Antarctica

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ANTARCTICA

ANTARCTICA

BY

EDWIN SWIFT BALCH A. B.

(Harvard); Member Philadelphia Bar; Appalachian Mountain Club; Franklin Institutk; American Philosophical Societv Cor. Mem. SOCIEDAD Cientifica Antonio Alzate, Me.\ico WvOMINli Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes-Barre; ;

;

Author of

"

Mountain Exploration,"

"Glaci6res or Freezing Caverns," etc.

Philadelphia

PRESS OF ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT 1902

Copyright,

1902,

by

EUWIN SWIFT BALCH.

79-

:

A

Chronological

ANTARCTICA.

64 until

January 25th,

between 51° and 55° longitude

in

They were always on the edge and saw many birds, whales, and "sea

east of Teneriffe.

of the pack,

Bouvet then went north

wolves."

in

search of the

place where Gonneville landed.

Bouvet's discovery was doubted, of course, by some

Monsieur Le

people.

Gentil, for instance,

Bouvet did not see land

at

all,

argues that

but only

icebergs.-'"'

Nevertheless, Bouvet did see land and his voyage

was the

attempt at antarctic exploration,

definite

first

the honor of which, therefore, belongs to France.

"Lyon" or "Leon" left Lima for Cadiz on February 8, 756. The Sieur Ducloz Guyot ^^° of Saint Malo, who was on board, wrote an account of the voyage. They sailed round Cape Hoorn. On

The Spanish

ship

1

June 28th, they were west longitude

(?)

Paris,

665-666, and

the

in

55° 10' south latitude, 52° 10'

and thought they saw

""In the Histoire de

MDCCLXXVI.,

in

V Academic

land.

On

Royale dcs Sciences, Ann^e " M6moircs" etc., pages

M.DCCLXXIX.,

same

Histoire, etc.,

AnnCe MDCCLXXIX.,

MDCCLXXXII.,

pages 12-18, are three short memoirs byMonsieur Le Monnier, in which he shows the absurdity of the Paris,

attacks which were

made on Bouvet.

Dalrymple, Alexander A Collection of Voyages thicfly in Southern Atlantick Ocean, jiublishcd from original MSS. " E.xtrait d'un Journal de Navigation pour un London, 1775 ""

:

tlie

;

:

voyage de

la

mer du Sud,

Malo, dans

le

vaisscau cspagnol le

fait

par

le S.

Ducloz Guyot de

Lyon en 1756"

:

St.

(Kiin. Ocf.

Bib. Dresden).

Barney

:

A

Chronological History,

etc.,

Vol. V., pages 136-142.

DUCLOZ GUYOT. the 29th " at about 9 A. M.,

we

65

sighted a continent

about twenty-five leagues long from northeast southwest, aspect,

filled

to

with steep mountains of a frightful

and of so extraordinary a

height,

that

we

could hardly see the summits, altho more than six "

leagues away."

Don Domingo

Yesterday

Dortiz,

Lieutenant General of the armies of His Catholic Ma-

Count of the Peoples

jesty,

{Pett-piades)

and President

of Chily, died at four o'clock in the afternoon [apres

midy) aged eighty years

and

;

at

ten o'clock

this

morning, he was thrown into the sea, after the usual ceremonies.

'Long fully

The Spaniards

live the

saluted him with seven

King' and wished him very respect-

a pleasant journey

;

lat.,

estimated, 54° 48', long.

51° 30'."

On

July

I,

"

we

steered to the eastward, to observe

whether the said land stretched further

About

8 o'clock A.

M. we saw

by compass to the north

5°

its

were July

in 55° 4,

most easterly point

and about twelve leagues

At midday, continuing on

off.

that part.

in

23' lat. estimated,

the

same course, we

and 51° long."

On

they again thought they saw land in 54° 10'

The

rest

of the voyage home, and

how

south latitude, but they were not sure. of the narrative

tells

they were in great danger from heavy storms and

were nearly or two

lost,

sails to

"

and

at this time they

Our Lady

vowed one

of Sorrows."

narrative does not say that she ever got them. is

no doubt that the land the

"

But the

There

Lyon " sighted was

ANTARCTICA.

66

South Georgia, and

it

is

noteworthy

how much

the

account of Guyot resembles that of Vespucci. Captain Marion du Fresne and the Chevalier Duclesmeur,"^ in the " Mascarin

"

and the

Castries," discovered on January' 13,

"

Marquis de

1772,

ceeding days, two groups of small islands

in

and

suc-

between

46° and 47° south latitude, and about 50° 30' and 59° 30' east longitude.

perance,

He de

la

They christened them Terre d'EsCaverne, He Froide, and He Aride,

now known

but they are

and

as the Marion Islands

the Crozet Islands.

Captain Yves

J.

de Kerguelen Tremarec,"- a French

made a voyage in 77 Fortune" and "Le Gros Ventre." naval

officer,

1

1

with xh^ flutes

On

"

February

La 12,

'"

Nouveau Voyage d la Mer du Sud, commence sous les ordres de M. Marion * * * et achev6 * * * sous ceux de M. le Chevalier Duclesmeur * * * d'aprSs les Plans et Journaux de M. Crozet; Paris, chez Barrois l'ain6, M.DCC.LXXXIII. (Amer. Geog. Soc.). Rochon, Alexis, membre de I'lnstitut National de France: Voyages d Madagascar^ A Maroc, et aux Indes Orientalcs ; Paris, An X de la Republique Chez Prault et Levrault Tome III., pages 325-327 (Kon. Oef. Bib. Dresden). ;

;

:

'"

Kerguelen, M. de

Australes

A

et

chez Knapen

Paris,

:

Relation de deux voyages dans

dcs Indes, fails en 177 1, 1772, 1773

&

& 1774

les

*

mers * *

M.DCC.LXXXIl. (Amer. Geog.

fils,

:

Soc. and British Museum). J/istoire r Acadanie royale de MDCCLXXXVIII., Paris, MDCCXCI.

dcs

Sciences,

Annte

Mcmoires, etc., pages Le Paute d'Agelet " Observations fiiites dans un voy487-503 age aux Terres Australes, en 1773 & 1774": (Amer. Phil. Soc). :

—

:

;

MARION, KERGUELEN.

67

1772, he sighted a small island"^ in 50°

On

tude, 60° west longitude (Paris).

much

discovered a

that

I

he

lati-

he saw at

He was

violently

home, and some people said

his return I

this

lati-

13,

larger island, in 49° 40' south

least twenty-five leagues of coast.

"in short that

south

February

tude, 61° 10' west longitude (Paris); of

abused on

5'

^'^ :

had seen no land, but only a cloud and

had ordered

under penalty of

my

entire

crew to keep silence

their life."

Kerguelen sailed again the following year with "le Roland," "I'Oiseau," Captain Rosnevet, and "la Dauphine."

