n e dge o f t h e K onya p la in , t wo ma jo r o ve r land r ou te s p rov id ing a cce s s t ot h e C i l ic ian P la in ( Öz ten 1 989 ) .

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

BLACK S EA

.

MAR MARA

•l i oroz tepe

S EA

•l i pvek G t tU t ic a •Macs H öy t t iL ,/-.

X

erf a ll iti n 4

Ar s ion tepe -Ma ta tya • i . r_ i td l g 5 a tn

•L idar

irA la irkh * A11 . 1. Eb ta •

MED ITERRANEAN S EA 0 0

C YPRUS

0 0 mitt 2 10

S YRIA

k i lu l l ICKT i

F igu re 1 . Map o fs e lec ted E a r ly B ronze A ge s i te s i nc en t ra lT u rkey ( adap ted f r om J oukow sky 1 996 , f i g . 5 . 1 , p .1 42 ) .

T he j a r s h ave s l igh t t o mode ra te r i s ing s pou t s w i th as i ng le v e r t ica l h and le a t tached t o t h e r im a nd s hou lde r . T he j ug s h ave s t ra igh t o r s l igh t ly e ver ted c o l la r s w i th o ne o r t wo v e r t ica l h and le s a t tached t ot h e n eck a nd s hou lde r , a l though t h e re a r e h and le le s s v a r ian t s a s w e l l . T he s hape s i n c lude

A p re l im ina ry l ook a t t h e c h rono log ica l a nd g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t e chno logy p robab ly o r ig ina ted i nt h ec en t ra l a nd e a s te rn h a lf o ft h e K onya P la in s ome t ime d u r ing t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h e t h i rd m i l lenn ium BC ( EB I ) .B yt h em id th i rd m i l lenn ium BC ( EB I ) , A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re , w h ich w a s s t i l l p rom inen t o n t h e K onya p l a in , s p read e a s twa rd t owa rd t h e f oo th i l l s o f t h e T au ru s Moun ta in s a nd i n to C i l ic ia . A tG ö l tepe , A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e f i rm ly d a te st ot h e EB I a nd c on t inue s i n to t h e l a t te rh a lf o ft h et h i rd m i l lenn ium BC ( EB I I ) . I nt h e EB I I , A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re a ppea r s a tA cemhöyük n o r th o ft h e T au ru s r a nge ( ÖzgüQ 1 986 ; Ö z ten 1 989 ) , b u t b y t h a t t ime , i t h a s a l l b u t v an i shed f r om t h e K onya a nd C i l ic ian P la in s ( F r iedman 2 000 ) .

b ow l s , s i ng le -hand led c up s , a nd c up s w i th t u bu la rs pou t s . A l l o ft h e v e s se l s h ave s l igh t ly c oncave o ro mpha lo s b a se s . L ug h and le s , a t ta ched b o th v e r t ica l ly a nd h o r izon ta l ly , a r e o f t en f ound o n t h e v e s se l s w i th h and le s . A l though Ö z ten ( 1989 ) s ugge s t s t h a t t h e l u g h and le s a r e d eco ra t ive , i ti s mo r e l i ke ly t h a t t h ey a r e f unc t iona l , p robab ly u sed f o r t y ing o n c l o th o r l e a the rl i d s . T o d a te , m o r e t h an t h i r ty d if e ren t i n c ised o r i mp r e s sed p a t te rn s h av e b een f ound o n t h e h and le s f r om G ö l t epe . T he i n c i s ion s c on s i s t o fc omb ina t ion s o fd o t s a nd d a she s . S im i la r h and le s w i th i n c i s ion s o rp o t ma rk sh ave b een f ound o no t he r s i te s i nt h e N i§de r eg ion , E re§ l i , a nd A cemhöyük ( Me l laa r t 1 954 , 1 963 ; Ö z ten 1 989 ) . T he se ma rk s d eno te t h e v e s se l 's

A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e i s ah a rd , h andmade , t h in -wa l led ( 2 5 nun ) c e ram ic t h a t b reak s a l ong as t ra igh t f r ac tu re l i ne . T he c l ay u sed f o rp roduc ing t h e m e ta l l ic w a re i sw e l l l e v iga ted t o c r ea te f i ne , d u rab le , n on -po rou s v e s se l s s u i tab le f o r s t o rage , t r an spo r t , a nd s e rv ing l i qu id s . T he re a r e n o t r ace s o fo rgan ic t empe r n o r i st h e re e v idence f o r t h e d e l ibe ra te a dd i t ion o f n on -p la s t ic i n c lu s ion s . T he r eper to i re o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re c on s i s t s p r ima r i ly o fg l obu la rj a r s a nd j ug s ( F igu re 2 ) .

c on ten t s , t h e i n tended r e c ip ien t , t h e p o t te r 's w o rk shop , o r m ay s imp ly r e f lec t ar ange o fd eco ra t ive d e s ign s .

1 8

2-A na to l ian Me ta l l ic Wa re

1

2

3

4

5

6

F igu r e2 .E xamp le so fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r . V e s se l s 1a nd 2f r om Ö z ten ( 1989 : 4 16 ) ; v e s se l 3f r om G a r s tang ( 1953 : 1 96 ) ; a nd v e s se ls 4 ,5 ,a nd 6f r om Me l laa r t( 1963 :2 31 ,233 ) .V e sse l sn o td rawn t os ca le .

T he i n te r io r s u r f ace o f t h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic -wa re s he rd s c o l lec ted f r om G ö l tepe i sf a i r ly c on s i s ten t ,r e g i s te r ing r edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5 YR 7 / 6 ) o n t h e Mun se l l c ha r t . V a r ian t s i n c lude l i gh t gay ( 10 YR 7 / 2 ) , v e ry p a le b rown ( 10 YR 7 / 4 ) , p ink ( 7 .5 YR 7 / 4 ) , a nd v e ry d a rk g ray ( 5 YR 3 / 1) . T he c o re i s g ene ra l ly r edd i sh y e l low ( 7 .5 YR 6 / 6 ) b u t v a r ie s f r om l i gh t y e l low i sh b rown ( 2 .5 Y 6 / 3 ) t o p ink ( 7 .5 YR 7 / 4 ) . T he e x te r io r i sg ene ra l ly r edd i sh y e l low ( 5 YR 7 / 6 ) b u t h a s many mo r e v a r ian t st h an t h e i n te r io r , i n c lud ing l i gh tb rown ( 7 .5 YR 6 / 3 -6 /4 ) ,p ink ( 7 .5 YR 7 / 4 ) ,r edd i sh b rown ( 5 YR 5 / 3 ) ,b rown ( 7 .5 YR 4 / 3 ) a nd e ven d a rk g ray ( 2 .5 Y 4 / 1) . I ts ome t ime s e ven a ppea r s w i th ag r een i sh t i nge . T he i n con s i s tency i nt h e e x te r io rc o lo ro ft h e s he rd s s ugge s t s t ha tt h ef i r ing c ond i t ion s w e re n o t c omp le te ly u n if o rm . Ö z ten n o te s ( 1989 ) t h a t at h in s l ip i sa pp l ied e i the r i nt h e c o lo r o ft h e c l ay s i t se lf o r i no ne o r t wo s hade s d a rke r , a nd t h a t aw a sh i sg ene ra l ly p re sen t ,

t hough t h i s i sn o t e a s i ly d e tec ted . H igh , mode ra te , a nd e ven s l igh tb u rn i sh i sr e ad i ly v i s ib le . A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e i so f t en d eco ra ted w i th ap u rp l i sh red o r p u rp l i sh -b rown d e s ign . T he mo s t c ommon p a t te rn i sa w ide , s imp le b and p a in ted a round t h e r im , b o th i n s ide t h e v e s se l a nd o u t . As i ng le r ow o fd o t s , al i ne o fs qu igg le s , o r r ow s o fd o t s a r e o f t en f ound e nc i rc l ing t h e b a se o ft h e n eck , s epa ra t ing t h e n eck f r om t h e s hou lde r . Wavy v er t ica l l i ne s o cca s iona l ly a ppea r o n t h e u ppe r h a lf o ft h e b ody . Me l laa r t ( 1963 ) n o te s t h a t t h e p a in t i st h in a nd w a shy a nd Ö z ten ( 1989 ) a dd s t h a t t h e d r ipp ing e f ec t w a s ar e su l t o f p a in t a pp l ied w i th at h in b ru sh b ef o re f i r ing . A n o cca s iona l t r ee l i ke mo t if c an b e f ound o n t h e n eck o r o n t h e s hou lde r n ea r t h eh and le .

1 9

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s THE ARCHAEOLOG ICAL ASSU MPT ION T he a r cha eo log ica l a s sump t ion t h a t t h e s ound o f m e ta l l ic w a re , i t s a ppea rance , a nd i t s b r i t t lene s s , i s ar e su l t o fh i gh f i r ing t empe ra tu re s a pp l ie s t o a l l E a r ly B ronze A ge m e ta l l ic w a res . I n ad i scu s s ion o f " t h in s andy w a re" , av a r ian t o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re f r om T a r su s , Ma t son r ema rk s t h a t t h e h a rdne s s a nd m e ta l l ic r i ng , t oge the r w i th i t s g ray c o re s ugge s t st h a tt h ep o t te ry w a sf i red t o af a i r ly h igh t empe ra tu re i n ar educ ing a tmo sphe re ( Ma t son 1 956 : 3 60 ) . F o l low ing Ma t son , Me l l ink ( 1993 : 5 00 )s ugge s t st h a tt h em anuf a c tu re o f C i l ic ian r e d g r i t ty w a re a nd p o t te ry w i th m e ta l l ic c ha rac te r i s t ic sr equ i red t h a tt h e v e s se l s b e " ove r f i r ed ," w h ich r e su l ted i n ab r i t t le , c l inky f ab r ic . MeHaan ( 1962 : 2 1) c ommen ted t h a t o ne o ft h e c l a s se s o fp o t te ry t h a t m a rked t h e o n se t o ft h e E B Io n t h e K onya P la in w a s g r i t ty s t onewa r e [ me ta l l ic w a re ] t h a t w a s f i red t o ap o in t w he re t h e c l ay b ecame v i t r if i ed . S im i la r ly , Y ene r a nd V and ive r s ugge s tt h a t t h e d inky c ha ra c te r is t ic o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re i sd ue t o i tb e ing " ha rd f i r ed" ( 1993 : 2 17 ) . A l l o ft h e m e ta l l ic re la ted w a re s f r om s ou th -cen t ra l A na to l ia , i n c lud ing s andy w a re , r ed g r i t ty w a r e , a nd A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re , h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th h igh -f i r ing t empe ra tu re s . S im i la r ly , t h e m e ta l l ic w a r e s f r om I s rae l a nd n o r the rn S y r ia h ave b een s a id t o b e h igh f i red ( Ben -To r 1 992 ; G reenbe rg a nd P o ra t 1 996 ; S chne ide r 1 988 , 1 989 ) . I n ad i scu s s ion o n E B I I C anaan i t e p o t te ry , B en -To r s t a te s t h a t t h e t e rm " me ta l l ic " a pp l ie s t o v e s se l s t h a t h ave b een e xcep t iona l ly w e l l f i red . T he h i ghe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re p roduce s ah a rde r , s t ronge r , a nd mo re d u rab le p o t , w h ich , w hen s t ruck , g i ve s of a h igh -p i tched m e ta l l ic s ound ( Ben -To r 1 992 : 1 08 ) . G reenbe rg a nd P o ra t ( 1996 : 5 ) a l so d ef ine m e ta l l ic w a re b y i t s h igh ly f i r ed f a b r ic . A s f o r t h e f ew r e cove red s he rd s o f m e ta l l ic w a r e f r om t h e ` Amuq , t h e B ra idwood s c ommen tt h a t t h e p o t te ry h a s a" f ine m u s ica l r i ng " a nd t h a t t h e " co r e i s r a the r v i t r if ied ," w h i le Ma t son a dd s t h a t t h e c l ay w a s h i gh f i red ( B ra idwood a nd B ra idwood 1 960 : 3 70 ) . A l l o f t h e r ema rk s r ega rd ing h a rd , t h in , d u rab le m e ta l l ic l ike c e ram ic s a r eb a sed u pon v i sua l ,a ud ib le , a nd t a c t i le a t t r ibu te s .

PHASE ANALYS IS US ING SCANN ING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY S cann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scopy ( SEM ) i s a n e xce l len t t e chn ique f o rd e te rm in ing t h er e la t ive d eg r ee t ow h ich p o t te ry h a s b een f i r ed ( Man ia t i s a nd T i te 1 978 , 1 981 ; T i te a nd Man ia t i s 1 975 ; T i te , F ree s tone e ta l . 1 982 ; T i te , Man ia t i s e t a l . 1 982 ) . T he S EM p roduce s b ack sca t te r ed e l ec t ron i mage s o r p ho tom ic rog raph s t h a t r evea l t h e p ha se s o f v i t r if ica t ion . A s t h e t empe ra tu re r i se s , t h e c l ay p a r t ic le s m e l t a nd s ub sequen t ly f u se ,t h e reby c r ea t ing ag l a s sy ma t r ix c on ta in ing g a s -f i l led s phe r ica l p o re s . T he c on t inu i ty a nd e x ten t o ft h e g l a s s p ha se i n c rea se s a st h e t empe ra tu r e r i se s . T he s c ann ing e l ec t ron i mage s c l ea r ly d i sp lay t h e d eg ree t ow h ich t h e c l ay p a r t ic le sh ave c r ea ted s uch ag l a s sy m a t r ix . V i t r if ica t ion s t a r t s w i th s i n te r ing , t h e p roce s s o f b ond ing b e tween c l ay p a r t ic le s . S in te r ing i sa c t iva t ed a f t e r t h e w a te r mo lecu le s h ave e vapo ra ted , a t t empe ra tu re s b e tween 5 00 8 00 °C , d epend ing u pon t h e t ype o f c l ay , t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e , f i r ing a tmo sphe re , a nd d u ra t ion o f f i r ing . A t a bou t 8 00 -850 °C t h e b ody ma s s s t a r t s s h r ink ing a nd t h e i n te r s t i t ia l p o re s a r e e i the r e l im ina ted o rf i l led w i th g a se s . A s t h e c l ay s h r ink s , t h e v e s se l ' s d en s i ty i n c rea se s . W i th t h e i n c rea se i n d en s i ty , p o ro s i ty d ec r ea se s , a nd t h e v e s se l b ecome s s t ronge r . C on sequen t ly , t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic s o f d en s i ty a nd s t reng th a r e d i rec t ly r e la t ed t o t h e d eg r ee t o w h ich t h e c e ram ic i sv i t r if ied . H ence , w a r e s t h a t a r e f i r ed a t h ighe rt empe ra tu re s s hou ld b e mo r e d u rab le t h an w a re s f i r ed a t l owe r t empe ra tu re s . T he ref o re , o n e w ou ld e xpec t A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re t o b e h igh f i red , s i nce i tp o s se s se s t h ep hy s ica lp rope r t ie so fl ow -po ro s i ty a nd v e s se l s t reng th . S cann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scopy i n al ow -va cuum mode w a s u sed f o r b ack sca t te red i mag ing o ff ou rp o l i shed t h in sec t ion s o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re , t wo o fw h ich a r e p re sen ted h e re . T he s amp le s w e re a na lyzed w i th aJ EOL J SM -580OLV S EM e qu ipped w i th a C ha rge F ree A n t icon tam ina t ion S y s tem , w h ich p rec luded t h e n ece s s i ty f o r c oa t ing . T he b ack sca t t e red i mage s d o n o t s how a ny i n d ica t ion s o f ag l a s sy ma t r ix . T he p ho tom ic rog raph s o f t h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re d o n o t r e vea l t h e p ha se s o f v i t r if i ca t ion t h a t w e re a n t ic ipa ted f r om t h e h a rd , t h in -wa l led c e ram ic . F igu re s 3a nd 4 d emon s t ra te t h a t t h e c l ay p l a te le t s h ave i n deed b egun t of u se b u t t h a t t h e t empe ra tu re o r l e ng th o ff i r ing w a s n o t s uf i c ien t f o rt h e c l ay t ou nde rgo f u l l v i t r if ica t ion . T he l a ck o fv i t r if ica t ion i mp l ie s t h e a b sence o f h igh f i r ing a nd s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h e

