Ancient Greek: A structural programme, vol 2 [Revised] 0773501967, 9780773501966

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ANCIENT GREEK A STRUCTURAL PROGRAMME VOLUME TWO

z.. y: ..,.

,n~

. . . .as i p w d p l . 2 . . . . 8s ipwr+. 3. . . . . Bs hpSa. 4. . . . . scpya.. .. 5. . . . . a +ma. 6. . . . .Bs 6t6@a - . . . 7. , . . .Ss ~ a A e i . 8. . , , . 6s m h r ~ n . 9. . . . -8s h e w . . . .,8s LpG . . . . 10. . . . .6s rrpoayopd~t... . 11. . . . . 6s otu LmoAH .. . . 12 . .. . o? kyyaocmv. 13. . . . .o i uaoupyoGmv. 14. . . . .o i ororre . . . . L

e

0s

.~2 7

,.L

:.$3 ,

.;&. ~~. ... .. ~.*

r

I

I B~rvat b-Eva1 > E T V ~ I , See also 14C4.

21C3:

The aorist is sometimes described a s a "tense". In fact it is, like the progressive, an aspect of the verb. The general scheme of the verb may now be further rounded out to include the aorist aspect: r

ASPECT

MOOD

STATE

VOICE

PROGRESSIVE

ASSERTIVE

INDICATIVE

ACTIVE

TENSE PAST

PARTICIPLE MIDDLE PRESENT

AORIST

FUTURE

SUBJUNCTIVE

INFINITIVE

OPTATIVE

IMPERATIVE

PASSIVE

In addition to learning the present and future progressive forms, you will now make a point of learning the aorist with every new verb. 21C4: r v y x b s c

+

participle.

Certain verbs in Greek occur regularly with a participle where the nearest corresponding English usage would lead one to expect an infinitive. One of the most common of these is ~vy)(&va chances, happens; e.g., ~vy)(hvet 6 1 h w v he chances to pursue (= S I ~ K E I )See . Drill P7.

-

21C5: ratkep

+

-

participle.

~ a i s n pis also followed by a participle (NOT an indicative a s in English): e.g.,

- he is afraid although he is wise. &wjh&v airr re^ x ~ ~ p i j v bo ?v r q - he went off although it was winter.

popisat ~ a i r r ~ p$ 5 i)v

21C6:

The following verbs form their aorist assertive indicative active like this:

3

E VWV

yvos EyVo {YV~TOV

EJVWTqV EyvWwv YVWTE

Eyvouav

210.

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS

21D1: Euthyphro and Socrates discuss the charge being laid by Meletus. (See 3A1, 6A1,6D1, 12D1, 15D1,18D1.) tRKPATH1.

-

b MEhrlr05 i'pxrra~ ~ a ~ q y o p i l a w v

a a n l y o p ~ i accuse, denounce

vow ijurrrp r p b S cnl~dpar r p b ~~ j v n6h1v.

-

i make innovations uou rrrpi T& &ia yp+sat

~ a h q Tv

~ V

ypapjv, mi i ) ~ 61aPahGv 64 i'pxr~at ris

mi

T& ~ I ~ T ~ P I O V . ZvoC

hav

TI

y$

GIU~&EI

- slander

TOI,

hE'yo Ev rrj ZaKhqui? rrrpi TBV

&iwv, rrpoAEpv aimok

T&

&ho~~a,

K C T T U ~ E ~ ~ U IiV) ~ ~atvo~vou.

-- Plato, Euthyphro.

EPKPATHI.

~ a G ~ soivuv qv pa airrjv SiSmrs ~ j iSa%v v T ~ TTOTC S EUTIV, i'va ais Eeivqv h r o P h h w v ~ ax ip h p ~ v o ~ a h i j napaSaiyprn~,'A G v 6v

TOLOGTOV

6 &v Gv ii uoG 9 M h q 715

L

r r p m ~ gq i j ' w ~ o vaival, o" S' Civ $l ro~oirrov,u j qB.

-- Plato, Euthyphro. 1.

Ti

b ,&K~&TI]s

T@

E % ~ V P O V I&hll)i?eGs6l~MkLkT0;

2. r i meyav b EiIBGqpwv m p i TBV&iwv

TE

3. rroiav IGEav E~OGAETOb E w q h ~ q bptiv; s

4. i'wa ~i qeak S16iXO~auea1 T 5. ais T i ~ ~ O ~ ~ E ' T I{p~hhav; EIV

~ V iSc'z~;

~ ajlVomiwv; i

21D3: The argument shows signs of going in circles. ZQKPATE.

O ~ J K aid&vq571

r&&v

b A&yq ilp7v cis

~ ~ K E uvqpo&q I;

31 ~ t TE ) ~

y&p ~ o u

aidQnaa

- perceive, understand

ii~e- has come

~ aTAi &oqtA~'5 06

I O V

rairrbv fipiv p a i v ~ ~ a&Ah' t hapa hhhjhwv.

06 M V ~ ~ O Y E ~ E I S ;

- Plato, Euthyphro.

, :' !" ';

~

.

.

~

2

3 ' . .r. '~ U UI

&

21D4: Socrates praises the skill of the dancer and of the dancing-master. (See 1 2 ~ 2 . )

7 ;

x.',. ':s

-. ~

IRKPATE. Zwp&', bs

K*

< b > *a75 b v S w q

oLv TOTS qfipautv

;TI

mhhfwv

~ a i v e s a; ti Srav jwXi& ixq;

I R K P A T E . vai

~' :&>+z: . . . ~,. .. '. ' .: r

: ,;...,,Eq l

~

?,C.

-

2.q

oliv with ~b vfilra form, shape, figure j +wxiE rest; quiet

.,

.,

--

5.

& ~ b Aia' v 0 6 6 ; ~yhp b y b v TOG

. -.

.,

9 , '

. ~,...

.

u & u a ~ qav -rq bpx+et j v , &M'Eva

~

-

: ,.S, '"P

~ ar pi k q h q ~ au id h q ~ aX iE ~ E S

!$

.. .',!;t ~~3

t y v p v ~ o v r o ,6 m ~ xp;I p bpxak6a1 ~ b v EGqopo~

- capable of graceful movement ,z! ,,

,

21D5: What do you pride yourself on, Hennogenes? (See 9A2, 20D3). NIKHPATOZ. 2b 6E S:,

ZI ' E ~ I I ~ ~ E Wh Si ,s i v ~

p & h ~&y&hh~; ~a EPMOENE. Eni pihov dr(u~ijmi Suvfiwt, ~ a i 'ht roloirrot

6vrs5 {poir E.rrl&hovrat.

EPMOENE. ob pf)ov:ao.

-- Xenophon, Symposium. 1. SCa sf kni pihots ir/(rhhssal 6 'EppoyE'vq; 2. s i v q Sqhiwsl b 'Eppo$qs;

21E. 21Ea:

COMPOSITION

Original English NOMOS-PHYSIS IV (concluded)

LYCO.

So i t is no wonder that today everybody goes around uttering the phrase of the comic poet1 "indulge your natural bent" and what follows "consider nothing shameful': even if this means thinking nothing of the laws.

SOCRATES.

Furthermore many of the features of legal justice are at variance with nature. Men in the natural course have sexual intercourse with women, yet the laws of many states, if not all, do not allow them to associate with two or more women a t the same time. Yet in the animal kingdom horses, oxen, dogs and s o forth enjoy bodily satisfaction promiscuously. So men for whom novelty has an appeal have recourse to the claims of nature, s o a s to overturn the established values.

LYCO.

They ought also to consider the Greeks as in no way different from barbarians, if they were self-consistent in their thinking, and women a s in every respect equivalent to men. They ought even to agree with the philosopher Archelaus that "nobleg'and "baser'are s o only by convention, and not by nature.

SOCRATES.

One who followed the rigorous logic of the argument would assent to this. But the matter i s not s o simple, Lyco, in point of fact.

Recast of English

21Eb: LYCO.

Therefore (it is) no wonder if all (men) go-around uttering the (thing) of-the comic-poet, (to the effect) that "use (2nd sing. imperative) (your) nature" and the following (thing) "consider nothing shameful", even if it-is-necessary (for them) thus to-think nothing of-the laws.

SOCRATES.

And also of-the just (things) in-accordance-with the laws many (things) are hostile to-the nature. For the men are-mixed-together-with the women according-to nature, but the laws of-many cities or rather of-almost all1 (do) not allow them (masc.) to-be-together with two or more women at-the-same-time.

But horses and oxen and

dogs and other such (things) gratify the(ir) bodies in-whatsoever-way (it) mayshance. So the men who approve the new-fangled (things) flee to the (things) of-nature, a s being-about-to-overturn the established (things). Note: 1

The KG31~+8orro~bs is Aristophanes; the quotation is from Clouds 1078.

rhey ought also, if (they are) not a b u t to-say (things) contrary to-themselves, to-consider the Hellenes (to he) in-nothing different from-the barbarians (oi p&ppapo~) and women to-be equal-balancing to-the men in-regard-to all (things), and to-agree with-the Archelaos the philosopher

thal both the noble (thing) and the base (thing)

are (so) bysonvention, but not by-nature. SOCRATES.

The (man) following the argument wherever it-leads would concede this. But inactuality, o Lyco, the matter is (= has) not simply (adverb).

Notes: 1

2

Suggest for almost all you use "of-all (fern.) so-as to-speak a-word (firo~)'! This phrase is only used to qualify an over-statement, a s here; it i s not a means of apologizing for the V serve. introduction of a metaphor; for this & E ~ W E ~will A~chelauswas one of Socrates' teachers and was the first to draw the distinction between and vbpos. On him, see Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory, pp. 61, 99, n.1 (reprint of 1964). QWLS

21F. V O C A B U L A R Y 21F1: NEW W O R D LIST

*

" ~ 1 0 s

(Ti$

-

&u~@i@)[noun]

61@MAs1 (61apdrhho) [verb 1

-

-

l p 6 ~ 1(ZpSo) [verb]

-

complete; even

impiety

throw over/across; slander

- find out, discover

~wpioum(E@upiu~co) [verb]

*

(deponent) perceive, understand

( & p ~ i &&PTIOV) [adjective]

fi & b ~ a

*

-

a i d b e r m (aiue&vopal) [verb 1

do (poetic)

-

d p p o r (-ov) [adjective]

easy to bear; capable of graceful movement

* iius~ ( ~ K W[verb] ) - has come, be present * 4 fiwxiZ (+,s ipvXi@) [noun] - rest; quiet i o u m d i i ( - k ) [adjective] - with equal legs; that can be divided into two equal parts * umvmovb ( u a ~ v o r o ~ &[verbl ) - cut fresh into; begin (something) new; make innovations uclravori ( m a y o & ) [verb] - understand; p r e e i v e * u q y o p r i ( ~ y o p i j )[verbl - speak against, accuse, denounce p a k t 0 5 ( p a ~ a ~ l kpawip~ov) [adjective] pqu6r1 [adverb]

-

no more, no longer, no further (cf.

vauei (YEIK~S) [verbl vGv64 [adverb I

rmp9

(-4 - 6v)

d v [prepositionl

-

30F.l

quarrel, wrangle with

-

try; (middle) try (middle is more frequent)

[adjective]

-

-

uneven, unewal; odd

(with dative only) with

wwalvn (uuvs~ivw) [verb]

*

O~IKE'TI Unit

now, even now; just now (stronger form of vGv)

( n ~ 1 p 3 ) [verb]

mcahp6~

*

-

- blessed, happy

-

strain; exert

r b M p a (TOG q ( p m q ) [noun] qunirc~ ( T W E ~ W[verb ) 1

-

- form, shape, figure; character

plant; beget; cause

21F2: RELATED WORDS

mrorpa~~ur~

21F3: N)IOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

-

i p u X i 6~y ~ r v l q ~ r v keep quiet, be at rest, keep silent

E,

~PK$IE

-

my good/dear sir

DERIVATIVES

Plate 21: Portrait of Demosthenes (384 322 B.C. )

-

Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek, Copenhagen, LN. 2782 Height 2.02 m.

The most famous of Athenian or Greek orators was Demosthenes, who lived in the century after Socrates, and whose eloquence shaped much of Athens' policy during the troubled period which culminated in the Macedonian take-over of most of Greece. Many portraits of him have survived, this being perhaps the best preserved. It is probable that many of the extant portraits, including this one, are Roman copies of a bronze statue originally created by Polyeuktos, c. 280 B.C.

UNIT

TWENTY-TWO

22A. BASIC DIALOGUE 22A1:

The guilty party must be prosecuted a t all costs.

SOCRATES.

Is the person who was killed by your father one of your family? but of course he was, for you would not be bringing a charge of murder against him for the sake of a stranger.

IBKPATHI. &TIW68 8: ~ t j oiwzbv v TI^ b

EYOY(DPQN. EUTHYPHRO. It is ridiculous, Socrates that you think it makes any difference whether the person killed was a stranger or a relative, but do not think that one should consider this only: whether the man who killed killed justly or not, and if justly, then one ought to let him alone, and if unjustly, one ought to bring the charge, even if the murderer share our house and table; for the p o l h o n is equal, if you associate with such a man knowingly and do not purify yourself and him by bringing a charge in law.

r d v ~ i r yim& TOG uoir n m p k ; , Sj h a Sri; ob yhp hv no? h ~ p YE hhhorpfou Bn~Queapovou airrp. yrhoibv, 6 Ehqxms, TI O%I S I ~ ~ E PE?TE EIY MAOTPIOS E~TE oizeios b T&VL&S,&MS ob TOGTO pbvov S ~ i v~ U ~ ~ T T E IEV~ ,T EEv, Sir E K I E I ~ W6 KTE~Y$ E ~ T Epq, mi ~i Pv I % t i i ~ nEEv, , ~i S; llr), & ~ $ ~ Q v ulamrep l, &m~iy3 w v m ~ t ba01 j ~ abip o ~ p y r ~ ( o s j;iuov ybp ~b piauwa yylyve~al, Eav o v * ~ T@ T O I O ~ ~ ~ , ~ V E I B ~ S ~ a~4 i ;IOUI?~S wawpv re K a t idwow ~i S I KLTTE~IWY. ~ TI

- Plato, Euthyphro.

22A2: What ought we t o do to escape prosecution? (See 4D1, 10A1, 10D1, 18D2).

.:- L - ~ Z ..-i

will s a y i am wrong. NOW then, if you who are well versed in such matters feel the same way about these things, why it i s necessary, s o it seems, for people like m e t o give way too. Well now, what shall we say, we who ourselves admit that we know

EUTHYPHRO.

Yes. and even more amazinz

EYOYOPQN.

mi

ye

~ o h o 0v a u p w 1 & ~ ~ p a ,

3

KAAAIAZ.

&Ah&u i ~a&, & N~ICI~PLTTE, Err; rroipr Ewiur{wq L I E F ppov€%i

No, by Zeus, I certainly don't

NIKHPATOI.

06 w& rbv Ai', oC~ouvfwo~ye

No, for it i s clear that they do not understand the underlying meaning. But you have given a lot of money to Stesimbrotus and Anaximander and many others, s o that none of the many things worth knowing has escaped your knowledge.

IRKPATHI.

Sjhov y&p ST, T& b w o v o i ~ ~ OGK E w ~ o ~ a v ~ aubl . SEl

And now you Niceratus, tell us, what kind of knowledge do you pride yourself on?

the poems of Homer; even now I could recite the whole Iliad and Odyssey by heart.

also know these poems? NICERATUS.

And how could it escape my notice, when I listen to them nearly every day? more stupid than rhapsodes?

NICERATUS.

- Xenophon, Sympasium.

22B. DRILLS

M:

MIMICRY DRILLS

MI:

Purpose: To drill person-subject endings of the present perfective (assertive) indicative active. '

Directions: First mimic, then expand the recorded utterance a s follows:

- I have made (it) stop.

Recording: rr&raw~a. Reply:

nkcnr~a.