On

the 14th of

December

these islands and stayed about 1774."^

1773, he resighted

them

They were examined more

until

January

carefully,

18,

a rough

chart made, and the center charted as in 49° 30' south latitude, 68°

was

called

landed on

west longitude (Paris).

Kerguelen it

Island.

on January

6,

Some

1775,

The main

island

of the expedition

and took possession

M. d'Agelet says they made a landing (nous atterdmes) on December 14th, and another on January 6th: the first on the west coast, the second in the northwest in the Baye de I'Oiseau. He blames Kerguelen, according to the usual habit of mankind, for not doing more exploration. M. d'Agelet also mentions another account, which I have not seen, of this journey: " M. de Pages, dans ses Poyages, publics en 1782, donne une relation de cette expedition."

Rochon, Alexis: pages 308-312. "^Relation, ^^^

etc.,

Voyages & Madagascar,

pages 21-24.

Relation, etc., page 37.

"''Relation, etc., pages 61-82.

etc.,

Tome

III.,

ANTARCTICA.

68 of

it

the

in

name

were ahve with

of the King of France

guelen's discovery words:"''

and

antarctic animals

"There

is

summed up

results at

in

the shores

:

birds.

the

Ker-

following

any rate from the labors

of M. de Kerguelen, the discovery of an island of

about two hundred leagues

in

circuit,

with which he

has enriched geography, and which the poisoned breath of envy will never be able to wipe off from the ball of the earth."

Lieutenant James Cook, R. N., on a voyage round the world in the ship " Endeavour," went, on January 30th, 1769, to just

New

between the meridians of 74° and 75° west,

beyond 60° south

latitude.

When

approaching

Zealand, on October 7th, 1769, he wrote: "This

land became the subject of

much eager

conversation;

but the general opinion seemed to be that

we had

found the Terra Australis Incognita." "' Captain Cook, on his second voyage round the world, searched for the antarctic continent, whose existence, north of 60° south latitude,

Alexander Dalrymple."* ^^^

Relation

etc.

:

Captain

was asserted by

Cook conmianded

" Extrait des Services do M. de Kerguelen"

page 118. '" Hawkesvvortli, John: An Account of the Voyages undertaken by the order of his present majesty for making discoveries in t/ie (IJb. Co. Southern Hemisphere, London, MDCCLXXIII. :

Philadelphia). "" In

{A

the iiitiddiiciion to one of his books, Alexander Dalrymple

Historical Collection

*

*

*

South Pacific Ocean, London,

COOK.

69

commanded Good Hope, they

the "Resolution," and Captain Fiirneaux

the "Adventure."

found the Swedish

and invited him

At

"'•'

the

Cape of

naturalist, Dr.

to join

Andre Sparrman,

From

the expedition.

the

Vol. I., MDCCLXX. Bil). Nat. Paris) wrote of the probability of a continent extending from 30° south latitude to the pole, and :

urged that e.xpeditions of discovery be sent. When Cook's exjiedition was sent, Dalrymple ap[)ears to have been much disappointed at not being chosen leader. But his services to geography,

in

helping to bring about the

search, deserve to

be

remembered. '"

Cook, James

:

A

Voyai^c ioivards the South Pole

and Round

the World, performed in His Majesty's Ships the

"Resolution" 1773, 1774 and 1775: Second

and "Adventure," in the years 1772, Edition, London, W. Strahan and T.

Cadell,

MDCCLXXVII.

:

(Lib. Co. Philadelphia).

Journal of the Resolution's Voyage, in 1772, 1773, 1774 and on Discovery of the Southern Hemisphere, by which the non existence of an undiscovered Continent, between the Equator and the 50th Degree of Southern Latitude, is demonstrably proved: Also a Journal of tlie Adventure' s Voyage, in the years 1772, 1773, and 1774; Dublin, Caleb Jenkin, MDCCLXXVI. 1775,

:

(Pub. Lib.

New York

City).

Forster, George, F. R. S.

:

A

Voyage Round the World,

Britannic Majesty's Ship "Resolution,"

in his

commanded by Captain

London, B. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 White, J. Robson, P. Elmsley, G. Robinson, MDCCLXXVII. (Kon. Oef Bib. Dresden). There is a good "A Chart of the Southern Hemisphere" in the first volume of this book the only antarctic lands marked are Kerguelen Island, the Marion Islands, Sandwich Land and South Georgia. Sparrman, Dr. Andr6 Voyage au Cap de Bonne Esperance et Autour du Monde, avec Ic Captaine Cook; Paris, chez Buisson, ;

:

;

:

MDCCLXXXVII. Low, Lieutenant Charles R., (H. M. Indian Navy); Captain Cook s Three Voyages Round the World; London, George Routledge and Sons (Public Lib. Tacoma). :

ANTARCTICA.

yo

and on January

Cape,

Cook proceeded south and

17th,

1773, crossed the Antarctic Circle in 39° 35'

east,

east longitude, and reached 67°

15'

south latitude.

Here he was stopped by a pack composed of

He

with thirty-eight ice islands in sight.

ice,

On

northward, and later southward. ruar)',

he reached 61°

52'

2'

17th,

he reached

December

on March

north.

again went south, and on

Cook

22d, reached 67° 31' south latitude,

December 54'

1773,

until,

Circle,

south latitude, 146° 53' east

7'

when he bore away

longitude, In

59''

east

ice islands, that

he gave up attempting to cross the Antartic

and continued on an eastward course

turned

the 23d of Feb-

south latitude, 95°

Here there were so many

longitude.

field

142°

west longitude, where he was stopped by the

On

pack.

January 30th,

south latitude, 106° ice field, in

54'

10'

west longitude, where a great

which ninety-seven

blocked further progress.

any land was

he reached 71°

1774,

ice hills

Cook

in sight, in fact

were

in sight,

did not suggest that

he says

:

™

"As we drew

near this ice some penguins were heard, but none

seen

;

and but few other

birds, or

any other thing that

could induce us to think any land was near. I

think there

this "" "1

ice."

A

'-'

Voyage,

must be some land

He etc.

,

And

yet

to the south behind

then went in search of the Terra Vol.

I.

,

page 268.

Nevertheless two writers. Sir

Borchgreviiik, mention Captain

J.

Cook

C. Ross and Mr. C. E. as having perhaps discov-

ered the Antarctic Continent at this time.

COOK.