D e sp i te t h e a ppa ren t c on sen su s t h a t a nc ien t N ea r E a s te rn m e ta l l ic w a r e w a s h igh f i red , n o ma te r ia l s s c ience r epo r t h a s e ve r b een p ub l i shed s uppor t ing s uch a c onc lu s ion f o r t h e A na to l ian v a r ie ty . T he r ef o re , i t s e emed a pp rop r ia te t o a na lyze t h i s c e ram ic ma te r ia l t o d e te rm ine w he the r o rn o t i t w a s a c tua l ly h i gh f i red , t o s e e i fi ts howed a ny s i gn s o f v i t r if ica t ion . Mu l t ip le a na ly t ica l t e chn ique s w e re u sed t o o b ta in t h e e l emen ta l a nd m ine ra l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e f a b r ic a s w e l l a s t h e p ha se o f v i t r if ica t ion . T he c e ram ic a na ly s i s i n co rpo ra ted s c ann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scopy , e ne rgy d i spe r s ive s pec t rome t ry ,n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s , o p t ica lm ic ro scopy , a nd x ray d i f f ra c t ion .

p o t te ry w a s f i r ed a t t empe ra tu re s b e low 1 000°C . Af t e r e xam in ing t h e b ack sca t te red i mage s , M ike T i te d e te rm ined t h a t t h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re w a s p robab ly f i red b e tween 8 00 -900°C ( 1997 : p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T hu s , t h e m e ta l l ic w a r e f r om G ö l tepe a ppea r s t o h ave b een f i r ed a t t empe ra tu re s l owe r t han t h o se u sed f o r t h e m e ta l l ic S y r ian s t onewa re , w h ich w a s f i red b e tween 1 000 1100 °C ( Schne ide r 1 988 ) , a nd b e low t h e m in imum f i r ing t empe ra tu re s r equ i red f o r s me l t ing t i n a nd c oppe r . S ince t h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re w a s c l ea r ly n o t h igh f i red , i tw a s o bv iou s t h a t o t he r c hem ica l o r p hy s ica l p rope r t ie s mu s t c on t r ibu te t owa rd i t s t h in , h a rd , d u rab le c ha rac te r .

2 0

2-A na to l ian Me ta l l ic Wa re

F igu re 3 .B a ck sca t te red e l ec t ron i mage o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e f r om G ö l tepe . T he c l ay p l a te le t sh ave n o ty e tu nde rgone v i t r if ica t ion .

F igu re 4 .B a ck sca t te r ed e l ec t ron i mag e o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e f r om G ö l tepe . T he r e a r e n o s i gn s o f ag l a s sy m a t r ix o rg a s f i l led s phe r ica lp o re s . 2 1

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

ELE MENTAL CO MPOSIT ION D ISPERS IVE S PECTRO METRY

US ING

f r om t h e t wo o t he r g roup s b y i t s a l um ina ( A 1 20 3 ) c on ten t . A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re c on ta in s o n a ve rage 7 8 .5% A 1 20 3 w he r ea s t h e b u rn ished , m icaceou s , c r uc ib le , a nd f i ne s l ipped w a re sc on ta in 1 6 -21 % A 1 20 3 . T h i s h i gh a moun to fa l um ina i s c ha ra c te r i s t ic o f a l um inum s i l ica te c l ay s . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e a moun t s o f m agne s ium o x ide a nd a l um inum o x ide , t h e s e lec ted w a re s f r om G ö l tepe a l so d if e r i n t h e a moun t o f p o ta s s ium o x ide o r p o ta sh ( K 20 ) . A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e c on ta in s l e s s t h an 0 . 5 % K20 w h i le t h e b u rn i shed , m icaceou s , c ruc ib le , a nd f i ne s l ipped w a re s c on ta in o n a ve rage 2 -4% K20 .

ENERGY

T o o b ta in t h e c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion o f t h e m e ta l l ic w a re , p o l i shed , t h in , c r o s s sec t ion s w e r e e xam ined b y e ne rgy d i spe r s ive a na ly s i s u s ing a n I S IS -L INK s y s tem f i t ted t ot h e s cann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scope . T he p o in t s f o r x ray a na ly s i s w e re h and se lec ted s o t h a t t h e c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e c l ay c ou ld b e o b ta ined e xc lu s ive o ft h e m ine ra l i n c lu s ions , w h ich c on s i s ted p r ima r i ly o fq ua r tz , f e ld spa r s , a nd m ica . T he e ne rgy d i spe r s ive s pec t rome t ry m ea su red t h e m a jo re l emen t s i no x ide f o rm :N a 2O , MgO , A l 2O3,S iO 2,K20 , C aO a nd F eO . Twen ty p o in t s w e re m ea su red f o r e ach o ff ou r t h in sec t ion s ,

I tc an b e i n f e r red f r om t h e se d a ta t h a t t h e l ow a moun t o f p o ta sh m ay h ave c on t r ibu ted t ot h e h a rd -f i red q ua l i t ie s o ft h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e . P o ta s s ium g ene ra l ly b ehave s l i ke a f l ux , l owe r ing t h e t empe ra tu re a t w h ich v i t r if ica t ion t a ke s p l ace . W i thou tp o ta s s ium ,t h e c l ay p l a te le t sa r e mo r e l i ke ly t o v i t r if y o n ly w hen t h e c e ram ic s a r e f i red a t h ighe r t empe ra tu r e s . T hu s , t h e a b sence o fv i t r if ica t ion may b ed ue t o t h e p o ta s s ium d ef ic ien t n a tu re o ft h e c l ay . B u t w ha t r o le d id t h e magne s ium p l ay? T he h igh m agne s ium -l ow p o ta s s ium c ompo s i t ion o f t h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re p o t te ry w a s i n t r igu ing . T he a s soc ia t ion o f m agne s ium w i th m agne s ium r i ch m ine ra l s h ad t ob e d e te rm ined i no rde r t of i gu r e o u t t h e c l ay s ou rce u sed b yt h e se a nc ien tp o t te r s .

t h e d a ta o f t wo o f w h ich a r e p r e sen ted h e rew i th . I n te rna l s t anda rd sw e r ep rov ided b yt h eL INK s y s tem . E ne rgy d i spe r s ive a na ly s i s w a s c onduc ted o n t h ree g roup s o f c e ram ic s f r om G ö l tepe : A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re ; b u rn i shed , m icaceou s , a nd c r uc ib le w a re s ; a nd g rog tempe red f i ne s l ipped w a r e . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e b u rn i shed a nd m icaceou s w a re s w e re t yped i nt h e f i e ld b y t h e d i f f e r ence i n t h e i r a ppea rance . T he m icaceou sw a re w a sf u l l o fb r igh tf l ec s o fm ica w he r ea s t h e b u rn i shed w a r e w a s s moo th a nd g l o s sy . U pon e l emen ta la na ly s is , i tw a s d i scove red t h a tt h eb u rn i shed a nd m ica ceou s w a re s w e re manuf ac tu red f r om t h e s ame m ix tu r e o f c l ay a nd t empe r . B u rn i shed w a re i s s imp ly m icaceou s w a r e t h a t h a s u nde rgone s u rf ace t r ea tmen t . T he ref o re , f r om t h e m a te r ia l s s c ience p e r spec t ive , t h e t wo w a res s hou ld b e t r ea ted a s o ne . T he c ruc ib le s a r e g rouped w i th t h e b u rn i shed a nd m icaceou s w a re s b a sed o n t h e s im i la r i ty o ft h e i r e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion s . T he t h i rd g roup , f i ne s l ipped w a re , i sc hem ica l ly a nd v i sua l ly d i s t inc tf r om t h e o t he rw a re s . T he o x ide c ompo s i t ion s a cqu i red b y t h e e ne rgy d i spe r s ive a na ly s i s o f t h ree g roup s o f c e ram ic s f r om G ö l tepe a r e p re sen ted i nT ab le s 1 , 2a nd 3 .T he d a ta i nT ab le 1r evea l t ha t A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re w a s manuf ac tu red f r om a m agne s ium s i l ica te c l ay c on ta in ing o n a ve rage 2 8% m agne s ium o x ide ( MgO ) . T h i sc on t ra s t s s ha rp ly w i th t h ed a ta o b ta ined f r om t h e g roup o f b u rn i shed , m icaceou s , a nd c ruc ib le w a re s ,w h ich c on ta in o n ly 2 . 5 -4 .5 % MgO ( Tab le 2 ) . T he f i ne s l ipped w a re c on ta in s e ven l e s s MgO , o n ly a bou t 1 . 5% ( Tab le 3 ) . T he A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re a l so d i f f e r s

T o i d en t if y t h e m ine ra l c ompound , ap o l i shed t h in sec t ion o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e w a s p l a ced i n ap o la r iz ing l i gh t m ic roscope . U nde r p o la r ized l i gh t , t h e magne s ium p a r t ic le s a ppea red b l a ck ,r evea l ing an ea r ly i s o t rop ic o rn on -c ry s ta l l ine s t ruc tu r e . A t f i r s t t h is s ugge s ted t h a t t h e " m ine ra l s " w e re a c tua l ly p a r t ic le s o f g l a s s . H oweve r , t h i s w a s h igh ly i mp robab le c on s ide r ing t h a tg l a s sw a sn o tp a r to ft h em a ter ia l c u l tu re o f E a r ly B ronze A ge A na to l ia . T he ref o re , t h e mo s t l i ke ly c and ida te f o r t h e i s o t rop ic p a r t ic le s w ou ld b e c ru shed o b s id ian , a n a bundan t a nd p rom inen t n a tu ra l r e sou r ce i n s ou th -cen t ra l T u rkey . Y e t , n one o f t h e o b s id ian s ou rce s o r o b s id ian a r t if ac t s f r om t h e a nc ien tN ea rE a s t c on ta in s g r ea te r t h an 0 . 5% m agne s ium , w i th mo s t a ve rag ing f a r l e s s t h an t ha t ( Cauv in e ta l . 1 999 ; G ra tuz e 1 999 ; K e l le ra nd S e if re id 1 990 ) . H av ing r u led o u t o b s id ian a nd g l a s s , o t he r m e thod s w e re u sed t oh e lp d e te rm ine t h e n a tu re o ft h e i s o t rop ic m agne s ium p a r t ic le s .

T ab le 1 . Gö l tepe A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w are c l ay ma tr ix C ompound % S amp le MW -2336 -g MW -2336 I MW -3722 j MW -3722 -k

N a2O 1 . 77 1 . 73 1 . 69 1 . 64

MgO 2 8 .20 2 7 .05 2 9 .33 2 7 .96

A 1 20 3 7 . 48 6 . 96 8 . 54 7 . 49

S iO 2 4 8 .78 4 9 .07 4 8 .86 5 1 .37

K20 0 . 42 0 . 45 0 . 10 0 . 17

2 2

C aO 6 . 34 7 . 63 3 . 95 3 . 87

T iO 2 0 . 36 0 . 24 0 . 18 0 . 19

F eO 6 . 65 6 . 88 7 . 36 7 . 30

2-A na to l ian Me ta l l ic Wa re T ab le 2 .B urn i shed ,m icaceous ,a nd c ruc ib le c l ay ma tr ix C ompound % S amp le BB -4888 -a BB -4888 -h BB -4919 -a BB -49 19 -b M IC -2336 -e M IC -2336 -f M IC -4381-a M IC -4381-b CRU -4549b -3 CRU -4549b -6 CRU -4591b -5 CRU -459 1b -6

N a2O 0 . 75 0 . 84 1 . 29 1 . 55 1 . 03 0 . 86 2 . 29 1 . 69 4 . 03 2 . 28 4 . 80 4 . 98

MgO 4 . 0 1 3 . 54 4 . 39 4 . 34 3 . 81 4 . 74 2 . 58 4 . 06 2 . 38 2 . 76 3 . 03 1 . 69

A 1 203 1 8 .44 1 8 .43 1 4 .52 1 9 .34 1 9 .93 1 8 .22 2 0 .34 1 9 .66 1 9 .89 2 0 .78 2 0 .28 1 9 .18

S iO 2 5 3 .98 5 8 .34 5 9 .44 5 6 .62 5 6 .26 5 9 .81 6 2 .19 5 9 .80 5 8 .78 6 0 .05 6 2 .06 6 3 .95

K20 2 . 07 2 . 36 3 . 15 1 . 97 2 . 47 2 . 72 3 . 43 3 . 00 3 . 9 1 3 . 38 3 . 53 5 . 97

C aO 1 2 .89 9 . 9 1 1 .43 8 . 89 9 . 73 7 . 15 3 . 97 5 . 04 6 . 40 3 . 16 1 . 00 1 . 14

T iO 2 1 . 16 0 . 69 0 . 29 1 . 32 0 . 47 0 . 65 0 . 40 0 . 76 0 . 73 1 . 4 1 0 . 36 0 . 26

F eO 6 . 71 5 . 89 5 . 47 5 . 97 6 . 29 5 . 85 4 . 80 5 . 99 4 . 18 6 . 18 4 .9 1 2 . 71

