Analytical Lexicon of Navajo [1 ed.] 0826313566, 9780826313560

Citation preview

Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/analyticallexicoO000youn

ANALYTICAL LEXICON of NAVAJO

Sy \ 4 Xa

ANALYTICAL LEXICON of NAVAJO Robert W. Young and William Morgan, Sr. with the assistance of Sally Midgette

University of New Mexico Press Albuquerque

Jean-Marie 11,

Allée

du

Hameau

95360

LEBON

Tas

de

des

Noyers

MONTMAGNY

Cailloux (FRANCE)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Young, Robert W., 1912-— Analytic lexicon of Navajo/Robert W. Young, William Morgan, Sr.; with the assistance of Sally Midgette.

: cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (invalid) 0-8263-1356-6 1. Navajo language—Grammar. 2. Navajo language—Lexicography. 3. Navajo language—Dictionaries—English. 4. English language—Dictionaries—Navajo. I. Morgan, William, 1917II. Midgette, Sally, 1938III. Title. PM2007.¥724 1933 91-34431 497' 2—dc20

Publication of Analytical Lexicon of Navajo is funded in part through a grant from The National Endowment for the Humanities.

© 1992 by the University of New Mexico Press. All nghts reserved. First edition.

DEDICATED to the memory of Willard W. Beatty, 1891-1961, who served as Director of Indian Education in the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1936 to 1952 In the course of his tenure he played a leading role in the reversal of Federal Indian policies instituted in the mid-nineteenth century, aimed at the forced assimilation of Indian people. He introduced revolutionary changes in Indian education, supported by a new philosophy that recognized Indian cultural institutions for their intrinsic value to the reservation communities and to the Nation at large; and that with their integration into the school program Indian languages, historically targets for eradication, emerged in written form as teaching tools for use in conjunction with a bilingual approach to the education of Indian children. Introduced by and operated under Beatty’s personal direction, the bilingual program of the 1940s was the precursor for the bilingual classrooms that remain a prominent feature of Navajo education to the present. In addition, the ever-growing body of literature in and about the Navajo language, along with its introduction as a modern language offering in regional colleges and universities—including the Tribe’s own Community College—can be claimed as outgrowths, direct or indirect, of the revolutionary policies and programs instituted a halfcentury ago by Willard Beatty. He holds an indisputable niche in Navajo history as the father of literacy in the Navajo Language.

ro ey megs = eteamcepemte steneg |

;

TAO wy viunec- oe uibeall 4 ely ‘ay «Symi

ewe

AA

-

fone

wes

F oe

ney

eu

ae

st

Lal

~+

PA *’ax, with Momentaneous Imperfective *’ad. V. Leer

"AH4

1979:84 and Krauss-Leer

1981:103:

cause a flat flexible object to move abruptly, untie.) NAVAJO: Occurs primarily as the theme of transitive verb constructions in which the subject is described as

causing the abrupt movement of a flat flexible object (FFO) (such as a sack or bag, with or without its loose contents, a flat blanket, towel, newspaper, sheepskin, coat, sheet of paper, dollar bill, pancake or tortilla). The movement involved includes intentional dropping,

(3)

tossing, lashing (as with a towel), throwing, uncovering

(4)

and untying.

In addition, there are a few bases that lack

a direct object pronoun, in which the subject is repre-

sented as merely producing the abrupt movement of a flat, flexible object.

over P (as over a limb, where O remains in

The recipient of such action, if any, is

position). Bi’aish’add/bi’ai’ah bi’anddnéish’aad).

represented as the object of a postposition. A Transitional and a Momentaneous Semelfactive occur with

"AH;, both based on the Momentaneous stem set; and

(6)

a separate Semelfactive occurs as well, marked by special stem form.

A.MOM. Trans\|

IMP.

USAT.

PERF.

‘add

’a’

‘ah

’ah_

’ah

’ad

‘ad ‘ad -

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

-

’at

aad

‘ah

-

vat

‘ah

’a’

’ad

-

’a’

’ad

’ah ‘ad -

‘ah ’ad -

at at ’at/’dad -

‘ad ’ad -

Sem.

B.CONT. C.REP Dur} Ser.

D.ASP? E.SEM. F.CURS

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

’a-(@/yi)(483): to toss O away out of sight. ‘lish’Aad/iP'ah (’andsh’add:’anddndsh’dad). SER.(@/si)(64): to toss O away one after

another. ‘Ahish’ddd/’ahé’ah ‘anddhash’ddad).

(’andhdsh’ddd:

# Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iish’ddd,

drop O down from a height.

(8)

to toss or

(bi’anéish add:

P-za-(@/yi):

to toss or drop O into P’s mouth (as a leaf). Bizaash’dad/bizaa’ah (bizandash’ddd: bizanddanash’aaq). (Inflected like ’adaash’ddd.) SER.(@/si). Bizahash’ddd/ bizaha’ah (bizanahdsh’ddd: bizanaddhdsh’daq). ch’i-(O/yi)(279): to toss O out horizontally (completive). Ch’ésh’aad/ch’éé’ah (ch’indsh’aad: ch’inddndash’dad). SER.(@/si)(276). Ch’éhésh’dadd/ch’éhé’ah (ch’indhdash’dad: ch’inddhdash’dad). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’ésh’add (ch’éhésh’ddd),

to toss or drop O over the

edge (as over a cliff) (one after another). ch’i-(ni/ni)(293): to toss O out horizontally (as out the door or window). Ch’inish’add/ch’inf'ah

(ch ’inanish’aad:ch’indanish’aad). SER.(@/si). Ch’éhésh’ddd/ch’éhé’ah (ch’indhdsh’ddd: ch’inddahash’dad).

(9)

I. @-(tt):

toss O off (as a blanket). # Naaltsoos ‘iish’ddd, to mail O (a letter), to go to the toilet (lit. “to toss a [toilet] paper’). # Naaltsoos P-ch’)’ iish’aad, to send P a letter. # Naaltsoos P-ee ’iish’ddad, to file a complaint against P (in court). # Niji’ ‘iish’dad, to toss O down on the ground or floor. # Yah ’iish’ddd (’ahish’ddad), to toss or drop O into an enclosure (one after another). # Y66’ ‘iish’add (’ahish’aad), to toss O away and get rid of it (them) (one after another). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(380): to toss, drop, hand O down from a height, unload O (as from a truck). ’Adaash’ddd/’adaa’ah (’adanash’dad:’adanddandash’daad). SER.(@/si)(375). ’Adahash’aad/’adaha’ah (adandahash’dad:’adandaahash’dad). ‘aha-(@/yi)(41): to uncouple O (as two chains or ropes). ’Ahdsh’ddd/’ahdaa’ah (ahdandsh’daad: ’ahanddanash’aaq). P-da’di-(@/yi)(150): to uncover O (by removing a cloth or sheet of paper). Baa’dish’adad/baa’dif’ah (banina’dish’add:baninaa’dish’aad). P-’ai-(= P-’ayi-)(@/@)(211): to toss O (as a towel)

dzidi-(@/si)(354): to lash out (into space) with a FFO (as with a towel). Dzidish’dad/dzidé’ah (dzindddish’dad). In:

# P-it dzidish’ddd, to hit P with a FFO. (10) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to toss or drop O into the fire (in a leisurely manner). Dzidzaash’aad/ dzidzaa’ah (dzidzandash’ddad: dzidzanaanash’aad). SER.(@/si)(356): to toss or drop O into the fire one after another. Dzidzahashadd/ dzidzaha’ah.

"AH4

"AH4 (11) dzidzaji-(@/yi)(357): to toss a FFO roughly into the fire. Dzidzajish’ddd/dzidzadzifah (dzidzanjfsh ’Add:dzidzandadjish’add). (Verb intransitive.) In: # Naaltsoos bee dzidzadzifah, | threw the paper roughly into the fire (lit. |made a rough throw into the fire with the paper). (12) ’e’e-(~’a’-/’0’0-/'i'i-)(D/yi)(364): to casta ballot, vote (lit. to toss an unspecified FFO away out of sight). ’E’esh’aad/‘i’'ah. In: # P-& ’e’esh’ddd, to vote for P. (Hafsha’ ba ’’finfah, who did you vote for?) (13) ha-(@/yi)(430): to toss O up out (as from a hole or cellar). Haash’ddd/hda’ah (handsh’ddd: hanadanash’dad). SER.(@/si) (391): to toss O up out one after another. Hahash’ddd/haha’ah (handhdsh’ddd: handdahash’dad). (14) ji-(O/yi)(489)(vi): to abruptly move (toss) a FFO away into space (completive and intransitive). Jish’ddd/dzifah (njish’ddd:nadajish’aad). In: # P-jddtah jish’add, to trip P with a FFO (as with one’s coat, by tossing it between P’s legs as he runs). (15) k’e’i’nii-(@/@)(469): to start to untie O, start to take O down (one’s hair, aloom). K’e’i’niish’aad/ k’e’i’nii’ah. (16) na-()/yi)(597): to toss or drop O down, unload O (as from a truck). Naash’add/naa’ah (nindsh’ddd: ninddnash’dad). SER.(O/yi)(529): to unload O (as bags) one after another. Nahash’dédd/naha’ah (nindhdsh’dad: ninddhash’aad). # P-ch’j’ naash’ddd, (nahash’dad), to drop, toss, hand O down to P (one after another). # P-k’ijj’ naash’ddd, to toss or drop O down onto P. # P-yi’jj’ naash’ddd, to toss or drop O down into

# Ni’jj’ naash’ddd (nahash’ddd), to toss or drop O down onto the ground or floor (one after another). (17) na’i’nii-(@/O)(469)(with prepounded dah, up): to start to wave(a flag). Dah na’i’niish’aad/dah na’i’niish’ah. (18) ndo-(@/si)(567): to untwist O, untie O (as a knot). Ndosh’ddd/néisé’ah (ninddndosh’4ad). (19) naa’a-P-fi-(@/yi)(577): to knock P over with a FFO (as with a pillow). Naa’abjjfsh’aad/ naa’abidzifah (naa’abinjish’ddd:naa’abinaajish’ddd). (20) fdii-(@/yi)(617):

SER.(@/si)(447). Hish’ddd/hé’ah (ndhdsh’ddd: néahash’dad). # P-iih yish’ddd, (hish’aad), to toss or drop O into P (as into a box)(one after another). # Dzidza yish’ddd (hish’ddd), to toss or drop O into the fire (one after another). # Nii’oh yish’ddd, to toss O away out of view. # Taah yish’ddd (hish’aad), to toss or drop O into the water (one after another).

I. D-(tr): (1)

’&k’e’a-(~’dk’e’e-/’Ak’e 'i-)(D/yi)(80): to untie oneself,

free oneself of bonds. ’Ak’e’esht’4dd/ ’k’e’eesht’ah (’Ak’end’asht’dad:’dk’enda’asht’aad). ’&k’e’i’nii-(/O): to start to untie oneself. ’Ak’e’i’niisht’a4d/’Ak’e i’niisht’ah. ’Ak’idi-(@/yi)(82): to toss O (as a blanket) off of oneself. ’Ak’idisht’44d/’Ak’ideesht’ah (’Ak’ind{sht’dad:’ak’indddisht’aad).

(2) (3)

Ill. D-(Passive): (1) ndzi-(ni/ni)(with prepounded P-it, in company with): to be struck by a falling object (in the form of a sack or package, as from an airplane). Bit ndzit’dad/bit ndzit’ah.

B. CONTINUATIVE I, O-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(591)(with prepounded dah, up): to wave

O (as a flag, shirt). Dah naash’ah/dah nisé’ah (dah ninddndsh’ah). # P-ch’j’ naash’ah, to wave O at P. (2)

na’-(~ n’-/ni’-)(@/si)(552)(with prepounded dah, up): to wave an unspecified FFO. Dah

na’ash’ah/dah ni’sé’ah (dah ninda’ash’ah). # P-ch’j’ na’ash’ah, to wave at P with a FFO. nabi’nii-(@/O)(217)(with prepounded dah, up): to start to wave O (as a flag). Dah nabi’niish’ah/ dah nabi’nii’ah. na’i’nii-(@/)(469)(with prepounded dah, up): to start signalling, start waving (as with a flag.) Dah na’i’niish’ah/dah na’i’nii’ah.

(3)

(4)

to hit O a single blow with a FFO.

Ndiish’ddd/ndifah (nindddiish’ddd). (Momentaneous Semelfactive.) (21) yaa-P-fjii-(@/O)(752): to knock P up into the air (as a toy balloon) by hitting it with a FFO (as with a towel). Yadbijiish’Add/ydabidzii’ah (yadbindajiish’4ad). (Momentaneous Transitional.) (22) (@/yi)(785): to toss or drop O (completive). Yish’add/yfah (ndsh’4dd:ndanash dad).

C.

REPETITIVE Durative

|. O-(tt): (1)

P-(di-(@)(181): to hit O (as a towel) against P (asa tree) repeatedly. Bidish’ad

’AH3

"AH4

(2)

dddi-(@/yi)(298): to open O (as a sack, by loosening a drawstring, pulling out chain-

stitching or by untying). Dadish’ad/dadii’ah (dandish’ad: dandaddish’ad). (3)

nikidi-(@)(633):

to slam O (as a towel) down

repeatedly against a surface.

Nikidish’ad.

IMBSSUS/iMPERRMPRROGH A.MOM. B.CONCL. C.CURS.

‘aah ’ah_ -

’ah ’ah A.

Seriative

ndni-(@/si)(563): to give O a series of flaps (as a blanket), strike O against something (as a tree). Nanish’ad/nané’ah.

D.

ASPECT?

. O-(tt): (1)

(2)

(1)

"aah vah -

MOMENTANEOUS

P-’nii-(@/O)(220):

to start to skin or butcher P.

Bi’niish’aah/bi’niit’ah. (2)

’i’nii-(@/O)(470): to start to butcher or do the skinning. ’l’niish’aah/7i’ni’ah. (3) di-(@/si)(336): to start to skin or butcher O.

Dish’aah/détah

(ndddish’aah).

jidizhni-(@)(489): to be an accomplished butcher, to be good at skinning or butchering.

Jidizhnish’aah.

k’e’a-(~ k’e’e-, k’e’i-)(O/yi)(503): to untie O (asa rope), loosen O (as a string), take O down (by untying, as one’s hair, a loom), to unlace O (as a shoe). K’e’esh’ad/k’e’ifah (k’enda’dsh’ad: k’enda’dsh’ad). k’e’i’nii-(@/O): to start to untie O, start to unlace O. K’e’i’niish’ad/k’e’i’nii’ah.

na-P-’nii-(@/O)(523):

to startto skin or butcher P.

Na-bi’niish’aah/nabi’nii?ah. na’i’nii-(@/O)(vt)(555): to start to skin or butcher. Na-’i’niish’aah/na’i’niit’ah. nd? nfi-(@/O(607): to just get a good start butchering or skinning (when something happens). Ndf’nfish’aah/ nd? niitah.

B.

E. SEMELFACTIVE

CONCLUSIVE

. t-(tt):

|. B-(tt): (1)

P-fdii-(@/si)(184): to strike O (as a towel) against P (as a person) one time, to hit P with O.

(2)

nikfdii-(@/si)(634):

Bidiish’ad/bidé’ad

(bindiish’ad:binaddiish’ad).

to slam a FFO (as a towel) down

against a surface one time. Nikidiish’ad/ nikfdé’ad (nikindddiish’ad).

na-(@/si)(552): to skin, butcher, dissect O. Nash’ah/nisétah (ninddandsh’ah). na’a-(@/si): to skin, butcher, dissect (an unspecified O), to do the butchering, skinning or dissection. Na’ash’ah/nf’sét’ah (ninda’dsh’ah).

C.

F. CURSIVE l. @-(tt): (1)

’ah ‘ah ‘ah/’aah_-

|. £-(tt):

Il. @©-(tt):

(1)

‘ah ‘ah -

EUIOEIE

CURSIVE

_ £-(tt): (yi)(785): to be in the process of skinning,

P-fzhni-(Prog)(264):

to go along beating P with a

FFO (as a towel or coat). (lit. to go along

swinging a FFO away into space against P). Bizhneesh’at/ bidazniit’add.

butchering or dissecting O. Yish’ah/deinfil’4ah (ndandash’ah). ’a-(yi)(367): to be in the process of butchering,

skinning or dissecting.

D.

(PPA uncertain > PA *’axt [#: butcher.)

"AHo NAVAJO: Occurs as the theme in verb bases having to do with the skinning or butchering of an animal, often in conjunction with a thematic nd-prefix and a thematized L-classifier.

’Eesh’ah/da’finiil’aah.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

na’atahi, butcher. na’al’ah, butchering (something is skinned or butchered).

(It is very unlikely that this morpheme represents a distinct root, in Navajo. It "AH3

is listed separately because it occurs in a single verb base where its identity is uncertain.)

A’

"AH3

——

IMP.

nnn

ET EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEER

USHTAM

PERE

FUT

OPT.

‘ah

‘ah

‘ah

’ah

NE et

A.MOM.

‘aah

A.

# Yah ’iish’d, to send or order O (to go) inside

an enclosure (as a house). # Y66’ ’iish’A, to send O away, get rid of O.

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

|. @-(tt): 1)

_—

(1)

’atndnd-(@-Usit./yi)(97): to send O to and from (as a child to school). ’Aindndsh’aah/’atnandat’a’. P-fka-(si-Perf.)(197): to have sent O after P (to get P - O, the person sent, is now back at the starting point). Bikaséta’. P-ikAdi-(@/si)(197): to send O after P (to get P) (as a boy sent after a tool). Bikadish’a/bikadét’a’ (bikAndish’a: bikandddish’d). ch’-(ni/ni)(293): to send O out, order O (to go) out (as out of the house). Ch’inish’a/chinf’a’ (ch ’indnish’a: ch ’indanish’a). di-(@/si)(336): to send O along on the way, to be going to send O. Dish’a/dét’a’ (ndish’a: ndadish’a). # P-chj’ dish’d, to send O to P (as a child to its mother). # P-ch’j’ dét’a’, to have sent O to P (and O is now on the way). # Ch’é6éh dish’d, to try in vain to send or order O (O refuses to comply). # -g66 dish’4, to send O to -- (a designated place). ha-(si-Perf.)(416): to have sent O after (something - to get it) (O has made a round trip and returned to the point of departure). Hasét’a’. ha-(@/yi)(433): to send or order O up out. Haash’da/ hdat’a’ (handsh’a:handanash’a). # P-ii’déé’ haash’d, to order O out of P (asa child out of the mud, snow, a box). # P-yaa haash’d, to order O out from under P (as a dog from beneath a car). ha-(@ or si/si)(433): to order or send O (to climb)

(3)

P-k’iha-(-ho-)(@/si)(205): to blame P, place the blame onP. Bik’thdsh’adah/bik fhosé’ah.

(4)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(5)

’ak’hat’dah, blame, culpability (someone is blamed). bee ’ak’éhat’dhigif, count (in criminal law), accusation (that with which he is blamed).

(2)

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iish’d, to send or order O down (as a child from a rooftop).

(6)

V.K'IS -AHALK’IIS

(7)

V.TIS

(8)

-AHATIS

(9)

(PA *’a. Glottalized Perfective *’a’ [1]: send.) "A NAVAJO: Two Semantic Themes: (L/L): send, order, command O: and (dié +t/L): direct a song, serenade (in the War Dance). The Momentaneous Aspectual verb bases employ 3 variant stem sets, identified as Momentaneous 1, Momentaneous 2 and Momentaneous 3.

IMP.

US ATP

SRERRae

FUT

a a aah a ‘a’

‘aah ‘aah ’aah ‘aah ‘aah

a’ ‘aad aad ‘a’ ’aad

‘aat ‘aat ‘aat aatee ‘aat

ORT:

up (a ladder, staircase, tree, mountain).

B. MOMENTANEOUS (2) I. £-(tt): (1)

A.MOM(1) B.MOM(2) C.MOM.(3) D.CONT. E.DUR.

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

= ’a ’a’ = ’aat a: —’a’

Haash’a

or hashish’d/hasét’a’ (handsh’a:handanash’4). (10) hddi-(@/si)(385): to send O on the way to get (some-thing), to have started O (a boy) after something (a tool). Hadish’a/hadét’a’ (hdddish’a:handadish’a).

(@/yi)(785): to send O, order O, command O (completive - requires an adverb of direction or goal). Yish’d/ y#’aad (ndandsh’a). # P-ch’j’ yish’4, to send O to P (as a person toa job, or to do something), to sic O on P (a dog).

(1) \|. L-Mediopassive):

I. t-(tt): (1)

’a-(G/yi)(483): to send or order O away out of sight. ‘lish’A/'f’a’ (‘andsh’d:’anddnash’a).

(1) (@) (785)(with negative doo---da):

to be lazy,

disobedient; to refuse or fail to follow orders. Doo yish’da da. (Cf. D[lll]1.)

’ASHJJH

JN

C.

MOMENTANEOUS

Brdil’a’/b?'déél’aad

(3)

(binda’dil’a’).

(di-thematic:

oral noise.) |, L-(Reflexive): (1)

F. NOUN DERIVATIVES

(@/yi)(785): to bring (send) O (a misfortune) on oneself (as when S, by his poor behavior, brings

the police or a dog down on himself). Yish’aah/ yish’aad (nddandsh’aah). # ’Ach’j’ yish’aah, | bring it on myself (as police, retribution).

I. £-(tt): na-(@/si)(597): to order or send O around, send O on errands (as a servant). Naash’a’/nisét’a’

(2)

Naal’a’f, God’s Holy Servant.) ‘fdil’a’, serenade (a feature of the War Dance

(Cognates widely distributed among the Athapaskan languages. Krauss

"ASAA’

(nindanash’a’). na’-(si-Perf.)(642): to have sent a messenger or agent (who has made a round trip and is now back at the point of departure). Ni’sél’a’.

(2)

Diyin Naal’a’f, angel, Holy Servant (Ib. God Bidiyin

ceremony - ’Ana’i Ndda’. The serenade calls for a distribution of gifts by the receiver of the rattlestick, or by the originator of the ceremony, if on the last day.) (3) naal’a’/, servant, errand boy, orderly, lackey.

D. CONTINUATIVE

(1)

(1)

suggests *usasakY’ as a possible Proto-Athapaskan form, and further

suggests the possibility that the term is derived from an Aleut loanword, through Eskimo. Cf. Alutiq asuk’,

Il. di-O-(ti):

NAVAJO:

(1) na-di-(@-Ilmp.)(655)(used only in negative form, with a 3a subject and preceded by the postposition -aa-): to have something (as a camera, gun, car, of one’s very own, which one refuses to share with anyone). Doo P-aa nizhdi’a’ da. (E.g. dif chidf doo shaa nizhdi’a’ da, this caris mine alone and | let no one else drive it.)

Noun

’dsaa’ (-e’ésaa’~ -e’ésa’), pot, jar,

kettle, vase, drum. # ’Asaats’iil (-ts’iil, fragment)), # ’&saa’tsoh

na-(@/si)(597): to be a slave, lackey, flunky, servant (taking orders and running errands). Naash’a’/ nisis’a’ (Cf. D(l)1 above.) # P-& naash’a’, to be P’s servant or slave, P’s errand boy, to take orders from P.

"ASHDLA’

one

E. DURATIVE

(Derivation unknown) Noun/adjective: five. (combining form: ’ashdla-) # ’ashdladiin ~ ’ashdladjj- (-diin = English -ty), fifty. “Ashdladiin d66 ba’aa t’aata’l, fifty(lit. fifty and beyond it one).

# ’ashdladi

(-di, times),

hundred),

(2)

’Ashdladijdi,

five hundred.

# ’ashdla’dadah (-dadah = English -teen), fifteen. # ’ashdla’igff (-(gif, the one, the kind), the five

P-fdi-(@/yi)(213): to direct a song at P, serenade P (in the War Dance ceremony) (lit. to direct oral noise at P). Brdish’a’/b?'déélaad (binda’dish’a’). ’fdi-(O/yi)(466): to serenade, direct a song (at some-one unspecified - in the War Dance). ‘('dish’a’/ P'dééPaad ((nda’dish’a’). (dithematic:oral noise.)

spot in cards, five dollar bill.

# bila’ashdla’ii

(bila’-, his fingers + -ii, the

one), human being (lit. the one with five

fingers).

’ASHI|H

ll. di-L-(Passive):

(1)

five times.

fifty times. ’Ashdla’dadahdi, fifteen times. ‘Ashdladi neeznddiin (neeznadiin,

|. di-L-(tt): (1)

potsherd.

(-tsoh, big), large pot, vase, jar,

kettle. # ’Asaa’ yazhi (yazhi, little), small pot, jar, vase. # béésh ’dsaa’ (béésh, metal) (P-béésh ‘asaa’), metal pot, jar, pail. # hashtish ’4saa’ (hashtVish, mud), clay pot. # t6’dsaa’ (t6-, water), water jar, water pot, water bucket.

Ill. L-(Mediopassive): (1)

pot; Aleut isxatix, grass basket; Eyak

‘ishxah, round bottomed pot; Tanaina isuK’; Sarci ’4sa’ and Mescalero Apache /isaa, pot.)

(-e’ashjjh) chloride.

Noun:

salt, sodium

# Ashijjh, Salt Lake, New Mexico.

P-fdi-(@/yi)(212): P is serenaded, a song is directed at P (in the War Dance).

# Ashijhi (-/, the one, the place),

10

Salt Clan.

’ASHIJH

cD,

# ’Ashijhnii (-nii, people),

compact roundish object (SRO) by continuing manual contact (= “handle” O), and including such interrelated

# ’Ashjjh ’Asdzd4an (’asdz4dn, woman), Salt

facets of “handling” as carry, set down, pick up, bring, give, take, put, turn over, turn around, separate,

the Salt People (said to be an extinct Salt Clan).

Woman. # ’Ashijjh bizhih (-zhih, pith, pulp), the crust that forms around a salt lake (Haile (9545253): # ’Ashijh Hastiin (hastiin, man), Salt Man. # ’Ashijh tikan (tikan, itis sweet), sugar.

Noun

combine. The designation “solid roundish” object class (SRO) is not, in fact, adequate as a common denominator underlying the multitude of varied and physically dissimilar objects to which A applies as a classificatory stem, many of which are neither “solid” nor “roundish” nor are all the derived bases concerned with handling or other movement. Handling applies to such objects as

(derivation unknown):

*ASHJA

opportunity.

"ASHKII

unknown):

(pl. ’ashiiké)

Noun

a ball, book, can, bottle, boot, shoe, hat, box, pack of

cigarets, melon, fried bread, loaf of bread, bun, egg, bundled baby, seed, grain of sand, finger ring, coin, axe, knife, cartridge, ceremonial mask,coiled rope, trousers or panties. 2. Movement of the sun, a SRO, marks passage of the day, an event that is marked by the sun’s emergence in the morning, its disappearance in the evening, and its status or relative position during the intervening period: sunrise, mid-morning, noon, mid-afternoon and sunset are thus distinguished by lexical terms Punctual in Aspect, while a Cursive form describes passage of the entire day from sunrise to sunset. Extended meanings include “spend the day” and “expire (as a license, permit or pawn),” and a causative-transitive theme derived with t-classifier carries the meaning “declare a pawn period to be expired, declare pawn to be dead” (bee ’i'ifd, it expired = lit. the sun set with it; yee ’’if’d, he declared it expired = lit. the caused the sun to set with it). In addition, the terms ha’a’aah (the sun rises) and ’e’e’aah (the sun goes away out of sight = sets) describe the cardinal directions east and west respectively, while shadi’aah (the sun customarily starts to go) identifies south (a reflection of the apparent southerly declination of the sun during the wintertime). Lexical forms that describe the movement of the sun can be analyzed in two distinctive manners, depending upon how the pronominal prefix ’a(included in nearly all of the pertinent verbal derivatives) is construed. If it is construed as the direct object (“something unspecified”) the assumption is that J6honaa’éi ~ J6honaa’ai ~ Jjhonaa’a/, the Sun-Bearer of mythology moves the solar orb, represnted as an indefinite object (ha’a’aah = he brings something up: sunrise / ’atné’é’aah = he carries something half way: noon/ ’e’e’aah = he carries something away out of sight: sunset). The root ‘A does not normally occur in lexical derivatives that describe the independent movement of a SRO - aconsideration that supports the foregoing analysis. On the other hand, however, jdhonaa’é/ ~ jOhonaa’a/ ~ jhonaa’af appears to ’A consist ofj{- (day) + -ho < -go = jjjgo, during the day + naa’a (SRO moves about) + -f= naa’af~ naa’éf (the one that moves about) (j}6honaa’éi: the one that moves about during the day = the sun.) The verbal component naa’a includes no object pronoun (neither na’a’4, he moves something about nor nej’d, he carries it about), implying that the sun moves under its own power. Similiarly, t’éhonaa’é/,

(derivation

boy.

# ’Ashkiich’ilf (ch’ilf, dwarfish, runty, small), Dwarf Boy (of mythology).

# ’Atsé ’Ashkii (’Atsé, first), First Boy. # P-e’ashkii, P’s boyfriend (modern usage). # Kii, apocope of ’ashkii, used as a personal name. # Kiits’ésf (ts’dsi, slender), Slender Boy (personal name).

(pl ’at’ééké) Noun unknown): girl.

(derivation

# ’Atsé ’At’ééd (’atsé, first), First Girl. # P-’at’ééd, P’s girlfriend

(modern usage).

(-e’awéé’)

Noun

baby,

(derivation unknown:

small child.

# ‘awééts’adl (P-e’awééts dal) (ts’adl, diaper, cradleboard. Cf. Chipewyan t0’dal, moss, babyboard; Sarcee ts’aal and Beaver ts’aatt,

moss, babyboard),

babyboard.

# ’awééts’dal biniik’idi (binii- < binii’, its face + k’i-, on + [d]f, the one), canopy or face cover on the babyboard.

(PPA *’a>*’a-n: classificatory stem K

for a compact object. PPA

*t’a> PA

*t’a-nY [Hf]: classificatory stem fora burning object.)

NAVAJO: The derived stems function in a wide range of disparate Semantic Themes, Active, Mediopassive and Neuter in form, including:

ACTIVE 1. Primary Semantic Theme

(@/D):

the moon (t’ého- = t?’ée’go, at night), and shddi’aah, south (sha, sun + di’adh, it customarily starts to go).

Classificatory stem for movement of a single solid or

tat

‘A c

And, of course, if }6honaa’dfis to be translatable as “Sun-Bearer” the verbal component should include a

direct object pronoun - either j6honei’af *(the one who carries it about during the day) or j6hona’a’af *(the one who carries an unspecified SRO around during the day).

In addition, Koyukon, an Alaskan Athapaskan language, as well as other members of this close knit family, use themes based on the classificatory stem fora compact object (SRO) to describe passage of the day. In Koyukon the terms applied to the diurnal movement of the sun reflect such movement as a type performed

by a subject, acting independently of an agent, rather than as an object whose movement is produced by an outside force. Thus k’o’ot (k’i-: subject pronoun) (= Navajo ’oo’dat), it is sunny (Progressive), hok’aghee’onh (=ha’ifa), the sun rose, and k’aghee’onh (= ’if'a), the sun set (personal communication: Eliza Jones, ANLC, University of Alaska). The Navajo root A generally applies to passive movement of a SRO, produced by an agent who carries or otherwise “handles” it, except in themes that describe the apparent movement of the sun, where the SRO

functions as the subject and the movement is performed independently. Not only is this analysis supported by comparative evidence, but by internal evidence as well,

including the causative-transitive theme formed with tclassifier with reference to dead pawn in which the SRO

is obliged to move by an agent rather than moved passively as the result of handling: ’i’?'4 could mean “he carried an unspecified SRO away out of sight,” but

’'ff’a has the meaning “he caused an unspecified SRO to move away out of sight (under its own power).”

(ni2) is a component of Mediopassive Verb Bases that describe movement of the subject’s head - subject’s “own SRO.” Extended meanings include orate (because an orator moves his/her head about), bea leader (because leaders are orators), and kiss (an action involving movement of the subject’s head to the recipient’s mouth).

NEUTER 1. Primary Semantic Theme (G/L): a SRO is described as being at rest (©): sit, lie, be (in position); and (L): cause a SRO to be in position = have or keep O. 2. Derived Semantic Themes (ha-/ho- + O/t): area, space, a disease rests in position; a law or regulation exists (0); and (L): make a rule, law or regulation. 3. Derived Mediopassive Neuter (ni2 +D): have (one’s) head in position, hold or rest one’s head.

The Momentaneous, the Transitionals derived with

di-/ni-/kf -Conjunct and P-i/ya-/na- Disjunct and, for many speakers the Reversatives, share a common (Momentaneous) stem set, and the corresponding Verb Bases are listed together under the heading MOMENTANEOUS. A separate Transitional and a separate Reversative, both marked by special stem

form, are independently listed under the headings TRANSITIONAL and REVERSATIVE. All Transitionals are distinguished by the fact that they require yi-OImperfective/ Perfective paradigms, identified as (O/O).

3. Derived Semantic Theme (di2 + @/D): includes range of concepts that (from the Navajo viewpoint) are related: open, close, cover, uncover (with

IMP.

USAT.

PERF.

‘aah

’aah/

A

t’ddh ('adh)*

(’Adh)*

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

-

"aat

‘aat

-

(aah)* ’aat

’aat ’aat

a SRO), relinquish, surrender, abandon, permit,

prohibit, persuade, enter into a treaty, contract or agreement.

4. Derived Semantic Theme (di® + @/D): sing,

serenade (in the War Dance), hold onto a food item

(that S is eating). 5. Derived Themes (ha-/ho- = @/D): in which the 3s object pronoun functions thematically, including: govern, plan, seta date, sentence, commit a wrong, blame, suggest, report, tell, contract a disease, establish

a law, rule or regulation. 6. Derived Semantic Theme (ya? + -i-1 + @/D): Transitional Verb Bases: dump, spill, pour the contents of a (previously) closed (SRO) container (as a can or bottle). 7. Derived Semantic Theme (di? + D-t = double

classifier): match).

handle fire or a burning object (torch,

A.MOM. Trans.| Rev. B.CON. C.CONT.

‘adh a

‘aah/ t’'aah

D.CURS.

-

EaDIsit DIV. F.REV.

‘a’

G.TRANS.

’aah

Aah

H.NEUT.

-

-

-

’aah/ t’aah ’aah/ t’aah ’aah/ t’aah -

a

"aat/ ‘aah -

a

-

‘a’

-

:

-

-

-aat—’a’ "aal/ ‘aah ‘aat -

*Conative is usually distinguished by special stem

MEDIOPASSIVE 1. Derived Semantic Theme (ni2 + D): movement of the head. The generic classifier for round shape

shape in the Imperfective Mode only.

-

*aat ‘aah -

cDy

A.

# Y66’ ’adish’aah,

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(tt/ti): (ti only in themes relating to movement of the sun). (1)

(2)

unspecified S = “something”) starts to move along. ’Adi’aah/ ’adeez’aé (n’d?aah:nda’diaah). In: # Yaa ’adi’aah,

’a-(si/si or @/si)(126-7): to place an unspecified O in position (where it remains static). “Ashish’aah

or ‘ash’aah/’asé’a

(na’dsh’aah:nda’ash’aah).

In: # P-it dah ’ashish’aah/’ash’aah, to button P (a single button), padlock P (a door or gate). ’a-(@/yi)(483): to move O away out of sight. ‘lish’aah/'i?'d (’andsh’aah: ’anddndash’aah). (Cf.

(8)

#3 below and AIill]1.) SER.(@/si)(64). ’Ahish’aah/’ahé’d (’andhdsh’aah: ’andahash’aah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iish’aah, to bring O

(9)

down, descend carrying O, lower O

down, unload O (as from a truck). # P-ch’éahjj’ ’iish’aah (or andsh’aah), to replace O with P, substitute O for P, put O

(10)

(back) in P’s place (as a new battery in place of an old one), substitute O for P. # P-yaa ’iish’aah, to put O under P (as under the bed). # Nahg66 ’iish’aah, to doff O, take O off (a hat), move O aside or out of the way (as a rock). # Nahjj’ ’iish’aah,

(11)

to move O aside, out of the

way, to remove O (as a rock lying in the road). # Nii’oh ’iish’aah, to carry O away out of view, conceal O (as an illicit bottle of liquor). # Yah ’iish’aah, to carry O into an enclosure, take or bring O inside (as into a house, burrow). # Y66’ ’iish’aah, to carry O away and disappear with it, lose it or get rid of it. (3) ’a’a-(@/yi)(362): unspecified S (the sun) moves away out of sight, the sun sets, it becomes sundown, it becomes evening, a day ends. ’E’e’aah/i'i'd (’ana’at’aah:’anda’at’aah). (Cf. ’e’e’aah, west.) In: # P-ee ’e’e’aah, to spend the day, to be overtaken by nightfall, to expire or be up (the time period on pawn). # P-ts’4da’ ’ee ’e’e’aah, P’s pawn period expires (on something unspecified), P’s mortgage or note is due. # (Naashné-)-go ’e’e’aah, to spend the day (playing). (Naashnishgo ’e’e’aah, spend the day working, etc.). # Nizhdnigo ‘’i?'d, it was a nice day. (V. D[l]2.) (4) ’ada-(@/yi)(380): to lower, hand down, take down,

(5)

to forsake O (as a religion,

custom). ’adi-(@/si)(17): S (the sun: represented as an

(12)

(13)

(14) (15)

(16)

(17)

bring down, unload O. ’Adaash’aah/’adii’é (’adandsh’aah: ’adandandsh’aah). SER.(O/si) (375). ’Adahash’aah/’adaha’é (‘adanahdsh’aah:’adandadahash’aah). ’adi-(@/yi)(25): to give up or quit O (as a habit). ’Adish’aah/’adi’é (’andish’aah:’andad{sh’aah) (di-thematic: relinquish).

(18)

13

evening approaches, it becomes mid-afternoon (i.e. something starts moving down). ’adi-(@/si)(25): to have (carry) unspecified O (the ball, ina shinny game). ’Adish’aah/’adé’é (n’dish’aah: naa’dish’aah). ’adii-(@/@)(28): unspecified S (the sun) starts to move. ’Adii’aah/ ’adii’é (nda’dii’aah). In: dah ’adii’aah, it becomes mid-morning (sun starts off). (Cf. #53.) ’ahd-(ni/ni or @/yi)(36): to divide O into two halves or parts (a melon, a loaf of bread). ’Ahanish’aah/’ahanf'a (’ahdnan(sh’aah: ‘ahdndanish’aah) or ‘ahdsh’aah/ahda’é (‘ahandash’aah:/ahandanash’aah). ’ahani-(ni/ni)(39): to double O (person) up in pain (as a sudden cramp in the mid-section). ’Ahanibi’aah/’ ahanibin’'a (’ahaninaddbf’aah). ’ahé6-(ni/ni)(53): to make a circuit carrying O, carry Oinacircle. ’Ahéénish’aah/ahéént4 (’ahéninadnish’aah: ’ahéninadanish’aah). SER.(@/si)(48). ’Ahééhésh’aah/ahééhé’d (’ahéninddhdash’aah): to carry O around and around in a succession of circles. ’ahfi-(@/@)(70): to combine, mix O, put O and O together (as red and yellow apples). ’Ahfish’aah/’ahfi’a (’ahinéish’aah: ‘ahindanéish’aah). ’atnd-(@/yi )or(ni/ni)( 97): to switch or exchange the positions of two O (as two chairs). ’Aindsh’aah/’ainan’a (‘atndndash’aah: ’atndnddnash’aah) or ’atndnish’aah/’atnda’d (‘atndndnish’aah:’atnadndanish’aah). ’atni’a-(ni/ni)(100): to become noon, midday (lit. something unspecified moves half way). ’Ainé’é’aah/ atn?nf'a (’atninda’at’aah). ’atts’A-(ni/ni or @/yi)(108-110): to divide or separate O in two parts, share O (as a loaf of bread, amelon). ’Aits’dsh’aah/’atts’4a’a or ’atts’An(sh’aah/’atts’an?aé (’atts’Andandash’aah or ’atts’Andanish’aah). # P-it’altts’Ash’aah, to share O with P. ’ats’A-(ni/ni)(135): to set O apart or aside, separate or segregate O (as a prize melon from a pile of melons). ’Ats’dnish’aah/’ats and (’ats’Andnish’aah: ‘ats’andanish’aah). ’aa’dii(O/O)(1): to make a touchdown at football (lit. to pass unspecified P = ’(a) while carrying unspecified O = '[a]) ‘Aa’diish’aah/’aa’dii’é ('aanda’diish’aah). P-adi’-(ni/ni)(145): to permit or allow P, give in to P. (lit. turn over something to P on loan.). Badi’nish’aah/badi’n?'a (bandddi’nish’aah). (dithematic:relinquish.)