7

was

Australis Incognita that Juan Fernandez

said to

have discovered. January 1775, Cook went south from Staaten

In

Land, and Forster states '^^ that they steered

La Roche

of the land reported by

Ducloz Guyot

On

in 1756.

in

the land, which

Cook

and by

in

53° 56'

arrived at

La Roche, and which was seen

by the Spanish ship "Lyon." 57'

search

was discovered, perhaps by Amerigo

Vespucci, certainly by

and 54°

1675,

January 14th,

south latitude, 39° 24' west longitude,

in

It lies

south latitude, and 38°

Cook spent

west longitude.

between 53° 13'

and 35°

several days there

He

of Georgia.

on January

34'

and

the suggestion of the elder Forster,^^ re-named Isle

57'

it

at

the

then stood eastward again, and

31st, discovered

Sandwich Land

in

59°

south latitude, 27° west longitude, and on the same

day another coast

in

59° 13' south latitude, 27° 45'

west longitude, which was named Southern

On

February

tude,

two

he sighted Cape Montagu, and on

ist,

the 3d, in 57°

11'

islands,

Thule.

south latitude, 27°

6'

west longi-

which he called the Candlemas

Isles.

After a vain search for Bouvet Island, he returned to the Cape.

This voyage of

Cook was

the

first

circumnavigation

of the south polar regions, and really closes the period of antarctic discovery, because

'"A

Voyage,

"'y4 Voyage,

etc.,

etc.,

Vol.

Vol.

page 524.

II.,

II.,

page 525.

it

did

first

away with

ANTARCTICA.

72

the legendary belief in a great Terra Australia Incognita north of 60° south latitude.^"*

In a certain sense

the outcome was negative, in that Antarctica discovered, a fact which

would seem

age of Cook as of much

voyage of Wilkes. ever,

With

rank the voy-

importance than the

that single exception,

is

how-

perhaps no one achieved such great geograph-

Cook, and

results in the south polar regions as

ical it

less

to

was not

possibly not going too far to assign

second place

among

"*Capitaine, Ls.

:

him the

antarctic explorers.^

Atlas El'ementaire, Paris, 1793: (Kon. Oef. No. i, " Mappemonde " shows no antarctic

Map

Bib. Dresden).

except the Cap de la Circoncision, altho on both hemispheres beyond 60° is marked " Terres Australes."

land,

Many

of the maps, however, from the time of

cently,

mark

Pole.

This

' '

is,

Antarctic Ocean

' '

Cook

until re-

across the regions of the South

The Student's Atlas, by

for instance, the case in

William Hughes, London, about 1880. '"

Professor

Gregory

(

The Popular Science Monthly,

— Professor

York, 1902, Vol. LX., pages 209-217: ory: "Antarctic Exploration") says: brilliantly successful

achievements."

and

still

ranks as

New

W.

Greg"Cook's voyage was

tlie

J.

greatest of Antarctic

II.

VOYAGES UP TO AND INCLUDING THE DISCOVERY OF THE CONTINENT OK ANTARCTICA.

The second

period of antarctic discovery

may be

looked on as beginning after the voyage which

away with

did

the belief in

the

finally

legendary "Terra

Australis " north of 60° south latitude and as ending

with the discovery by Charles Wilkes, that after there

is

a great antarctic land, even

if

it

is

all

smaller

than the land of lecfend.

Captain

James Cook'-" inaugurated the second

period on his

December

voyage round the world.

thinl

On

he sighted the Marion and the

12th, 1776,

Crozet Islands, and on December 24th, Kerguelen

on December 25th,

Island, landing there

mas Harbor," and cember

in

"Christ-

staying near the island until De-

30th.

Captain Marchand touched 60° south latitude

in his

voyage round the world. '^' "*

Cook, Captain James

the

in

years

1776,

MDCCLXXXIV.,

y4

:

1777,

Vol.

I.,

Ocean * * * and 1780: London,

Voyage

to Ihe Pacific

1778,

1779,

pages

52-55:

(Lib.

Co.,

Phila-

delphia). '"

Marchand, Etienne

annees ijgo, ijgr,

An

VI.

:

:

el i'^g2 ;

Voyage autoiir du Monde pendant les Paris, Imprimerie de la Republique,

(Kon. Oef. Bib. Dresden). (73)

ANTARCTICA.

74

In 1794, the Spanish corvette " Atrevida "

was sent to

survey the Aurora Islands, which were discovered,

was

said, in 1762,

ship "

by the ship " Aurora." ^^ "

San Miguel

saw some

pected were the Auroras.

1

which

was

it

sus-

Aurora"

vessels, the " Pearl

and the "Dolores " and the

779,

In 1769, the

In 1774, the ship "

Three other

again reported them. in

islands,

it

"

Princess" in

The

also are said to have seen these islands.

"

1

790,

Atre-

vida " went purposely to situate them and reported that the islands were three in

number and

ernmost was

south latitude, 47° 57' west

longitude;

in

53°

15'

the second in 53°

west longitude tude, 47° 43'

;

and the

that the south-

;

2'

south latitude, 47° 55' 52°

third in

west longitude.

2,7'

south

The Spanish

officers,

however, said that none of the circumstances nected

witli the islands

in

con-

which they saw, agreed with

those reported of the Auroras.

Captain Rhodes'-'"

lati-

1799,

" Hillsborough," spent eiglit

^-"•'

commanding

the ship

months on the north coast

of Kerguelen Island. account is compiled from Captain James Wcddell's Voyage towards the Soulh Pole, pages 61-67, '" wliicli Weddell quotes the publications of the Koyat Hydrogmpliicat Society of Madrid, 1809, Mevioria Segunda, iorno 1°, pa,y:cs 51, 52, and

""This

A

appendix to same, Vol. ^'^''

I.,

page

213,

Number

IV.

ScG post, pages 100, 107, no.

"°Z>r.

ly-^j:

A. Pctcrmann's Mittlteitimgcn,

— A. Petermann

Kerguelen,

.St.

Paul,

:

etc.,

" Die Sogenannten

Neu-Amsterdam,

u.

s.

'

Gotha, 1858, pages Konig-Max-lnseln,'

w.,".

THE "ATREVIDA,

SWAIN, MACY.

Swain,

was the

Captain to

make an

1800,

in

first

75

American

"Swain's Island,

antarctic discovery:"'

latitude 59° 30' south, longitude icxD°

west by calcula-

discovered by Captain Swain, of Nantucket,

tion,

Resorted to by many

iScxD.

another account*''- of

seals."

event

this

:

There

than

discovered an island

in

usual

for

also

is

" Captain Swain,

while passing from Sandwich Islands to

ran farther south

in

Cape Horn,

whale

latitude 59° south,

and

ships,

and

longi-

tude 90° west, covered with snow, and abounding with sea-dogs and fowl.

This must be the same island

discovered by Captain Macy, an account of which

The account of

given before."

the discovery

is

made

by Captain Richard Macy, of Nantucket, which appears to have taken place a few years after Swain's, is

as follows

'"''

"

:

Captain

Macy

discovered an island

four or five miles in extent, in south latitude 59°,

west longitude 91°, see '"

the

his ship

The

breakers.

Edmund

and

passing near enough to

island

abounded with sea

Round the World ; with selected North and South Pacific China, etc., between the years 1792 and 1832: New York, & Hannay, MDCCCXXXIII., page 447: (Pub. Lib.