T iO 2 0 . 40 0 . 33 0 . 25 0 . 33

F eO 4 . 75 5 . 03 3 . 21 3 . 30

T ab le 3 .F ine s l ipped w are c l ay ma tr ix C ompound % S amp le F S -4 14 1-m l F S -414 1-m2 F S -4372 -mm F S -4372 -mn

N a2O 1 . 41 1 . 63 3 . 22 3 . 14

MgO 1 . 71 1 . 6 1 1 . 34 1 . 52

A 1 203 1 6 .63 2 0 .9 1 1 8 .53 1 6 .62

S iO 2 6 4 .9 1 6 1 .53 6 5 .60 6 8 .08

K20 1 . 83 2 . 16 3 . 28 2 . 53

C aO 8 . 37 6 . 81 4 . 56 4 . 47

I n a dd i t ion t o t h e o p t ica l m ic ro scopy , as ma l l a moun t o f c e ram ic m a te r ia l f r om a n A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e p o t she rd w a s s e lec ted f o r x ray d i f f ra c t ion a na ly s i s . T h i s s amp le w a s r ep re sen ta t ive o ft h et y pe o fc l ay f r om w h ich t h ec e ram ic w a s m ade b u t b ecau se o f t h e c ryp toc ry s ta l l ine s t ruc tu r e o f t h e m ine ra l , t h e r e su l t s w e r e i n conc lu s ive . T he mu l t ip le a na ly t ica l t e chn ique s e mp loyed t hu s f a r r e vea led a n on v i t r if ied c e ram ic m a te r ia l m anuf ac tu r ed f r om a h igh m agne s ium c l ay s ou rce c ompo sed o f m a te r ia l s w i th a n on c r y s ta l l ine s t ruc tu re . B ecau se x ray d i f f rac t ion c ou ld n o t a s s i s t i nt h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h i s m ine ra l , f u r the ra na ly s i s o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e w a s r equ i r ed . A l though t h e e ne rgy d i spe r s ive d a ta p rov ided t h e ma jo r e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion , i n o rde rt oo b ta in amo r e c omp le te c hem ica l f i ng e rp r in t , i tw a s n ece s sa ry t o s upp lemen t t h i s i n f o rma t ion b y t r ace e l emen t a na ly s i s .

N eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s w a s p e rf o rmed o n 1 s amp le s o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re f r om G ö l tepe . T he m e ta l l ic w a re s he rd s w e r e o b ta ined p r ima r i ly f r om o ccupa t ion s u rf ace s , r oom f i l l , a nd t r a sh p i t s , a l lw i th in t h e s ub te r ranean s t ruc tu re s o r p i t h ou se s a tG ö l tepe . I n a dd i t ion , f ou r o t he r c l a s se s o f c e ram ic m a te r ia l f r om t h e G ö l tepe a s semb lage w e re a na lyzed a l ong w i th t wo l o ca l s ou rce s o f a l luv ia l c l ay . T he c e ram ic a s semb lage i n c luded 1 3 s amp le s o fc r uc ib le s , 9s amp le s o f b u rn i shed w a r e , 5 s amp le s o f m icaceou s w a re , a nd 1 2 s amp le s o ff i ne s l ipped w a re . T he p r ima ry o b jec t ive s o ft h e n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s w e re t od e te rm ine t h e n umbe r o f " compo s i t iona l g roup s " a nd t o e s tab l i sh t h e g eochem ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e se g roup s . We w e re a l so i n te re s ted i n d e te rm in ing t h e p robab i l i ty t h a t s ome o f t h e c e ram ic c hem ica l f i nge rp r in t s m a tched t h e f i nge rpr in t o f t h e l o ca l c l ay s , t hu s r a i s ing t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f l o ca l m anuf ac tu re ( De S ena a nd F r iedman 1 997 ;F r iedman 2 000 ) .

TRACE ELE MENT ANALYS IS ACT IVAT ION ANALYS IS

N eu t ron a c t iva t ion r e su l t s f o r t h e c e ram ic s f r om G ö l tepe d emon s t ra t e t h a t A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e i s a d i s t inc t , c ohe s ive g roup a nd t h a t t h e p robab i l i ty t h a t t h e s amp le s o f m e ta l l ic w a re a r er e la ted t oa ny o t he rg roup f r om t h e G ö l tepe c e ram ic a s semb lage i s e x t reme ly l ow . No r d oe s t h e c ompo s i t ion o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re ma t ch t h e l o ca l a l luv ia l c l ay s , w h ich h ave ac l o se g eochem ica lr e la t ion sh ip t o t h e c ruc ib le s ,m icaceou s , a nd b u rn i shed w a re s ( f o rd e ta i l s s e e D e S ena a nd F r iedman 1 997 ; a nd F r iedman 2 000 ) . T he c oncen t ra t ion s o f t r ace e l emen t s a r e q u i te v a r iab le , p a r t icu la r ly f o r e l emen t s s uch a s c h rom ium a nd n i cke l , e l emen t st h a t o ccu r i n much g rea te ra moun t s i nt h e A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e t h an i nt h e o t he r w a re s ( Tab le 4 ) . T he h igh v a lue s f o r c h rom ium a nd n i cke l a l ong w i th t h e h igh magne s ium o x ide -l ow p o ta s s ium o x ide c ompo s i t ion c l ea r ly c on t r ibu te t o t h e c hem ica l f i nge rp r in t o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e .

U S ING

NEUTRON

A l though e ne rgy d i spe r s ive s pec t rome t ry ( EDS ) h a s t h e a b i l i ty t om ea su re c oncen t ra t ion so fn a tu ra l ly o ccu r r ing ma jo r e l emen t s i n c l ay , i td oe s n o t h ave t h e s en s i t iv i ty t o d e tec t t r ace e l emen t s . N eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s ( NAA ) , o n t h e o the rh and ,w h i le n o tc apab le o fm ea su r ing s ome o ft h e ma jo r e l emen t s , h a s t h e a b i l i ty t op e rf o rm b u lk a na ly s i s o f3 0 o rs o e l emen t s , i n c lud ing t r ace e l emen t s . I nt h e c a se o fA na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re , i tw a s c r uc ia lt ha tm agne s ium w a s d e tec ted b y EDS , s i nce magne s ium c ou ld n o t b e d e tec ted b y NAA a nd m agne s ium o x ide t u rned o u t t o b e as t rong p or t ion o f t h e c hem ica lf i nge rp r in t . A tt h e s ame t ime ,t h et r a ce e l emen td a ta p rov ided b y NAA , i n p a r t icu la r t h e m ea su remen t s o f c h rom ium a nd n i cke l w e re j u s t a s i mpo r tan t t o t h e e s tab l i shmen to ft h ec hem ica l f i nge rp r in t . 2 3

A rcha eo logy a nd C lay s T ab le 4 .C oncen tra t ions o fc hrom ium a nd n i cke l —G roup m ean ( ppm ) C e ram ic G roup s A na to l ian Me ta l l ic Wa re F ine -S l ipped Wa re C ruc ib le sa nd B u rn i shed Wa re M icaceou sa nd B u rn i shed Wa r e , C ruc ib le s ,a nd C lay S amp le s

N o . o fS amp le s ( 1 1) ( 12 ) ( 1 3 ) ( 1 3)

C h rom ium 1 870 .00 p pm 5 2 .90 p pm 1 66 .00 p pm 3 4 1 .00 p pm

( s .d . ) ( 7 .8% ) ( 23 .6% ) ( 36 .2% ) ( 32 .8% )

N icke l 9 08 .00 p pm 2 4 .80 p pm 6 0 .50 p pm 16 .00 p pm

( s .d . ) ( 6 .3 % ) ( 4 1 .5 % ) ( 42 .6% ) ( 4 5 .6% )

CLAY MINERALOGY

CONCLUS IONS

N eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s o fe l even s pec imen s o fA na to l ian

Me ta l l ic w a re s f i r s t a ppea r i n t h e a nc ien t N ea r E a s t i n a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t s d a t ing t o t h e t h i rd m i l lenn ium BC . T he t h in , h a rd , n on -po rou s f a b r ic s a r e r e ad i ly i d en t if ied b y t h e s ound t h e p o t she rd s p roduce w hen t a pped o rs t ruck . T h i s c l inky o r m e ta l l ic s ound h a s b een a t t r ibu ted t o h igh f i r ing . A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re i np a r t icu la r h a s b een h e ra lded a sa f i ne a r cha eo log ica l e xamp le o f a h igh -f i red c e ram ic . S cann ing e l ec t ron m ic ro scopy , e ne rgy d i spe r s ive s pec t rome t ry , n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s , o p t ica lm ic ro scopy , a nd x ray d i f f ra c t ion s how t h a tt h e p hy s ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s o f A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re a r e t h e r e su l t o f s pec if ic c hem ica l a nd m ine ra log ica l a t t r ibu te s , n o t v i t r if ica t ion . T he h igh m agne s ium , c h rom ium , a nd n i cke l s ugge s t t h e p re sence o f a n t igo r i te , w h ich i sd e r ived f r om s e rpen t in i t e . T he d e l ibe ra t e s e lec t ion o f am agne s ium s i l ica te o r s e rpen t ine c l ay w i th a v e ry l ow p o ta s s ium c on ten t e nab led t h e p o t te r s t op roduce a c e ram ic t h a td i dn o th ave t ou nde rgo v i t r if ica t ion t oo b ta in i t s s t reng th , d u rab i l i ty , a nd i mpe rmeab le n a tu r e .

m e ta l l ic w a re m ea su red a na ve rag eo f1 870 p pm o fc h rom ium a nd 9 08 p pm o fn i cke l . T he se t wo e l emen t s , c h rom ium a nd n i cke l , a r e o f t en f ound t oge the r i n s e rpen t in i te , w h ich i s d e r ived f r om u l t raba s ic a nd i g neou s r ock s . S e rpen t in i te i s n amed a f t e r t h e m ine ra l s e rpen t ine [ Mg3S i205( OH ) 4] , a h yd ra ted m agne s ium s i l ica t e . S e rpen t ine i s ag roup o ft h ree p r ima ry m ine ra l s t h a t h ave t h e s ame c hem ica l c ompo s i t ion b u t v a ry i nt h e i r p hy s ica l a nd o p t ica l p roper t ie s : a n t igo r i te , l i za rd i te , a nd c h ry so t i le ( a sbe s to s ) . O ft h e t h ree m ine ra l s , t h e mos t l i ke ly c and ida te f o r A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e i s a n t igo r i te . When a n t igo r i te i sf i red t h e s t ruc tu re i sd e s t royed . T h i s d ehyd roxy la ted m a te r ia l i sa mo rphou s t o x ray s , t h u s e xp la in ing w hy t h e f i red m a te r ia l c ou ld n o t b e i d en t if ied b y x ray d i f f rac t ion o rp o la r iz ing l i gh tm ic ro scopy . T he f a c tt h a ta n t igo r i te i s ap hy l lo s i l ica te m ine ra l i si mpo r tan t f o r u nde r s tand ing t h e p o t t e r 's c ho ice o f s e rpen t ine c l ay . A n t igor i te ,w i th i t sg rea sy l u s te r , i sm a s s ive ,f i ne -g ra ined ,a nd d if i cu l t t o f u se ( K le in a nd H u r lbu t 1 985 ; D ana a nd D ana 1 997 ) . T he c l ay d oe s n o t r e ad i ly a b so rb w a te r a nd d oe s n o t e a s i ly e xpand . T he i n ab i l i ty t o a ccommoda te w a te r i n t h e s t ruc tu re o ft h e c l ay s ugge s t s t h a t t h is t ype o fc l ay w ou ld b e s u i tab le f o r m anuf ac tu r ing v e s se l s o f an on -po rou s n a tu re . U pon d ry ing a nd f i r ing , s h r inkage i s i n s ign if ican t a nd p o ro s i ty i s r educed . T he l ow p o ro s i ty e nab le s t h e c l ay p a r t ic le s t o b i nd t i gh t ly t oge the r . T he f a b r ic , t h e ref o re , b ecome s d en se w i thou t n ece s sa r i ly b e ing t h ick . T he h i gh d en s i ty a nd l ow p o ro s i ty e nab le t h e c e ram ic t oa ch ieve ah igh s t age o fh a rdne s sw i thou th av ing t ou nde rgo v i t r if ica t ion . I ti s p e rhap s t h i s d en s i ty t h a t g i ve s t h e c e ram ic i t s m e ta l l ic s ound ing r i ng ( Shepa rd 1 985 , 1 3 1) .

E ach a nd e ve ry o ne o f t h e a na ly t ica l t e chn ique s h a s i t s l i m i ta t ion s , b u t w hen u sed t oge the r t h ey p rov ide aw ea l th o f i n f o rma t ion a bou t a nc ien t c e ram ic ma te r ia l . N o t o n ly d o t h e a na ly se s r evea l t h a t A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re w a s n o t n ece s sa r i ly f i red a th igh t empe ra tu re s , b u t e qua l ly s i gn if ican t i st h e f i nd ing t h a t A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a r e w a s manuf ac tu red f r om at y pe o fc l ay t ha th ad n o tb een p rev iou s ly e xp lo i ted f o r c e ram ic s . A l though s e rpen t ine i s ac ommon n a tu ra l r e sou rce i ns ou th -cen t ra l A na to l ia , i tw a s n o t u sed f o rp o t te ry u n t i l t h e E a r ly B ronz e A ge . H ow t h e p o t te r s d i scove red t h a t t h ey c ou ld u se s e rpen t ine -de r ived c l ay t o p roduce p o t te ry i sn o t k nown a nd w hy i tc ea sed t ob e e xp lo i ted f o r m anuf ac tu r ing c e ram ic s a tt h e e nd o ft h e E a r ly B ronze A ge r equ i re s f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion .

B ur n i sh ing t h e m agne s ium s i l ica te b a sed c e ram ic a l so c on t r ibu te s t o i t s h a rdne s s a nd i mpe rmeab i l i ty . T o a ch ieve t h e e f ec to fb u rn i sh ing , ap o l i sh ing s t one i sr ubbed a c ro s st h e v e s se l b ef o re i ti sf i red . T he f o r ce o ft h e h a rd o b jec t o n t h e v e s se l w a l l a l ign s a nd d ep re s se s t h e c l ay p a r t ic le s , t h e r eby r educ ing t h e s pa ce s b e tween t h em . T he c omp re s s ion o ft h e p a r t ic le s i n c r ea se st h ed en s i ty , c on sequen t ly s t reng then ing t h e v e s se l w a l l w h i le a t t h e s ame t ime r educ ing t h e p o ro s i ty . S ince l i gh t i sr ef lec ted b y t h e a l ignmen t o ft h e c l ay p a r t ic le s , t h e g rea te r t h e f o rce o f t h e b ur n i sh , t h e g r ea te r t h e s h ine . A ppea rance n o t w i th s tand ing , t h e p o t te r s c r ea ted a h a rd , d en se , i mpe rmeab le c e ram ic m a te r ia l . D ue t o t h e p o t te r 's

A cknow ledgmen t s Iw ou ld l i ke t o t h ank A s l ihan Y ene r , B eh in A k soy , F az i l A 9 ikgöz , a nd E ro l F ayda l i , i na s s i s t ing m e i na cqu i r ing t h e p o t she rd s a nd g ran t ing m e p e rm is s ion t o c onduc t t h e a na ly se s . T he S EM /EDS a na ly s i s w a s c onduc ted b y t h e a u tho r a tt h e H en ry H ind s L abo ra to ry a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o f C h icago u nde r t h e p a t ien t s upe rv i s ion o fD r . A nd rew D av i s , s en io r s c ien t i s t w i th t h e E n r ico F e rm i I n s t i tu te . Many t h ank s t oD r . I a n S t ee le o ft h e D epa r tmen t o fG eophy s ica l S c ience s , U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago f o r t h e o p t ica l m ic ro scopy a nd x ray d i ff r ac t ion a na ly s i s . T he n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s w a s p e rf o rmed a tt h e n uc lea r r e a c to r a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fI l ino i s a tU rbana -Champa ign ( U IUC ) i nc o l labo ra t ion w i th E r ic d e

d i sc r im ina t ing c ho ice o f c l ay s ou rce s , A na to l ian m e ta l l ic w a re p o s se s se s a l l o ft h e q ua l i t ie s o fh igh -f i red w a re w i thou t b e ing h igh f i red . 2 4

2-A na to l ian Me ta l l ic Wa re S ena , w i th t h e a s s is tance o f D r . S he ldon L and sbe rge r , a nd w i th t h e e ncou ragemen t o f D r . S a rah W i s seman . T he f i nanc ia l r e sou r ce s f o rt h e r e a c to rc o s t s w e re p rov ided b yt h e DOE r e a c to r sha re p rog ram . T rave l e xpen se s w e re g ene rou s ly p rov ided b y aR ye r son F e l low sh ip . R ef erence s A lp , S .1 968 .Z y l ind er - u nd S t empe l s iege la u sK a rahöyük b e i K onya . T u rk T a r ih K urumu y ay in la r indan , s e r ie s 5 , n o . 2 6 ,A nka ra . B en -To r , A . 1 992 . T he E a r ly B ronz e A ge . I n T he A rchaeo logy o fA nc ien tI s rae l , e d . A . B en -To r .N ew H aven : Y a le U n ive r s i ty P re s s ,p p . 8 1125 . B ra idwood , R . J . , a nd B ra idwood , L .S . 1 960 . E xca va t ion s i n t h e P la in o fA n t ioch I . T he E a r l ie r A s semb lage s : P ha se s A -J . O r ien ta l I n s t i tu t e P ub l ica t ion s v o l . 6 1 . C h icago :U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s . C auv in , M .C . , B a lkan , N . B e snu s , Y . , a nd S a rog lu , F . 1 999 . O r ig ine d e L 'ob s id ienne d e C af e r H öyük ( Tu rqu ie ) : P rem ie r sI Zsu l ta t s . P aMo r ien t 1 2 /2 ( 1986 ) : 8 9 -97 . D ana , J .D . , a nd D ana , E .S . 1 997 . D ana ' s N ew M ine ra logy , 8 t he d .N ew Y o rk : J ohn W i ley & S on s . D e S ena , E .C . , a nd F r iedman , E .S . 1 997 . A n I nve s t iga t ion o f t h e S ou rces o f B ronze A ge P o t te ry f r om G ö l t epe a nd K e s te l , T u rkey b y N eu t ron A c t iva t ion . I n Ma te r ia l s R e sea rch S oc ie ty S ympo s ium P roceed ing s : Ma te r ia l I s sue s i n A r t a nd A rchaeo logy 5 , v o l . 4 62 , e d . P .B . V and ive r e ta l . P i t t sbu rgh : Ma te r ia l s R e sea rch S oc ie ty , p p . 2 39 2 46 . F r iedman , E .S .2 000 . T echno log ica l S ty le i n E a r ly B ron ze A ge A na to l ia : T he I n te r re la t ion sh ip b e tween C e ram ic a nd Me ta l P roduc t ion a t G ö l tepe . P h .D . d i s ser ta t ion . C h icago : D epa r tmen t o f N ea r E a s te rn L anguage sa nd C iv i l iza t ion s , U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago . G a r s tang , J . 1 953 . P reh i s tor ic Me r s in : Y ümük T epe i n S ou the rn T urkey , T he N e i l son E xped i t ion i nC i l ic ia . O xf o rd : T he C la r endon P re s s . G a r s tang , J . , a nd G o ldman , H . 1 947 . AC on spec tu s o fE a r ly C i l ic ian P o t te ry . Amer ican J ou rna l o fA rchaeo logy 5 1 : 3 70 -388 . G o ldman , H . 1 956 . E xca va t ion s a t G ö z lü K u le , T a r su s I : F rom t h e N eo l i th ic t h rough t h e B ron ze A ge . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s . G ra tuze , B . 1 999 . O b s id ian C ha ra c te r iza t ion b y L a se r A b la t ion I CP -MS a nd I t s A pp l ica t ion t oP reh i s to r ic T rade i n t h e Med i te r ranean a nd t h e N ea r E a s t : S ou r ce s a nd D i s t r ibu t ion o f O b s id ian w i th in t h e A egean a nd A na to l ia . J ourna l o f A rchaeo log ica l S c ience 2 6 : 8 69 -881 . G reenbe rg , R . , a nd P o ra t , N . 1 996 . A T h i rd M i l lenn ium L evan t ine P o t te ry P roduc t ion C en te r : T ypo logy , P e t rog raphy , a nd P rovenance o ft h e Me ta l l ic Wa re o fN or the rn I s rae l a nd A d jacen tR eg ion s . B u l le t in o f t h e Ame r ican S choo l s o fO r ien ta l R e sea rch 3 0 1 : 5 2 4 . J oukow sky , M .S . 1 996 . E a r ly T u rkey : A na to l ian A rchaeo logy f rom P reh i s tory t h rough t h e L yd ian P e r iod . D ubuque , I owa : K enda l l /Hun tP ub l i sh ing . K e l le r J . , a nd S e if r ied , C . 1 990 . T he P re sen t S t a tu s o f O b s id ian S ou rce I d en t if ica t ion i nA na to l ia a nd t h e

N ea rE a st J ourna lo ft h eE uropean S tud yG roup o n P hy s ica l , C hem ica l , B io log ica l a nd Ma thema t ica l T echn ique sA pp l ied t oA rchaeo logy ( PACT ) 2 5 ( 4 ) : 5 7 -87 . K le in , C . , a nd H u r lbu t J r . , C .S . 1 985 . Manua l o fM inera logy ( af t e rJ .D . D ana ) ,2 0 th e d . N ew Y o rk : J ohn W i ley & S on s . K ühne , H . , a nd S chne ide r , G . 1 988 . N eue U n te r suchungen z u r Me ta l l i schen Wa r e . Dama szene rM i t te i lungen 3 : 8 3 139 . Man ia t i s , Y . , a nd T i te , M .S . 1 978 . C e ram ic T echno logy i n t h e A egean Wo r ld d u r ing t h e B ronze A ge . I n T he ra a nd t h e A egean W or ld , v o l . 1 . , I n te rna t iona l S c ien t if ic C ong re s s o n t h e V o lcano o f T he ra ( 2 ) 1 978 : S an to r in i G r eece . L ondon : T he ra a nd t h e A egean Wo r ld , p p . 4 83 -492 . Man ia t is , Y . , a nd T i te , M .S . 1 981 . T echno log ica l E xam ina t ion o fN eo l i th ic -B ronze A ge P o t te ry f r om C en t ra l a nd S ou thea s t E u rope a nd f r om t h e N ea r E a st J ou rna lo fA rchaeo log ica lS c ience 8 :5 9 -76 . Ma t son , F .R . 1 956 . A ppend ix : T echn ique s o f t h e E a r ly B ronze P o t te r s a tT a r su s . I n E xca va t ion s a t G ö z lü K u le , T a r su s H : F rom t h e N eo l i th ic t h rough t h e B ron ze A ge , e d . H . G o ldman . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P re s s , p p . 3 52 -36 . Me l laa r t , J .1 954 . P rec la s s ica l R ema in s i nS ou the rn T u rkey . A na to l ian S tud ie s4 :1 75 -239 . Me l laa r t , J . 1 962 . A na to l ia c . 4 000 -2300 B .C . I n T he C ambr idge A nc ien t H i s tory , v o l . 1 , C hap te r 1 8 . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s ,p p . 3 53 . Me l laa r t , J . 1 963 . E a r ly C u l tu re s o f t h e S ou th A na to l ian P la teau , I .A na to l ian S tud ie s 1 3 : 1 99 -236 . Me l l ink , M . 1 989 . A na to l ian a nd F o re ign R e la t ion s o fT a r su s i n t h e E a r ly B ronze A ge . I n A na to l ia a nd t h e A nc ien t N ear E a s t : S tud ie s i n H ono r o f T ah s in Ö zgüv , e d s . K . Em re , B . H rouda , M . Me l l ink , a nd N . Ö zgü9 . A nka ra : T ah s in Ö zgü9 'e A rmagan , p p . 3 19 -331 . Me l l ink , M . 1 993 . T he A na to l ian S ou th C oa s t i nt h e E a r ly B ronz e A ge : T he C i l ic ian P e r spec t ive . I n B e tween t h e R iver s a nd O ve r t h e Moun ta in s : A lba P a lm ie r i D ed ica ta , e d s . M . F rang ipane , H . H aup tmann , M . L ive ran i , P . Ma t th iae , a nd M . Me l l ink . R ome : U n ive r s i ty o fR ome ,p p . 4 95 -508 . Ö zgü9 , T . 1 986 . N ew O b se rva t ion s o n t h e R e la t ion sh ip o f K ü l tepe w i th S ou thea s t A na to l ia a nd No r th S y r ia d u r ing t h e T h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C . I n A nc ien t A na to l ia : A spec t s o f C hange a nd C u l tura l Deve lopmen t : E s say s i n H onor o f Mach te ld J . Me l l ink , e d s . J .V . C anby , E . P o rada , B .S . R idgway , a nd T . S t ech . Mad i son : U n ive r s i ty o f W i scon s in P r e s s ,p p . 3 1-47 . Ö z ten , A . 1 989 . AG roup o fE a r ly B ronze A ge P o t te ry f r om t h e K onya a nd N iüde R eg ion . I nA na to l ia a nd t h e A nc ien t N ea r E a s t : S tud ie s i n H ono r o f T ah s in Ö zgüv , e d s . K . Em re , B . H rouda , M . Me l l ink , a nd N . Ö zgü9 . A nka ra - T ah s in Ö zgü9 'e A rmagan , p p . 4 07 -4 18 . S chne ide r , G . 1 988 . S tonewa re f r om 3 rd M i l lenn ium BC : I nve s t iga t ion o f a Me ta l Im i ta t ing P o t te ry f r om No r the rn Me sopo tam ia . I nP roceed ing s o ft h e 2 6 th 2 5

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s I n terna t iona l A rchaeome t ty S ympo s ium , T oron to , e d s . R .M . F a rquha r , R .G .V . H ancock , a nd L .A .

S t ud ies o f A nc ien t C e ram ics f r om t h e N ea r E a s t , A egean , a nd S ou thea s t E u rope . I n E a r ly

P av l ish . T o ron to : U n ive r s i ty o fT o ron to , p p . 1 7 -22 . S chne ide r , G . 1 989 . A T echno log ica l S tudy o f Nor th Mesopo tam ian S tone Wa re . Wor ld A rchaeo logy 2 1

P y ro techno logy : T he E vo lu t ion o f t h e F i r s t F i re U s ing I ndu s t r ie s , e d s . T .A . Wer t ime , a nd S .F . Wer t ime . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : Sm i thson ian I n s t i tu t ion

( 1 ) : 3 0 -50 . S e ton -W i l l iam s , M .V .

P re ss , p p . 6 1-71 . 1 954 .

C i l ic ian

V and ive r ,

S u rvey . A na to l ian

P . ,

Y ene r ,

K .A . ,

a nd May ,

L .

1 992 .

T h i rd

A .O . 1 985 . C eram ic s f or t h e A rchaeo log i s t . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton . T i te , M .S . , a nd Man ia t is , Y . 1 975 . E xam ina t ion o f A nc ien t P o t te ry U s ing t h e S cann ing E lec t ron M icro scope .

M i l lenn ium B .C . T in P roces s ing D eb r is f r om G ö l tepe ( Ana to l ia ) . I n Ma ter ia l s R e sea rch S oc ie ty P roceed ing s : Ma ter ia l s I s sue s i n A r t a nd A rchaeo logy 3 , v o l . 2 67 , e d s . P .B . V and ive r , J .R . D ruz ik , G .S . Whee le r , a nd I . C . F rees tone . P i t t sbu rgh : Ma te r ia ls R e sea rch S oc ie ty , p p . 5 45 -

N a ture 2 57 : 1 22 -123 . T i te , M .S . , F rees tone , I . C . Meek s , N .D . , a nd B imson , M .

5 69 . Y ene r , K .A . , a nd V and ive r , P .B . 1 993 . T in P roces s ing a t

S tud ie s4 : 1 2 1174 . S hepa rd ,

1 982 . T he U se o fS cann ing E lec t ron M ic roscopy i n

G ö l tepe , a n E a r ly B ronze A ge S i te i n A na to l ia .

t h e

Amer ican J ourna lo fA rchaeo logy 9 7 : 2 07 -238 .

T echno log ica l

E xam ina t ion

o f

A nc ien t

C e ram ics . I n A rchaeo log ica l C eram ic s , e d s . J . S . O l in ,

a nd

A .D .

F rank l in .