Recording: iyi, Reply:

iyb ~~TtalJKa.

1.

Plural

Dual

Singular

rrErrailKa~~~~.

rrkaw~a.

iyi, 2.

-

+is

7.

rr~rraw~as.

rnrrair~crr~.

The personal endings are nearly all the same a s those of the 1st aorist forms drilled in Mla of Unit 21. Problems: a:

Which ending is different from that of the 1st aorist form?

p',

Where did you first meet it?

y:

What new elements in the forms above are associated with a new element of meaning?

6'.

This form of the verb introduces a new base signalling that, a t the time of speaking, action. the action has been carried to completion. In short, it signals

E

:

-

The name given to this base comes from Latin, where a thing carried through to completion i s called perfectum (English, perfect). Hence this i s known a s the perfective aspect of the verb. base, and signals the

-

S:

Like the aorist base, it signals not a tense, but an

5:

The tense you have just drilled signals completed or perfected action, viewed from the present. It i s therefore called the perfective.

-

a: 3rd person plural -: un

@:

In the present progressive (assertive) indicative active.

y'. The reduplicated first consonant followed by 6

: completed.

E',

perfective or completive.

5.'

aspect.

5'.

present.

t

I, plus

K

before the theme-vowel a / ~ .

indicative active. M2a: Directions: Drill each exchange on the model:

Recording: ob rrmiw. iSq y$ r r j l l a u ~ a . Repeat in full.

I'm not stopping (it), for I've already stopped it. rrlrrau~a. Repeat:

-

&&

rrhauw.

Expand: 6$ TIErrauKa.

1. ob r r w w , *q y+p rrClTwna.

rr&mauua.

2. ob Si'6w$, F@qy&p SE$wuq.

!$:,:, &,;y .ye.' $",: :.

$1:.

S&WK~$.

!'

L+-

-

f

,. ~

,

6%-

:. L.

?$>: ,',

:tf-2 . :>?.

-

3. ob rro~si, iSq y&p rrenoi'quev. .

rr~rroiq~~v.

?),$

4. ob SIK&@TOV,

i6q y&p 6 ~ 6 1 ~ k m o v . 6 6 ~K&Kc~~ov.

T E ~ ~ T O V .

ah&

v q

-

6. 06 qpovoOwv, fiSq ybp n q p o v r j r ~ v . ~ E ~ ~ o ~ K u w v .

iwis isr, 7. oir

-

X ~ ~ ~ Efi6q V ,

y&p

K E ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ E V .

qOXPf~aW~.

i w is

isll Compare

8. oir apfvoprv, w q y+ w ~ p i v a ~ v .

'

, . ,..%

..C .

. .

.

.A

. ' L i f

.

~ ~

. L

2 ,8

.i?,

ij.! f * ..

.,,$

. -. . ! : ; :

-

.8.?&

.,., -r , ' 5:

8

'1 ,.$

;'K.?=

,L

',,'k% ... . .,...>" .: .$$ -....:; ,. :;>.a,:-,

,%

..

,

.':.

.,. ' %%..A , .,!&S

,.

i

..~

..

formation of bases for the

4.

1

a

n

d aspects.

. i-, (or, a signal of the same shape a s the pest-time marker).

la: aorist, perfective.

.

-

M2b:

Purpose: To drill a further type of stem formation for the present perfective active (the so-called 2nd perfect). Directions: Drill each exchange on the model: Recording: p'ypqa. Reply:

F'YP.(~

Recording: o 6 d ~ (30) 1 yp$w, (6q y&p Reply:

o6&1 yp@w, 46q yhp yiypa'pa.

I am no longer writing, for I have already written. 1. Y&P.(. O ~ ~ yp$w, T I

2.

667, yhp

-

;IPXW. o6ldr1 hpxr15, 467, y$

3. rrillolrp€(v).

O C ~ T TIE'WTEI, I $67, yhP 4. &'ppips(v).

06dTl ~)~TITEI, 467, Yhp 5.

or

-

6x4~). ;rhoxr(v).

6. SESI&XPIOV. O~&I

S I ~ K E T OGSq V , yhp

1

7. WmpqWEV. 1

o 6 d ~ TpaTTouEv, 1 i 6 q yhp

8. r r r p u h & q ~ ~ ~ . O ~ & TcpuA&~op~v, I

y&p

9. 6~616&a~s. oirld~tS I ~ ~ ~i 6Tq Y$E ,

10. 6~6rixh1(v). 0616~1~

E I K V ~ ~ +q I V , yap

11. PpA&a~e.

O C ~ T ~GTETE, I 5617 y&p 12. .rrm6&&11(v). o 6 e ' ~ tnckqow~v,iSq y&p

N.B. The forms above, without the a base, are the so-called "second perfect" forms. Since the bases display less predictable change in shape than those of the "first perfect" (with a), you should repeat this drill until the forms are thoroughly familiar.

1p:

a

~y'. post-aspirated or aspirated ( cf. Unit 1A. lb, 3c. end).

The drills are intended to present a cross-section of the more typical or frequently met forms. Learn those in 2c (below) thoroughly. 2d may be deferred until later if desired. M2c:

Directions:

Drill the following on the pattern: Reply: ODK &ihuBa.

Recording: ODK CAhhvBa.

I haven't gone. Recording: o k a vijv $xopal, Reply:

o6rr n&rro~e-

o h a vSv ipxopa~,o h n r r b n o ~ Eh;lhvBa. ' I'm not going now, and I haven't ever gone.

O ~ T Evijv

+xopat, o k n

H~TOT'

5. OD TE~E~IC(FIE.

o k n vSv T ~ & T E05Ta , TT&~TOTE

6. ODK hv8eorj~Eu1v, o k a vGv ixv9\rr&lv, o k H~~ T O T '

7. OGK EmohilX~u~v. o k a vCv hrrbhh~a~v, oitre ~ b r r o r ' 01,

0th

Em61wkv.

o k a VSVh b A A ~ l v o, h s srhrror' 8.

(transitive)

O ~ ~KO I U E V

TO^^.

V ~ O V ~ K

~0hy.

9. ODK 0T8a T O ~ ~ O .

OGK

W ~ W

TO,.: . 1

1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

.:

;' .,

verraiS~u~~v.

7.

-&rroh&hk~u.

,

-

-

-. - i - . .,

Cover this column

,

2.

w

3. fipeis

-n~q$vmov. -EIA+~(TTE. &ova.

.~.... ..

1. 06705

-sl8vKar. - rrqph~crpu.

6.

,:..,, -..

4. o+ or

5. &is

.: .

:

~. . ...

6. &&

7. 0 6 ~ 0 1

TO~TU

R2: Purpose: To drill recognition of past perfective assertive indicative active endings. Directions: Expand each form with the appropriate subject pronoun, a s above. Cover this column 1. iu;

2. i w i i 3. roriro

4. Gwir

5. oirror 6. oil

7. OGTOI 8. a+

9. ocror 10. w 11.

firis

12. iyi, 13.

bpis

14.

O~TOI

Directions: Repeat the verb given by the recording, prefixing it with v k if the verb i s present perfective, T ~ T Eif past perfective: e.g., Recording:

&$~i~Bet E ~ sS j v

TT~~IV.

he had gone into the city. Reply:

r h @,+;&I

EISs j v v6htv.

At that time he had gone into the city. Cover this column 1.

2. 3.

-&qAC&t €is s j v rr6htv. -%p61(~ TT~VT~.

~ T € ~ V ; I K E U ' N bTT& TOG P:)'OU~.

1.

T~TE

2. viiv 3. rdrr

4. d v 5. viiv

6.

s&e

7. d v

8.

T~TE

9.

r h e

10. viiv

11.

iuov r b p b w a $y~y6v~t.

12.

hvvBwrjmse tv

13.

sa9vilmov imb so5 005 n a p & .

13. VCV

14.

luglhq~aQKE~VOUSs o h brv6pas.

14. viiv

15.

O ~ fK@ h ; l ) ~ l ~

15.

T~TE

16.

l ~ e m f i i m o jvp k sois Abyots uou.

16.

T~TE

S ~ E ~ ~ ATOSS ; ~ Kqihovg. EI

17.

T~TE

17.

T@

TToA~~.

E I H E ~jpiv. V

-

11.

vise

12. r & e

. .

R4:

,

Purpose: To drill the contrast between the progressive and perfective infinitive active. Directions: Where the infinitive is perfective,,expand the statement with j6q where it is progressive, with G v i - "at this moment": e.g.,

- "already':

. . . . . ii6tqdvm.

Recording: 05 q q p ~ Reply:

oG q q v ~j6q fi6~uq&at.

I deny having already done wrong. or Recording: 06 qqpt

... atniv.

05 qqvt VGV? S t n i v . I deny that I am doing wrong right now. Cover this column

1. 06 q q p ~ 2. 05 qqpl

. . . . fi61uqkvcn. . . ..

1. .+rl

&~IKE~v.

. . . . 6 n v e a p ~ h a~l o b v

- Plato, Euthyphro.

..

,-.@

.,.f . .) c

,

.,

a,?.!!

,

-4

, .?.,

. ?

8.

:e T+'

,.;,

- .. . L I f'

"..>, .??-

.,::IT

d-..

.

,r,-:

. :\.2,-

';;~i 5

..
pthqeqva~

>

ypaqqvat

26C4: Aorist (Assertive) Participle Passive

The aorist participle passive is formed with the suffix - v r preceded by the passive signal in the form &, a (See 26C2 above), and the appropriate case endings: e.g.,

&-eL\lt-s

> &xe~i's

y p q L \\-oa

>

Epw-rq-e+v\ etc.

> $po.rrl8&

For fuller listing of fonns see the Paradigms.

*

As in 25C3. See footnote 1.

ypa~eiaa

260. 26D1:

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS

Socrates and Euthyphro discuss the indictment being brought by Meletus. (See 2A1, 3A1. 5D1, 6A1, 12D1, 15D1, 21D1.)

EYQYaPQN.

MA&d v a ypa&

ZRKPATHZ. ijvs~va; O T& y&p viov

us Cyp$sso i, M ~ T O S ;

~ &y~vvij, K Epoty~SOKEY

6 v ~ TWOCTOV a npEypa

lyvwldvat oG ~aiihbvEUTIY.

EKE~VOS

-

slight; mean

~a3hos

y&p, ijS cpqutv, O ~ S~E i v ~pbrrov a oi

rrpeop6r~pq

ai'r~os

-

older

- responsible (for) -

r b E ~ K ~ S probability mppat'va happen; result

-

EYBYQPRN.

pouhoivqv 6v, i; X ~ K ~ ~ T&Us ES,

-

b p p 6 ~ i feat

-- Plato, Euthyphro. 1. ris v i q Emiv; 2. ri O%EV6 vEq;

3. hp'6 vEq &AqeGs u ~ i ~yT

I V ;

4. 6th r i l p x ~ r a 6t d o ? r r p k r j v rr6h1v; 5. 7va ri ~ 6.

E

T ~ U bwok I

T

6 v~ i qI rrpbs r j v rrbhlvi

Cmlv irr6h15;

7. &a TI' TGV viwv Err~)~~hEiral; 8. r r k 6 Mhqrrirq &yaOGv air105 ~ 9. ri poirhotro Bv 6 EG6;qpwv; 10. ri qo(jEira1 E) EiIO$P~~; 11.

iis & 6 1 q w u ~ r a 1 ;

12. r i v a &on& t w r ~ v ;

E ~ ~ U E T ~ I ;

26D2: Euthyphro describes his lawsuit. (See 2A1, 5D1, 6A1, 12D2, 20D1.1 IRKPATHI.

€unv 6E 6 j ooi,

L E6Bhpwv, ris fi

6 i q ; qdyais a h j v 3 ~ I ~ K E I S ; EYQYOWN.

SI~KW.

IRKPATHI.

~iva;

EYBYOPRN.

Sv S I ~ K Wa6 V 60Kij p a i v ~ 8 a l .

IRKPATHI.

T!

EYQYOPQN.

6 Ep6s rrcrrip.

IRKPATHI.

6 ok, E) ~E%TIUTE;

EYQYOPRN.

~ h v ud v o h .

EYQYOPQN.

96vou,

IRKPATHI.

'H~&&~S.

6;;

T T E T ~ ~ E VTlva ~V

61h~~1s;

6 Ihiymes.

iHOU,

E) E666qp~v,

& y v o ~ i i a6l ~ ~6i i rrohhiiv v b q TOTE S p 8 3 E'EI. ~ 06 yhp o k a i ye TOG ~ T I T V X ~ V[T6 ~p 8 ~ 3 ~ 1a

6 ~ rrpbcal b

&Ah&&ppo rrou i S q o q h s 8Ia6vovrq.

-...,

EYBY@PQN. rrdppw

V ~ U T O Ivil

'.

Aia, & X & q x z ~ e ~ .

- Plato, Euthypluo.

26D3: Antisthenes prides himself on wealth, which he does not have. (See 9D3.) ZRKPATHZ.

TI'

y$ oh, Err? ~ I ' v &a t qpovaR,

& 'AYT~U~EVES; ANTIZOENHZ. h i rrhohc$ b d v S t 'Epwoylqs

~f nohb aiq afire

&+TO

&pyhp~ov.b SE &&NOUS~ q 6 E6poh6v.

hvsipa~at

- question, inquire of

&611viju1

-

iyxovfmm

-

deny on oath

ANTIZOENHZ. rows gv Airroh6~yr o h ?

imv+ ZRKPATHZ.

L Eyxovtoadm.

&~ouar~'ov 8v

sprinkle sand over oneself

~ aCOG. i

-- Xenophon, Symposium. 1. n b o v &pyhptov

2. rrlwqv yijv; 3.

rrohh;lv yijv ixai;

b 'Av-r~oBlvqs;

26D4: Callias describes his metnou or making men more just. (see 4A2,10D3, 14D2, 17D3.)

KAAAIAZ.

& ~ 0 6 o t sbL ' lpoC wpijrov. ty&y&p

ZV T+ X P ~ V Y4 6

~ &KO&W 6 ~

&wopo6v~wv ri TI) Simtov, lv r o h y S~mto-i$ou~ TO^

KAAAIAZ.

.. .

&V~P&HOUS ilorij.

StSoh5 4 A? $ Y 6 p ~ ~ v .

~ a or AVT~U~!VI~S jllauaor$ &a

+KTIK~

ah&

~ p r r o -

ANTIZQENHZ. ~ & m t m a h E ~ Sr b puhhvrtov 6tSoCs &py6ptov T& yi&& 61mtos~'pti~ worsg;

KAAAIAZ.

y&hrma.

- (intransitive) rise (tospeak) & K T I K &- ~critically A ~ i p n m- ask again

haviqat

'

KAAAIAZ.

~989'.',

.

~

.

871 6th T& ~ i 6 i v a h 15 f m l v bvov w p t & ~ ~ v oT&t km-+al

--

rrpimm buy k m n j 6 ~ 1 0 ~ necessary

~owtv

OGK teEChowat K ~ U O W ~ ~ O G V T E S KIV~OV&EIV.

-- Xenophon, Sympasium. 1. ~i S~iE~aa~ vo~ v~iv; 2. 6th s i & K O V U TE ~u ~~i v6 Kahht8s; 3. T ~ So i ~ V ~ P O T I O I~ 4. ~ i v &'a~XEI

I K ~ ~ ~ T vEo~l o O ~ I

~~al;

& 'AvsruBEvqs;

5. &pa T& 6 i ~ a t o vEv T@ pahavricp t u ~ i v ; 6. &v Ssirvwv~atT& l v t ~ i s e t avpiaaOat,

T'I

06

TTOIO%IV

o i &vBpwvot;

26E. COMPOSITION

-

SOCRATES.