Fanning,

:

Voyages

sketches of Voyages to the South Seas, Ocea7ts,

Collins

Harvard Univ. Lib. Boston Geog. Soc). ;

'"

;

Lib.

Co.

Philadelphia

:

Amer.

Address on the subject of a surveying and Pacific Ocean arid South Seas ; delivered in the Hall of Representatives on the evening of April 3, 1836; New York, Harper and Brothers, 1836, page 224: (HarAmer. Phil. Soc. Geog. Soc. Philadelphia). vard Univ. Lib. Reynolds,

J.

N.

exploring expedition

:

to the

;

;

^^

Address,

etc.,

page 216.

ANTARCTICA.

76

much

dogs, or seals, and the water was

coloured, and

thick with rock-weed."^**

This island does not appear to be charted.

perhaps the one now known

correspond,

as the latitudes

owing

made

the

to

and sealing

may

lack of instruments,

is

captains,

have

easily

errors in their longitude.

Mr. James Lindsay,"^ master of the

and

It

Dougherty Island "^^

as "

Mr.

Snow Swan,"

James Hopper, master of the "Otter,"

English whaling

Bouvet Island

sighted

vessels,

on October

former

the

1808,

"

the

6th,

They recognized

latter

in

on

October

loth.

concision,

but could not land, on account of fogs and

The

ice.

was determined

island

south latitude, 4°

15'

Cap de

the

to

be

in

Cir-

la

54° 15'

east longitude.

In the spring of the year 181

2,

Mr.

Edmund Fan-

ning"^ was appointed commander of an American

dis-

covery expedition, to consist of the ships "Volunteer" "*

See also

Doc. No. in relation

(dated)

:

Executive Documents, 2jd Cotigress, 2d Session,

5/

:

New York, September 24,

^^S^^

"A

January 27, 1835 report of J. N. Reynolds, to islands, reefs, and shoals in the Pacific Ocean" etc. 1828: (Lib. Co., Philadelphia).

post, pages 185, 186.

"*Burncy:

A

Chronological History,

etc.,

Vol. V.,

pages

35-37'"

Voyages, etc., pages 492-494. Executive Docnmenls, 26th Congress,

Vol.

II.,

Doc. No. 57

:

" Memorial of

ist

.Session,

Edmund

1S39-40,

hauning."

LINDSAY, HOPPER, FANNING, SMITH. "

and

Hope,"

77

intenderl for the exploration of the south-

The

ern hemisphere and a voyage round the world.

expedition was on the point of sailing, when, owing to the

breaking out of war,

this time,

however,

is

it

it

was given up.

barely possible

Antarctica was rediscovered.

that the English hydrographer, told the

West

that

"At

Dr. Fricker"^ says:

events, probability points that way,

all

About

and

it is

certain

James Horsburgh,'^^

German geographer, Heinrich Berghaus, group had been a

the island

seal hunters since 181

station

The motive

2.

that

American

for

keeping

for

its

existence secret was the desire to retain the sole use

own

of the station for their

profit."

It

would seem

probable that Mr. Horsburgh's information was since

correct, Still,

in-

Fanning says nothing of the matter.

further evidence

Mr. William Smith,

may

""

yet be found.

" master of the brig " Williams

of Blythe, took an unusually southern course round 1S8

Pricker, Dr. Karl

dcrkimde, .

'"

:

The

Aiitarctic Regions,

;

Mr. Horsburgh does not mention

this

to be his only paper about the Antarctic

actions of the 1

17-120

:

Royal

Society of Lotidon,

— Horsburgh,

eral icebergs in

London, Swan

& Co. New York, The Macmillan Company, A translation of Antarktis, Bibliotliek der LanBerlin, Schall & Grund, 1898.

Sonnenschein 1900, page 47.

Captain James

which have been met with

:

matter

in

what seems

MDCCCXXX,

" VII.

:

in

Philosophical Trans-

pages

Remarks on

sev-

unusually low latitudes

the southern hemisphere." '"'

The Edinburgh Philosophical

burgh, 1820: pages 367-380,

Vol. III., Edin" Account of the Dis-

fouryial.

Art. xxi.,

ANTARCTICA.

78

Cape Hoorn

in

February 1819.

on February

cident,

19th,

Apparently by ac-

he sighted some islands

62° 17' south latitude, 60° 12' west longitude.

in

On

October 15th following, he reached the same islands

and

time examined them more carefully, christen-

this

ing several of them and calling the whole group

South Shetland.

He

New

thought he could distineuish

through the telescope trees similar to the Norway

Smith appears

Mr.

pine.

impression

that the

the

Shetlands were a more or less

connected mass of land,

he speaks of some

fact

in

of them as the mainland. that he

have gathered

to

His chart, however, shows

was always north of the Shetlands.

Captain James

P. Sheffield"^

and Supercargo Will-

iam A. Fanning sailed

in the brip-

ington, in

on an exploring and sealing

July 1819,

This was due to the

voyage.

He

"Hersilia" of Ston-

initiative

of Mr. Ed-

mund

Fanning.

ritsz's

discovery of land at the south of Cape

and

covery of in

I

loorn,

seen also the breaking up of the winter ice

liad

at Soutli

ance

had read the account of Ger-

Georgia and had noticed that

New

ice

South Shetland, with observations on

its

islands import-

a Geographical, Commercial and Political point of view

with two Plates:" by Mr.

Hodgskin:

(Amer.

Phil.

J.

Miers

:

Soc).

Neue Allgcmcine Gcographische EpJiemeridcn, Weimar, 1820; pages 81-83:

New "'

Schottland": Fanning,

428-434.

;

communicated by Mr.

"Das

VIII.,

neue Antarktische Continent oder

(Bib. Nat. Paris).

Edmund

:

Voyages

Round

the H'or/d, etc., pages

FANNING, SHEFFIELD.

came

floating there after west-south-west gales

believed, therefore, that there ter,

79

and

was land

was the inducement

this

in that

he

:

quar-

On

for the search.

the return of the " Hersilia," Sheffield

and Fanning

reported that they had seen the Aurora Islands, and then proceeded south, and that latitude, in

islands.

February 1820, they had found several

One

Fanning's

about 63° south

in

Mount Pisgah Island, others and another Ragged Island, on

they called

Islands,

which they effected a landing at Hersilia Cove, the

second recorded landing

in

Antarctica.

rename the group, believing

They captured many

seals

it

and

They

did not

was Gerritsz Land. this

forerunner of those which resulted

in

voyage was the the extermina-

tion of the antarctic fur seal.