Wa sh ing ton

D .C . :

Sm i th son ian I n s t i tu t ion P re s s , p p . 1 09 120 . T i te , M .S . , Man ia t is , Y . Meek s , N .D . , B imson , M . , Hughes , M .J . , a nd L eppa rd , S .C . 1 982 . T echno log ica l

2 6

CHAPTER 3 S PECTROSCOP IC CHARACTER IZAT ION OF ETRUSCAN DEPURATA AND IMPASTO POTTERY FRO M THE EXCAVAT ION AT P IAN D I C IV ITA I N TARQU IN IA ( ITALY ) : A CO MPAR ISON WITH LOCAL CLAY S .B run i ß,F .C a r ia t i D ipa r t imen to d iC h im ica I no rgan ica , Me ta l lo rgan ica eA na l i t ica , U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud i d iM i lano G . B agna sco G iann i , M . B ongh iJ ov ino D ipa r t imen to d iS c ienze d e l l 'An t ich i tä ,U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud i d iM i lano G . A r t io l i D ipa r t imen to d iS c ienz ed e l la T e r ra ,U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud id iM i lano U . R u s so D ipa r t imen to d iC h im ica I no rgan ica , Me ta l lo rgan ica eA na l i t ica , U n ive r s i tä d eg l i S tud i d iP adova S ome t r ad i t iona l s pec t ro scop ic t e chn ique s s uch a s F ou r ie r -T ran sf o rm i n f ra red s pec t ro scopy ( FT IR ) a nd n ea r inf ra r ed ( N IR ) d i f f u se r e f lec tance s pec t ro scopy h ave n o t b een f u l ly e xp lo i ted , a s i st h e c a se o ft h e f o rme r , o r e ven n o t e mp loyed a ta l l , a s f o r t h e l a t te r , i nt h e i n ve s t iga t ion o fa nc ien t p o t te ry . T he p r e sen t s t udy a im s t oe v idence h ow t h e se t e chn ique s h e lp i nc ha rac te r iz ing c e ram ics , e spec ia l ly f r om t h e p o in t o f v i ew o f t h e f i r ing t e chno logy , b u t a l so a s r ega rd s t h e r aw m a te r ia l s a nd a l te ra t ion i n p o s t -depo s i t ion c on tex t s . T he m ine ra log ica l p ha se s d eve loped i nt h e c e ram ic m a te r ia l c an b e i n d iv idua l ized t h rough F T IR a nd s ub sequen t ly d e ta i led b ym eans o fX ray p owde rd i f f ra c t ion . I ti sw o r th r emembe r ing t h a t , f o rd epura ta w a re , p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s , w ide ly u sed i nt h e s t udy o fc oa r se w a re , r e su l t s t o b e s ca r ce ly i n f o rma t ive . A l so ,t h em ine ra log ica l p ha se s , f o rmed w hen ac a lca r eou s i l i t ic -kao l in i t ic c l ay , s u ch a st h a to fT a rqu in ia , i s f i r ed ,c an b er e la ted t ot h em ax imum t empe ra tu re r e ached i nt h ek i ln . D if f use r e f lec tance i nt h eN IR s e emed p a r t icu la r ly a dequa te t oe s t ima te t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re , a l low ing t oq uan t if yw a te ra b so rbed b yt h e c e ram ic m a te r ia l . We t e s ted o u rm e thod o nc l ay s amp le sf r om T a rqu in ia a r ea , f i red i no u rl a bo ra to ry a tt empe ra tu re s r a ng ing f r om 5 00 t o 100 ° C . Af t e rwa rd s w e a pp l ied i tt oa bou t o ne h und red p o t tery f r agmen t s f r om t h e e xcava t ion a tt h e s o -ca l led P ian d iC iv i ta . I nt h i s w ay , w e v e r if i ed t h a t : 1 ) mo s t o ft h e s he rd s o fd epura ta p o t te ry w e r e n o t iceab le h omogeneou s i nt h e i r m ine ra log ica l f e a tu re s , w i th d if e rence s a r i s ing m a in ly f r om t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re a nd , f o r t h e mo re a nc ien t s he rd s ( V I I I -V I I c en tu ry BC ) , f r om a s l igh t ly v a ry ing c ho ice o ft h e c ompos i t ion o ft h e r aw m a t e r ia l ; 2 ) i mpa s to p o t t e ry a ppea red t oh ave b een p roduced f r om a n on -ca lca reou s , s andy m a te r ia l , v e ry r i ch i nf e ld spa r s . F ina l ly , ac omp lemen ta ry s t udy w a s c onduc ted b y m ean so f Mö s sbaue rs pec t ro scopy t od i s t ingu i sh t h eo x ida t ion s t a te sa nd c oo rd ina t ion e nv i ronmen t s o fi r on . I nt h i sc on tex t , ar a the ri n te r e s t ing c o r re la t ion w a sf ound w i th f i r ing t empe ra tu re .

T rad i t iona l ly t h e s c ien t if ic i n ve s t iga t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l p o t te ry h a s f o l lowed t wo m a in l i ne s : o n o ne s i de , t h e c hem ica l e l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion i ss t ud ied , t hu s g a the r ing i n f o rma t ion r e la ted t ot h ep rovenance o fp o t te ry i t se lf ; o n t h e o the r s i de , m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion i s e xam ined , t o a s ce r ta in n o t o n ly t h e p roduc t ion s i te b u t a l so t h e manuf a c tu r ing t e chno logy o ft h e c e ram ic a r tef ac t . I ndeed , t h e m ine ra log ica l p ha se s t h u s d e tec ted a r e d e t e rm ined b y t h e c ho ice o f r aw m a te r ia l , b y t h e f i r ing c ond i t ion s s uch a s t empe ra tu r ea nd a tmo sphe re a nd , f i na l ly , b yt h e h i s to ry o ft h e o b jec tf r om i t sf a b r ica t ion t oi t sf i nd ing i nt h e a r cha eo log i s t 's h and s . T he m e thod o fc ho ice i nt h e s t udy o fm ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion i s v e ry o f t en p e t rog raph ic a na ly s i s , t h a t , h oweve r , w h i le r e a l ly i n f o rma t ive i nt h e c a se o fc oa r se w a re , i so f l e s s u se w hen f i ne w a re i su nde r d i scu s s ion ( Mannon i 1 994 ) . I nt h e l a t te r c a se , X ray p owde r d i f f rac t ion ( XRD ) a nd a l so F ou r ie r t ran sf o rm i n f ra red s pec t ro scopy ( FT IR ) c an p rove m o re u sef u l . I ti sw or th n o t ing t h a t F T IR h a s n o t b een much e xp lo i ted i nt h e a na ly s i s o fa r chaeo log ica l p o t te ry a nd t h e p r e sen t s t udy i sa l so a dd re s sed t o e mpha s ize i t s g r ea t

8

p o ten t ia l i n t h i s s or t o f i n ve s t iga t ion . D if f u se re f lec tance n ea r inf ra r ed ( N IR ) s pec t ro scopy a nd Mö s sbaue r s pec t ro scopy c an a l so b e o f h e lp i n a mo r e p rec i se d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e o fa n a nc ien t c e ram ic m a te r ia l , t h e f o rme r i n f o rm ing o n t h e a moun t o f a b so rbed w a te r a nd t h e l a t te r o n t h e c hem ica l e nv i ronmen t a nd o x ida t ion s t a te o fi r on .

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND T he a bove -men t ioned t e chn ique s w e re u sed t oe xam ine mo re t h an 1 00 s amp le s o fE t ru scan f i ne w a re f r om t h e e xcava t ion s c onduc ted s i nce 1 982 i nt h e s o -ca l led a r ea o fP ian d iC iv i ta i n T a rqu in ia ( V i te rbo , I t a ly ) ( F igu re 1 ) , b y P rof Ma r ia B ongh i J ov ino . T he e xcava t ion c ampa ign s b rough t t ol i gh t a v e ry i mpo r tan t monumen ta l a nd s a c red s i t e o ft h e E t ru scan o r ien ta l iz ing p e r iod ( f rom t h e e nd o f t h e V I I I t o t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e V I c en tu ry BC ) , t o w h ich t h e n ame o f " comp le s so s a c ro i s t i tuz iona le" w a s a t t r ibu ted ( Bongh i

O n l e ave f r om :D ipa r t imen to d iS c ien ze C h im iche , F i s iche eMa tema t iche , U n ive r s i tä d eg l iS tud id e l li n subr ia

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s J ov ino a nd C h ia ramon te T re re 1 997 ) . G iven t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e s i te i nt h e E t ru scan s ' r e l ig iou s a nd e ve ry -day l i f e , t h e a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion h a s b een s uppor ted b y a mo r e e x ten s ive s t udy o f a l l e l emen t s p er ta in ing t o t h e d i f f e ren t

f i e ld s o f h uman a c t iv i ty : i n t h i s c on tex t , b e s ide s p a leo b o tan ica l , z oo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l a na ly se s , a l so t h e e xam ina t ion o f t h e c e ram ic ma te r ia l s c an b e u sed t o a dvan tage .

F iume Po

Mare Ad r ia t ico F IREN

Mare T irreno

add i tai OU IP ILI

F iume A rno

c : ^ 2 . 4 , 5

• 0

T arqu in ia

• RO MA

F igu re 1 . Map s how ing t h e l o ca t ion o fT a rqu in ia i nt h e I t a l ian p en in su la . S an s ica 1 999 ) ,n ame ly :

I n mo r e d e ta i l s , t h e s pec if ic c l a s s o f p o t te ry o n w h ich t h e p r e sen t i n ve s t iga t ion w a s m a in ly f o cu sed h a s b een d ef ined a s d epura ta w a r e , i t s m a te r ia l b e ing c ha rac te r ized b y t h e a b sence o fm ac ro scop ica l ly o b se rvab le i n c lu s ion s . T h i s c l a s s o f c e ram ic s w a s d i f f u sed i nt h e w ho le Med i te r ranean b a s in f r om I X -V I I I c en tu ry BC u n t i l t h e R oman p e r iod . T he m a te r ia l s f r om T a rqu in ia , i n s ide t h e b roade r d ef in i t ion o f d epura ta p o t te ry , w e re f u r the r g rouped i n s t y l i s t ic s ub c a tego r ie s , b a sed o n t h e o b se rva t ion o f t h e i r s upe rf ic ia l d eco ra t ion ( Bagna sco G iann i 1 999 , i n p r e s s a , i n p r e s s b ;

1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )

2 8

w i thou td eco ra t ion ( p la in w h i te w a r e , a c roma )( F ig . 2 ) ; w i th as t r ipe d eco ra t ion , o rb anded ( ab and e )( F ig . 2 ) ; w i th g eome t r ica l d eco ra t ive mo t if s ( E t ru sco -geome t r ic , e t ru sco -geome t r ica ) ; w i th C o r in th ian s ty le d eco ra t ive m o t if s ( E t ru sco C o r in th ian , e t ru sco -cor inz ia )( F ig . 3 ) ; a r cha ic b l ack -g lazed ( av e rn ice n e ra a rca ica ) .

3-S pec t roscop ic C ha rac te r iza t ion o fE t ru scan D epura ta a nd I mpa s to P o t tery

1 2

1 3

5

‘ > , • " > ' e

Z 1

• ••

1 7

2 .

9 •s

L

• . : 1 2 . 7 . :1 71: .

1 9

F igu re 2 .E xamp le so fp l a in w h i te w a re a nd b anded p o t te ry f r om P ian d iC iv i ta ( ha lf sca le ) .

2 9

A rcha eo logy a nd C lay s

2 3

6 4

F igu re 3 .E xamp le so fE t ru sco -Co r in th ian p o t te ry f r om P i an d iC iv i ta ( ha lf sca le ) . F o r c ompa r i son s amp le s o fc l ay f r om t h e P ian d iC iv i ta w e re a l so c o l lec ted , t r ea ted a s d e sc r ibed b e low a nd e xam ined b y m ean s o ft h e s ame t e chn ique s u sed f o rt h e c e ram ic s h e rd s . I t i sw o r th r ema rk ing t h a t , w h i le a nc ien t p o t te ry w o rk shop s w e r e n o t f ound a tP ian d iC iv i ta , c l ay f r om t h a t a r ea i su sed b y mode rn c r af t smen i nT a rqu in ia t oi m i ta te E t ru scan v a se s .

O nce e s tab l i shed o n t h e b a s i s o fe l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion t h a t mo s t o f t h e e xam ined s amp le s f o rm a h omogenou s g roup , t hu s p o in t ing t o ac ommon l o ca l o r ig in ( Ca r ia t i e t a l . i n p repa ra t ion ) , t h e r ema in ing p rob lem t o b e d i scu s sed w a s i n deed t h e m anuf ac tu r ing p roce ss , i nt e rm s o fs e lec t ion a nd t r ea tmen to ft h er aw m a te r ia la nd o ff i r ing c ond i t ion s . 3 0

3-S pec t ro scop ic C ha ra c te r iza t ion o fE t ru scan D epura ta a nd I mpa s to P o t te ry RESULTS AND D ISCUSSION

XRD , FT IR a nd d i f f u se -re f lec tance N IR s pec t ro scop ie s I n t h e t e rna ry p ha se d i ag ram C a0 (+Mg0 ) -A 1 203S iO 2 ( F ig . 4 ) mo s t o ft h e a nc ien t f i ne c e ram ic m a te r ia l s a r e l o ca ted i n

t h e q ua r tz -ano r th i te -d iop s ide ( o r w o l la s ton i te ) c ompa t ib i l i ty t r iang le ( He imann a nd Magge t t i 1 981 ; H e imann 1 989 ) a nd t h es amp le su nde rd i scu s s ion a r en oe xcep t ion t ot h er u le .

p la in wh i te wa re o rb anded E t rusco -geome t r ic E t rusco -Co r in th ian a rcha ic b lack -g lazed 4 0

•

T a rqu in ia c l ay

6 0

d i ops ide ( o rw o l las ton i te ) 5 0

5 0

9 0 1 00

c ao+mgo

1 0 0

9 0

8 0

7 0

6 0

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

A12 0 3

we igh t %

F igu r e4 .C ompo s i t ion o fE t ru scan d epu ra ta p o t te ry f r om t h ee xcava t ion o fT a rqu in ia i nt h et e rna ry s y s t em C aO -A 1 203S iO2.

d oma in ( F igu r e 4 ) a nd t h e ref o r e i tt r an sf o rm s i n to a nor th i te ( CaA l 2S i208)a bove 1 050 ° C . H e imann a nd Magge t t i ( 198 1) a l so d i scu s sed t h e f o rma t ion o fm ine ra log ica l p ha se s d ue t o t h e a l te ra t ion , t a k ing p l ace d u r ing t h eb u r ia l o ft h e a r tef ac t ,o f t h e p ha se s p r ev iou s ly f o rmed u pon f i r ing o f t h e a r tef ac t i t se lf . F o r e xamp le , s e conda ry c a lc i te c an d e r ive f r om t h e d ecompo s i t ion o fg eh len i te i nt h o se s he rd s b u r ied i nh um id e nv i ronmen t s .