The rich are sparing in tasting of the joys of moral indignation and in dwelling aloud on the details of illness, and s o they throw away the conversational opening that is given them by the wonderfully large number of operations they undergo. But you say they do not feast riotously. Why should you speak of an abundance of operations? Because the rich are commonly nervous about themselves, whether a s enjoying life or fearing what may come to them when i t i s over. But certain it is that all save the few wise men among them live under the rule of physicians, and see the knife of the surgeon poised above their heads like the sword of ~amocles'. For at

26Eb:

Recast of English

SOCRATES.

For the rich, (men) sparing1 on-the-one-hand (as) they-are-vexed-concerning thehabits of-men, how they-behave, (and) sparing on-the-other-hand (as) they-explain accurately and with-the great voice the (things) of-diseases, so-that (they) let-slip i , which they-undergo the opportunity of-conversing about the(ir) operations ( ~ o ~ aai), wonderful (acc. fem. pl.) how-many (acc. fem. PI.)'. And on-account-of what do-you-mention the operations, being so-many? For yousaid (that) they (do) not entertain-themselves more (than) the moderate (thing) and with violence-in-drink. But the rich (are) not confident on-behalf-of themselves, you-see, whether a s taking-pleasure (in) the present-circumstances (or) whether being-afraid lest they-suffer

1

Try for a mythological parallel; cudously, Damocles seems never to have become elevated to proverb-status in classical literature.

i

something after-dying. But (it is) clear that they all, except if anyone happens to-be (=being) a-philosopher, obey the doctors absolutely as-if (they were) despots, seeing the knife of-those (men) placed above themselves

-

(you) would compare it (i.e. the

knife). I-think, to-the stone3 of-Tantalus. For whenever they-feel-pain4, they-callfor the doctor, and he promises (that he will), using operations, treat them oncondition-of a-fee in-accordance-with (the) reckoning ot-the property of-each (man), not doing unjust (things) but having-perceived their bodies, by-how-much they-are of-poorer-quality (than) the body itself towards which looking-away (as to a standard) he-was-taught to-judge them (sc. neut., = bodies). Therefore he-thinks (that) they are-hurt on-thwne-hand not-at-all, (but) perhaps on-the-other-hand even are-benefitted at-the-hands-of himself and of-the other doctors, so-that (they) become more-like (as to) the(ir) bodies to-the best (bodies) possible5.

Notes: 1

Note the adjectival idiom in Greek, where other languages~woulduse an adverb: cf. i v q o jh0ov ~ (''I an yesterday-man camet'= "I came yesterday" (x0& jA0ov).

2

A curious idiom by relative-pronoun "attraction" i s appropriate: instead of saying "it-is remarkable about how-many" (0auu&u16v i u s ~ vEuR) Greek transferred the adjective into the c a s e of the relative pronoun, omitted the verb and left it like that, usually at the close of a sentence, a s here. This can be extended to adverbial phrases, a s e.g., 0aupam'ws &S (for 0aup&m16v~ O T I V&s).

3

Stone, b Ai0q (cf. lithotomy).

4

Feel pain. &A$

5

6pocorEpoy TO% &S & P i ~ a ~ shortened q, form of comparison: in full it would T& u&prra TO% u&uaut 70% TGV&pimwv SC.. &vSpGv but in fact the be shortening is obligatory in such cases, a s in Latin.

...

(cf. analgesics, cephalgia "headache 'I).

.. . .

26Fl: NEW WORD LIST b kyop*bpos

(TO;

&yopfiv6pou) [noun]

q{ptos (-OV) [adjective]

* *

*

-

clerk of the market (who regulated buying and selling)

- free from further payment; scot-free -

arrsos (ai~sk-airtov) [adjective]

responsible (for)

- (deponent) inquire of, question i n r r ~ o r o t x ~(&wur~otxG) i [verbl - stand opposite (in rows/pairs) &o [adverb] - upwards; on high imdpvCat ( & n b p v ~ ~[verbl ) - deny on oath 6 $ros (TOG [noun] - cake/loaf of wheat bread hn'pfiw

(&v~ipopat) [verbl

&PTOU)

$iqm

*

iyKovfkm

*

rb

* *

v

E ~ K ~[neuter S

&E~ICTIK&

) [verbl

participle of rote, see Unit 22F1

(-4 -6v)

-

[adjective]

kavlmqm (iwaviurqpt) [verb]

h s l p ~ r w( h ~ f p o p a t ) [verbl

-

K&U

[adverb]

-

-

probable; (as a noun) probability

fond of cross-questioning/examining; critical s e t up again; (intransitive) rise (to speak)

(deponent) ask/question (againbesides)

h s n j 8 n o s (ET~T+EI'&ETIITI'~GEIOV)

[adjective]

- equal in strength

i a q 6 p ~(-ov) [adjective]

*

put away, remove; weigh out; (intransitive) stand aloof (from)

- bend (inwards); (passive) lean on (~~Kovfopat)[verb] - (deponent) sprinkle sand over oneself

~ X ~ V E( I

* *

-

(&pfmqpt) [verb]

-

suitable, convenient; useful, serviceable, necessary

downwards; below

bppw6~i (6ppo6G) [verb]

-

dread, shrink from; fear (because)

- call in, send for, summon; encourage [noun] - old man; ( T ~ ~ E U ~= Tolder) E ~ O ~ - (deponent) buy (the present tense is not found:

n a p c a a b r (napcr~alahij) [verb1

* *

brr&!3q

(TO;

HP{+EWS)

n p k m (wpiakat) [verb]

iuvai~ati s

used) npoaphirra (rrpcuphilro) [verbl &&VIOS

*

-

look at/upon; regard

( U W ~ V I ~ - U T T &[adjective] ~IOV)

uu@aiv~s (uu@afvo) [verbl

-

rare, scarce, scanty; rarely seen, aloof

- come to an agreement; agcee with; happen; result

& ?;- ;.. .+ ~+ A

,r

..

-

LI -h . ,

*

p&Xo~ (Ta(,ATp&Aov)

>>

3.::

&; ..=.TI

- learn along with, share in the knowledge [adjective] - cheap, easy, slight; low, mean, common

ovVMau0brvr~(avwpav9&vo) [verb]

~UVE?

( q ~ v i j ) [verb]

- speak (loud), give utterance

Plate 26: The Interior of a Spartan Cup Cabinet des ~ i d a i l l e s Paris, , 4899

Diameter 29.75 cm.

This cup, painted around 560 B.C., i s from the hand of one of Sparta's most important artists; the painter i s known a s the Arkesilas painter from the subject of this particular vase. Arkesilas 11, King of Cyrene, s i t s to the left supervising the weighing and storing of wool (?). Note the detailed depiction of the weighing Balance. Since Arkesilas was king of Cyrene, it was long thought that this vase and other related pottery was Cyrenaic in origin, until the British excavations at Sparta early in this century proved quite clearly that this city was the home of the pottery. The area around Sparta is known a s Laconia; hence the pottery i s now termed Laconian. The great artistry of this pottery i s one of the many facts concerning sixth century Sparta which show that the city was then far from being the austere, solemn and highly militaristic place it was later to become.

UNIT

TWENTY-SEVEN

27A. BASIC DIALOGUE 27A1:

Reverence is not t o h e found wherever fear exists. (See 7A2. 7D1, 23D2).

_

I don't think that where there is fear there reverence is too. For many people who fear diseases and poverty and many other things of the sort, seem t o me t o fear them, but not t o revere a t all the things which they fear; don't you think s o too?

IRKPATHI.

EUTHYPHRO.

Certainly.

EYQYOPQN.

&vv p.

SOCRATES.

But I do think that where there is reverence, there fear is too; for is there anyone who feels reverence and shame about any act and does not at the same time dread and fear a reputation for wickedness?

ZQKPATHI.

&Ah' ha y~ a i 6 ~ e & 0 uK U ~?ios, bat. Errci iurtv oorl~,ai60vp~vo5 TI rrptiy~aKU; aiqFvopv02 ob n ~ q o b ~ d T~ Ea 61 ~ 6 0 1 ~ ~ ~ 60@v T T O ~ P I ~

EUTHYPHRO.

Yes, he does fear it.

EYQYOPRN.

S ~ ! ~ O pzv I K E06v.

SOCRATES.

ob 6 0 ~ ~ ;o ~ti v a,?vi;q t 6gos ivea KU: a i 6 w ~ . rroAAot yac pot SOKO%I

KU; V&OUS

KUI T T E V I ~

K U ~aAAa rroAA& r o t a i h a , 6 ~ 6 t ~ r ~ s 6~6tt!vatVEV, ai6~IuBatSE p@v ~ u h 8a 6~6iCiutv.06 mi UOI SOKEG

- Plato, Euthyphro.

27A2:

Socrates chides Euthyphro with arguing in circles (See 6D3, 21D3).

SOCRATES.

But what in the wodd, Euthyphro, would these gifts to the gods from us be?

ZQKPATHX. &Ah&ri Sjro-r' & €Iq,& Eir&~pov, r&r a p ' ipGv %pa TO% &oi5;

EUTHYPHRO.

What else do you think but honour and gifts and, a s 1 was just saying, gratitude?

EYBYOPQN.

SOCRATES.

Then, Euthyphro, is the holy something which has caused ' gratification, but is neither helpful nor dear to the gods?

ZQKPATHZ. x q y ~ u & o v &pb ~ i v 6 , ECBqpwv, r b mlov, &M'0%; &q~%~pov 0668 ipfiov TO% &oiS;

EUTHYPHRO.

Why, I think i t is the dearest thing of all.

EYBYOPQN.

oipaal €ywy ~ & v r w YE v p&Alora ~ihov.

SOCRATES.

So then, the holy, as it appears, i s this, what is dear to the gods.

IRKPATHZ.

TOGTO 6p' k i v ab, &low, ~b TO: 950% TI

EUTHYPHRO.

Indeed i t is.

EYBYOPRN.

p&Atm&YE.

SOCRATES.

Well, if you say this, will you be surprised if your words seem t o you not to stay put hut to wander around and will you accuse me of being Daedalus and making them move, you who yourself are much more skillful than Daedalus and make things that go around in a circle? Or don't you realize that our argument, after going around, has come back to the same place? For you remember, I suppose, that in what went before the holy and the dear to the gods did not seem to us to be the same thing, hut different from each other? or don't you remember?

ZQKPATHZ.

eaup&u$ obv r a h a Adywv t6v 001 oi A&oi aivwvrat p i p ~ v o v ~ ~ ~ &Ah&B u t i i o v ~ ~mi s , EpZ airtaup T ~ AaiSahov V w 6 q o v ~ a saha$ rrot~iv,airs65 ijv rohC y~ TE)(VI&TEPOS TOG Aa16&Aou ~ a i K U K ~ ~ ~ p 1 l i ) v~ r a1 0 1 3 ~ q; O ~ K a l ~ e & ~ i bi rA6yq l jpiv rrspahewv rhhlv ~ a i r r &~'~KEI; v l I i p y o m yhp ~ o &t u lv T ~ p i a e e v~ i TC ) &OW ~ aTi &O(PIAZS 06 T&&Y jpiL E y h ~ &Ah' €repa & A A ~ A w v ; ou

I do.

EYBYOPQN.

EUTHYPHRO.

~iS' o i 6AAo ~ ~ ij rip4 TE mi ip mi, STEP ty& Y~)PTI &yowl &p't~;

-.

VKEn T6 OV.

t

P~CIV~~U~;

€'my.

- Plato. Euthyphro.

27A3: Why don't you practise what you preach, Socrates? (See 6D4, 17D2, 24D2). ANTISTHENES. Well, Socrates, if you feel ANTltOENHZ. ltBs o h , & Z h ~ p a r ~os h, m y~yv&umv06 mi a; ~ra16~ir~ls this way, how is it that you too do not educate Xanthippe, Zav9inntlv, &hi&xpfl y,uva~ai TBVo h i j v , oYva16~ at TBV but deal with a wife, who is the most difficult of the women ~ ~ ~ & L E ~ V W a T&V iV &~O&LEVWV xah€Tro~&g; of the present day, and in my opinion of the past and future a s well? SOCRATES.

ZQKPATHZ. Because I see that even men who want to become skilled in horsemanship do not get the most docile horses but rather high-spirited ones. For they believe that if they can control horses of this kind, they will easily deal with the other horses. And s o I too, since I want to deal with and associate with people, have got this woman, knowing well that if I can endure her, I will easily get along with all other people.

And this statement did not seem to have been made far from the mark.

8-n 6pB mi T O ~ Si ~ r r ~ a o k pouho$vo~ y~vfu9a1oirr o k E~~TTEI&(PT&OUS &Ah&TO$ e i l P ~ 1 6 ~PTTFO~S & KTOPEVOUS. v o p f + ~y&?, ~ ~ l6rv TOGS TOIOVFOUS ~ W W V T ~KI ~ T ~ X E I V ,

Pg6iws yo& y~ €ihhols k w o q xp{uwBat. ~&yh6; pouhdp~vo~ &vBp<oi~ xp+Bal ~ abwth~iv i ah7v u&-rqvox, €3ezhs 5 1 ~iT W ~ V ~ T T O ~ U bq6i0~ O TO: YE hhhols 8-lv hvephnog uuvfuopa~.

~ a ol5 r q d v 6: 6 h6yq o i r ~&T&TOG oaoltoG iSo@v eip?dm.

- Xenophon, Symposium.

27B. DRILLS

M:

MIMICRYDRILLS

M1:

Purpase: T o drill the forms of the present perfective (assertive) indicative middle/passive. Directions: Drill the following question-answer sequences across each row.

1.

$' 0 8 ~ i ~l E sl I d 6 ~ 0 a t hi^;

I. mi M h h t o ~oi;sws a mena'6cupm. Most certainly 1 have had her trained this way.

Have you had her trained this way? 2. 6p' o h a s wkhqum ah+;

2. ~ aphAtu~a i o h m s w'dqpm.

3. 6p' o h m s mmai'pkat ah*;

3. ~ apdih~ma i o h w s m~mci'p@at.

4. bp' o h m s inr8Esraoa a h j v ;

4. ~ a i - p h h ~ a ohrros ra kd€kalIm.

5. hp' o h w s t y e i o a ~a hjv;

5. ~ aphAto~a i O ~ T W S&pipa:.

6. 6p' o h w w ~ dhwm ahjv;

6. ~ aphAtma i

7. 6p' o i i r w ~BeS$a@n

airrjv;

7. ~ aphhtrrra i o h o s 6cS;Baypa.

8. 6p' o h m s p$XRym a h j v ;

8. ~ aphhtma i o h m s prphrlrva~.

1. 06 r~'ha8e r a i h a r h y~ppa;

1.

O ~ ~ T Wrer6hal1m. S

M l b:

Haven't you (pl.) arranged to have these gifts sacrificed?

&VU

YE. ~ & d aah & .

Yes indeed. We've arranged t o have them sacrificed.

2. 06 mmoiqa8a ~ a i h ar&

2. nhvu

3. o k ihpk%e raiha -rh yippa;

3. nhvu YE. thp&&a ah&.

4.

O ~ iKq q a 8 e

4. nhvu YE- iq{w8a ah&.

5.

O ~ &noBL$oa8~ K raiha T& Y ~ p @

5. nhvu

6.

O ~ & K n e i p y d c raiha

6. nhvu YE. hretpy&qisOa ah&.

rhiha r h

7. o 6 EV;IV~BE ~ raiha 8. 06 i l k ~ p 9 T8 ~~

sh

T& y Z P ~

~ T 7 hUY$@

YE.

mmot{peBa a h & .

hroSE66peBa ah&.

7. nhvu YE* Eqv&11~8aah&.

MI c: 1. rrijs o h 05 a m m ' h r m ; Because the others have already been trained?

How then has he not been trained? 2. r r i j ~obv 05 aq6pllzat;

2. 616~166qr q 6 & w m oi &AAoI.

3. rrZjS o h o h dmlkaq

3. 616~1j6q eimth%rm oi &Mot.

4. rZjS o t v o i r ~Zlrimcrra;

4. 61&i 661 Zlrbmvrm oi Mhol.