Mr. Edward Bransfield, R. N.,"- sailed from Valparaiso

on December

20th, 1819, in the brig "Williams,"

Journal des voyages, dicouveries

et navigations modernes, Dixieme, Verneur, Tome Paris, Colnet, 1821, pages T. J. 5-24: " Relation de la decouverte de la nouvelle Shetland m6ridionale avec des remarques sur I'importance de cette d6couverte ^*'

par

;

sous J.

les

rapports g^ographiques, commerciaux et politiques

;

Par

Miers; conimuniciue par H. Hodgskin": (Bib. Nat. Paris). This

paper, dated Valparaiso, January 1820, states that Dr. Young,

who

and who apparently furnished the data the second surgeon of the English sloop of war paper, was for the "Slaney." The writer makes some remarks as to whether South Shetland is a big i.sland or part of a continent and he concludes (page 23): "Des recherches r6centes ont fait connaitre que les montagnes de glace tirent toujours leur origine de terres limitrophes. Entre les m6ridiens de 40° et 60° O., les montagnes de glace ne

accompanied

Bransfield,

8o

ANTARCTICA.

examine Mr. Smith's newly found

to

reached the Shetlands on January i6th, 1820,

and 60°

26' south latitude

62°

in

Three

west longitude.

54'

He

islands.

days afterwards, about two degrees more to the eastward, he anchored in an extensive bay and was able to land, apparently the

Antarctica.

and

this

noticed

He

seems in

found to

first

also

be the

Antarctica.

time any one did so in

first

some stunted

orrass,

time vegetation was

Like Mr. Smith,

Bransfield

appears to have considered the Shetlands as a more or less connected mass of land, for Dr. Young's

(?)

involved account speaks of them as a line of coast

which "appeared high, bold and rugged."

He

says

paraissent partout qu'a un degr6 de latitude un peu inferieur, d'ou

nous pouvons coiiclure, qu'entre ces m^ridiens, il existe au sud, une 6tendue de pays considerable et nous croyons, d'apres cela, pouvoir regarder commc certain que la nouvelle Shetland m6ridionale et le pays de Sandwich forment les avances d'un immense The paper is interesting, because it is one of the continent." first attempts to give reasonable grounds for the possible existence of an Antarctic Continent. It would seem also to show that Bransfield did not sight any part of the mainland of West Antarctica, as otherwise the writer of this paper would have made some mention, apparently, of seeing land near their most south;

em

point.

The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Vol.

IV., Edinburgh, XVII., "Notice of the Voyage of Edward Ikansfield, Master of His Majesty's Ship Andromache, to New South .Shetland " (Amer. Phil. Soc). This paper is signed " H. M. S. Slaney " and I supposed at first that that was the name of the writer, and used it thus in The Journal 0/ the Franklin Institute, Vi:>\. CLI., 1901, page 255. Dr. Hugh Robert Mill {T/i£ Antarctic Maiiual, London, 1901, page 529: "Bibliography of Antarctic Exploration and Research ") made the

1821, pages 345-348,

Art.

:

BRANSFIELD.

8

was traced nine or ten degrees

further that the land

and west and about three degrees north and

east

south,

and

whether

that they could not ascertain

was part of a continent or only a group of " If

it

insular, there

is

we found a gulf nearly 50 which we had some difficulty

way back

islands.

must be some of an immense

extent, as

out of

it

1

miles in depth, in

finding our

again."

According

to the English

Admiralty charts, Nos.

1238 and 1240, Bransfield's course must have been north of the Shetlands, then eastward, then south-

ward, along about the meridian of 52° tude, to about 64° 30' south latitude,

probably what Dr.

is

From

his

position,

Young

30'

west longi-

and

this cruise

refers to as a

therefore, Bransfield

"

gulf"

may have

sighted Joinville Island, or even one of the peaks of the mainland,'^'' but this at present

broad

field Strait."

when

uncertain.

The

between South Shetland and Palmer

strait

Land or Archipelago or

is

I

this

is

known

as "Brans-

have found no record saying by

name was

same mistake and

universally

whom

given.

atu-ibuted this paper to " [Slansy,

H. M. S.] "

The paper

published in the Journal des Voyages, etc., however, shows that the author was Dr. Young, of "His Majesty's Ship Slaney." It is certainly an original mode of publication to sign a paper, without further explanation, by the name of a boat. Neiu Allgenieijie Geograpkisc/ie Epkemeriden, Weimar, VIII., 1820, pages 490-493: "Weilere und neueste nachrichten von dem neuentdeckten Antarktischen Lande."

"'From a statement Vol.

II.,

page

II,

it

in D'Urville's

seems as

if this

Voyage au Pole Sud, etc., inference may be correct.

ANTARCTICA.

82

Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen,'"

in

and Captain Lazarew,

in

the

"Vostok"

the

"Mirny"

(the Orient),

(the Pacific), in 1819-1821, led a Rus-

made

sian expedition to the Antarctic, of which they

They

the second circumnavigation.

and

18 19,

in

December

On

South Georgia.

sailed

D'Urville says of Bransfield

meme

Islands, in

4th,

1820, they

56° 41' south

" D'apres cette carte,

:

in

along the south coast of

January 3d and

discovered the Traversey

Kronstadt

left

aurait

il

Bridgman, une haute montagne

apergu, dans le sud de couverte de neige, par 63° 20' latitude S. et 59" 38' longitude O. 1'

The map

environ."

says that

here referred to

one of

it is

New

gives Bransfield' s route:

The

chart.

may

lie

date of

this

of Laurie's

after 1824,

map

have not seen.

D'Urville

South Shetland by Laurie and that it

is

map

it

therefore evidently not Powell's is

antedate Powell's chart, but

was published

I

not given by D' Urville and

it

seems most probable that

it

it

since D'Urville speaks also (page 24)

as giving indications about a Captain

Hoseason

in 1824.

'"Bellingshausen's narrative has been published

in full

Dwukratnya isiskania plawayiie woknig swjcla, &c.

1831

Russian i

:

;

tju

only in

Jujnovi Lcdoivilom Okcanje

St.

Petersburg,

:

(Justus

woodAlexander Land. cuts of Peter L Island, and Simonow, Iwan Beschrcibung eincr ncuen Etiideckungsreise in das s'udliche Eismcer ; Aus dem Russischen ubersetzt von M. Banyi Wien, J. B. Wallishausscr, 1824: (Kon. Oef. Bib. DresSimonow was the astronomer of the expedition. den). Bibliotheque Univcrselle dcs Voyages, par M. Albert Mont6Tome XXL, pages 431-448: mont, Paris MDCCCXXXIV. " Bellingshausen" (Amer. Geog. Soc). Archiv f'lir tvissenschaftlichc Kundc von Russland, A Eiman, Lowe, F. " IklliugshausBcriin, 1842, Vol. II. pages 125-175 ens Reise nach der Sudsee und Entdeckungon ini Siidlichcn Perthes' Geographischer Anstalt, Gotha).

In the atlas are

:

;

;

:

:

,

Eismeer": (Lib. of Congress).

—

:

BELLINGSHAUSEN, LAZAREW. 28°

latitude,

On

west longitude.

