Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence: Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, Organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens, 22-24 November 1991 9179160298, 9789179160296

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SKRIFfER UTGIVNA AV SVENSKA INSTITUTET I ATHEN. 8"'. XIII ACTA INSTm.ITI ATHENIEI'SIS REGI'I SUECIAE. SERIES IN K•. XIII

Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence Proceedings of the Second lnlernational Seminar on Ancient Greek Cull, organized by the Swedish lnslitute at Athens. edited by

Robin Hagg

STOCKHOLM IY9�

22-24 November 1991

SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV SVENSKA INSTITUTET I ATHEN ACfA INSTITIJTI ATHENIENSIS REGNI SUECIAE 8°, XIII

ANCIENT GREEK CULT PRACTICE FROM THE EPIGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cull, organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens, 22-24 November 1 99 1 edited b y Robin Hiigg

SK.RIFTER UTGIVNA AV SVENSKA INSTmJTET I A THEN, 8°, XIII ACfA lNS1111Jil ATIIENIENSIS REGNI SUECIAE, SERIES

IN go, XID

Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the Swedish Institute at Athens,

22-24 November 1991

edited by

Robin Hiigg

STOCKHOLM 1994 Distribu1or Paul ASirtims Ftirlag William Gibsons vag I\, S-433 76 Jonsered, Sweden

Editorial Committee: Prof. Tullia Under.;, Uppsala, Chairman; Prof. Paul A slrtim, GOleborg. Vice-chairman; Mrs. lnez Hagbanh, Treasurer; Dr. Charlone Scheffer, Secretary; Prof. Anders Am an, Uppsala; Prof. Birgitta Bergquist, Stockholm; Prof. Jerker Blomqvist, Lund; Ms. Gunnel Ekroth, Stockholm; Prof. Par Goran Gierow, Lund; Prof. Robin Hagg, Gtileborg; Prof. Pontus HellslrOm, Uppsala; Prof. Car! Nylander, Rome; Prof. Jan 6berg, Stockholm. Secretary's address: Department of Ancient Culture and Society. Stockholm University. S-1 06 9 1 Stockholm. Sweden. Editor. Dr. Brita Alroth, Uppsala. Distributor: Paul A strtims Ftirlag, William Gibsons viig 1 1 , S-433 76 Jonsered, Sweden. The English text was revised by Mrs. Brenda Conrad, Athens. Recommended abbreviation for this series ActaAth-8°. Published with the aid of a grantfrom the Swedish Councilfor Research in the Humanities and Social Sctences

Abstract H!igg, Robin (ed.) Andel'll Grtek cult practice from the epigraphical ewdenct Proceo:hngs of the Second lntemat.Jonal Semmar on Ancient Greek Cult. orgamzed by the Swedish lnshlule at Athens, 22-24 November 1 99 1 . Stockholm 1 994 . 1 84 pp. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska insritutet i A then, 8°, 1 3 .

Thineen papers read a t an international seminar in Athens deal with various phenomena o f Greek cult prac­ tice. analysing the infonnation contained in inscripions, such as sacred laws. Among the special topics dis­ cussed are: the defmition of "state cult". the arrival of Asclepius in Athens, the rite of theoxema. regulations eoncemmg everyday life in a �k temenos, the occurrence of cakes m sacrifice regulations, the food and drink at two festivals on Delos, the role of musictans m Greek cult. the sacred laws of Lylr.osoura, the cult of Artemis Onheia at Messene, the cult of Poseidon-Erechtheus on the Acropolis of Athens, the mterpretation of lead cur.;e tablets and other magical te�ts in G�k from Cyprus and Asia Minor Key words: cult, curse tablets, Greek religion, inscriptions, magu;, mus1c, ritual meals. �acred law�. �cnfice. state cult.

Cm•tr illlLIIratloll: Athens, Epigraphical Museum. mv.no. EM 882 1 . The chronicle of Telemachos. 4960. frag. t at Zea in the Piraeus. probably the year be· fore he went up from lhere to lhe Eleusinion.Soi The cult at Zea, too, may have been wilhin the Eleusinian sphere of influence. The nearby sanctuary of lhe Eleusinian goddesses, in Phaleron, was under the control of lhe Eu­ molpidai and Kerykes; they called it an Eleus­ inion. ·� And an early priest of Asclepius at Zea was, I suspect, a member of lhe Kerykes. Eu­ lhydemos of Eleusis served as priest probably in lhe second quarter of the fourth century and during his tenure was zealous in maintaining lhe sanctuary of Asclepius and its ritual (IG 112 47, 4962). He evidently presented the results of his research on appropriate prothymata to the Demos as exegesis {IG IF 47). His descendants played an active role in lhe affairs of Alhens and in lhe deme of Eleusis.l� Here I need men­ tion only their activities in religious maners. His son Moirokles. besides contributing ea. 340 B.C. to a dedication to Dionysus {IG 112 2R45), in 332/1 leased a quarry belonging to

'50 On the date of the �ssion or lakchos, the day after the miJ'fT\ that accompanied the sacred objects. see Clinton. 'Sacrifice' '' For a survey of Asclepius cults and analysis of thts policy, see Ch. Benedum, 'Asklepios und Dem­ eter: Zur Bedeutung weiblicher Gottheiten filr den fr!lhen Ask.leptoskult". ldl 1 0 1 , 1986. 1 ]7-157: she poinLS out that Asclepius often found the company of Demeter congenial. F. Roben, Thymllt. Paris, 1 939. 329-338. argues that the E1eusinian cult of Demeter and Kore had much in common with As­ clepius, esp«:tally 1n that Damia and Aulesia, com­ panion goddesses in EpidaWlls . were similar in na­ ture to Demeter and Kore. 11 should be kept in mind, too. that Asclepius and Demeter. as wa.� pointed out earlier, were both concerned with the basic vitality of the tndividual. Occa."onally Demeter even pro­ vided a cure: for one at Eleusis, see 4639: cf. 0. Rubensohn, "Demeter ab Heilgottheit', AM 20.

