Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice: A European Perspective 3030467201, 9783030467203

Table of contents :
Preface
List of Abbreviations (Vol I Chapters I-X: All Chapters Together)
List of Abbreviations (Vol I Chapters I-X: By Chapters)
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
Introduction
Think About 1: Searching New Antimicrobials, but Do Not Forget to Revisit Those We Already Have
References
Status Quo in International Context
1 Status Quo in International Context
2 World Health Organization
3 Food and Agriculture Organization
4 World Organisation for Animal Health
5 United Nations General Assembly
6 Global Health Security Agenda
7 Transatlantic Task Force on AMR
8 G7 and G20 Engagement on AMR and Declarations Released
9 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
10 Conclusion
References
EU Policies and Regulatory Surroundings
1 Introduction
2 Political Commitments to Recognise the Issue and Fight Against AMR
3 Key Policy and Scientific Bodies to Tackle AMR at EU Level
4 Recent Legislative Tackling the Issues of Antimicrobial Resistance
5 European Action Plans Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
6 Role of the Soft Law and Guidelines
7 Guidelines for the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials in Veterinary Medicine
8 Guidelines of EMA and EFSA
Think About
9 Role of Individual Member States
10 Conclusion
References
Use of Antimicrobials in Practice (Targeted on Cattle, Pigs, Poultry, Horses)
1 Background on Use of Antimicrobials in Animals
1.1 History of Use of Antimicrobials
1.2 Ways Antimicrobials Are Used in Animals
1.3 Quantification of Antimicrobials Used
2 Estimating Antimicrobial Consumption
Think About 1
2.1 Challenges to Measure Antimicrobial Use in Animals on a Global Level
2.2 Consumption of Antimicrobials in Animals Within European Economic Area
3 Human Versus Animal Antimicrobial Consumption in Light of One Health Concept
3.1 What Data and for Which Purpose to Be Collected and Analysed
4 Qualitative Aspects of Antimicrobials Used
4.1 Which Antimicrobials Are Critically Important
4.2 WHO List of Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine (WHO CIA List)
4.3 OIE List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance
4.4 AMEG Categorisation of Antimicrobials: Combining Human and Veterinary Critical Antimicrobials in a European Context
5 Use of Antimicrobials in Europe in Food-Producing Animals
5.1 Use Per Species and Region
5.2 Use of Antimicrobials Per Species
5.2.1 Cattle
5.2.2 Pigs
5.2.3 Poultry
5.2.4 Horses
6 Conclusion
References
Considerations Reflecting Possible Risks from Use of Antimicrobials
1 Considerations Reflecting Possible Risks from Use of Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals
2 Impacts on Food Chain Safety: Residues of Antimicrobials
THINK ABOUT: Revising of the Methodological Concept of Microbiological ADI
2.1 How the Issue of Possible Residues of Antimicrobials is Tackled in the EU
2.2 EU System
2.3 ADI (Focused on Microbiological ADI)
2.4 MRLs in Relation to VMPs Authorisation
THINK ABOUT:
2.5 Residues Monitoring and Results Available for the EU Area
3 Food Safety from Resistance Perspective
4 Risks of Antimicrobial Resistance Targeted on the Resistance Transfer from Animals to Human and Vice Versa, Considering Anim...
5 Risks from Occupational Exposure Related to Workers at Slaughter, Food Processing and Retail
5.1 Risks from Occupational Exposure to Antimicrobials
5.2 Persons Handling Antimicrobials on Farm Level
Example of Intramammary VMP (Fixed Combination VMP: Penicillin, Penethamate and Neomycin)
Example of Orally Administered VMP (Chlortetracycline Oral Powder or Similarly Premix)
Example of Injectable VMP (Amoxicillin)
5.3 Pharmaceutical Industry/Feed Mills Workers
6 Risks for the Environment
6.1 Terrestrial Animal
6.2 Use in Aquacultures
7 Need for ``One Earth´´ Approach
8 Conclusion
References
Prevention Is Better Than Cure
1 Prevention Is Better Than Cure
2 Biosecurity and Hygiene
2.1 External and Internal Biosecurity
2.1.1 External Biosecurity Subcategories
2.1.2 Internal Biosecurity Subcategories
3 Vaccination
THINK ABOUT The Research to Support the Development of Multivalent Vaccines
3.1 Vaccination Targets and Types of Vaccines
3.2 Routes of Administration of Vaccines, Main Reasons for Vaccination Failure
3.3 Diseases for Which Vaccines Could Reduce Antimicrobial Use in Animals
3.3.1 Poultry Diseases
3.3.2 Swine Diseases
3.3.3 Cattle Diseases
3.4 Veterinary Autogenous Vaccines
3.5 Conclusion to Vaccines
THINK ABOUT Mycotoxins and effectivity of vaccination and influence on susceptibility to pathogens causing infectious diseases
4 Other Tools Available to Keep Animals Healthy
4.1 Disease Management Strategies
4.2 Smart and Precise Farming
4.3 Alternative Tools
5 How the Welfare Can Help to Keep Animals Healthy and Free from Infectious Disease
6 Socio-economical Aspects to Be Considered
6.1 Regulatory/Legal/Rules Setting
6.2 Social Pressure
6.3 Customers´ Demand
6.4 Economy Pressure
6.5 Education
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Mass Medications: Prophylaxis and Metaphylaxis, Cascade and Off-label Use, Treatment Guidelines and Antimicrobial Stewardship
1 Mass Medications: Prophylaxis, Prevention, and Metaphylaxis
1.1 Regulatory Considerations
1.2 Drivers for Antimicrobial Mass Medications
1.3 Infectious Disease Dynamics
1.4 Individual Prophylaxis: Perioperative Prophylaxis
2 Off Label and Cascade Use
3 Treatment, National and Local Treatment Guidelines, Practice-based Protocols, Antimicrobial Stewardship in Veterinary Medici...