9'

determined that the Candlemas islands

and

and not a

On

east.

coast.

the 8th,

66°

2d,

were

small

They then

sailed

south

25'

He

by the pack.

south

1°

latitude,

11'

west

was stopped

then steered eastward, and on

February 17th reached 69° 5'

and on

2° 15' west longitude,

longitude, at both of which positions he

the 19th, 68°

they

Isles

January 2Sth, Bellingshausen reached

69° 21' south latitude,

February

83

south latitude, and on

6'

south latitude, 16° 37' east longitude.

Later, he reached 66° 53' south latitude, 40° 56' east

where he thought land must be

longitude,

near,

on

account of the numbers of birds.

The

following southern

Sydney and

started from

Montemont says:

we

Bellingshausen

and

sailed south

the

nth

east.

of January,

discovered, in 69° 30' south latitude, an

which

we named

navy,

Peter

month, to

"On

summer,

we

I.

in

Island.

The

discovered a coast

the

name

surrounded with

of

17th

I.

the

same

the

in

of Alexander

ice,

erly which

sphere."

same

of our journey,

The

lands are

which prevented us from ap-

discovery of these two islands all

island,

latitude,

proaching them and examining them near by.

able in that of

1821,

honor of the founder of our

which, in honor of the sponsor

we gave

Mr.

is

The

moreover remark-

these lands they are the most south-

have yet been discovered

in

this

hemi-

Herr Lowe adds: "The sudden change

in

the color of the water led Captain Bellingshausen to

ANTARCTICA.

84 believe that this

[Alexander] land must be of con-

siderable size."

Simonow

surrounded on fore the

sides

all

writes: " Both islands are

by

coast of Alexander

must

of a dry land, then

Cook and

also

supposed polar

*

ice.

Land

confirm

I

land, unless there

has

*

If there-

not the point the

words of

trace of

the

was one beyond

however the eternal

the limits of our vision, where ice

is

we saw no

say that

and impenetrable

*

placed a bar to naviga-

The testimony is somewhat conflicting, as to whether Alexander Land is a part of a great land tion."

only an

or

island

if

:

it

is

the

former, Bellings-

may have been the first to sight the mainof West Antarctica, but this must remain an

hausen land

open question

for the present."^

From Alexander Land,

Bellinofshausen sailed to the

Shetlands, to which he gave Russian or Napoleonic

names: Borodino, Smolensk, Leipzig, Waterloo (James

Mordwinow (Elephant Island), etc., and where Simonow says they met over fifty Amtrican and EngIsland),

According to Dr. F. A. Cook {Bulhiin America7i GeoXXXni., 1901, paj^es 36-41 "Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen") it is probable that Alexan"'

graphical Society, Vol. der Land

is

log as follows

;

an island group. :

"The

of the land gave

it

vast

also,

Dr. Cook quotes from

number of

wc were

able to

make out

;

distinctly that the islands are

a separate grou]), with no other land

in

sight to the east."

would seem to show that Bellingshausen was not the the mainland of

West

own

from a greater distance, the .ippearance but from our various

of being connected with some larger land positions

his

icebergs to the eastward

Antarctica.

This

fust to sight

BELLINGSHAUSEN, LAZAREW, PALMER.

One

lish ships.

by Nathaniel turned

to

homeward

of these

was the

Hero," commanded

Bellingshausen then

B. Palmer."''

passing South Georgia

Russia,

on

re-

his

route.

Bellingshausen's voyage

is

one of the most impor-

he narrowed considerably the unexplored

for

tant,

"

85

regions of the South Pole, and crossed six the Antarctic

Circle,

within

which

he

times

long

sailed

distances.

Captain Nathaniel B. Palmer,"' an American sealing captain, comes next in chronological order I

quote

his first

importance

two voyages

full,

because of their

in the history of antarctic discovery.

The next season

"

in

and

;

after the Hersilia's return

from

the South Shetlands, a fleet of vessels, consisting of

the brig Frederick, Captain Benjamin Pendleton the senior

commander

P. Sheffield,

Free "'

Gift,

;

the brig Hersilia, Captain

James

schooners Express, Captain E. Williams,

Captain F.

Dunbar,

and

sloop

Mr. Henryk Arctowski, an accurate observer and

has the advantage of being able to read Russian,

Hero,

writer,

who

says {The

Geographical Journal, London, 1901, Vol. XVIII., pages 353— The Antarctic voyage of the Belgica during the years 394 '

:

'

'

'

1897, 1S98, and 1899"):

"This meeting was also described by Bellingshausen himself, as can easily be seen by consulting the remarkable, but still little known work of that eminent Russian explorer {Dwukratnyja, etc., Vol. II., pages 263, 264)." "'Fanning,

434-440.

Edmund: Voyages Round

the World, etc., pages

86

ANTARCTICA.

Captain N. B. Palmer, was

on a voyage

Connecticut,

From Captain return,

their

anchor

in

Yankee Harbor, Deception

was

Palmer's

what

Land

on the mountain of the

;

in

operation) in the south

now known by

is

from the statement

little

be given

the

modern

the sloop Hero, a vessel

in

rising forty tons,

to

was despatched

;

he found

and dismal

sterile

if

possible,

and more heavily loaded

with ice and snow, than the South Shetlands

were sea leopards on

in

the

midsummer of

this

coast

and

in

his

away,

litth;

it

hemisphere, and a

a thick

the

Yankee Har-

fog between

newly-discovered

nent, but nearest the former.

clear

the

;

bound, although

the Hero's return passage to

Shetlands

there

difficult.

bor she got becalmed

South

;

shore, but no fur seals ice

its

landing consequently

"On

its

was

main part of

was

more

be an extensive mountainous countrj',

to

of

be per-

will

it

;

newly discovered land,

this

Captain N. B. Palmer,

name

the

this

To examine

charts.

it

during

Island,

name came deservedly and by which it is now current in

how

ceived

but

lay at

fleet

being on the lookout

21,

station,

mountains (one a volcano

it,

rendered on

as

report,

Shetlands.

during a very clear day he had discovered

island

to

the South

appeared that while the

it

from an elevated

this

to

Pendleton's

season of 1820 and

the

out at Stonington,

fitted

When

this

frigate

conti-

began

Captain Palmer was surprised to

barque between a

the

to

find

and sloop of war,

PALMER.

and

ors.

up the United

instantly run

frigate

and sloop of war then

Soon

after this a boat

commodore's

the

87

the

alongside,

ship

set the

Russian

col-

and when

Hero,

the

presented

from his commodore for Captain this

the

was seen pulling from

for

lieutenant

;

States' flag

an

invitation

go on board

P. to

;

These ships he then

of course was accepted.

found were the two discovery ships sent out by the

Emperor Alexander of

To

the world.

the

Russia, on a voyage round

commodore's interrogation

had any knowledge of those islands then

and what they were. Captain

P. replied,

in

if

he

sight,

he was well

acquainted with them, and that they were the South Shetlands, at the services

pilot

to

same time making a tender of the

ships

a good harbor at

into

Deception Island, the nearest

his

by,

where water and

refreshment such as the islands afforded could be obtained

he also informed the Russian

;

his vessel

belonged

Stonington, under

and then

at

a

to

fleet

command

anchor

of five

sail,

Yankee Harbor, who would

in

in

The commodore thanked him

'

our being enveloped

sight of those islands,

in

kindly

left

the

but previous

and concluded we had made

is

ently in as fine order as

had

power.

his

the fog' said he 'we had

a discovery, but behold, when the fog great surprise, here

out of

of Captain B. Pendleton,

most cheerfully render any assistance

to

officer that

lifts,

to

my

an American vessel apparif it

United States

;

were but yesterday she not only

this,

but her

ANTARCTICA.