A

‘A

c

c

(35) P-k’ihodii-(@/O)(206): to accuse P, blame P, place the blame (thematic -ho-) on P. Bik’i-

(19 ~— P-a’-(ni/ni)(147):

to lend, lease or rent O to P (as a knife). Ba’nish’aah/ba’n(’'aé (banda’nish’aah). # ’Ak’égo ba’nish’aah, to rent or lease O to P (as a Car). P-a’di-(@/yi)(146): to give part ofO to P (as part of (20) a loaf of bread). Ba’dish’aah/ba’difa (ban’dish’aah:banaa’dish’aah). (21 ~~ P-da’di-(@/yi)(151): to uncover P, yank the lid off of P (as off a kettle), uncover or expose a colony of ants (by removing a flat rock that covers their nest). Bdd’dish’aah/bda’dil’'a (banina’dish’aah: bdaninda’dish’aah). (22) P-cha’a-(@/yi)(170): an idiomatic expression with variable meaning. Bicha’iish’aah/bicha’ia. “To get something superlatively good or bad” (lit. to carry O away out of sight bunched??) (23) P-chani-(ni/ni)(170): to hog-tie O (as a calf, drawing the fore and hind legs together. lit. to set O down bunched or huddled up). Bichaninish’aah/bichdnin(’'a (bichaninanish’aah: bichaninaanish’aah). (24) P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to block or cover P with O. Bidadinish’aah/bidadin’’a (bidandinish’aah: bidandddinish’aah). (25) P-dadi’-(ni/ni)(172): to cover or block O, puta patch or lid on O, put a stopper in O (a bottle) (lit. to place an unspecified O on P to stop up an

(36)

(37) (38)

(39)

(40)

another):

(41)

(bida-

(42)

P-dadi-(@/yi)(181): to block or plug P with O (as an entranceway or exit with a rock).

Biddadinish’aah /bidaddin(’'a (bidandinish’aah: bidandddinish’aah). P-dadi’-(ni/ni)(172): to close or plug up a hole or entranceway with an unspecified O (as with a rock). Bidadi’nish’aah/bidadi’n'a (bidandi’nish’aah:bidandddi’nish’aah). P-di-(@/yi)(181):

without P’s permission. P-hodi-(@/si)(195): to suggest P, propose P, plan

P. Bihodish’aah/bihodé’a (binaddhodish’aah). (Cf. #63 below.) P-flak’e-(@/yi)(221): to hand O to P (lit. to place O

room to a house).

(bilak’e-

to add O to P (as an additional

Binéish’aah/binéi’a

Bits’adinish’aah/

bits’adin’'a (bits’anadadinish’aah). (dithematic:relinquish.) P-za-(@/yi)(262): to put O (as a pill) into P’s mouth. Bizaash’aah/bizaa’a_ (bizandsh’aah: bizanaanash’aah). SER.(@/si)(260): Bizahash’aah/bizaha’a (bizandhdsh’aah:bizanadhash’aah): to putO singly, one after another, into P’s mouth.

to remove O from P (as a book

P-(néi-(@/@)(231):

time,

(43) ch’i-(ni/ni)(293): to carry or take O out horizontally (as a box from a room). Ch’i-nish’aah/ch’in?'a (chindnish’aah: ch’inddnish’aah). SER.(@/si) (276). Ch’éhésh’aah/ch’éhé’a (ch ’inahdsh’aah:ch inddhash’aah). In: # P-fighahg66 ch’infsh’aah, to carry O past P (as a box past a house). (44) ch’idi-(ni/ni)(283): to designate or make available (as money) for a specified purpose, to appropriate (as money) for a purpose. Ch’idinish’aah/ch’idin?'a (ch’findddinish’aah). (dithematic:relinquish.) (45) ch’fdi(a)-(ni/ni)(282): to make an appropriation (of funds-as a legislature). Ch ’idi’nish’aah/ ch’idi’n?'a (ch’indddi’nish’aah). (di-thematic: relinquish.) (46) ch’f'a-(ni/ni)(277): the sun comes out. Ch’é’é’aah/ chia (ch’ina’at’aah:ch’inda’at’aah). (47) ch’tho-(ni/ni)(293): to bring O out (a fact).

from a pile of books). Bidish’aah/bidif’'a (bindish’aah:bindddish’aah). # P-ts’da’ p-dish’aah, to appropriate or use p

in P’s hand). Bilak’eesh’aah/bilak’éé’4 nash’aah: bilak’enddndash’aah).

to separate O from P one ata

and one after another. Bits’a4hdsh’aah/ bits’aha’a. P-ts’adi-(ni/ni)(252): to prohibit O to P (as sugar to a diabetic, liquor to a child).

opening, as a lid on a pot, a patch on an inner

tube). Bidadi’nish’aah/ bidadi’nf'a ndi’nish’aah:bidandddi’nish’aah).

hodiish’aah/ bik’ihodii’a. P-k’?’'00-(O/si)(Irregular prefix contractions)(207): to take or use up the entire day (to accomplish something). Bik’?'oo’aah /bik’Pooz’d (Cf. bik’foshshdaah, to use it allup V. YA: A[1]20.) P-na-(@/si)(228): to carry O around P (as a box around a house). Bindsh’aah/binisé’a (binindsh’aah: binindandsh’aah). P-niik’idi’(a)-(ni/ni)(241): to put a halter on P. Biniik’idi’nish’aah/biniik’idi’n?’'a (biniik’indi’nish’aah:biniik’indddi’nish’aah) (lit. to put something on P’s face). P-t’a-(@/yi)(251): to put O into the fold in one’s garment or under P’s cover (inflected like #3 above). Bit’aash’aah/bit’d4a’a (bit’andsh’aah: bit’anaddndsh’aah). P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): to take O from P, set O apart from P. Bits’anish’aah/bits’anfa (bits’aanish’aah:bits’anddanish’aah). SER(@/si)(253) (with prepounded t’da ’atkéé’, one following

(bininda-

néish’aah). (Also with D-classifier: binéisht’aah.) (Cf. #33 below and #12 above.) P-(nii-(@/@)(244): to lean O against P (as a box

Ch’ihonish’aah/ch’fhonf’a (ch’inddhonish’aah). SER.(@/si)(286). Ch’ihwiish’aah/ch’thoyé’d

against a wall). Biniish’aah/binii’a (binaniish’aah:b{nddaniish’aah). P-fi-(0/B)(268): to add O to P, join O to P. Bfish’aah/bfi’a (binish’aah:binddnish’aah). P-k’i-(O/yi)(202): to take O (as a hat) off P (as off of a child), to uncover P (a pot - by taking off the lid). Bik’eesh’aah/bik’éé’4 (bik’indsh’aah: bik’indanash’aah).

(ch’{nddhwiish’aah) (= ch’fhohi--@’aah): to make a series of statements, bring out a series of facts. In: # P-aach’fhonish’aah,

to tell about P, relate a

fact or facts about P.

14

A c

(48)

di-(@/si)(336): to start to move or carry O along, to be going to take or to be on the way taking O (someplace). Dish’aah/dé’é (ndish’aah: ndddish’aah). In: # P-chj’ dish’aah, to start to carry O to P, (P-ch’j’ dé’a, to be going to carry or be on the way carrying O to P.) # P-zéé’ dish’aah, to plot or conspire against P, to be “out to get’ P (lit. to start to carry P’s death). # Naas dish’aah, to move the date forward, postpone O (as a meeting). (49) di-(ni/ni)(326): to relinquish or give up O, turn O over (to someone)(an object such as land, a car or a house that cannot be “handled”). Dinish’aah/din?'aé (ndinish’aah:ndadinish’aah).(di-thematic:relinquish). In: # ‘Aa dinish’aah, to open O (a bottle, jar, box). # P-aa dinish’aah, to turn O over to P, relinquish or give up O to P (land, a

house), to forgive O for P (a debt). # T’66 P-aa dinish’aah, to surrender to P, give up to P. (50) didi-(@/yi)(314): to put O near or into the fire (as a chunk of coal, a kettle). Didish’aah/didir'a

(déédish’aah: dindddish’aah). SER.(@/si)(317): Dihidish’aah/dihidé’a (dindhidish’aah: dinadhidish’aah): to put O one by one near or into the fire. (di-thematic:relating to fire). (51) didi-(@/yi)(314): to start O (a song), direct O (a song). Didish’aah/didé’a (ndaddidish’aah). (dithematic relating to oral noise.) In: # P-ch’j’ didish’aah, to direct a song at P (in the War Dance). (52) di’di-(@/si)(318): to start a song, start to sing. Di’dish’aah/di'dé’A (ndi’dish’aah:ndadi’dish’aah). (di-thematic relating to oral noise + 3i object pronoun - something unspecified.) # P-ch’j’ di’dish’aah,

to start to sing to P,

serenade P.

(53) dii-(@/O)(346): to start to move O. Diish’aah/dii’é (fAdiish’aah: naddiish’aah).(V. A[llI]52). In: # P-aadiish’aah, to remove O from P (as a hat, tire, shoe). # P-ts’da’ dah diish’aah, to start off with O against P’s wishes, to make off with P’s O (as with P’s book). # Dah diish’aah, to start off carrying O, to start off

with O, to liftO up. (54) dzidza-(@/yi)(359): to put O into the fire. Dzidzaash’aah/dzidz4a’a (dzidzandsh’aah:dzidzandandsh’aah). SER(@/si)(355). Dzidzahash’aah/dzidzaha’é (dzidzanahdsh’aah: dzidzandahash’aah). (55) ha-(@/yi)(434): to remove or take O out, to extract O (a tooth). Haash’aah/haa’é (handsh’aah: handdnash’aah). SER.(@/si)(393). Hahash’aah /naha’é (handhdsh’aah: handahash’aah).

# P-ch’j’ na’iini’ haash’aah, to propose a trade of O with P (as in swapping a knife for

something with P). # P-flak’ee haash’aah, to take O out of P’s hand.

# P-ii'déé’ haash’aah, to take O out of P (coin out of a box, stone out of the mud). # P-tsiiziz haash’aah,

to take P’s scalp, scalp P.

# P-woo’ haash’aah,

to pull or extract P’s tooth.

# P-za’azisdéé’ haash’aah,

to take O out of P’s

pocket. # Handsht’aah,

pawn.

to redeem O, take O back out of (Cf. A[III]34.)

# P-aah handsht’aah, to redeem O from P. # 'ligeh P-ch’j’ haash’aah, to propose marriage to P, proposition or propose to P. # Leezh hayii’aah (422), S (as an angry bull) paws the earth (one time after another), S ( a front loader) picks up scoop after scoop of dirt.

(56) ha’a-(@/yi)(401-404): to remove an unspecified O, take unspecified O out; the sun rises, the sun

comes up. Ha’ash’aah/ha’i’é (hana’ash’aah: handa’ash’aah). In: # ’Atoo’ bii’déé’ ha’ash’aah, to take the meat out of the stew

(the meatis represented by the 3i indefinite pronoun). # P-ee ha’a’aah, P is overtaken by dawn, P stays until sunup. # Ha’a’aah (hana’at’aah:handaa’at’aah), the sun is rising, the sun is coming up. (57) ha-(@ or si/si)(434): to carry O up (as upstairs, up a ladder), to climb up with O (carrying O). Haash’aah or hashish’aah/hasé’a (hanash’aah: handdnash’aah). SER.(@/si)(393). V. #55 above. In: # P-aah hashish’aah/haash’aah, to climb up P (as a ladder, mountainside) carrying O, to

climb up with O. # P-kda’jj’ or bighda’jj’ haash’aah/hashish’aah, to carry O up to P’s top (as to the rooftop or mountaintop). (58) hadi-(@/yi)(385): to start to sing O (a song). Hadish’aah/ hadii’A (haddish’aah: handddish’aah). (di-thematic: oral noise.). (59) ha’di-(@/yi)(405): to start a song, to start to sing

(an unspecified song). Ha’dish’aah/ha’dii’é (handish’aah: handa’dish’aah). (di-thematic: oral noise.) (60) hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry O from one end to the other, carry O the entire length (as a rock from ‘one end of a field to the other). Hadiish’aah/ hadii’é (hdddiish’aah:handddiish’aah). (hadithematic:entire, complete.) (61) hidi-(@/si)(441): to move or tug O by pushing alternately on one side and then on another. Hidish’aah/hidé’aé (ndahidish’aah:naahidish’aah). (Cf. non-Seriative dish’aah: #48 above.) # Nahjj’ hidish’aah, to move or tug O aside (as a heavy boulder).

‘A c

ndi-(ni/ni)(609): to finish O (a song), to get through singing O. Ndinish’aah/ndin?'a (nindddinish’aah). (di-thematic:oral noise.) ndi-(ni/ni)(609): to set O aside, appropriate O, designate O for a purpose (money). Ndinish’aah/ndinf’a (nindddinish’aah). (di-

hidii-(@/@)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (as a hatona peg). Dah hidiish’aah/dah

hidii’a (dah nahidiish’aah:naahidiish aah). # P-aah dah hidiish’aah, to hang O up on P (as ona nail or peg). hodi-(@/si)(452):

suggest.

to make a suggestion, propose,

Hodish’aah/hodé’a

(nddhodish’aah).

thematic:relinquish.)

upstairs). Kfish’aah/ kii’a (kinéish’aah:kinaanéish’aah). te’a-(@/yi)(516): to bake in the ashes (as ntsidigo’/: kneel down bread). te’esh’aahAe’i?d (tenda’dsh’aah) (lit. to put unspecified O into the ashes.) na-(@/yi)(597): to lower, unload, take down O. Naash’aah/nda’a (nindsh’aah:ninaddndsh’aah). (Cf #2 above.) SER.(@/si)(531). Nahash’aah/ naha’a (ninahdsh’aah:ninddahdash’aah). In: # P-ts’Aa’ naash’aah, to knock P’s O down accidentally (as a hat that P has hung up). to put O back, return O — na-(@/yi)(570): (completive). Nash’aah/naa’a (ninddndsh’aah). SER.(@/si): Nahdash’aah/naha’a (nindahash’aah). (Reversionary corresponding to yish’aah: #93 below.) # ’lih ndsh’aah, to sheathe O (a knife), to put O back inside (of something unspecified). to turn O over or around, — nahi-(@/si)(531): overturn or capsize O. Nahdsh’aah/naha’a (ninahash’aah: nindahdsh’aah).(Cf. Reversative.) nahidee-(@/yi)(536): to turn O over, capsize or overturn O (car, boat, bottle). Nahideesh’aah/ nahidéé’d (nindhideesh’aah:ninaahideesh’aah). to pick up, raise, liftO one ~— nahidii-(@/@)(536): after another. Nahidiish’aah/nahidii’d (ninadhidiish’aah). (Seriative corresponding to ndiish’aah: #79 below.) to take O down one after ~— nahi’dii-(@/@)(537): another (as books, jars, boxes from a shelf), to pick O one after another (as squashes, melons). Nahi’diish’ aah/ nahidii’A (ninadhi’diish’aah). (Seriative corresponding to n’diish’aah: #85 below). na’ii-(= na’ahi-)(@/si)(556): to put an unspecified O back time after time (completive). Na’iish’aah. (Cf. nadsh’aah and Seriative nahdash’aah: #67 above.) In: # ’Ahii’ na’iish’aah, to shuffle a deck of cards (lit. to put something unspecified back inside

each other time after time). 73) naddii-(@/O)(574): to pick O back up. Ndadiish’aah. (Reversionary corresponding to ndiish’aah: #79 below. Ndd- = nfna-.) In:

# P-aa or P-ts’4a’ naddiish’aah, to take back, reclaim, repossess O (as a car, piano upon which the buyer fails to make payments, or an object that one has

loaned to someone).

(Cf. dinish’aah: #49

above.) ndi’(a)-(ni/ni)(606):

(lb. #29 above.) kfi-(= kfyi-)(@/@): to carry O up an incline (uphill,

~~

to stop singing, finish an unspecified song. Ndi’nish’aah/ndi’nfa (nindddi’nish’aah). (di-thematic:oral noise.) ndi’(a)-(ni/ni)(606): to make an appropriation (of funds - as a legislative body). Ndi’nish’aah/ ndi’n?’d (nindddi’nish’aah). (di-thematic:

relinquish.) ndinfi-(O/O)(611): to get a good start carrying O, just get well on the way carrying O (when

something happens).

Ndinfish’aah/ndinii’é

(ninddinfish’aah). ndii-(@/@)(618): to pick O up, lift O, choose O, find

O, start to move O back. Ndiish’aah/ndii’d (ninddiish’aah ~ naddiish’aah:nindddiish’aah). SER.(@/si)(536): Ndhidiish’aah/nahidii’A (ninaahidiish’aah). In: # Dah ndiish’aah,

to start off returning back with

O (carrying it). (Reversionary corresponding to dah diish’aah: #53 above.) to arrive carrying O, bring or take ~~ (ni/ni)(564-659): O to a destination, give O. Nish’aah/nfa (ndnish’aah: naanish’aah). SER.(@/si)(622): nehesh’aah/nehé’a (ninadhdsh’aah: nindahdsh’aah). (81) ni-(ni/ni)(651): to carry O as far as a stopping point, to stop carrying O. Ninish’aah/ninf'a (ninanish’aah: ninddnish’aah). SER.(@/si)(622). Nehesh’aah/nehé’da (ninadhdsh’aah: nindahdsh’aah). # ’Aah ninish’aah, to pawn O (lit. to place O down beside someone). # Bee ’ddleehé hasht’e’ ninish’aah, to seta trap.

# P-a& ninish’aah, to sentence P (to a specific jail term (lit. to set down a time period for P). # P-aah ninish’aah, to pawn O to P (lit. to set O down alongside P), to mount O (a tire) on P (a car wheel). # P-cha ninish’aah, to get a trick hold on P (in wrestling). (-cha, huddled, bunched.) # P-ilatsoh ha’noots’ee’igif naaltsoos P-a bikaa’ ninish’aah, to take P’s thumbprint (lit. to place the whorls on P’s thumb on paper for P).

# P-k’ijj’ saad ninish’aah,

to lay the blame on P,

hold P responsible (lit. to place words on

P). # Hasht’e’ ninish’aah,

to put O away, store O,

set O (a trap). # Hit P-d ninish’aah,. to set a date for P (as fora meeting), to accept O in pawn fora specified time period. # -jj’ ninish’aah, to carry O as far as -- (as up to the wall).

A

‘A c

c

# Ni’ ninish’aah,

(90) w6’a-(@/yi)(745):

to set O down.

(82) niho-(ni/ni)(629): to set a date or period of time, impose a term or sentence, reach a decision.

(93) (G/yi)(785):

to move O, carry, put, place O (completive). Yish’aah/y?'a (ndash’aah: nddndsh’aah). SER.(@/si)(447). Hish’aah/hé’d (ndhdsh’aah:naahash’aah). In: # Bee’eldogh bik’a’ biih yish’aah (hish’aah), to load a gun, put a cartridge into a gun (to load a gun - put a succession of cartridges into a gun, as in filling the magazine). # P-iih yish’aah, to put O into P (as a hat into a box, a ball into the snow). # Dzidza yish’aah, to putO into the fire (dzidzaash’aah). Kjjh yish’aah, to take O into town or to market. Ot Leeh yish’aah, to bury O, put O into the te ashes. # Nii’oh yish’aah, to carry O away out of view, hide, store, conceal O. # Taah yish’aah, to put O into the water. (94) yisda-(G@/yi)(773-771): to save or rescue O, carry O to safety (as from danger). Yisddsh’aah/ yisdaa’a (yisddndash’aah:yisddnadanash’aah). SER.(@/si)(771). Yisddhdsh’aah/yisdaha’a.

Nihonish’aah/nihon?’'a (ninddhonish’aah). (Cf. A[lll]44). In: # P-a nihonish’aah, to sentence P (a lawbreaker). # P-ch’j’ (P-ts’da’) nihoot’d, the decision went for (against) P. # Hasht’e’ nihonish’aah, to decide, reacha decision (on a question or matter at issue). (83) ni’(a)(ni/ni)(641): to place or set down an unspecified O. Ni’nish’aah/ni’n?'a (nina’nish’aah:ninda’nish’aah). In: # P-aah ni’nish’aah, to putacastonP (asona broken arm or leg). (84) ni’ hodii-(= hodiyi-)(@/O(453): to cancel (an event, planned trip), to break off (as a planned wedding), to balk on (ho-, a proposal). Ni’ hodiish’aah/ni’hodii’a (ni’ nddhodiish’aah). (85) n’dii-(@/O)(676): to take O down from a shelf or peg (as a hat), to pick O (as a melon). N’diish’aah/n’dii’a (nina’diish’aah: ninda’diish’aah). SER.(@/si) (537): Nahi’diish’aah/nahi’dii’A (ninadhi’diish’aah). In: # P-itn’diish’aah,

to carry O off course, to go into

the ditch carrying O. W6’aash’aah/w6’da’d (w6’andsh’aah:w6’anddanash’aah). (91) yaa-(=yayi-)(@/O)(745): to dump or spill O (as water from a bottle, a can of beans into a skillet). Yaash’aah/yaa’a (yandash’aah: yanaandash’aah). (92) yaa-P-ijii-(@/O)(752) to make P bounce up into the air by shooting P with a gun or arrow. Yaabijiish’aah/yaab/dzii’a.

# Shda’ ninish’aah, to set O (as a plant) ina sunny location, put O in the sun. # T6 P-it ninish’aah (nehesh’aah), to water O (one after another) (plants - by carrying water to them in a jug or other closed container). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninish’aah, to carry or put O across.

to unfasten, unbutton,

Il. £-(tt):

unbuckle O on P (as a single fastener). (86) ’o00-(=’a- + yini-)(@/si?)(681): mg uncertain (1)

(refers to completed movement of the sun).

’Oo’aah/’00z’a (ndada’oo’aah). (Cf. yibadooskai, they went through it, used it all up.) In: # P-k’f’oo’aah, P spends the entire day. (E.g. kintahdi naashdago shik’f ’00z’d, | spent the whole day walking around town.) (87) (si/si)(693): to set or place O in position (where it remains). Shish’aah/sé’dé (nishish’aah:naashfsh’aah). In: # P-aah dah shish’aah, to hang O up on P (as a hat ona nail). # Dah shish’aah, to set or place O up (as ona shelf or tabletop). (Cf. #1 above.) # Naadda’ 166’ ba dah shish’aah, to baita fishhook with corn (lit. to place corn up for the fish). (88) t66’a-(G/yi)(709): to hide the ball in the Moccasin Game. T66’ash’aah/t6d’i/'a (t6na’dsh’aah: t6nda’dsh’aah). (89) tsfits’a-(ni/ni)(736): to take O out of the fire or away from the water, carry O ashore, beach O (a boat). Tsitts’anish’aah.ts fts’ant'a (tsfts’andnish’aah:tsitts’anaanish’aah). SER.(@/si)(735). Tsftts’ahdsh’aah/tsits’aha’d 7eee a4 (tsfts’andhdsh’aah:tsfts ’andahash’aah).

’a-(@/yi)(364): to declare O (pawn) expired (lit. to cause the sun to set), declare a mortgage or

note to be due.

’E’esh’aah/’i’ff’a.

# P-ee ’e’esh’aah,

to declare P’s pawn time to be up, close down on P (after which the item can be sold).

Ill. D-(ti/tt): (Required by reflexive, reciprocal and passive constructions, and some speakers add D-classifier in reversionary and semeliterative verb bases.)

(1)

’a-(@/yi)(485): to move O away out of sight (in reflexive constructions). ‘lisht’aah/’eesht’é (‘andsht’aah:’andanasht’aah). SER.(@/si)(63). ’Ahisht’aah/’aheesht’a (’andhasht’aah: ‘anddhasht’aah). In: # ’Ayaa ’iisht’aah, to put O under oneself (a stool, chair, book, bottle), to conquer or

(2)

subjugate O (a country or people). *Adadi-(ni/ni)(297): to enclose oneself with a SRO (as with a rock over the entrance).

’Adddinisht’aah/’Adddinisht’é.

v7

A c

’Adadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297): to enclose oneself by barring the entrance with an unspecified SRO (as with a rock). ’Adddi’nisht’aah/’Adddi’nisht’é. ’Adi-(ni/ni)(21): to give oneself up, surrender.

(17)

‘Adinisht’aah/’Adinisht’é (‘Andinisht’aah: ‘Anaddinisht’aah).

(Cf. dinish’aah:

A[I]l49) (di-

(18

thematic:relinquish.). # P-aa ’ddinisht’aah, to surrenderto P, give oneself up to P. ‘ahadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(37): to enter into a contract, treaty

# ’Ak’égo P-a’it’aah,

to enter into a contract,

treaty or agreement with P. ‘ahda’(a)- or ’atghaa’(a)-(ni/ni)(43-89):

to ex-

change, trade or swap O with each other.

"Ahaa’niit’aah/’ahda’niit’d or ’atghda’niit’aah/ ‘atghaa’niit’a (‘ahdnina’niit’aah:’ ahdninda’niit’aah). (1st person dpl). # P-it’ahda’nisht’aah.~ ’atghdda’nisht’aah, to swap O (as hats) with P. ‘ahi’di-(@/yi)(59): to take an unspecified O off away from each other.

to rent or lease O (asa

car) (lit. O is loaned to P for compensation). (19) P-dinii-(@/@: to put, place, lay one’s head on P (as ona table). Bidinfisht’aah/bidiniisht’d (bindinfisht’aah:bindddinfisht’aah). (nithematic:generic classifier: roundness.) (20) P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P by force (as a book, hat, coin). Bighanisht’aah/ bighanisht’a (bighandnisht’aah:bighandaanisht’aah). (21 ~— P-ghadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(187): to persuade or convince P (lit. to take something from P by argument). Bighadi’nisht’aah/bighadi’nisht’a (bighandi’nisht’aah:bighandddi’nisht’aah). (Cf.B[II]3 and 4.) (22) P-ghdni-(ni/ni): to stick one’s head (slowly) through P (as through a fence). Bighdninisht’aah/bighaninisht’a (bighandninisht’aah: bighanddninisht’aah). (ni-thematic: generic classifier:roundness). (23 4 P-nikani-(ni/ni)(235): to stick one’s head (slowly) through P (as through a window). Binikdaninisht’aah/ binikaninisht’a (binikandninisht’aah: binfkandaninisht’aah). (ni- = thematic:generic classifier:roundness.) (24) P-zani-(@/yi)(261): to kiss P (lit. to move one’s head to P’s mouth). Bizanisht’aah/bizaneesht’d (bizandanisht’aah). (ni-thematic:generic classifier: roundness.) (25) ch’idi-(ni/ni)(282): to be set aside, appropriated, designated for a purpose (as money). Ch’ideet’aah/ch’ideet’a (ch indddeet’aah). (Simple Passive corresponding to ch’idinisht’aah: A[|]44.). (di-thematic:relinquish.) (26) ch’ini-(ni/ni)(291: to stick one’s head (slowly) out (as from a door, window, cave). Chininisht’aah/ ch’ininisht’a (chindninisht’aah:ch ’indaninisht’aah). (ni-thematic:generic classifier: roundness.) (27) dini-(@/yi)(323): to move one’s head and get it stuck or caught. Dininisht’aah/dinineesht’a (ndininisht’aah:ndddininisht’aah). (ni-thematic: generic classifier:roundness.) In: # P-iih dininisht’aah, to get one’s head stuck in

or agreement with each other, ’Ahadi’niit’aah/ ‘ahadi’niit’a (‘ahandddi’niit’aah). (1st person dpl). (di-thematic: relinquish.) # P-it’ahadi’nisht’aah,

~—

(~’azahésht’a) (Azandhasht’aah: *Azanddhasht’aah). ’AzéEdé6-(O/yi)(142): to put O (bicycle tire, bell) around one’s own neck. ’Azéédéesht’aah/ "Azéédéesht’a (’Azéninddeesht’aah:’azénindadeesht’aah). P-a’-(ni/ni)(147): O is loaned (Simple Passive 1491S corresponding to P-a’nish’aah). Ba’it’aah/ba it’a (banda’it’aah). (V. ba’nish’aah: A[I]19.)

In:

# P-it y66’ ’ahi’disht’aah/’ahi’deesht’a (anaahi’disht’aah), to break off or sever relations with P, get “on the outs with” P. ’Ak’i-(D/yi)(79):

to doff O, take O off (one’s own hat). ’Ak’eesht’aah/’ak’eesht’4 (’Ak’indsht’aah: ’ak’indandsht’aah). Ak ’idi-(@/yi)(81): to take O off or put O onto oneself (as ahat). ’Ak’idisht’aah/’dk’ideesht’d (’ak’indisht’aah:’ak’inddadisht’aah). to carry O back and forth — oO a= ’atnanda-(O/yi)(96): between two locations. ’Atndandsht’aah/ ’‘atnanddsht’d. (11) ’‘atnana-(O-Usit.)(96): to carry O back and forth between two locations (customarily or repeatedly). ’Atnanasht’aah. (12) ’atts’a’di-(@/yi)(105)(with prepounded P- it, in company with P): to share O with P (as a loaf of bread). Bit ’atts’a’disht’aah/bit ’atts’a’deesht’d. (13 — ’Anadee-(@/yi)(111): to sling O over one’s back or shoulder (hat, water jug). ‘Anadeesht’aah/ ’Anadeesht’a (’Anandeesht’aah: ’anandddeesht’aah). (14 ~~ ’ani-(O/yi)(119): to stick one’s head away out of sight. ’Anisht’aah/’aneesht’a (’andanisht’aah: ’anaanisht’aah). (ni-thematic:roundness.) In: # P-yaa ’anisht’aah, to stick one’s head in under P (as under a bed). # Yah ’anisht’aah, to stick one’s head into an enclosure (as into a house through door or window). (15 ~~ ’at’a-(O/yi)(251): to place O in the fold of one’s —_

P (as in a (28) dini-(@/si)(327): to slanting position. (ndddinfsht’aah).

own garment. ’At’aasht’aah/’At’aasht’4

(‘At’andsht’aah:’at’andandsht’aah). (Cf. A[l]39.) (16) ’Aza-(O/yi)(141): to put O into one’s own mouth (as a pill, lozenge). ’Azaasht’aah/’Azaasht’é (Azandsht’aah:’azanddanasht’aah). SER.(@/si)

pipe or pot).

move one’s head into a Dinisht’aah/dinésht’a In:

# Yaa dinisht’aah,

to hang one’s head (as in

shame or dismay) (lit. to slant one’s head downward.).

(Cf. A[I]42). "Azahasht’aah/’Azahdsht’é

18

‘A c

(29) dii-(@/@)(347):

# Hane’ P-aa yit’aah,

to start to move O, cover or

(40) ni-(@/si)(662): to move one’s head (slowly and deliberately)(completive). Nisht’aah/neesht’d (nanisht’aah:nadanisht’aah). In: # P-iih nisht’aah, to stick one’s head into P (as into a jar), to put on P (a mask). # Taah nisht’aah, to stick one’s head into the

# ’Add diisht’aah, to move O (as a bottle) to one’s mouth, to take a drink from a bottle. # ’Adaa diisht’aah,

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33) (34)

(35)

to take O off of oneself (a

hat, ring, shoe). (Cf. P-aa diish’aah: A{l]53.) dzidzani-(@/yi)(359): to stick one’s head into the fire. Dzidzanisht’aah/dzidzaneesht’a (dzidzandnisht’aah: dzidzanaanisht’aah). (ni-thematic: generic classifier: roundness.) ha-(@/yi)(435): to extract (one’s own) O. Haasht’aah/haasht’a (handdanasht’aah). In: # T’dashf ’Awoo’ haasht’aah, to pull one’s own tooth. hadii-(@/@)(388): to take O off (hat, ring, panties, trousers). Hadiisht’aah/hadiisht’a (hdddiisht’aah: handddiisht’aah). (hadi-thematic: entire, complete.) hadini-(@/si)(383): to carry O too far (beyond the point where one should have stopped). Hadinisht’aah/ hadinésht’a (handddinisht’aah). hana-(@/yi)(412-434): to take O back out of pawn, redeem O. Handsht’aah/handasht’a (haninddnasht’aah). In: # P-aah hanasht’aah, to redeem O from P (as a radio from the trader). hani-(@/yi)(145): to stick one’s head up slowly

water.

(41) ni-(ni/ni)(653-671): to set O down (in a reflexive, reciprocal or passive context). Ninisht’aah/

ninisht’a (nindnisht’aah:ninaanisht’aah). ninish’aah: A[I]81.). In:

(Cf.

# ’Adaah ninisht’aah, to put O on (oneself)(a mask, helmet, life preserver).

# P-flatsoh ha’noots’ee’igif naaltsoos bikad niit’aah, P is fingerprinted, thumbprinted

(42)

(43)

(lit. the whorls on P’s thumb are placed on paper). # Neeni niit’aah, a party or “doings” is held. ni’a-(ni/ni)(639): unspecified O is placed, set down. Ni’it’aah/ni’it’a (nina’it’aah:ninda’itaah). (Simple Passive corresponding to ni’nish’aah: A(I]83.) In: # P-aah ni’it’aah, P (as a broken leg) is placed ina cast. nikidinfi-(@/@)(632): to keep O (something borrowed, as a watch, book, knife, hat).

Nikidfnfisht’aah/ nikidinfisht’é.

(44)

from a hole, glance up, look up, raise one’s head

(36)

P gets word, P receives

news.

uncover O. Diisht’aah/diisht’a (fdiisht’aah: ndddiisht’aah). In:

slowly. Hanisht’aah/haneesht’aé (handnisht’aah: handanisht’aah). ho-(si/si)(458): to place a sorrow or misfortune (ho) up (on something elevated). Dah hoshisht’aah/dah hosist’4 (dah nadahoshisht’aah). (Cf. dah shish’aah: A[I]87.). In:

niho-(ni/ni)(630):

context).

to set a date (in a reciprocal

Nihonisht’aah/nihonisht’a

(ninaa-

honisht’aah). (Cf. nihonish’aah: A[I]82.) In: # P-it’ahd nihonisht’aah, to make an appointment or date with P (by mutual consent).

(45)

nina’adi-(ni/ni)(645):

to be brave or courageous

enough to act in an emergency (as to save a victim of a fire). Nina’ddinisht’aah/nina’ddinisht’d. (lit. to set oneself down like a SRO).

# ’Adaah dah hoshisht’aah, to commit a wrong, sin, misdeed, crime, to misbehave (lit. to

(46)

place a sorrow or misfortune up alongside oneself). (37) nd-(@/yi)(570): to put O back, return O (completive). Ndsht’aah/ndasht’é (ninddndasht’aah). (Reversionary corresponding to yish’aah. Ib. A[l]93.). In: # ’Ahiih ndsht’aah, to shuffle a deck of cards (lit. to put O back inside of one another). (Cf. A[l]67.) (38 ~— naddii-(O/O)(574): to pick O back up. Naddiisht’aah/ndddiisht’d (nindddiisht’aah). (Ib. ndadiish’aah: A[l]73). In: # P-aa or P-ts’dd’ ndddiisht’aah, to reclaim or repossess O, take O back away from P (as acar, for non-payment of instalments). # P-aa ndddiit’aah, O is repossessed from P (Pass.) (39) (ni/ni)(793): O is delivered, received, given. Yft’aah/yit’a (nat’aah:nddnat’aah). (Simple Passive) In: # P-aayit’aah, O is delivered to P (as milkina bottle, a hat P ordered), P receives O.

(47) (48)

(49)

(50)

nini-(ni/ni)(647): to put one’s head down. Nininisht’aah/nininisht’a (nindninisht’aah:nindaninisht’aah). # P-kda’gi nininisht’aah, to put one’s head down on P (as ona table). nda-(ni/si)(603): to win in the Moccasin Game. ’It ndaniit’aah/ndasiit’a. ndi-(ni/ni)(605): a song is finished, a song ends. Ndee-t’aah/ndeet’d (nindddeet’aah). (Simple Passive corresponding to ndinish’aah:A[I]74.) (di-thematic: oral noise.) ndi-(ni/ni)(605): O (money) is designated for a purpose, appropriated. Ndeet’aah/ndeet’é (nindddeet’aah). (Simple Passive corresponding to ndinish’aah: A[I]75.) (di-thematic: relinquish.) ndi-(ni/ni)(610): to set O down, designate O, fora purpose. Ndinisht’aah/ndinisht’a (nindddinisht’aah) (in a reflexive or reciprocal context. Cf. ndinish’aah: A[I]75.) In: # ’Ayaa ndinisht’aah, to set O down in front of oneself, set O out (to eat or drink, as a

melon or closed bottle of pop).

19

A

Dy

c

# Hasht’e’ ndinisht’aah,

(51)

# Kg’ P-aa nisht’aah, to bring, take, give fire to Be (9) ni(ni/ni)(648): to carry or take O (fire, a torch) as far

to set O aside, store O,

hold O in readiness for (one’s personal) use, pick out O for purchase (for oneself). ndinini-(ni/ni)(608): to put on O (as a tight hat, a helmet or jar) and be unable to take it off (lit. to place one’s head prolongedly). Ndinininish-

as a stopping point, stop carrying O. Ninisht’aah/

ninft’a (nindnfsht’aah: ninddnisht’aah). In: to carry O (fire, a torch) as far to a barrier). to setO (a torch) down. pick up O (fire or a burning O). Ndiisht’aah/ndiitt’A (ninddiisht’aah: nindddiisht’aah). (11) (O/yi)(775): to put O (fire, a burning O) (completive). Yisht’aah/yft’a (nasht’aah: naéandasht’aah). In: # P-iih yisht’aah, to put fire into P (as a flame into a lamp in lighting it, a burning match into a can or bottle). (12) tadi-(@/yi)(698): to carry O (fire or a torch) about here and there, wander about carrying O. Tadisht’aah/ tadift’a. # -jj’ ninisht’aah, as --(as up # ni’ ninisht’aah, (10) ndii-(@/@)(618): to

t’'aah/ndinininisht’a. (ni-thematic: generic classifier:;roundness.) In:

# 'Adaah ndininisht’aah, to put on O (hat, ring) and be unable to get it off. (52) ndii-(O/@)(619):

to cover or uncover (in a reflexive

context), to move O back. Ndiisht’aah/ndiisht’é (ninadddiisht’aah). (Reversionary corresponding to diisht’aah: #29 above. Cf. diish’aah: A[I]53.) In:

# ’Adaa fdiisht’aah, to take O (hat, ring) back off of oneself. (53) yaa-(= yayi)(@/O)(756): to pour, dump, spill O (in a reflexive context). Yaasht’aah/yaasht’a (yandandasht’aah). (Cf. yaash’aah: A[I]91.). In:

# ’Adii’ yaasht’aah, to gulp O down (dumpO into oneself, as a bottle of pop).

B. CONATIVE |. O-(tt):

IV. t + D-(tt):

With a double (t/D) classifier the root ’A serves as the theme for verb constructions describing the movement (handling) of fire or a burning object (as a torch).

’a-(O/yi)(483):

(1)

an effort to get it on it - as soap on one’s face). Bésh’aah/bisé’a (binddndsht’daah. (2) P-éé’a-(= P-ina’a-)(@/si)(163): to eat (an unspecified O by dunking (the food) (as in soup). Béé’ésh’aah/ béé’sé’a. (3) P-(na-(@/si)(154): to dip or dunk O into P (asa doughnut into coffee). Béndash’adh/béésé’a (béninddnash-t’aah). (4) n’di-(@/si)(673): to try to take O down(?). N’disht’aah/n’dé’aadh. (Stem remains ’aah for all Modes.) In: # Sitsiits’iin n’dish’aadh, | slowly shake my head (lit. | slowly try to take off my head?)

to carry fire or a burning O away out

of sight. ‘lisht’aah/’ift’a (’andsht’aah: ’anddnasht’aah). In: # Yah ‘iisht’aah, to bring or take O (fire) into an enclosure (as into a room). # Y66’ 'iisht’aah, to carry O (fire) away and disappear with it. ‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(O/yi): to bring O (fire) down (as from a mountain). ’Adaasht’aah/adaatt’d

(‘adanasht’aah: ’adanddnasht’aah). P-na(@/si)(228): to carry O (fire, a burning O) around P (as around a hogan). Bindasht’aah/ binisét’a (binfndsht’aah:bininddnasht’aah). ch’f-(ni/ni)(293): to carry or bring O (fire, a burning O) out horizontally (as from a hogan, cave).

Il. D-(tt):

Ch’inisht’aah/ch inft’a (ch’indnisht’aah: ch 'indanisht’aah).

(5)

(1)

di-(@/si)(336): to start to carry O (fire or a burning O), to have started on the way taking O (fire), be on the way carrying O (in the Perf.). Disht’aah/

détt’a (ndisht’aah:naddisht’aah).

P-i-(@/si)(156): to try to get P to take or accept O, offer O to P (as a gift), rub O (as soap) on P (in

’Adi-(@/si)(14): to hug O, clasp O to self (as a

book), rub O on self (as soap): ’Adésht’4ah/ Adisist’a.

(2)

In:

# P-ch’|' disht’aah, to start to carry O (fire) to P. dii-(O/O(346): to start to carry or move O (fire, a

‘ahi-(@/si)(46)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to try to get O on or against each other.