5. rr& o h 05 61@aprm; 6. wZjS obv 05 6rSiwlrrm;

7. rrijs o h 05 usx&p1orm; 8. rrijs obv 05 Xhnwrm;

MI d: 1. &pa up& ~ h p t d o vT&V .&pa~&lov;

1. %i, &hMrTL) p 1 h IU'KPI~Wa h b . No, but (our) two friends have.

Have you two judged the Syracusan for yourselves?

2. 6pu up& 61.B;BXqdw

T ~ V Z

UP~K~LOV;

2. %i, &Ah&TL) ?ihw 61&Aqo8ov

&6v.

3. &paup& rrmeipCdov TOG ZupE~wiou;

3. Obi, &Ah&T& pfho r r m ~ i p m o v&oG.

4. &paup& 6ssrjXwdov W o TOG ZupE~wiou;

4. O h i , &hMr T& pihw 6 e s ; l h d o v h'&oG.

%i, &XI& T& pihw iu;lyzpdw ah&. 6. Obi, &Ah&TL, pihw re9cnivadov u3r6v. 5.

7. O h i , &Ah&T& plhw 4&p1dwah+. 8. O h i , &A?&T& p b 4 x 0 0 ~a h d v .

Problems: u:

All the above forms are perfective. While one of the perfective markers, the K, present in many active forms, is missing in this set, the base displays another perfective marker which you have learned to expect: i.e.,

p:

The person-subject endings are the same a s those occurring in the present progressive and s personal future middle endings, but never with past tenses. They are known a endings.

y:

The stem is what is left when a form has been stripped of inflectional material. Where the theme marker is represented by 0, base and stem may be identical in shape. That pad of the perfective middle (passive) forms up to, but not including, the person-subject endings is, in all but certain 3rd person plural forms, known a s the perfective middle (passive)

-.

6: M l c . Nos. 14show perfective middle stems which end in a vowel. In Nos. 5-8 the stems end in a consonant. Taking these forms a s representative, we may say that the present perfective middle/passive form for 3rd person plural is formed with the middle participle final stems. and EM,with

a:

reduplication

B:

pdmary

y:

stem

6

consonant

M2:

'E

Purpose: To drill the forms of the past perfective (assertive) indicative middle/passive.$

M2a:

1. vai' n&vuye ilr~wjlrqv.

$jL4!

2. k q 6 & w

$::.

3. h m m $

p::;

4. C6~61'6eoii Eh~'x6q;

4. vai' rr&vuY E (SE616&ypqv.

5. ;yEypaq~o2 nifXeq;

5. vai' rr&vuye h/elpkgqv.

&:-$'

6. ovv~ico2 E'GXh;

6. vai' rr&vwYE UUVEI'IJ~V.

I.

I.

, ip

,:

. @ ." .

i

L.

a E'AE'X*, ~ a ~ EGxeXBrl; o

2.

~ & V U ye

&qoBi(~~qv.

3. vai' rrkvu ye Inmm6Ecipqv.

Zj :y;' '2

p. k/,: .,,g

.

M2b:

2,F.

.

I", ,

. ,:., , ,. ...

s .:.

;(n6pq~oT+ h6yy;

Had she been puzzled by the account?

nkvu +

~ ~ V T rrkai. O

They had all been quite puzzled.

2. i o ~ o ~ i m qT@~ o

2. w&vu i a w ~ i m q v r ontiuat.

3. b 4 ~ i d w T+ 0 A6yy;

3. rr&vu& i d w ~ ~ orrtiua~.

4.

~&EIOTO

5.

.&&ELKTO

r4 T+

4. rr&wT I ~ E I ~ & U I j a w ntiual. 5. n&vu6 ~ 6 ~ t p i v iam, a 1 n&sal.

1. Zp' kmcr(6~109rirnb 705 616wKMou;

1. irw' a h 0 5 irrmrn6&+a We had been trained by him.

Had you @I.) been trained by the 2. &pa 61efGwqde irwb r o t 616wKhhou;

2. irwsa h 0 5 61++iA4+a

3. Zp' h m s i p - d r inrb 705 6dwKhhou;

3. 3w' ah05 k m ~ t ~ & & a

4. $' t6&6a$e

4. irw' atis05 i&616&~0a.

6wb roc 616wKhhou;

5. irrr' ah05 emdv+a

5. Zp' &An)& irn& to: 6tGw&ou; 6. &p' irri(av9c

hb roc 6dauKdrhou;

6. 6n' a h o G kg&qda

1. of ll€v v h , &&

1. 6th si o@ h m o l i l d o v rairra;

6' irrmot{o&lv.

~ o wet two, but they two had had these made.

Why had you two had these made? 2. 6th ri UTL, i5ll15pquOov r&a;

2. 06 &v v h , a h h 6' h u P ; ) d q v .

3. 61b r i a 7 3 h d p ~ 9 o vr&a;

3. of Jv v h , a f r h 6' irrgb9qv.

4. 6th si up& %&o09ov

4. 03 &I vh, a h &6' is~66o&lv.

5. 6th ~ioq& +xBov

sacra;

5. 06 pzv v h , a f r h 6' %@qv.

r&a;

6. 6th ~iQT& K Q T ~ A I I ~ rairra; ~W

1) prefixed to the base is the 2) person-subject endings a

6. 06

v&, &T& 6' ~mEhEh~i(9qv.

-time marker; r

e a s in all past tenses;

3) where the compound 3rd person plural of consonant-final stem uses ~ f uin i the present perfective middle, the past perfective uses-

.

R:

RECOGNITION DRILLS

R1:

Purpose: To distinguish between middle and passive where the forms are identical (present perfective assertive indicative).

Rla:

Directions: Show that you recognize whether the verbs in the following sentences are middle or passive, by replying with the proper paraphrase from the brackets: e.g.,

ahbv.) choose from 6 1 u p b ~ i W t qTTETT~~SEUKEV {rrarraiSeumv T&V Z U ~ ~ K ;am@.) ~ I O Y

The number 1 or 2 beneath each pair tells whether the first ar second choice is the right reply. Keep the numbers covered.

2.

K E K P ~ U Eb ~~~ i T&V ) ~IK(UTTGY.

8. rrpora9eipe9a TOOTO. 9. brr& TOG &v6p&sb r r ~ v j v ~ \~yuui. ~al

2. (KEyipi8o

TO% 61-& jp&) avroq.) (oi S ~ ~ a mea~i p i e l jp@.) v (2)

8.

p % o rrPor;9e~~v iph7.J

r r p m ~ 9 ~ 1 w wr ov k o jplv a h o 3 . ) (2) b &v p ~ T E ~ ~ V O X aE hV j v . ) [rbv Buspa L r r e y v o ~ ~tamj.1 v (1)

as above.

Srrb roh-rov Soiihor Em?or{wOa.)

6. [soimoq S O G A O ~{rr~rro~qmpv ( ipiv ahoc.) (2)

. - . . .,,. ~.~ ...

.:.

..

,

,

.

.

.

%

R2: Purpase: To practise recognition of the perfective in contrast with the progressive (assertive) middle/passive infinitive.

.

.

Directions: Where the infinitive i~~perfective, expand the statement with q6q; where it i s progressive, with wijvl: Recording: 06 qqpt Reply:

-h h i @ m .

06 mp1 iSq ArhriqBm.

OR Recording: 06 mpr Reply:

-h e i w d m .

06 qqpt viiv? h6w~aBm.

Cover this column

1. 06 qqul -kkiqeal.

-k i w r d m . So~~iOappoCcra iyuvj -S t 6 h ~ d m .

2. 06 qqul

2. viiv?

3.

3. wGv?

4. &rl,TO: oaowoi, B

.

1. iisq

o

e

v ripiidm.

5. hp' ore1 ~ a ? r an p k s j v d h t v -&iixBal;

5. qSq

6. fqq pe SCN%~TTPT)V yuvaiaa -a ~ k B m .

6. v ~ v ?

-b 0 8 ~ 6 d d a 1 ;

7.

@;p6

8.

E~UU(IY -SrSlG&Bm TO^

'?V)'101

Th %pa

paerlT&.

9. 06 qvpt ra%a -Y P + & ~ .

,

7. q6q 8. y6q 9. viiv?

10. vop1l;w TO;^ h6yous u j uivovrq

-w~p&Bm.

10. j6q

11. 06 S o a o k i uot ~ o b B s

b uis~ida. ~

11. viiw?

12.

.

4. iSq

e

o

Em TO^ hlroug 7065 % U ~ O EI&~ k i d m .

12. i$q

,

,

1.

'

.

Ij 1 ,

' .

.

.

.

..

Recording: wsrrcn&v&oy hp6m1 brr' ahijv ~eply:

w m m i w + m wi $$rat

{ ~ ~ $ ; " ~ ~ ~ ~ )

brr' airrijv.

P:

PRODUCTION DRILLS

PI:

Pnrpase: To drill different formations of the perfective middle stem.

Pla:

Directions: Given a perfective active form on the recording, transform i t to a passive on the pattern: Recording: 1761 imrduapcv a h o k . Reply:

&AA' oG&1 h d o d a b ~ a 'h G v .

1. j6q h&cqw a h o h ,

2. j6q imekqaua mino&, 3. j6q uiuhquev aho65,

4. j6q S ~ ~ h i u E m &o&, v

5. ij8q d q a d u m a~h o k , 6. j6q i n w h m o v a h o k ,

7. j6q G1a+ec+ua5 &ok, 8. jsq SsStu6~cmaGrog, 9. j6q vw6ptuev a i n o k , 10. j6q n e n 6 p q w &oh, 11. j6q &a a h o k i ,

12. j6q S d t S & r o v a h o h , 13. $1 k&hqyal

&ok,

14. j6q hrrofhpAlqZotv a h o k , 15. $q S c S ~ i axh~o h , 16. $1 ni)ayuw a h o h ,

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cover this column &hA' o b d ~ hl d o p r ( t a 5 ~&Gv. ' &Ah' o Q d n h & q a y p m bn' &Gv. &Ah' oCm'~1KLuhq-rm GT' a h G v . &Ah' o G d ~ 1StqlepXqvsa1 ST' &Gv.

&AXw06&1

T E @ E ~ ~ ~bJ & ~ &Gv. '

&AAWOGK~TIA d v q d o v GT' ah&. &Ah' o l r d ~ S&@apom r ST' &Gv. &AhwO C ~ T W I i u d e Gn' ~ S T G V . &Ah' o l r d ~vlvdptmm ~

?IT'

ahGv.

&?LA' oG&1 m i d a b ~ ahi)v. ' &Ah' O G ~ T 6pa1 I hs &Gv. &AhDOGKETI SES~$@OVST' a h 3 v . &AhDo l r d ~ jKnirrhq&u t b ~ &Gv. '

MA' 06&1

&UO~~~W&IO eioiv I

&Ah' OG&I

S&EIX>' a h G v .

&Ah' o G & ~ ~ c l v r m h'a h G v .

hSainGv.

Pla(2):

Plb:

Directions: Now, for review, do the foregoing d r i l l i n the following order:

Directions: D r i l l as above. Cover this column

1. ~ i T& 5 VJVOXE haolma ah65, 2.

E ~ S T&

3.

E l 5 T& Y ~ 0V k E T E & ~ K ~ O Va h $

4.

E ~ S T& V ~ V

v ~ OXE v

O U V E ~ K ~ah&, E

OX€ &$VOF

&hS,

5. ~ i T& 5 v3v o h i w P & ~&&, 6.

E ~ ST&

VJVOXE E?P~)K~

7. E T& IS v3v O ~ T Ey ~ y p h a h vah$, 8.

~kT& VJVO

~

;sll&pq~a E ah$,

9. E T& IS v3v OXE J y v & ~ a rah&,-, ~

10. €is T& v3v OXE = ~

N ~aE h &V ,

-

-

O ~ T EAlAavvrn O~TE m

brr' a h i j v .

v ~ i ST' d ~a 6 ~ i j v .

0 k E T&EI&OV

blT' a h i ) ~ .

O~TE *VR(T(~

6 ~&GV. '

OXE i ~ ~L w e 6n' e a aGrijv. O

~

oke

~i'p?arn E trr' a h i j v .

b l ~a6~Gv. '

yeypoplpivo~~ i o t v

OXE i5llriptlvcn brr' ahGv.

b l ~ah&. '

O

~ +E V W ~ E

O

~ TE I~~IJKT~

b l ~a' h i j v .

..,

P2a: Purpose: To produce middle/passive iorms of the present perfective assertive indicative. Directions: Repeat the following sentences, replacing the verb-pronoun phrase with the middle form of the verb: e.g.. Recording: b )ropy& jxw iaw@706s Prrrrov~. Reply:

b )ropy&

jnrat 706s rrrrrous.

Cover this column 1. b y~wpy&jxav iaw@TOGS irrrrou~.

1. b )ropy& jnrm robs Prrrrous.

P2b: Directions: Transform the following sentences from active to passive, on the model: Recording: 6 6t6&uahq qxev uaeq-rjv. The teacher has trained a pupil. Reply:

brrb 6' &oii

O ~ I Kq u ~ m .

But he h a s not been trained by him. Cover this column 1. b 6 r S b ~ a h qG y p ua&I-rjv.

1. b ~ 6'b ~ G T Oo ~~

2. w m e i ~ c q wrbv 6 l ~ a u ~ i l v .

2. brrb 6' a h o G 06 wmeia&a.

3. a l a w u q s o h rraitias.

3. brrb S'aGrijv 06 &urn.

4. k q u 6 m 6 v r r w ~T&V8~0pijv.

4. brrb 6' d r i j v OGK i i u w d 6 v rws.

5. o h m s YE 6 ~ 8 i 6 q a h j v .

5. brr& 6'

6. p & h ~ m &&~crr;lucrn a &&.

6. brrb 6' &Gv p&hlma 0 3 k&w(m&. ~

7. rrohhol y&p uachtiuCuiw.

7. brrb 6E ooC oG r&Aqvzm.

8. ai y u v a i u ~r r~r p t h q r b ~-rjv BE&.

8. brrb 6' airrij~06 wepihqvra~.

9. Sijhov & I G&I&x&~vju$.

9. brr& S W j p & v6jhov 8r1 06 S&twyp~'vo~ eidv.

10. o i i r r r r l ~ opi g h i p b ; sobs iirrroy.

&,is

10. brrb 6 ' &ijv

~KK T U ~ .

o h o h w s YE 6E6i6ayu.1.

06 p@kppivo~~ i a l v .

P3:

Purpose: T o produce middle/passive forms of the past perfective assertive indicative. Directions: Transform the following sentences by replacing the verb-pronoun phrase with the middle form of the verb: e.g., Recording: b vG'q ~SE~ES~KEI Z ~ I J Trobs ~ 606hou~. Reply:

b v(q &E%ETO TO^ 606hous. Cover this column

TO^ 606hous.

1. b vG'os iS&ESjua i m ~ + sobs 606hous.

1. b v ~ ' q$r%ero

2. harrrinq~T O ~ SS

2. irrfrr~~m robs 6t~cars&.

3. 3qh&ovrv

I K ~ T & ~ E~W T + .

T ~ iirrrov Y

jviv & ~ o i s .

3. W6JJE8 T0 ~: ?~TTov. V

S T + ~ ~~ Vb Aia. v

4. i ~ q ~ h qT v~ Aia V Cav~oiv.

4.

5. OGK ZIIIESES&K~ T& ~E'P?'x ipmn+.

5 . OGK kE6~66vqvT& ylppb.

6. o h oGrws iSr61Blqq~m w ~ + .

6. o h o>ws iS&iSgo.

7. TOGTOV rbv h 6 Y ~ riP;Ixwav v im~oij.

7. TOGTOW rbv ht)Yov ri'pqv~o.

8.

8. robs ~ € Whous v b8hav.10.

TO%

ll€v &Ahoy b8~mESj~~uav Zw~oij.