References
Laboratory Investigations and Result Interpretation
1 Sampling
2 What Should the Practitioner Know About Laboratory Investigation?
3 Routine Laboratory Techniques Used for Susceptibility/Resistance Testing
3.1 Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test
3.2 Broth and Agar Dilution Tests
3.3 Antimicrobial Gradient Test
3.4 Specific Tests
3.5 Selection of Drugs for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
4 Data Obtained from Laboratory Investigation and Their Interpretation According to the Current Status of Knowledge
4.1 Interpretation of AST Results in Individual Isolates
4.2 Interpretation of AST in Multiple Isolates of One Bacterial Species
4.3 Expert Rules
4.4 The Future (Coming from Human Medicine?)
References
Wider Context of Antimicrobial Resistance, Including Molecular Biology Perspective and Implications for Clinical Practice
1 Definitions of Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance
2 Predictive Value of the In Vitro Susceptibility Results and Factors to be Further Considered
3 Antimicrobial Resistance from the Microbiological and Molecular Point of View
4 Mechanisms of Resistance to Individual Groups of Antimicrobials
5 Cross-Resistance and Co-resistance to Antibacterials and Other Substances
5.1 Cross-Resistance
5.2 Co-resistance
5.2.1 Resistance and Co-resistance to Biocides
5.2.2 Resistance and Co-resistance to Heavy Metals
5.2.3 Resistance and Co-selection of Resistance to Others Chemicals
6 Spread of Antibiotic Resistance: Mobile Genetic Elements and Mechanisms of Horizontal Transfer
6.1 Intracellular MGEs
6.2 Intercellular MGEs
7 Means of Resistance Genes Transfer and Possible Implications
7.1 Conjugation
7.2 Transformation
7.3 Transduction
8 The Clinical and Epidemiological Relevance of Acquired AMR
9 Overview of Molecular Methods for Detection of AMR
9.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction
9.1.1 Conventional PCR
9.1.2 Real-Time PCR (Quantitative PCR, qPCR)
9.2 DNA Microarray/DNA Chip
9.3 Sanger Sequencing
9.4 Whole Genome Sequencing and Whole Metagenome Sequencing
9.5 MALDI-TOF MS
10 Conclusion
References
Molecular Biology Perspective of Susceptibility and Resistance in Main Target Pathogens in the Respective Species and Antimicr...
1 General Considerations for Pathogens Occurring in Pig, Poultry, and Cattle
1.1 Acinetobacter spp.
1.2 Clostridium spp.
1.3 Clostridium perfringens
1.4 Clostridium difficile
1.5 Escherichia coli
1.6 Mycoplasma
1.7 Pasteurella multocida
Think About
1.8 Mannheimia haemolytica
1.9 Staphylococci
1.10 Streptococci
1.11 Trueperella pyogenes
2 Specific Consideration for Pathogens and Antimicrobials with Importance in Pigs
2.1 Acinetobacter spp.
2.2 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
2.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica
2.4 Brachyspira
2.5 Clostridium
2.6 Escherichia coli
2.7 Glaeserrella parasuis
2.8 Lawsonia intracellularis
2.9 Staphylococci
2.10 Streptococcus suis
3 Specific Consideration for Pathogens and Antimicrobials with Importance in Poultry
3.1 Avibacterium paragallinarum
3.2 Bordetella avium
3.3 Clostridium perfringens
3.4 Enterococcus cecorum and Enterococcus faecalis
3.5 Gallibacterium anatis
3.6 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
3.7 Pasteurella multocida
3.8 Riemerella anatipestifer
3.9 Staphylococcus aureus
4 Specific Consideration for Pathogens and Antimicrobials with Importance in Cattle
4.1 Acinetobacter spp.
4.2 Moraxella spp.
4.3 Mycoplasma bovis
4.4 Pasteurellaceae
4.4.1 Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Histophilus somni: Bovine Isolates
4.5 Cattle mastitis pathogens
4.5.1 Streptococcus uberis
4.5.2 Streptococcus dysgalactiae
4.5.3 Streptococcus agalactiae
4.5.4 Klebsiella spp.
4.5.5 Escherichia coli
4.5.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4.5.7 Staphylococcus aureus
5 Conclusion
References
Index