H ow ev e r , t h em ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion o f ac e ram ic s amp le i st h a te xpec ted o nt h eb a s i so ft h ed i ag ram i nF igu re 4o n ly i f t h e s t a r t ing m a te r ia l w a s h omogeneou s a nd i ft h e f i r ing t empe r a tu r e w a s h igh e nough t oe n su r et h a tt h e c ond i t ion s o f t h e rmodynam ic e qu i l ibr ium w e r er e a ched ( He imann 1 989 ) . I f t h e r aw m a te r ia l w a s c oa r se o r i ft h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re d i d n o ta l low ac omp le te m e l t ing o ft h em ix tu re , a nd t h i s i sw ha t u sua l ly h appened - d if e ren t m ine ra log ica l p ha se s c an b e e ncoun te r ed i n t h e c e ram ic . V a r iou s s t ud ie s ( He imann a nd Magge t t i 1 981 ; H e imann 1 989 ; L e t sch a nd No l l 1 983 ) r epo r t o n t h e c o r re la t ion b e tween t h e m ine ra log ica l p ha se s d eve loped u pon f i r ing ac a lca reou s i l i t ic -kao l in i t ic c l ay , s uch a s T a rqu in ia c l ay , a nd t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re . I t i s w e l l e s tab l i shed , t h en , t h a t : ( i ) a r ound 8 00 ° C t h e d ecompo s i t ion o fc a lc ium c a rbona te ( CaCO 3)b eg in s , f o rm ing c a lc ium o x ide ( CaO ) ; ( i ) a tt empe ra tu re s a bove 8 50 -900 ° C C aO c an r e a c t w i th A l 2O3,MgO a nd S iO 2,d e l ive red b y i l i te , k ao l in i te a nd d o lom i te , f o rm ing d i op s ide ( CaMgS i 206) o r w o l la s ton i te ( CaS iO 3) a nd g eh len i te ( Ca2A 1 (A lS i )0 7) ;( i i ) t h e l a t te r i s c l ea r ly a m e ta s tab le p ha se i n t h e e xam ined c ompo s i t iona l

F igu re 5 ( a ) a nd ( b ) s how s t h e XRD p a t ter n s a nd t h e F T IR s pec t ra o ft e s t s amp le s m ade f r om T a rqu in ia c l ay , h av ing t h e c ompo s i t ion i nd ica ted i nt h e p ha se d i ag ram a bove ( F ig . 4 ) , w o rked w i th w a te r a nd s ub sequen t ly f i red i n al a bo ra to ry e l ec t r ica l f u rnace a t am ax imum t empe ra tu r e r ang ing f r om 5 00 ° C t o 100 ° C f o r 1 20 m inu te s . A s e xpec ted , t h e t yp ica l s i gna l s o f c a lc i te d i sappea r a t t empe ra tu re s h ighe r t h an 8 00°C , w h i le i l i t e a nd k ao l in i te d ecompo se , f o rm ing a n a mo rphou s s i l ica t e ma t r ix a nd c a lc ium s i l ica te s a nd a l um ino s i l ica te s , s uch a sw o l la s ton i te , d i op s ide , g eh len i te a nd a no r th i te . I n s tead o f a n e qu i l ib r ium a s semb lage , l a rge 3 1

A rcha eo logy a nd C lay s c ompo s i t ion o f t h e r aw m a te r ia l , a s s hown i nF igu re 4 ,n o r w i th t h e f i r ing c ond i t ion s , b u tr a the rw i th t h e g r a in s i z e o ft h e r aw m a te r ia l i t se lf . I ndeed , i nt h e e xpe r imen t d e sc r ibed , c l ay w a s u sed a s s uch , w i thou t a ny d epu ra t ion t r ea tmen t , a nd i t h a s b een s ugge s ted ( He imann a nd Magge t t i 1 981 ; H e imann 1 989 ) t h a t a c oa r se r g ranu lome t ry s hou ld f a vou r t h e f o rma t ion o f g eh len i te a s a n e f f ec t o f t h e d i f f e ren t l o ca l c ompo s i t ion a tt h eg ra in b ounda r ie s .

a moun t s o fg eh len i te a r e f o rmed a nd m a in ta ined e ven f o r a m ax imum f i r ing t empe ra tu r e a sh igh a s 100 ° C . I ts hou ld b e o b se rved t h a t , e ven i ft h e u sua l p rocedu re i nt h i s e xpe r imen t w a s t o k eep t h e s amp le s a tt h e h ighe s t t empe ra tu re o f e ach f i r ing c yc le f o r t wo h ou r s , a l so p ro long ing t h e i s o the rm a t 100 ° Ct os i xh ou r sn o th ing w a s s ub s tan t ia l ly c hanged i nt h e r e su l t ing m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion o f t h e t e s t s amp le . T he ref o re , t h e p r e sence o f a c on s ide rab le q uan t i ty o f g eh len i te c an b e a s soc ia ted n e i the r w i th t h e m ean e l emen ta l

dd

q aa

1 000 °C

g

x . y j t v, . . Ak

dd qa q

w i e

A bso rbance

la

q

a I 9 00 °C

g

ig

, i vA j w

d dq

q

v ÄN , A0 4A , ka , LA

q i

1 0

I c

4 0

2 000

2 9 ( deg rees )

I

I 1 600

I

I

1 200

1

80 1 0

4 00

Wavenumbe r( cm -1)

F igu re 5 .( a )X ray d i f f rac tog ram sa nd ( b )F T IR s pec t ra o ft e s ts amp le so fT a rqu in ia c l ay h ea ted a td i f f e r en tt empe ra tu re s . q =qua r tz , c =ca lc i te , w=wo l la s ton i te , g =geh len i te , d =d iop s ide , a =ano r th i te , i = i l l i te , s =d iso rde red s i l ica te n e two rk . F rom t h e m e thodo log ica l p o in t o fv i ew , F igu re 5 s how s t h e e f f ec t ivene s s o ft h e XRD a nd F T IR t e chn ique s i nf o l low ing t h e c hange s o ft h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion o f c l ay u pon f i r ing . T he ref o r e , t h e s ame t e chn ique s w e re a pp l ied t o t h e s t udy o f s amp le s o f p l a in w h i te w a re a nd b anded p o t te ry , d a t ing f r om V I I t o V I c en tu ry BC a nd l a te r . A s s hown i n F igu re 4 , t h e s amp le s a r e l o ca ted i n ar a the r r e s t r ic ted c ompo s i t iona l r a nge . I ndeed t h e d i f f e rence s i nt h e o b se rved m ine ra log ica l p ha se s c an b e r e la ted t o t h e d i f f e ren t f i r ing t empe ra tu re s , f o l low ing t h e a bove o u t l ined s cheme , a sc an b e s e en i nF igu re 6( oppo s i te p age ) .

o b se rved a sw e l l a st ho se o fd iop s ide , g eh len i te a nd a no r th i t e , i n d ica t ing t h e p re sence o f s e conda ry c a lc i te , p robab ly d e r iv ing f r om t h e p a r t ia l d ecompo s i t ion o fg eh len i t e d u e t o h um id b u r ia l a sd e sc r ibed a bove .

T he ref o r e , i ng o ing f r om s amp le 3 / 10 10 t os amp le 3 / 1005 , a f i r ing p roce s s o fi n c rea s ing t empe ra tu r e c an b e a s sumed , s o t h a t i fs amp le 3 / 10 10 w a s n o t h ea ted a bove 8 00 °C , a s t h e p r e sence o f s i gn if i can t a moun t s o f n o t d ecomposed c a lc i te a nd i l i te d emon s t ra te s , t h e d eve lopmen t o f i n c rea s ing q uan t i t ie s o f d i op s ide a nd a nor th i te s ugge s t s a f i r ing t empe ra tu re o fa tl e a s t 8 50 °C f o r s amp le 1 70 /78 , w h i le t h e p r e sence o fm uch a no r th i te a nd t h e c omp le te d i sappea rance o fg eh len i te i n d ica te st h a t at empe ra tu r e a r ound 1 000 ° C w a s p robab ly r e ached b y s amp le 3 / 1005 w hen i tw a s f i red . F o r s amp le 3 / 1002 , t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic s i gna l s o f c a lc i te a r e 3 2

S ome d i f f e rence s i n t ype a nd r e la t ive q uan t i t ie s w i th t h e p ha se s d e tec ted i nt h e t e s t s amp le s o fT a rqu in ia c l ay c an b e n o ted : ( i ) f i r s t o fa l l , n one o ft h e s amp le s o fp l a in w h i te w a r e o r b anded p o t te ry s how s s o l a rge a moun t s o f g eh len i t e a s t ho se f ound i n t h e t e s t s amp le s o f f i red c l ay ; t h is s imp ly i n d ica te s as k i lf u l p roce s s ing o ft h e r aw m a te r ia l , a imed t o r ende r i t s u ff ic ien t ly f i ne -g ra ined a vo id ing l a rge q ua r tz g ra in s ; ( i ) d i op s ide i sp reva len t ly f o rmed w i th r e spec t t o w o l la s ton i te , s ugge s t ing al a rge r p e rcen tage o fm agne s ium i n t h e c l ay u s ed b y t h e a nc ien t p o t te r s ; a nd ( i i ) t h e r a t io a nor th i te /d iop s ide a tt h e h ighe s t f i r ing t empe ra tu res c l ea r ly f a vou r s a no r th i te i n t h e E t ru scan s amp le s , b u t t h i s i s i n a g reemen t w i th t h e d i f f e ren t l o ca t ion i nt h e p ha se d i ag ram o f F igu re 4 o ft h e mode rn c l ay s a nd a nc ien t c e ram ic s . T he l a s t t wo f a c to r s c onf i rm o nce mo re a n o b se rva t ion t h a t i s r e cu r ren t i nt h e l i t e ra tu re , i . e . t h a t o f t h e d if i cu l ty t o f i nd n owaday s s amp le s o f c l ay p e rf ec t ly c ompa rab le w i th t h o se u sed i n t h e a n t iqu i ty b y p o t te r s i n ag i ven p roduc t ion s i te

3-S pec t roscop ic C ha rac te r iza t ion o fE t ru scan D epura ta a nd I mpa s to P o t tery ( Fa rn swor th

1 970 ;

D upon t

1 977 ,

1 983) .

T he

d epo s i t s

d i f f e ren t c l ay s t o e n su re t h e b es t p roper t ie s o f t h e c e ram ic

e xp lo i ted i n a nc ien t t imes m igh t n o t b e e a s i ly a ccess ib le a t

ma te r ia l ( He imann 1 989 ) .

p r esen t o r , e ven mo re p robab ly , c r af t smen u sed m ix tu res o f

A bso rbance

C l )

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

2 000

1 600

2 0 ( deg rees )

1 200

I

8 00

4 00

Wavenumbe r ( cm 1)

F igu re 6 ( a )X ray d i f f rac tog rams a nd ( b ) F T IR s pec t ra o fs amp les o fE t ru scan d epura ta p l a in w h i te w a re a nd b anded p o t te ry ( V I I -V I c en tu ry o nwa rd s ) . F o rs ymbo ls , s e e F igu re 5 .

O ne w ay i n dependen t f r om t h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion t o e s t ima te t h e r e la t ive , i fn o t a b so lu te , f i r ing t empe ra tu re o f p o t te ry s he rd s , i sb y e va lua t ing t h e a moun to fa bso rbed w a te r f r om t h e i n ten s i ty o f t h e c or respond ing s i gna l i n t h e n ea r i n f ra red ( N IR ) r eg ion o f t h e e l ec t romagne t ic s pec t rum . I n F igu re 7 ,t h e d i f f u se ref lec tance N IR s pec t ra o ft h e f i red t e s t A bso rbance

s amp les o fT a rqu ina c l ay a r e r epo r ted . I n t h ese s pec t ra , t h e i n ten s i ty o f t h e b and a s s igned t o a b so rbed mo lecu la r w a te r ( Ca r ia t i e t a l . 1 981 ,1983) u nde rgoes a n e v iden t d ec rea se u pon i n crea s ing t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re s o ft h e t e s t s amp le s . I ndeed , i ft h e d i f f u se ref lec tance N IR s pec t ra o f t h e s ame a nc ien t s he rd s e xam ined a bove a r e c on s ide red ( F igu re 8 ) , t h e v a r ia t ion o f t h e a moun t o f a b so rbed w a te r r e su l t s t o b e c ons is ten t

w i th

t h e

p rev iou s ly

s ugges ted

h ypo the se s

c oncern ing t h e max imum t empe ra tu re t h ey r e ached w hen f i red .

1 400

1 800

200

Wave leng th ( nm )

F igu re 7 . D if f u se ref lec tance N IR s pec t ra o ft e s t s amp le s o f T a rqu in ia c l ay f i red a td i f f e ren tt empe ra tu re s .

3 3

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

A bso rbance

o ft h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion i sg r ea te rt h an t h a t f ound i n at e s t s amp le o fc l ay h ea ted i n al a bo ra to ry e l ec t r ica l f u rnace a tt h e s ame t empe ra tu re . T h i s l a s t f a c tc an b e e a s i ly e xp la ined b y c on s ide r ing t h a t a nc ien t m a te r ia l s c ou ld r e ach a n e qu i l ib r ium c on ten t o fw a te r , i . e . t h ey h ad t ime t oa b so rb a s much w a te r a s t h e s i te s a va i lab le i n t h e i r s i l ica te n e two rk a lowed t h em t o i nt h e b u r ia l e nv i ronmen t , w h i le t h i s i sn o t t h ec a se f o rt h er e cen t ly f i red t e s ts amp le s .