Bit ’ahésh-t’aah/bit ’ahisist’a ‘ahindanasht’aadh). In: # Saad P-it’ahésht’adh, to an altercation or “hot (lit. to try to get words

burning O). Diisht’aah/diitt’a (ndiisht’aah: naadiisht’aah). In: # Dah diisht’aah, to start off carrying O (fire, a torch).

ha-(@/si)(434): to climb up carrying O (fire, a burning O). Hashisht’aah or haasht’aah/haatt’a or hasétt’a (handasht’aah: handdndasht’aah). (ni/ni)(662): to carry, bring, take O (fire, a burning O) to a destination, arrive with O, give O. Nisht’aah/nitt'é (ndnisht’aah:nddanisht’aah). In:

(3)

(‘ahindsht’aah: quarrel with P, have

argument” with P on each other in

company with P). ’atgha-(©@)(88): to fight or quarrel over O, to both try to get O away from each other, to both claim

possession of O. ’Atghaiit’aah. # P-itatghaasht’dah,

20

to quarrel over O with P.

(4)

N’disht’a/n’désht’a

’atgha’di-(@)(88): to argue with each other (lit. to try to convince each other). ’Atgha’diit’aah. In: # P-it’atgha’disht’a4dh, to argue with P. (Cf. Pghadi’nisht’aah: A[lll]21, to persuade or convince P.) (di-thematic:relinquish.) P-gha-(@)(808): to try to get O away from P (as a book, loaf of bread, coin). Bighaasht’aah.

(5)

(1)

na-(@/si): to carry O (fire or torch) about. nisét’a.

lL

na-(@/si)(597): to carry O around (here and there), to have O, to make a round trip carrying O (in the Perf.). Naash’d/nisé’a (ninddanasht’a). In: # ’Atsé P-4 naash’d, to have O (as a knife) on loan from P.

(1)

with each other, all we can think of is war. # P-cha naash’a, to swagger around with P, go around acting showy with P (as a person who prances his horse around to draw

attention). # P-ch’’ dah naash’d, to slowly wave O (as one’s hat) at P. # P-ika naash’d, to threaten O, to want “to get O” for something (as a real or imagined wrong). # P-zéé’ naash’a, to threaten P’s life (lit. to carry P’s death about). # P-chj’ hane’ naash’a, to take word to P. # Dah naash’d, to hold O (as one’s hat) up and wave it slowly. P-naha-(-ho-)(@/si)(224): to plan P, lay plans for P. Binahash’d/ binahosé’é (bininddhdsht’a). naha-(-ho-)(@/si)(531): to plan, govern. Nahash’d/nahosé’a (ninddhasht’a). nahwii-(= nahohi)(@/si)(543): to waver, balk, be hesitant or undecided. Nahwiish’a. In: # Ni’ nahwii’d, S (as a car) is balky (refuses to go). # T’dd bfyé ni’ nahwiish’a, to be undecided.

(4)

ll.

na-(@((599)(with prepounded acha): to swagger around looking for trouble (as a bully). ’Acha naasht’é. (Cf. P-chd naash’d: C[I]1 above).

(2)

nani-(@/si)(566):

to be carrying O along, to be going along

lit. this coat holds me up

# Dah yish’ddt, to be holding O (as one’s hat) up in the air.

# De’ yish’dat, to be jacking up (raising) a car. (2) ’a-(yi)(581-681): a day is passing, it is daytime. ’O0’dat (nda’oot’dat). (lit. unspecified S - the sun - is moving along.) In: # P-ch’ijf ’00’4at, itis P’s lucky day (lit. the day is passing on P’s side). # P-ee ’00’dat, P is spending the day. # P-k’(’00’aat, P is spending the entire day (Pk’f nda’oo’dat, P is spending another day.) # P-ts’4djf ’00’dat, itis P’s unlucky day (lit. the day is passing away from P). # Nizhdnigo ’00’dat, it’s a nice (pleasant) day. # T’66 baa’ihgo ’00’adt, it’s a nasty day. # Y4’at’éehgo P-ee ’00’dat, P is having a nice day. (3) hi-(yi)(438): to tug O along by alternately pulling on one end and then the other. (Seriative.) Heesh’d4at/ dahfinfit'aah (nadheesht’aat: nddheesht’daat). (4) ho-(yi)(463): to carry on planning, to program or administer affairs (lit. to carry impersonal “it” or “things” along). Hweesh’dat/dahwiiniit’aah.

to make a speech or oration, move one’s head slowly about, take a leisurely look around. Nanisht’a/nanésht’é (ninddnisht’a). (ni-thematic: generic classifier:roundness.) In: # P-ch’j’ nanisht’d, to deliver an oration to P, make a speech to P.

# 1’66 bee ndds hweesh’ddt, to put it off, procrastinate on it (a task or duty).

(5)

# P-ts’dd’ nanisht’d, to turn one’s head away from P, snub P. (3)

(yi)(785):

too small forme. in the air).

D-(tr):

(1)

@-(tt): carrying O. Yish’dat/deiniit’aah (ndasht’aat-: naandasht’aa})/(fideiniit’aah:naddeiniit’aah). # P-cha (bichda) yish’aat, to prance one’s horse along in a showy manner, swagger or show off on horseback. # P-ika yish’dat, to be looking for a chance to “get’ P (get even with P). # P-z6é’ yish’ddt, to be plotting or conspiring against P, to be plotting P’s death (lit. to be carrying P’s death along). # Dah O-00’dat, S (a garment) is much too small for O (lit. S - the garment - holds O the wearer - up in the air). (E.G. dif ’66tsoh dah shoo’dat, this coat is much

# ’Anaa’ t’é{’atch’)’ neiit’4, we want only war

(3)

Naasht’a/

D. CURSIVE

1,B-(tt):

(2)

(di-thematic:

lll. £-D-(tt - fire, torch):

C. CONTINUATIVE

(1)

(ninda’disht’a).

oral, stomach, food.)

ndahi-(yi)(534): to be turning O over and over or around and around (a box, book). Naheesh’daat/ are]

ndahiiniit’aah.

n’di-(@/si)(673): to carry food about eating it, to walk around eating food (O is unspecified).

21

A

A

c

(6)

naana-(yi)(588):

c

to be carrying O around here and

E. DISTRIBUTIVE-DIVERSATIVE

there, to and fro, to be carrying O all over.

Naanddsh’dat/naandeiniit’aah t’ddt with D-classifier).

(or naandash-

|. O-(tt): (1)

P-taa-(@/si)(250): to pass out or distribute O (as books to (lit. among) P. Bitaash’a’/bitaasé’a (bitandandasht’a’). (2) P-taa-(@/si)(250): to carry O (news) among P, spread word among P. Bitaash’d/bitaasé’d (bitaandandasht’a). # Hane’ P-taash’d, to spread news among P, spread word among P (as among one’s neighbors). (3) ch’fda-(@/si)(282): to bring out facts, narrate, tell, report (a variety of subject matter). Ch’idaash’a’/ ch’idasé’a (ch’indddaash’a’). # P-itch’idaash’a’, to tell P (an audience) facts, report to P (setting forth various facts),

ll. D-(tt):

(1)

(yi)(790): to be carrying O along (in a reflexive context). Yisht’adt/deiniit’aah. In: # ’Achd yisht’dat, to go along looking for trouble, to go swaggering along looking for a fight (as a bully). (Cf. C[ll]1) ’adi-(yi)(14): with prepounded dah, up: to be holding up an unspecified food item, to have food particles on one’s mustache. Dah ‘adeesht’aat/ dah da’diiniit’aah. (di-thematic:

(2)

oral, stomach, food.)

(3)

hold forth to P.

di-(yi)(311): to be going along with food. Deesht’aat/dadiiniit’aah. (di-thematic: oral, stomach, food.) In: # Dah deesht’ddat, to be holding up an item of food that one is eating. naana-(yi)(588): to be carrying O around here and there, to and fro, to be carrying O all over. Naandasht’aat/naandeiniit’'aah. (Ib. D[I]6 above.) naandani-(yi)(585): to go to and fro swaying (one’s) head from side to side (as a proud or arrogant person). Naandneesht’dat. (ni-thematic: generic classifier: roundness) ni-(yi)(626-678): to be carrying one’s own SRO (one’s head) along. Neesht’aat (nddneesht’dat). (ni-thematic: generic classifier: roundness.) In: # Dah neesht’ddt, to hold one’s head up. Trish dah noot’adat, the snake is poised to strike.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

nda-(@/si)(604): to set or distribute O'(as blocks of salt) around here and there in various places. Ndaash’a’/ndasé’4 (nindddaash’a’). # P-ch’ddah ndaash’a’, to set O around in P’s way (as land mines), to impede P’s progress. ndi-(@/si)(614-673): to go about singing songs, to sing snatches of songs. Ndish’a’/ndé’a (nindadish’a’). (di-thematic: oral noise, stomach, mouth.) # Nddda’biyiin ndish’a’, to go around singing Ute songs. n’di-(@/si)(673): to go around singing (unspecified songs). N’dish’a’/n’dé’a (ninda’dish’a’). taa’a-(@)(704): S (the sun) moves here and there among (something). Taa’a’a’. # K’os taa’a’a’, it’s partly cloudy, overcast in spots (lit. the sun moves here and there among the clouds).

(Cf. dah yish’aat D[l]1). # P-ee dah neesht’dat,

to be proud of P.

# P-k’ijj’ dah neesht’ddt, to hold one’s head over P (as a kettle of boiling water).

F. REVERSATIVE |. @-(tt): (1)

lll. t + D-(tt): Double classifier: used in verb bases concerned with the handling of fire or a burning object (as a torch, match). (1)

(yi)(790):

to be carrying O (fire, a burning O) 1L2

Ur

nahi-(@/si)(531):

to turn O over or around, overturn or capsize O. Nahash’aah/naha’a (nindhash’aah:nindahdash’aah). (lb. nahash’aah: A[I]69.). Some speakers do not distinguish the Reversative by means of special stem shape in the Imperfective.)

as a

along. Yisht’ddt (nddsht’ddtnddndasht’dat. In: # Dah yisht’aat, to be holding O up (torch, match). (Dah yoott’aat, he’s holding O (2)

G.

up). di-(yi)(311): to be carrying O along (torch, fire).

TRANSITIONAL

|, @-(tt):

Deesht’aat (ndeesht’datndddeesht’aat) /dadiiniilt'aah (ndadiiniilt’aah: ndddadiiniilt’aah). (di-thematic:relates to fire.) In: # Dah deesht’aat, to be holding O up (torch, match). (Dah yidoott’aat, he’s holding O up).

(1) yi-(@/@(795): S moves into position, appears. Yil’aah/yii’a’ (néi’aah:ndayii’aah). In: # P-ini(or P-fni’) yii’aah, P (P’s mind) becomes upset, P becomes embittered, heartbroken, emotionally disturbed.

22

Dy

# P-ydyii’aah, P smartens up, becomes sensible (lit. P’s wisdom moves into place). hoo-(= ho-yi-)(@/@)(460): there comes to be room or space, a rule, regulation or law is passed, an illness comes (takes position)( with ho-thematic: sickness, misfortune). Hoo’aah/hoo’a’ (nadhoot’aah:nadhoot’aah: with D-classifier). In: # P-d& hoo’aah, room is made for P, P gets a place (to sit, stand)(as on a sofa after someone who was sitting gets up). # P-aah dah hoo’aah, P gets sick, an illness strikes P (lit. ho-thematic moves up and takes position alongside P).

(2)

# P-aah dah ndhoot’aah,

# #

#

#

#

P has a relapse,

suffers a relapse (lit. ho-thematic moves back into positon up alongside P). P-ee hoo’aah, P becomes law or a rule (lit. ho- moves into positon with P). P-ee p-aah dah hoo’aah, p catches or contracts P (a specific disease)(lit. hothematic moves and takes position alongside p and p becomes sick with P the illness in reference). P-yaa hoo’aah, P grows up (as a child)(lit. space comes to exist beneath P - as P grows and gains stature P gets farther from the ground and the intervening space increases). Doo P-d hoo’aah da, P gets out of order (a parliamentary term)(lit. there comes to be no space or privilege for P). Naanish P-d hoo’aah, a job opportunity opens up for P, P gets a job.

# P-yaa hoosh’aah, to raise P, bring P up (a child) (lit. to cause space to come into

being beneath P). # Hadeesdzihgo yee sha hoot’a’, he gave me the floor (lit. he made space for me to speak - a parliamentary term).

lll.

(1) yi-(@/@)(796): to cause O to move into position. Yiil’aah/yiil’a’ (ndayiil’aah). In: # ’Ahinf(or ’ahfini) yiil’aah, to quarrel with each other, offend each other.

H.

lL (1)

Hoosh’aah/hoot’a’ (ndhoosh’aah:naahoosh’aah) or (ndhoosht’aah:nadhoosht’aah). In: # P-& hoosh’aah, to make room for P (asina crowded car). # P-aah dah hoot’aah, S makes P sick, P contracts a (specified) illness (lit. S causes ho-thematic to move into position up alongisde P). # P-ee hoosh’aah, to make P a law, rule, regulation. # P-ee p-aah dah hoosh’aah, to givepa (specified) disease, cause p to become ill with a (specific) disease).

@-(ti): (si)(686): S lies, sits, S is (in position or location),

S

is situated. Si’A (nddndst’a)(d.p. naaz’d, ndaaz’a). # ’Aydo P-ini’ si’A, P is hot-tempered. # P-cha si’d, P is huddled up, P lies huddled in

a ball (as a person who is cold). (Shicha si’d, | lie huddled, nicha si’d, you --- etc.)

# P-tsiits’iin bii’ si’a, P’s one great desire is (to do something), all P can think of is (lit. S = P’s desire - sits in P’s head.) # P-z6é’si’d, P harps on S, talks incessantly about S (lit. S lies in P’s mouth).

# tee’si’d, S lies buried in the ground. # Too’ (~ tayi’) si’d, S lies immersed in water. # Naaltsoos bikda’go bee si’d, there is a record of it, it is documented.

(1)

law or regulation, cause an illness.

NEUTER

Perfective

I]. £-(tt): yi-(@/@)(800): to cause O to move into position. Yiish’aah/yii’a’ (néish’aah:naayiish’aah). In: # P-ini(or P-ini’) yiish’aah, to offend P, disturb or upset P emotionally, hurt P’s feelings, break P’s heart. # Naanish yiish’aah, to take on or tackle a task, get busy with a task or project. # ’OoniP-ch’j’ yiish’aah, to get a grievance or grudge against P, get it in for P. (2) hoo-(= ho-yi-)(@/O)(461): to make room, make a

4-(tt): In passive, reflexive and reciprocal constructions.

(2)

’ahé6-(ni)(51): S (rings, hats, books) lie in a circle, there is aring or circle of S. ’Ahéénra.

(3)

P-k’idi-(ni)(202):

(4)

(5)

S sits on and is attached to P (as a hat to a peron’s head). Bik’idé’a. P-nahidi-(ni)(225): S hangs (suspended) over P (as a hat or shoe over alimb). Binahidé’é. P-zéédée(ni)(263): S hangs around P’s neck, P has on S (a bell, turquoise pendant).

Bizéédée’é. (6) ch’thi-(ni)(283): S lies, juts, extends horizontally out (as a peninsula). Ch’thin?a. (7) didi-(yi)(315): S lies near or extending into the fire. Didir'a. (8) dini-(ni)(308): S (as a knife) hangs suspended. Dé’. In: # P-tsist’a dé’a, S hangs from P’s belt (as a knife), P has S on him (i.e. in his possession, as a dollar, knife). (9) dini-(ni)(322): S (as a house, box, car, boulder) leans, slopes, sits slanting. Dinée’é. (10) ha-(si)(423): S (area, space) lies, has position, there is space or room. (ha-/ho-thematic, an illness or misfortune sits o¢ lies.) Haz’aé (nddhast’a). In:

A

Dy

c

t+

+

# Yah ’anésh’d, | have my head stuck inside (as into an interior through a window).

P-a haz’d, there is room for P, it is permissible for P (to smoke or drink). P-ee p-4 haz’a,

(3)

itis permissible or legal for p

(to do) P, P (as driving a car) is legal for p. # P-ee haz’a, P is legal, permissible, allowable. + P-aah dah haz’4, P is sick (lit. trouble or illness sits up alongside P). # P-ee p-aah dah haz’d, p is ill with P (a named disease)(lit. with P [the disease] p has trouble sitting up alongside him). (11 ~~ hahi-(yi)(396): S protrudes, sticks out, dangles or hangs out (a tree stump protruding from the snow, a notebook from one’s pocket). Hahifa. (12) hi-(yi)(449): S lies, extends, juts (as a land area or body of water). Hifd. (13) hidi-(ni)(439): S (as a hat) hangs suspended. Dah hidé’a. (Dah is required because S is elevated above the ground.) (14 ~~ hodini-(ni)(451): S (area) slants, S is inclined, S slopes. Hodinée’d. (lb. #9 above, but with a 3s subject ho-.) In: # Yaa hodinée’d, the area slopes downward

Pi-dini-(@-Perf.)(180): to hold one’s head on or against P (as ona tabletop). Bidinfish’d. (nithematic: generic classifier: roundness.) P-ghani-(si)(625): to have (one’s) head stuck through P (as through a fence or hole). Bighdnésh’a. P-nikani-(si)(625): to have (one’s) head stuck through P (as through an open window or doorway). Binfkanésh’a. ch’ini-(si)(625): to have (one’s) head stuck out (as

(4)

out a window). Ch’inésh’d. hani-(si)(625):

to hold one’s head up out (as a prairie dog from a hole). Hanésh’dé.

lll. D-(ti): (1)

(as a field). (15 ~~ kfhonii-(@)(494): S slants or slopes upward (as a field viewed from the low end). Kfhonii’d. (ki-

IV. £-(tt):

thematic: slant, slope.)

(16 ~~ na-(si)(601):

S (as rocks, boulders, cars) sit

around here and there. (ninddnast’a). al

~~

(18 ee

nahi-(yi)(539):

hangs down, naa-(si)(592): S (a heel) is Naasi’A (lb.

Naaz’d

(1)

(d.p. ndaaz’a)

S (as a hat, a person’s head)

droops.

|. NOUN DERIVATIVES

# ’Atkéé’ n?'d (d.p. dana), S (as houses,

’ach’adh ninat’ahi, washer (for a bolt)(that which is placed in front of something).

hogans) are in a row, one behind the

‘addddit’ahf, stopper (for a bottle), lid (that which obstructs or closes off something (biddadit’ah/, its stopper, but she’adaddit’ahi, my stopper, lid). ’Adaah dah hast’danii, lawbreaker, defendant (the one who committed a wrong). ‘agod dist’anf, kneecap (dist’a mg?). ‘agha’diit’aahii (Ib. gha’diit’aahii), lawyer, attorney (the one who persuades by argument, the persuader).

other.

# T’data’infdnigo, books),

singly, one ata time (as

. L-(mediopassive): ni-(si)(625): to have one’s head (i.e. one’s own round thing) at rest or in position. Nésh’a. (nithematic: generic classifier: roundness.)

‘ahada’deest’danii,

contracting parties, parties to

an agreement or treaty (the d.p. ones who came to an agreement). ‘ahadit’d, joint (of a limb, where two bones are hinged (they extend together, join). (Ib. ‘ahadit’adn, ’ahadit’anf. Be’ahadit’an/, be’ahadit’dan, its or his joint. Bigaan ‘ahadit’anf, his arm joint.) ‘aha’deet’aah, treaty, agreement, contract (between two parties)(they agree).

# P-ii’ nésh’a, to have one’s head in P (as in snow, a jar or box), # P-kda’gi nésh’d, to have one’s head on P (as on a tabletop). # P-tsék’eegi nésh’a, to have one’s head in P’s lap (as one’s dog).

(2)

(si)(685): to keep O on hand or in place ( bottle of pop, hatin a box - i.e. cause O to be in position; to hold O (an event as a ceremony, rodeo).

Sét’a (nddsét’a). # Ndda’ séta, |’m holding a War Dance.

Nahifd.

S lies on its side (a trash can, car), run over (worn in one area).

naanii si’d). (19 ~~ (ni)(90-638): S lie in a line, row or series (rocks, buildings, mountains). Nfa.

(1)

nda-(si-Perf.))(with prepounded dah, up): another S sits up at an elevation. # Kin ’ak’i dah ndst’a, one house sits up on top (of another). (Kin ’ak’i dah ndst’anigff, penthouse.)

# Taah nésh’da, to have one’s head immersed in water. ’ani-(si)(625): to have (one’s) head stuck away out of sight. “Anésh’4. # P-yaa ’anésh’d, to have one’s head stuck in

‘akétsiin ’ahadit’anf,

ankle joint.

’Ak’i Dah Nast’anf (Ib. Ak’iih Nast’Anf, Hosta

under P (as a bed),

Butte, New Mexico (the one that sits on top of another something, the mountain that sits on

another mountain).

24

A

Dy

c

(11) (12) (13) (14)

(15) (16) (17) (18) (19)

(20)

(21) (22) (23)

‘ain?nfda, noon (it - the sun - has moved half way). ’anik’idé’anf, halter (that which sits on and attaches to a face) (binik’idé’anf, its halter). ’anik’éédit’ahi, halter (that which is customarily and repeatedly (Iterative) placed on something’s face) (biniik’éédit’ahf, its halter). ‘at’as’anf, the flat stone against which stick dice (tsidit )are bounced (the one that lies at the bottom?). ‘at’ehgi bit haz’danii, sex organs (those that are provided space in the crotch) (bittehgi bit haz’danii, his or her sex organs),

(34) béésh baah dah si’an/, tribal councilman, tribal council delegate (d.p. béésh baah dah naaz’anf or béésh baah dah naaznilf) (the one[s] up alongside whom a metal object lies. Reference is to the metal badges formerly worn by council delegates.) (35) béésh yitsid bithaz’é, blacksmith shop (space exists for pounding iron). (36) bits’adeet’anigif, restriction, prohibition (those things that were denied to him. With special

‘ats ’ddeet’an/, prohibition,something proscribed, prohibited or taboo. ‘awos ’ahadit’ani, shoulder joint (biwos

(37)

‘ahadit’ani, his shoulder joint). ‘awost’ani, ball of the shoulder joint. ’ayid bithaz’danii, thoracic organs, organs situated in the chest (those for which space is provided in the chest)(biyid bit haz’danii, his or her thoracic organs). ’azeedich’if bee naat’ahi, pepper shaker (that with which pepper is carried or moved about). ’azee’ al’{ bad nahoot’aah, medical clinic (dates or scheduled times are repeatedly set for medical purposes). ’azé6’ deest’a, conspiracy, plot (someone unspecified was plotted against) (sizéé’ deest’d, | was the victim of a plot). ’azéé’ si’an/, bit (of a bridle) (that which sits ina

(38) (39)

(40)

(41)

(42) chidi naat’a’f hdinibjjhgo ba ndahaz’anigif, landing fields, airstrips. (43) chidf ninddaabas ba haz’anigi, parking lot, parking area (the area that exists for the

mouth) (bizéé’ si’an/, its bridle, but be’azéé’ si’Anf, his bridle - for use on his horse’s mouth).

(24) ’Ach{jshtah ’az’a, adenoid (lump in the nose). (25) ’4latsiin ’ahadit’ani, wrist joint (bilatsiin ’ahadit’an/,

(26)

his wrist joint). ’Anihwii’aahii, judge, magistrate (the one who sets time periods for unspecified people, the one who makes out sentences for people, one after another).

(27)

’Ashijh bee naat’ahi, salt shaker, salt cellar (that

(28)

with which salt is carried or moved about). ‘aah dah haz’, illness, sickness, ailment (a trouble rests up alongside someone) (baah dah

(29)

(30)

haz’d, illness, ‘aah dah trouble

he is ill, bee baah dah haz’danii, his disease). hoyootaatii, disease, sickness (the that is being caused to lie static

alongside someone)(Dah + Progressive = a static.). ‘aah ni’it’aah, cast (for a fractured bone) (it is placed alongside something) (baah ni’it’, its cast: lit. it was placed alongside it - as alongside

his leg. Shijddd baah ni’it’a, my leg cast.)

(31) bee nihoot’anigif, judgement, decree, decision (at (32) (33)

law) (that which was set down/decided). beehaz’danii (bee haz’danii), law, rule, regulation (that with which a rule exists) (bibeehaz’danii). bee’eldogh bik’ehé dilt’ohf deg hoot’atigif, rear sight on a gun (the thing that moves upward in accordance with which a gun is fired - the rear sight is adjustable: it can be moved upward).

reference to the dietary and other restrictions placed on a patient at the close of a ceremony). chidf bee dah ndiit’ahi, jack (to lift a car) (that with which a car is customarily lifted up). chidf bee ndhidiit’ah/, jack (for raising a car) (that with which a car is lifted). chidi bitoo’ bee dah si’anf, gasoline tank (ona car) (that with which the gasoline sits up at an elevation). chidfbits’a’ bik’i dah si’anigif, camper shell (of the type mounted on a pickpup truck and used for shelter) (that which sits up on a car’s box). chidf naat’a’i ndanidah biniiyé haz’d, airstrip, airplane landing field (area exists so airplanes can customarily and repeatedly [Iterative] sit down - i.e. land).

(44)

(45)

(46) (47)

customary and repeated [Iterative] parking of Cars). chidf ninddaabasigi, parking lot, parking area (where cars are customarily and repeatedly parked). chizh tahgo si’dago, a cord of firewood (firewood sitting in one place = one unit of firewood). da’add bit haz’anif gdne’, dining room (the space that exists for eating by d.p. unspecified people). ddddilkat bit dah nat’ahi, doorlock, padlock fora door (that which is repeatedly placed in position up in company with a door).

(48) dinéjf hat’ehgi bit haz’danii, male sex organs (those things for which there is space in a man’s crotch). (’Asdzanjjf hatl’ehgi bit haz’danii, female sex organs.) (49) diné taf nilfinii binant’a’f, Secretary of State (the chief of the association of people). (50) diné t’dd bit nahaz’dagi, family (land) use areas (the areas that exist with or for people). (51) Dzit Dah Si’anf, Fluted Rock, Arizona (the mountain that sits up at an elevation). (52) Dzit Naat’dah, the Chieftain Mountains, Sacred Mountains. (Ib. Naat’ddziil.)(Ch’dol’f'f, Sisnaajinii, Tsoodzit, Dook’o’oostiid, Dibé Ntsaa, Dz na’ooditii.) (53) ’e’e’aah, west, occident (something - the sun moves away out of sight, sets). # ’E’e’aah d66 shddi’adh bita’, southwest.

# ’E’e’aah d66 ndhookgs bita’, northwest. (Lit. between east and south/ north.) # ’E’e’aah géyaa, out west (lit. down west).

‘A

A

c

c

va

kin bits’ahonf'dadi,

(54) ’66’ ndhoot’dtii (Ib. ’66’ ndhooltsosii), reversible garment (an obsolete item of clothing). (55 ~~ gha’diit’aahii (Ib. ’"agha’diit’aahii), lawyer, attorney. (V. #5 above.) (56) ha’a’aah, east (something - the sun - comes up, rises). # Ha’a’aah d66 shadi’adh bita’, southeast.

K’ai’ Si’anf, Tanner Spring, Arizona (sitting willow). k’inji?ahi, wild currant, wild gooseberry, grosella, manzanita (Ribes inebrians).

# Ha’a’aah d66 ndhookgs bita’, southwest. (Lit. between east and south/north.) (57) ha’if'a, sun-up, sunrise (something - the sun -

tees’aan, bread of the type baked in an outdoor oven, or in the ashes of the fire (the one that sits in the ashes).

came up). (58 ~~ hashkééjf naat’d4ah, War Chief (of traditional

(59

~

nahat’d, plan, design (it is planned) (binahat’a’, his plan).

times, trained in ceremonials and strategy relating to war), military officer (in a modern army) (he speaks on the side of ferocity). hashtVish tigaaigif ‘aah niit’aah, plaster cast (fora broken bone) (plaster of Paris is placed on something).

nahat’dii,

plan (a plan was hatched). (61) Hdéchx¢¢’jf Naat’aah, War Chief (in traditional times a person trained in the arts and ceremonies of war) (he orates on the side of ugliness). (62) hézhdgji naat’aah, Peace Chief (of traditional

naaltsoos ba si’ani, magazine rack (the one that sits for papers or books). naaltsoos bee ’dAda nahodiit’aah/, tribal council resolution, legislative bill or act (the paper with which planning is done for self).

peace and harmony) (he speaks for peace and harmony). (63) ‘fa, sunset, sundown (something - the sun -

(65 wa

sun, Sun-

Bearer (the one that he carries around during the day or, perhaps, the one that moves during

the daytime), and by extension, clock, watch. (Also sha, sun).

# Jéhonaa’é/ ‘atts ’fisigif, watch (little clock). # Jdhonaa’éf bind’dsttéé’, ring around the sun,

(69)

(70) (71)

naat’danii,

sun halo (there is something wet around the sun). # Jéhonaa’é/ bit?6d6l, sunbeam (sun’s rope or cord). # Jéhonaa’é/ ’i’ini, watchmaker. # Jéhonaa’éf ntsaaigif, clock. Jéhonaa’éf halatsfin naaz’dnigif, wristwatch (the clocks that sit on a person’s wrist). ké bit hda’at’ahigif, buckle shoe (shoe that is customarily and repeatedly [Iterative] fastened with something of the SRO class = a buckle). Ké Naasi’anf (lb. Ké ’atch’’ sinilf), Pigeon-toed one (a nickname) (the one with sideways feet). kéyah tatkda’di dah si’anigff (or tatkda’di kéyah dah si’anigif), island (the land mass that sits up on the surface of the water).

boss, officer, chief, headman, leader,

superintendent (the one who makes orations) (binant’a’, his or her boss). # ’Indins Binant’a’i, Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

button, but bit dah nat’ahi, its padlock - i.e. the door’s lock). ‘thwiidoo’atigif binahat’a’, lesson plan, course of

(67) johonaa’éf (Ib. jfhonaa’é/, jihonaa’af),

(68)

naanish ’aa dahidit’aah, employment office (jobs are given to a succession of unspecified people).

moved away out of sight). it dah nat’ahf, button, latch, padlock (that which is repeatedly and customarily placed up at an elevation). (bi’it dah nat’ahi, his padlock or

study, curriculum (plan regarding that which will be learned about something unspecified). (66) ‘fighddn ‘ahadadit’anf, joints of the spine.

(the one who plans).

na’oolkitf ’aza’azis si’anf, pocket watch (the watch that sits in a pocket).

times, trained in ceremonies concerned with

~~

planner, designer

na’alkadgo hala’ baah naaz’danigif, thimble (those things that sit alongside one’s finger when sewing is taking place). na’oolkitf ’alatsifn si’ani, wristwatch (the one that sits on a wrist). :

(60) — hodeest’a,

(64

rural area, “boondocks,” open

country, countryside (at the area that extends away from houses). Kiis’aanii, Pueblo Indian (people of the sitting house, house dwelling people).

# Sildo binant’a’,

army officer.

n’dilkal ba haz’dagi, golf course, shinny field (the area that exists for golf or shinny). SS, ep

shadi’adh, south (the sun customarily starts to go -

reference is to the apparent southward declination of the sun during the winter). ba haz’a, washroom, lavatory, — ta’ddazdigis bathroom (area or space exists for people to wash themselves). ~— tatkda’di kéyah dah si’anigif (Ib. kéyah tatkaa’di dah si’anigif), island (the land that sits on top of the water). —

t6 ba ’az’d, well, water well, tank (something unspecified of the SRO class sits for water.

Reference is to a closed storage tank. Ib. t6 ba ’az’ani.) ~—

t6 bee naat’ahi,

canteen (the closed container in

which water is carried about). t6na’a’ahi, the ball-hider (in the Moccasin Game). wa

ténteel bibaahgi t’aadoo le’é dahidigeehgo ba haz’d (d.p. nahaz’a), seaport(s) (the area[s] that exist on the seashore for the succession of things that are hauled = cargo). t6d6’oot’anigif, the hidden ball (in the Moccasin Game).

~—

t’aata’{’’az’dago, one cord (of wood) (one unspecified subject sitting = one unit). (Chizh

t’adta’i’az’dago, one cord of wood).

A

*KAH

c

Cassiopoea.

(96) t’éhonaa’éi (Ib. t’'éhonaa’ai), the moon (the one that is carried or that moves, at night. Ib. ’ooljéé’.) (97) tsdsk’eh bit haz’dnfgéne’, bedroom (inside where space exists for the bed). (98) Tsé Bidddi’n?an/, (lit. sealed rock) Chetro Kettle (a major Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon The name is drawn from the numerous [29] sealed crypts in the kiva wall, housing over 17,000 beads, buttons, pendants and other objects made of turquoise or other materials). (99) tsé yoo’dtii (Ib. tsé nei’ahi), stone carrier beetle, snout beetle (the one that carries stones along).

(100) tsinaa’eet ba haz’anidi,

(~ -aa-/-a-)(B) Stem postposition: to (bring, give, go), about (concerning), into (penetrating), on (reliance), off

-AA

harbor (the space or

area that exists for ships).

(101) Tsinaa’eet Dah Si’anf, Lee’s Ferry, Arizona (the ship that sits up at an elevation). (102) tsii’aal (Ib. tsiis’aal), pillow, cushion (holds the head) (bitsii’aal, his pillow). # Tsis’nd bitsii’adl, beehive, bees’ nest (Ib. tsis’nd bighan, bees’ home). (103) Wadshindoondéé’ hoot’datii, Federal plan, Federal planning (the planning from Washington).

l. DERIVED ADVERBIAL PHRASES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

(11) (12) (13) (14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

’e’e’aahjigo, westward, in a westerly direction. on the west, on the west side. ha’a’aahjigo, eastward, in an easterly direction. ha’a’aahjigo, on the east, on the east side. shddi’dahjigo, southward, in a southerly direction. shddi’aahjigo, on the south, on the south side ’atnin?dad66 bik’ijj’ after noon. ’i’i?'44d66 bik’ ij’, after sundown. ha’i?'aad66 bik’ijj’, after sunrise. t’ah nizaa ’az’dago, early in the day, at an early hour, while the sun is still high (while something the sun - is still in a far position [from setting]). t’4d ’atnina’at’aah bik’eh, every noon. t’aa ’and’at’aah bik’eh, every evening. t’da ’ats’ahonfdadi, rurally, in an area apart. t’ad dah si’4a nt’éé’, in its entirety, all of it, the whole thing. # Nahasdzdan t’da dah si’da nt’éé’, the whole world, the entire world. t’dadoo bita’ ’ahodeest’an/, continuously, ceaselessly, without pause or interruption (without intervening space or time). t’dadoo bita’ hoo’aahi/, in a steady stream, without a gap or interval, continuous (as finished products from an assembly line). t’dd nayinéett’ah/, adaptable, flexible, capable of change to meet new conditions. t’66 ha’oo’atigo, just as the sun comes (was coming) up, right at sunrise.

(Cf. Nahookgs Bik’a’l.)

# naa’ahdodhai bi’dadii (naa’ahddéhai, chicken + bi’ddad-, its female + -ii, the one), hen. # nittsd bi’ddd (nifttsd, rain), gentle shower, gentle rain. # Séf Heets’é6siBa’dad (Séf Heets’dési, sand cone), Little White Cone, Arizona.

(removing), carrying).

passing (running, Compound -a- + ’(a)- = to

(on a loan basis, temporarily. Shaa niya, he came to me / baa nia, | gave it (SRO) to him / baa hweeshne’, | told about it/ tsah baa ’fitsi, | stuck a needle into him / sha’déli, he relies on me/ baa dii’d, | took it (SRO - ring) off of him / baa diishwod, | passed him up running / and compound -a’-: ba’ni’d, | loaned it (SRO) to him / ‘ashiiké ‘ahaa (~ athaa) dajoodloh, the boys are laughing at (about) one another. In the form ‘aha- the reciprocal functions as a verb prefix with the meaning “together, concentrated together,” as in: béégashii ‘ahaniniilkaad, we drove the cattle together, rounded up the cattle / ’a4daa halne’, he’s telling about himself.

’e’e’aahjigo,

(pl -Addké) (-a’ddd, -a’dddké) Stem noun:

female of a species, wife.

# bjjh’ddd (bjjh-, deer), doe, female deer. # Ndhookgs Ba’dadii, part of

Z

“AADAANI

Compound noun (derivation unknown): son-in-law (daughter’s

husband, mother’s sister’s husband, father’s sister’s husband, father’s

sister's daughter’s husband, sister’s daughter’s husband). # P-aadaani, P’s son-in-law. (Cf. baadaanf nishtinii, lit. the one whose son-in-law | am = my father-in-law, my wife’s sister’s children, my wife’s brother’s children.)

Stem noun: fog, mist. The form ’aah appears in chants, but in everyday

*KAH

usage the nominalized form ‘ahf is used.

Stem noun:

depression.

melancholy, sadness,

-AAHSITA’

"AAL

(-ddhsita’ ~ -ddasita’)

# P-iih nésh’aah, to lure or entice O into P (asa horse into a horse trailer). # Taah nésh’dah, to lure or entice O into the

A compound noun

of uncertain derivation: the point between the shoulder blades that is

-AAHSITA’/ -AASITA’

water.

difficult to reach. (Ib. -ddsita’ haghatgi.) # Hddsita’, Crown Rock, Arizona (a sandstone crag located between

B. MOMENTANEOUS

Balukai Mesa and Steamboat Canyon,

|. D-(ti):

Arizona (lit. a point between the shoulder blades of a person [?] or place [?]).

(1)

(PPA *’a’G > PA *’aG [Q], with *nithematic: lead; with *n-u- or P-nu#: AA’

WP

|. -(tt):

SW

TRIPs

’aah

’ah

‘aa’

’dadh

’ah

aa’

-

-

-

PARKOXCIa

AW

(1)

OUPII.

‘ah

‘Aah

‘ah

‘aah

(1) -

(2) C.CURS

to think that something is other than it turns out to be, to delude oneself, to “goof,” to “be taken in.” Nisht’aah/neesht’aa’ (naanisht’adh).

C. CURSIVE

having meanings of the type “trick, fool, lure, delude.”

B.MOM

ni-(@/yi)(662):

mislead, deceive.

NAVAJO: Occurs with ni-thematic and no-thematic as the theme of verb bases

A.MOM

’ah/ aah

-

ni-(yi)(626):

to be enticing or luring O along, stringing O along, tricking O into coming along (as a horse, by holding out hay to it). Neesh’ah/ daniiniit’aah (ndneesh’ah:naddneesh’ah). # T’66 ndds neesh’ah, to be leading O on (with deceit, stringing O along).

(PPA *’at? > bite.)

A. MOMENTANEOUS (1)

’a-O-ni-(@/yi)(5):

PA

*’at? []: chew,

"AAL NAVAJO: Occurs as the theme only in verb constructions concerned with the

|, O-(tt): (1)

(2)

chewing or eating of a "hard" (tough, crisp, chewy) object, including: a peanut, a piece of hard

to lure O away out of sight.

’Abinish’-4ah/’abinifaa’ (’andbinish’adh: ‘andabinish’aah). (lb. ’anish’aah/’anif'aa’ (’ananish’aah: ’anddnish’daah)). # Yah ’abinish’adh (‘anish’aah),

candy, a dried apricot, a strip of bacon, a string bean, a raw carrot, a stalk of celery, a stick of gum, a wad of

chewing tobacco, a peyote button, a piece of ice, an ice cream cone, an olive and a pill. Aspect is not distinguished by stem shape.

to lure O into

(entering) an enclosure (as in getting a burro to enter a corral by enticing it with corn). # Y66’ ’abinish’dah (’anish’adh), to lure O away and disappear with, or get rid of, it. (2) ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(656): to lure O down (as a cat from a roof). ’Adanish’adah/’adanifaa’ (adananish’aah:’adandaanish aah). (3) P-fhoni-(@/yi)(196): to be mistaken for P, misidentified as P (another person) (ho- is the subject). Bhhoni’adh/bihonéé’da’ (bindahoni’aah). (4) ch ’fni-(ni/ni)(291): to lure O out, entice O out. Ch’fninish’aah/ch inin?'aa’ (ch’fndninish’aah: ch’indaninish’adh). to start to lead O along. —oO ) dfni-(@/si)(326): Dinfsh’aah/diné’aa’ (ndinfsh’ddh: ndddinfsh’aah). # Nadas dinish’ddh, to lead O on, string O along by deceit, put O off, stall O for time. (6) no-(@/yi)(677): to lure O, entice O, trick O (completive). Nésh’adh/niv’aa’ (nadndésh’daah: ndandésh’dah).

IMP._USJIT. A.MOM. _ ’aat B.DUR. ’aat

‘at/t’at at/t’at

A.

PERG

EOile

OPE

’aal ’aal

at ’at

‘aat ‘aat

MOMENTANEOUS

I, @-(tt):

(2)

(3)

P-’nii-(@/@)(220): to start to eat or chew O. Bi’niish’aat/ bi’nii’aal. ’i’nii-(O/B)(470): to start to eat, start to chew (unspecified O). ’Il’niish’aat/’i’nii’aal (‘inda’niish’aat). P-taa’a-(@/si)(248): to sample various types of unspecified "hard" foods (as candies, nuts, plug

chewing tobacco). LLIL

(bitanaa’ash’aat).

28

Bitaa’ash’aat/bitaa’sé’aal

"AAZH

"AAL

(4)

ni-(ni/ni)(651):

mixed with the enzymes in saliva, formerly used as a sweetening agent in dough.) (4) dibé yii’ da’a’aatigif, grain trough for sheep (that in which sheep eat unspecified “hard” O). (5) 4f yii’’a’aatf, feed bag for a horse (that in which a horse eats unspecified “hard” O). (6) nat’oh yit’aat, plug chewing tobacco (tobacco that is chewed - "hard" object class. Cf. nat’oh yitchozhi, leaf chewing tobacco, as Beechnut brand.)

to finish eating O, eat O all up, eat

a certain amount of O.