9. robs r r h h o u ~~arc~doirrrsav iauroij.

9. r o k

TE'T~OUS

K ~ T ~ E A E I W L V OiIu w .

P4:

Purpose: To produce forms of the perfective infinitive middle/passive. Directions: Transform the form of the following reported statements from h +indicative to the accusative and infinitive: e.g., Recording: hip1 8rl r 6 7 a KaKij5 a+qrm. qrpi r 6 r a m~ijg~ i p i d a t .

Reply:

Cover this column

1. qqui r a h a K ~ & S cip?da~. 2.

?+EI

2. qqui TOGS VLOVOU~ hridm.

STI oi v&l hp~ivrm.

3. hiyEl TI + ~ p b & r mai yvvaixy.

3. qquiv jxpoEv0m

T&

yvvaixq.

4.

?&EI

STI iwis v v o i y q i v q d ~ .

4. qquh :v$

5.

?+I

STI 66@v &ya@jvxar;lp&a

5. qqoiv iv$ S65av &y&jv w m i j d a .

6. h&~y~g &I iyir rbv h6yov y i y p w ~ a t ;

6. ~ $ 5i ~ iT,

voqobs y q e v i d m .

~ A6yov V

yryp+Om;

7.

AGEISTI b pamh&s r r h a ~ r r T~ aO~~ O ;

7. ~ $ sbv 5 pamh% rrm&@m r o k o ;

8.

+1; Srt oi h i +y~Evolsioi r o k &vfJpwmou~;

8. qig robs Ocobs i ~ O mTO% &vBp&~oq;

9. q o w v irrl r r m d m & a ~ bG~um&~v.

10.

*ETE

11. hiyw

STI6~6iuavOsT+ marpi. Prr1 6 M ~ ~ T rrEpavrar O S

irvbv~os

10. qarE 6 ~ 6 1 x i d aT+ l marpi. 11. q q ~rbv i Mhqrov nr&Oa~ b b ~ o v .

12. A E ' ~&I s i h q ~ p i v osivi ~ rijv iirmwv.

12. q q ~ &TO&S i ~ihijpea~ TGVirrmwv.

13. Aiyw STI 61aQ@hqvzm TOGS &fJpok.

13. cpq~1&robs 61apeph?dm TOGS ExBpo65.

14. hEyw STI & q o a 1 ~ 6 rpCy~a.

14. qqlli m wpviidm r b mp%va.

P5:

Purpose: T o produce forms of the perfective (assertive) participle middle/passive. Directions: Combine the following pairs of sentences, transforming the first verb into the corresponding participial form: e.g., Recording: wma'6wsm ST' uhojv. & q & ~SH' a ~ air~&v. Reply:

1

nrnmS~&voy&qnTa~ brr' ah&.

Cover this column

4. wiqavsm TOGTO S T I TO; ~ 616u0Kdrhow. ~ O K E W T U TOGTO I hrrb TOG S I ~ U O K L ~ ~ O W .

4.

UOU;VOV ~OKETITUIT ~t~urr~&how.

TIE

O ~ h O

h TOG

L

6. a m w ~ & o vSrrh T&Vq h w v ;wpa~a&v OE.

27C. GRAMMAR 27C:

Uses of the Perfective Use of the perfective aspect, middle/passive, i s governed by the same syntactic requirements a s those applying to the perfective active. These may be reviewed in 22C1. Selection of the middle/passive voice is, in turn, occasioned by the same considerations a s lead to its use elsewhere. See 7C and 10C.

27C1: Perfective Middle and Passive You will recall that with the progressive base, middle and passive forms were identical (lOC2). Middle and passive forms built on the perfective base are also distinguished only by the context in which each occurs. In the environment of brm6 + genitive or of the instrumental dative, a form which might otherwise be a middle will b e taken a s a passive: e.g.,

- he has been judged by them, (Passive) & p l r a ~a h 0 6 5 - he has judged them for himself. (Middle) ESiSero ~ o S ~i u ~ p o k- he had been bound by the fetters, W ' U ~ I T ~bIn'

but

ahijv

but &E%ETO T& Seupb

-

he had hound the fetters for himself.

The Dative c a s e has already been used to represent a non-personal instrument: e.g., "by this account" (8C1). The Dative may also, on occasion, be used for the personal agent in a passive construction, a use already familiar with t h e verbal adjective: e.g., jpiv o t u $ET& €1 "YOUare not to be released by us " (llC2). The Dative a s personal agent is in addition sometimes found with perfective passives. T O ~ T+ ~ IAhy9

To sum up: the Dative of the Agent occurs only with perfective passives and with verbal adjectives. bn6 with the genitive is regularly used with progressive and aorist passives for the personal agent (and on occasion for the "instrument": e.g., bnb AipoG etcetera), and occurs much more frequently. In general, the Agent in a perfective passive construction is represented by: Genitive with brr6

Dative

1) where the agent is personal; 2) where the subject is a person or personified; 3) where the verb i s intransitive.

1) where the agent i s NON-personal; 2) where the agent is personal, but the SUBJECT i s NON-personal or i s treated a s such.

27C2: Forms of the Perfective (Assertive) Middle and Passive 22C2.b should be reread at this point. You will have noted that the base or stem of the perfective middle i s often shorter than that of the perfective active (See P l a above). It is ordinarily the shortest form of the base, with reduplication. Person-subject endings are added directly to this formation: primary endings for the present perfective, secondary endings, with the past-time marker prefixed, for the past perfective. (You have, in fact, already met these bases. They underlie the aorist passive forms: 26C.) The perfective middle stems of contract verbs ordinarily end in a long vowel:

,

KEK~VT~T~I

K ~ V E ~

but

SOKEY

Where the stem ends in a consonant, this is assimilated on the normal patterns illust-:. rated by the following:

-

K

2763: inflectional Endings of the Perfective Assertive Middle/Passive a.

Indicative

':

Present Perfective

+ INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS

STEM I

I

Base (Aspect)

1

Theme-Vowel (Mood)

ppaaiT&her rrqav&JlTevcr-

etc. Past Perfective

+

STEM I

Pre-Base (Past-Time)

Base (Aspect)

Theme-Vowel f M d

b , etc.

IIE~OU-

$

INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS S . 1. -Wqv

vavoq-

papAm&haymqavtumw-

etc.

*

-

w o if the perfective middle stem ends in a vowel; (present) or +av (past), i f in a consonant. -vral,

- perfective participle +

slui

b.

Infinitive

The perfective infinitive, middle/passive is formed by the addition of the infinitive ending -(u)ea~ (14C4) to the perfective base or stem, with the appropriate assimilation (27C2): e.g.,

c.

Participle

The perfective participle, middle/passive is formed by adding the middle/passive participial ending, p&05 q ov to the perfective middle stem, with appropriate assimilation of stem-final consonants: e.g.,

-

- -

Note the position of the high tone on the second to last syllable of the forms above. Compare the progressive middle/passive participle in 13C3.2.

27C4: Deponents You have become familiar with a number of verbs which have no active endings, although they are active in meaning. Ordinarily these verbs are middle in form (7C2), sometimes passive.

Among the perfective middle/passive forms you have met or will meet soon are a group of frequently occurring deponent verbs: $~iEra~

aht&ra~

pEp06Ar~~a1

po6Ae~at

yeyivq~at

yiyve~at

ily&vw~a~

& ~ ~ V ~ E T O I I

erpyamat

$Y&T~L

etc. 27C5: Principal Parts

In order to produce the various tenses and voices of the verb i t is necessary to learn a minimum s e t of "base forms", that is, forms from which various others may be predicted. The members of this necessary minimal s e t are known a s the principl parts of the verb. For non-deponent verbs these are assertive indicative active forms of the present progressive: e.g., future aorist (1st and/or 2nd) present perfective (1st and/or 2nd) present perfective middle aorist passive

-

-

-

yp&ps~

YP+ ~YPV yiypq~ yiypmra~

&P+

For deponent verbs, the principal parts are the present progressive: e.g., future aorist(s) present perfective

-

-

yiywrcu y~jmrcu

iy&mo y6y&qml

Every time you learn a new verb, learn i t s principal parts in full.

.< - :i!. ..

, '

? ,.

ii,' ;, .. . ',

27D2: Philippus shows that he can dance too.

-

+%,-.

$-Trp$: .- ;,..w . ;'

.. ..:

L.

3:.

.

.

. ,, .,

.I.

* . ,

,;,.

...

.

-

-;'

@IAITTlOX. (iyr 66, mi Epol aiihl, m; EY&

+Xjoo~ar.

,

,> .:

. , . .. . ~ ,.~ .I., i..

,'

>.

,3

-.;

!$ .a

.

:-

'

mad& ~a!r j v

.I'

: !,%.,

i

.. ,, $.. .:. ,%,

...

.'

6 bvSpes, b NimiParg ~ p o ~ h wqw" v

.:q'.. :;:3

;

$1

kLh

4,

,..

;,.: -,.

-.

;,,

,",$ .,. F. .

V~

ZQKPATHZ.

k!!: :; ...

3;

y~ 06 ~ 6 v o vo i ~ o v&Ah&mi rro-rhv

:,

i..

:4+:j

- daneer. venture

,

-4 ..:

. .

:.a

-

:'~

6 a i ~ o r food

,?:;$

.::.-.-_. %I-:. .

4 6 6 ~ ~ 1~i . 68 6: soijro ~ aMET& i 6ei~rvov

,'

~

6 aiv63voc

,:

'1

; :

vfi A;', &hh'&hhqv rrou 66eav y ~ h o k v

hr, -.

~poSdln8a,Evws P{

',

~iT B

TIP&

Kahhkv lAe6vrq j6umahiv.

,

-

'

T ~ L I ~ E I eat j6wrahi

~

.yw ,..I

.:

- enjoy oneself

+

.

.. ...+.,

.,, ,, ,

I.

.+~

->

A*,..

L,

,.

,

:i.

,,' ..

'.~. r;?.

KAAAIAX.

.P;

.! ..>I.-

~q6avijs,6 X h ~ p a r ~ safs . Gv y&p &PUW&Y,

~ u h i j s~ X E I~ p 6 ~ b u o v

h o r $ y ~ ~ v ,c%orr~p&IOI

TO^

- (middle) s e t out $wor$ys~ - eat by way of preparation - some 6 & u ~ p b o v- cock 7b 0 ~ 6 ~ 0 6- 0garlic ~ O~TT;IEI - feed wpp&?tXe~- throw together kuArrie~ - (middle) deliberate m q ~ ~ c- nfight

-.. . e:.

bppk

..,, . 5

; i .

:

,.

.

'-,-j

EVIOI

& U T ~ U ~ V ~m6poSa S

oi~iuav~~~

wp~&?thovo~v' { U E ~6; 6 - 5 @uhw6p&a crros QIYUOPE'V ~ ~ ~Bhhov v a 3 pqobp&a.

.i-

,~

:;.0.

4.

4.

TO*O

mmo~quuiah w .

W E W O I ~ ~ & W h b TO%O.

5. Tohov U t U h q ~ &WV. h~

5. uEulqp&o~i m w o h q .

6.

T O ~ O V~ES~WX&ES im

6. S&~wyp&os i m w

7.

dIr& wrrropqirs h w .

7.

8.

6 ~ wq~Aq&s 6 ~ imw.

8. wq~hqplvotLmr

v.

9. aGrob5 vavop~&s i m w .

IIRIEI~W'VOI

imr

O ~ O S .

tprs. $HER.

9. v r v o p t ~ & 0 1iwov/Lmwoav

ahoi.

Problem: 8 : In the above, the perfective imperative consists of the perfective the appropriate progressive assertive imperative of

8:

participle; imi.

Plus

'

7

+

.

,

.

.

.

. .

.

..

.

,

., .

,.

:

1052,

.

c....;

..

'

L

.

.., , . ~

,

.

B4.. ;:t -

g':' & . ~:

R:

.

!

~FU

R1:

e'. c i

V'LX

3:. 5'

'

p: K$

.

RECOGNITION DRILLS Purpose: To recognize imperative a s contrasted with indicative forms of the aorist (assertive) active.

,

,

Directions: Repeat each verb, prefixing forms of the imperative state with way'', and forms of the indicative state with &BES' "yesterday'!

-

.. .

' Cover this column

9: ,

..

1. ~6B;srraGuov.

2. Thapov

2. &O& aapov.

3. gphh~

3. *is

4. Eveyw

4. &B;s iveyw.

5. Qu&0ase

5. &BZs E U ~ ~ E T E .

6. dr~oirtrarov

6. &B;s dr~oiruarov.

7. BE

7. EC&~ 16&

8. j s j u a r r

8. ixBZs j s j u a r ~ .

9.

9. &B;s uh0e-r~.

~ & ~ E T E

10. i m r

",

.I.,

1. r r a z o v

Rlb:

';paha.

10. &B;5 i'e.

-

"straight-

Rlc:

Purpase:

T o recognize the person-subject endings, active, of aorist imperative forms.

Directions: Repeat the imperative after the recording, adding the appropriate personal pronoun. Use a form of aim% for third person subject. Cover this column 1. Eh06v~ov

1. Eh86vrwv d z o i .

2.

2.

U T ~ ~ I

U q e l

6.

3. Gqhbmov

3. Gqhbcrrov q b .

4. rrapa66~w

4. rrapa86rw

5.

5. u~wwjoaTsuvsis.

UIWT+~T~

&T&.

1

6. ( 6 i ~ w v

6. BETWY &rb.

7. S& pol

7. 6% pol &.

8. y v h ~ wTOGTO

8. y v h ~ wT O ~ T O&T&.

9. E ~ I ~ LTTO~E'VTWY LS

9. G r r o ~ ~ v ~&TO(. wv

10. pEh:hhov 6; Ahprsov

10. pEAhov SE A@ETOV o+.

11. virv d v &rro~pivhrw

11. virv d v d r r o u p i h w &T&.

12. 8v0hE~U T ~ T E

12. #v~&EE U T ~ T Eeveis.

R2:

Purpose: To recognize imperative a s contrasted with indicative forms of the aorist assertive middle. Directions: Repeat each verb, prefixing forms of the imperative state with d r i x a "formerly '. and forms of the indicative state with r b wpiv

-

Cover this column R2a:

1. h p i w

1. r b wpiv hpiw.

2. Aiww9ov

2. w r i ~ a Aiwsu8ov.

3. &rropAiyal

3. & r i ~ &rropAlVat, a

4. &H&AEU~

4. s b wpiv &rr&Ama~.

5. 6rsri8w9ov

5. s b wpiv 6nr;Sw9ov.

6. h&pm9s

6. m i r i ~ aA & ~ E u ~ E .

7. t~aAluau9e

7. r b wpiv t ~ a A l u w 0 ~ .

8. &iy@u9~

8. w r i ~ ~ a y + 9 ~ .

9. rrapieov TOGTO

9. s b wpiv rrapi9ov TOGTO.

10. brrhxov

10. &riua bwtqou.

11. 6 i ~ w 9 o v 12. qir@l

12. r b wpiv qirew. 1. & r i ~ a w o ~ ~ u & 9 w v .

2. r b wpiv 2wo1;luw9ov.

3. r b wpiv &irrsu9s.

4. &sixa wp1&9wv.

5. d r i u a ws~u&uBwv. 6. s b wpiv +ib9ov.

7. w r i u a &rroGCa0wv. 8. r b wpiv jqxmdu9qv. 9. r b wpiv brrs9;~9qv. 10. & r i ~ a rraeiueo. 11.

&T~K.

SEI~~~WV.

12. r b wpiv &+&&lv.

- "at once':

R2c

Purpose: To recognize the person-subject endings, middle, of aorist imperative forms. Directions: Repeat the imperative after the recordink adding the appropriate personal pronoun. Use a form of a h $ for third person subject. Cover this column 1. 61w@uBw 6.:

1. 61o@u9a 6: d r 6 s

2. ypdnyw&.