/G JI1

1 895. ]60-367: Clinton. lcono�raph_�. 53-55, 10]104, 1 ]3- 1 ]4

Technically the Eptdaurian offshoot at Athens would be an a.t�a: on the term see Malkin (supra n. 22). the first attested epigraphiC U5.e of the term actually refers to this cult. specifically to the 1046. 1 3- 1 4. image of Asclepius and Hygieia: discus5.ed above, n. 22 '1 PA 7826: Davies. 262-263: Clinton, Sacrtd offi

/G Ill

49-50 '1 X. Ht/1. 6.3.2-6. 1be Kerykes had family connec­

cia/5,

tions. at lea.�t occa.�ionally, with aristocratic families of Epidaurus: 82-86: Clinton. Sacrtd offi­ cia/5, 57: A.J .S. Spawfonh, BSA 80. 1 9115. 2 1 8-219. Occa�ionally t he 1 r members functioned a..� pne.-.l\ i n t h e Epidaurian sanctuary: M. Junius Nikagor.�.�. da ­ douchos in the fi rs t quaner o f the founh century af­ ter Chnst, W3..\ priest or A�lepius at Epidaurus in A.D. 304: 428-4 3 1 : Clinton. Sacrtd offi­ cials, 66 (where hts priesthood of Asklepios is. think. incorrectly assigned to Athens: and followed by Aleshire, A5k.ltpws. 1 6 1 with funher discussion of the family and add1t10nal bibliogntphy) The priests of Asdepius at Epidaurus in A.D. 297 and ]55. respectively Diogenes (elhnic unknown) and Mna.sea.� of Hermione 4 1 7-427: 4]8), were also hierophants but probably not at Eleusis. � On the date of ib founding s.ee above. p. 24, n. 23. Unfortunately the A�lep1eion in Zea hll> never bee n properly published. 1be e)(cavation: Dragabis, ArchDtll 1 888, pp. 1 32-1 36; P. Wolters. AM 1 7 .

/G JV1

/G JVl

I

(IG IV1

I.

1 892. 1 0 : cf. W. Judeich, Topo�raphi� \"on Alh�nl. Munich 1933. 44 1 -44 2 . Plan Ill. where it is located ju�t to the ea�t of the harbor of Zea. on the SW slope of Munychia: A1eshire. Ask/epirwn, 35 " Paus. 1 . 1 .4: 10.35.3: 32. lines 22-34. 0. Ru­ bensohn, Gnomon 9, 19]3. 428-432, suggested that the sanctuary in Phaleron was used in connection with the celebration Q),a.!if: )Jiocrtat 16 For a stemma see J . Threpv Eil,.toAm.OO:v. It seems safe to as­ sume that he was on excellent terms with this

genos. And he must have been an obvious choice. Not only was he a great poet, he was priest of a minor healing hero, Amynos.61 So he was chosen to compose a paean and become the Receiver of Asclepius. However, the chronicle of Telemachos carefully points out that he (Telemachos) was the first to do various things for Asclepius at Athens, as if to counter­ act a general impression that others had antici-

tirely successful: Sophocles' name appears, in clepieion, a sanctuary with which he appar­ This brings us to the reason why the Eleusin-

A.P. Matthaiou, Horos 5, 1987, 18; di�ussion by Clin!on. ArchEph 1 9 7 1 , 127 (I suggested that the Moirokles who is paid for tiles in /G JP 1 672, tine 2 1 0. may not be the same man); on Moirokles, C Ampolo, 'Tra finanz.a e politica: carrie ra e affari del signor Moirokles', RFIC 109, 1 98 1 . 187-204; full discussion of the family by Aleshire, Asklepios, 244-246, with further bibliography. Arnpolo, op. cit.. 192- 193, argues that the supplier of tiles is the same man. There remains, however, room for doubt. Two other suppliers of tiles occ ur in this document: Demetrios, a metic (line 7 1 ), and Simos (line 1 88), not included by Kirchner in PA, as he is probably a slave. This company doe� not inspire confidence that this Moirokles IS a citiun, but he may be. n S. Coumanoudis. D. Gofas, ' Deu� �rets �its d ' E leusis ' , REG 9 1 , 1 978. 290-306. " IG 111 1 1 94+ = J. 1hrepsiade�. loc. cit. (supra n 44). A general set up a dedication in hi� honor: Clin­ ton. ArchEph 1 97 1 , 1 26- 1 27, no. 2 1 . � On e o f the Paredroi had t o be a member o f this clan: Ath.Pol. 57. 1 ; Clinton, Hesperia 49, 1980, 263. lines 29-30. � Another Eleusinian, Phormion son of Hedylos. was prie51 there in the third or second century (/G U1 4453). but we do not know whether he was a mem­ ber of one of these clans. 6' According to Kbne's emendation of ··AA.wv� to "AJ.n)vo-u, Vit. Soph. 1 1 ( = TGrF I V T l . l l ), a highly probable correction. On the Amyneion, where As­ depius later came to be worshipped as well, see A. K�ne, AM 1 8 , 1 893, 23 1 -256; 21. 1 896, 287-330, pi. W. Judeich, Topographit �·on Athen 1 , Mu­ nich 1 93 1 , 288-29 1 ; 1. Travlos, PictomJI dictiorwry of Ancient Athens, London 1 97 1 , 76-78, figs. 971 0 1 : Ale.shlre. Arklepieion, 10. The priority of the cult of Amynos to the arri val of Asclepius is prob­ ably renected in the title of the group who passed the decrees IG 111 1 252 + 999 and 1 253: oi Oi>YE� toli · A)J.Uvou -.;:a\ toil · AOltAllltlOil -.;:a\ toil &l;lwvoity Goldwin Smith Hall lthaca. NY 14853-320 1 � On Sophocles and the Amyneion � above, p J I . n. 61. "l A separate precinct (trmttws) for A�lepius and Hygieia may well have been mart.ed off within the Amyneion: sec above. n. 68. " Aleshire. Askll'pltion., 65; Asklrpius. 223-239.

Theoxenia By

Michael H. Jameson

Abstract or, less ambiguously, thto.xtnia, are a type of ritual that played a much huger part in Greek �li­ gion than is probably �ognized. 'They are com­

Xtnia

bined with or substituted for the main features of normal sacrifice (lhu.sia) but their simpler. less ell ­ pensive chantcter means that they are less com­ monly detected in the epigraphic record. Epigraphic, literuy, and especially anistic evidence need to be combined in order to study them. This paper draws attentioo to their general imponance, suggests that they affected the development of sacrificial practice, examines two instances from inscriptions and pro­ poses that their use may help to e11.plain the popular­ ity of scenes showing Herakles banqueting in 6th cent. vase paintmg.