Ninish’aat/ninfaal.

# ’Atni?g66 ninish’aat,

to eat half of O.

Il. D-(tt): (1)

ndani-(si)(561): to eat too much of O, get stuffed eating O (lit. to return to a plump shape eating

O.). Nanésht’aal (nfndanésht’aal). (dithematic: generic classifier: roundness.) na’ni-(si)(557): to overeat, get stuffed (eating unspecified O). Na’nésht’aal (ninda’néshtaal).

(2)

(3)

fdini-(@/si)(610):

V. K’IS.

to eat too much of O, overeat

-AALK’IIS

on QO. Ndjinisht’aat/ndinésht’aal. B. DURATIVE I, G-(tt): (1)

(-a’Adn) Stem noun: hole, burrow, tunnel, mineshaft. # ’a’Adn ('a-, something’s), hole, burrow, tunnel. # ’a’ddn hasda’ (hasda’, abandoned place), abandoned burrow. # ’a’ddtldadh ~ ’a’ddt ahi (-t?adh ~ tPahi, bottom), bottom of a hole or pit.

(@/yi)(785): to chew or eat O (including a chew of plug tobacco). Yish’aat/yfaal (ndanash’aab). ’a-(@/yi)(127): to chew, eat (an unspecified O). ya ’Ash’aat/i?aal (naa’dsh’aat).

(2)

Il. (tt):

# di6¢’ ba’ddn (1)

P-ii’di-(@/yi)(266): to chew O (unspecified) spit O) into P. Bii’dish’aatbii’dif’aal. (dithematic: stomach, food, oral.)(Reference practice, in traditional times, of producing fermentive by chewing corn. The product used to sweeten dough.)

(and

(dI6¢’, prairie dog + ba’aan,

its hole), prairie dog hole. # ni’a’ddn (ni’-, earth), hole or burrow in the

is to a a was

ground. (tsé-, rock), cave in the rock.

apa

# tsé’ddn

Noun component. Possibly a nominalized form of the nasal verb

‘AAN

Ill. D-(tt):

# ’ayda’ddn (derivation unknown), an ear of corn on which the kernels are about to form (Haile 1951252),

(1)

(@/yi)(775)(with prepounded ’dde): to overeat on O (as nuts)(lit. to eat O above oneself - i.e. above one’s capacity). Ade yisht’aat/’dde yisht’aal (‘d4de naanasht’aat). (2) ’a-(@/yi)(130)(with prepounded ’ade): to overeat (on "hard" O, unspecified)(lit. to eat above self). ’Ade ’asht’aat/’dde ’eesht’aal (’4de nda’dshtaat). (3) ’Adi-(@)(23): S chews on self (as a dog chasing

V.TIS

-AATIS

fleas). ’Adit’aat. (4)

’ahi-(@)(66): S chew on each other (as two horses). ’Ahit’aat.

C. (1) (2) (3)

stem ’A.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(PA *’atsh’ [@]: several go on foot; [1] several go on all four.)

*AAZH

’awoo’ bee ’at’aatigif, molars and premolars (the teeth with which chewing is done). ’azee’ dei’aatf, peyote (the medicine that they chew). bii’dool’aal, fermentive (chewed into it - i.e. chew and spit into a receptacle). (Corn chewed and

NAVAJO: Describes the movement (walking, going at an unspecified rate of speed) of two animate subjects (including bipeds and quadrupeds). By extension the root and its derived stems sometimes apply to a pair of

29

*KAZH

*KAZH (5)

’ala-(@/yi)(85): to take the lead (in a contest. lit. to go the farthest). ’Aldiit’aash/’aldiit’Aazh (alanéiit’aash: ’aldnddnéiit’aash). (6) ’atts’a-(ni/ni)(109): to part company, separate from each other, each go (his) separate way. ’AttsAniit’aash/’atts’aniit’adzh (‘atts ’ananiit’aash:’atts’andaniit’aash). # ’Atts’dnaniit’aash (Reversionary), to geta divorce, become divorced (lit. to go back apart). (7) ‘atkétk’e-(@/yi)(90): to walk in each other’s footprints. ’Atkétk’eiit’aash/’atk’étk’elit’aazh. # P-ee p-it ’atkétk’eesh’aash, to come to an agreement or understanding about P with p, to agree with p on P (a subject or proposition). (@ ) P-badi-(@/si)(169): to go through P, exhaust P, use P allup. Bibadoot’aash/bibadeet’aazh. (o ) P-dii-(@/@)(185): to join P, become a member of P (as an association, church). Bidiit’aash/ bidiit’aazh (béédiit’aash:binindddiit’aash). # P-it bidiish’aash, to join P in company with him or her, (10) P-gha-(ni/ni)(193): to go through O (as a fence,

inanimate subjects. Aspect is not distinguished by stem shape. Most entries are given in the 1st person dpl. IMP.

US /IT.

PERF.

’ash/

‘AAzh

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

‘ash

‘aash

A.MOM. B.CONT.|

‘aash_

C.DIV.

-

t’ash

D.CON.

‘aash

E.CURS.

‘ash/ ‘aash

A. MOMENTANEOUS

|, O-(ti):

(1)

’a-(G/yi)(483-487): to go away out of sight. ‘lit’aash/ ’iit’aazh (anéiit’aash:’anddanéiit’aash). # P-kék’ehjj’ ’iit’'aash, to take P’s place, replace P.

# P-yaa ’iit’aash, to go in under P. # Ha’aa ’iit’aash, to go over the hill and disappear.

window). Bighdniit’aash/bighaniit’aazh (bighandniit’aash:bighanaaniit’aash), # P-itp-ghdnish’aash, to go through P in

# Nahjj’ ’iitaash, to move aside, go to one side, out of the way. # Nii’oh ’iit’aash, to go away out of view. # P-inii’oh ‘iish’aash, to go away out of view

company with P. (11) P-fna-(@/si) (155): to get P (as mud, grease) on

with P, accompany P away out of view. # Yah ’iit’aash,

oneselves, to get into P, to contract P (a disease). Bénéiit’'aash/bééshiit’aazh (bfnindanflit’aash). # Honeeni bénéiit’aash, to have fun, to have a great time (lit. to get fun on oneselves),

to enter an enclosure, come or

go in (as into a house). # P-ityah ’iish’aash, to accompany P into an

enclosure, come or go inside with P. to go away and disappear or get lost. # P-ity66’ ’iish’aash, to go away with P and get lost, go away and disappear with P. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(176-381): to descend, come or go down from a height (as from a rooftop or mountain), to get down or out of P # Y66’ ’ii’'aash,

(2)

(as a car, bus, plane), dismount.

(3)

# Honeeni P-it bénéiit’aash,

’Adeiit’aash/

‘adeiit’adzh (’adanéiit’aash:’adanddnéiit’aash). # P-t ’adaash’aash, to accompany P down, descend, dismount, get down with P. ’ahénd-(G/ni)or(ni/ni)(46): to make a circuit, go around, ’Ahénéiit’aash/’ahénéiit’aazh or ahénaniit’aash/’ahénaniit’aazh (’ahéninéiit’'aash:’ahénindanéiit’aash). # P-it’ahéndsht’aash, to make a circuit in company with P. # P-k’ee’aa ’ahénéiit’aash, to detour around P, to bypass P, go around P (asa

upon p together).

(14) P-k’idi-(@/si)(205): to quit P, give P up (a habit, as smoking), to abandon P (as a task, project). Bik’idii’aash/bik'ideet’aazh (bik’indiit’aash: bik’indddii-t’aash), (15) P-k’fo-(@/si)(209): to go through P, exhaust P, complete P, use P all up. Bik’foot’aash/ bik ’fshiit’aazh. (16) P-la-(@/si): to go beyond (as beyond the mountain). Bildoot’aash/biléishiit’aazh. # P-itbildoot’aash, we (2) go beyond with P. (17) P-nd-(@/si)(232): to walk around P, go around P (as around a rock spire). Binéiit’'aash/binfshiit‘Aazh (bininéiit’aash: binfnddnéiit’aash).

puddle, a grave).

(4)

to have fun along

with P, to have fun together with P. (12) P-fi-(@/@)(268): to join P, become a member of P (as a church, association, political party). Biit'aash/biit’aazh (binéiit’aash:bindanéiit’aash). # P-it bfish’aash, to join it (in company) with P, accompany P in becoming a member of it. (13) P-k’f-(ni/ni)(209): to come upon P, find or discover P. Bik’fniit’'aash/bik’iniit’aazh (bik’{naniit’aash:bik'inddnéiit’aash). # P-itp-k’infsh’aash, to come upon p in company with P (i.e. P and S come

’ahidii-(@/O)(58): to meet, come together, rendezvous. ’Ahidiit’'aash/’ahidiit’adzh (’ahéédiit’aash:’ahindddiit’aash). # P-i’ahidiish’aash, to meet with P, get together with P, rendezvous with P.

30

*KAZH

’AAZH

# P-ch’j’ diit’aash, to go to (see) P (as the doctor or dentist). # P-itch’aa dish’aash, to starton a trip (in company) with P) (P-it ch’aa dé’aazh, to be on a trip [in company] with P.) # P-itdish’aash, to start to go along (in company) with P. (P-it dé’aazh, to be going to accompany P, to be on the way in company with P).

# P-itp-ndsh’aash, to go around p in company with P, to accompany P around p. (18) P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to go through P (as through a door, window, tunnel). Binfkaniit’'aash/binfkaniit’aazh (binikandniit’aash:binkkandaniit’aash),

# P-it binfkanfsh’aash, to go through it along with P, to accompany P through it. (19) P-niitt’a-(@/si)(243): to come to a barrier, to find the way blocked (as by a swollen arroyo ora sheer cliff). Biniit’eiit’aash/biniit’ashiit’aazh (biniitt’anéiit’aash: biniitt’anddanéiit’aash). # P-it biniitt’anéiit’'aash (biniit’aash’aash), to come to a barrier in company with P. (20) P-taa-(@/si)(247): to walk or go among P (as among the trees, plants). Bitaiit’aash/bitaashiit’dAdzh (bitaanéiit’aash: bitaanddnéiit’aash). # P-itp-taash’aash, to walk among p in company with P, to go with P for a walk among p. (21) P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(257): to leave P, separate from P (as from aa companion). Bits’aniit’aash/bits’aniit’aazh (bits’andniit’aash:bits’andadniit’aash). # P-itp-its’dnish’aash, to leave p in company with P (as in leaving a stranded car in company with one’s companion). (22) ch’i-(O/yi)(295): to walk or go horizontally outward (completive), come into view. Ch’fit’aash/ch’fit’Aazh (ch’fnéiit’aash:ch indanéiit’aash). # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’fit’'aash, to walk or go over the edge (as over a cliff). # ’Adah ( bidah/hadah) P-it ch’ésh’aash, to walk or go over the edge (in company) with P. (23) ch’f-(ni/ni)(293): to walk or go out horizontally (as out the door), to exit, to come into view. Ch’fniit’aash/ch’fniit’Aazh (ch’{naniit’aash: ch’indaniit’aash). # P-itch’inéiit’aash (or ch’{nfsh’aash), to exit in com-pany with P. # P-fighahg66 ch’fniit’aash, to walk or go past P (a stationary object).

# P-k’idiit’'aash,

# T1'66’g66 ch’iniit’aash, to go outdoors. (24) ddddii-(@/O)(506): to abandon, leave, forsake. Dadddiit’aash/daddiit’Aazh (danfndddiit’aash).

brother or sister, he/she and | have the

# P-aa ddddiit’aash,

to go away and leave P (as an unattended child), Baa daadiit’aash. (25) deni-(ni/ni)(309): S turn up (as the toes of a pair of wet shoes placed near the fire), S warp out of shape (as a pair of boards), S shrink and curl up (as a couple of slices of overheated meat). Denii’aash/denin(’aazh (deninat’aash:denindanat’aash). (26) di-(@/si)(336): to start to go along, to have started to go, be on the way going (in the

Perf.). Diit’aash/deet’Adzh diit’aash),

to quit P, give P up (a habit,

as smoking), to retire (from one’s job). (Naanish bik’i diit’aash, we two retire from our jobs.) # Ch’aa diit’aash, to start ona journey, to have started on (in the Perf.) a trip. (Ch’aa deet’a4dzh, we two are going to take a trip, we two have started on a trip.) # Ch’ééh diit’aash, to become tired. (Perf. ch’ééh deet’aédazh, we two are tired.) # Hootah diit’aash, to start to go calling (on friends and neighbors), to have gone calling (in the Perf. hootah deet’dazh.) (Cf. A[I]36.) # Nadas diit’aash, to start to get ahead, start to make progress. (27) dii-(@/@)(346-348)(with prepounded dah, off): to start to go, leave, set out, depart. Dah diit’‘aash/dah diit’a4azh (dah ndiit’aash:dah ndddiit’aash). # P-itdah diish’aash, to set out, start off, leave (in company) with P. # P-itdah Adiisht’aash, to start back with P. # P-ts’dd’ dah diit’aash, to start off against P’s will (despite P’s prohibition). (28) dzidza-(@/yi)(357): to walk into the fire, get into the fire. Dzidzaiit’aash/dzidzeiit’a4azh (dzfdzanéiit’aash:dzidzandanéiit’aash). (29) ha-(O/yi)(399-434): to go or come up out (as from a cellar or a hole in the ground), to get out (as out of the mud or snow). Haiit’aash/ haiit’44zh (hanéiit’'aash:handdnéiit’aash). # P-ithaash’aash, to accompany P up out, to emerge (in company) with P, to be P’s blood brother or sister (i.e. to have emerged from the same mother with P). (Bit hda’aazh, I’m his or her blood same mother).

# P-flak’ee haiit’aash, to get away from P, escape from P (i.e. from a captor. lit., to

get out of P’s hand). # P-ii'déé’ haiit’aash, to get out of P (mud, snow, a car).

# P-yaadéé’ haiit’aash, to get out from under P (as a car, bed, blanket). (30) ha-(si or @/si)(434): to climb up (an incline, as a mountainside, staircase, ladder).

Hashiit’aash

or haiit’aash/hashiit’aazh (hanéiit’aash: handanéiit’aash). # P-aah haiit’aash, to climb up P (asa mountain).

(ndiit’aash:nda-

# ’Adah diit’aash, to start down, start to descend.

31

’*AAZH

*AAZH # P-k’i neiit’aash,

# P-it p-aah hashish’aash (haash’aash), to climb up p (a mountain) (in company)

with P. # P-ftsda’ ’atk’i haa’aash,

P; (40) nahi-(@/si)(540): to turn around, wheel (as when the subjects hear their names called). Nahiit’aash/nahaat’aazh (nfnahiit’aash: ninaahiit’aash). (41) naand-(@/si)(589): to turn around while walking, to make a turn (as in turning a corner), to execute a "to the rear march." Naanéiit’aash/ naanishiit’aazh (naan(nddnéiit’aash). # Bizandghahjigo naanéiit’aash, to turn the corner. # P-it naandsh’aash, to turn along with P. (42) ndii-(@/O)(620): to get up, arise (from a sitting or

P gets a dislocation

of the ribs (i.e. two of P’s ribs come up over each other).

# P-kda’jj’ or P-ghda’jj’ hashiit’aash

(31

)

(haiit’aash), to climb up on top of P (as a roof). # P-k’ee’aa haiit’aash, to detour around P (as a puddle or grave). ha-(si)(415-426): to have gone after (something - as food, firewood) and now be back at the

starting point. Hashiit’aazh. # P-ithashé’dazh, to have gone with P after

(32 )

something ha-(ni/ni)(415-416):

(and now be back home). to go, come, arrive for

reclining position, to start to (go, do). Ndii-

(something - to get it). Haniit’aash/hdniit’aazh (hananiit’aash: haénaaniit’aash). # P-it hdaniit’aash (or hdnish’aash), to come or

(33

)

# P-itha’iish’aash,

(34 )

(35 )

(36 )

(37 —

t'aash/ndiit’aazh diit’aash).

involved in war. # P-aa ndiit’aash, to start to do P (an activity). # P-a ndiit’aash, to vote for P (i.e. to stand up and register a vote for P). (43) (ni/ni)(567-659-671-662): to go, come, arrive. Niit’'aash/niit’aazh (ndniit’aash:naaniit’aash). # P-daah niit’aash, to go to meet P. # P-it p-dadah niit’aash, to go along with P to meet p (as one’s father, returning from work), # P-itnish’aash, to go, come, arrive (in company) with P, to accompany P.

(ha’anéiit’aash:

to go away after

(something) (in company) with P. hadi-(@/si)(385): to start to go after (something to get it), to be going to go after something (in

the Perf.). Hadiit’aash/hddeet’dazh (handiit’aash;handaadiit’aash). # P-ithddish’aash, to start after (something) (in company) with P. hadii-(@/@)(388): to walk or go the entire length, to walk or go from one end to the other (as from one end of a train to the other). Hadiit’'aash/ hadiit’aazh (haddiit’aash:handddiit’aash). (hadi-thematic: complete, entire.) # P-ithadiish’aash, to accompany P in walking the entire length. hoota-(@/si)(462): to go from hogan to hogan visiting, to go calling on friends and neighbors. Hootaiit’aash/ hootashiit’a4azh (hootandanéiit’aash). (Cf. A[l]26.) # P-ithootaash’aash, to go calling (in company) with P. idii-(O/@)(465): to take out membership,

# P-itp-aa nish’aash,

# P-tah niit’aash, to merge into P, go in among P, mingle with P. # -g66 niit’aash, to go to (a designated destination - e.g. kintahg66 niit’aazh, we two arrived in town, came to town). # Naas niit’aash, to get ahead, make headway

or progress. # Sd baa niit’aash, to get old (lit. to come to old age). (44) ni-(ni/ni)(65!-653): to go as far as a stopping point, to reach a destination and stop, to halt.

Niniit’'aash/ninii-t’aazh (nindniit’aash:nindaniit’aash), # P-aah niniit’aash, to get tired of (doing) P (as a task - lit. to stop alongside P). # P-ch’adh niniit’aash, to block P, getin P’s way (to impede P’s progress).

‘Idiit’'aash/ ’idiit’aazh (‘indddiit’aash). (Cf. #9 above.) kii-(@/@)(497): to go up anincline, to climb up. Kfitaash/kiit’dazh (kinéiit’'aash:kinaa-

# P-itninish’aash, to accompany P (as faras a stopping point).

néiit’aash), # Baah kiit’'aash,

# -j’ niniit’aash, to go as far as - (as tsédaa’jj’

to go up P (hill, mountain).

# Baah hddda’aldaahigif baah kiit’aash, to go

niniit’a4azh, we two went up to the cliff’s edge and stopped). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niniit’'aash, to cross over,

upstairs.

(39

~—

# P-itkfish’aash, to climb up along with P. na-(@/yi)(624): to descend, climb down, get down (from a height), to dismount (froma horse), to get out (of a car, bus). Neiit’aash/

neiit’aazh

to go in company with P

to (see, visit) p (another person).

become members (of a church, political party).

(38 ~—

(ninddiit’aash: ninda-

# Baa’ baa ndiit’aash, to go off to war, get

go (in company) with P to get (something). ha’a-(O/yi)(406): to go away after (something - to

getit). Ha’iit’aash/ha’iit’aazh ha’andadnéiit’aash).

to get off of P (as a horse,

bicycle, to get out of P (car, bus). # P-itnaash’aash, to descend in company with

go across, ford (a road, stream). # Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) P-it niniit’aash, to accompany P across.

(ninéiit’aash:ninadnéiit’aash).

32

"AAZH

*KAZH

# P-itp-iih yish’aash, to getinto p (a car) along with P (a companion). # P-t’4ah yiit'aash, to move in close to P, take up residence near P (as another family). # ’E6’ biih néiit’aash, to dress, get back into (one’s) clothing. # Kijjh yiit’'aash, to go into town or to market. # P-itkjjh yiit’‘aash, to go into town along with P, accompany P to town. Nii’oh yiit’aash, we two go out of view, hide. Sih yiit’‘aash, to come seeking refuge. Tatt?adh yiit’'aash, to sink to the bottom.

(45) nihi-(ni/ni)(629): to waylay, ambush, wager, bet. Nihiniit’aash/nihiniit’4azh. # P-aa nihiniit’aash, to waylay or ambush P, to lie in wait for P. # P-ee nihiniit’aash, to place a beton P, make a bet or wager on P (as ona racehorse). (46) niki-(ni/ni)(636-637): to start for home, start to go. Nikiniit’'aash/nikiniit’a4azh (nikééniit’aash: nikinaaniit’aash). # Kéyahg66 nikiniit’aash, to start for home, set out for home country. # Kéyahg66 P-it nikinish’aash, to set out for home along with P (a companion). # Kintahjigo nikiniit’‘aash, to start for town. (47 ~~ nikidii-(@/@)(635): to start to walk (as a pair of twins), to start to stir (as a pair of people upon rising from bed), to start to go. Nikidiit’'aash/ nikidiit’Aazh. # P-it nikidiish’aash,

Taah yiit’aash, to get into the water. yish’aash, to get into the water

OH HHH # P-it taah

along with P. (55) yisda-(@/yi)(774): to escape (from danger), reach safety. Yisdéiit’aash/yisdéiit’4azh (yisdanéiit’aash:yisdanaanéiit’aash). # P-ityisddsh’aash, to escape or reach safety along with P (a companion). (56) yii-(@/@)(with prepounded P-iyah, under P supporting): to shoulder P, carry P (a heavy burden) on the shoulders. Bfyah yiit’aash/ biyah yiit’aazh.

to start dating O, start

going with O (a boy or girl). # T’66 haitkdhigo nikidiit’aash, the break of day.

to start to stir at

(48) n’dii-(@/O)674): to break loose and get away (as a pair of tethered animals or a couple of chained prisoners). N’diit’aash/n’diit’aazh (nind’diit’aash:ninda’diit’aash). (Cf. A: A[I]85: n’diish’aah, to take down a SRO.) (49) tadi-(@/yi)(698-699): to go about here and there, wander about, take a trip. Tdadiit’aash/ tddiit’'aazh (tandddiit’aash). # P-ittadish’aash, to go wandering or traveling around (in company) with P. # -g66 tadiit’aash, to take a trip to (a designated place). (50) tsi’di-(O/si)(734): to start to zig-zag, to get drunk, to "go wild" (shopping or eating - i.e. to want everything in sight). Tsi’diit’'aash/tsi’diit’aazh (tsi’naddiit’aash). (51) tsftts’d-(ni/ni)(736): to go ashore, to get out of the water. Tsitts’dniit’aash/tsfits aniit’aazh (tsftts’andniit’aash :tsfts’andaniit’aash). # P-it tsftts’anish’aash, to go ashore (in company) with P, accompany P to shore. (52) tsistt’a-(@/si)(738): to get cornered, blocked, stuck (as with a problem), frustrated (lit. to get into a cul-de-sac). Tsistlaiit’'aash/tsistlashiit’adzh (tsist’anéiit’aash:tsist’andanéiit’aash). (53) w6’a-(G/yi)(745): to stray off course, walk over an edge, go into a gutter or ditch. W6’aiit’aash/ w6’aiit’dazh. (54) (O/yi)(786-802): to go (completive). Yiit’aash/ yiit'aadzh (néiit’aash:nadnéiit’aash). # P-aa tiih yiit’aash, to tackle or undertake P (a task or project). # P-itp-aa tiih yish’aash, to tackle p (an undertaking) along with P, to join with P in p (a project). # P-iih yiit’'aash, to get into P (mud, snow, car), board P (bus, plane).

Il. D-(ti): (1)

(2)

’adini-(@/yi)(2l):

to go away out of sight and remain, to go and stay. ’Adiniit’aash/ ’adiniit’aazh (’andiniit’aash:’andddiniit’aash). # Yah ’adiniit’'aash, to go into an enclosure (as a building) and remain (prolongedly). # P-ts’dd’ yah ’adiniit’aash, to go into an enclosure and stay, leaving P outside. # P-ityah ’adinisht’aash, to go inside with P and stay. # Y66’ ’adiniit’aash, to go away and remain absent. ’ahadi-(@/si)(37): to run a race (with one other person). ’Ahadiit’aash/’ahadiit’aazh (‘ahandaadiit’aash). (lb. #6 below.) # P-it’ahadisht’aash,

(3)

(4)

# P-it’ahéédiisht’aash,

(5)

(6)

33

to run a race with P,

have a footrace with P. ’ahéé-(ni/ni)(54): to make a circuit, go around ina circle. ’Ahééniit’aash/ahééniit’aazh (’ahininaniit’'aash: ’ah(ninddniit’aash). SER. ’ahééhi(@/si)(48): to go around in circles. ’Ahééhiit’'aash/’ahééheet’aazh. ’ahéédii-(@/@)(47): to reunite, come back together, get back together (as estranged spouses). ’Ahéédiit’aash/’ahéédiit’aazh.

to get back together

with P, reunite with P, have a return meeting with P. ’ahii-(@/@)(70): to unite, join together, meet, rendezvous. ’Ahjiit’aash/ahiit’aazh (‘ahinéiit’aash:’ahindanéiit’aash). # P-it’ahfisht’aash, to unite with P, join with P, rendezvous with P. ’atghadi-(@/si)(88): to race, run a footrace (with one other person).

*AAZH

*AAZH ‘Aighadiit’aash/atghadeet’aazh

(’atghanda-

(prolongedly), to sink to the bottom and

diit’aash). (Ib. #2 above.)

not come up.

(15) na-(@/yi)(571): to go or come back, return (completive). Néiit’aash/néiit’aazh (nindanéiit’aash). (Reversionary corresponding to yiit'aash: A[l]54 above.) # P-iih néiit’aash, to get back into P (as back into a car, back into the mud or snow).

# P-H’atghadisht’aash, to runa race with P. (7) ’atnana-(~’atnda-)(O/yi or ni/ni)(95-100): to go to and from a destination, make a trip to and back

from a place. 'Atndanéiit’aash/’atnanéiit’aazh. # P-it ’atndndsht’ash, to go back and forth (as to town) in company with P, to accompany P to (a place, repeatedly), commute with P.

# P-itkjjh nadsht’aash, to go back to town with P.

# ’E6’ biih néiit’aash, to get back into one’s

# -g66 ’atnanéiit’ash, to go back and forth to (a (8)

clothing, dress. # 'lih néiit’aash, to get back in (something

designated place, as to school, market). ’atts’and-(ni/ni)(106): to separate back from each

other, to get divorced from each other (i.e. to

unspecified, as a car). # Taah néiit’aash, to get back into the water.

separate back to the previous unmarried state).

# Kijjh néiit’'aash, to go back into town. (16) nda-(ni/ni)(566): to go back, come back, arrive back, return (to a destination). Ndniit’aash/ naniit’aazh (ninddniit’aash). (Reversionary corresponding to niit’aash: A[I]43 above.) # P-aa naniit’aash, to return to P, go or come back to P. # P-itndnisht’aash, to go or come back (in company) with P, accompany P back. # -g66 naniit’aash, to go back to -- (a place, as to town. Kintahg66 ndaniit’4a4zh, we went or came back to town.) (17 ~— ndi-(@/si)(620): to start back, to have started

’Aits’andniit’aash/atts ’andniit’aazh (’atts’Aninaaniit’aash). # P-it’atts’ananisht’aash (~ ’atts’ddnisht’aash), to get divorced from P, separate from P (a mutual action).

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

P-ts’And-(ni/ni)(255): to leave P, separate back from P. Bits’andniit’aash/bits andaniit’4azh (bits ’anindanéiit’aash) dadi-(@/si)(298)(with prepounded yah): to go on a borrowing mission, go to a number of places to ask for or borrow things (as food). Yah dadiit’aash/yah dadeet’aazh (yah ndadiit’aash: yah ndaddadiit’aash). (di-thematic: stomach, food, oral.) # P-H yah dadisht’aash, to accompany P ona borrowing mission. daddii-(@/@)(506): to go away and leave or abandon (in a reciprocal context). Ddaddiitaash/ddddiit’aazh. (V. A[l]24 above.) # ’Athaa (or ‘ahaa) dadadiit’aash, to go away and leave, abandon, forsake each other. di-(ni-Perf)(330)(with prepounded yah): to come, go, arrive on a borrowing mission. Yah diniit’aazh (ndiniit’aazh: naddiniit’aazh). (dithematic: stomach, food, oral.) # P-ityah dinisht’aazh, to go, come, arrive (in company) with P on a borrowing mission. didi-(si-Perf)(313)(with prepounded yah): to have started on a borrowing mission. Yah dideet’aazh (ndddideet’dazh). # P-ityah didésht’adazh, to have started with P on a borrowing mission. (di-thematic: stomach, food, oral.) dini-(@/yi)(330): to go and remain, go and get stuck (completive). Diniit’aash/diniit’aazh (ndiniit’aash:naddiniit’aash).

back (in the Perf.). Ndiit’aash /Adeet’d4zh (ninadadiit’aash) # ’Adah ndiit’aash,

(18)

(19)

(20) (21)

# P-iih diniit’'aash, to get into P and be unable to get out (as when a pair of persons or animals enter a pipe from which they

cannot get out). # Taah diniit’aash, to get into the water and remain there prolongedly. # Tatt’aah diniit’aash, to go to the bottom of the water and remain there

34

to start back down (from a

height). # P-itndisht’aash, to start back (in company)with P. (Perf. P-it hdésht’aazh, I’ve started back in company with P.) ndi-(@-lter.)(619): to pace back and forth (as sentinels or guards). Ndiit’ash. (Iterative mode corresponding to diit’aash: A[I]26 above.) # P-it ndisht’ash, to pace back and forth (in company) with P. ndini-(ni/ni)(608): to get stranded, go and get stranded (as one who goes to town and misses a ride back home). Ndininiit’aash/ndininiit’aazh (nindddininiit’aash). (A prolongative construction corresponding to niniit’aash: A[I]44 above.) # P-itndinisht’aash, to get stranded (in company) with P. ndini-(@/si)(611): to get tired from being too much "on the go." Ndinfit’aash/ndinéet’4azh. ndinfi-(@/O)(612): to get off to a good start, get well on one’s way, get quite a way down the road (as a person who starts to town and after he has traveled quite a distance remembers that he forgot his money). Ndinjit’aash/ dinfit’Aazh. (A prolongative inceptive construction corresponding to ndiit’aash: A[l]42 above.) # P-aa ndiniit’aash, to keep on with P (an activity that one has started), to keep after P (to do something)(lit. to be ina state of having prolongedly started to do P).

’KAZH

*KAZH

Ill. L-(ti):

# P-it hdinfisht’aash, to just get well on the way in company with P (when something

(1)

happens). (22) ndii-(@/O)(620): to start off back (returning). Ndiit’aash/ndiit’4azh (nindddiit’aash). (Reversionary corresponding to [dah] diit’aash: A[I]27 above.) # Dah ndiit’aash, to start off to return, to start off on the way back. # P-itdah ndiisht’aash, to start off (in company) with P to go back (as back to town). (23) (ni/ni)(662-671): to go, come, arrive (ina reciprocal context). Niit’aash/niit’4azh (ndniit’'aash:naaniit’aash) (Cf. niit’aash: A[l]43 above.) # ’Ahaa niit’aash, to come together, live together, marry.

P-f-(ni/ni)(242): to overtake O, catch up with O (walking). Bjiniil’aash/biniil’Aazh (binadniil’aash: binaaniil’aash).

IV. t-(tt): (1)

nina-O-dii-(O/@): to put O back on their feet, help O get back up (children, persons, animals that have fallen). Nindbidiish’aash/nindabidiit’4azh. (A causative- transitive corresponding to ndiit’aash: A[l]42).

B. CONTINUATIVE-DIVERSATIVE |. S-(ti):

# P-it’ahaa nisht’aash, to get together with P, join with P, live together with P, marry P.

# ’Ahaa naniit’aash, to get back together (as

(1)

estranged spouses) # P-it’ahaa ndnisht’aash, to get back together with P (as with one’s husband or wife).

# ’Atddah niit’'aash, to come together, meet (as

na-(@/si)(597-624-658): to go about, live, reside, spend (a period of time), be (in a location), be from (a geographical location), make a round trip (in the Perf.). Neiit’aash/nishiit’4azh

(ninddneiit’aash) # Baa’ baa neiit’aash, to go to war, involve oneselves in war or raidiing.

two people who meet on the road). # P-it’atdddah nisht’aash, to meet up with P.

# -g66 niit’aash, to go to (a designated place). (24) nikéé-(= nikina-)(ni/ni)(636): to start back homeward. Nikééniit’aash/nikééniit’aazh (nikinadniit’aash). (Reversionary corresponding to nikiniit’aash: A[l]44 above.) # Kéyahgd6 nikééniit’aash, to start back to one’s home country. # Kéyahgd6 P-it nikéénisht’aash, to start back

# P-aa neiit’aash,

home (in company) with P. (25) niki-(ni/ni)(636): to start for home. Nikiniit’aash/ nikiniit’a4adzh. D-classifier required by reciprocal ’athaa in: # ’Athaa nikiniit’aash, we two dash for home or a safe haven. (Cf. A[I]46 above.) (26) nikidinfi-(@/@)(632): to keep (lit. to start to go prolongedly). Nikidfnfisht’aash/ nikidinfisht’aazh. In: # P-it nikidinfisht’aash, to keep P, hold onto P (prolongedly) (lit. to start to go with P and continue to do so - as in retaining a child that has been loaned to one by a relative). (27) nindhi-(@-Usit.)(644): to return customarily one time after another. Nindhiit’ash (we usually go or come back time after time -- as from school or work). # P-itnindhdsht’ash, to go back customarily (in company) with P time after time (as a child who goes home with its mother every weekend, from school.)

#

to be doing P (a task,

activity).

# P-ch’ddh neiit’aash, to protect P, shield P from harm (by interposing oneselves

#

#

# # #

#

between the danger and the person protected). P-itnaa’aash, S is P’s first cousin (lit. S goes about with P). P-itnaash’aash, to go around (in company) with P, to be P’s companion. P-it tsi’ neiit’'aash, to waste, squander or neglect P (as livestock or property), hold P in low esteem (as one’s cultural heritage, religion). P-ts’dd’ neiit’aash, to avoid P, elude P, stay out of P’s way. Ch’aa neiit’aash, to go visiting, go on a tour, go traveling, be ona trip. P-itch’aa naash’aash, to be ona trip (in company) with P, to be traveling with P. -déé’ neiit’aash, to be from - (a place. E.g.

Tséghdhoodzanidéé’ neiit’aash, we two are from Window Rock.) # -g66 nishiit’d4azh (Perf.), we two made a round trip (to a destination and back to the point of departure - e.g. kintahgd6 nishiit’A4azh, we two went to town [and we’re now back where we started.]) # -g66 P-it nishé’aazh, | made around trip (in company) with P (to a destination and back). # Ka neiit’aash, to be invalids, sickly. # TAyi’ neiit’'aash, to go wading, to be wading, to be wading around in the water.

35

’KAZH

"AAZH

# P-it tayi’ naash’aash,

C. DIVERSATIVE

to go wading (in

company) with P.

|. @-(TI):

# T’aa bita’agi neiit’aash, to be homeless orphans, outcasts.

(2)

(1)

# Yiniit neiit'aash, to be worried, distraught, "blue," in mourning. P-na-(O.si)(232): to supervise P. be in charge of P (a project). Bineiit’aash/binfshiit’aazh. # P-it pinaash’aash,

P-taa-(@/si)(249): to go among P, go visiting P, walk among P. Bitaiit’aash/bitaashiit’adzh. # P-itp-taash’aash, to go among pin company with P.

to supervise p jointly with

D. CONATIVE |,@-(ti): (1)

‘ak’indi-(O/si)(83): to be self-supporting, to be on one's own. 'Ak’indiit'aash/’dk’indeet’44zh (‘ak’ininaddi-it’'aash). (di-thematic: stomach, food, oral.)

(2)

na-(@/si)(595)(with prepounded self): to masturbate (female).

(3)

(4)

(1)

’ddaa, about ‘Adaa neiit’aash/

‘Adaa nishiit’aazh. nahodi-(@)(542): to forage, scavenge, "scrounge" for food. Nahodiit’aash. (dithematic: stomach, food, oral.) ntsi-(ni/ni)(680): to be(come) emotionally

’atk’f-(O-Imp.): to huddle together (lit. to try to get onto each other). ’Atk’fit’ash (’atk’é’ash: 3rd person). # P-it’atk’ésh’ash, I’m huddling together with P

E. CURSIVE |, O-(ti):

disturbed, distraught. Ntsiit’aash/ntsiniit’aazh. # P-antsiit’aash, to have misgivings about P.,

(1)

(yi)(785-802): to be walking or going along. Yiit’ash (defniit’aash: in 3+ pairs) (néiit’ash:

naanéiit’ash)

be apprehensive or worried over P. # P-k’ee ntsiit’aash, to be “fed up” with P, “sick

# P-aa yiit’ash, to be active at P.

# P-ika yiit’'ash, to be going along after P (to get it). # P-ityish’ash, to be walking along (in company) with P.

of’ doing P.

# P-i tsi’ yiit’ash, to neglect, waste, squander

(1)

(2)

(3)

P (one’s resources). # P-kéé’ yiit’ash, to be following along behind Py # Gédnaa yiit’ash, to be walking across (as across a field). # L6dkda’ yiit’ash, to be walking along on the crusted snow. # Naas yiit’ash, to be moving forward, making progress, getting ahead. # Sd baa yiit’ash, to be getting old, approaching old age.

na-P-i-(@/si)(525): to destroy, wipe out, annihilate P (lit. to ttample around on P). Nabjfil’aash/ nabjshiil’aazh (nabfnddanéiil’aash). na-P-k’/-(@/si)(523): to go prospecting for P (oil, minerals, a job), to inspect P. Nabik’fil’aash/

nabik ‘ishiil’aazh. na’ahodii-(= na’ahodihi-)(@/si)(548): to loiter around, tarry on the way (lit. to pretend to be

going about).

Na’dahodiyiil’aash/na’ahodi-

yeel’aazh (ninda’ahodiyiil’aash). (Cf. neiit’aash: B[l]1 above.) # P-itna’ahodiish’aash, to be loitering around (in company) with P, to be dilly-dallying on the way with P (a companion).

# Sih bika yiit’ash,

(2)

IV. £-(tt): (1)

na-O-hi-(@/si)(525):

to walk O around (as a pair

(3)

of small children, a couple of drunks).

Nabiish’aash/nabiyét’aazh

(ninddbiish’aash).

to be looking for a place of

refuge. P-na-(yi)(232): to be walking or going around P (as around a tree or building). Binéiit’ash (binfnaanifiit’ash). # P-it binddsh’ash, to be going around P (in company) with P. ha-(yi)(399-434): to be going along after (something - to get it, as groceries). Hadiit’ash (hanéiit’ash:handanéiit’ash). # P-ithddsh’ash,

(4)

to be accompanying P on the way after (something, as groceries). hi-(yi)(449): to step or shuffle along (sideways). Hiit’ash (nahiit’ash:nadhiit’ash).

# Hazhd66’dgo ndaas hiit’ash, to sneak along, advance stealthily.

36

“AA

'AAZH

(5) (6)

(9)

# Naaniigo hiit'ash, to be shuffling along sideways. # Nadas hiit’ash, to step up, step forward. # T'dajigo hiit’ash, to be stepping along backwards. nahi-(yi)(540): to be turning around and around. Nahiit’ash. naana-(yi)(589): to be walking around to and fro, Naanéiit’ash. # P-it naanddsht'ash, to be walking around to and fro (in company) with P. (Cf. D[II]6 below.)

tshi-(yi)(438): to go along looking for safety or a place of refuge. Tsthiit'ash,

Ill, L-(ti): (1)

‘A&hodi-(yi)(71): to dilly-dally along (lit. to make a pretense of going along). ‘Ahodiyiil'ash

(na‘ahodiyiil’ash), # P-it 'Ahodiyeesh'ash, to be dilly-dallying along (in company) with P.

F, NOUN DERIVATIVES

. D-(ti): (1)

(3)

(1)

'Atkéé’ Naa'aashi, The Pair That Follow Each Other Around (mythology: a pair of hermaphroditic twins created in the Second World by Be'gochidi), (2) bithajf’aédzh, blood brother or sister (children who share a common mother) (one came outin company with him or her), (Bit haa’aazh, my blood brother/sister.) (3) hotnaa’aash, one’s first cousin (brother's or sister's son - a male speaking)(he goes around with one, he is one’s companion), (Shil naa'‘aash, my first cousin = he goes around with me.) (4) na'at’aash(, the 13th (lunar) month, the period required between winter and summer to bring the planting period into seasonal balance. (No longer in use, since the old lunar month names have been applied to the modern calendar.) (5) naat'aashii, tarantula, (6) Té Baazhnl'azhi, the Two Came or Went for Water Clan.