88 master

ready to

is

my

pilot

must surrender the palm

vessels into port

you Americans,' con-

to

His astonishment was

tinued he, very flatteringly.

more

yet

we

;

when Captain Palmer informed

increased,

him of the existence of an immense extent of land to the south,

the masthead

whose mountains might be seen from

when

Captain Palmer, while on board the

tirely.

was entertained

most

the

in

commodore was

the

should clear away en-

the fog

frigate,

and

friendly manner,

so forcibly struck with the

cir-

cumstances of the case, that he named the coast

Land

then to the south, Palmer's is

on

recorded

charts

the

may be

at the time of the

The

English

the

liftino-

eastward, to

In their

islands,

situation of the dif-

seen by the plate of the

the

the Shetland Islands, but

ice

and

it

and maps which have been j^ublished since

ferent vessels

land.

name

this

Russian

recent

the return of these ships.

off to

by

;

and

fo"'

and

south,

they were

;

its

in

i35. i49, I53. 186

Cape

'52 '36

Carr, Lieutenant Overton Carrell,

47

Miss

Case, Lieutenant A. Ludlow Castiglio, Don Gabriel de " Challenger,"

152 49. 5° 194-196

"Chanticleer,"

The The

93. 94.

"5

Charts

13, 82, 95, 96, 106, 114. i57. 168, 175, 176,

177

.

.

178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 194, 211

Christensen Island

Chun, Professor

^°°

208-210

2l8

INDEX. PAGR.

Cap de

Circoncision, Claess,

Laurens

Clarie,

Cote

62, 63, 76

ki

49, 50 133, 134, 135, 186

Bay Cockburn Island Clothier's

97 185

Colbeck, Lieutenant

211, 212

Coleridge

Color

6

Antarctica

in

198

Columbus, Christopher

163

Colvoccorresses, Lieutenant George

M

149 116

Conolan, Dr. Peter

Cook, Dr. Frederick Cook, Captain James Cordes, Simon de

A

10, 84, 202,

41

Coronation Island Cortambert,

Coulman

96

Mons

22 "

Island

172, 202

Court martial

146

Cowley, Captain

56, 57

de Ross by French

Cressalina, Ysola

Criticism of

Crozet,

52, 53 editor

183

Mons

66 66

Crozet Islands Crozier, Captain Crozier,

167 172

Cape

Dallmann, Captain

Dallmann

192-194, 201

Strait

193, 194

Dalrymple, Alexander

45, 68

Danco, Lieutenant

204

Danco Land Dante

185, 194, 200, 204, 205, 206

20

Darwin, Charles

126

Davidson, Profe.ssor George Davis,

Commander

J.

I'-

Davis, Lieutenant

Davis, Ca])tain

Dc Ora

206

30, 68-72, 73, 206

Edward

Antarctica

10,

15S 102 14S

57 11

219

INDEX.

PACK.

86, 99, 116, 186

Deception Island D6couverte, Cap de Dibble,

I33

la

Mr

140 188

Dickson, Mr. Walter

Jacob Disappointment Bay

47, 48, 49

Dirc.xz,

151

"Discovery," The

213 i97

"Dochra," The Dortiz,

Don Domingo

65 185

Dougherty, Captain

76, 185

Dougherty Island

"Dove," The Drake, Sir

95> 96, 97

F

40 10

Drexel-Biddle, Mr. A. J

"Drumcraig," The

197

Drygalski, Dr. Erich von

213

Du

164

ChaiUu, Paul

B

66

Duclesmeur, Chevalier

Ducloz Guyot, S

Dumont

d'Urville

3°, .

.

64-66

45, 82, 103, 106, 113, 114, 127-135, i6i

162, 169, 171, 174, 177, 178, 183, 201

Dumoulin, Mons Dunbar, Captain F

Dundee

129, 130

85

198

whalers

Duperrey, Captain L.

29,

1

Duroch, Mons D'Urville.

(See Dumont-D'Urville.)

East Antarctica East Antartica, Need of name Eld, Passed Midshipman

Eld Peak Enciso, Martin Fernandez de

Enderby Land Enderby, Messrs Eratosthenes

Mount "Erebus," The

Erebus,

45 132

13, 201, 207, 211 12,

13

143, 148

143

29 119. 127, 18S, 189, 209, 210

114, 118, 121

17 172, 212

170

2

20

INDEX. PACE.

Erebus and Terror Gulf Errors

in

Evening

1

longitude

The

Post,

9

Evensen, Captain

201

Falkland Islands

60

Edmund

Fanning, Mr.

75, 76, 7^, 91, 105, 157

A

Fanning, William

78, 79

Fanning' s Islands

79

Fauna of Antarctica

15

Faustino, Signer Fellner,

105

Professor

19

Fernandez, Juan

39, 71

Robert

Fildes,

97

G

Findlay, Ale,x.

Flora of Antarctica

15, 80, 185,

"Flying Fish," The Forbes, Mr. Forster,

14 71

and

floras

15 199, 200

Fossils in Antarctica

Cape

Foster,

129, 200

Foster, CajUain

Foxton,

97 202

137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 160

Henry

Messrs

Fossil faunas

85

104, 105

Henry

Mr

Foyn Land

93,

1

15-1 17 122

200

Franklin Island

172

Franklin, Sir John

171

Mr

Frascr-Macdonald, Fricker,

Dr

P'ricderichsen,

L

Mr.

Gallo, pilot

62, 63 95, 204

Island

Garrison, Mr. F.

45, 46, 194

69

Furneau.x, Cai)tain

Gand

104 30, 46, 77, 103, 169

Lynwood

9

"Gauss," The Geminus

213

GCologie, Pointe

133

18

INDEX.

221 PAGE.

George IV. Sea

113

Georgia, South, or Gerlache,

(See South Georgia.)

Lieutenant Adrien de

Gerlache Strait

.

97,

202-208 206

94, i2iS, 187, 193, 194, 203, 204, 205,

.

Dirck

42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51, 95

Land Mons

46, 79, 95, 204

Gerritsz, Gerrit-sz

Isle of.