1be most important type of Greek ritual, ani·

mal sacrifice (thusia, 9uo1a), involved the se­ lection, consecration, killing, division, and bwning of certain parts of a domestic animal The procedure was used as a symbolic. expres­ sive action to define both the relationships be­ tween humanity and the cosmic order and those that existed between men. lt was also the pri· mary. for most people the sole. means by which meat became available for consumption. The feasting that resulted from sacrifice was of

The following publications are referred to only by the authors' names (with dates added when necess­ ary) :

Ack.nowledgmenl'i Fig 1 is reproduced by counesy of Dr. H. Cahn. F1g. 2 by that of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek, Co­ penhagen. Abbreviations. The following abbreviatioM are """ ' LSAM F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrtts dt /'Asit Mlntwt ( &ole Fran�aise d'Athenes, Travaux et M«!moires des Anciens Membres �trangers de I ' E.cole et de Divers Savants, IX), Paris 1 955. LSCG Id., Lou sacrtrs dts ctth grtcquts ( &ole Fran..,aise d 'Athencs, Tra· vauk et M«!moires des Anciens Mem­ bres Etrangers de r & ole et de Divers Savants, XVIU}, Paris 1969 LSS Id.. Lois sacr/ts dts citb grtcquts, SuppUmtnt ( t...cole Frall'f'aist d'Athene.�. Travaux et M«!moires des Anciens Membres Euangers de l ' & ole et de Divers Savant�. XI}, Paris 1 962.

A.D. Nock, ' The cult of heroes', lflhR 31, 1 944, 1 4 1 - 1 73 (reprinted in Essays on rtligion arW.tht ancitnt world. ed. Z. Stewart, Oxford 1 972, D, no. 36, 575--{,()2 ) . l. Bruit 1989, 'Les dieux au festins des monels. lb«!ox�nes et xtmai', in A.-F. L..aurens, ed., En­ trt hommts tt ditux. com•i\'t. lt hlros. lt prophtu (Lire les polyth«!ismes, 2: Centre de Recherches d'Histoire Ancienne. 86 = Annales Lin«!raires de I 'Untversit«! de Besan\On, 3 9 1 ) , P ari s 1 989. 1 2-25. L. Bruit 1990, ' The meal at the Hyak.inthia: ritual consumption and offering', in 0. Murray (infra n. 1 )), 1 62-1 74. F. Deneken. dt Thto:umis, Diss. Berlin 1 11 8 1 moll/ d u hanqutt couche d.ClllS lr J . - M . Denuer, procht-oritnt tl lt morW.t grtc du Vllt au Nt s1tcle t:.ll"ant J.-C. (BEFAR 246), Rome 1982. D. Gill, GrerJc cult tahlts, New York & London 1 99 1 (incorporating his earlier 'Trapt:omata, a neglected aspect of G�k sacrifice', lfThR 67, 1 974. 1 1 7-1 37}.

U

U

36

Midlael H. Jameson

practical as well as well as ideological signifi­ cance for lhe participants. Usually at this point the gods seem to go their own way and man ­ kind by itself enjoys the feast. which. however. is accompanied and followed by songs, liba­ tioru; and prayen; (e.g. Horn. 11. 1 .467-74). Normal sacrifice made relatively little use of the concept of a feast for lhe gods. The whole animal was offered to the gods. Epic poetry, while speaking of a feast of the gods (dais th�on. Od. 8 . 76 ), also specifies that the libation and saver (loibe, kniu, /J. 4.448 = 24.69) are their share of the fairly-divided feast, dais eiSe. Prometheus 's unequal division of the victim is described in Hesiod's Theogony (535-55 7 ) as the origin, in a mythic past when gods and men ate together, of the fact that all the edible meat is available for men to eat. Normally there are no portions set aside for the gods, cooked or uncooked. Normally lhe Greeks feasted in honor of the gods, perhaps as guests of the gods, bl.u the gods did not share their table . 1 B u t there w as another widespread type o f rit­ ual in which the Greeks explicitly honored su­ pernatural figures by using the conventions of entertaining a guest: they issued an invitation (KaAriv), they set out a couch (rl.1V11 ) on which they laid out coverings (crtopvUvm crtPO:JI..LYI:i�) and put beside it (�tapo.netvo.t) a table ("t"pcixEt;,o.) which they adorned (K�v. a tenn used also of preparing the couch) with, among other things, dishes conlaining food and drink. Sometimes objects representing the supernatu­ ral guests were present. At Chaironeia the scep­ ue of Agamemnon was honored with daily sac­ rifices in the house of the man serving as priest for the year, and a table was set beside it "full of all sorts of meats and cakes" (Paus. 9.40. 1 1 -

1 2). In Athens th e panoply o f A i as w as laid out on a couch adorned for the hero.2 No single noun was used by lhe Greeks to re­ fer to what was a distinctive and ea!;ily recog­

mzed procedure, and it is necessary therefore to list the tell-tale words that show its use. Wilam­ owitz recommended the Latin tenn /ectistt'rn­ ium which was used for a similar rite, perhaps largely taken over from the Greeks.' The most general tenns are xenia (Ji SEvio. or tO. SEvt o.)

and its cognates, such as xenismos. which refer to hospitality towards both men and gods, a concept whose importance in Greek culture can hardly be over--estimated.4 Scholars most commonly have used the word tht'O.xenia (from •il 9EDS£vta, "!rites of] hosting the gods") while recognizing that it occur.; in fact only of particular festivals--of Apollo, at Delphi and Pellene, and for the Dioskouroi at Aknlgas and Paros, and probably elsewhere (e.g. Karthaia on Keos and Tenos).� The fact that Theoxenia was used for different festivals and for at least two gods is an indication that a common ritual underlay the name. On the model of the word was formed Heroxeinia on Thasos.6 Since it is important as well as con-

Tht'Oxe(i)nia

' On lhe issue of table-fellowship, see Nock, csp. 1 48-157. Recent studies of Greek feasting. includ­ ing some dis.cus.�ion of tht'oxtma. arc P. Schmin­ Pantcl. 'Banquet cl cilt grecquc·, MEFRA 97, 1 985, 135-58; id. ·sacrificial meal and symposiwn', in 0 Mumy. cd. Syrnporico, O�ford 1 990, 14-33; Bruit 1989 and 1990. 1 Schol. Pind. Nem. 2 . 19. Cf. U . Kron. Oil' uhn ar­ tischtn Phyll'nherotn. Gtschichtt. Mythos. Kult wu1 Oarsrellungtn (AM-BH 5), Berlin 1 976, 173. ' U. von Wilamowltz-Moellendorf, Oil' G/aubt dtr Htiltntn, 11, Tiibingen 1932, 346. For lhe Roman rile . sec G . Wissowa. Religion und Kultus dt'r ROmer. Munich 1 922', 4 2 1 -423: K. Lane, ROmischt' Rl'ligwmgt'sch�ehlt' (Handbuch der Allcnumswis­ senschaft V, 4), Munich \960, 242-244 • Sec, e.g .. G. Herman. RitiiOiistdfritndship and the Gruk ciry. Cambridge 1 987 1 F. Pfistcr, 'Thco�enia'. RE XII A ( 1 934). 2256-2258. For lhe related Thcodaisia, perll aps only for Dionysos. see td., 'Theodais1a·, RE XII A ( 1 934), 1 1 77; gr. Kruse 'Theodaisios, l ) ' op. cit., l 1 77f.; W. Sonthcimcr, 'lbcodaisios. 2). op. cit., l l 78f. Cf. tCr. �ov\io:no: tCr. (,EV\IHi at Kallalis. D.M. Pippidi. Scyth­ inl mmora. Rt'chuchts s11r it's l·olonin grtcqul'S du littor11l rowmam dt' la mer Norrt, Bucharest & Am­ sterdam 1975, 1 38- 1 4 1 and tol may

he

a corruption of O:,.lot(SQDtot ··avenging, re­

tributive," w1th t4totfki.Otot or

B copied a.� P and 6[ a.� N

Whether

'AJ.Ituipcr£ would have been pnor in

the uadition I cannot say; scribal miscopying, in any

i�

rouchos. feminine.