(yi)(775): to be going along (2 S). Yiit’ash (néiit’ash:naanéiit’ash). # ’Ahaa (~ ‘athaa) yiit'ash, we 2 are dashing along at full speed, we're racing along (can refer to any animate or inanimate S: persons, dogs, cars, planes). ’atnddhi-(yi)(98): to be alternating (time after time), to be taking turns. 'Atnaahiit’ash. # P-it ’atnddheesht’ash, to be taking turns with P (another person). di-(yi)(311-348)(with prepounded yah): to be going along on a borrowing mission. Yah diit’ash (yah ndiit’ash:yah naddiit'ash). (dithematic: stomach, food, oral.)

(5)

(7)

# P-ityah deesht’ash, to be accompanying P on a borrowing mission. nd-(yi)(599-624): to be on the way back, to be in the process of returning, to be on the way coming or going back. Néiit’ash (nindanéiit’ash), # P-itnddsht’ash, to be on the way back (in company) with P. ndni-(yi)(567): to be returning exhausted, barely able to walk. Naniit'ash. (ni-thematic: weakness.) # P-it ndneesht’ash, to be on the way back (in company) with P tired out or barely able to walk. naana-(yi)(588): to be walking around to and fro, here and there. Naanéiit’ash. # 'Ahaa naanéiit’ash, to be walking around together to and fro. # P-it 'ahaa naandasht'ash, to be walking around together (in company) with P. naana-(yi)(588): to be going about to and fro (2 S). Naanéiit’ash, # P-ch’adh ‘athaa naanéiit’ash, we two are

(A) Stem postposition:

AA

—_——__________ $$————

(~-'a-/-'aan) Stem postposition: beyond, on the other side, spreading,

expanding, over (resting over, as a rope over alimb). Dizdiin d66 ba’aa (~ ba'aan) dj, forty four (lit. forty - from beyond it four) / tsin bigaan tl’6dt bi'aitdédl (= bi'aa [y]iitddél), | tossed the rope over the limb (where it rests) / dibé bi'aiyd (= bi'aa [y}liya), | went around the sheep to head them off. ‘Aa (-aa) also functions adverbially in: w6'aa, over an edge, as in w6'dateel, | slid over the edge or into the ditch / gohwééh w6'dabéézh, the coffee boiled over; ‘aa, open, expanding in: daddilkat 'aa 'Aat'é, the door is open/'ak'ah té bikda'gi 'aadoonool, the oil is spreading on the water / shidibé 'aa noot'il, my sheep are increasing / més(ha’aa (or ha'aa go'aa) ‘eelwod, the cat ran over the hill; k6'aa, on this side of the hill;

dashing to and fro in front of P to obstruct P (as in an effort to cut offa

(8)

stampeding herd), ni-(yi)(678): to be going along barely able to walk (as the result of wounds, fatigue, illness). Niit’ash.

as a result of,

because of, for (that) reason (‘6f baa). (Possibly identical with -aah.) T6 dahidoozoh, ‘éid/ yaa doo yalti’ da, he has a mouthful of water; that’s why he doesn't say anything.

(ni-thematic: weakness from wounds,

illness.) # P-itneesht’ash, to be accompanying P along, barely able to walk.

37

‘AAD

“AA (4)

’Ak6’aa, on that side of the hill; and -’aais a

na’ni-(O/yi or si)(557): S (as the level of flood water) returns to a a previous level.

component of the compound constructions: -k’ee’aa ,

Na’neel’aah/na’néél’aad or na’nées’aad (ninaa’neel’aah). # De (or deg) na’neel’aah, S (water) comes

detouring around, as in: jishchaa’ bik’ee’aa haséya, | detoured around the grave; -ké’aa (< -ké- < -kéé’, behind, following), following an expanse, as in: shima dibé yiké’aa naagha, my mother is following the sheep about; -nii’aa (-fnii-, mind, senses), behind (one’s back, out of range of one’s hearing), as in: naalyéhé ya sidahi shinii’aa shaa halne’, the trader is talking about me behind my back. The reciprocal ’at’aa functions with the meaning “different, various,” asin: ’adahwiis’4ag66 tsidii 'at’aa ’at’éego hdlé, there are various kinds of birds in different places / ’at'aa ‘ana’l ’at’aa ’at’éego bizaad hdld, different peoples have different languages / ’at’aa ’ana’f Naakaii bizaad yee yadaatti’ t’aa’fiyisif nfzaadi ’at’aa kéédahat’j ndi,

back up, rises.

# Yaa na'neel’aah, S (water) goes back down, recedes. ndini-(O/si): the level starts to move (back to a preceding level). Ndi’néel’aah/ndi'nées’aad. # Té yaa ndi'nées’aad, the water started to recede, go back down. ni-(ni/ni or si)(625): to reach, extend, attain (a level, as the surface or quantity of water). Neel’aah/néél’aad or néés’aad (naneel’aah: naaneel’aah). # De (or deg) neel’aah, S (as water) rises, comes up. # Yaa neel’aah, S (as water) recedes, goes down. ni-(@/si)(659): to reach or attain a level (of capacity or ability). Nish’aah/néésh’aad (naanfsh’aah). # ’Adfoh nish’aah, to be inadequate, unable to afford anything for oneself, sexually

(5)

(6)

different peoples speak Spanish despite the fact that they live widely separated from each other.

(PA *’anY , [li], reach a limit or

(7)

endpoint.)

NAVAJO: Occurs, in combination with a thematized L-classifier and a nithematic prefix (probably ni-termination: Position Vic) in verb bases concerned with extension, reaching a level or limit, as the level of water, land, personal ability or capacity, and with Lclassifier in causative transitive bases concerned with measurement (an object - the ruler - is described as

impotent.

# P-’oh nish’aah, to be unable to afford P, to lack time (to do) P.

ll. ni-t-(tt):

being caused to extend against the object measured).

(1)

A.MOM. B.CURS.

C.NEUT_-

IMP.

US/IT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

‘aah

aah

‘aad

‘eat

’aat

‘aah

=

:

‘aat

=

>

:

-

-

Z

(2)

-

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. ni-L-(ti): (And transitives in reflexive bases.)

(1)

’adini-(@/si)(20): S moves (a level or quantity - as

water). ’Adinil’aah/’adinées’aad (nA’dinil’aah: ndaa’dinfl’aah). # De (or deg) ’adinfl’aah, S is rising (as a river), the level or quantity of S is going up. # Yaa ’adinil’aah, S is declining, going down (2)

(3)

(3)

(as a river). ’Adini-(@/yi)(19): to try O on for size (as a shirt) (lit. to measure O against oneself). ‘Adineesh’aah/ *Adinéésh’aad (‘Adinddneesh’aah). ’ana’ni-(@/yi)(112): S (as the level of water) is extending back away (to its previous level). ‘Ana'nil’aah/’ana’nool’aad (‘aninda’nil’aah). # De (or deg) ’ana’nfl’aah, S (the level of water) comes back up, rises to a previous level. # Yaa ’ana’nil’aah, S (as flood water) goes

‘ahthoni-(@/yi)(59): to level an area off (asa piece of land). ‘Ahihoneesh'aah/'ahihonéét’aad (’ahindhoneesh’aah:’ahinddahoneesh’aah). P-fPni-(O/yi)(216): to take P’s measurement, to measure P (lit. to cause something to extend against P - the ruler). Bfrneesh’aah/b?néétaad (binaa’neesh’aah). # Doodd’ hdézh’ndl’aah ’at’éego ndiishwod, | took off running so fast that no one could catch up with me. (Hdézh’ndl’aah = Optative: “that one might overtake someone.”) nihoni-(ni/ni)(629): to die a slow, lingering death (lit. to cause impersonal ho- to extend to a stopping point). Nihoneet’aah (not used in other than 3rd person).

B. CURSIVE |. ni-L-(ti): (1)

back down, recedes to a previous level.

38

‘ani-(yi)(122):

S (as the level of flood water) is moving along. ’Anool’aat (na’nool’aat: naa’nool’aat). # De (or deg) ’anool’aat, S (the level) is rising. # Yaa ’anool’aat, S (the level) is falling, subsiding.

KA’ oe

C. NEUTER

other / ’azee’éttoh{ ’Adaah ’dshyaa, | put liniment on myself. Reciprocal ’ahaah (t’4a ’ahaah) functions adverbially, as in: t’éa ’ahaah dah diit’aazh, we left at the same time. The postposition -aah, alongside (baah, alongside it) is nominalized to produce baanii

I. ni-L-(ti): (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

’ahfhoni-(ni-Perf)(58): there is a level spot or area, Ahihoneel’d. (Cf. A[ll]1 above.) # ’Ahfhoneel’dago ’dshtééh, to level off an area, ’ahfni-(ni-Perf)(61): S are equal, equivalent (in measurement, capacity or ability). “Ahfneel’a. P-fhoni-(ni-Perf)(196): S (as news, a cold or hot front) extends or reaches as far as P. Bihoneel’d. P-fni-(ni-Perf)(233): to be able to do (something), to measure up to P, to be able to afford P (as a new car). Bineesh’a. ni-(ni-Perf)(626): S reaches, extends (as the level of water or gasoline), to reach and be ata level of ability (a person). Neesh’a. # ’A’oh neesh’d, to be an inferior (as a person who lacks skills or education). # ’Atnii’go neel’d, it is half full (as a gasoline or water tank).

(baa- + [n]ii, the one), the reason, purpose or cause for it.

(~ -4a-)(B) Stem postposition: by (passing by), past (going past), equal (in value to). The reciprocal form (’‘ahaah) carries the meaning “folded or doubled over on each other” as a component of a group of verb bases, and in other contexts (movement, speech) it functions adverbially with the meaning “quick, fast.” A compound -aa- + ’(a)- = uncover, strip off (tape, peeling), remove (a covering). Shighan yaah deeswod, he ran past (by) my residence / nadah yfk’aaz, you caught cold, got chilled (lit. coldness passed by you) / naaltsoos ’ahdah (~ ’athddh) niila, | folded the paper/ naaki tseebjidi ’ahddh ndniilyaago hasta’dadah teh, two times eight is sixteen (lit. two redoubled eight times is sixteen) / ’ahadh yatti’, he talks fast / t’4a ’ahddh shaa ndadaah, he comes to see me often (frequently) / and compound -aa’-: baa’diftgeed, | uncovered it by digging / baa’di’a, | uncovered it by removing a SRO (as a lid) / bda’diizédz, | peeled it (a banana), stripped (gently tore) its cover off.

# P-’oh neesh’d, to fall short of P, be unable to support P (as one’s family), be inferior to

(6)

ni-(ni)(648): S extends to a stopping point, S extends and terminates. Nineel’d.

D. NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1) (2)

baah ha’fizhahi bee neel’aahf, measuring cup (the cup with which things are measured). bee ’ida’neel’aah/, ruler, yardstick, measuring

(Apparently a reinterpretation of a transitional theme, something like PA

tape (those with which measuring is done).

(3)

‘Tneel’aah,

*P-#qi-i-li-’enY, Imperfective *-’ix, Perfective *-’enY’, become

measurement, measuring (something

unspecified is measured).

(4)

(5)

ni’ nineel’a, horizon, end of the earth (the extension of the earth terminates). yd nineel’d, skyline, horizon (the extension of the sky terminates).

accustomed to P. The root *’enY occurs also (with di-): have, own, and (with H-): consider to be thus, pretend to be thus.) NAVAJO: The root is not clearly identifiable. The derived stems occur, in combination with a ho-thematic prefix and a thematized t-classifier in verb bases

(A) Stem postposition: on (an extended surface, as a limb, tree trunk, finger, hillside, body),

having to do with “learn,” and in a causative-transitive

base meaning “to teach” (in the sense of cause to learn). The thematized t-classifier deletes and horepresents the subject in a functionally passive base meaning “to be learned.” (Cf. A.)

beside,

alongside. In combination with the particle t’ad, the reciprocal ’ahaah functions adverbially with the meaning “simultaneously, at the same time.” Tsin baah hasis’na’, | climbed the tree / yootsah shila’ baah nin?'a, | put the ring on my finger / shaah ‘iisxj, he killed one of my relatives (lit. he killed someone alongside me) / baah ‘ahdsdijjd, he was orphaned (lit. there was death alongside him) / tf tsinaabaas baah n'diinil,

IMP.

US JIT.

PERRY

FUT.SSSR OPT.

‘aah

’daah

Aa’

‘aat

SS

A.TRANS.

| unhitched the horses from the wagon (lit. |

I. t-(tt):

took them down from alongside the wagon) / béésh nt’i’ baah naashnish, | work on the railroad (lit. alongside the railroad) / t’4a baahdgd6 ’Asht’/, I’m doing wrong (lit. I’m acting on the fringe) / ’azee’éttohi ’ahaah (~ athaah) ‘flyaa, we put liniment on each

(1)

39

dat

A. TRANSITIONAL

P-tho’nii-(@/@): biho’niit’aa’.

to start to learn P. Biho’niish’aah/

BA’,

KA’ ce

(2)

‘tho’nii-(@/O): to start to learn, begin a learning process (lit. begin to learn something unspecif-

(3)

P-ihoo-(= P-fhoyi-)(@/@)(196): to learn P (asa skill or language). Bhhoosh’aah/bfhoot’d4a’ (binadhoosh’aah:binadhoosh’aah). ’thoo-(= fhoyi-)(O/O@)(466): to undergo training, to become educated, to learn (lessons or unspecified things). hoosh’aah/‘thoot4a’ (‘inaéhoosh’aah:’fnadahoosh’aah). # P-ee ’thoosh’aah, to learn (things about) P (e.g. yinisht’6ohgo bee ‘fhoosh’aah, |’m learning or taking lessons in archery.)

Onomatopoetic noun: magpie the one that says ’aa’a’!).

ied). ‘lho’niish’aah/'tho’niit’4a’.

(4)

"AA’A'I/ cc. ¢ IVA’

(C) Stem postposition. Functions as a verb prefix with the meaning “to the -BA-

point of exhaustion (of supply), used up, completed.” Shibéeso ’attso biba-

déya, | used up all my money / dibé taah daha’nfitgo ’attso bibahodi-

Il. O-(tt): (1)

(lit.

dooshzhiizh,

the sheep dipping was completed.

P-fhoo-(= P-fhoyi-)(@/@): P is being learned (i.e.

ho- is learning P). Bihoo’aah/bihoo’da’ (binahoo’aah:binaahoo’aah). (2)

(Probably cognate with BA’, and BA’s below. The Navajo stem BAH

’fhoo-(= ‘fhoyi-)(@/O):

learning is taking place, lessons are being given (lit. ho- is learning unspecified things). [hoo’aah/ ‘thoo’éa’ (’inddhoo’aah).

BAH

occurs in a single O-Imperfective

Neuter verb base where the subject is described as fine and powdery - the

opposite of CH’((ZH, coarse, coarse grained.)

lll. £-(tt): (L-causative-transitive).

(1)

|. O-(ti):

P-f-O-yii-(@/@)(170): to teach P to O, to make O learn P (as a language). Bibiyiish’aah/ bibiyiitaa’ (bfnaabiyiish’aah).

IV.

(1)

(1)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

L-(tt)(Passive):

(1)

P-f-O-yii-(@/@)(169): O is taught P (a skill or language). Bhbiyiil’aah/bibiyiil’Aa’ (Simple Passive), Bibidi’yiil’aah/bibidi’yiil’aa’ (Agentive

(2)

Passive).

(3)

(2) (3) (4) (5)

(6)

bidahoo’aahii, subjects, subject matter, curriculum (the d.p. things that are learned). (Bidahoosh’aahii, my subjects, my course of study i.e. the d. p. things that | learn.) Jesus bidahoot’aahii, Jesus’ disciples. bfhoo’da’ii, Knowledge (that which was learned). bfhwiidoo’atigii, subjects, lessons, curriculum (that which will be learned). bthwiidoo’atigif binahat’a’, lesson plan, course of study, syllabus (plan for what will be learned). bik’é ‘thwiidoo’dati, tuition (that in exchange for which learning will take place).

(7)

‘fhoo’aah, education, training, schooling (unspecified things are learned),

(8)

’fhoo’éa’ii, knowledge, learning (that which was learned about something unspecified). ‘thwiidoo’atigif, lesson (that which will be learned

(9)

’abe’ dibahi, powdered milk (milk that is powdery). ’Ashijh tikan dibahf (or dibahigff), powdered sugar (sugar that is powdery). ’azee’ dibahi, powder insecticide (powdery medicine).

(4) ’azeedich’i? dibahigff, ground black pepper. (5) gohwééh dibahf, powdered or finely ground coffee (powdery coffee).

NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

di-(@)(312): S is fine and powdery (as flour, fine dust). Dibah.

Stem noun: dead limb ona tree. (Cf. verbal root BA’4: become gray.) BA’

# tsin biba’, the dead limbs on

a tree, the gray, dry limbs on a snag.

BA’4

(PPA * way-x > PA *wa[k]: be gray. Transitional *way’ > *wa’ [di]. The older transitional non-Perfective stem showing ablaut: *way-x > *wex was apparently lexicalized in a special sense [V. BA’o below - Imperfective

BEEH] and the analogical *wax - Navajo BAAH -

about something unspecified).

created to pair with the Neuter.)

40

BA’;

BA’, NAVAJO: Occurs as the theme in Transitional verb bases, sometimes including di-thematic: relating to color, with @-classifier “become gray,” and with t-

Perfective

Il. D-(ti):

classifier “cause to become gray,” and in Neuter verb

(1) ’adzi-(yi): a gray strip extends away into the distance. ’Adzoobd. (|b. dzibd.) (2) bighddzi-(ni)(188): S is transparent or translucent gray (as dirty water, a gray stone). Bighadziba. (3) ch’fhoo-(ni): a gray area extends horizontally out (as from a canyon). Ch’fhooba. (4) da’a-(ni)(303): there are gray streaks. Da’ba. (5) dzi-(ni)(360): a gray strip or streak extends away into the distance. Dziba. (Ib. ’adzooba.) (6) ha-(yi)(437): there is a gray outcropping or patch. Haaba (hadaasbda: d.p.). (7) ha-(si)(431): there is a gray slope, a gray slope rises. Haasba. (8) kidzi-(@): a gray slope extends up. Kidziiba. (9) k’idzi-(ni)(507)L S is gray-tipped (an animal’s tail

bases of several types, some including a t- or a dithematic prefix, in combination with a @, L or D-

classifier.

A.TRANS. B.NEUT.

IMP.._US/IT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

bééh_ bd

ba’ ;

bah f

béah a

bah :

A. TRANSITIONAL |. @-(ti): (1) dii-(@@) (340): S turns gray, becomes gray. Diibadh/diiba’ (ndiibadh:ndddiibaah). (2) yii-(@/@)(794-799): to turn gray (a person, one’s hair). Yiishbadh/yiiba’ (néishbaah: naayiishbaah).

or a bird’s wing). K’idziba. (10) na-(si)(593)L there are dabs of gray lying about (as little ashpiles under a stove). Naasba. (11) na-(yi): there is a descending gray line or strip (as down a mountainside). Naaba. (Ib.

ndzooba.)

II. t-(tt):

(12) na’a-(ni)(555):

a gray streak runs across. Na’iba. # Dah yisk’id bini’ na’iba, there is a gray strip across the hill. (13) na&-(si)(569): there is a circle of gray. Nasba. (14) naanidzi-(ni): a gray strip extends across. Naanidziba. (15) ndzi-(yi): a gray slope extends down. Ndzoobd. (Ib. naaba.) (16 — (ni)(775): there is a gray line. Yfba. (7 ~— nihoo-(ni)(630): a gray streak ends. Nihoobd. (Cf. Nihoobdanii: a Clan name = People of the ending gray streak.)

(1) yii-(@/@)(799): to turn O gray, to dye or color O gray, to bleach O (gray). Yiishbaah/yiitba’ (néishbadh:ndaayiishbaah).

Ill. L-(tr/Passive): (1)

’Adii-(@/O)(31): to make oneself gray (as by putting ashes on oneself). ’Adiishbaah/ ’Adiishba’ (’Andiishbadh: ’anddadiishbaah).

B. NEUTER Imperfective |. ti-ni-@-(ti):

(Li- is identified as t-classifier.

C. In

(1)

the presence of a preceding prefix, conjunct or disjunct, with no prefix intervening before the stem, ti- takes the shape -l- and is positioned in

(2) (3)

the classifier slot. V. Krauss 1969.)

speck, dot, flag. Dah ’alba.

(4)

(5) (6)

’aghaatba/, gray wool (‘aghaa, wool + tibaf, the kind that is gray). ’atsdtbdhi (or ’atsdibdi), gray eagle (’atsd, eagle). ’azeedich’i tibdhigif, black pepper (Piper

nigrum) (the gray kind of smarting herb or

(1) 4i-ni-()(518): to be gray, ashen. tinishba (tiba: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl; daalba: 3rd pers. d.p.). (2) ’a-(@)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a gray (3)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

dini-(@)(323-324): to be grayish. Dinilba (3rd pers. sgl). dzi-(@)(354)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a gray patch or spot. Dah dzilba. ndzi-(@)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a gray patch. Dah ndzilba. ha-(@)(518): there is a gray (drab, ashen) area, the area is gray. Halbd.

(4)

medicine). ’azee’ hokdnii tibahigif, prickly sow thistle (Sonchus asper) (tiered gray medicine herb).

(5)

’azee’ ndiit’eezh/ tibahigif, horehound

(6)

(7) (8)

(9)

41

(Marrubium vulgare)(gray plant with flowers strung in a row). ’azee’ ntVin{tibahigif, glove mallow (Spaeralcea angustifolia)(gray gummy medicine herb - the roots are sticky). ‘’azeets’66z tibdhigif, sensitive brier (Morongia uncinata) (slender gray medicine herb). -ba’, dead limbs on asnag. Tsin biba’, dead tree limbs. ‘Aba’, gray speck. chdtchaa’ tibdhigif, gray rock beaver (beetle).

BA’;

BA’s (44) nittsdgo’ tibahigif, gray rain beetle, gray horned

(10) ch’agiitbahf, cowbird (ch’agii, blackbird). (11) ch’6 yiilbaa’, spruce collar (on Talking God’s mask). (12 ~— Daghaatbdahf, Gray Mustache (a personal name). (13) dahba’, flowering ash (Fraxinus cuspidata)(gray specks - reference is to a gray powdery substance on the surface of the bark). (14 — diwdzhitbai, gray greasewood (diwézhii, greasewood). (15) DzitLibaf, Coconino Point and Plateau, Gray Mountain, Arizona (gray mountain). (16 — Dzit Libaf Bikooh, Gray Mountain Wash, Arizona (located at the juncture of the Colorado and the Little Colorado Rivers)(bikooh, canyon, wash.) (17) gatbahf, cottontail rabbit (gray rabbit. Gah, rabbit.) (18) ginftbdahi, western goshawk (gray hawk. Gini, hawk.) (19)

Haashch’éétbahi,

beetle.

(45) taniil’aftibahigif, gray dragonfly. (46) té tibdago, cloudy or turgid water. (47) tiisbaf, quaking aspen, American aspen, Rocky Mountain aspen (Populus aurea)(gray cottonwood tree). (48) tPézhii tibahigff, gray horsefly. (49) t?éé’ yiigahii tibahigif, evening primrose (Oenothera marginata)(gray night bloomer). (50) tVizitbahi, gray goat. (51) tsé’éd¢’ii tibahigif, gray fly. (52) tsé noolch’déshiitbah{, rock wren (gray wren). (53) tsidiitbahf, sparrow (gray bird). (54) tsin biba’, dead tree limb, limb of a snag. (55) tsis’natbaf, gray bee. (56) tsiitah ’aba’, dandruff (gray speck among the hairs). (Ib. tsiita’aba’, tsiitaa’aba’, tsiiba’.) (57) ts’adtbaf, shelled tee’ shibéézh. (Green corn steamed in its husks in a pit = tee’ shibéézh. The husks are removed, the product is sundried and shelled, and ground to a powder. The powder is then added to coffee. Ts’aatbaf was formerly carried on journeys or produced for storage.) (58) ts’Pii tibahigif, gray gnat. (59) wéde’etchihi tibahigif, gray red-horned beetle. PATe (60) wdédneeshch’jdii tibahigif, gray cicada.

Gray God (haashch’ééh, god,

Superbeing). (20 ‘jich’ahii tibahfgif, gray moth. (21 ~~a ‘iijeehftibahigif, white forget-me-not, thick sepaled forget-me-not (Krynitzkia crassisepala) (the gray one that sticks to things). (22) ’iilbaa&h, graying (putting ashes on the ScalpShooter in Enemy Way) (something is made

gray).

(23) k’ai’ tibahf (or k’ai’ tibahigif), gray willow, weeping willow (Salix babylonica) (gray willow). (24) k’aaldgii tibahigif, gray butterfly. (25) k’fneedlishiidda’ tibahigif, sand verbena, sand puff (Abronia) (gray stink-bug food). (26) te’esootii tibahigif, gray soil-blower (beetle). (27) tééchaatbdh/, gray dog. (28) ttbahf (tftbaf), roan horse, gray horse (bilfftbah/, his roan horse). (29) nahachagiitbdah/ (nahachagiitbaf), gray grass-

(PPA *way > PA *wa [f]: be gray. Transitional *way’ > *wa’ [dt]: become gray.V. BA’; above.)

BA’o

NAVAJO: A variant (and older form) of the root, occurring as the theme in Transitional verb bases meaning “become ashen gray,” and in Continuative and Cursive bases to des-

hopper.

cribe the indistinct, barely discernible movement of a

(30) nahak’iziitbahigff, gray cricket. (31) na’ashjé’iidda’ tibahigif, western wild daisy

person or animal in semidarkness.

(Bellis intergrifolia) (gray spider food). (Also the name for Fendler bladder pod [Vesicaria stenophylla].)

(32) na’ashjé’iitbahf, gray spider. (33) na’ash@’iitbahi, gray lizard. (34) na’azdoqzii tibahigfi, gray velvet ant. (35) nashdditbahf, wildcat. (36) nazhiin yiiba’, cataract on the eye (pupil of the eye became gray). (37) naada’atbaf, gray corn. (38) Naakaiitbahf, Spaniard (gray Mexican). (39) naataashitsoh tibahigif, large gray tarantula. (40) naal’eetftbaf, gray wing teal (the gray duck). (41) naayizitbahf, gray squash. (42) neeshch’fftbahi (lb. Bilagdana bineeshch’i’), peanut (gray nut, gray pinyon nut). (43) Nihooba, a location in the area between Mount Taylor-Torreon-Crownpoint (gray area or strip extends and terminates, end of the gray strip). Nihoobdanii, the End of the Gray Strip Clan.

IMP

US ATS

PERE.

A.TRANS.

bé6éh

béé6h

ba’

B.CONT.

be’

-

C.CURS.

-

-

-

©PROG

-

SEUT Se OPT,

béét

bééh

-

-

béét

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. O-(ti): (1) yii-(@/@)(794): to turn gray, become gray (as the dying embers of a fire). Yiibééh/yiiba’ (néibééh:ndayiibééh).

42

BA's

-BAN[

B. CONTINUATIVE

(2)

hojoo-(= hoji-yini-)(O)(454): Hojooba’. Used # P-aa hojooba’f, P is poor. # P-it p-aa hojooba’, P feels sorry for p, P sympathetic toward p (as a poor or unfortunate person). (3) jiini-(= ji-yini-)(@): to be kind, nice, generous, disposed. Jiinishba’ (or in contracted form jooshba’).

|. B-(ti): (1)

na-(@)(573): S is moving about (as an animal in the semi-darkness) barely discernible. Naabe’.

|. @-(ti):

(1)

well as

hojiini- (= hoji-yini-(@)(454)(with prepounded ’Adaa): to fake poverty, take on or give the appearance of poverty in order to get sympathy or a handout, to put on an expression of misery (as a professional beggar). ’Adaa hojiinishba’/

(yi)(757): S is moving (scooting) along barely visible in the darkness (as a slinking coyote).

Yibéét (nddbéét:ndandabéet). na-(yi)(573): S is moving back barely visible, S is blurring back, fading out. Nadbéét. (Reversionary corresponding to #1 above.)

(2)

is

II.ji-L-(ti):

C. CURSIVE

(1)

in:

(or ’Adaa hojooshba’i).

C.

# P-’oh nadbéét, S is getting “fuzzier and fuzzier,” S is getting blurry (as a skill that one is forgetting).

(1)

doo jooba’ii,

NOUN DERIVATIVES merciless one, merciless person.

(Diné doo jooba’ii nisht{, | am a merciless man.)

(PA ? Cf. Sarci

BA’3

NAVAJO:

(2)

hojooba’, mercy, hope. (Hojooba’ ’adiiniid, he pleaded for mercy, insisted on his innocence.) (3) jooba’/, kindness, compassion, generosity.

’&Asomoh, be good.)

Stem derivatives serve, in

combination with ji-thematic, as the theme for a limited number of verb bases having to do with kindness, mercy, pity, compassion.

D. (1)

IMP.

US

A.MOM.

baah

baah

B.NEUT.

ba’/ ba’ A.

-

PERF.

“EULA

ORI-

ba’

baat

baah

-

-

-

hajooba’igo (hojooba’ago), with difficulty (as in lifting a heavy object), badly (as in “limp badly”), barely (as in “barely escape”).

(A) Stem postposition:

-BA’

MOMENTANEOUS

to treat with kindness

and compassion, be nice.

Jiinishbaah/jiiséba’

Noun:

(also in contracted form: jooshbaah)

Possessed form: (-e’abani, as be’abani, his buckskin.) # 'abani’éé’ (-e’abanféé’) (66’, shirt), buckskin shirt. # ’aban{két’66l (-e’abani két’ddl) (kétPddl,

-BAN[

B. NEUTER

shoestring),

I. ji-O-(ti): hojoo-(= hoji-yini-)(454):

buckskin, tanned hide.

(Occurs with thematized ’a-. )

(naajiinishbaah). # P-ee jiinishbaah, to aid with P (as with food), to “treat” with P (as with a bottle of pop).

(1)

awaiting,

waiting for. Niba’ sédaago naakidi ‘ahéé’ikid, | sat waiting for you for two hours / atba’ (~ ’ahitba’) ’siiké, we two sit waiting for each other.

|. ji-O-(ti):

(1) jiini-(= ji-yini-)(@/si)(490):

ADVERBIAL DERIVATIVES

buckskin shoestring.

# ’abanitt'6dt (-e‘abanitt’ddl)(-t?ddt ~ tddl, cord, rope), buckskin rope, goathide lariat. # ’abanf yistlé (-e’aban/ yistté) (yistté, stocking), buckskin leggings. # jaa’abani (jaa’~-jaa’, ears), bat (lit. buckskin ears).

there is hope for the

best (room for hope that things will turn out

well). Hojooba’’. # Hojooba’ ‘finissin, to have hope. # Hojooba’ ’dsht’?j, to act in the hope of saving oneself - as in fighting for one’s life.

a

43

BA

BAA’

(PA uncertain. V. Krauss-Leer

name implies, the people themselves) (the one

1981:32.) (2)

NAVAJO: Occurs in combination with a thematized t-classifier and yinithematic in verb bases with the meanings “win, earn, gain” - as in winning by gambling, or earning money by working. t-classifier is deleted in the Passives and replaced by ©.

A.MOM.

IMP.

US JIT.

PERES

EUieOPRTE

_bjjh

bjjh

ba

bjjt

(3)

(4)

ba’

(5)

who won everything one after another). Ndaahwiitbjjhf Bikin (or Bighan), Pueblo Alto (a ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) (the house or home of The Gambler). Naahwiitbjjhf Bitiin, The Gambler’s Trail (a trail with footholds cut into the face of the rock in Cly Canyon, leading to the spring below. Cly Canyon is situated in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.). Ndadahwiitbjjhf Bitooh, The Gambler’s Spring (in Cly Canyon, accessible from the top of the rock wall by The Gambler’s Trail). ‘oobjjh, gambling.

A. MOMENTANEOUS (PPA

I. £-(tt): (1)

ndahi-(@/si)(575):

(2)

(as prizes or stakes in gambling). Naahashbjjh/ naahatba (nindahdshbijjh). nda’ii-(= nda’ahi-)(@/si)(580): to win one time after another, to win constantly. Naa’fishbjjh/ naa’iyétba (ninda’fishbjjh).

(3) ’oo-(= ’ayini-)(682):

>PA

*waG

[@): raid,

BAA’

to win O one time after another

NAVAJO: Occurs asthe theme in verb bases having to do with raiding and making war. Female “war names” are customarily derived from these bases, often in combination with Difor Dlinf, warrior girl, amazon (transvestite), and the Perfective stem (baa’) is used as a noun to mean both “war” and (in certain female names) “warrior girl.” (Lexical examples are given in the 1st person sgl although the subject is

to win (at gambling). ’Oosh-

bijh (or ‘iinishbjjh)/iisétbd naa’ooshbijjh).

(na’ooshbijh:

# P-aa ’ooshbijh, to beat P, win from or over P.

(4)

*wa’G

make war.)

usually plural.)

woo-(= yini-)(747): to win O (as a prize), to earn O

(as wages). Wooshbijh or yinishbjjh/yisétba (ndoshbjjh: nddndoshbijh). # P-aa wooshbijh, to win O from P (as money from a gambling partner), to charge P (a price for something sold to P), to get O (a price) from P. # Naanish wooshbijh, to retire (from a job) (lit. to win work).

Anois

IMP

SSUSTAT:

= PERESPROG.?

> EUTAaOrir

badh

bah

baa’

-

bah

badh

baah

bah

baa’

-

bah

baah

-

-

-

Trans. B.CONT.]

C.DIV.

|

D.CURS

bah/ baah

ll. O-(Passive):

(1)

’oo-(@/si):

A.

. B-(ti):

winning takes place (in gambling).

‘Oobjjh/’00zba (nda’oobjjh). # P-aa ’oobjjh, P loses at gambling, P is the (2)

(1)

loser (something is won from P). woo-(@/si)(744-747): O is won, gained, charged.

(2)

amount of money), O is won from P, P is

to upbraid P, “raise hell with” P. dii-(@/@)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off on a raid, start off “on the warpath.”

charged O (a certain price).

(3)

nd’ddoo-(@/si): to redeem oneself (lit. to win self law lava back, recoup self). Na’ddooshbjjh/na’ddiisisba.

(4)

NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

di-(@/si)(333): to start on a raid, to have started on araid (in the Perf.). Dishbaah/débaa’

(ndishbaah:naadishbaah). # P-ch/’ dishbdadh, to start toward P raiding,go

Woobjjh/woozba (naobjjh:ndandobjjh). # P-aa woobijjh (contracts to P-aobjjh/Paozba), P loses O gambling (as an

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

(5)

Ndédahwiitbjjhf (or Nahwiitbjjh), the legendary Gambler who won everything including, as his

44

Dah

diishbadh/dah diibaa’ (dah ndiishbaah:dah naddiishbaah). ndii-(@/@)(617): to start a war, launch an attack. Ndiishbadh/ndiibaa’ (nindddiishbaadh). # P-ch’j’ ndiishbaah, to launch an attack on P, start a war with P. (ni/ni)(657): to come, go, arrive on a raid. Nishbddh/nibaa’ (ndnishbddh:ndanishbdah). # P-aa nishbdaah, to carry a raid to P, raid P. ni-(ni/ni)(648): to carry a raid as far as a stopping point, raid as far as (a specified location).

BAA’

BAA’

D. CURSIVE

Ninishbadh/ninfbaa’ (nindnishbaah: ninddanishbaah) nikidadi-(@/@)(631-634): to start on a raid, go to war. Nikidadiibadh/nikidadiibaa’ (nikindadadiibadh) (1st person dpl.)

(6)

|. @-(ti): (1)

(yi)(779):

to be going along on a raid. Yishbah (nddshbah:ndanddashbah). # P-ityishbah, to be P’s raiding companion

# P-ikd nikidadiibaah, to take up arms against P, set out to subdue P, go after P (asa marauding bear). # P-tahgd6 nikidadiibadah, to start raiding amongst P, start raiding P.

(accompanying P along on a raid).

# P-it nddshbah,

# P-ch’j’ nikidadiibddh, to make war on P. (@lyi)(779): to raid (completive). Yishbadh/yibaa’

(7)

(nadshbadh:ndaandshbdah). SER.(O/si)(448). Dahiibaéah/daheebaa’ (ndahiibaah:ndadahiibaah). # P-iih yishbadah,

to be accompanying P back

from a raid. # Dah yiibah, to camp while on a raid.

D. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

to penetrate P (as a country)

on a raid. P-iih hiibadh, to raid into P one time after another. (E.g. Yiih dahabadh, one party after another raids into

it.) # Kjjh yishbadah, to raid a settlement, storm a city. Kjjh hiibddh, to storm one city after another or storm a city time after time.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

baa’, war, warrior girl. Baa’ts’ésf, Slender Warrior Girl. Baa’nééz, Tall Warrior Girl. Baa’ Yazhi, Little Warrior Girl. na’abaah, raiding, war. naabaahii, warrior. Naat’4naabaahii, warrior chieftain (a male personal name).

(Female War Names)

(8) ’Adeezbaa’, she is going to lead on a raid.

ll. D-(ti):

(9)

(1)

'Ahéénibaa’, she raided around ina circle. (10) ’Atch’j’ nfbaa’, they raided toward each other. 11) ’Atkéé’ handdbaa’, they came raiding back up behind each other. (12) ’Atk’i naazbaa’, they went raiding upon each other. (13) ’Ainddbaa’, they passed each other in opposite directions while raiding. (14) ’Atsé deezbaa’, she is going to go first on a raid. (15) Bfjiibaa’, she was joined by others on a raid. (16) Bi deezbaa’, she is going to (has started to) accompany her on a raid, (17) Binfdzfzbaa’, they surrounded or encircled her

’ahiini-(= ’ahi-yin{-)(68): to raid or make war on each other. 'Ahiinfibaah. # P-it’ahfinfibadh, to make war on each other (reciprocally with P), to trade raids on each other with P.

B. CONTINUATIVE |. @-(ti): (1)

na-(@/si)(594): to go raiding, carry on warfare, carry out a raid and return to the point of departure (in the Perf). Naashbaah/nisébaa’ (nindandshbaah). # ’Atah naashbaah, to be amember ofa raiding party. # P-it naashbaah, to be a raiding companion with P, accompany P on raids.

# -g66 nisébaa’.

on araid. (18) Ch’infbaa’,she emerged raiding, came out raiding.

(19) Deezbaa’,

(20) Dif, warrior girl, amazon (transvestite). Ib. Dlinf. (21) Difbaa’, warrior girl, amazon.

(22) Dljchi?’, red warrior girl.

| went on araid to ---(a

(23) DI{naabaah (naabaahi),

designated place)(and | am now back where | started).

(24) (25) (26)

C. DIVERSATIVE |. -(ti): (1)

she is going on a raid, she has started

on araid.

(27)

the warrior girl who goes raiding. Hddbaa’, she came up (ascended) raiding. Haazbaa’, she climbed up (ascended) raiding. Hddeezbaa’, she is going after them raiding (to get them). J{naabaah, she goes on daytime raids.

(28) Kéé’ naazbaa’,

(29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34)

# P-itp-taashbaah,

she went last on the raid.

Nddbaa’, she came down raiding. Ndddeezbaa’, she is going again on a raid. Naadlj, warrior girl. Naadlftbah/, gray warrior girl. Naadlftchif’, red warrior girl. Naadl{nddbaa’, the warrior girl descended raiding. (35) Naadl{naazbaa’, the warrior girl went on a raid.

P-taa-(@/si)(250): to go among P raiding, to raid among P (among the enemy). Bitaashbaah/ bitaasébaa’ (bitaanddndshbaah). to accompany P on araid

among p, to be a member of P’s war party raiding among p.

45

BAAL

BAA’

Naadljf nééz, tall warrior girl. Naadljtsoh, big warrior girl. Naadljts’ési/, slender warrior girl. Naadlj yaa nibaa’, she came raiding to the warrior girl (or the warrior girl went raiding to

Yika yit deezbaa’, she has started in company with them on a raid to get them. Yikéé’ deezbaa’, she has started to follow along behind them raiding. Yikéé’ ndnibaa’, she followed them back from the raid.

them).

Naadlf yazhi, little warrior girl. ) Naadlf yich’’ hadbaa’, she came raiding up toward the warrior girl (or the warrior girl came

Yikéé’ yit deezbaa’,

Yikéé yit ndnibaa’, Yik'i haazbaa’,

her way raiding toward them).

(PA *-waG, raid) Stem noun: war, warrior girl (a component of many

BAA’

from the raid with them).

she went on afraid.

Taazbaa’,

female war names). (Cf. verb root BAA’: raid, make war.)

Noun stem. (Occurs with thematized di-.): dibaa’, thirst. # Dibdada’ Da’ak’eh (da’dk’eh,

Naadlf yitaazbaa’, she went raiding among the warrior girls (or the warrior girl went raiding among them.) Naandzbaa’, she turned around (reversed direction) as she raided. she returned from a raid.

she ascended upon it raiding.

(73) Yitch’inibaa’, she set out with them on a raid. Yit deezbaa’, she is going to go on a raid with them. Yit hadbaa’, she started off on a raid with them (or she came up raiding with them). 6) Yitnddbaa’, she descended raiding with them. 7) Yitnaazbaa’, she went on a raid with them. 8) Yitndnibaa’, she returned from a raid with them. 9) Yinddbah, she is going around them raiding (around and around, in a circle). (80) Yitaazbaa’, she wentona raid among them.