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 ( 300

2 200

O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e a bove -d i scu s sed c r i te r ia , s he rd s o f E t ru sco -geome t r ic ( V I I I -V I c en tu ry BC ) , E t ru sco -Co r in th ian ( V I I I -V I c en tu ry BC ) a nd b l ack -g lazed ( V I c en tu ry BC o nwa rd s ) p o t te ry w e r e e xam ined . E xamp le s o f X ray d i f f ra c tog ram s a nd F T IR s pec t ra a r e s hown i nF igu re 9f o r a r ep re sen ta t ive s amp le f o r e ach c l a s s . T he e xpe r imen ta l d a ta d emon s t ra te t h a t t h e mo s t a nc ien t s amp le s , i . e . t h e E t ru sco g eome t r ic o ne s ( s amp le 8 8 /74 i nF igu re 9 ) , a r e c ha rac te r ized b y ac on s ide rab le c on ten t o fg eh len i t e , g ene ra l ly h i ghe r t h an t h a t f ound f o r p l a in w h i te w a re a nd b anded p o t te ry , a nd v a r iab le r e la t ive a moun t s o f d iop s ide a nd a no r th i te . T he q uan t i ty o fa b so rbed w a te r ( F igu re 1 0 ) i su sua l ly c ompa rab le w i th t h a t p r e sen t i nt ho se s amp le s o f p l a in w h i te w a r e a nd b anded p o t te ry t h a t w e re p r e sumab ly f i r ed b e tween 8 00 a nd a pp rox ima te ly 9 00 °C .T he l a rge a moun t o f g eh len i te , a s s t a ted a bove a nd a s e v idenced b y t h e f i r ing e xpe r imen t s o f t e s t s amp le s o fc l ay , i sr e la ted t ot h e c oa r se g ranu lome t ry o f t h e r aw ma t e r ia l a nd a l so c au se s t h e p r esence o f r e f o rmed c a lc i te ; i n p a ra l le l , t h e v a r iab i l i ty i n t h e r a t io a no r th i te /d iop s ide s e em s t o d epend o n t h e g r a in s i ze o f p r ima ry c a lc i te ( He imann a nd Magge t t i 1 981 ; H e imann 1 989 ) .

2 400

Wave leng th ( nm )

F igu re 8 .D if f u se ref lec tance N IR s pec t ra o fs amp le so f E t ru scan d epura ta p l a in w h i te w a re a nd b anded p o t te ry .

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t : ( i ) s amp le s 1 70 /78 a nd 3 / 1002 w e re i n f a c t f i red a ts im i la r t empe ra tu re s , a nd t h e c a lc i te d e tec ted i n t h e l a t te ri st h e ref o re c onf i rmed t ob e o fs e conda ry o r ig in ; ( i ) t h e a moun t o fw a te r a b so rbed i n as he rd f o r w h ich a f i r ing t empe ra tu re a sh igh a s 8 00 -900 ° C i se s t ima ted o n t h e b a s i s

c o C = o

c . )

5

I 1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

I I I 3 0

i 3 5

t 4 0

2 000

2 0 ( deg rees )

1 600

1 200

8 00

4 00

Wavenumbe r ( cm -1)

F igu re 9 ( a ) X ray d i f f rac tog ram s a nd ( b ) F T IR s pec t ra o fs amp le 8 8 /74 ( E t ru sco -geome t r ic p o t te ry , V I I I -V I I c en tu ry BC ) , s amp le 1 70 /2 ( E t ru sco -Co r in th ian p o t te ry , V I c en tu ry BC ) a nd s amp le 3 / 73 ( a rcha ic b l ack -g lazed p o t te ry , V I c en tu ry BC o nwa rd s )f r om t h ee xcava t ion s o fT a rqu in ia . F o rs ymbo l s , s e eF igu re 5 .

3 4

3-S pec t roscop ic C ha rac te r iza t ion o fE t ru scan D epura ta a nd I mpa s to P o t te ry t h e e f f ec t s o n t h e m ax imum t empe ra tu re e xpe r ienced b y a v a se a s ac on sequence o fi t sd i f f e ren tl o ca t ion i nt h e f u rnace .

3 [ 73

A bso rbance

F o r c ompa r i son , s ome s amp le s o f i mpa s to p o t te ry , a ga in f r om t h e e xcava t ion s o ft h e C iv i ta a nd d a t ing f r om X t oV I I c en tu ry BC , w e re a l so i n ve s t iga ted b y m ean s o f t h e XRD , F T IR a nd d if u se ref lec tance N IR t e chn ique s . T he m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion o f t h e se s he rd s i s , a s e xpec ted , c omp le te ly d i f f e r en t f r om t h a t o f d epura ta p o t te ry , b e ing c ha rac te r ized b y a n a bundan t c on ten t o f s od ium a nd p o ta s s ium f e ld spa r s a nd b y t h e a b sence o fc a lc i te , i ns p i te o f a r a the r l ow f i r ing t empe ra tu re d emon s t ra ted b y t h e a pp rec iab le a moun t o fa b so rbed w a te r . T he h ypo the s i s o fa s andy r a the r t h an c l ayey r aw m a te r ia l s e em s r e a sonab le o n t h eb a s i so ft h e se d a ta .

1 400

1 600

1 8' 0 0

2 0' 0 0

2 21 0 0

Mö s sbauer s pec t ro scopy A f u r the r c onf i rma t ion o f t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re r a nge d e te rm ined f o r t h e d epura ta p o t te ry f r om t h e C iv i ta o f T a rqu in ia w a s o b ta ined b y m ean s o f Mö s sbaue r s p ec t ro scopy . F o r a lmo s t a l s amp le s , e xcep t s ome o f t h e b l a ck -g lazed s amp le s h av ing a g r ey c o lou r , i r on i s mo s t ly f ound i n i t s h ighe s t o x ida t ion s t a te , i . e . a s i r on ( I I I ) . Sma l l p e r cen tage s o fi r on ( I I ) a r e a l so p o s s ib ly f ound , a round 1 0 15 p e rcen t . I r on ( I I I ) g i ve s r i se i ns ome s amp le s t o am agne t ic c omponen t , r e p re sen ted b y a s ex te t i n t h e Mö s sbaue r s pec t rum , a nd , i na l l t h e s he rd s e xam ined b y m ean s o ft h is t e chn ique , t o o ne o r , mo re f r equen t ly , t wo p a ramagne t ic c omponen t s , a ppea r ing a sd oub le t s .

2 400

Wave leng th ( nm )

F igu re 1 0 . D if f u se r e f lec tance N IR s p ec t ra o f s amp le 8 8 /74 ( E t ru sco -geome t r ic p o t te ry , V I I I -V I I c en tu ry BC ) , s amp le 1 70 /2 ( E t ru sco -Co r in th ian p o t te ry , V I c en tu ry BC ) a nd s amp le 3 / 73 ( a rcha ic b l a ck -g lazed p o t t e ry , V I c en tu ry BC o nwa rd s )f r om t h ee xcava t ion s o fT a rqu in ia .

Mö s sbaue r s pec t ra w e re c o l lec ted a l so f o r t h e f i r ed t e s t s amp le s o f T a rqu in ia c l ay . F o r s uch s amp le s , w hen f i red a t t empe ra tu re s b e low 9 00 ° C , t h e t wo c omponen t s a r e d ue t o i r on ( I I I ) i n e nv i ronmen t s r e spec t ive ly d e sc r ibed a s F e0 6_ x (01 1 ) „ a nd F e0 6,w h i le , f o r h i ghe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re s , t h ey a r e r e la ted t oi r on ( I I I ) i nt h e a mo rphou s s i l ica te n e two rk a nd i n t h e c r y s ta l l ine l a t t ice o f t h o se p ha se s d eve loped u pon f i r ing , s uch a sd i op s ide . I ft h e q uadrupo le s p l i t t ing s A E Q,i . e . t h e d i s tances b e tween t h e t wo s i gna l s o f e ach d oub le t , a r e p l o t ted a ga in s tt h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re , ac o r re la t ion s im i la rt o t h a t d i scove red b y o t he r r e sea rche r s f o r c l ay s o f d if e ren t p rovenance ( Man ia t i s e ta l . 1 981 ; D e r iu 1 989 ) i so b ta ined , a s s hown i nF igu re 1 : am ax imum i sr e a ched a round 7 00 ° C a nd t h en t h e v a lue so ft h e q uadrupo le s p l i t t ing s d ec rea se u n t i l 1 000 ° C , s t a r t ing t or i se a ga in a bove t h i s t empe ra tu re . When t h e q uadrupo le s p l i t t ing s o ft h e f e r r ic d oub le t s a r e p lo t ted i n

T he se o b se rva t ion s a r e i n a g reemen t w i th t h e e a r l ie r c h rono logy o fE t ru sco -geome t r ic p o t te ry w i th r e spec t t ot h e o t he r c l a s se s o f d epu ra ta p o t t e ry , s ugge s t ing a p oo r ly d eve loped t e chno logy , b o th i nt h e c ho ice a nd p r e t rea tmen t o ft h e r aw m a te r ia l , l e s s p r ec i se a l so f r om t h e p o in t o fv i ew o fe l emen ta l c ompo s i t ion ( s ee t h e q u i t e w ide c ompo s i t iona l r ange o fE t ru sco -geome t r ic s amp le s i nF igu re 4 ) , a nd i nt h e d i ff icu l ty i n o b ta in ing h i gh f i r ing t empe ra tu re s . O n t h e c on t ra ry , b o th E t ru sco -Co r in th ian a nd b l a ck -g lazed s he rd s a r e q u i t e s im i la r , a sf a ra st h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion a nd t h e a moun t o fa b so rbed w a te r a r e c once rned , t ot h e s amp le s o fp l a in w h i t e w a re a nd b anded p o t te ry t h a t r e su l ted t oh ave b een f i red a tt empe ra tu re s f r om 9 50 t oo ve r 1 000 ° C : t h e X r a y d i f f rac tog ram s a nd F T IR s pec t ra o f s amp le 1 70 /2 , f o r E t ru sco -Co r in th ian p o t te ry , a nd o f s amp le 3 / 73 , f o r a r cha ic b l ack -g lazed p o t te ry , s how c l ea r ly ( F igu re 9 ) t h a t a no r th i te a nd d i ops ide w e re f o rmed i n s i gn if ican t p ropo r t ion s u pon f i r ing a nd t h a tt h er aw m a te r ia lw a sf i ne e nough a nd t h ef i r ing t empe ra tu r e s uff ic ien t ly h igh t o l i m i t t h e f o rma t ion o f g eh len i te . C ohe ren t ly , t h e w a te rc on ten t ( e xamp le s i nF igu re 1 0 ) i s f r om m ed ium t o l ow f o r t h e E t ru sco -Co r in th ian m a te r ia l s a nd r ep roduc ib ly l ow f o r a l l t h e b l ack -g lazed s he rd s . I nt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o ft h e se l a s t m a te r ia l s , t h e n eed t o o b ta in aw e l l -v i t r if ied g l o s s o b l iged t h e p o t te r s t o a t ta in h igh f i r ing t empe ra tu re s( J one s 1 986 )a nd t h er epo r ted r e su l t s i n d ica te t h a ta tl e a s tf r om t h e V I c en tu ry o n , t h e c r af t smen i n T a rqu in ia p o s se s sed ar a the rs pec ia l iz ed t e chno logy , a l low ing t h em t op l an a nd r e a l iz e ag i ven f i r ing c yc le , m in im iz ing a l so

t h e s ame g raph f o r an umbe r o fs amp le s o fd epura ta p o t te ry f r om t h e e xcava t ion s o f T a rqu in ia , r e f e r r ing t o t h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re e s t ima ted o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e m ine ra log ica l p ha se s a nd t h e a moun t o f a b so rbed w a te r , a n e xce l len t c o r re spondence i sf ound , a si ti sa ppa ren ti nF igu re 1 .

3 5

A r chaeo logy a nd C lay s

2 . 1 1 . 9 -

A

p l a in w h i te w a re a nd b anded

•

E t rusco -geome t r ic

•

E t rusco -Co r in th ian

•

a r cha ic b l ack -g lazed

x

f i r ed T a rqu in ia c l ay

1 . 7 1 . 5

X. «

0 . 9 0 . 7 . • • 0 . 5 0

2 00

4 00

6 00

8 00

1 000

1 200

T empe ra tu re ( ° C )

F igu re 1 . V a r ia t ion o fq uad rupo le s p l i t t ing w i th f i r ing t empe ra tu re f o r t h e p a ramagne t ic d oub le t s o ft h e r oom tempe ra tu re Mö s sbaue rs pec t ra o ft e s t s amp le s o fT a rqu in ia c l ay ( -l e) . S ymbo l s i n d ica te t h e s ame p a rame te r s f o rt h e s amp le s o fd epura ta p o t te ry f r om t h e e xcava t ion s o fT a rqu in ia , r e f e r red t ot h e f i r ing t empe ra tu r e s h ypo the s ized o n t h e b a s is o ft h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion a nd w a te rc on ten t .

CONCLUS ION I n c onc lu s ion , t h e s t udy h e re d e sc r ibed r ep re sen t s a n i n te re s t ing a pp l ica t ion o f c onven t iona l s pec t ro scop ic t e chn ique s t o t h e i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e m anuf ac tu r ing t e chno logy o fE t ru scan f i ne w a re f r om t h es i te o ft h eC iv i ta i n T a rqu in ia . T he o b ta ined r e su l t s i n d ica te c l ea r ly a n e vo lu t ion f r om V I I I t o V I c en tu ry i n t h e p o t te r s ' s k i l l , r e p r e sen ted m a in ly b y amo re p r ec ise c on t ro l o ft h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e r aw ma te r ia l a nd b y t h e a b i l i ty t o r e ach a nd m a in ta in q u i te h igh t empe ra tu re s u pon f i r ing . T he h i s tog ram r e por ted b e low ( F igu re 1 2 ) s umma r ize st h i s e vo lu t ion f r om t h e p o in t o fv i ew o ft h e f i r ing t empe ra tu re d e te rm ined f o rt h e d i f f e ren t c e ram ic c l a s ses . T he r e su l t s o b ta ined f r om t h e s pec t ro scop ic a na ly s is m a tch q u i te w e l l t h e h i s to r ica l r e con s t ruc t ion m ade o n a r chaeo log ica l b a se s . A s s t a ted a bove , t h e p roduc t ion o f d epura ta w a re c an b e t r acked i nT a rqu in ia f r om t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e V I I It ot h ew ho le I c en tu ry BC . Mo re i nd e ta i l , d u r ing t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e V I I I c en tu ry t h e p roduc t ion o f t h e E t ru sco -g eome t r ic p o t te ry b egan , g i v ing r i se t o v e s se l s h omogenou s f r om t h e s t y l i s t ic p o in t o f v i ew , e ven i f c ha rac te r iz ed b y aq u i te v a r iab le c e ram ic p a s te . T he a na ly se s h e re s umma r ized i n d ica te t h e c au se o ft h is v a r iab i l i ty i n ar aw 3 6

m a te r ia l n a tu ra l ly r a the r f i ne -g ra ined b u t n o t d epu ra ted f u r the r o n .S ta r t ing f r om t h e e nd o ft h e V I I c en tu ry BC , t h e s i tua t ion b egan t oc hange w i th t h e o n se t o ft h e p roduc t ion o f E t ru sco -Co r in th ian p o t te ry a nd , c on tempo ra r i ly , o f E a s t G reece f a sh ion b anded w a r e . U nde rt h e i nf luence o ft h e E a s t G reek w o r ld , a n i n c rea se o f t h e p roduc t ion r a te a l so t ook p l ace b e s ide s t h e s t y l i s t ic e vo lu t ion . A s t ab i l iza t ion o f t h e manuf ac tu r ing t e chn ique , a s e v idenced f r om t h e a bove d i scu s sed s p ec t ro scop ic r e su l t s , w a s a n o bv iou s p a r t o ft h i s p i c tu re , a nd w a s c omp le te ly f u lf i l led w hen , f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e V I c en tu ry , b l a ck -g laz ed p o t te ry b egan t ob ep roduced , r equ i r ing a w e l l -es tab l i shed s k i l l t o o b ta in n o t o n ly a s a t isf y ing c e ram ic p a s te b u t a l so ap rope r ly c oa ted s u rf a ce . T he re a r e n o e l emen t s a low ing t o s uppose t h e p r e sence i n T a rqu in ia o f d i f f e ren t w o rk shop s s pec ia l ized i n t h e p roduc t ion o f ag i ven c l a s s o fw a re . I ts e em s mo re r e a sonab le t oh ypo the s ize t h a t , f r om t h e V I c en tu ry o n , ac e r ta in n umbe r o fw o rk shop s o rp o t te r s w e r e a b le t om anuf ac tu re v e s se l s o f d i f f e ren t s t y le , a d ju s t ing t h e i r t e chn ique t ot h e r equ i remen t s o ft h ef i n i shed p roduc t .