the

name

of a bronze­

sandalled, presumably malign, counterpan to the gold-sandalled Demeter in verses embedded in the lead love-chann

Supp/Mag 1 49. hnes 57-6 1 ; she ap­

pear.; m other ver.e\ d1scu��d by Dieterich (42-44 ) . Presumably P's T(iptop£ is the result of the corrup­ tion of Tap1apoiizE. it and the gender of P's

both showing a

x96vtE

misunderstandmg of the fairly rare

compound

case. may h.ave mfluenced the variation between

'" The magical papyri record no other mstance of

AMOJ· and AM411· of the two words. Amphiaraos is

lkzciCClvia.. chthonic or otherw1se In the recipe that

the hero at Oropos and other shrines

mcludes the present papyrus invocation (above. p.

(�

in general

K . Bethe. "Amphilll1l� ."' RE I. 1 894. 1 886-1 893). struck dead by L..e u s' thunderboll, which opened a cleft in the earth

(t g. Paus 2.23 2). It may be no Zethos (S I) and Amphtaraos

1 37), the operant is to invoke 'Avci:yiCClt , Moipa.t, and (PGM IV 1 399--1 400 )

Bal;; �e�X:i>va.t

• Etl or XAPON?

s·�

x96...,_ a.t

and P ' � x90""€ lead

mere comcuience that

us to upect a mas�;; u line smgular; therefore '"Ew

both fig� m Boiotian myth cycles.

(An. for Ion.

I P"s c41•htoAcn

'Hc.i) "Dawn" is to be ruled out for S's

x86..., o t "chthonic anendants."

En. My 'Ec.i(v?) for Aic.iv is virtually a counsel of

whoever they are here (rj. the 61lci:ovt:c at P 1 45 1 -

despair Charon is of course appropnate here, but a

1 452"). :.eem s preferable.

a_' a concept. t o S " s

civ­

JtiJto}.u; r&ovia.. If the laner in fact stood in the ar­ chetype. the reference may have bee n to the lltra­ cian wy of Amphipohs, with its chthonic hero Rhesos (cf. [Eur.j Rh . • esp. 970-972), bur it i� not clear why a city should be invoked here

Mrno S i b-c. 41£!XE.0va. JtotvClv 11aA.a.toi> lt(\(jEoc Ot'�Eta.t. Eic tOv \>JtEp9Ev W..tov nivwv hUt(!) i:tn clv.StOo"i vuxcU: JtciJ..t v "Per..e ­ ment quoted at PI.

phone will recetve recompen!>C for the anctent grief. and to the sun above she restores their souls in the year"? Or are both

S's �o:tiE

and P's

c4JCl9fiO.I corruptions of some other word? � Are the chthonic dreams here apparitJOm, of the dead? Note Usener"s conJecture . ci:vtt6vtlpot, for the

a.vtu..., ptot

of the

Amathuntine

tablets

(n.

13

above). where the adjective i s applied t o the ghosts invoked. ' For Neces�ity deified. !>ee 1n general "'Ananke," KIP

W. Fauth,

I. 1 %4 . 332

' it IS not ea.�y to ).CC: how either

easily diagnosed as phonettc) here the same as the �·il'lo:Wt at P 1 447? gone WTong here. Is the phra. En 1s hard to

� Are the 6Jtciovtc (5"� ml\\pelling Wtciwvt:c I$

P The genitive x8oviou shows that sometlung has

• Who or what are the "chthonic sins?"' Are such sms the occaston of the "grief" in the Pindaric frag·

ninth

corruptton tn the d1rect1on uplain

St)!.QVTJC that led the

scribe to

producethe apparent dativeending in iCa.ICoic just af­ terwards ' The wnnen �hapes of

'f' and T were �uch that

chthon1ans. The archetype may have had somethmg

they were vn1ually identical to the eye; hence the

el TTXAI. • The Ionic ending of

.:opupl] in w h a t follows

1 43

Late feasts/or ghosts suggest.s a snatch of an otherwise unknown he:ume­

ter invocation, £J...a[ n (the aorist fonn is demanded . by the meter) cilV Moipq; qnupl] !Cat Cr:vcryK"U. It is easy to see how P's EPXtcEIE could degenerate to S's

fPXrtm: fPXtcEk > [pztct£ > [pzttt (cf. the Ios..� of the sigma in Bco:av\a in S 5 ) > EPXtuu; the shift from aorist to present imperative in both S and P

shows, in any case. that the tradition had lost sight of the metrical nature of the phrase. • I f the phrase in the archetype was in verse. then

the cUv of

(or Menasios) to indict ijl.fl0£v\ iVlCa).itw for £-ytcaA.Eitw, 1 5 ) him concerning some clolhes. Had lhe clolhes been slolen? If so, the dispute will not seem petty to those who reflecl that mos! thefts of clothes probably look place in the public baths and lhal the punishment for a convicted balhhouse lhief was forced labor in the mines or crucifixion.H

S is prior. The corruption to P's reading

suggests that cUv wa.� wnnen

eT

and that this was

misread as an abbreviation. possibly 0'1

l"t'l sim.,

otherwise unanested. as far as I know. for cfu.it:pov.

H for fw_tpa is lrnown: see t.g. K. McNamee. Ahbrt­ l"laTions 111 Grulc Uurary papyri and ostraca ( = BASP Suppl. 3), Ch1co, California. \ 98 1 . 37.