Naadlj yika deezbaa’, she is going on araid to get the warrior girl (or the warrior girl is going on araid to get them). Ban= Naadijyit ch’fnibaa’, she started out on the raid with the warrior girl (or the warrior girl started out on the raid with them). Naadljyitdeezbaa’, she is going on araid with —B= oO the warrior girl (or the warrior girlis going ona raid with them). Naadljyithddbaa’, she ascended raiding with —a= Oo the warrior girl (or the warrior girl ascended raiding with them). Naadlfyi nddbaa’, she descended raiding with the warrior girl (or the warrior girl descended raiding with them). Naadljyitnaazbaa’, she went on a raid with the warrior girl (or the warrior girl went on a raid with them). Naadljyitndnibaa’, she returned from the raid with the warrior girl (or the warrior girl returned

) Ndnfbaa’,

raid.

she returned in their

company following them back from a raid.

raiding up toward them). Naadlj yich’j’ deezbaa’, she is on her way raiding toward the warrior girl (or the warrior girl is on

) Naazbaa’,

she has started to follow

them while accompanying them ona

field, farm),

Dry Farm

Wash, Arizona (a location about 10 miles from Teec Nos Pos, toward Kayenta).

she raided among, mixed with the

raiders. Yaa ndnibaa’, she came raiding back to them. Yaa diibaa’, she passed them up while raiding. Yaa nfbaa’, she came to them raiding. Yaah deezbaa’, she has started to go alongside it raiding (as alongside a mountain or river). Yaah naazbaa’, she wenton a raid alongside it. Yaah nanibaa’, she came back raiding alongside it. ) Yaah nfbaa’, she went raiding alongside it. ) Yich’’ deezbaa’, she has started raiding toward it (or them). Yich’j’ hadbaa’,

(PPA *wat > PA *wal [©]: hang or move suspended, [ft]: swing.) BAAL NAVAJO: The root and its derived stems function in two related Semantic Theme categories: (1) The Primary Semantic Theme is represented by verb bases, Active and Neuter, that describe the curtain-like

spreading form of a hanging fabric or other draped blanket or sheet, a hanging curtain, tarpaulin. Active bases are transitive forms themes) in which the subject causes a FFO

she came raiding up toward

FFO, as a awning or (t/Lto hang or

spread (as in placing clothes on a clothesline, placing a fabric cover, as a tablecloth, or in installing an

them. Yich’’ ’ffbaa’, she went away ona raid toward them. Yfkaazbaa’, she went after them raiding (to hunt them down or get them). Yika deezbaa’ she is going to go ona raid to get them.

awning); Neuter bases (O-themes) describe a FFO as being at rest in a hanging position. (2) Derived Semantic Theme is an extension of the Primary Theme, in which the movement of a subject or object is remindful of that of a hanging fabric. Bases of this type

46

BAAL

BAAL (5)

include the flapping motion of a sheet in the wind or the wings of a bird, the flipping motion of a dirt scoop,

P-dddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(I72): to close, plug, obstruct an entranceway or hole (by spreading an unspecified O over it), Bidddi’nishbaat/ bidddi’nftbaal (biddndi’nishbaatbidanaadi’nishbaat). dadi-(@/si)(298-613): to hang (d.p.) O (as laundry items on a clothesline). Dadishbaat/

scraper or front-loader, the skidding and careening of

a car out of control on an icy road, swinging (as a child on a swing), and the rapid whirling or spinning of a wheel or a person pirouetting as in a ballet dance. IMPeeeUS

ta

PERPePROG..=

EU.

ORT.

A.MOM

baat

bat

baal

bat

baat

B.REV

bat

bat

baal

bat

bat

C.REP D.SEM

bal bat

bat

bat

bat

bat

-

-

E.CURS. F.NEUT.

-

-

(6)

dadétbaal (7)

opening, to close an entranceway with a curtain. Dadi’nishbaat/dadi’nftbaal (dandi’nishbaat:danaddi’nishbaat). (8) di-(@/si)(333): to hang O up (as a dress, shirt, or blanket on a clothesline), to give O a shove (as a child on a swing), start O swinging. Dishbaat/ détbaal. (9) nd-O-di-(O-lter.)(522): to swing O (as a child on a swing - by giving O repeated shoves). Nabidishbat. (Ib. #10 below.) (10) ndi-(O-lter.)(333): to swing O (as a child ona swing - by giving O repeated shoves = starts).

bat/ baat baal

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(ti):

(1)

Ndfshbat.

’adii-(@/O)(28)(with prepounded dah, off): unspecified S takes off careening and weaving (as acar). Dah ’adiibaat/dah ’adiibaal. # P-itdah ’adiibaat, P takes off careening and

(11) nihi-(@/si)(621): to flip O one time after another (the scoop ona front end loader or dirt scraper) to scoop O (with a front end loader). Nehesh-

baat/nehétbaal

weaving (as a drag-racer).

(2)

ha-(@/yi)(423):

(ninddhdshbaa)).

# teezh bit yaa neheshbaat,

to scoop up dirt with a front end loader or horse drawn dirt scoop or scraper) (lit. to flip O over underneath in company with the dirt or together with the dirt). (12) (si/si)(692)(with prepounded dah, up): to place O up in position (curtain, drape, awning). Dah shishbaat/dah sétbaal (dah nishishbaatdah naashishbaat).

S starts to careen from side to

side in an uncontrolled manner, S goes into a weaving skid (as a car out of control ona slippery road). Haabaat/hddbaal (handandbaat). # P-ithaabaat, P loses control of S, S starts to careen with P. nidi-(@-lter.)(613): to swing back and forth (ona rope or playground swing). Ndishbat. # Ttédtbaa ndishbat, to swing ona rope.

(3)

(ndadishbaat:ndddadishbaat).

dadi’(a)-(ni/ni): to close O (as an entryway) by hanging something (unspecified) over the

Il, L-(tt):

Il. £-(tt):

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

’a-(si/si)(126)(with prepounded dah, up): to put up an awning, canopy or shade (lit. to place a flat flexible O up in position). Dah ’ashishbaat/ dah asétbaal (dah nishishbaat:dah ndashishbaat). P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to spread O over P (as a sheet over a bed), to cover O with P. Bidadinishbaat/bidadinftbaal (bidandinishbaat: bidandddinishbaat). P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(171): to cover P (as a table or bed) by spreading an unspecified O over it. Bidadi’nishbaal/bidadi’nftbaal (bidandi’nishbaat:bidandadi’nishbaat). P-dddi-(ni/ni)(I73): to close, plug, obstruct P by covering it with O (as a doorway that is closed by hanging a curtain over it), Bidadinishbaat/ bidddinftbaal (biddndinishbaat:bidanaddinishbaat).

’AdAdi-(ni/ni)(297-173): to enclose self with a curtain or draped object. 'Adddinishbaav/ *Adddinishbaal. ’Adddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(197-173): to enclose self with an unspecified curtain or draped object. 'Adadi’nishbaat/’adadi’nishbaal.

(2)

B.

REVERSATIVE

|, @-(ti): (1)

na&-(@/si)(521-569):

to turn, wheel, or whirl

around quickly (as a startled person ora wheel). Ndshbat/nisébaal (ninddndshbat).

(Cf. YIZ: n4-[@]-Oyéés: to turn around slowly.)

47

BAAL

BAAL

il. £-(tt): (1)

FE SNEVIER

. B-(ti):

na-(@/si)(569): to turn O around quickly, give Oa turn or whirl (as an airplane propeller).

Nashbai/nisétbaal

C.

(ninddndshbat).

(si)(686): S is in position (hanging, draping or spreading). Sibaal. # Dah sibaal, S (an awning or canopy) is up (in position). daddi-(ni)(305): S hangs over an opening (as a curtain over an entranceway), S closes an opening. Daddinibaal (d.p. ddddadeezbaal). na-(ni)(561): S spreads across. Nanibaal. (ni)(627): S hangs or extends curtainlike (a cloth or blanket). Nibaal.

REPETITIVE Durative

|. O-(ti): (1)

(@)(775): S is flapping (as a blanket in the wind) Yibal.

. L(t): Il. L-(tt): (1)

(2)

yi-(ni)(767): to be holding O up curtainlike (asa coat before a fire to dry. Yinishbaal.

(©)(775): to wave O, flap O (as a blanket). Yishbal. # P-t’a’ yitbal, P is flapping its wings (as a buzzard). ha-(yi-Perf.): S (a bird) started to flap O (its

wings).

G.

’Ach’adh ndilbati, blanket curtain used in the

Hay/fbal.

Moccasin Game (the one repeatedly hung in front of oneself).

D. SEMELFACTIVE

’ajaayi’ ddddinibaal/, eardrum (it extends curtainlike closing the inner ear)(shijaayi’ dadadinjbaali, my eardrum). ’ajéi{ ndinibaalf bits’66z, phrenic nerve. baah nda’dilbatigif, clothesline (that alongside which things are repeatedly and customarily hung curtainlike).

|. B-(ti): (1) yii-(@/si)(797): S flaps one time, waves once (as a blanket in the wind). Yiibat/yizbat (nadayiibat).

bee n’dibati, swing (that with which a person

I. L-(tt): (1)

swings). chidi bidadhdéé’ nddbatigif, automobile radiator fan (that which whirls rapidly in front of a car). chidf naat’a’i bidadhdéé nddbatigif, airplane

yii-(@/si)(809): to give O a flap, to wave O one time (as a blanket or starting flag). Yiishbat/ sébat (ndayiishbat).

propeller (that which whirls rapidly in front of an airplane).

# P-t’a’ yiyitbat, S is flapping its wings one time.

chidi naat’a’f bikaa’ na’oobati,

ddaddinibaal, entrance curtain (the entranceway is closed by an object that hangs curtainlike). (In traditional times the entrance to a hogan was closed by a flap or curtain, and ceremonial hogans are still closed in this manner.) Also:

|. B-(ti): na-(yi)(673-594): to be whirling around and around rapidly, pirouetting (a person, ballet dancer, wheel, windmill, airplane propeller). Ndadashbat/defniibaat (nfnddndadshbat). (Nddbat: 3rd pers.)

shade, drape.

(10) ch’iyaan biih na’niti bidaddinibaal, pantry curtain (entrance curtain for the place where food is stored) (11) ’ityaa nehelbaati, dirt scraper, front loader (one time after another it is scooped under with something - the dirt). (12) 166’ bee hahadleehf ndabatigif, spinner (used as a lure in fishing)(spinning object with which fish are pulled out one after another on a cord) (shit66’ bee hahadleehf naabatigif, my spinner). (13) nibaal, canvas, tarpaulin, tent, parachute.

Il. £-(tt): (1)

helicopter (the

airplane on top of which something whirls rapidly).

E. CURSIVE (REVERSATIVE)

(1)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

na&-(yi)(594): to be turning or whirling O around and around rapidly (as a wheel). Nadshbat/ defnfilbaat (nfndadnddshbat).

48

BAAL meaning to the extent that, while both describe

# Nibaal bili’ dahooghanigff, tent house

circularity, BAAZ is applied to “hooplike or ringlike” shape, while MAAZ is applied to “globular, spherical,

(draped object inside of which people live). # Nibaal kin, tent house. # Nibaal sinil, tent camp (tents sit).

(14)

(15) (16)

(17)

(18)

ball-like” shape.

Active verb bases with BAAZ describe the rolling movement, intransitive (O) or causativetransitive (L), of a hooplike object, including a ring, washer, hat or wheel, while the Neuter bases describe circular or curved shape. With the introduction of wheeled vehicles of the type wagon, buggy, automobile and wheelchair,

# Nibaal yadiits’6zigff, tipi (cone shaped tent). tséso’ bich’aah nanibaali, window curtain, screen on a window (it drapes or spreads across a window). tséso’ biddddinibaal, window shade, window curtain, drape (the window’s drape). tséso’gi dd4ddadeezbaaligif, window curtains, drapes (they hang obstructing the opening at the window). tsinaabaas bik’i dah ’azbaaligif, covered wagon (wagon over which something spreads like a canopy). tsinaabaas bik’i dah ndlbat, wagon cover (that which is repeatedly and customarily spread over a wagon).

BAAH

BAAZ came to serve as the base for a wide range of lexical derivatives relating to transportation.

with P,” an intransitive derivative (= “S moves by rolling”) renders “ride/go (by wheeled vehicle - it rolls with P)”; a transitive-causative derivative renders

“drive (a wheeled vehicle - S causes it to move by rolling),” and with P-it, a causative-transitive verb

renders the concept “convey P (by wheeled vehicle - S causes it to move rolling with P).” A wheelchair is either “caused to move (pushed)” by an agent, or itis “caused to move” (by the rider) “in company with self (‘adit).” BAAZ derivatives apply to vehicles of the type bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle, wheelbarrow, gurney and airplane only in the sense of “cause to move by pushing.”

(-baah). Stem noun: edge, border. (Cf. postpositional stem -aah, alongside.) # baahdgi (baah, edge + -a= -(-, place + -gi, at), wrong, misdeed, tort,

sin (lit. ata point on the edge or border [of acceptable behavior]). # honibaah ~ konibaah (ho ~ ko- < kg’, fire), fireside. # k’ashbaah (k’ash-?), edge, horizon,

A.MOM. B.CONT. C.CON. D.CURS.

peripheral limit.

# nik’ashbaah (ni- PA *wedzh™ (2): become cooked by boiling; (1) cause to

BEEZH4

become cooked by boiling. V. Leer 1979: 86, Krauss-Leer 1981:62n.,

151.)

63

BEEZH,

BEEZH,

NAVAJO: Occurs with ©-classifier in intransitive verb themes meaning “boil (as water, coffee), foam (as Alka-

C. NEUTER S-(ti):

Seltzer or boiling water), cook (by boiling or roasting in the ashes)” and with t-classifier in causative-transitive

(1)

themes meaning “cause to boil, cook by boiling or in the

(si)(692):

S is (has been) boiled or cooked (by boiling or roasting in the ashes). Shibéézh.

ashes.”

IMP. A.MOM B.CONCL. C.NEUT.

_US/JIT.

béézh

bish

PERF.

FUT.

béézh

bish

# tee’ shibéézh,

OPT. béézh

béézh_-

:

D.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

P-’nii-(@/O)(217):

it starts to boil (as water).

Bi’nii-

(2)

w6’a-(D/yi)(745): S (water, coffee) boils over, S

péézh/bi’niibéézh. (warm beer, Alka-seltzer) foams over. W6’aabéézh/ w6’ddbéézh (wd’anddndbéézh).

’attah na’fibéézh,

(2)

man.) ’att’a ndbéézh, Way).

w =~

P-’nii-(@/@)(218): to start to boil

(2)

boiling. Bi’niishbéézh/bi’niitbéézh. w6’a-(G/yi): to make O boil or foam over. W6’aashbéézh/w6'datbéézh (wd’anddndshbéézh).

B.

(@/si)(757):

) atsiniltvish gohwééh bee yibézhigif, electric coffee

medicine that foams). (’Azee’ yibézhi bitdzis,

O or cook O by

Alka Seltzer bottle.)

bee ’abézhf, kettle, cauldron (the one with which cooking is done by boiling). béégashii bits)’ shibézhigif, boiled beef, beef stew (the boiled flesh of a cow). dééh bee yibézhf, teapot (the one with which tea is boiled). gohwééh bee yibézhf, coffee pot, coffee maker,

CONCLUSIVE

(9) S (water, coffee)

boils,

(10)

S (green corn,

meat) cooks (in the ashes). Yibéézh/shibéézh

(11

(ndadnabéézh).

# Lee’ yibéézh,

mixed decoction (used in Holy

pot, electric percolator (that with which coffee is boiled by means of electricity). ’atsj’ bee yibézhf, stew pot, kettle (the one with which meat is boiled). ‘azee’ yibézhif, Alka Seltzer, Bromo Seltzer (the

|. D-(ti): (1)

a ceremonial stew (after eating

the stew the patient is no longer under the dietary restrictions imposed by the medicine

I. £-+(tt): (1)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1)

|. D-(ti): (1)

S was cooked in the ashes.

# T’dadoo yéigo shibézhf, S is soft-boiled (as an egg). # Yéigo shibéezhgo, hard-boiled (as an egg).

S is roasting in the ashes.

~

percolator (the one with which coffee is boiled). pit for roasting green corn (the place where something is placed in the ashes to cook). tee’shibéézh, pit-roasted corn, chicos (it is cooked in the ashes). (A hot fire is built in a pit that has been dug in the ground. When the pit is very hot, fena’dbishf,

corn on the cob, with the husks intact, is placed in

the pit and left to cook overnight. The corn thus cooked may be eaten as itis, or it may be husked

ll. £-(tt): (1)

(2) (3)

and shelled, and the kernels dried to produce

(@/si)(779): to boil or cook O, make O (coffee), fry O (in oil or fat). Yishbéézh/shétbéézh (nddndshbéézh). # ’Ak’ah bee yishbéézh, to deep-fry or Frenchfry O, boil O in oil or fat. # tee’ yishbéézh, to pit-roast O, cook O in the ashes (meat, green corn). "a-(@/si): to do the boiling or cooking, to cook or boil an unspecified O. ’Ashbéézh/’ashétbéézh (nda’Ashbéézh). te’a-(G/si): to do pit-roasting, cook or bake in the ashes. te’ashbéézh/e’shétbéézh.

neeshjjzhii, which may be boiled and eaten in the winter.)

naa’ahdohai biyeezhii shibéezhgo, boiled egg. naa’ahddhai biyeezhii yéigo shibéezhgo, hardboiled egg. naa’ahddhai biyeezhii t’'dadoo yéigo shibézhi, soft-boiled egg. nimasii ’Adaatts’66zigo neheeshgizhgo ’ak’ah bee shibézhigff, French fried potatoes, French fries (potatoes cut into narrow strips and boiled in oil) nimasii shibézhigff, boiled potatoes. nimasii tee’ shibézhigff, potatoes baked in the coals. tsahbéézh, glue (made of boiled hoof and pinyon pitch).

64

BEEZH»

BINo

(PPA *-wit’4 > PA *-wit’4: belly, *wi#t’: be gluttonous.)

(PA *widzh: stretch, spread out, be

a BEEZHo

wide. V. also BIZH.)

BID NAVAJO: The root occurs as the stem noun -BID, belly, stomach, andasa

NAVAJO: With D-classifier the root occurs in Neuter Perfective verbs meaning “lie scattered,” and with Lclassifier in Neuter Perfective verbs meaning “be dirty with adhering matter ”

verb stem BID, in two types of Neuter

Imperfective verb base: (1) with @-classifier and di-nithematic BID forms the theme of an adjectival meaning “gluttonous, having a huge or insatiable appetite”, and (2) with L-classifier in bases in which BID represents the noun stem. Cf. BE’ above.

l,-(ti): (1)

ndadee-(ni/si)(602): to lie scattered about (animate or inanimate S, as the bodies of accident

|. B-(ti):

victims, tin cans). Ndadeebéézh (we) ndadeeshbéézh (they). nikidadi-(ni)(631-632): S lie scattered on the surface (on the ground) (bottles, tin cans), Nikidadébéézh (or nikidébéézh).

(2)

(1)

Il. L-(ti): (1)

lI. L-(ti): (1)

(2)

ha-(si)(417): a place or area is dirty, unwashed, covered with adhering matter (as a dirty plate). Hashbéézh. # P-ii’ hashbéézh, P is dirty on the inside (as an unwashed skillet or bowl). haho-(yi): an area or space is dirty with adhering matter (as an unwashed kettle or pot). Hahoolbéézh. # P-ii’ hahoolbéézh, P is dirty on the inside.

BEEZH3

(2)

WSAnr,

béésh _ bish

(ASRie,

Iain

(ora

béézh_

bish

béésh

’dd-(= ’a-yi-)(yi-Perf.)(2)(with prepounded ’ayéj): to be big-bellied, to have a pot belly or “bay window.” "Ayo ’ddshbid (’aydi ’dalbid: 3rd pers.). P-(-(@)(155): to have a good appetite for or “really go for” P (anitem or type of food). Béshbid.

(~ tsibid) Onomatopoetic. BID

doo ’asohodi-(@/yi): unbearable

produced by patting a dog’s stomach.

(Cf. stem noun -bid, stomach, abdomen.)

(-bit)(PA *wi, sleep) Stem noun: sleep, sleepiness, drowsiness.

BIt

(V. BID)

MOMENTANEOUS (1)

Imitates a

hollow thumping sound, as that

NAVAJO: The stem is possibly identical with BEEZHj, although a semantic relationship is not apparent. BEEZHs is identified with the single lexical derivative listed below.

IMP. A.MOM.

dini-(@)(324): to be gluttonous, to have a huge or insatiable appetite. Dinishbid.

conditions become

(as heat, social disorder, hunger).

Doo ’asohodibish da/doo ’asohodéébéézh da (doo ’asonddhodibish da).

BINo

Stem noun: belly, stomach, abdomen. # ’abid, stomach, abdomen.

-BID

# ‘abiddagf (~ ’abidddagf)(-dag/,

(PA *win [@] [with di-thematic]: fill up; [1]: cause to fill; [I]: [water] rises, [mass] overflows.)

NAVAJO: With (di-)ni-thematic (niterminative) and ©-classifier the theme takes the meaning “plural (3+) S sit,” and a similar theme with t-classifier produces the causativetransitives with the meaning “seat plural O, make plural O sit down.”

throat), pylorus.

# td’abidf (t6, water) (-t6’abid/), waterbag.

65

BINo

BIZH

Nearly similar in shape, and probably derived from the same root are the stems which, with ha-dithematic, constitute the theme of verbs meaning “fill, get

(2)

kinii-(@/(495): to sitin a leaning position. Kfniibin (we). # P-it binahjj’ kiniishbin, 2 sit with P leaning against p. # P-nahji’ kiniibin, we sit leaning aginst P.

full.” V. BJJD/BIN4 above. The Neuter Perfective “plural S are ina sitting position” takes a suppletive stem TA.

A.MOM. B.DIST. C.NEUT.

IMP.

USVI

RER

EweUilie

© Rails

bjjh bin :

jh bjjh :

bin bin td

bjit — bjjh bjit bin : :

Il. nahi-@-(ti): (See TAo.) (1)

A. MOMENTANEOUS I. (di-)ni-O-(ti): (1)

P-fni-(@/@)(241): to sit down and lean against P (as against a tree). Biniibjjh (we)/biniibin (bina-

niibjjh:b(ndaniibjjh). # P-it p-fniishbjjh, to sit down and lean against p (a tree) with P (companions). dini-(@/si)(324-328): to sit down. Diniibjjh (we)/ dineebin (nAdiniibjjh:naddiniibjjh). # P-it dinishbjjh, to sit down (in company) with P. (E.g. ’ashiiké bit dinébin, | sat down with the boys.) # P-k’i dah diniibjjh, to sitdown on P (as ona sofa),

(2)

(3)

kfdini-(@/si)(493):

to sit down in a leaning position. Kidiniibjjn (we)/kidineebin (kindiniibjjh: kfnaadiniibjjh).

Il. dini-L-(tt): (1)

O-dini-(@/si)(179): to seat O, sitO down, show O to their seats (as in a theater). Bidinishbin/ bidinétbin (ndbidinishbin:ndabidinishbin). # P-kda’ dah bidinishbin, to sit them down onP, seat them on P, have them take a seat on

B.

nahf-(si)(539): to be sitting, to be in a sitting position, to be seated. Nahjisifita (or nahdatd). (nahisdota: you, nahdazta: they, njfizta, they.) # P-itnahisista to be seated (in company) with P, to be seated with P (as with one’s children). (Note: the theme behaves as though it contained a D- or an L-classifier in the Ist pers. sgl form nahisista in lieu of nahata*, but it appears to have G-

(2)

classifier in the remaining persons.) P-fnahf-(si)(225): to sit waiting for P, sit guarding P. Binahdalta.

D.

) ’akédinhbinf, toes (shikédinfbinf, my toes). 2) ‘dlddinibinf (or ’dla’ dinibini), fingers (shilddinibinf, my fingers). (3) ’awddinibinf (or ’awoo’ dinibinf), upper and lower incisors (shiwddinibini). (4) chidf naat’a’i ndinibjjhgo ba ndahaz’anigif, landing fields or strips for airplanes (places for airplanes to sit back down = land).

(5) chidfnaat’a’{ ndinibjjhigi, airfield, landing field (where airplanes sit back down = land). (6) hosh dineezbinf (Ib. jéf nayoogisii), crimson hedgehog cereus, crimson barrel cactus

(7)

(Echinocereus aggregatus) (cacti that sit or grow in clustered groups). naakits’dadah dah ndinibjjhigif, jury (the twelve who sit up at an elevation - i.e. on a raised dais or platform).

DISTRIBUTIVE

I. £-(tt):

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(PA *wis, riverbank) BIS

the place), Bisti, New Mexico (lit. the place among the adobe

(1) nda-O-(@/si)(604):

to sit (seat) O around, one group of 3+ here, one group there. Ndabinishbin/ndabinétbin.

formations).

C. NEUTER I. ni-O-(ti): (1)

P-fni-(@)(241): to sit leaning against P (as against a wall). Bfniibin (bfnddaniibin). # P-itp-iniishbin, to sit leaning against p (a wall) (in company) with P (2+ companions).

Stem noun:

adobe, clay riverbank, clod. # Bistahf (-tah-, among + -f,

Noun stem, with prefixal k’aa- and suffixed -ii, the one): k’aabizhii, name

BIZH

of a small cactus with interlocking spines. (Cf. verb root BIZH: braid.) # K’aabizhii,

Cove, Arizona.

B

BIZH

# ef ba’ahbinf~ ba’abini, on that morning, that was the morning when. # t’ad ‘Akwif bin, every morning.

(Perhaps PA *widzh [Q]: stretch especially a skin.) BIZH NAVAJO: Occurs in verb themes meaning “braid, plait.”

A.MOM. B.CONCL.

IMP.

UST

PERE

EUT.

OPT.

bifsh bizh

bish bish

bizh bizh

bish bish

bfish bizh

Noun stem. (Occurs with thematized di.): dibjh (derivation unknown), a pointed sword-like instrument or weapon. (Hoijer 1974:255).

-BIH

A. MOMENTANEOUS (PA *win’: bough hut; [f] makea bough hut.)

Il. B-(tt): BI’ (1)

P-’nii-(@/@)(218):

to start to braid O (hair), plait O

NAVAJO: The root occurs only in a few verb bases having to do with the building of a hogan, where the theme includes t-classifier and ha-/ho-, functioning either as 3s object pronouns (space, area) or as thematic prefixes, and in a type of Passive construction in which ha-/hoappear to represent the subject and t-classifier is replaced by @. Although functionally transitive, the direct object cannot be represented by a noun (hooghan).

(rope). Bi’niishbffsh/bi’niibizh.

B. CONCLUSIVE I. O-(tt): (@/si)(779): to braid or plait O (hair, rope). Yishbizh/shébizh (naéanashbizh). ’a-(@/si)(126): to braid, to be making a braid (braiding unspecified O). ’Ashbizh/’ashébizh (nda’ashbizh).

IMPacUS ee P ERR

AMOM.

bjjh

B.CONCL.

bj’

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

(1)

k’ineeshbizhii, dumpling (twisted or braided on each other). toh yishbizh, gunny sack, burlap bag (braided grass)

bjt

bj’

bjjt

— bjjh bj’

‘aho’nii-(@/@)(807): to start to build a hogan.

’Aho’niishbjjh/’aho’niitbj’

(‘'anddho’niishbjjh).

B. CONCLUSIVE

Rocky Mountain creeper.

Braided Hair (a personal

I. £-(tt): (1)

ha-(@/si)(417):

to build

a hogan.

Hashbj’/hosétbj’

(ndahdshbj’).

(pl *we-nY [O][with *u-directive and ni-thematic]: pick [berries]. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:

Silos)

(PPA *we > PA *we-n¥: singular be

swim.)

NAVAJO:

Bil NAVAJO: In modern Navajo the derived stems are found primarily in verb themes meaning “go swimming,

verb bases meaning “pick, pluck,” in the sense not of

uproot but in the sense detach, as in picking berries, apples, cotton and, by extension, the stripping off of buttons, medals, jewelry, badges, arms and accoutrement (as from a policeman). (In some environments y/ni- contracts to produce w6-[-6-]).

bathe, take a bath.” Directional bases (as “swim out,” “swim around an object,” “swim in a circle,” and such

modal forms as “arrive swimming,” “stop swimming,” are

derived with the root KO0’ and its stem derivatives.

A.MOM. B.CONT. C.REV.

IMP.

UovliiieePERF.

beeh bé =

beeh beeh :

bi’ bf’ bij

@ 6UT, beet beet -

OPT. A.MOM. BIREP.

bj’ bi’

A.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

’a-(O/yi)(478):

to swim away out of sight.

iNPSUSUIM

PERE

EUROPA:

bééh_ bé

bi’ bj’

bjt beet

MOMENTANEOUS

P-’nii-(0/O)(218): bi’niibj’.

(Inchoative)

to start to pick P. Bi’niishbééh/

BeREREIVE Durative

son.)

|. yi-ni-O-(tt):

ndii-(O/@)(617): to start to bathe or swim, start to take a bath. Ndiishbeeh/ndiibj’ (nindddiishbeeh).

(1) y{ni-(@/yi)(767): to pick O (fruit, berries), to strip off O, take off O (jewelry, buttons). Yinishbé/yibiff (néinishbé:naayinishbé). # P-aah yinishbé, to strip O off of P (as jewelry off of a robbery victim, medals and insignia off of a soldier).

B. CONTINUATIVE

. O-(ti): (1)

bi’ bj’

‘libeeh/

‘fbi? (‘andbeeh:’anadnabeeh). Occurs in: # P-itch’aa ’iibeeh, P loses sight of S, S swims away out of P’s range of vision. (E.g. shiye’ shitch’aa ‘ib? | lost sight of my (2)

bééh beeh

|, O-(tt):

|. B-(ti): (1)

Occurs with @-classifier, and

usually with yi-directive and ni-thematic, as the theme in

na-(@/si)(594): to swim about, go swimming, take a bath, bathe. Naashbé/nisébjj’ (ninddnashbé). # P-it naashbé, to go swimming (in company) with P.

ll. yi-ni-(D)-(tr/Passive):

(1)

69

ndw6-(nd6- = nayi-ni-)(572): O is (are) stripped back off. Naw6bé/nayéébj’ (nadbé). # P-aah ndwobé, P (as a robbery victim) is stripped of O (P’s jewelry, watch).

Bij’s

CHA

(2) néini-(@/yi)(623): to take O (back) off of (reflexive), strip O (back) off (of oneself)(as badges, items of jewelry. Néfnishbé/ndashbj’. (The Reversionary is required with reference to the removal of items of the type in reference from one’s person because such items are not an integral part of one’s anatomy.)

weeping of an unhappy person, but also the sound produced by a siren, whistle, or automobile horn, as

well.) With t-classifier the theme becomes causativetransitive, occurring in verb bases meaning “honk (an automobile horn).” The CHA-stems are often used in intensive form (with the addition of -x- after the stem consonant. E.g. yicha/ yichxa, he is crying.)

# ’Adaah néinishbé, to take O (back) off, remove or strip O (as items of jewelry) off of oneself. w6-(= yi-ni-)(@/yi)(572): O is picked, plucked off. Wobé/yéébj’ (ndwdbé or nddbé:nddwobé).

(3)

# P-aah wobé, O is being picked off of P (as an apple from a tree). (baah yéébjj: Perf., O was plucked off of P.)

IMP.

US/JIT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

A.MOM.

chééh (chxééh)

chah (chxah)

cha (chxa)

chah (chxah)

chééh (chxééh)

B.DUR.

cha chxa

chah chxah

cha chxa

chah chxah

cha chxa

A.

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

|. O-(ti):

hosh bee wébéhé, cactus picker (a forked stick used to pick cactus fruit) (that with which cactus is picked).

(1)

NAVAJO: In acoyote tale an animal that Coyote thought to be dead jumped up exclaiming “Naddiishbog!” “l’ve recovered - |’ve come back to life!” BOG and its modal variants may be

BOG

(2)

simply an invention, with comical overtones. However, with D- classifier, it serves as the theme for a verb base classed as “slang,” in modern Navajo, and used with meaning “to be up and around” (after a confining illness).

IMP

USHii:

PERE

ha-(@/yi)(424-432): to start to cry, to blow (a car horn, whistle, siren). Haashchééh (haash-

chxééh)/haacha (handdndshchééh/handanashchxééh). # Béésh haachxééh, a whistle or siren starts to blow or wail. ’i’nii-(0/O)(470): to be on the verge of tears, to start to cry. ‘I’niishchééh/"i’niicha (‘anda’niishchééh).

ll. D-(ti): (1)

SEUIT.

hadfni-(@/si)(382):

to cry and cry, cry for a long time (cry prolongedly). Hadinishchééh (hadinishchxééh) /hadinéshcha (hadinéshchxa) (handddinishchééh/ hanaadinishchxééh).

Ill. £-(tt):

A. MOMENTANEOUS (1)

Il. D-(ti): (1)

habii-(@/yi)(373):

to honk it (an automobile horn)

one time after another. Habiishchxééh/habiy/fchxa (handdabiishchxééh)

naddii- (= ninddii-)(@/@)(575-576-616):

to re-

cover, get over an illness, come back to life.

B. DURATIVE

Naddiishbaah/ndadiishbog. (Cf. ndiish’na’, | got up; ndddiish’na’, | got back up.)

(PA *ch()igh, weeping) CHA

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti):

Verb root

(1) (@/yi)(779): to cry, weep, wail, squall. Yishcha (yishchxa)/yicha(yichxa) (naddnashcha/ndaanashchxa). # P-ik’ee yishcha, to cry over (because of) P.

used nominally in: chaat(cha + i, in company with), in tears, with weeping.

Il. D-(ti): (PPA *kwe’x > PA *tshégh [successive *k“ix > *tshwigh] [O]: cry.)

(1) (G/yi)(779): to cry (in a reflexive context). Yishcha/ yishcha or yishchxa/yishchxa (nddndshcha/ naanashchxa). # ’Adik’ee yishcha (yishchxa), to engage in selfrecrimination, to “kick oneself” for doing something stupid. (Lit. to cry over

CHA NAVAJO. Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “cry, weep, wail” (describing not only the

70

CHA

(2)

oneself). ’Shodi-(@/si)(71); to pretend to cry. *ahodéshcha .

CHA’,

IMP.

US/IT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

chééh

chah

cha’

-

chah

chééh

cha’

chah (cha’) -

cha’

-

chah

cha’

’Ahodishcha/ A.MOM. Trans.| Rev. B.CONT.

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) cha, crying, weeping, wailing. (2) Daachxaaigii, Pentecostals, Baptists (wailers). (3) yoo’ yichaaf, little tinkling bell (bell that cries).

C.CURS.

-

-

chah/_-

-

chééh

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. hi-D-(ti:

(~ -cha-) (B) Stem postposition: Functions adverbially with the meaning “huddled, bunched up, in a compact

group (as a pack of dogs), ’hog-tied’ (as acalf).” Also appears in a number of idiomatic contexts in which its meaning is obscure. Shicha si’dago shiikd, | spent the night huiddled in a ball (as against the cold) / béégashii bichdnin?'da, | hog-tied the cow / tééchaa’i ’atiin ha’naa bichdilzhot (= bichd yilzhot), a pack of dogs are going across the road.

(2)

’adahi-(~ bidahi-/hadahi-)(@/yi)(375): to descend hopping or hobbling from a height, hop down. ’*Adahashchééh/ ’adaheeshcha’ (’adandhashchééh:’adandaahashchééh). ’"ahé6hi-(@/si)(48): to hop or hobble around and around in circles, hobble, hop around and

around, ’Ahééhéshchééh/’ahééhéshcha’ (ahéninddhdshchééh). ’ahé6hi-(ni/ni)(46):

to hop or hobble around ina

circle, make a circuit hobbling. "Ahéénishchééh/ ’ahéénishcha’ (’ahénindnishchééh:’ahéninaanishchééh). ‘ahi-(O/yi)(4l): to hop or hobble away out of sight. ’Ahashchééh/'aheeshcha’ (’andhashchééh: ‘andahashchééh). # P-yaa ’ahashchééh, to hop in under P (as under a bridge). # Nahjj’ ’ahashchééh, to hobble or hop to one

Noun: maternal grandfather, great grandfather, mother’s mother’s brother (great uncle), mother’s father’s CHAII/ brother’s son. -CHEIl # shichéii! (vocative), (my) grandpal!! # naakidi nacheii (na-, returning back), maternal great great grandfather (lit. twice back a grandfather). Naakidi nadshicheii, my great great grandfather. # Y6’ii bichaii (Yé’ii, a class of supernatural being), the impersonator of Haashch’éétti’/ in the Night Chant (t’'éé’jf/),

side, out of the way.

and leader of the Yé’ii impersonators. The Night Chant is commonly referred to as the Yé’ii Bichaii.

(5)

(PA uncertain. Cf. Carrier tseh, tsigh [Morice] [@]: shoot with a bow or gun.) CHA’; NAVAJO: Semantic Themes include (1) with hi-Seriative + D/O-classifier: hop or hobble on two legs (a horse with the front legs bound together, a person on two legs bound together, or with one leg and a cane or crutch; (2) with ’a-thematic (3i object pronoun) + L/-classifier: sexual arousal. In themes concerned with sexual excitement the stems usually take an intensive x-form

(7) (8)

(9)

(CHXEEH, CHXA’).

aa

# Tsin bee yah ’ahashchééh, to hobble into an enclosure on crutches. # Tsin bee y66’ ’ahashchééh, to hobble away on crutches and disappear. # Yah ’ahashchééh, to hop inside an enclosure (as into a room or house). go hobbling inside. # Y66’ ’ahashchééh, to hop away and disappear. ch’thi-(G/yi): to hobble or hop over an edge (as over a precipice). Ch’fheeshchééh/ch ‘fheeshcha’. # ’Adah ch’theeshchééh, to hobble over the edge. ch’thi-(ni/ni)(284): to hop or hobble out (horizontally,as out a door),. Ch’thinishchééh/ch ’‘fhinishcha’ (ch’indhinishchééh:ch indahinishchééh). dzidzahi-(@/yi)(356): to go hobbling or hopping into the fire. Dzidzahashchééh/dzidzaheeshcha’ (dzidzanadhdshchééh:dzidzanaahdshchééh). P-gh@hi-(ni/ni): to hobble or hop through P (as through smoke, a fence). Bighdhinishchééh/

bighdhinishcha’ (bighandhinishchééh: bighandaadhinishchééh). P-ndhi-(@/si)(228): to go hopping or hobbling around P (as around a rock). Binadhdshchééh/ binadhdshcha’ (binfndhdashchééh:binindahdshchééh).

CHA’;

CHA’; I. ’a-L-(ti):

P-nfkahi-(ni/ni): to hobble or hop through P (as through an open door). Binikahinishchééh/ binikdhinishcha’ (binikandhinishchééh/binikanadhinishchééh). hahi-(@/yi)(391): to hop up out, start to hop or hobble. Hahashchééh/haheeshcha’ (hanahdashchééh:handadahashchééh). hahi-(@ or si/si)(391): to ascend or climb up hobbling or hopping (as upstairs, up a hillside). Hahashchééhhahashcha’ or hahishishchééh /hahishishcha’ (handhdshchééh:handahdashchééh). (13 ~— hi-(@/yi)(446): to hop or hobble (completive: requires an adverb to represent direction or goal). Hishchééh/heeshcha’ (nahdshchééh: néahdashchééh). # P-iih hishchééh, to hop or hobble into P (as into the mud). # Nii’oh hishchééh, to hop or hobble out of view. # Taah hishchééh, to hop or hobble into the

(10)

(1)

n’dii-(@/@)(675): to become aroused sexually, come into heat, have an erection. N’diishchééh/ n’diishchxa’ (ninda’diishchééh). # P-ch’j’ n’diishchééh (n’diishchxééh), to become attracted sexually to P (as a boy to a girl).

Ill. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

’a’a-(@/yi)(363):

B. CONTINUATIVE |. hi-O-(ti): (1)

nahi-(@/si)(529):

hi-(ni/ni)(445): to go, come, arrive hopping or

hobbling. Hinishchééh/hinishcha’ (nahinishchééh:nadhinishchééh). # P-aa hinishchééh, to hobble to P (as to another person). # -g66 hinishchééh, to hop to (a place). # Tsin bee hinishchééh, to go/come on crutches. (15) hidi-(@/si)(440): to start to hop or hobble along, to be en route hobbling, to have begun to go hobbling (in the Perf.). Hidishchééh/hidéshcha’ (nahidishchééh: nadhidishchééh). (16 ~~ hidii-(@/@)(442)(with prepounded dah, off): to

# -g66 nahécha’,

to have hobbled to (a destination - and now be back at the starting point).

# - g66 tsin bee nahécha’,

~~

(18

Ne

Il. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

to start to hop or hobble about. Nahi’niishchééh/nahi’niishcha’. nihi-(ni/ni)(628): to go hopping or hobbling as far

na’a-(@)(550): to be sexy, “horny,” “hot,”a nymphomaniac, libidinous. Na’ashcha’.

nahi’nii-(G/@)(217):

C. CURSIVE I. hi-O-(ti):

as a stopping point or place, stop hobbling.