2. ~ p & + ~ w 8wis &

3.

&lq

3.

ylvoir.

&1q

yvoir

w.

4. r h yipti &rroS&tlwv.

4. r h $pE &wo6&8wv d& or &01.

5. rrptbtlwv ~ a i r r a .

5. rrp~btlwvraiha d r i i or &ole

6. lvedr6~6 ~ i ~ w f z o v .

6. Ev0&6~6ei@mtlov

7.

7.

T O ~ u Oa q i j ~ yvij01.

8. ~rp68~uee r b E'KA+x. 9. a684 lp6uOwv.

.

TO*O

4.

U+

8. rrp6fJ~m&r b fyKhqpa i+wip 9. a 6 0 1 8piutlwv ~ dm5 or d r o L

10. virv ~ v v v & o .

10. virv tvvorp&rw

11. mapahEuBwv.

11. m + ~ t l w v &&

12.

Emirs aibtlsueov.

w.

12. E

or &oi.

Saiutleu0ov ~ q&.

,

.. -~

. , .' ? .

,

--.

, :. . . , ~,. '.

.

.i

~

r u j o " :. --. . . .. . ., ~. : , . ,

.

~

.

. .. ., ,.,

.,,-;.:7.:.:,

..

..

.

....., . ~

~

.

~

\

-,

R3: Purpose: T o drill recognition of the forms of the aorist imperative passive a s contrasted with those of the active. Cirections: Repeat theimperative form. Where it is active, add the pronoun for person subject; where it is passive, add the pronoun plus 3w' '&M~hwv:

but

rrakov mi.

Recording:

lrakov

Reply:

Recording:

61&~&ln

Reply: S ~ & X & ~ah T I6 w ' Mhwv. Cover this column

1. 6t&x&lri

1. 6 1 & ~ 6 q ~ 1h' & irMwv.

2. lraiioov

2. rrakov mi.

3. va0i~wv

3. va0irov &&.

4.

4. ru0!vvswv

TU~!VTWV

d ~ o h' i Mhwv.

5. &varparr;l~w

5. 6rvmparr~rw& ~ b yim' Mhwv.

6. 6 t h ~ a r o v

6. SI&@C~OV 9;.

7. 61($rwuav

7. 61($rwav

8. ph6va-r~

8.

9. S I ~ ~ & ~ ~ T O V

9. 6 t q e & p q ~ U0& ~ birn' Mhwv.

droi h'MAwv.

1 ~~'VOIT U E~ E ~ J .

10. &lrw&rr~

10. & n w q h a &is

11. EAef~w

11. EA06ro ~16~65.

12.

12.

&Y&~ETE

h'Mhwv.

&~&~ET :psis. E

d ~ i611' ) Mhwv.

13. ~dq$rwv

13. uhq$rwv

14. qmwi~wuav

14. qawjrwav &oi

h'm~hwv.

,i'

. .. .~ , I..

,

.

.

I. b'. .

II

....~ .

PI:

Purpose: To produce forms of the aorist imperative active.

,.

Pla:

Directions: Transform each of the following statements into the corresponding imperative on the model:

,

Recording:

i6q &Lx~a$~ j ip6hqv. v

Reply:

iyxbv r j v iptbhqv. Cover this column

1. i6rl i v i x ~ Ta ~~ qt&qv. V

1. ;Uxiov ~ j q~&hqv. v

2. &KP@&~ i)p6VTlV€~.

2. &K&Gs

3.

av ~ fm04. i

E ~ E I V ~

t p ~ ~ ~ i ~ & T ~ .

3. ~ i v o vtv

~ f OT*. i

4. hrr&wU€VTh & )' &

4. h 0 6 6 7 ~ Th y&i.

5. € 1 6 T& ~ T T ~ K U ~ Oipyov. V

5. iS&w 7b rr&y~akov 'Epyov.

6.

G K T O ~~ ST I E A ~ E ~ .

6.

" ~ E S70;s

TEA&%.

7. %vw$ o ~ a m 6 v .

7. yvG0i I J E ~ U T ~ ~ .

8. tuiv w q ' 0 - q .

8. jpiv m a p w 6 ~ w .

9.

a+$ ~6 &p$pto~.

9. hapi r 6 &p$ptov.

10. Zyvw ro;S Zau~oGoidrEs.

10. yv&rw TO;$ Zau~oiroidr%.

11. napiblras robs

11. map&$ robs $TOUS.

+TOUS.

12. ~ a h Zwdy s o" vi1v6j EhEyov.

12. WAGS p&e li vi1v6j &yov.

13. iv&& pot

13. &XE&~W pot

T ~ qt&Aqv. V

T ~ qtbAqv. V

14, ooi 6Z 6 i q v hi&l=v.

14. aoi 68 S t q v h i e h w .

15. k r r i o - r q ~TO& oeau~oirtx0pois.

15. hvrto~+

16. 61ijhB~pipo6pwas Tjv 6pxqlnv.

16. 61~he&wwipo6w~vosT

TO&

~ E W T O Gtx0pois. ~ V 6pxvtv.

,!

1059,

!ctions: T h e recording will provide sentences of the type: y p & a ~ o v TOGTO a?&.

Recording:

Repeat the sentence, then transform it on the model: p6hhov SE y p & # I a rrhvsrs. ~~

Reply:

Cover this column

1. ypbalrcrrov ~ o 5 a&. o

1. pEhhov St! yp&#Iars TT~VTES.

2. [qnjaalrcrrov TOGTO a&.

2. pEhhov St! {qnioure rrhvrcs.

3. 6ta@ripaov TOGTO oq&.

3. pEhhov SE 61q9eipmr rrhvrs~.

4. *mov TOGS iirrrou~wq;.

4. pEAhov S' SFE TO;^ TT'TTTIOUSTT~VTES.

5. br66wrov

5. pEhhov 6' (m66orr

6.

Plc:

E ~ R O V

T$

qthAh5 a$.

6. pEhhov S'

aha a?&.

T&

q t h h 3 rrhvres.

E ? ~ E T E T ~ T TT&VTES. U

7. yvGrov ~aGraaq&.

7. pEhhov SE yv6rr ~ a i r r anhvses.

8. f i r o v wqh 8v TIurog.

8. pEhhov SZ

O+E

rrhvrs5 Ev TQ OT@.

Directions: Drill the following exchanges on the pattern: Recording:

qEp~64, P A ~ y k w vCww.

Reply:

r r p 6 ~At& $Aq~&rwv rrhv~ss. Cover this column

1. r r p k At& ~AEY)&WV

TT~VTES.

2. rrp& At& p a t v b ~ w vrrhvras. 3. rrpb5 At& pqOqo&wv 4. r r p k A& &hqa&wv

5. rrpb5 At&

rrhvrss. rrhvrss.

~ & T W V TI~VTES.

6. r r p k Atb5 ~

~ O ~ ~ VT T & VWT ~V.

7. rrp& At& ~ d 6 v r w vrrhvrs.

8. rrpb5 At& yv6vrwv rrhvrss.

P2:

Purpose: T o produce forms of the aorist imperative middle. Directions: Turn back to Drill M2. Cover the right hand column of each section, and anticipate the response made by the recording. P2a =

M2a

P2b =

M2b

etc.

P3:

Purpose: T o produce forms of the aorist imperative passive.

P3a: Directions: Drill the following sequence on the pattern: Recording: ;mnpq fiyip0qv.

I was awakened too-late. Reply:

aiip~ovPo&v

lyfp91p 06.

Tomorrow be awakened early. Cover this column

1. a5p1ov i'00~v +p&1~10b 2. a$~ov i'o&v iao6dq~106. 3. aijp~ov&&v

&e106.

4. aSp~ovPwenv inrcrrpbqetu6.

5. aSp~ovi'o0~vS&X@~TI 06. 6. aSp~ov&0nv 6m~1 06.

P3b:

Directions: The recording will produce the forms of Column A of M3a. You reply with the corresponding forms in Column C. Cover Column C.

P3c:

Directions: The recording will produce the forms in Column C of M3a: e.g., iy&&lrc nbrcip You reply with the corresponding forms in Column B: e.g., 115Ahov S i ry@Oqrov. Cover Column B.

P4:

Purpose: To produce the simple forms of the perfective imperative middle/passive.

P4a:

Directions: Drill the following exchanges on the model:

b

Recording:

O;TOS

Reply:

o;ros y~ w k p q o wi06.

ye

T T ~ P ~ K T rha6~wv. ~ I

Cover this column

1. ohms ye rrkp*o KaiO6. 2.

0 5 ~ Y~E ?&SO 5

KU! O6.

3. oGro5 ye rrmoiqao ~ a06. i

4. o h w s ye

114rqwmi 06.

5. o h o s y~ rrq6&ao ~ a06. i 6. o h w ye ~ rm6Aww ~ a l u 6 .

7. o5rm~ye i m o ~ ~ k p ~~ aao06. i

8. oihws y~ i j p ~ a o~ a06. i

P4b: Directions: On the recording you will hear the forms repeated from the right-hand column above. Produce the corresponding plural imperative in each case: e.g.. Recording:

o h w s ).E wmoiqoo 06.

Reply:

mi o h y w m o i q d r

&&.

Cover this c o l ~ m n

1. mi o h o r w m o i q d e t p ~ i i . 2. ~ aohms i . r e r 6 A w d ~$PEE. 3. K a i o h m s ~tiryuee5,lEii.

4. ~ aolh m s w g b & d ~&is. 5. mi oGrws % w d r bwi's. 6. ~ aoih o s Xr7iqBe &is.

7. K a i o h a s ijp1d. 5PEij. 8. ~ u oih o s w k a v d e &ii.

P4c: Directions: In each of the following exchanges, anticipate the recorded reply, on the pattern.

Recording:

d@ ripqsat.

Reply:

~ a l 6 ~i a h 6 5dpfidw. Cover this column

1. ~ a:6i ~ a h i j seiptidw. 2.

K U: ~8

Kah6~We(6dw.

P5:

Purpme: To produce forms of the compound perfective imperative.

P5a:

Directions: Transform each verb from the indicative state to the corresponding imperative form with the participle: e.g., Recording:

TO>O

&tipip55y i y p a ~ a ~ .

Reply:

TOGTO &~p$55y r y p q i ) ~ib01. Cover this column

1. ~ 0 3 &K~$Gs ~ 0 fipaqq.

1. TOGTO &KP$% ysypa&s WI.

2. TOGTO &tipiPijsm w o i q ~ a ~ .

2.

3. TOGTO &tipip& m w d m ~ .

3. TOGTO &~p$Gsn r w w x 6 - r ~h ~ .

4. TOGTO &K~$&sT E T O ~ U { K ~ T E .

4. TOCTO&K~$Gsmohuqxbrrs h.

5.

T O ~ ~ T&K~$&s O ~ E ~ ~ ~ O K E V .

5. TOGTO &~p$Gs 6~6qhwui)sCmw.

6.

TO>O

&tipip55S ~ ~ E I Xaiirq. EV

6. TOGTO

7.

TO>O

tip$&^ ~ i p q m va h q .

7. TOGTO &K~$&sripqxvia ibrw a h q .

&Kp$Gs n€ll'~l~l(&~ id^.

TO>O

&K~$&s

6 ~ 6 ~ 1 pi ima w aiirq.

&Kp$55 ~ ~€ & ~0? ~ T EKS~ w v .

8. TOGTO & ~ p i P ielh{~&~v. j~

8.

9. 0 h O 5 &Kp?65

9. oh05 &l(~$55p ~ p h ~ 6~- rW~ V~

~P~@UIV.

10. TOGTO &Kp$Es v ~ v a q ~ & &al. l~

~

0

.

10. TOGTO &~p$Gsprpdquuia~Zmwv ahat.

P.56:

Directions: Transform the verbs in the following from the indicative to the imperative form with the participle: e.g., Recording: GSq yfypan-ra~r o k o . Reply:

~ a6:i mpaqru~'vov [mu ~ o i h o . Cover this column

1. q6q yz'ypamat soiho.

1. ~ a6: i y~ypaqr&ov &TO) TOGTO.

2. i$q ~fpqsatTOCTO.

2. m i 6: ripqpivov Zww TOGTO.

3. ii6q & w o & ~ p ~ s0a 6t ~ 6 .

3. ~ a6:i imoxnrP~~voy Eom, oh%.

4. j8q @piersat 0 6 s ~ .

4. ~ a6:i

5. q6q 6~6i6amala h q .

5. ~ a l 6 : &StSaydvq Kmw a h q .

6. q6q r ~ e ~ kairs?. at

6.

7. $11 Tr~rroiqsutraka.

7. mi 6: r r e r r o ~ q ~ kLbrw a ~aiha.

8. q6q

8. mi 6: wudqpiva r a w s a k a .

C ( E U & ~ T ~sIa k a .

9. i 6 q w ~ ~ ~ v06~01. r n r

Kai

PEPAE~~LIVOS POIO

64 7 d E @ i v

~ O T Wa

ohq.

h.

9. ~ a6:i wpimlpivo~Eorov o h o ~ .

10. @q rrernuuivot ~fuiv.

10. ~ a66 i WEWEWV&OI hwv.

11. q6q ~ ~ ' ~ h q vahat. mt

11. ml6: d q u & a &TOY ~

12. $q hwuulvat ~ioiv.

12. mi 8: k p p i v a l k w v .

ahat.

28C. GRAMMAR 28C:

Uses of the Aorist and Perfective Imperative

The imperative, whether built on the aorist or perfective base like the forms of this unit, or on the progressive base (16C). is a state of the assertive mood. 28C1:

The aorist imperative signals a command simply to carry out an action without any implication of continued process: e.g.,

-

Evvbrloov T& ~ 0 1 6 ~ 6 ~ think about the following kind:

q~hhqv -

~irrE6 4 EyX~h~co UOI 28C2:

T ~ V

say then let him fill me the cup.

The perfective imperative, like other states of the perfective aspect, signals an action carried through to completion: e.g.,

-

T ~ Jripjo8w T ~

let this have been said.

The note in M4 above suggested that only a very few forms of the perfective imperative active occur. These are restricted to verbs where the perfective form in fact carries a progressive meaning: e.g., ?a91

-

know!

(C O ~ Ea 2nd , perfective form with present progressive meaning, "he knows '0

~s'8va91

-

die!

(< 8 v + ~ n : i.e., "let you be dead'?)

-

28C3: Negative Particle with the Imperative

Thenegative particle, i s normally not used with the aorist or perfective imperatives. For negative commands, or prohibitions, regular Attic usage requires: progressive imperative (16~3), or aorist subjunctive. The aorist subjunctive will be studied in the next unit.

*

or one of its compounds: e.g.,

iljrrore.

28C4: Forms of the Aorist and Perfective Imperatives

Endings of aorist and perfective imperative, like those of the progressive (16C2), are attached directly to the appropriate form of the verb-stem. The person-subject endings themselves are as follows: Aorist Active/Passive (Perfective Active rare) Sing. 2 a* -ov, -81. 3

- TW

Dual. 2

-TOY

Pfm.

2

3 a) i.

ii. b

-

Aorist Middle (Perfective Middle/Passive)

- 1s * *

-0

(Act.)

-71

(Pass.)

71 VTWV,

-

U ) ~ W

-

U)~E

-00

-a)8wv

-TWU~V

- 01.

-

Aorist imperative passives (and a few actives, both aorist and perfective s e e 28C2 above), retain the -81 ending: e.g., aorist

m?81,

yvG01, @ q e t ;

perfective

iu81 ( < o h ) ,

6;6181 (^ YE

h ~ h q p & EUELT~E. ~ o ~ qSiov ~ & TIIE~&. p

&EI

- drink

-

Xenophon, Sympasium.

SR5:

The beauty contest. (See 28D3, 30D4.)