B . The Muzzling Spell ( 1 1 - 1 6) In lhe text of Macdonald no. 7 we find a phrase lhat describes lhe purpose of that lead tablet. It is a �lJ.l.(l)"ttlcOv mtci:eEJ.La, literally a "muzzling deposit," 41LJ.l.(l)"tl1C6v because it was meant to shut the mouth of an opponent in a law suit, �eatci9E:J.La presumably because its "magic" depended on ilS being placed some­ where-in lhis case, among those dead whose bones were in the "disused shaft" al Arna­ thous. -.. The present selenile tablet is another such "muzzier" (�l1J.Wn1C6v, 1 1 ; 41tJ.LOOcata.l for -can:, 1 3 ; 41tl1w9t'rtw, 1 6), meant to stop two persons, a woman named Aristion and a man named Artemidoros Melasios (or Mena-.ios) son of Galerana, '5 from !alking against a man who is called simply Artemidoros son of Timo. � Why Artemidoros son of Timo wants Aristion to be kept quiet we are not told, but he evidently does not want Artemidoros Melasios

Da\·id R. Jordan Gennadiu� Library American School of Cla\.\ical Studies

54 Souidia.� Stree t GR- 1 06 76 ATHENS

'"' For

examples

of

such

"muzzling"

(tt)loliv.

Cli�o�wctc) see S. Eitrem, Papyri Oslotnsts. fa.rc. I Magkol popyri, Oslo 1 925, 76-77, n. \64 (the New Testament, the magical papyri, instructions in the

K_)·ra11ides), C. Bonner, Sru.dies in magical omul�ts chitfly Gracco·Egyptiall (Univer.;ity of Michigan Studies. Humani�tic Series 49), Ann Arbor 1 950,

1 04- 1 05 {gemstones), and D. R. Jordan, "Inscribed lead t.ableL� from the games in the Sanctuary of Po­ seidon."

Htsptria 63, 1994. 1 1 1 - 1 26. n . 23 (gem­

stones): an inscribed lead t.ablet (IvP) that may be compared is

Supp/Mag 11 57 (0ftwc

42). " I have

1-1h clvti1t1] U111v.

not found the woman's name elsewhere:

maternal hneage was common in magical teJI.L� of the period�: ...ee D. R. Jordan,

QP VVLVA

=

"CIL Vlll \9525(8).2 q(utm) p(tpmt) vull·o," Phllologll.S

1 20. 1 976, 1 27-32.

'" We should not role out the possibility that one of the.o;e two Anemidoroi is the Anemidoros for whom the lead "mu7.zling'" spell from Amathous, quoted above. pp. 1 32f. (Macdonald no. 7 = Aud. 28) wa� -.vritten. " For the legalities see Tomhn,

80--8 1 .

up

cit ( n . l above).

0E1tP1li!EVO� The Cnidian Curse Tablets and Ordeal by Fire

1

By

H.S. Versnel

Abstract

Some 13-15 lead tablel� found in the Demeter sane­ Nary at Knidos and dated roughly to r.he second or Mt cennuy B.C. conlatn fonnulary and stereotyped prayer.; in which Wlknown persons guilcy of theft or slander are commended to lhe godde�. who is re­ quested to compel the culprit to confess his sin and redress !he injury, for in.�tance by bringing the stolen object to the temple. The conditiOn that mu�t drive the culprit to confessioo ts de�bed as ptprlrMnos This term is mostly upliUiled as a lonu;:ising k.oint variant of ptpramrnos, 'sold', in the sense of be­ longing to the goddess as a son of hierodoulos. The author argues that the identtfication with ptpra­ mtrws should be abandoned and that these prayers for judictal help are closely related to the well­ known confessiOn tells on 2nd and 3rd century AD. stl/ai from Lydia and Phrygia. Hence prprlmenos should be taken a� Indicating one of the many types of phystcal puntshment that gods inflict on human stnners m these confession tuts. On M:counl of the: nonnal meaning of peprhne11os th1� would point to the meaning 'burning/burnt w1th fever" However, another connot.a tion may have played a part as well: that of well-known ordeal procedu�s which leave Innocent people unhanne d. but m which persons gu1lty of the offellCe they publicly d1scla.Jm before the god m puni�hed wtth a physical affection that is �times circumscribed as 'being burnt'. Thus the Cmdian tableL� d1splay a m1:uure of conditional C�meS and ordeaJ

During the excavations of the temple of Deme­ ter and Per..ephone at Knidos in the South West of Asia Minor in the middle of the 1 9th century C.T. Newton found a number of lead tablets containing texts that betrayed some similarity wilh magical defu:iones.� The majority is sorely damaged and since neither the archae­ ological context nor the lener type pennined a

' Apan from David Jordan's corrections of my Eng­ lish, for which I am very gnateful to him, this is the practically unaltered te�t of my confe�nce paper. I have added only the ab!.olute m1nimum of necessary notes, for it is my intention to devote a more com­ prehensive study to the Cnidian (and �lated) tablets in the near future, m whtch I shall �turn to the present issue and several aspecL� which in' dis­ cussed only in passing or not at all. 1be following warts in' cited by author's name and year: A. Audollent, Dt/i:xionum Tohellot. Paris 1904 F. Bechtel. m H. Collwttz & F. Bechtel. Sommlung dtr gritchischtn DtaldJ-Inschnften 0 , \ , G6t­ tingen 1 899. G. Bji>rck. Dtr Fluch dts Christtn Sab111us. Papyrus Upsolltns1s 8. Uppsa1a 1 938. J.N. Bremmer. ' Gree k maenad1sm reconsidered', ZP£ 55, 1984, 267-286 Ch.A. Faraone & D. ObbuU, edd., Magika him� Ancient Gretk. magtc tJnd rtllgron, New York & Oxford 1 99 1 . G . G1otz, L" ordalit da ru l a Grlct pnmwvt lrudt dt drmt tt de mythologlt', Pans 1904. D. Jordan, " A survey of Gree k deji:xloflts not in· eluded in the special co1110 rn ', GRBS 26, 1 985, 1 5 1 - 197. E.G. Kagarow, Griechischt Fluchtaftln (Eos Suppl. 4). Leopoli 1929. E. Kuhllert. "Feuerz.auber", RhM 49. 1894. 37-58 K . Lane. Httligts Rtcht. Unttrsuchungtn :ur Gtschirhlt dtr sok.roltn Rtchtsformtfl in Gnechet�land, TUbingen 1920. F.S. Steinleitner, Drt Bt1chl im Zusommtfllwflgt mtt dtr sok.roltn Rtchtspfltgt m dtr Antlkt. Munich 1913 H S Ver.;nel. "Beyond curs.ng. The appeal t o JUStiCe m jud1c1al prayer.;', in Faraone & Obbmk 1 99 1 . 60- 1 06. R. Wtin�h. Dt'fi nonum 1aMI/ae Alltcat (C/G Ill. 3). Berlm 1 !197. 1 C T. Newton, A hrstory of duco\"tflt'S at Hallrar ­ fUJHUS. Cnidus and Bmm1dac 1 1 . London 1 863, no�

M I -Y5

1 46

H.S. Versnel

precise dating, Newton ventured a rough esti­ mation between 300 and 1 00 B.C., perhaps somewhat later. 1lle majority of subsequent commentators opted for the second or firSt cen­ tury B.C. Already soon after their discovery the tablets enjoyed considerable anemion. As a re­ sult, the texts as given by WUnsch, Bechtel. Audollent and Steinleitner-3 may be considered by and large definitive. New suggestions on the basis of autopsy, at any rate, cannot be ex­ pected in view of the current deplorable state of the material. The texts have been often referred to in differem studies on dejUionrs. curse texts, confession texts and lhe like, but this by no means implies that all the riddles have been solved. In this paper I shall focus my anention on one panicular aspect. But before I can go into this it will be expedient to give a shor1 pic­ ture of the rather stereotyped contents of these 13 or ! 5 tablets.• lbe reason for their existence is that lhe au­ thors, who are always women. believe lhat they have bee n wronged by another person, known or unknown. The cases in point are theft, re­ fusal to return a deposit, slander. especially with respect to black magic or poison. The in­ jured person resorts to the deities of the local temple. She devotes or commends (itvath'hlJ.u or itvu:p6ro) the culprit to Demeter. Kore and the gods who are with them. Next, there are two possibilities: the culprit can redeem his/her error, for instance by returning the stolen object to the owner, after which the case is closed. Or he remains stubborn, in which case Demeter is requested to force the culprit to a public confes­ sion (tl;ayoprilov) and/or to restore the damage. In cases of slander, of course, mere confession suffices. By way of example let us read a part of Audollent no 2: "Artem1s devotes to Demeter and Kore and the gods with Demeter, all of them, the person who d1d not rerum the garments that I had lost. although I a.�ked them back May he. m his own person, bnng them up to Demeter. also 1f it is another one who ha> my possessions. �t.E�tpl]j.l.tvo� publicly confes�mg h1s deed (E�a-yopE"\}wv)."

The rest, though very tnteresting. is not rclc­ vam to my present tssue. Admittedly, in this

tablet the last two words (rt£7tPruU:vo� �alopciwv), are supplemented but these con­ jectures are irrefutable since they are supported by parallels in other formulaic phrases. Take for instance Audollent no 4, in which a person is accused of slander in the first two lines. Then we read (I\. 2 f.): "Let him go up to Demeter, u:JtPTlJJivo� with all his ilil01, publicly confess­ ing (i:l;ayopciwv) . . . ". Audollent no I, finally, is a conditional self-curse by the author of the tablet-she accepts the obligation to go up to the temple nrnpflJJiva and to confess her guilt. Only in this place the word for confessing is not a fonn of El;alopciw, but i:/;o1-1oMOOa, no doubt a mistake for i:/;ol-loA.oyoOOa. So we see that the fixed tenn for the divine pressure is u:JtPnJJivo�. which also recurs in other texts of thts series. Once, however, we find �eoA.a�6J.11:VOt instead of 1t0tPT11-1tvo� in the same place of the formula., In a few texts tt is added that the culprit may find the goddess un­ merciful or implacable (1-ll't nixot r\nA.citou �c4tatpo�). which is only in Audollent no I also circumscribed as j.l.E)'c:i.l..w; lkzacivou.; lkzaavt�61-ltva: "put to the test by great tor­ tures." So much is clear that the culprit must expe­ rience the action of the goddess as a kind of bodily pression or penalty, whatever may be the exact meaning of the vexed term rtrnpflJJivo�. which I deliberately have not translated so far. ln the strict sense of the word. the notton of 'penalty' is only present in those few texts where the gods are requtred to show themselves implacable. even after the repent­ ance of the sinner. In the majority of the texts. however, the dtvine interference is clearly in' WLin!>eh 1 897, pp. X-XII ff., B«hte1 1 899, no� 3536-3548. Audollent 1904. oo� t - 1 3: Stemle1tner 1 9 1 3 . nos 34--47 . A o;e1ection m: SylloRt ' nos 1 1 78-

1 1 80. There � some te:>�tual con_rectures in Kaga· row 1 929. 52 • The number depends on the editor's dec1s1on whether or not two fragment:. belong to one tablet In th1s paper I �hall follow the arrangement a:. pro­ posed by Audoltent ' In no 3 A: no 11 ha� the variant: TI)J.[Cil)p!a.; TV;tot and n6:Ja)av IOO ).aaw.

1 47 tended as a sort of pressure. or even a judicial torture, in order to force the culprit to confes­ sion and redress. As a result of their being 'dedicated' to the gods, the culprits have come into a provisional situation of 'tabu': they are conditionally cursed and in a way have come under the juris­ diction of the powers of the netherworld. In or­ der to escape contagion the author sometimes adds a sort of warranty. lbe curse must not hit the author of the tablet, not even if she might meet the cursed person, be in his company, eat, drink with him or be at the same table or under the same roof. All this. of course. can easily oc­ cur in a small community. especially if the ac­ cursed person is unknown. Next to this there is another recurrent element: the author excuses herself for having to resort to these unsympa­ thetic measures, but she ha.� no alternative: O..Shcru.J. at yap 4tmrotva t.ciJJ.a•q> (Audollent no 2), a formula with which we are well acquainted from other related texts and from secular petitions for justice.6 All this makes it abundanUy clear that these texts cannot be identified with the defixio proper but rather belong to a genre which. since Zingerle and Lane,7 is referred to as 'Heiliges Recht ' . Instead of magically cursing a person for sheer motives of hate, envy or competition. these texts appeal to divine justice in order to realize some retaliation. There are a number of interesting questions that force themselves upon us, some of which I have dealt with in Versnel 1 99 1 . In this paper I shall restrict my­ self to just one problem: what does rtrnpTJ)J.tvoF

1WI.rr Ziehen

Ahhrevialions Rivista difilologia t d' istruzione classica Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum W. Dittenberger, Sy/loge inscriprionum Graecarum. Jrd ed., Leipzig \ 9 1 524 See: LSAM. LSCG and LSS See: S/G-1 Tituli Asiae Minoris. 1 90 1 Tragicorum Graecorumfragmenta, ed. A. Nauck, 1 889! See: TGF Theo/ogisches WOrterhuch :um Neuen Ttstamrnr See: LGS

Indexes

I . General lndex

Acheron 1 4 1 Achilles 'baptism' of 1 5 2 Achilles Tatios 1 52 Agamemnon sceptre of, at Chaironeia 36 Aglais, daughter of Megak1es 86 Aglauros cult of 1 1 Agorakritos Nemesis by, at Rhamnous 1 1 9 Aias panoply of 36 Akragas theoxenia for lhe Dioskourm 36 Alexander the Great music played at wedding of 92 Alexis 77 Alkibiades 82 decree proposed by 48 Alkman Parthenia 1 1 6 A1pheios connected to spring of Arethusa 63 alphita 75