Nihinishchééh/ nihinishcha’ ninadhinishchééh).

to have hobbled on

crutches to (a destination - and now be back at the starting point). # Tsin bee nahashcha’, to go around on crutches, hobble around on crutches.

start out hobbling . Dah hidiishchééh/dah hidiishcha’ (dah nahidiishchééh:dah naahidiishchééh).

(17

to go hopping or hobbling

around about. Nahashcha’/nahacha’ or nahécha’ (ninddhashcha’).

water.

(14)

to go away in quest of sex, go

looking for sex. ’E’eshchééh/’i’ftchxa’.

(ninahinishchééh:

# -jj’ nihinishchééh, to hop or hobble as far as (a named point - as a wall).

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nihinishchééh,

to go

hopping or hobbling across (as across the street). # Tsin bee ha’naa nihinishchééh, to hobble

across on crutches. to start to hop or hobble. Nikihi-diishchééh/nikihidiishcha’. (20) yaahii-(@/@)(753): to jump up into the air. Yaahiishchééh /yadhiishcha’ (yanfnadhiishchééh). # P-ch’’ yadhiishchééh, to jump for P (as a limb or a hanging apple - in an attempt to reach it). (21) yisdahi-(@/yi)(770): to hobble to safety, escape by hobbling away from danger. Yisdaéhdshchééh/ yisdaheescha’. (19) nikihidii-(@/@)(217):

(3)

‘ahé6hi-(yi)(48): to be hopping or hobbling around and around ina circle (as in children’s games). *Ahééheeshchah/’ahéédahiinfichééh (3rd pers. d.p.: ahéédahéechééh). hi-(yi)(438): to hop or hobble along. Heeshchah/ dahiinfichééh (ndheeshchah:ndaaheeshchah). # Gé6naa tsin bee heeshchah, to be hobbling across on crutches. # Tsin bee heeshchah, to be hobbling along on crutches or with a cane. nahi-(yi)(533): to go hopping or hobbling around and around in a circle. Naheeshchah/ ndahiinfichééh.

Il. ’a-L-(ti): ’a-(yi)(367): to be going along looking for sex. ’Eeshchah/da’iiniilchééh (naa’eeshchah).

he

CHA’,

D.

(1)

CHAAD

NOUN DERIVATIVES

Noun (derivation unknown): health, good health, physical wellbeing.

bee’eldggh ‘anahalchahigif, trigger of a gun (that which hops away ona gun, moves in a hop?) ch’osh nahachagii, hopping bug (leafhoppers,

(2)

CHANAH ~ SHANAH

lantern flies, tiny hopping beetles). (3) dilcha’, marmot (it hops, it is a hopper). (4) nahachagii, grasshopper (= nahacha’ii: stem final /’/ often takes the shape -g- before -ii)(the one that hops around). Nahachagii hashttish/, muddy (colored) grasshopper. Nahachagiitsoh, large grasshopper. Nahachagiits’6sf, slender

(B) Stem postposition: meaning uncertain. Functions as a component

of a single verb base meaning “be fond

of, addicted to.” Bizhéé’ hdlénf bichd

grasshopper. na’acha’,

(5)

na’ashjé’ii nahacha’igif,

(6)

yidéeshni’,

sexual desire, sex drive, libido.

jumping spider (spider

Occurs with t-classifier and

(PA uncertain. Cf. Koyukon

a hi-thematic (Seriative?) prefix as the

CHAAD

with “stitch, suture, putin a stitch or

NAVAJO:

stitches.”

nation with ni-thematic (the generic

IMPSeeUS Tipe PERE

ORI:

classifier relating to roundness), as the theme in verbs having to do directly or by extension with the meaning “swell, bulge.” Intransitives take Oclassifier, and causative-transitives take t-classifier.

chah_

chah

cha’

chah

chah

B.SEM.?

cha’

chah

cha’

chah

cha’

The Perfective stem occurs as CHAAD except

in the base dini-Ochaad, “start to swell,” where it takes high tone.

C.REP.

ee IMP. US/IT. PERF. PROG.

MOMENTANEOUS.

A. |. hi-L-(tt):

P-fhi-(@/si)(194): to attach O to P with a stitch or suture (as a bead to a hat, a key to a skirt). Bihéshchah/ bihétcha’.

A.MOM.

chaad

cha’

B.CURS.

-

-

chaad_ (chaad) -

chat/

FUT.

OPT.

chat

chaad

-

chaad

A. B.

Occurs, usually in combi-

Uline

A.MOM.

(1)

dadlitsid:

[hair] is messy, bristly.)

theme in a few verb bases having to do

CHA"

he’s

addicted to cigarets.

that hops about). NAVAJO:

| love beer, I’m crazy about

beer. / nat’oh yicha yidéelni’,

MOMENTANEOUS

SEMELFACTIVE |. ni-O-(ti):

|. hi-L-(tt): (1) hii-(@/si)(808)(with prepounded dah): to putin a single stitch or suture. Dah hiishcha’/dah hétcha’ (dah nadahiishcha’).

(1)

ee

ee

AA

diphtheria, P’s throat swells shut.

(2) dini-(@/si)(808): S starts to swell up (as one’s

C. REPETITIVE |. hi-L-(tt):

(3) (1)

dahodfni-(@/yi)(300): S (a space or area) swells up or bulges, stopping up an opening. Dahodinichaad/ddhodinfchaad (dandhodinichaad: danddhodinichaad). # P-ddyi’ dahodinichaad, P contracts

finger after being stung by a bee). Dinichaad/ dinéezhchdadd (ndaddinichaad). nii-(@/@)(670-567): to swell up (a person or thing, as one’s hand, following a bee sting) (lit. to become round or bulging in shape). Niish-

nahi-(@/si)(530)(with prepounded dah): to patch O up, do a makeshift repair job on O (as in

chaad/niichaad (ndniishchaad:nadniishchaad). # Ndniishchaad, to get full eating (lit. to swell

fastening a broken stirrup or fender with baling wire). Dah ndhdshcha’/ dah nahatcha’ (dah

back up, recover a bulging appearance).

nindahashcha’).

73

-

CHAAZH,

CHAAD

(ni)-t-(tt): (1)

C.

’Achijshtah nahwiisdzanf nanichaad,

sinusitis (it swells or bulges around in the sinuses). ’ajaat’ah niichaad, mumps (it swells under the ears). ’ayaayadh niichaad (Ib. ’ayaat’ah niichaad), mumps (the neck swells). ‘aghaa’ hanoolchaadigif, carded wool (wool that has been carded). bee ha’nilchaadi, wool carders (that with which carding is done). nanichaad ’azee’, Wright pennycress (Thelypodium wrightii)(medicine for swellings).

dinfi-(@/@)(329)(with prepounded dah, up): to muss O up (as a person’s hair), to fluff O up (as a pillow, bed, hair), to bristle up (as an angry dog or a porcupine, a bird that fluffs up its feathers

after bathing). Dah dinfishchaad/dah dinfftchaad (dah ndinfishchaad:dah ndaddinfishchaad). ha-P-’nii-(@@)(372): to start to card P (wool)(lit. start to cause P to fluff up). Habi’niishchaad/

habi’niitchaad.

(3)

(4)

hadi’nfi-(@/@)(611): to just get a good start carding, just get well under way carding (when

something happens). Hadi’nfishchaad/ hadfnfitchaad. hahoni-(@/yi)(397): to loosen the surface soil in an area, fluff up the soil in an area (as ina garden plot, in preparation for planting). Hahonishchaad/hahoniitchaad.

Stem noun:

(6) (7)

(8)

in company with P). hani-(@/yi)(414): to card O (wool)(lit. to cause O to swell or fluff up). Hanishchaad/hanfftchaad (hananishchaad:handanishchaad). ha’ni-(@/yi)(408): to card (unspecified O), to do the wool carding. Ha’nishchaad/ha’njftchaad (handa’nishchaad). ha’i’nii-(@/O)(406): to start to do the carding (i.e. make unspecified P fluff up). Ha’i’niishchaad/ ha’i’niitchaad. hodinfi-(@/@)(452)(with prepounded dah, up): to loosen or fluff up an area (as an area of garden soil, by spading it), to muss up (a head of hair, a house - as when playing children place the house ina state of disorder). Dah hodinfishchaad/dah hodiniitchaad (dah nahodinfishchaad:dah nadahodinfishchaad).

beaver.

# chaaljjd

# P-ithahonishchaad, to disturb P, cause trouble, for P (lit. to fluff up space or area

(5)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

CHAA’

# chétchaa’~ rock + beetle, # ch’dtchaa’ beetle

(PA CHAA’

(-ljjd?)(PA *-lenY4, castor), castor, castoreum (Hoijer 1974:278). #chaat’inf (-t’ini?), dock (a plant). chdtchaa’ (chét- ~ chat- = tsé-, ++, ligature), rock beaver, stag June bug (or any beetle-like bug). (ch’at-?), cockchager (a brown with long antennae).

*tsha’: beaver.)

NAVAJO:

The noun stem CHAA’,

“beaver,” is used as a componentofa type of Neuter verb theme, apparently

patterned after bidziil, he is strong, and ’Abdodziil, he is relatively strong, with the meaning “tubby, huge, corpulent.”

B. CURSIVE

(1)

ni-(yi)(677): to be in the process of swelling up, to

be progressively swelling or bulging to become larger and larger. Neeshchat/defnfichaad (ndneeshchat:ndaneeshchal). # Dah noochat, S is mussy, unkempt, uncombed, disarranged, fluffed up (wool, a head of hair). # Dah honoochat, an area (as one’s entire hand) is swollen or bulging. # Honoochat, S (an area) as one’s hand) is in the process of swelling or bulging in shape. # Noochat, S (as a finger) is in the process of swelling up.

P is stout, tubby, huge, corpulent. Bichaa’.

(Inflected for person by altering the pronoun

prefix. E.g. shichaa’, |’m huge, nichaa’, you’re

ni-O-(ti): (1)

P-chaa’,

huge, etc. Equivalent also to “my beaver,” “your

(2)

beaver.”) ’A-P-dochaa’, P is relatively tubby, huge, corpulent. ’"Ay6o ‘abdéochaa’. (Inflected for person by altering the pronoun prefix: ’aydéo ’Ashdédochaa’,

I’m huge, ’aydo ’Andochaa’, you’re huge, etc.)

(PA uncertain.)

CHAAZH, | NAVAJO: Meaning of the root and derived stems is obscure. Occurs with @-classifier and ti- thematic as the

theme of a verb base meaning “defraud, take unfair advantage.” CHAAZH and CHAAZHp may be cognate or identical.

CHAA’

CHAAZH, ST

IMP.

A.MOM.

US /IT.

chddzh

= chdash

RE Peete Oils

OPT.

chd4zh

chadazh

(chash)

A.

chddsh

(~ ch’ichxaazh)

CHXAAZH

(chash)

MOMENTANEOUS

I. -O-(tt): (1) 4#-(@/si)(518): to defraud, short-change, take unfair advantage of O, “clean O out” gambling, “put one over on O,” “con O”.

CHAA/ -CHAAN

Lishchddzh/Hshéchdazh (tndandshchdazh). (2) 4a-(@/si)(518): to exploit for profit or gain, take advantage (of unspecified O - a sale or generous opportunity). Lé’éshchadzhAfshéchaazh (t{inda’Ashchaazh). (Many speakers use CHASH rather than

CHAASH as the stem for the Usitative/Future, unspecified.)

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier and di-thematic as the theme in a verb base

CHAAZH2

: CHAAZH;j

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

| meaning classifier meaning cognate

“fart silently,” and with Lin a Neuter Perfective “spongey, soft.” May be with, or identical with

. IMP.

USi Allis

chd4sh -

chddsh

A.

PERF.

UE.

Ola

chddzh

chddsh

chddsh

chaazh

-

MOMENTANEOUS

(PPA *kWan’ > *tshWan’ [non-perfective stem *kin’ > *tshin’] [O]: defe-

1, £-(ti): (1)

Stem noun: (-chaa ~-chaan), belly. (Cf. chaa’~ chaan, excrement.) # 4f bichaan (tf, horse), horse’s belly. (tf bichaan bfighahgo, as high as a horse’s belly; nihichaan ntsaago kééhwiit’f, we live opulently -(lit. we live with big bellies).

Stem noun: (-chaan), excrement, manure, offal. CHAA’ # béégashii bichaan (béégashii, cow), cow manure. # 4f bichaan (tf, horse), horse manure. # dibé bichaan (dibé, sheep), sheep manure. # chaadit (-dit, blood), dysentery, bloody flux. # chaama’ii (-ma’ii, coyote), youngster, kid, “squirt,” “young punk.” # ndk’eeshchaa’ (ndk’ee-, eye place, ocular area), “sleepers” (the viscous or hardened matter that forms in the corner of the eye). # |6k’eeshchaa’ (derivation unclear), youngest member of a family, the last child born.

when the direct object is the 3i person ’a-,

someone

Onomat. Imitates the sound made by a large stream of falling water, as that from an eavespout during a downpour.

CHAA’

cate. Note irregular Navajo low tone in the perfective stem and see Leer 1979:62.)

hahidi-(@/si)(394): to let a series of silent farts. Hahidishchadsh/hahidétchaazh.

B.

NAVAJO: Occurs with @ and D-classifier as the theme in verb bases having to do with “defecate, produce or cover with filth,” and with L- and L-classifier in bases

NEUTER

meaning “cause to produce or cover with filth, rile.”

(1)

(yi-Perf.)(76l):

S is soft, cushiony, spongey (asa

ie

FUT.

OPT.

-

chijt

— chijh

chaa’

:

chijt

— chj’

=

chit

IMPS

US

PERE:

chjjh

chjjh

chaa’

chj’ — chijh

PROG.

—

pillow or cushion). ’Aydo yilchaazh.

A.MOM.

DIV. B.CONCL.| C.CONT. C.CURS.

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) bikdd’dah’asdah{ yilchazhigif, over-stuffed chair.

-

=

:

el ———=——"—s=———_—

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti): (1)

75

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)ji-(@/yi)(490): to defecate downward from a height (as a bird from a tree

=

CHAR’ limb). ’Adajishchjjh/’adajiichaa’ (’adanajfshchijh:’adanaajishchijh). P-k’f-(@/si)(200): to defecate on P (as ona bush, board, rock). Bik’éshchijh/bik’ishéchaa’ (bik’fnddnashchijh). P-k’thoo-(@/si)(206): to get covered with silt. Bik’/hoochijh/bik’thoozhchaa’ (bik’fnahoochijjh: bik’fnaddahoochijh). hodi-(@/yi)(450): a landslide or avalanche (of mud, wet matter and rocks) takes place, there is a land- or mud-slide. Hodichjjh/hodééchaa’ (naahodichjjh). ‘i’nii-(@/@)(470): to start to defecate. ’l’niishchijh/ ‘i’niichaa’ (inda’niishchijh).

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6)

C. CONTINUATIVE |. D-(tr): (1)

’ak’ina-(@/si)(82): to dirty one’s pants or diapers, beshit oneself. ’Ak’inaashchj’/’dk’inishishchaa’ (‘ak’indanashchj’) .

D. CURSIVE |. O-(ti): (1)

na’ahi-(@/si)(640): to defecate around in different places, go around defecating one time after another (as down in an arroyo). Ni’iishchjjh/

P-k’tho-(yi)(206): to be in the process of getting covered with silt. Bik’fhoochijt (bik indhoochijt: yee ae bik’inaahoochijt).

ni’iyéchaa’. ta-(@/yi)(702): S becomes riled or turgid (as water in an arroyo). Tachjjh/tadchaa’ .

(7)

D. (1)

II.t-(tt): (1)

bichaan,

to retract P’s prepuce. Bik’eeshchijh /bik’éétchaa’ (bik’inddnashchijh). # P-k’indshchijh, to masturbate P, to take a

(2)

semen sample from P (as from a ram, bull).(Iterative) tao-(@/yi/si)(702): to roil or rile O, make O turgid (as water or coffee, by bringing up the sediment

or grounds). ndoshchijh).

Taoshchijh/tadtchaa’

(3) (4)

(tanaa-

(5)

(6)

Ill. L-(tr/Pass.): (1)

(7)

’ak’i-(@/yi)(79):

to retract one’s (own) prepuce. ’Ak’eeshchijh/’ak’eeshchaa’ (’Ak’inddndshchijh).

# ’Ak’indshchijh (Iterative), to masturbate

(10)

(11) (12)

P-f-(@/si)(155):

/bishétchaa’

to defecate P (as blood).

Béshchj’

(binddndshchj’).

# Ditbéshchj’,

the youngest member of a family, born.

(té6- = a combining form oftf, pet, animal) (the excrement pet - so

/ tééchaayazhi/ chaa’fyazhf,

to defecate (indefinite O). ’Ashchj’/ (nda’dshchij’) .

Il.L-(tt): (1)

Hodééchaa’i, Landslide, Arizona (a location near Rough Rock, Arizona) (where there was a landor mud-slide).

eating excrement). Chaa’i/chxaa’l, doggie, pup. tééchaa’f bighan, kennel, doghouse. Lééchaa’{biya’, dog lice, fleas. tééchaa’f yazhf

|. O-(tt): ‘ashéchaa’

manure. Tsidii bichaan, bird dung, guano. Jaa’abanf bichaan, bat dung, guano. ’awéchaan, tartar (depositon the teeth)(tooth excrement) (P-wéchaan, P’s tartar deposit). chaa’ bee yildéhé, toilet paper (that with which adhering excrement is wiped away). chaadit, bloody stool, dysentery, bloody flux (excrement blood). chaama’i, kid, squirt, young squirt (child) (excrement-coyote). da’achaan, smut, corn-smut (da’a- = combining form of daa’, food, corn) (corn excrement).

named because of the animal’s propensity for

B. CONCLUSIVE

’a-(@/si)(125):

sheep manure. Béégashii

cow manure. t{f bichaan, horse

(8) l6ék’eeshchaa’, the last child (9) tééchaa’i, dog domesticated

(male).

(1)

chaa’, feces, fecal matter, excrement (P-chaan, P’s

feces). Dibé bichaan,

P-k’i-(@/yi)(202):

(2)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(13)

to defecate blood, to have a

bloody stool.

76

pup, puppy. tLééchaatsa’ii, bitch, female dog. tééchaa’fyik’i ’achj’f, black greasewood (Batis vermiculata) (the one upon which dogs defecate). ma’iichaan, coyote dung, dung beetle. nak’eeshchaa’, “sleepers” (the viscous or hardened matter that forms in the corners of the eyes) (eyeplace dung). tsé’éd¢’ii bichaan, fly speck (fly’s dung).

CHAA’y

CHAA’; (PPA “tshay or *kay > PA *tsh()a ok

(5) P-ts’Ani-(ni/ni)(255):

[ablauting], [@]: become exhausted, [t]

CHAA’4

danger).

causative.)

ch’ini-(ni/ni) (291): to flee out horizontally, escape (out) from (as from a building, canyon). Ch’fninishchééh/ ch’fninichda’ (ch’indninishchééh:ch inddninishchééh). SER.(@/si). Ch’fdahiniichééh/ch fdahiniichda’ (ch’fndahiniichééh: ch’indddahiniichééh) (1st pers. pl). # P-fighahgé6 ch’ininishchééh, to flee past P (as past a house). (7) dini-(@/si)(322): S (as one’s shoes or tires) start to show wear, start to wear out. Dinichééh/ dinéezhchdd’ (ndinichééh:ndddinichééh). (8) dinf-(@/si)(324): to start to flee or escape, to run away (as from a pursuer). Dinishchééh/ dinéchaa’ (ndinishchééh:ndddinishchééh) # P-ch’j’ dinfshchééh, to flee toward P (as toward a protector). # P-it dinfshchééh, to quit (a game) while S is

(6)

NAVAJO: A component of several more or less closely related themes,

most of which relate to the rapid movement of a single (animate) subject, or (with t-causative) object: (1) nithematic and @-classifier in verb bases with the disparate meanings “run out, become exhausted (a supply) ,” and “flee, run away, escape (pursuit or a threat);” (2) ni-thematic and t-classifier in causativetransitive verb bases with the meaning “chase, pursue an animate O, cause O to flee,” and (3) ni-thematic and L-classifier in bases containing the reciprocal object pronoun ’ahi- (each other) (often undergoing metathesis to appear as -hi’-), with the meaning “two subjects run” (actually, “two subjects chase each other.”) SS

MPU

Syne

ERP

A.MOM.

chééh

chééh

chda’

B.CONT.

ché

cheeh

chad’

GCURS

a=

a

ROGsEEUT

ORT:

chéét

chéét

chéét

chéét

chéét/

A.

ahead, to escape with P, to have second

thoughts about P, change one’s mind about P (as about a commitment or intention). (9) hani-(@/yi)(414): to climb up and escape, to flee up (as up a ladder or mountain). Hanishchééh/ hanfichda’ (handnishchééh:hanaanishchééh). SER.(Q/si). Hahiniichééh/hahiniichda’ (hanahiniichééh:handdhiniichééh) (1st pers. pl). # P-ithanishchééh, to escape with P (as with one’s sheep) by climbing up with them. (10) ni-(ni/ni)(650 - like ninishkaad): to go, come, arrive (at a destination) fleeing from pursuit. Ninishchééh/ninichaa’ (ndninishchééh:naaninishchééh). SER.(@/si) Ndahiniichééh/ndahiniichdd’ (nindahiniichééh:nindadahiniichééh)(we). # P-aa ninishchééh, to flee to P (another

-

MOMENTANEOUS

|. ni-O-(ti):

(1)

(2)

’adani-(~ bidani/nadani-)(/yi): to flee down from a height (as down a mountainside). ‘Adanishchééh/’adanfichda’ (’adananishchééh: ’adanddnishchééh). SER. (@/si). ’Adadahiniichééh/’adadahiniichda’ (’adandahiniichééh: ’adandddahiniichééh)(we). ’ani-(@/yi)(115): to flee away out of sight. ’Anishchééh/’anfichda’ (’andnishchééh:’andanishchééh). SER. (@/si): ’"adahiniichééh/’adahineechda’ (’andahiniichééh:’andddahiniichééh)

person).

# -g66 ninishchééh, to flee to -- (a place). (11) ni-(@/yi)(656): to flee (completive). Nishchééh/ nfichda’ (nanishchééh:ndanishchééh). SER.(Q/si). Dahiniichééh/dahiniichaa’ (Kdahiniichééh:ndddahiniichééh)(1st pers.pl). # P-iih nishchééh, to flee into P (as into a car). # Kjjh nishchééh, to flee into town, escape in

(we). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’anishchééh, to flee down from a height. # P-yaa ’anishchééh, to escape by fleeing under P (as under a bridge, rock, house). # Ha’aa (génaa) ’anishchééh, to flee away over the hill and disappear. # Nahg66 ’anishchééh, to flee aside, out of the

town.

# Nii’oh nishchééh, to flee out of view. # Taah nishchééh, to flee into the water, take refuge in the water. (12) nini-(ni/ni) (648): to flee as far as (a place - as to the river and no farther). Nininishchééh/nininj-

way. # Yah ’anishchééh, to flee or escape into an enclosure (as into a building). # Y66’ ’anishchééh, to flee away and disap-

chad’ (nindninishchééh:nindaninishchééh).

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nininishchééh, to flee across. (13) tddini-(@/yi)(697 - like tadinishkaad): to go about here and there fleeing from pursuit. Tadinish-

pear. (3)

(4)

to flee away from P (a

Bits’aninishchééh/bits’aninichaa’.

’ani-(@/yi)(115): to run out, peter out, become exhausted (a supply of something, as food).

’Anichééh/anfichéa’ (‘ananichééh:’anaanichééh). # P-ts’dd’ ’anichééh, P runs out of S (as out of water or gasoline). P-ndni-(@/si)(228): to flee around P (as around a hogan). Bindnishchééh/binanéchaa’.

chééh/tddinfichad’ (tandddinishchééh). (14) tdits’Ani-(ni/ni): to flee ashore. Tatts ’aninishchééh/ tatts’Aninichda’ (tdtts’dndninish-chééh). (15) tsfts’Ani-(ni/ni): to flee by going ashore or away

Vi.

CHAA’; (9)

from fire or water. Tsftts’dninishchééh/ ts fits’aninichada’ (tsfits’ananinishchééh:tsitts’anadninishchééh). (16) tsfstt’ani-(@/si)(739): to flee into a blind canyon, get cornered fleeing from pursuit. Tsfstt’anishchééh/tsist'anéshchaa’ (tsistPandanishchééh: tsist’andanishchééh). SER.(@/si). Tsist?adahiniichééh/tsist?adahiniichda’ (ts(st?andahiniichééh:tsistl’andddahiniichééh) (Ist pers. pl). (17) yisddni-(@/yi)(773): to flee to safety. YisdanishPegs chééh/yisdanfichda’.

’ada-(~ bida/hada-)(377 - like hadanishkaad):

# P-aa ninishchééh,

to chase O to P (as to another person). # -g66 ninishchééh, to chase or drive O to -- (a destination or place). (10) ni-@/yi)(656): to chase O (completive). Nishchééh /niftchda’ (nanishchééh). # P-iih nishchééh, to chase O into P (as into a Car). # Kjjh nishchééh, to chase O into town. # Nii’oh nishchééh, to chase O out of view. # Taah nishchééh, to chase O into the water. (11) nini-(ni/ni)(648): to chase or drive O as far as a stopping point, to stop chasing O. Nininish-

to

chééh/nininftchda’ (ninddninishchééh). # -jj’ nininishchééh, to chase O as far as -- (a

chase or pursue O down from a height (as a

horse down a mountain or arroyo bank).

nishchééh/’adaniftchaa’

’Ada-

(’adananishchééh:

rhe oer

(2)

(3)

’‘adandanishchééh). ‘ahééni-(ni/ni)(52): to chase O around in a circle (as a horse around a pasture). ’AhééninishCO re re Pee chééh/ ’ahééninitchaa ‘ani-(O/yi)(ll7): to chase O away out of sight. ’Anishchééh/aniftchda’ (‘ananishchééh:’andanishchééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’anishchééh, to chase or pursue O down from a height (as down an arroyo bank or mountain). # P-yaa ’anishchééh, to chase or pursue O in under P (as under a house). # Ha’aa gd’aa ’anishchééh, to chase O over the hill.

# Nahg66 ‘anishchééh,

(4)

to chase or drive O, go, come,

arrive chasing or driving O. Ninishchééh/ninftchad’ (ndninishchééh).

Il. ni-L-(tt): (1)

ni-(ni/ni)(649):

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

to chase O aside, out of

the way. # Yah ’anishchééh, to chase O into an enclosure (as a boy into the house, horse into a corral). # Y66’ ’anishchééh, to chase O away and get rid of it, disappear pursuing O. P-fni-(O-lmp)(239): to chase O to P (as a child to school), compel O to go to P. Binishchééh.

(16)

place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nininishchééh, to chase or drive O across (as across a river bed, across a street) tadini-(@/yi)(697): to chase O all over, pursue O everywhere. Tadinishchééh/tadiniftchaa’ (tandddinishchééh). tdatts’a-(ni/ni): to chase O ashore, chase O out of the water. Tatts’aninishchééh/tatts ’aninfichaa’ (tats ’andninishchééh). tsfits’ani-(ni/ni): to chase or drive O ashore, chase O out of the fire or water. Tsitts’aninishchééh/ tsitts’aninfichda’ (tsitts’andninishchééh:tsfits’anaaninishchééh). tsistPani-(@/si)(739): to chase O into a blind canyon, drive O into a corner, corner O, stump O (as with a question O cannot answer). Tsistl’anishchééhftsistanétchda’ (tsist?andnishchééh: ptsistPanddnishchééh). yisdani-(@/yi)(773): to chase O to safety. Yisda£44) nishchééh/yisdaniftchaa’.

Ill. ni-L-(ti):

# ’Olta’ binfshchééh, to make O go to school, compel O to attend school. (Cf. binishkaad.) P-nani-(@/si)(228 - like bindnfshkaad): to chase O around P (as a boy around a hogan). Bindanish-

chééh/bindnétchaa’ P-ts’Ani-(ni/ni):

(1)

(bininddnishchééh).

to chase O away from P. Bits’4-

ninishchééh/bits aninftchda’. ch ’ini-(ni/ni)(290): to drive or chase O out horizontally (as from a building, corral, canyon).

(2)

make a circuit running. “Ahééhi’niilchééh/ ‘ahééhini’neelchda’ (‘ahéninaahi’niilchééh).

Ch’ininishchééh /ch’ininftchda’ (ch ’indninishchééh:ch ’inddninishchééh). # ’Adah ch’ininishchééh,

(8)

(3)

to chase O past

to start running.

# Dah ’ahid?niilchééh,

P (as past a house). hani-(@/si)(415 - like hanishkaad): to chase or drive O up (as up a ladder or mountain).

Hanishchééh/hanétchda’

’ahid?ni-(@/yi)(55):

’Ahid? niil-

chééh/’ahid?niilchaa’.

to chase O over a cliff.

# P-fighahg66 ch’ininishchééh,

’ahééhini’-(= *’ahéé’ahini-)(@/yi)(49): to run in circles, run and make a series of circuits. “Ahééhini’niilchééh/ ’ahé6hini’niilchdd’ (= *’ahéé’ahininiyiilchééh). # P-it’ahééhi’neelchééh, P (two horsemen) ride around in circles on S (the two horses). ’ahééhi’ni-(@/yi)(48): to run around in a circle, to

to start off or set out ata

run. # P-aa ’ahid?niilchééh, to beat P (in a race). # Dadgha ’ahidfniilchééh, to take a run (as

(handnishchééh:

young people did in former times, upon

handanishchééh).

arising in the morning, as a hardening exercise).

78

CHAA’

CHAA’) (4)

’ahini-(ni/ni)(61): to go, come, arrive running. ’Ahininiilchééh/’ahininiilchaa’ (na’ahininiilchééh:naa’ahininiilchééh). # P-aa ’ahininiilchééh, to run to P (as to another person).

# -g66 ’ahininiilchééh, (5)

to run to (a designated

location). ’ahi’ni-(@/yi)(59): to run away out of sight. ’Ahi’niil-

chééh/’ahi’nfilchdd’ (’andhi’niilchééh:’anaahi'niilchééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’ahi’niilchééh, to run down from a height. # P-kd ’ahi’niilchééh, to help P, aid or assist P (lit. to run after P - as to save P). # P-yaa ’ahi’niilchééh, to run in under P. # Ha’aa ’ahi’niilchééh, to run over the hill and disappear. # Nahjj’ ’ahi’niilchééh, to run out of the way, to one side. # Yah ’ahi’niilchééh, to run into an enclosure (as a house, burrow). # Y66’ ’ahi’niilchééh, to run away and disappear or get lost.

’Ak’ini-(@/yi)(83): to drive O off of oneself (as an attacking animal). ’Ak’inishchééh/’ak’ineeshchaa’ (’k'indnishchééh:’dk indanishchéeh). (7) ’atndnahi’ni-(O-Iter.)(94): to run back and forth between two points, commute between two

(6)

points at a run (as to school and back repeat-

edly). ’Atnandahi’niilchééh.

# P-ta’ ’atndndhi’niilchééh, to run back and forth between P (as between home and the store).

(8) ’andhi’ni-(O-Imp or Usit.)(112): to run (back) away out of sight one time after another. Anahi’ niilchééh. # Y66’ ’andhi’niilchééh, to run away, play hooky (as schoolchildren). (9) bidahi’-(~ ’ada-/hada-)(174): to dismount, descend, get down, get out (of a car, bus, train). Bidahi’niilchééh /bidahi’niilchda’ (bidanahi’niilchééh:bidanddhi’niilchééh). # P-k’i bidahi’niilchééh, to dismount from P, get down off of P. (10) P-ghdhini’-(ni/ni)(188): to go running through P (as runners through a fence). Bighahini’niilchééh/ bighdhini’niilchda’ (bighanahini’niilchééh:bighand4hini'niilch’ééh). (11) P-ghdhi’ni-(ni/ni)(188): S (as two arrows or bullets) go through P (as a target). Bighdhi’nil-

chééh/bighdhi’neelchéa’ (bighdnahi’nilchééh: bighandaahi’nilchééh). (@/yi)(195): to catch up with P, overtake P. P-thi’ni(12) Bihi’niilchééh/bihi’niilchad’ (bindhi’niilchééh: b(nadhi'niilchééh).

(13) P-k’ihi’ni-(@/@)(206): to attack, assault, assail P, to jump onP. Bik ’ihi’niilchééh/bik ihi’niilchaa’ (bik’inddhi’niilchééh). (14) P-k’inahi’ni-(@/yi)(208): to dismount from P (as from horses), get down from P (as from a vehicle). Bik’inahi’niilchééh/bik ‘inahi’niilchaa’ (bik’inindhi’niilchééh:bik ’‘inindahi’niilchééh).

(15) P-ndhi’ni-(@/si)(225):

to run around P (as around

a hogan). Bindhi’niilchééh/bindhi’neelch4a’ (bindhi’niil-chééh:bininaadhi’niilchééh). (16) P-na’ahini’-(ni/ni)(225): to run around P, make a circuit running around P. Binda’ahin’niilchééh/ bind’ahin’niilchda’ (binind’ahin’niilchééh:bininaa’ahin’niilchééh). (17) P-nikdhini’-(ni/ni)(234): to go running through P (as through a doorway). Binikahini’niilchééh/ binikdhini’niilchda’ (binikandhini’niilchééh: binkkanddhini’niilchééh). (18) ch’thi’ni-(ni/ni) (283): to run out horizontally (as from a building or canyon). Ch’hhi’niilchéeéh/ ch’thi’niilchdd (ch’(ndhi'niilchééh:ch inaahi'niilchééh). # P-fighah ch’hhi’niilchééh, to pass P (another runner). # P-fighahg66 ch’fhi’niilchééh, to go running past P (as past a tree or other stationary

object).

# 1166’966 ch’hhi'niilchééh, to go running outdoors. (19) da’dk’ehi’ni-(@/yi)(302): to run into the field, get into the field (as a pair of burros), sneak into the field, Da’dk’ehi’niilchééh/da’ak’ehi’niilchaa’ (d4’dk’endhi'niilchééh:da'ak’endahi'niilchééh). (20) dzidzahi’ni-(@/yi)(356): to go running into the fire. Dzidzahi’niilchééh/dzidzahi’niilchaa’ (dzidzanadhi'niilchééh). (21) hahi’ni-(@/yi)(394): to go running up (as up a hillside or upstairs), to run up out (as from a cellar), to start to run (in a footrace). Hahi’niil-

chééh/hahi’niilchdd’ (handhi’niilchééh:handahi’niilchééh). # P-aah hahi’niilchééh, to climb up P (asa hillside, staircase).

# P-ldk’ee hahi’niilchééh, to get away from P, escape from P (lit. to run out of P’s hand). # P-ii'déé’ hahi’niilchééh, to go running out of P

(22) hi’ni-(O/yi)(444): to run (completive). Hi’niilchééh/ hi’niilchaa’ (ndhi’niilchééh:nadahi'niilchééh). # P-aa tiih hi’niilchééh, to tackle P, get at or take on P, attack P (a task, project, enemy). # P-itniil’oh hi’niilchééh, to make off with P, run away into hiding with P (as with a stolen melon). # P-iih hi’niilchééh, to get into P, run into P (as into snow, mud, a car or bus).

# Nii’oh hi’niilchééh, to run out of view, hide. # Taah hi’niilcheéh, to get into the water, run into the water. (23) nahi’ni-(@/yi)(538): to get down or descend,

dismount, get off (from a horse, bus, car, plane).

Nahi’niilchééh/nahi’niilchda’ (nindhi’niilchééh: ninddhi’niilchééh). # P-k’inahi’niilchééh, to get down off of P, dismount from P. (24) n&hi’ni-(O/yi)($38): to run back, return running. Nahi’niilchééh/ndhi’niilchda’ (ninaahi’niilchééh).

CHAA’o

CHAA’;

(ndneeshchéét nddneeshchéét). # P-k’ee neeshchéédt, to be fleeing from (on account of) P (the pursuers). # Godnaa neeshchéét, to be fleeing across (as

(25) naandhi'ni-(@/yi)(584): to turn around while running, to run to a place and turn around.

Naandhi’niilchééh /naandhi'niilchda’ (naaninaahi'niilchééh). # Bizdndghahjigo naandahi’niilchééh, to run around a corner, turn a corner. # Nish’ndajigo naandhi’niilchééh, to make a right turn running. # Nishtajigo naandhi’niilchééh, to make a left turn running. (26) tahidi’ni-(O/yi)(699): to go running about here and there, run around, run all over.

across a field).

Il. ni-t-(tt): (1)

Tahidiniil-

chééh/tahid? néelchaa’ (tanaahidfnfilchééh). # P-it tahidfnfilchééh, to run around here and there (in company) with P. (27) yisdahi’ni-(@/yi)(771): to escape from danger, run to safety or to shelter.

lll. ni-L-(ti):

Yisdahi'niilchééh/yisda-

hi’niilchdd’ (yisdandahi’niilchééh:yisdandahi’niilchééh).

(1)

B. CONTINUATIVE I, ni-O-(ti):

(2) (1)

nani-(@/si)(563): to be on the run, on the “lam” (a fugitive, as a criminal fleeing from the law), Nanishché/nanéchaa’ (nindanishché). # P-ts’da’ nanishché, to be running away from P, to be a fugitive from P. # P-itnanishché, to be stingy with P (as with one’s car - won’t let anyone use it). # Nanéchaa’ (Perf.), to be on the run (one escapes from a danger and remains a fugitive). (560) (3)

Il. ni-L-(tt): (1)

nani-(@/si)(563):

(4) (5)

to chase or pursue O about,

chase O around. (ninddnishché).

ni-(yi)(625): to be chasing, driving or pursuing O along (as down the road). Neeshchéét (ndneeshchéét nddneeshchééh). # Gédnaa neeshchéét, to be chasing O across (as across a field).

Nanishché/nanétchda’

’ahééhi’ni-(yi)(48): to be running around and around in circles. ’Ahééhi’niilchéét (’ahéninaahi'niilchéét). # P-it ’ahééhi’noolchéét, P (a pair of bicyclists) are riding around in circles on S (the mounts). ‘ahini-(yi)(62): to be running along. ’Ahiniilchéét (nahi'niilchéét:naahi’niilchéét). # P-it ’ahiniilchéét, P (as a pair of bicyclists or horsemen) are riding along on S (the mounts). # P-it’ahineeshchéét, to be running along with P: # P-kéé’ 'ahiniilchéét, to be running along behind P, following P along at arun. # Génaa 'ahiniilchéét, to be running across (as across a field). P-na’ahini-(yi): to be running around P. Bina’ahiniilchéét. nahi'niilchéét (= na’ahiniilchéét), to be returning at a run, running along back. naana’ahini-(yi)(584): to be running around here and there, to and fro. Naanda’ahiniilchéét.

Ill. ni-L-(ti): (1)

(PA “*tshan [non-perfective stem *tshtn] [{]: smell [it], *tshtn [# or 4] [neuter]: smell, stink.)

na’ahini-(@/si)(547): to run around here and there, to make a round trip to a location and back, ata

run (in the Perf.). Na’ahiniilché/na’ahineelchda’ (ninda’ahiniilché) # -g66 na’ahineelchda’, to have run to (a place)

NAVAJO: Occurs with t- or Lclassifier, and sometimes di-thematic,

as the theme in verb bases meaning “smell, sniff O,” and with ho-ni-thematic and L-classifier in bases meaning “have an odor, smell (like).” Neuter Imperfective verbs include: (1) ho-/ha-ni-thematic with L-classi-

and back to the point of departure. # P-k’ijj’ nahid?niilcheeh, to protest P, take an opposite stand on P (an issue or proposal).

fier and the stem -chin, “smell like, have the odor of;” (2)

ni-thematic with t-classifier and the stem -chon (-chxon), “stink ;" and (3) extensions based on the stem -chijh, with the meanings “be aware of, Know about,

C. CURSIVE |. ni-O-(ti): (1)

know how, be skilled at.”

ni-(yi)(626): to be fleeing, running from pursuit (in d.p. pairs). Neeshchéét/danfinfichééh

80

CHAA’s

A.MOM.

aoe’

IMP.

__US/IT. PERF.

chjjh

chijjh — cha’

CHAA’o PROG. FUT.

_OPT.

chijt

chéa’

-

‘Adishchin/'adéshché@’. D. CONTINUATIVE :

:

B.DIV./

|. di-L-(ti):

DIST.

aan

C.CONCL.

;

E REP SON

hda’ ae

hjih hi ee Rai

:

eae i chifh

;

chjh — chjh

G.SEM.

-

-

H.CURS.