KPITOBOYAOZ. TOG ye p$v )& 'p

TO:

O T ~ P U T O Si&pa1,

€1

imo6&v~i

hrroS&vflv E"v€~a

- bite (off) gnaw

- thick rb x ~ i X q- lip v d a s b s - soft

nax6s

- ass, donkey h o y 4 f r . ~ - consider i,/i 6vos

3 N & ~-

Naiad o,XstAqv& Silenus rlural bring forth; bear

- -

KPITOBOYAOZ. O ~ I ~&' TxLurrpE)s oa & V T L ? ~ ~&Ah& EIV, 6taq~p6vrovT& q ~ h o y i',va hs ~ & i m aEBB 8 T L p xp: iaOeiv

&.rrorsiaai. p6vov quq!

fl

(PEP~VTWV'

B&OLKU y&p ~boE)v ~ a 'AVT~OO~VOUS i rrhoikov p{ pe ~ c r r a 6 u v a o r ~ i r o ~

ymorrp -

deceive

- Xenophon, Symposium.

VOCABULARY I.

NEW WORD LIST 6 "&,y~Xos

(TOG &+hov)

imo6&vn

(&rroSh~vo)[verbl

- messenger

hounl

-

bite (off); gnaw

- selfdetected 6 6 1 6 h m d o ~(TOG StSamdhou) [nounl - teacher, master misbqwpos (-ov) [adjective]

-

%mar+ (8earra~G) [verb] r6piarst

( E ~ ~ ~ U K O[verbl )

-

deceive, beguide find (out); invent

- death

b 9 h a r o s (TOG O ~ V & O W ) [nounl

-

Xayx&st (haYX&vm) [verb]

obtain by lot

-

Aoy4erm (hoyxoclal) [verb] p d a ~ b s(-4 -6v) [adjective]

fi N$S

(-rig N E ~ O ~ [noun] )

vou9crsf

( V O U ~ E T ~ [verb] )

-

(deponent) count, reckon; consider soft

- Naiad (nymphs of the water) -

put in mind; warn, rebuke; chastise

6 f i S v o ~(ToG/T?~ 6vou) [noun] r b BqaAos (TOG $E%ow~) [nounl n a p o ~ v r i(wapoivG) [verb] naxhs (

a

a

-6

mfve (rrfvvo) [verbl

)

- ass, donkey -

advantage, help

- behave ill at wine; act like a drunkard

[adjective]

-

thick

- drink

wpb [preposition] (t genitive only) before; rather than r r p o r d s i (rrpo~ahG) [verb]

-

oc19p6s (-& bv) [adjective].

-

call forth; (usually middle) challenge; invite; offer, purpose

- unsound -

b IstXqv6~ (TOG I ~ t h ~ v o Galso ) 6 Zihqv&j [noun] Sileuus (like Satyrs, rustic spirits of wild-Iife. Sileni are usually old and depicted with horse-ears: Satyrs are young, and goat-like) K

T

(T~KTO)

r b xeiAos (TOG

[verbl

- beget; bring forth; produce [nounl - lip

XEI%OU~)

2. RELATED WORDS

3.

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

- in the act huy~&v~rv 6i~r)v- obtain leave to bring a (private) suit

'

u

p

DERIVATIVE irly~hq

Plate 31: An Athenian Wine-cooler, a Psykter ,

British Museum E768

Height 28.5 cm.

This vase, another masterpiece of the artist Douris (cf. Plate 22) from the very early fifth century, shows a scene of revelling satyrs or sileni. These odd creatures, with the body of a man, but the ears and tail of a horse, were the male attendants of Dionysus. Since one of Dionysus' rbles was that of god of the wine, his attendants are frequently depicted, a s here, in drunken scenes. On the left a satyr is standing on his hands drinking out of a cup; to the right another sprawls backwards while two of his companions pour more wine into his mouth from both a wine-skin and an oinokhoe ("wine jug") at the same time! The vase has this peculiar shape s o that it might be filled with wine and then stood in a bowl of cold water; the rather spread shape of the vase thus ensures that a greater surface of the wine would be cooled.

REFERENCE MATERIAL

CONTENTS

- --------- ---- -- -- -- -- - ------- ---- --------------- ---------- ---- -- -- --- -------------------------- - -------------- - -- -- --------------

Paradigms - ----1178 Progressive Aspect - 1178 verbs) - - - 1178 Assertive Mood Indicative State 1178 Imperative State-- - -- 1182 Infinitive S t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 8 4 Participial S t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 8 5 verbs)-- - -- 1189 Assertive Mood Indicative State - -- 1189 Imperative State----1194 Infinitive S t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 g 6 participial s t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 l 9 7 Subjunctive Mood -1201 Optative Mood - - - --.1203 Future(Aorist present)- --1206 Assertive Mood- - 1206 Indicative State 1206 Infinitive S t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1210 ParticipialState------------------------------1212 Optative Mood - - 1215 Aorist Aspect----- - 1218 Assertive Mood- - - 1218 Indicative state - 1218 Imperative state--1223 Infinitive State-- - - 1228 participialstate------------------------------1231 Subjunctive Mood 1237 optative ~,d -1240 Perfective Aspect -1244 Assertive Mood---- - 1244 Indicative state 1244 Imperative state- - 1248 l,,finitive s t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l 2 5 0 participial s t a t e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l 2 5 1 subjunctive i+qood -1254 optative ~~~d -- 1255

-- - -- - - - - ---------- ---- - --- - --- - ----------- --- --- - --- --- -------

----- ---- - - ---- ------------- ---- - ------- - - - - - .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - - ----- ---- -- - -- --------------------- -------- ----------

--

---- --------- ---- - - ------------- -------- -- --- ---- -- --- ------ - ------- ---- ----- - --- ---- ---- - --------- --- --- --------- --- -------- -------------- ----- --- ---- ------- ---- ------------- -- --------- ----- ------------- ------- --- ---------------- - -- ----- - ----- -------- ---------- -------------------- -- -- - - - - -- - - - -- - -- -- - --- ---- ------- - --- -------- - - - --- ------ - ---- - ----------

NOUNSANDADJECTIVES: P a r a d i g m s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1256

ADJECTIVES-------------------------------------First and Second Declension ---- Second Declension-- Third Declension- - First and Third Declension - Comparison --

1264

- - - - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - - - - -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1264 1266 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1267 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1268 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1269

MEANINGS OF PREPOSITIONS -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..- - - ..- - - .- - 1276

-- --- -

ENGLISH-GREEK WORD LISTS FOR COMPOSITIONS- - - - - - - - - 1310 Units3-6----------------------------------------1310 Units7-lO--------------------.--------.----------units 11-14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1314 1319 Units15-18 - - - - - - - . 1325 units 19-22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - 1333 Units23-26 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----.-Units 27-30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1339 1346

- - - - - -- -- - - - -- - - - - -.- - - -- -..-- - -.-. - - - .- -- - - - - - - - - - .- .. . . - --- - - .. -..

Current Analysis in this text as

Traditional

= Current

Present

= Progressive Present = Progressive Past

IMPERFECT FUTURE

Future

= (Aorist Present>) Future

AORIST

Aorist

= Aorist Past

PERFECT

Perfect

= Perfective Present

PLUPERFECT

Pluperfect

= Perfective Past

FUTURE PERF.

Future Perfect = Perfective Future

AORIST

PRESENT

Equivalent notations for traditional and current descriptions of mood and state may be repre-

Traditional Analysis as Mood

n

Current Analysis as Mood / State

Traditional = Current

INDICATIVE

Indicative

= Assertive Indicative

IMPERATIVE

Imperative

= Assertive Imperative

SUBJUNCTIVE

Subjunctive = Subjunctive Indicative

OPTATIVE

Optative

= Optative Indicative

INFINITIVE

Infinitive

= Assertive Infinitive

PARTICIPLE

Participle

= Assertive Participle

INDICATIVE

INFINITIVE OPTATIVE

PARTICIPLE

Not all combinations occur.

Since imperative, infinitive and participial s t a t e s are met only in the assertive mood, it need not b e mentioned with them. Since only the indicative state occurs with.the subjunctive and optative moods, i t need not be specified with them. NOTE: This must not mislead us into thinking of the Indicative, Infinitive and Imperative as moods, since the theme vowel signal clearly demonstrates that they are all s t a t e s of the one mood, what we have called the Assertive (or Factual) Mood.

-

Therefore, in the interests of economy

-

When we do not specify the mood, the Assertive is implied: e.g., Infinitive = Assertive Infinitive. When we do not specify the state, it i s because the mood i s Subjunctive or Optative, which have only one s t a t e each, the Indicative: e.g., Subjunctive = Subjunctive Indicative.

THE VERB 1. System The Greek verb, a s presented in this text, shows a clearly defined system with formal distinction for the following major grammatical categories:-

3 3 3 4 and 3

aspects tenses moods states voices

DIAGRAM 1*

ASPECT

TENSE

MOOD

Progressive

Past

Assertive

Aorist

Present

Subjunctive

STATE

VOICE

Indicative

Active

Imperative Middle Infinitive Perfective Of the categories noted

- nsnect, -

2.

Optative

Participle

Passive

-

(progressive, aorist, perfective) indicates the contour of the action: e.g., on-going action, simple action, perfected or completed action severally;

tense,

(past, present, future) locates the action in time;

mood,

(assertive, subjunctive, optative) tells the contingency of an event (as factual, conditional, etc.);

- state, -

Future

voice,

(indicative, imperative, infinitive, participle) indicates the tale of the verb in relation to other parts of the construction (as predicate, object of a verb or preposition, etc.); (active, middle or passive) has to do with the status of the verb subject a s actor, a s engaged in self-benefitting activity, or a s undergoer.

Form The segment containing the basic dictionary meaning of the verb (the root, whatever its form) and the aspect signal, we speak of a s the base. Aorist and perfective bases and the socalled "future base" ** also show contrastive signals for voice. The base i s seen a s a natural unit containing an inner core of signals and linked by the verbal theme marker to an outer layer.

*

**

Cf. Larson, (1956) and 20C7. fn. above. Cf. 20C7, 25C3.

Base and theme marker together yield the conventional verb stem. While the stem a s such is shown at each stage a s the verb is taught, the reference to base allows for a clearer focus on the components of the mood marker, Suffix 1 (20C7). The base may be preceded by Prefix 1, the past time marker, and various prepositional prefixes (Prefix 2 and 3). Suffix 1, the mood marker, i s followed by a second order suffix signalling state aud voice. The following diagram is a fuller development of the scheme in 20C7 above.

Notes: See 'Equivalence of Terminology' above, also 2Cla. See 'Equivalence of Terminology' above, also 2Cla. 3 See 18C3. 4 See Paradigms. 5 See Paradigms. 6 See Paradigms. 7 The participial signal, a s a governing derivational affix, alters the part of speech affiliation of the stem. Further inflection is for gender, number and case, and may be found in the paradigms under Participial State. 1

a

Greek, like all natural language, displays redundancy. The verb base often conveys infonnation signalled elsewhere in the same form. This may be illustrated by the base rrsvotq-, which signals not only the perfective aspect, but, by its form, the middle/passive voice. The signal for voice i s then reinforced by the set of second order suffixes which may occur with the middle/ passive, but not with the active: e.g., v~votq-&v-o~. In the progressive and certain aorist bases the principal or only signal a s to voice is contained in Suffix 2: e.g., rrolrp&-p\*os. This is reflected in the above diagram by the inclusion of the VOICE category in brackets under both BASE and SUFFCY 2. In complex bases, e.g., the perfective m v a u ~ - ,~ E T O I ~ K -the , segment which signals the lexical meaning of the verb is described a s the nucleus: e.g., rrcw- , -rote.-, -6-. Note how in wverbs, nucleus and base are identical for progressive forms, while in some PI verbs, e.g., SiGwo~, they are identical for certain aorist forms: cf., E 6 c - w ~ ~For . the "nuc1eus"of a verb form, s e e page 734.

-

Second and third order prefixes usually precede the past time marker (Prefix 11, but do not alter the basic scheme above.

DIAGRAM 3a.

Suffix 2: person subject endings.

Active and Aorist P a s s i v e Primclry

Middle P a s s i v e and Future Passive

Secondary

Primary

-

-~ a i

Secondary

Indicative State

- 111

Singular I -w, 2 15,

3

3 Plural

-

Y

-5, -09a -nt ( T I ) - $ -I,

-I,

-5

-1

1 -PEW 2 -TE 3 -:nl

-00 -TO

- T ~ I

-TOY

I}

-NEW

-u~9a -(F)~E

- rqw - TE -Y,

-saw

- Pqv

-oat

--(n)eqv (n)eov -~ 8 a -( F ~ E - YTO

(n)eoY

-VT~I

Imperative State Singular 2 -TM/:,* -81 3 -Tw Dual

2 -TOY 3 -TWv

Plural

2 3

DIAGRAM 3b.

-TE

-VTWV,

-TWO~Y

-no

- (n)eo - (n)9ov - (n)ewv -@)8~ - (n)9wv,, - (n)Owoav

-

Suffix 2: Infinitive and Participial States Active and Aorist Passive

Middle Passive and Future Passive

Infinitive State -EV,

- (n)8a1

-wal, - ~ v a i ,- I

Participial State

. *

-YT-, OT-,

-NEW-

-:F-

-u1-

Imperative here most commonly signalled by BASE

+

Theme Marker or BASE + : , cf. SfSou.

3.

Future Tense: form and function The future was represented in 20C2 a s formed from a combination of the progressive base and future marker, to produce a so-called "future base'! In fact the pattern of formation i n many respects parallels that of the aorist base, a s noted in 21C1. Absence of the past t'me marker suggests a link with a non-past aorist form if any.

-

In addition to sharing elements of form with both aorist and progressive (e.g., person subject endings), the future may express either a progressive or simple, one-time action. Accordingly, although the base as a unit i s not ordinarily differentiated for tense, it is convenient to speak of a "future base", rather than assign the tense to either progressive or aorist aspect. Both the aorist characteristics of shape and the double function of the future might be represented by the following diagram, suggestive of a shift in role by a conjectured, earlier aorist present.

DIAGRAM A. PROGRESSIVE

AORIST

Xr,

FUTURE

\

PRESENT PAST

X X

PERFECTIVE

*

..,' I"\

X

X

X

With such a shift of the tense, a s a whole, the aorist aspect signal is now seen a s marking future time. This notation i s shown in the future paradigm, the forms of which are treated a s related to those of the aorist system (Future Paradigm, Unit 20). **

* **

A future perfective exists, showing the reduplication associated with the perfective base. It i s rare, however, and not further elaborated in this text. This treatment is not an attempt to introduce historical considerations into a pedagogical text. but rather to include form as well a s function in any account of the "future'! It is hoped that a study on the part of A. Schachter, co-author of this text, will provide a further treatment of the problem shortly.

PARADIGMS: VERBS PROGRESSIVE ASPECT ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-a Verbs)

Indicative State:

Active Voice:

Present Tense (Units 2, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

S

+

Theme Marker

D

+

Primary Person Endings

P -

1

Analysis

kr 0- luv

aEy-0-0

is

2

-E

3

-C 1

h~y-E-

-

TOV

E- TOV

-6-TE -c-:01

Synthesis

*

:o1

: This symbol is used here a s a purely descriptive device, without historical implication.

See below, Assertive Mood (-w verbs), Participial State, Active Voice, note 5.

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-aVerbs)

Active Voice:

Indicative State:

P a s t Tense: (Units 12, 19)

B a s i c Pattern Prefix 1 (Augment)

Progressive Base

t

Theme Marker

t

Secondary Person Endings

c

Analysis

L

S

Synthesis

1

hyov

2

WE~ES

D

Ehdye~ov

P

S

&'yopv

Zbpwv

E~~~ETE

Ibpc

3

~IE~ I h yE g~qv

~%yov

Ebp~

1

hoiouv

Eno~oGp~v

Eijhouv

D

P

Ewpijpv Ewpkov L

Ewpcrrqv

Cwpke

:.