.,..,.,

ash altar 62 designed for a fire 37 of Boutes, in the Erechtheion 1 27 of Hephaistos, in the Erechlheion 1 27 of Poseidon-Erechlheus, in lhe Erechlheion 1 27 wilh inscriptions 68 Amarynlhos cult of Anemis 9 1 Amalhous "muzzling" spell from \ 40

excavations at 136 lead tablets from 1 3 1 - 1 3 5 selenite tablets from 1 35-143 Amorgos Aigiale 56 Amphiktyon 1 24 Amphipolis cull of lhe chlhonic hero Rhcsos 1 42 amphorae Knidian 75 Koan 75 Amyklai 8 1 , 82 Amy nos sanctuary of. at Alhens 26, 33 Anaktorion agreement of. wilh lhe Akamanian League

'"

Anastenarides, in Thrace 1 5 1 Andros theoria from, to Delphi 90, 92 animal sacrifice. su: ritual, animal sacnfice animals grazing on lhe pastures of a sanctuary 62 Antegenidas of Thebes, aulete 82 Antigonos of Karystos 63, 78 Antipatros, son of Breukos, from Eleuthema . organist 92 Antiphanes 75 Antisthenes 93 aphidruma 24, 30, 34 Aphrodisianos curse tablet wrinen against 1 32 Aphrodisios Epaphroditou Paianieu!>, hleraulete 85 Apollodoros 1 24, 1 27, 1 28 Apollonios Dios, aulcte 89 apometra 19

1 6()

Indexes

apomoira on Delos 72 apotropaic force 96 Archestratos 73, 74, 77 Archidamian war 32 Archippe group hydria of 5 1 archon basiltus 27, 46, 48, 49 eponymous 27 supervising festivals 14 Argeios fourth Pylhiad to Delphi 9 1 Argas sanctuary of Apollo Lykeios 6 1 Aristion on tablet from Amathous 143 Aristodamos, aulete 89 Ariston 46 Aristophanes 73, 74, 77, 93 Aristotle 83 on control of the city over religiou.o. activi­ ties 1 2 Arkesine sanciUary of Hera at 60 Artemidoros cun;e tablet wriuen on behalf of 1 3 2 Artemidoros Melasios, son o f Gaterana on tablet from Amathous 143 Artemidoros, son of Timo on tablet from Amathous 143 Artemis Ortheia tconography of I 02 Asklepios arrival of. in Athens 1 7. J R cult o f 1 7 , 1 8 cult of, a t Piraeus 68 cults of. in Athens 34, 54 depicted in paiming 26 depicted on relief 2 1 sanctuary of, i n Athens 1 7 , 1 8 statue o f 24, 26, 27 Athena Nike pnestess of 14 Athena Polias cult of, regulated by the demos 1 1 Athena Skiras deipna for 38 Athena10s. see: Index locorum Athenaios Aphrodisiou, hieraulete 84 Athenians as autochthonous 1 25. 1 30

Athenopolis Demetriou Lamptrcus. aulete 84, 90 Athens Acropolis, erechtheis thalassa 1 27 Agora 33 Agora, Tholos 46 Amyneion 33, 34 Anakeion 46, 48 Asklepieion 23 Dipylon Gate 62 Eleusinion 2 1 , 25, 28 Erechtheion 1 26, 1 27 mythical kings of 1 24 panoply of Aias 36 Pelargikon 28 Prylaneion 46, 47 sanctuary of Herakles on the llissos 6 1 Sophocles' house 27 Theatre of Dionysos, priest's throne 1 2 3 Attis festivals of 54 Aupert. Pierre 1 36 Bailey, Donaid 1 35 barley-groats 76 Base! collection of Herben Cahn, inv.no. 9 1 9 5 1 Bend is cult of 1 1 Berthiaume. G. 75 Boutes 1 25 priest of Poseidon-Erechtheus 1 24 Brauron arktoi, dress of 1 22 Bromias,aulete 88 Bruit, Louise 55 Bruneau, Philippe 73. 75. 77 bull of Zeus Sosipolis 42 with crescent horns, to Selene 69 burning, of offerings, see: ritual, bwning Cahn, Herbert 5 1 cakes as offerings 37 carried in procession 67, 69 depicted on stele 68 role of sacrificial cakes 69 calendars ed•ted by Nikomachos 1 9 from Attica 66 from Eleusis 4 1

Indexes from Erchia 66 from Kos 67, 69 from lhe Marathonian Tetnpolis 40, 66 from Thorikos 39-40 of a private cull association in Anica 69 Chairis. aulele 82. 93 Chaironeia sceptre of Agamemnon 36

ChaJkj,

festivals celebrated at 90 cheese 78 chickpeas 77 Chione, mother of Eumolpos 1 26 Chrysogenos, aulete 82 Chthonia, daughter of Erechlheus 126 Claudia Sileris, priestess of Artemis I l l statue of. at Messene 1 1 &-- 1 1 9 Clinton, Kevin 1 3 5 coins of Messene 1 02 of the Achaean League I 02 communion with gods and heroes 55 condiments 78 confession lext 149 consecration by deposition 56 by fire 56 Copenhagen Ny Carlsberg Glyptolhek, inv.no. 234 50 Corinth post-holes for tent pegs 62 lemple of Demeter and Kore at !54 corporations cult activities of, eranoi I 0 gene 1 0 koina o f orgwnLs I 0 cult defmition of 1 2 family cult. i n Thera 67 public 66 state cult 9 staleCendants of 42 pittakion technical term for oracle questions 1 49 plague at Athens 29, 32 Plato 74, 76, 77 Pluwchos 74, 78. 82 Dio 1 5 1 Polemon 48, ! 5 3 Pollux 68 Polos, citizen of Megalopolis 99 Po1ybios 98 Polygnota, choropsaltria 92 Polyklcito, aulete 87 popanon 69 monomphafon 68 Poseidon Helikonios Panionian cult of 66 Praxithea, wife of Erechtheus 1 26 Priene inscriptions from 66 priesthood sale of 66 Pritchett, W.K. 9 private cult of Aglauros. Pandrosos. and Kourotrophos 11