Gervaize,

129 180

Gibbs, Sir George Gonneville, Sieur de

62

Graham Land

92, 100,

no,

121, 1S5, 206

Grant, Captain William

Graz,

Mons

Great Circle Sailing Principle

Gregory, Professor

J.

W

Guillaume de Conches

Habler, Dr.

K

32

Captain

Harris,

J.

V

C

61

Henry

28

Haven, Acting-master Edward H. de Hays, Mons Heard, Captain

63 189, 190, 191, 192

Heilprin, Professor

Hermite, Admiral

152 189, 190

J. J

Heard Island Angelo

J.

"Hero," The Herrera, A. de Hersilia

93 103 171

John

Harrisse, Mr.

72, 170, 173

185

Hamilton, Captain R.

Hare, Mr. A.

96 191

20

Haddington, Mount Hall,

192 10,

Cove

Hertoge, Theodoric

1'

103

47 85, 86, 87 43i 44

79 53

Hipparchus

17

Hoces, Francesco de

40

Hooker, Dr. Joseph Hoorn, Cape Hope, Mount

185

54 137

222

INDEX. PAGE.

Hopper, Mr. J Horsburgh, Mr. James Hoseason, Captain

76 77

114

Hoseason Island Hudson, Captain William L. Hughes Gulf Humboldt, Alexander von Hurlbut, Mr. George C

114 137, 139, 140, 143, 146, 150, 151

.

114, 203

30 10

Hutton, Captain Icebergs,

191

Depth of

Ice Barrier

.

.

116, 117

127, 12S, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 177, 195, 196

Ice Barrier, Great

175, 212

Icebergs, Formation of

61, 102,

Icebergs, Great

no,

119, 120, 131

189, 192, 197, 202

Insects in Antarctica

205, 212

Instructions of Lieutenant Wilkes

1

39. 169

Jacquinot, Captain

127

"James Monroe," The

96 43 199, 200 136 89,

Jansz, Barent

"Jason," The Johnson, Lieutenant Johnson, Captain Robert

107,

Joinvillc Island

108, 129

94, 128, 129

Jomard, Mons Jonge,

J.

K.

J.

22

de

Journal of the Fraiiklin Juttet,

46 9

Inslilute

Mons

96

Keates, Captain

186

Kellock, Captain

121

Keltic, Dr. J. Scott

13

Kemp, Mr

123

Kem]) Land

123

Kendal, Lieutenant

Kerguelen Land, or Island

115 .

.

.

.

12, 67, 68, 73, 74, 100,

195

196, 209, 210, 213

INDEX.

223 PAGK.

Kerguelen, Yves

J.

de

66-68, 164 10

Kieman, Mr. J. T King Oscar II. Land

Knox Land.

200

(Chart.)

Knox, Acting Master Samuel

Konig Max

R

152

(See Heard Island.)

Islands.

Krates

17

208-210

Krech, Captain Kristensen, Captain

La

Barbinais,

Le

202

Gentil de

58

Lanessan, Admiral de Larsen, Captain

96 199-201

Larsen Bay

194, 200, 201

Mr

96, 97

Laurie,

Lazarew, Captain

Le

Gentil,

82

Mons

64

Lelewel, Joachim

21

Le Maire, Jaques Le Maire Strait Le Monnier, Mons

54

54 64

Lewthwaite Strait

96

Li^ge Island

94, 95, 204

Lindsay, Mr. J

76

Lindsay Island

209

Littlehales,

Mr. G.

W

Liverpool Island Louis-Philippe

10,

Land

128, 129

Lowe, Herr

"Lyon," The,

83 or

"Leon"

64,65

Macquarie Island

141

Macrobius

18

Macy, Captain Magalhdes

75, 1S6

42

Magalhaes, Strait of

Mahu, Jaques Major, Mr. R.

157

115, 209

31, 32, 33, 42 40, 42, 50

H

18,

39

INDEX.

224

PAGE.

Manilius

19

Maps, Early Marchand, Captain

33-4°. 51-53

E

73 163

Marco Polo Marion du Fresne

66

Marion Islands

66

Markham, Sir Clements R. 13, 45, 46, 132, 174, 177, 17S Maury, Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine 186, 187, 190, 191 McCormick, Dr 170 McDonald, Captain 191 .

.

.

.

McDonald Island McNab, Mr

124

Melbourne, Mount

23 172, 212

Mensing, Ant

46

Mercators Miles,

.

191, 192

Medal of XV. Century

Mill,

.

35. 52, 54

Mr. Edward Hugh Robert

Dr.

10 80, 103

Moberly, Mount

121

Moltke Harbor

196

Monroe Bay Montagu, Cape Montdmont, Mons

89 71

83

Montravel, Mons. de

Moore, Lieutenant T.

113

L

Morrell, Captain Benjamin

Morris, Professor

Motley, John Lothrop

Murdoch, Mr. Burn Murray, Mr. Hugh Murray, Sir John Nares, Sir George

Nation, The

Nautical Magazine, The Neum.iyer, Dr. Georg

New South

Greenland

Noort, Olivier van

188, 189

100-107, 113, 200

39 45 198 123 103, 161, 195, 196

194-196 9 15H 45, 191 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 43..^

INDEX.

225 PAGE.

Nordenskjold, A.

E

32

Nordenskjold, Dr. Otto

214

Norris, Captain

North, Mr.

J.

114, 115

H

North Land.

145

(Chart.)

O'Farrell, Mr. John

22

Orange Harbor

136, 137, 138

OrI6ans Channel

94, 129, 200

Orontius Finaeus

33

Ortelius

37, 51

"Pagoda," The

104, 188, 189

Palmer Archipelago, or Land

.

.

86, 88, 89, 90, gi, 94, 95,

99

114, 128, 129, 137, 157, 186, 187, 203, 204

Palmer Land, Naming of Palmer, Captain Nathaniel

.... B

88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 128, 204

85-95, 96, 97, 115, 128 200, 203, 204

Paltsits,

H

Mr. V.

10

Mount

Parry,

172

Paulding, Hon.

J.

K

"Peacock," The

.

139 .

137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148 149, 150, 159

Pedersen, Captain

201

Pendleton, Captain Benjamin

85, 91, 98-100, 121

Pendleton Bay

99

Penguins

43. ^9. 132, 150, 154. 206

Peschel, Dr. Oscar Peschel, Dr.

Peter

L

Piner

10

Lsland

83, 206

A

Petermann, Dr. Phillips,

21, 158

W. E

103, 191, 193

Mr. P. Lee

10,

Bay

Pinkney, Lieutenant R.

Pomponius Mela Porpoise Bay.

F

139, 163

18

"Porpoise," The Possession,

97

130, 134, 152

133, 136, 139, 149, 151, 160, 179

(Chart.)

Cape

115

22

INDEX.

6

PAGE.

172, 202

Possession Island

9°. 94. 95-98> 128

Powell, Captain Geor