,

-$1j

.- .. I

&PWV

€6qhoG~~v

tmoiE15

imo~ei~ov h o l e i ~ e

€6jhous

€6qhoir~ov mqhoirr~

inoiel

€ n o ~ e i ~ q v Enoiouv

EGjhou

€6qhohqv

.!,.-

..

j ,\

3

€6jhouv

. :r. ,-2 .: .

..

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-aVerbs)

Indicative State:

M/P Voice:

Present Tense: (Units 7, 10, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

t

Theme Marker

t

Primary Petson Endings -@a

-vat

e.g., hey

t

O/E

+

-p

a1

-sat

S

1

k y - o-vat

2

hey-~-a~

3

,.

Synthesis

-

E- T ~ I

D

-oeov

-oe~

- 0 8 0 ~ -ma1

P h ~ y -c- ~ ~ 9 a

k y - ~ ~ e o v -I-O~OV

-E-U~E

- o-

V T ~ I

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-w Verbs)

Indicative State:

Past Tense (Units 12, 19)

M/P Voice:

Basic h t t e r n Prefix 1 (Augment)

Progressive Base

t

+

Theme Marker

t

Secondary Person Endings

D

P

Analysis

S

Synthesis 1

D

EA~y6p~v

P

S

EAry6y8a

E'wp&pqv

Eh~'yru0~

E'wpij

E'wpCoBov

E'wpZu0~

E'CO~~TO

Ewp&&lv

E'wpZjv~o

2

hiyou

Ehiyeo0ov

3

&[YETO

EA~~e'u0~vEAiYovro

Iwp&p0a

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-u Verbs)

Active Voice: (Units 16. 19)

Imperative State:

Progressive Base

Theme Marker

S Analysis 2

3

t

Person Endings

D

ky-E-$

hay-+

-€-TO

P hay- E- ra

TOY

-

-€-TOY

C- VTWY/

- e rwuav S

D

P

Synthesis 2

hiy~

hiy~~ov

hiy~ra

3

kY!rw

kyi~uv

kyt)v~uv/

S

hP6~w

D bpdrov

6pBra

h+wv

6p&vrwv/ 2

k$rwav

2

rroi~t

rro~ai~ov

3

TOIE~TW

T T O ~ E ~ T W Y TTOIO~VTWV/

TFOIE~TE

rro~airwuav 7

P

6parwav

6jhou

SqAoirrov

Sqhoirra

Sqhohw

Sqho6~wv

Sqho6vswv/ Gqhohwuav

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-o Verbs)

Imperative State:

M/P Voice: (Units 16, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

t

Theme Marker

rerson findings

t

-to

- 0 8 0 ~ -a&

- a8w - 08wv - 08wv/- 08wuav

Analysis

Synthesis

ASSERTIVE MOOD:

Infinitive State:

Active Voice: (Unit 14)

Basic Pattern

Analysis

Synthesis

Infinitive State:

M/P Voice: (Unit 14)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base e.g.,

ky

Analysis

Synthesis

t

Theme Marker E

+

.State Marker

+

oeal

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-oVerbs)

Participial State:

Active Voice: (Units 13, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Theme + Marker Base

Analysis

+

Voice/ Class State t Marker Marker

+

Inflectional Endings

1

Masculine and neuter forms of the active participle belong to the Consonant stem or 3rd Declension, and like nouns o f t h i s declension have the class marker L Since this is constant throughout these forms, i t is omitted in the analysis diagram.

2

$indicates ris dropped, in keeping with the principIe in Greek which disallows a noncontinuant in final position.

3

Length shown by , indicates true vowel lengthening (w, q, ir) in contrast with "diphthongization" (ow, EI), shown by the symbol : The here shows lengthening of the immediately preceding vowel, with or without an intervenislg consonant.

4

$here contrasts with other c a s e endings.

5

This statement of change should be read a s a purely descriptive device, and not confused with an explanation of historic change.

.

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-aVerbs)

Participial State:

Basic Pattern .

Progressive Theme Base + Marker

Analysis

+

Voice/ State Marker

'

+

~. .:> Class Marker + '

M/P Voice: (Units 13, 19)

:

. .

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.; .

.

, . ,.

Inflectional &dings

.

,

.

;

.

I

Synthesis

S

N

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-VIVerbs)

Indicative State:

Active Voice:

Present Tense: (Units 4, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

t

Theme Marker

t

Primary Person Endings

-

-Pi

e.g., 6160(:.)

Analysis

Synthesis

t

#/a

+

WV

-5

-TOY

-TE

-01

'TOY

-:a

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (- VI Verbs)

Indicative State:

Active Voice:

Past Tense (Units 12, 19)

Basic Pattern Augment t

Progressive Base

t

Theme Marker

+

Secondary Person Endings

Analysis

Synthesis

*

Forms with : occur more generally than those with for singular forms. Note however hi8qv, showing. , followed by h i 0 ~ 1 5Eri0~1, , showing.: length.

These three verbs exhibit variations from the basic pattern:

-

1. pqu; [base pa(.)-]

say

Analysis

Synthesis pa-

2.

eia1 [base

-15

ipa-+TOV

-01

-

-

EI-/I-I

Analysis

3.

h i [base

Analysis

+

WV

TOV

will go Synthesis

€9-1

-

be Synthesis

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (- p1 Verbs)

Indicative State:

M/P Voice:

Present Tense (Units 7, 10, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

t

Theme Marker

t

Primary Person Endings

-

Synthesis

D

S

Analysis 1

S16c-Ppal

2

-oat

3

- TOI

P 616~-#-wf~a

SISO-+OBOV

- oeov

- u8r

-

VT~I

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-PI Verbs)

Indicative State:

M/P Voice:

Past Tense: (Units 12, 19)

Basic Pattern Augment t

€/

-

t

Progressive Base

e.g., 6160

Theme Marker

t

t

-B

t

Secondary Person Endings

t -00 -TO

Analysis 1

2

-3 Synthesis

D

S

00

-TO

- O ~ E

-08qv

-no

P

pees

CStS*+

CStSo-+pqv

-

-O~OV

bStS~$-oeov

-

O ~ E

-0&lv

-

VTO

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (-PI Verbs)

Imperative State:

Active Voice: (Units 16, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

2 3

Synthesis

+

Theme Marker

6160-$-: -TO

Person Endings

P

D

S

Analysis

+

616~-plow

-

TWY

616~-~TE

-

WWY

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (- W L Verbs)

Infinitive State:

Active Voice: (Unit 14)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base e.g..

St60

t

Theme Marker

+

State Marker

t

-$

+

-va~

Analysis

Synthesis

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (- W I Verbs)

Infinitive State:

M/P Voice: (Unit 14)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base e.g.,

6160

Analysis

Synthesis

t

t

Theme Marker

t

State Market

-

+

-oeal

ASSERTIVE MOOD: (- VI Verbs)

Participial State:

Active Voice: (Units 13, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

+

Theme t State t Marker Marker

Class t Marker

Inflectional Endings

Analysis S N

*

See Paradigms for Participial State of

- w verbs, note 1, above.

Synthesis S N

ASSERTIVE MOOD:

M

Analysis

D NA GD

1

.-M/P ~

-- v

618-$-~*~#

SlSo-+e(~*o-v

-v - .S

0

-.I

-.1

-- o

OIV

Voice: --

F

N

6160-~MEV-0-5

S N

A G D

Participial State:

I

-alv -a-a

I

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD:

-

Indicative State:

Basic Pattern

+

Progressive Base

Theme Marker

Active Voice: (Units 17, 19)

+

Contingency Marker

+

Primary Person Endings

Mood Signal

Analysis

1 2

3

ky-*

-

E-

P

D

S

.-

-

hry- c- p ~ v

w

.- 15 .-I

hry- c

-

TOY

.-TOY

-E--TE

-

0.

-

:u1

-

M/P Voice: (Units 17, 19)

Indicative State:

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD:

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

+

Theme Marker

+

Contingency Marker

+

Primary Person Endings

1

Mood Signal

e.g., hey

Analysis

2

.3 Synthesis

hey- o-E-

I f

- pat

-pea

+-#at

-dov

- U ~ E

-ral

-oeov

-vrat

D

S

1

t

Iole

.-pal -at .-T~I

ky-E-

-

P

-

hey- D.. @a 000v

.-o0ov

-e--uee

- .-vrat O.

1

*

IE

Sine.

(without .) occurs only before 3rd person plural, active person endings.

Dual Plural

.

Synthesis

**

Alternative sets of forms,for Dual and Plural of PI verbs. e.g., r18aiqrov, GtSo~;l~qv, Tle~iqvev,S I ~ O ~ ~iu~a~quav, TE, etc., are built from the base ersonal 'lE' '&dings.

':g:[

OPTATIVE MOOD:

Indicative State:

M/P Voice: (Units 18, 19)

Basic Pattern Progressive Base

Analysis

Synthesis

+

Theme Marker

+

Contingency Marker

+

Secondary Person Endings

ASSERTIVE MOOD:

Indicative State:

Active Voice:

FUTURE (Unit 20)

Basic Pattern < ~ s ~ e c t > +~ Tense Marker

~ucleus~ t

Theme Marker

Primary Person Endings

t

Future Base

-

c Base or

oh

+

Nucleus

Analysis

1

0-w

2

-el5

3

-1

1

3

-1

wv-*c-0

2

E-

-1

-TOY

-:a1

HEpTT-

C-E- TOY

-E-TE

-0-:Dl

-TOY

60 -0-E-TOV

-ETE

-0-:at

-TOY

wv-E-0-wv 15

-1

See The Vmb Section 3, fn.

2 On the "nucleus", s e e pg.

-TE

60.-c-0- p ~ v

-€-IS

1

-TOY

TTEMH- C- 0- MEV

~O.-LT-C-W

2

3 1

HepH-0-

-15

P

D

S

- pEv

W

PEV-EE. TOV

-CTE

- TOV

-C-:Ol

** above.

734, and The Verb, Section 3, above.

3 is to be read a s "tense marker following shift of r81e from aspect marker",

Tense Marker 4

In the discussion of the future marker (20C3.2), the device was used of representing the form occurring with contract verbs a s -/:a, i.e., length of preceding base vowel + 0. In the above diagram, rather then multiply variants of the future marker, length i s linked, where it occurs, with the final vowel of the preceding base.

5

The reader is reminded that this is not to be read a s a historical statement.

Synthesis

Basic Pattern

+

(~s~ect>' +

Future Base

Base o r Nucleus

D

S 1

-eat

3

2 3

rnpv- u- CY pea

rrepwu-o-(la1

2

1

P

-ueov

--rat

pv-e-c-pal

-

E-

-

at T ~ I

-

m p r r - u- &oeov

- cpsv-

usv-

E-

cU

b O. p

cU ~ O V

-

- UOOV

-

~ E

Y T ~ I

~9a

E- U ~ E 0- Y T ~ I

ASSERTlVE MOOD:

Indicative State:

Passive Voice:

FUTURE (Unit 25)

Basic Pattern Nucleus

t

Voice Marker

t

Tense Marker

t

Theme Marker

t

Primary Person Endings

Future Passive Base

Alternate Nucleus

o

('1

Analysis

D

S

1 rrsprr- 9s.-o-

2

C-

rreprr- Be.- o- C- w0a

pal

rr~prr-0s.- a- E- ueow

-+at

3

- oeov

-7011

1 8KlThay-€.2

h ~ ~ h aEPy -0- e p ~ & r

U- C- pat

tarrhoy- E.- o- E- o0ov

-€-at

3

-*mat

- oeov

- T ~ I

-

C-

vra~

Synthesis

rrcppOrlobp~Oa.E~rrAayipopat

2 l'IEll@$~~ rrEp~8$u~o8ov~ 3 i

T E ~ ~ ~ $ u E{u ~~ rEr

T T E D ~ ~ ~ ~ UVE ET ~~ ~I ~ $ O E O ~T O TE V ~ ~ ~ T ~ O O Y ~TKUTI T d

h d o ~ ~ K ' I T ~ U ~ $ U E U ~ O~ VK

T I ~ ~ ~ ~ L O ~ E

A ~ ~ U E T P I# K T T ~ ~ & T E U ~ O V ~ K W ~ C L & O V T I I I

ASSERTIVE MOOD:

Infinitive State:

Active Voice:

(Unit 20)

B a s i c Pattern

+

Nucleus

+

dspect> Tense Marker

Theme Marker

State Marker

t

Future Base

1

Progressive Base or Alternate Nucleus

f

..

,....

, .

t '. ."

. : E, . ,

.

:,;.

I

. .. E I

see (28) : phE'rret [ 191

perfectly (27) : TEAE'COS[31

seem (30) : S o a r [21

perhaps (27) : rows [ 121

[241 seize on (27) : ~a~ahalrphvE1

perish (30) : &rr6Ahu~ar191

self (27) : a h & [ 2 1

be ) perplexed (29) : hrrop~i[ 4 1

self-brother (28) : b a6raS~A&

piety (30) : $ ~ h @ t a [41

shameful (28) (29) : a i q p & [ 5 1

plant (30) : sb p ~ ~ 1121 b

shoo o f f (28) (29) : h r r w o p i

play (28) (29) : rraq~t [ 23 1

short (30) : ppq65 [ 22 1

please (28) (29) : S ? T ~ 1301

show (28) (29) : 6ri~vijul [51

pluck up courage (28) : e a p p ~ i[ 171

slaughter (28) (29) :

prefer (30) : p o b k ~ a t [ 91

slave (30) : b 6oGhq [ 91

present (27) : rrapia~r~ot[241

smell (28) (29) : $ t w p 6 [ 91

previously weary (30) : rrpoarro~&puet[ 301 proudly (28) (29) : o~puZjs[ 23 1 punish (30) :

K O ~ ~ [ E 81 I

& R W C + K ~ T E L[ 6

(28) (29) : t w ~ p a i v r ~ a1281 l so a s (30) : ZUTE [ 61 some (27) : ~ t u yTlva , [21

pursue (28) (29) : 61&=1 [ 2 1

s o that (27) :

put fonvsrd (27) : rrpo-rie~~a~ 71

soul (30) : j yM{ [ 41

quickly (28) (29) : ~~6

speak (27) (28) (29) : h&€t 12 1

[271

&UTE

[ 61

R ~ O ~ ~ O ~[ 81 E ~ E I

quietude (28) (29) : $ kvxt'ti [ 21 1

speak forth (27) :

rather (28) : ~Chhov[201

spirited (30) : OCpoatSis [61

really (28) (29) :

ti

[31

stronger (30) :

K P E ~ T T ~[V15

reason (30) : b h6yos [ 5 1

such as (27) : o i q [ 3 1

recognize (28) (29) : Y I ~ U & U K E I [21

suffer (27) : T

remain (28) (29) :

&EL

[71

respectfully (28) (29) : aBrlp6vy [ 191

1

~

E

1'

[I 131

suggestion 127) : j irrrbola [ 81 (27) : b u C K O ~ & U T ~ $

be ) rid (30) : &rrahh&~~rat[ 301

take away (28) (29) : + ~ p e i i a ~ [ 25 I

nm away (28) : q c k ~ t[ 2 1

take care (27) : 6rrlp~heiiat [ 91

[ 121

take care of (30) : E m u ~ k R a l [ 91

whenever (28) (29) : 8 ~ a v[ 181

terrible (30) : 6 ~ 1 ~ 6[ 101 5

who / that / which (27) (30) : k [ 2 1

than (30) : fi [ 2 1

who? / what? (28) (29) : ris;

'Ti; [ 2 1

61

~ K E ~ V O[S

that (27) :

(28) : Brros C22 1 127) :

BTI [21 who / whatever you please (27) :

(27) : &s [ 3 1

ia-rtuoirv [ 181

the more (27) : ~Chhov[201 then (28) : Erret-ra [ 101 therefore (30) :

06" [ 2 1

think (27) : ~ O K E ~ T I [21 V I (30) :

VON?..

ag.,:..

i. 'I'