3-S pec t roscop ic C ha rac te r iza t ion o fE t ru scan D epura ta a nd I mpa s to P o t te ry

1 00 9 0 8 0 7 0

2

" a . E c o U )

6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 't

ee

l ye eL

1 0

4 -9 44.

• *

*gin

. f . , . . .* ., ' •

je S .

. . f . •d i ' i s

• . •— 1, •

' ; /

i

'A

V, r i e • .i „' 4 , 3 .• *',4 1 . 4-' , Sp • •' • 3 .' • ‚ . 0J- a • e9' . a . ,

gi • t • •. . . k

. i‘ # ,i ; ,r.

'.

.. .. 4

.•

4, •

:

• f r

. . . .,

> 4 . 4 . . .

j

. 1 . , a * 4,: * ••

, . :0

vb . . f P

, i

.•

‚ ' ..• e

'

W

A

, n 1,

1, .‘

.

, J., 4a

*

ite i

• • )

j

4, ? *

. ›.

, . , . . ;1 4 .7 ,1.; i f e ,„ . , , rt ' : . •4, 'a E i ." .A 2 1 4 . ) . • •' . I &* * :• • X• .••% * • .ge r , *.• . " 4 w . ,. ' •I O W •'. , • i .• f ä > G : • t . s i i i , * t . ..., j t .. • ,..j .f , . 9 „ .e • "; ›, • . :e i r I ' I . 7 « r . . ,e & .• . 4

" is

. ..

1 0.

, 4 '•

1 Y.

, 14 . t. . ?

,

.. Y. , • : . e . . . . 2 , , 4 , ,

•

, . ,; •. . , . . .

, . „ „. • . . •

i ..

bz ,. 1 6f . ,, , . . 4, .. • r : ; v . I • , , , i . •. 1 ' . . .e . , ; , . . • , . . ,. 4 . ' . 1 t•. 1 . ' , . ' i * , . ; , . , ' 7 % . . : 1 0 .t e . 1 ) 4 ,, « ., „.t . '. .. .•I A . ') :•;4 . $1. 4 .-.:,. t . ,. i " 0 . , . . 4,,,,,

•. i, g p •.

, • erio

.. 9. M ..

•

.

:

. 4 ,

:

* i . . ) t:, i t l • •J k , : • ; . , i t

. f*, 14 •, . . ;»

e l4 .l e. '* . , e -

:.i t i . , .

A

• ,4 , e s,

'. •e s -

' . 1e t* # .

°

, . / .

-

.. 4

,. •

. t

-. . ,

, „

b

,•

.4 .

% .1

. :- #.

, b

. *•

% $0 . . , V • . •

. , . .. . .

! . %. * Pt:

, . •

.lc . .

•s 'X ''

. ‚ , . .' • . t

.. v f -• i

1 .2 -

* * •

.

•

A li t /

7 ,/ir i

A ,

4

.,

A .. .y ,. . : .•

U p%

* .e . * F .

2 7 , '

. .

. ." ! I * •"*

0 .8 -

I r r l 5 0

1 .2

I m 5 0

•

1

•••

•

0 .6 -

.

!

1 .4 ••

e l -

1

•

•:o f,

• t -4 1 ‘ . .e . .•„ ... •

1 .4

c e

, . .

,.* I r. • . • • f% . * : .» .: • : 4 I l

• • •

•

0 .4

0 .2 -

0 .2

• ** • • •

1 00

1 50

g ra in d ia me ter ( . tm )

••

•

0 .6

0 .4 •

*,

•

0 .8

• •

5 0

•

•

1 0

1 00

1 000

g ra in d ia me ter ( gm )

F igu re 3 .a )G rey l e ve l p ho tog raph o fs amp le Lm 5 0 . b )B ina r i sed ( b lack a nd w h i te ) r ep re sen ta t ion o ft h e g r i t s s hown i nc l ea r i nf i gu re 3 a . c )A rea p e rcen t -g ra in d i ame te r r e la t ion s f o r as amp le o f ag l obu la r s t o rage v e s se l f r om S a in t Ma r ce l w i th 1 8% a r ea o ccup ied b yg r i t si nt h et h in s e c t ion . d )T he s ame d a ta a si nf i g3 c , p l o t ted o na r ea p e rcen tl o gg ra in d i ame te rc o -o rd ina t es . T h i sr e p re sen ta t ion g i ve s al o g -no rma lt y pe d i s t r ibu t ion w he re t h ep o in t sf o rm ar e la t ive ly s moo th ,r a the rs ymme t r ic c u rve . 7 5

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s v a lue s ( b e tween 1 20 a nd 2 00 gm ) ( F igu re 5 ) . T he r e i sa m ax imum i nt h e d i s t r ibu t ion c u rve ( mode ) a s i nc a se 1 ,b u t t h e a bundance o f l a rge r g r a in s i ze s s how s a n a b rup t m ax imum c u tof f v a lue . T ype 3 : t h e d i s t r ibu t ion i sr e gu la r w i th am ax imum v a lue b u tt h e l a rge rg ra in s i ze s , w h ich s how a n e r ra t ic , v e ry h i gh r e p r e sen ta t ion o fs ome s i ze s ( up t o6 00 gm i nd i ame te r ) ( F igu r e 6 ) . I na l l o ft h e s amp le s i n ve s t iga ted , t h e r egu la r d i s t r ibu t ion t r end s h ave a m ax imum v a lue n ea r 1 20 gm w i th am ode r a nge f r om 8t o2 8 gm .

I n av i sua l o b se rva t ion o ft h e g ra in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion c u rve s e s tab l i shed f r om t h e i mage a na ly s i s o f t h e t h in s e c t ion p ho tog raph s ( t o ta l a r ea v s . g ra in d i ame te r ) o ne c an i d en t if y t h ree m a jo r t y pe s . T ype 1 :T he g ra in s i ze s a r e e ven ly a nd s ymme t r ica l ly d i s t r ibu ted o n l o g s i ze -a r ea p e rcen t p l o t s , ( F igu r e 4 ) . T h i s i n d ica te s as i ng le s imp le o r ig in f o r t h e s ed imen t s u s ed t o m ake t h e p a s te . T ype 2 : A r e gu la r d i s t r ibu t ion i sp r e sen t b u t o ne a l so f i nd s l a rge s i ze g ra in s , o f i regu la r d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn t h a t a r e s ha rp ly l i m i ted t oh i gh

a ,' , „ • • •• •. .

. •• 4

••

4 , , . .—.•,1 . . .. .; _ . • . d „ . e ,. . , . . , •, . •• •

d

.

. ;

,

' , i . d e . . . . s,i . . s. . : • ` 4 . oc . 4 . ., '

•. . t e ,- ' l k " .

1 7 . : , . • :— . . . , ) ., • • ..• • :i< , ; . : . . . ,4.

._ . 'i t •• i sr . , . .. .› ,. , ; . .. . • •• .

. i t

•, . . xi t . r i . , •

t • l e' • • - • .'>••• . -.. . 1 . :e.• . 7 •• . j . . . b • . .t , , * •e t, — • . . 4 f

•

4

0

i o

I b

49 >1

•

,.

. -, -,e. . ,. • , . .,1 . 1. ;. . : 2 ' z ' f i 9 - a• • . 4 . > .•. 3e . .. .r . 1 24~ C d (_, . . • . i. . e - 0* * • • . "•m y •• •• : -. . _" ' . •i r e , . e . . . t., . . . . • e, .it, .j r " , . a i • s r 7 . . , . • • : « 4. i r e . . • iT i . • f ie .. 4 .. . . . . . .: ,. .: . ! . . -. „ , ,a . . , .: • .; . r* bet r, — . 1 . - . 1 « .

f •. ;

.

e .

e • ' . " • ' ' ' -

: ' •.i t • i , • 4 .

•40 • S

t A •a ,

• 2 9 . › .

e et% 41 -• . -- , ; , : , . • 4 . . / .4 1 1 1 . •.t -

. •. ••. . „ .

; . •

. ; . . .

3

l b

.

. 1

•

'

.

d

. •. •• •

. ,7 .. . . . .4 , , , - ,• . :J, , . . , .4 .% f. p i 4

.. , . .

-

Is

1 ,

. ! .. . . : . . -

7

ie

f j. • •

. -. a.

. 4:

4

.P ' ' ' :

4 ... 4 ,•

•l . . . 4 ' . . . . . . ' . :. •‘

4 1 :‘

/*

". : : !)4 4

'

-

. 4 .• i l .- :, . . .: .• • . •

•. . .‘

1. •t .*

. ..

. •. . ,. -

:iii ,l .• it 4. r .. 1 t: ;4 " 11 . ;. 1 . .; . ./ ; A di . 4" . . . .: ;. « . 1: 2

J

. : , i

' " r4

.: ' . .4 . . . . . 7 .

?

.,

" : • . . ,1 -?

...I.: . ...... . ... .

j i . . 7 1 .6 r•.v . . - 4 , : . , * • -• ef re g ei r ' ; ' . : "› • ' 7e." "L ' . • ' • * • :. . • , , . . • , . . . . ; ‘ , > , . . . ., „ • , .z. g • •• • .Y, • I P . ‘ , . A, . : : , i 1 , • _ r . . . .» :• . , . . • : ; . • : . . •i • • •. • •. r • •• . • . . . , . . • . . . • , . • _ . • .1 ' . i r . ; „ . ; . , , , . : !• . : a,. •• -. . - • • -• : • 1 1 , . ; 1 ` . . . e " . . 4 4 : 4 1 : • • 7 . . : , : .7 * .7 . ' 1 i 0 , . : • • ' ; -1' • i = . . •

.

. .

i k

' ,I .« : •.

. ,•. •

. .. . . ,

; , •. 4 .. . .. .• › .

•

•

'

1. 4

1

....

. • -e ' ' ' .. .

. . .

.

.

.

•. - Z'

i.

.. _ : . -: 4z . .` .i ‘ D : -

W i- • ; :. f . r. . . . 4 .: •

-. e .. . .. . . . . .

b ps . ..1 .: . • : w; '0 . _ , . : . , 1 . ; . . . . . .: 1 .: ! . ;.. .. ,: 4 . .a . ' . 1 : , ‘ . . : i e: i t . ; . : . : . ; . , . .. ; : . z ` • •, s.4-

i .4 .. ‚ . . •

--' t •

- •

_ . . •.. •

•

1 .2

• ••

I m 4 7 1 3%

•

1

0 . 8

•

a r ea •• •

0 .6

• 0 .4

•

• •

0 .2 0I

•• •

4 .• 1 00

1 0

1 000

g ra in d i ame ter ( tm )

F igu re 4 .a )G rey l e ve l p ho tog raph o fs amp le Lm 4 7 . b )B ina r ised ( b lack a nd w h i te ) r ep r e sen ta t ion o ft h e g r i t s s hown i nc l ea r i nf i g . 4 a . c )G ra in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion i ns amp le Lm47 , ac ook ing b ow l , s how ing t h e s ymme t r ic , s moo th d i s t r ibu t ion c ommon f o r n a tu ra ls ed imen tar ym a te r ia l a s soc ia ted w i th c l ay s . I th a s 1 3% o ft h et h in s e c t ion a r ea c ove r ed b yg r i t s . S ca le 2x3mm . 7 6

6-G ra in D i s t r ibu t ion b y I mage A na ly s i s

a

•

f .

O w,

6 1 b -. 9, '

.

. .F

.k f

41 1r

4

4.

,f 4 . •

I I

;

4

• , „ ,

f t

0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 -

I m8 5 1 3% a r ea

•

0 .5 -

•••

• ••

0 .4 -

•

• *•

* •*4 •

•

•

*

•

••

•

•

•

0 . 1 -

1

•

••

•

0 .3 0 .2 -

•

• •

1 0

1 00

1 000

g ra in d ia me ter ( gm ) F igu r e 5 .a )G r ey l e ve l p ho tog raph o fs amp le Lm 8 5 . b )B ina r i sed ( b lack a nd w h i te ) r ep r e sen ta t ion o ft h e g r i t s s hown i nc l ea r i n f i g . 5 a . c ) . G ra in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion f o r Lm85 , f r om a c ook ing p o t , w i th t h e s ame a r ea o f LM47 b u t av e ry d i f f e ren t d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn . T he re i s ag ene ra l m ax imum a s i nt h e c a se o f Lm47 , b u t t h e re i s as i gn if ican t n umbe r o f l a rge r g r i t s p r e sen t . T he l a rge rg r i t s s how ad i s t inc tc u t -of fv a lue n ea r 1 50 u m i n d ica t ing t h a tt h e l a rge rg r i t s w e r e s i zed o u to ft h e s amp le , p robab ly b ys i ev ing . S ca le 2x3 m m. 7 7

A rchaeo logy a nd C lay s

a , _ „ :" 4 . '- 4 a; ` 14 . .

. . * . •. • e

. ,., . . '

w •

• .•.

Ai r

• •.*led' 4 1

1 .• ' , , . ‘

•-

'

1 0 4"'

• . . 41

•

4 ., . ,

,

: . • . •

* 1 0 .

I t

-— • . . • 4x 1 1 :I • ••' % 0 w4 e - •'. : -4 •/ ; • 't , • • • • • • • e- . e g

— t r %

0

4

. -. •

. • • -