1 70

Indexes

Prokris at Thorikos 39 Prometheus 57 propeny owned by deities 1 5 prorrhesis 1 8 prothymata 30 Ps.-Aristotle 1 5 3 Ps.-Piuwch 9 3 . 1 29, 1 30 Life of Lycurgw 1 24 Pserimos archontic lists from 86 public cult definition of 1 1 of Aglauros and Pandrosos \ I punishment ftnes 60 purification 44 of ships 86 pylor01 of lhe Athenian Acropolis 85 Pythiads to Delphi from Athens 90 reclining at meals 5 1 , 52 reliefs depicting banqueting scenes 49-54 in Copenhagen 53 of Asklepios and Hygieia 33 of Demokratia, in the Athenian Agora 1 1 9 of terracotta, from Tarns 47 to Zeus Epiteleios Philios 50 "Totenmahlrelier· 53 Rhamnous statue of Nemesis, by Agorakritos 1 1 9 Rhodes lead tablet from 1 39 ritual agones at Delphi 42 musical, at Amarynthos 9 \ salpinx agones, at Euboia 87 salpim agones, at Olympia 87 animal sacrifice 35, 37, 54, 55. 65. 67, 69, 74, 98 bull of Zeus Sosipolis 42 meat 40 boiling of 56 for the cull personnel 37 raw, depostted on a table 56 splanchna 40, 53, 56. 76, 77 to be consumed in lhe sanctuary 55

trapewmata 40 sacrificial animals purchase of 1 3 sale o f hides from 1 3 wild animals 74 thusia 56 anoinunent 43 apotropaic 38 as pan of a cult 12 aspersion 43 Assyrian % bloodless offerings 37. 98 burning of animal pans 44, 56 of a ninth pan 43 of grains and cakes 37 of offerings. meat 53 daily sacrifices 90 dining 36, 45, 46, 5 1 , 53. 6 1 , 7 1 . 73 reclining 45 seated 45 food offerings 37 bread 37, 65 cakes 40, 53, 55, 65 cakes as additional offerings 67 fish-fry 42 fruit 53 honeycombs 68 vegetarian 56 for heroes 43 holocaust 57 initiation into mysteries 1 5 1 Mithraic 1 5 1 kathartic 38 libation 36. 39, 43, 65. 69, 87 of honey 43 of wine 38, 44 of purification 96 pannychis as feature of Asklepian culls 28 at the Epidauria 27. 28 for Asklepios in Athens 54 prayer as pan of a cult 1 2 ordered by the demos 1 3 processtons at Anemisia at Amarynlhos 9 1 at the Epidauria 27 at Kenchreai 88 depicted on the Panhenon frieze 92 from Sparta to Amyklai 8 1 , 82

Indexes i n Kos 69 in Magnesia on the Maiandros 93 in the cull of Artemis Ortheia al Mess­ ene 1 22 of la.kchos 30 of Skira 1 28 lo the heroes' Iomb at Plataia 86 publicly-financed 1 2 regulation o f 1 3 sacrifice 39 as part of a cult 1 2 o n behalf o f the state 1 5 publicly-financed 1 2 regulation o f 1 3 symposion 73 theoria 9 1 from Andros t o Delphi 90 , 92 Pythiad from Athens to Delphi 90 thl'O:unia 35-57 thusia 35, 37 torch race in the cult of Artem1s Orthe1a at Mess­ ene 1 22 .roanophoria at Messene 122 ritual equipment incense-burners 43 ritual furniture 50 couches (klinai) 39, 42, 46, 49, 5 1 offering table, at Messene I l l seats (thronoi) 39, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54 tables (trape::ai) 39-40, 42, 46, 50, 52 treasury box, at Messene I l l , 1 1 3 ritual prescriptions, concerning: access to a sanctuary 99 animal sacrifice 69 cleaning of the altar 62 cleaning the intestines of the sacrificial animals 63 cooking and baking 60 disposal of the kopros 62 distribution of meat 66 dress 98 every-day life in a sanctuary 64 holocaust 66 making of fire 60, 63 offering of cakes 69 ouk ekphora 55 sacred menus 7 1 sacrifical cakes 67 wine 66 Robert, Louis I 36

171

Rome introduction of Asklepios at 24 Rotroff, Susan 50 sacred laws concerning cakes and breads 66 from Gonyn 86 from Keos 73, 75, 77 from Lykosoura 97-99 from Paros 64 from Piraeus 68 from Priene 66, 67 from Tegea 62--64 from Thasos 62 Samos Sanctuary of Hera 6 1 Sanctuary o f Hera, as h altar at 62 Samothrace dining room 46 sanctuaries as large-scale industries b4 boundaries of 1 4 Delion a t Marnthon 4 8 E1eusinion a t Athens 2 1 financing of consuuction work i n 1 5 Herak.leion a t Kynosarges 4 8 Herakleion a t Marnthon 4 8 o f Amynos and Asklepios, at Athens 26, 33 of Aphaia, on Aigina 4 9 o f Apollo, a t Actium 88 of Anemis Brauronia 1 1 6 of Artemis Koloene 95 of Artemis Ortheia, at Messene 1 0 1 . 1 02 of Athena, at Lindos 92 of Demeter and Kore. at Phaleron 30 of Demeter, at Knidos I 32 of Dexion, at Athens 26 of Herakles, at Eleusis 3 1 o f Poscidon, a t Tainaron 89 of Zeus Zoster, at Vouliagmeni 52 rules of behaviour in 59 storerooms of priestesses and ::akorui 61 Strategion 50 Sardis 95 puppy burials 38 Satyros of Samos, aulete 92 Schlaifer, Robert 1 1 , 48---49 selenite inscribed tablel� made of 1 36 Seleukos 1 1 or 11 76 Selinous 45 Sikyon introduction of Asklepios at 24

1 72

Indexes

silenoi playing the aufvi 86 Simaitha in Theokritos 148 skene (tent) 61 skins of sacrificial animals 6 1 . 92 Skira etymology of 1 2 8 Skiros founder of Salarnis 1 29 soothsayer 1 29 snake from Epidauros 23 sacred, of Asklepios 24 Sogenes Siphnios. ship aulete 90 Sokrates 64 Solon law of 47 Sophokles 24. 3 1 , 34 Amigone 1 50 Oedipus at Colonus 1 28 reception of, for Asklepios 25 Sosigenes, citizen of Megalopolis 99 Spma cult of Ortheia 1 1 6 xoanon of Anemis Ortheia I22 spodos, 'ashes of an altar' 62 state archives documents concerning rehg1ous maller� 14 state control of public religious behaviour l l - 1 3 state cult 1 1 definition of 9 statues cult statue 5 1 , 52 carried in procession IN given a crown 42 of Artemis Ortheia, at Messene 102. 1 06, 122 of Artemis Phosphoros I l l , I 1 2 recipient of sp/anchna 40 of Artemis Bendis. in Anica 1 06 o f Anemi.