-

»

geif

‘ ‘

* ;

(1) ndi-(/si)(606-613): to go sniffing about, to follow

Bt:

one’s nose around (as a dog following a scent). Ndishchaa’ (3rd pers. ndilchaa’/ndéshchda’; 3rd

: c

pers. ndeashchg¢’).

chih — chjh

chjh

-

-

chift/

-

a

GEN

|. di-L-(ti):

(akon) (chijh)

Transitional

F, CONATIVE |. diL-(ti): ;

to start to smell P. Bi’niishchijh/

P-’nii-(@/@)(217): bi’niitchaa’.

et

el

oan

es

di-(@-Imp.)(334)(with prepounded dah): to point the nose and sniff (trying to smell something or

(1)

a mh

Il. L-(tr):

get ascent). aS G.

'Adi’nii-(/O)(18): to start to smell oneself. Adi’niishchijh/’adi’niishchaa’.

(1) yii-(@/si)(797):

I. £-(tt):

“ae eee CawTe SEMELFACTIVE

to take a sniff of O. Yiishchjh/

shétchjh (nddyiishchjh). SET as

ta’di-(G/yi)(700): to sniff around, go around here and there sniffing (at unspecified O). Ta’dishto sniff around among P (as dishes of unspecified O). Bitaa’ashchijh/ 443 lava bitaa’shétchda’ (bitaana’Ashchijh).

Wde TS at} a

er

ne

aS

I. di-L-(ti):

P-taa’a-(O/si)(248):

=— Gh be BU

ELE

a EGU SIN

chijh/ta’difichéa’ (tanda’dishchjjh).

(2)

Dah dishch{h.

I. L-(tt):

B. DIVERSATIVE/DISTRIBUTIVE

1)

;

to sniff for (something, in an

effort to find it, as a dog sniffing for a bone or ares iy s quarry). Hadishchaa’ (3rd pers. hadilch@a’).

MOMENTANEOUS

Gaceha

(1)

.

:

:

hadi-(@-Imp.)(385):

(1)

-

(1)

fener

&

sa

(chon)

A.

a

:

-

-

chin

|.NEUT.

a

a a

chijh

(1)

ae

di-(yi)(3Il-351): to go sniffing along, go along following a scent. Deeshchjj/dadfinfilch{h

(ndeeshchift:ndddeeshchift). # P-kéé’ deeshchfft, to be going along following

EOS INS

P’s scent, follow along behind P sniffing.

I. £-(tt): (1) (2)

of O. Yishchin O, get the odor (O/si)(779): fo smell

| NEUTER

Ishétchg@’ . (@-Imp.)(I24): to smell, be able to smell, have a sense of smell (i.e. smell unspecified O). Saar chine

Imperfective

oO rate ; |. ho-(ha)ni-L-(CHIN)(ti):

# ’Atchin, S is wild, feral (as a wild horse - lit. S cantei scent,

Fieve TY Mas Pre opera >me

[eit hiet (1)

’Adi-(@/si)(24):

eea tei)

=

|}

to smell oneself.

81

(1) honi-(O-Imp.)(456): to smell like, have the odor of (as “smell like gasoline”) . Honishchin (3rd pers. halchin). hc ayier g, Ae +(Vipgi chan prism cig

CHID4

CHAA’o i. ni-t-(CHIN)(ti): (1)

(18) ch’dlchiin,

ni-(@-lmp.): S has an odor (neither good nor bad a component of many plant names). Nichin

(nominalized as nitchinf, nitchinigif, nitchiin).

Ill. nit-(CHON/CHXON)(ti): (1)

ni-(O-lmp.)(643-658): to stink. Nishchon (nishchxon). ho-ni-(@-Imp.)(455): S (space, area, place) stinks. Hétchxon.

(2)

IV. ’A-ha-L-(CHJJH)(ti): (1)

’aha-(O-Imp.)(42): to be aware, Know about. ‘Ahadshchijh. # P-aa ’ahdshchijh, to be aware of O, know about O.

V. O-(CHJJH)(tt): (1)

yii-(@-lmp)(799): to be skilled atO, know O, be expert at O (a game, art, profession). Yiishchijh.

J. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

Achjshnif’, ~ ’achjjshnif, center of the nose, nasal septum (nose-middle) (P-ichjshnir). (2) ‘Achffh, nose, snout (P-ichijh). (3) ’Ach{fhldtah, tip of the nose (nose-tip)(P-ichjjh(4)

(5) (6) (7)

(8) (9)

latah). ‘Achffsts’iin,

bone of the nose (nose-bone)(P-

ichijsts iin). ‘Achffstah, nostril (nose-among)(P-ichfjstah). ’alchijjh, scent (small bag of powder used in ceremonies). ’aydnfbilizh halchin, (Psoralea lanceolata)(it smells like buffalo urine). ’azee’ nichinii, wild mountain celery (Cymoterus alpinus)(plant with an odor). ’azeenitchin, peppermint (plant with an odor).

(10) ’azee’ yilchijhigif, smelling salts, ammonia (the medicine that is sniffed).

(Pseudocymopterus montanus)

(spruce odor), (19) ch’dtchiin, false mountain celery (Thaspium

montanum) (smells like spruce). (20) ch’osh nitchxonf, stinkbug (the bug that stinks). (21) Daghdilchijjh, Adolph Hitler (he smells his mustache). (22) da’iichijjhf, experts (those that are skilled at something unspecified. Cf. yiishchjjh above.) (23) kétchxon, foot odor, stinking feet. (24) k’ineedlishii nitchxonigif, stinkbug (stinking urine squirter). (25) 46’étsoh bilizh halchini, unidentified plant (the one that smells like packrat urine). (26) 4 da’atchinf, wild horses (horses that can scent). (27) nat’oh nitchiin, painted cup, Indian paint brush (Castilleja affinis)(tobacco plant with an odor). (28) ndfyflii ntchinitsoh, Nuttall sunflower (Helianthus nuttallii)(large sunflower with an odor). (29) tazhitchiin, Fendler meadow rue, maid-of-the-mist (Thalictrum fendleri)(the one that smells like turkey). (30) télii da’atchinf, wild burros (burros that can scent). (31) té’atchini, wild water, sacred water (used for dedication of the masks and in Nftch’ijf ceremony). (32) T6 ’Atchini, small lake near Tuba City, Arizona. (33) tdlchiin, tule mint (Menta canadensis)(water with an odor). (34) té tikanfhalchini, perfume, toilet water (water that smells sweet). (Ib. té tikani halchinigif). (35) trizichogh (tPizichxggh), billygoat (stinking goat). (36) ttizida’atchini, wild goats (goats that can scent). (37) tPohchin, wild onion, onion (Allium cernuum and other varieties)(grass that has an odor). (38) T¥ohchin, Cebolleta, New Mexico. (39) Ttohchini, Ramah, New Mexico. (40) Ttohchintd, Hotevilla, Arizona (a Hopi village) (wild onion spring). (41) TYohchinté Biyaazh, Bacabi, Arizona (a Hopi village near Hotevilla) (the child of Hotevilla). (42) toh nitchiin, Drummond pennyroyal, lemon verbena, sweetgrass (Hedeoma drummondii) (smelly or fragrant grass). (43) Tsiitchin Bii’ T6 (Ib. Chiitchin Bii’ Td), Chilchinbetoh, Arizona (44) wo6lazhinf ntchxonf, stinking black ant. (45) wénitchxoni, stinkbug (bug that stinks).

(11) bee ’Adflttahf tikanf dahalchinigif, cold cream (12)

(sweet smelling ointment). biséodi da’atchinf, wild pigs (pigs that can scent).

(13) bit’aa’ nazbas bikéchiin, western redbud, Judas tree (Cercis occidentalis)(round-leaved foot(14)

(15)

odor plant). P-za’ nitchxon/,

*kWid > PA

*tshid (O): shrink,

CHID4 P has halitosis, bad breath.

chiitchin (Ib. tsiitchin, k’jj’), sumac (Rhus canadensis) (wood with an odor).

(16) Chiitchin Bii’ Té (Ib. Tsiitchin Bii’ Td), Chilchinbetoh, Arizona (spring in the sumac). (17) ch’6 yilchin yilt’aa’f, wild geranium (Geranium incisurm)(the spruce-odor plant with leaves like phliox).

(PPA

subside.)

NAVAJO: Occurs with ni-thematic and D-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “subside, go down (a swelling).” (The thematic prefix is probably the generic classifier ni- relating to roundness.)

CHID3

CHID4 IMP._US/IT. chi’

chid

A.MOM/

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

chid

chit

chid

A. MOMENTANEOUS I. ni-D-(ti): ndni-(@/si)(561):

(1)

S (a swelling) goes back down,

P-éédi-(G/yi)(159): to release O, set O free (lit. to release one’s grasp on P) (= Reversionary corres-ponding to bidishchiid. P-66- = P-i + na-, back.) Béédishchiid/béédiichid. (3) P-fdee-(@/yi)(807): to (accidentally) brush against P with one’s hand. Bideeshchiid/bidééchid (bifdeeshchiid: bindddeeshchiid). (4) P-tddii-(O/O)(246): to reach for P and miss it, to have one’s grasp slip on P (as one’s hand on

(2)

the steering wheel). Bitadiishchffd/bitadiichid (bitandiishchifd: bitandddiishchifd).

Ndnichid/ndneeshchid.

subsides.

———————

to lose one’s grip, reach and miss. (ndddiishchffd). diichid Diishchifd/ # P-aa diishchffd, to lose one’s grip on P, reach for P and miss (as when one grabs for P

dii-(@/O)(344):

(5)

(Cf. Chipewyan -tsir, Sarci -ts?’(d): be strong.) CHIDo

NAVAJO: Occurs with di-thematic: relates to the mouth, and D- or Lclassifier (?) |in a Neuter Perfective verb base meaning “thick, fleshy.” —— TE

Meaney

et aaaSSSSSSSS==__==____—_—_qqqqQQ__

NEUTER

chid

I. di-D/L(?)(ti): A’dee-(si)(672): S (mouth) is fleshy or thick ina circle. N’deeshchid. # P-daa’ fi’deeshchid, P has thick, fleshy lips, P

(1)

has “liver-lips.”

(PPA *kid > *tshid [@,H]: act abruptly with hands; [lf] [with di-

thematic]: move the hand abruptly.)

CHID3

NAVAJO: Occurs with @, D, t or Lclassifier, and usually with di-thematic: relating to arms and legs in verb themes the basic meaning of which relates to the abrupt movement of the hands in

“grabbing, reaching, touching, placing the hand, sticking the finger, gesturing, releasing.”

=

PUSTTOSPERRMEUT:

IMP

chifd — chi’ A.MOM. chid — chi’ B.REV. ECON T.0 «ClidmesChi. chid D.REP A.

chid chid chid -

chit chit chit -

a limb). na-(@/yi)(594): to put one’s arms down, drop one’s arms, Naashchifd/nddchid (nindshchiid:nindanashchiid). (7) nadhi-(@/si)(529): to gather O up hurriedly, pull O together quickly (as scattered clothing or toys). Ndhdshchiid /néhachid (nindhdshchiid:nindahdshchiid). (8) yin{-(@-Imp.)(767): to grab at O (Repetitive). Yinishchiid.

(6)

(9) yinfi-(@/@)(769): to make a grab for O, grab atO (Semelfactive). Yinfishchiid/yinfichid. (10) yoo-(= yini-)(@/si)(805): mg. uncertain. Yooshchifd/yishéchid .Used in: P-ee p-aa yooshchiid, to fail p (as one’s people) on P (as an expected benefit)(as when a political leader fails his electorate on an effort to secure advantages for them. E.g. ’étta’ dayiniikeedée yee nihaa yoozhchid, he failed us on the school that we were asking for - because he made no effort to

get it.)

I. L-(tt): (1) ’a-P-thi-(@/si)(3): to tuck P (as a shirttail) in. ’Abéhéshchiid/’abihétchid (‘abfnahdshchiid: ’ab(nadhashchiid).

eae

@ORip chfid chid chid -

MOMENTANEOUS

|. (di)-O-(ti/tt): (1)

and misses, or loses his grip on P - as on

P-di-(@/yi)(180): to letgo of P, release one’s grasp on P. Bidishchiid/bidfichid (béédishchitd: binaadishchifd). (Cf. #2 below.)

Ill. di-D-(Passive): P-di-(/yi)(159-177): P is released, set free (as a captive). Bidichfid/bidoochid (béédichiid:binaadichiid).

(1)

IV. di-L-(ti): (1)

’adi-(@/yi)(24): to reach, extend the arm away, stick the hand. ’Adishchifd/’adeeshchid (‘andishchfid:’anda-dishchiid) # P-it’adishchiid, to push a button or switch (as a doorbell or light switch -- lit. to reach away in company with P.)

CHID3

CHID3

# P-yah diishchifd, to come to P’s aid with emergency transportation in a time of need (lit. reach under P ?)

# Yah ’adishchifd, to stick one’s hand into an enclosure (as into a hole or burrow). # P-yaa ’adishchfid, to reach in under P (as under the bed). ’Adidi-(ni/ni)(I5); to touch oneself. ’Adidinishchiid/ ’Adidinishchid (’Adindddinishchiid). # -gi ’ddidinishchfid, to touch oneself on -- (a location.)(E.g. Shitda’gi ’Adidinishchid, | touched myself on the forehead.) P-dadi-(ni/ni)(I73-325): to place one’s hand on P (as to block P’s escape - as a bird one has caught). Bidddinishchifd/bidddinishchid (bidandinishchiid:bidanaadinishchfid). P-ghddi-(ni/ni)(187): to put one’s hand through P, stick one’s finger through P (as when one pokes a hand or finger through a newspaper). Bighadinishchfid/bighadinishchid (bighdndinishchiid: bighandaddinishchifd). P-k’idii-(@/@)(204): to fall down on P and catch oneself with a hand, to place one’s thumbprint on P (as onacheck). Bik’idiishchffd/bik’idiishchid (bik’indiishchifd:bik’indddiishchffd). P-nidi-(@/yi)(233): to stick one’s finger into P (but penetrating only the surface, as when one sticks his finger into a cake or pie). Binidishchffd/binideeshchid (binffidishchiid:binfndadishchiid). P-nikadi-(ni/ni)(234): to stick one’s hand or finger through P (as through a window). Binikadinishchifd/binkkddinishchid (binfkandinishchiid: binkkandddinishchiid). P-zadi-(@/yi)(259): to put one’s hand or finger into

(12) hadi-(@/yi)(385): to start to “hand-tremble” (in a diagnostic ceremony), to move one’s hand up

out, take out one’s hand. Hadishchfid/hadeeshchid (hdddishchfid: hanaddishchfid). # P-ithadishchiid,

to snatch P out (as a weapon - lit. to snatch one’s hand out with P). # P-ii’ hadishchiid, to slip one’s hand out of P (as a glove), shed O (as a shirt). # Tayi’déé’ hadishchiid, to stick one’s hand up out of the water (as a person who is submerged.)

# T’dadoo bit hadédshchidigd66, |’m defenseless or destitute (lit. | have nothing to snatch out). (13) ndi-(ni/ni)(608): to place one’s hand, put one’s hands down (as on something). Ndinishchifd/

ndinishchid (ninadddinishchiid). # ’Aha ndinishchiid, to pull in one’s hands (as when one has his hands outstretched on a table). # ’Atnd ndinishchiid, to cross one’s hands (as over one’s face). # P-kda’ (or P-k’i) ndinishchifd, to put one’s hands down on P (as on a table).

B. REVERSATIVE |. B-(ti):

P’s mouth, reach into P’s mouth. Bizadishchiid/

bizadeeshchid

(bizandfshchiid:bizandadish-

chiid).

(9)

P-na-(@/si)(229): to put one’s arms around P, to hug or embrace P (as around a tree ora person). Bindshchid/binishéchid (binfnashchid:binindanashchid). P-zénd-(@/si)(262): to put one’s arms around P’s neck, hug or embrace P. Bizéndashchid/bizéé-

di-(@/yi)(333): to reach, move or extend the hand and arm (completive). Dishchfid/deeshchid

(fdfshchifd:ndddishchiid).

# ’Andk’ee dishchifd, to stick one’s finger into one’s (own) eye. # P-idnii’oh dishchfid, to snatch P furtively, snatch P and conceal it quickly (as a shoplifter).

peat

I. D-(tr):

# P-ika dishchifd, to reach for P. # P-indk’ee dishchiid, to stick a finger into P’s

eye. # P-iih dishchfid, to stick one’s hand into P, reach into P (as into a box, into the mud). # P-k’dah dishchifd, to bump one’s hand against P. # Dzidza dishchfid,

aa a

’Adind-(@/si)(I9): to hug oneself, put one’s arms around oneself. ‘Adindshchid/’Adinishishchid (‘Adininadshchid:’adinindandashchid). ’Azénd-(O/si): to put one’s arms around one’s own neck, hug oneself. *Azénadshchid/’Azénishishchid (’Azéninashchid:’azéninddnashchid).

to stick one’s hand or finger

into the fire (Ib. dzidzadishchifd.)(354). # teeh dishchiid, to stick one’s hands into the C.

dirt or ashes, to fall flaton one’s face.

CONTINUATIVE

# Taah dishchfid, to stick one’s hand or finger into the water, reach into the water. (10) di-(ni/ni)(325): to reach out and place one’s hand.

Dinishchfid/dinishchid # P-jadtah dinishchifd,

|. £-(ti):

(ndéddinishchifid).

(1)

to reach out and trip P

(by placing one’s hand between P’s legs). (11) dii-(@/@)(344): to reach. Diishchifd/diishchid.

na-(@/si)(594): one’s arms.

to gesture, signal, make signs with Naashchid/nishétchid (ninda-

nashchid). # Naashchidgo bee yashti’, |’m talking with my hands, |’m talking by making gestures with my hands.

84

CHI’

CHID3

I. di-D-(ti):

B.

Durative

ndi-(@-Imp.)(613): to move one’s arms about, wave around with one’s arms. Ndishchid.

(1)

# ’Ach’édh ndishchid, to ward off blows with

one’s arms, put one’s hands up defensively (lit. to wave around in front of one-

|. di-L-(ti): ’Adit ndhodi-(@/yi)(540): to fidget, be jittery (as from apprehension). "Adit ndhodishchit (Perf. paradigm: ndhodééshchid, nahodiinilchid, ndhodéélchid, ndhozhdéélchid, ndhodeelchid, nahodootchid).

(1)

self obstructing).

D.

———————————— ———————_—““““S===>===———

REPETITIVE Durative

|. di--(ti):

Noun stem in: chidf, car, automobile (possibly derived from the verb stem CHI’: squat, siton haunches. Cf.

CHID

shichid, it squats.)

P-idi-(@-Imp)(180): to bother or tease P (by repeatedly touching P, pulling P’s hair etc.). Bidishchid (bindddishchid).

(1)

# chidichx’f (-chxd’f, ugly, ruined),

car hulk.

# chidis4a’ (-s4a’, abandoned), # chiditsoh (-tsoh, big), truck.

———— —————— ——— e e e

’adadani-(@/si)(7): to take defensive action moving one’s arms protectively in front of one’s face, to duck, dodge, flinch, draw back, be touchy (as a burro that resents being handled). ‘Adadanish-

chid/’adadanéchid E.

NAVAJO: Occurs as the theme in verb bases having to do with squatting on meaning "scout (the enemy), spy."

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’azee’ bidddéchiid, Wright lotus, Wright deerweed, Wright birdfoot trefoil (Hosackia wrightii).

(2)

Be’gochidi,

a supernatural being, one of the

Be’go. Be’gochidf be’iitk66h, bird’s beak

(plant) (Adenostegia ramosa) (Be’gochidfs emetic). (4) bi’oh njichi’ (Ib. bi’oh naashchi’, bi’oh nizhdilchi’), spinal area between the scapulae (a person can’t reach it). (5) naachid, (an extinct ceremony) (gesturing?) e ee o e

-

IMPPPRUSTIT,

PERE.

chi’ chi’ — chi’ A.CONT. chid R_ B.NEUTE eT

FUT.

ORiIr

chit :

chi’

A. CONTINUATIVE I. L-(ti): na-(@/si)(594): to scout the enemy, spy, sneak around squatting on the haunches. Naashchi’/nishishchi’ (ninéddndshchi’)

(1)

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with CHID3 . Occurs as the theme in verbs meaning “jittery, fidgety" - presumably describing the aimless, nervous

CHID4

the haunches and, by extension, bases

CHI:

(’adandddanishchid).

(1)

(3)

junker, clunker,

“old pot” of a car.

I. ni-O-(ti): (1)

REPETITIVE

B. NEUTER

movement of the subject’s hands.

UST

IMP.

EUT:

PERRS

OPik

|. @-(ti): (1)

chi’ chit

chiid A.MOM. B.REP. — chit A.

chid chid

chit chit

chiid chit

(1) ’Adit ndhodidii-(0/@)(540): to start to fidget, to become jittery. ’Adit ndhodidiishchiid//’adit ndhodidiishchid.

haunches.

C.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-L-(ti):

(si)(684): to be ina squatting position on one’s

(1)

Shéchid.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

naalchi’, spy, scout, ambassador (the one who goes about squatting). e e OMOOOOORae OO OO

CHIL

CHIt

CH,

NAVAJO: Occurs with di-thematic and @-classifier in a single Neuter Imperfective verb meaning “glitter, glisten" (as a seashell in the sunlight). (1)

di-(@)(313):

(+ -ii, the one) Noun (possibly onomatopoetic = “the one that says “chishiibeezh”): chickadee.

CHISHIIBEEZH-

S glistens, glitters.

Dichit

NOUN (1)

(2)

DERIVATIVES

Stem noun:

firewood. # chizhtah (-tah, among),

diichitf, abaione shell, mother of pearl, pearl (the

CHIZH

woodpile. # chizhts’dsi (-tsdsf, slender), kindling.

glittering one). Diichitfdziil, a ceremonial name for San Francisco Peak (Sacred Mountain of the west)(mother of pearl mountain).

CHIN

NAVAJO: Occurs only in a prefix + stem noun having the shape ofa Neuter Imperfective, meaning "hunger," and in a closely related form functioning both as a noun andas a Neuter verb (with ho-, the 3s pronoun,

as subject, meaning

(PPA perhaps *tshiy > PA “tshi-nY -*tshinY. Non-perfective stem ‘“*tshi. [1]: make single object [continuative with special meaning “collect plural objects."])

; CHhy

NAVAJO:

“starvation, famine.")

With the basic meaning "make, bring or

come into being," CH]; and its derived stems constitute

a theme component in a variety of verb bases represen-

(1)

dichin, hunger.

(2)

hodichin,

ting such disparate Semantic Themes as “give birth, be

there is hunger, famine, starvation.

born, lay (an egg), tattoo, write, ridicule, hasten, cache,

feign, flatter." (A Neuter Imperfective verb dinishchin*, presumably

The Continuative retains the special meaning

with the meaning "to be short of food, always hungry" is apparently obsolete and cannot be verified.)

Noun stem:

CHIN

“collect plural objects." The Momentaneous stem set occurs in verb bases that appear to be concerned with an action or event that takes place ata pointin time, while the set identified as Durative in aspect appears to relate to actions and events that occupy a span of time, or the results of which continue in effect. Although the theme in bases relating to "birth and the laying of eggs" includes t-classifier (perhaps a thematic rather than a causative-transitivizing element), the corresponding Simple and Agentive Passives do not appear to include the D- or L-classifier normally

(Occurs with thematized

di-.): dichin, hunger. # hodichin, starvation.

required by the Passive - rather, in the instance at hand,

the classifier in the Passive appears to be © (e.g. yizh-

Stem noun:

dirt, grime, filth.

chf/bi'dizhchf: "it/he/she was born).

CHIN/ CHXIN

;

CHISH

Noun stem: (derivation unknown). (Occurs with suffixed -/, the ones.)

IMESe USP a

PER

EEUUIieO Ele a

A.MOM. chith_ chifih B.CONCL. chf — chiih C.CONT. — chi’ — chiih D.NEUT. -

chj chf chi chiin

chit chift chit chift chiit — chi’ -

ORIEL

CE RUSSIAS SOUS

| te(tt):

# Chishf (derivation unknown),

x

hiri

‘ Gnahadetanencur : : Cooli Bollige aon MExi0:

tN

(1) P-’nii-(@/O)(218): to start to give birth to P, go into labor with (the birth of) P. Bi’niishchith/bi’niitchj.

(2) ‘i'nii-(0/O)(470): to start to have children or

progeny (as a young woman or animal), start laying (as a hen), start to spawn (as fish), go into

86

CH{,

CHi, |. L-(tr):

Vniishchith/’i’ niitch{ (inda’niishchith). ha’a-(@/yi)(403): to start having offspring, start to lay (a hen), start spawning (fish), start a line of births (a married couple). Ha’ashchifh/ha’iitch{ (handa’ashchih). ni’ahi-(= ni’ii-)(@/si)(640): to give birth (to unspecified) O one after another, to have (a series of) children or lay (a series of) eggs (a hen). Ni’iishchith/ni’iyétch/. labor (a parturient woman).

(3)

(4)

B.

(1)

(2)

CONCLUSIVE

(3)

. O-(Passive): birth takes place, there is a birth, an

(1)

’a-(/si)(124):

(2)

O-’di-(@/si)(Agentive Passive)(212): Bi’dichi/ bi’dizhch{ (naabi’dich/).

egg is laid. ’Achi/’azhchj, # Doo P-a ’achfi da, P is sterile (a male) (lit. birth does not occur for P). to be born.

(2)

(4)

(5)

# P-ch’j’ ma’ ’Adishch/, to put P to a lot of trouble, play "hard to get" with P (as when P asks for a favor or service and S does not accede at once). # Tsxjt ’Adfshchf, to get oneself off in a hurry, rush off. ’Shodi-(si-Perf.)(7I): to feign, pretend, play like. ’Ahodéshchj, (E.g. dasétsd ’ahodéshchj, | play dead). ’4k'i’a-(/si)(BO): to tattoo oneself, make a mark on oneself, ’Ak’e’eshchi’ak’e’shishch{ (’ak’inaa’ashchi). di-(@/si)(333): to make O start to extend along in existence. Dishchi/déshch{ (ndddishchi). "self’s own." Cf. bit, his, hers, theirs, in the perfective sense of "having become his, her or their own.) # P-ee dlo dishchi, to "kid" P, ridicule P, make fun of P, tease P, "roast’ P. # P-dlo dishchi, Ib. P-ee dlo dishchf. (Bidlo

(@/si)(779): to give birth to O, lay O (an egg), bring O into being, make O. Yishchi/shétch{ (naanashchi). # ’Ana yishchf, to make war on O, foment or declare war on O. (‘Ana nihishchj, they made war on us). # P-ii’ nooh yishchf, to cache, conceal, store O in P (as nuts in a log, money ina jar). # Nooh yishchj, to cache, store away or conceal O (as money, corn, food). (Nooh, into a storage place, into a place of concealment). # Tsx(ftyishchf, to despatch O, hurry O on the way, get O off in a hurry (as a child to school). ’a-(O/si)(124): to give birth, have a child, lay (an egg), spawn (fish) (lit. bring unspecified O into being). ’Ashchi/'ashétch{ (nda’dshchi).

(7)

dishchi.) tidi-(O/si)(517): to “butter O up" with flattery (asa prelude to asking a favor). t{idishchiAidéshch{ (tindddishchi). idi-(/si)(518): to practice flattery or cajolery. ti’dishchiti’déshchj.

C.

CONTINUATIVE

. £-(tt): na-(@/si)(595):

to collect O, take up a collection of

O (as money). nashchi’).

Naashchi’/nishéich{ (ninda-

to take up a collection (of unspecified O, as money). Na’ashchi’/ni’shétch{ (ninda’ashchi’).

na’a-(@/si)(550):

# Doo ’ashchii da, to be barren, childless,

(3)

be. ’Adishchi’adéshchj.

# Adi? dishchi, to claim O as one’s own. (’Adif,

. £-(tt):

(1)

to misplace O. lose track of O, lose sight of O. ‘Adit ch’aa yishchi/’Adit ch’aa shishch{. ’Adi-(O/si)(24): to make oneself, cause oneself to

(@/si)(with prepounded ‘adit ch’aa):

incapable of having children (a woman). ’ak’i'a-(O/si)(80): to scratch or write (on something unspecified). 'Ak’e’eshchi/'ak’e’shétch{ (’ak’inda’Ashchi). # P-ch’j’ ’ak’e’eshchi, to write (a letter) to P. P-k’i’a-(@/si)(200): to write, mark, tattoo on P. Bik’e’eshchi/bik'e’shétch{ (bik’inda’ashchi). # Naaltsoos bik’e’eshchf, to write (a note) on

D. NEUTER . L-(Passive):

(1)

paper. ha-(ho-)(@/si)(417): to make a cache (lit. place ha-/ ho-, the unspecified O, into a concealed storage place). Hashchi/hoshétch{ (ndhashchf:naahdshchi). # Nooh hashchi, to make a cache.

87

(si-Perf.)(693): S is (was) born. Shishchiin (-chiffn = a nominalized form of the Perfective stem -ch). # P-d shishchifn, S belongs to P clan on father’s side. (E.g. HashtVishnii ba shishchiin, I’m a member of the Mud Clan on my father’s side - lit. |was born for the Mud Clan. Sha shinflchiin, you’re my clan son or daughter - i.e. you were born for me [my clan].)

CH[o

CH # ’Aha daashchiin (or ’atha daashchiin), they belong to the same clan. (‘Aha shiilchifn, (2) ’ahidii-(@):

we ---.) to be related by clan (1st pers. dpl.).

‘Ahidiilchiin. # P-it’ahidiishchiin,

E.

|’m related to P by clan.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(22) ho’dizhchinéejj’ ’anayifkd, birthday (the passage of nights returns to the time of a person’s birth). (23) jadf ’iitchffh, June (an old name for a period of the year corresponding roughly to the month of June) (the birth of antelopes takes place). (24) k’eet’ddshchiin, prayerstick copies (facsimile of a prayerstick. Sometimes used as mnemonic devices by medicine men). (25) kék’ehashchiin, ceremonial footprint (facsimile of

a footprint. In Hézhddji ,Blessing Way, facsimile (1)

(2) (3) (4)

-shchifn, a nominalized form of yishchj, used in the sense “facsimile of, made like.” (E.g. ’awééshchiin, doll = facsimile of a baby.) ’abe’ishchiin, non-dairy creamer (facsimile of cream). ’achf, birth, child-bearing. ‘atchini, children, family members, progeny (ba’atchin/, his children, his family members).

’Atchinf yazh{, small children. (5)

’asdzanif ‘i’iitchih{ (lb. ’awéé’ hayiinit, ’awéé’ hayiidzjsf), midwife (woman who causes a series

(6)

’ashchfinii, parents (the one[s] who gave birth to someone unspecified. “Ashchj, she gave birth) . (Bishchiinii, his, her, their parents. shishchj, she gave birth to me / shishchiinii, the one[s] who gave birth to me, my parents.) ’atsj’ naashchiin, mixed (collected) dried meats (used ceremonially). ’awééshchiin, doll (facsimile of a baby). ’azee’ bich’)’ doo ’achihf (or ‘achhhigif), contraceptive, birth control pill, medicine or medicinal plant that prevents conception (the medicine toward which birth does not occur). Ba’azhchinf, upper crossing of Piute Canyon (northeast of Navajo Mountain, Utah) (the one for whom a birth occurred, the one for whom a child was born). bee’ak’e’elchihf, pencil, pen, crayon, chalk, steel stamp (the one with which writing is done). bee’ak’e’elchihi téhigif, fountain pen, ink (the liquid with which writing is done, liquid writer). P-éélchifn (-chiin = -chj+ -[n]i, the one), P’s immediate relative on the mother’s side (uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, sister, brother) (shéélchiin, my immediate relatives on my mother’s side). béésh bee ’ak’e’elchihi, typewriter (instrument or

of births to take place.

(7) (8) (9)

(10)

(11) (12)

(13)

(14)

footprints are made with cornmeal and each family member steps into them.)

(26) k’osishchfin, cloud figure (in a sandpainting), small fleecy cumulus cloud (facsimile of a cloud). (27) tdichi, cajolery, flattery. (28) ti{shchiin, horse fetish, statue of a horse (facsimile of a horse). (29) ~~ naakiishchiin, twins (the two born). . (30) naashchiin, wild foods (the things gathered or collected). T6 ‘attah naashchiin, water gathered from various sources (as from the ocean, rivers, springs -- for ceremonial use). Ttah naashchiin, tallow collected from various sources (for ceremonial use). Ch’iyaan naashchiin, different

(31

types of food, assorted foods. ~—

or Superintendent).

(32) Sha Bik’e’eshch{, Shabik’eshchee Village (the sun is engraved on it) (Known also as Tsé Bik’e’eshchj, graven rock.) (A large drawing of the sun is visible on the face of a rock near an early Basket-Maker site located about one mile

Mexico. The site, consisting of a pit village kiva and storage bins, was excavated in 1926-1927.)

(33) tadidifin bee kék’ehashchiin, making of the Pollen Trail (in Holy Way Ceremonies) (facsimile footprints made with pollen). (34) té ’atah naashchiin, mixed waters (used ceremonially) (waters gathered together). (35) T6 Bajishchini, Born for Water, Fathered by Water (one of the two Culture heroes, sired by a

(36) (37)

apparatus with which writing is done).

(15) daghashchiin, false whiskers, false mustache (facsimile of whiskers or mustache). (16) dibéshchfin, sheep fetish, image of a sheep, statue of a sheep (facsimile of a sheep).

(17) dini’shchfin, game fetish (facsimile of game). (18) doo bich’j’ ’achihi, silkweed (plant used to prevent conception). (Ib. doo bich’’ ’ajitchihi, the one toward which a person does not give birth). (19) dlo hodichf, teasing, joking (a person is teased). (20) hashchiinii,

parents (a person’s parents. Ib. ‘ashchiinii, except that the object pronoun takes

(21)

the 3a form ha-, one, a person, instead of ’a-, someone unspecified). ho’dizhchfgi, birthplace (the place where a person was born).

naat’aaniishchiin, District Supervisor, Sub-Agency Superintendent (image or facsimile of the boss

(38) (39) (40)

waterfall). (The other Culture Hero is Naayéé’ Neizghani, the Slayer of Evils.) tsiighadshchiin, wig, hair-piece (facsimile of hair). ttah naashchiin, collection of mixed tallows (from different sources - used ceremonially) tsiighdjfchi, dodder (plant) (smells of hair). yishchiin (~ -shchifn), small likeness or replica. yoo’ bik’e’eshchinigif, bead containing an engraved design (bead upon which something is scratched).

NAVAJO: Although CH[ 2 and its 5 CHlo

derived stems are similar in shape to CH{1 and its derivatives, it is treated separately on the premise that itis probably distinct and separate. CH] 0 occurs with L-classifier as the theme in

CHI’

CH{>

# nahosdzéé bichith ~ nihosdzda bichiih (nahosdzdé ~ nihosdzad4 ~ nahasdzdan,

a verb base that describes the dribbling, piecemeal formation of a crowd and, by extension "have a nightmare ."

MPeeROS chith

A.TRANS.

AHA PERF.MEUT.

__chifh

ch

earth), red grease paint sometimes used in Holy Way. Dee

OPT.

Stem noun:

fine hairlike stickers (as those surrounding the base of a cactus

chifh

chiit

thorn); fuzz (as on a peach).

CHIH

TRANSITIONAL

# hosh bichffh (hosh, cactus), cactus stickers. # didzétsoh bichfth (didzétsoh, peach), peach fuzz.

1. L-(ti): ’ahfi-(@/@)(70): to gather (into a crowd, coming together in dribbles, one or two persons ata time). Ahfilchfth/ ’ahfilch{ (’ahinéiilchith:’ahindanéiilchih) (1st pers. dpl.) P-k’i’'ii-(@/@)(207): to have a nightmare (lit. unspecified S dribble in and form a crowd on top of P?) Bik’’iilch(h/bik'iilch{ (bik’inaaiiilchih).

(1)

(2)

OOOO

(PPA ‘*tshig > PA ‘*tshixY: red ochre. PPA ‘*tshig > *tshigY: be the color of CHif/

NAVAJO:

(PA *tshinY’ [O] (usually with n+ thematic]: be stingy. V. Krauss-Leer 1981: 35-36.)

bases relating to "redness (turn red, redden, rust, move red)," in causative-transitives with t-classifier "dye red, make red," and in Neuter Imperfective and Perfective bases, with di- or ti-thematic, "be red or reddish in color." The derived stems often occur in intensive

NAVAJO: Serves, with ni-thematic and @-classifier, as the theme in Neuter Imperfective verbs meaning "inaccessible, stingy, selfish." Only one stem form occurs.

form, with -x-, usually indicating a greater depth of color.

|. B-(ti): ni-(@)(657): to be stingy, selfish (i.e. to withhold accessibility because of the high value or esteem in which possessions are held). Nishchj’. # ’Aanishchj’, to be stingy, selfish (with unspecified P). # P-aa nishchj’, to be stingy or selfish about P, to hold P in high esteem or place a high value on P (and deny accessibility to it with respect to use by others) (as a prized possession - a rifle, camera, car). (3s subject: impersonal “it") H6échj’. 50): (2) ho-(@)(4 # P-aa hdéchj’, P is hard to acquire, hard to come by, not readily accessible or available (because of the high value placed on P, or because of its scarcity). # P-ch’’ p-aa héchj’, p (as liquor) is withheld, restricted or illegal for P, P (as a minor child) has access to p (as liquor) withheld.

(1)

Stem noun:

US/IT.

PERF.

A.CONCL.

chifh

chih

chit

B.TRANS. C.CONT D.DIST. E.REP. F.CURS. G.NEUT.

chifh_ chiih

chih chih

chii’ chili’

-

chir chii’

chih -

chih chiv-

FUT.

-

|. O-(tt): (1)

(@/si)(779): to put red ochre or rouge on O (as on a person’s face). Yishchith/shéchi? (nashchih:

naanashchith).

iI. D-(tr):

-

(1)

(chéch'il,

*Adi-(@/si)(24):

to put red ochre or rouge on

oneself. ’Adfshchith/’adeeshchi?’ (’Andddishchiih).

oak), oak rouge. # Chith t6~chiité (t6, water, spring), Sanders, Arizona (former name for Sanders; presently called tichif Deez’ahi).

89

OPT.

chiih chith chih chih — chiih

chih

A. CONCLUSIVE

red ochre, rouge.

# chéch’il bichffh

CHiiH

PROG.

IMP.

NEUTER IMPERFECTIVE

e ee O O

CHIIH, red ochre. Occurs,

with @-classifier and sometimes with dithematic: relates to color, as the theme in active intransitive and sometimes transitive verb

e e———_———_— e_—_—_——_— ——>—_———_ ———————_—

CHI’

red ochre, paint with red ochre.)

CHIl’4

CHif’

CHil’

B. TRANSITIONAL

the horizon or behind the mountain). Hadahachih.

|. O-(ti): (1)

yii-(@/@)(799): to turn red, to get sunburned (a light-complexioned person). Yiishchfth/yiichii’ (nadayiishchith). # Dah yiichffh, S turns or flashes red (a stoplight). P-fldta’ii-(@/@)(222): P blooms (with a red or pink blossom) (lit. something unspecified turns red or pink at P’s tip -- i.e. at the stem’s end). Bilata’iichith/bilata’iichii’ (bilatah naa’iichih). dii-(@/@)(340): S turns reddish brown (as the dried up needles of an old evergreen branch). Diichith/diichii’ (diichxith) (ndiichith:nddadiichinh). fnidinii-(@/@)(610): S fades and turns brown (dead evergreen needles), S rusts (as iron). Ndiniichxith/ndiniichxii’.

(2)

(3)

(4)

F. CURSIVE |, @-(ti): (1)

(yi)(757): S (something red but barely discernible, as the tail light of a car) is moving along. Yichih

(ndachih:naandachih).

G. NEUTER Imperfective . ti-ni-G-(ti): (ti- is identified as the t-classifier. In the presence of a preceding prefix, conjunct or disjunct, with no prefix intervening before the stem, ti- takes the shape -l- and is positioned in the classifier slot. V. Krauss 1969.)

Il. D-(tr): (1)

’Adii-(@/@)(30):

to dye or turn oneself red.

chith/’ddiishchii’

’Adiish-

(1) tini-(@)(518): to be red (naked, raw). tinishchi? (tichi?: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl; tichxi?’: intensive: be

(‘andiishchith:’anaddiishchih).

dark, deep, intense red; daalchif/daalchxi?: 3rd pers. d.p.). # T’da tinishchfigo, |’m naked, being naked.

Ill. £-(tt): (2) (1)

yii-(@/O)(799):

to dye O red, turn or make O red. Yiishchiih/yiitchii’ (néishchith:naayiishchinh). # Néishchiih,

to polish O (brown shoes).

C. CONTINUATIVE

(3) dini-(@)(323): S is pink, reddish. Dinilchi?. (4) ji-(-dzi-)(@)(323-324)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a red spot or patch. Dah jilchif?’. ha-(@)(518): there is a red area, the area is red. Halchi?. (E.g. ’E’e’aahjf halchi?, the western sky is red at sunset.)

(5)

|. G-(ti): (1)

# T’dd tichii’go, raw (as raw meat). ’a-(@)(518)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a red speck, dot or flag. Dah ’alchi?’.

na-(@/si)(573): S moves about (something red, as carlights, a torch, a red shirt). Naachiih.

Perfective

Il. D-(ti):

D. DISTRIBUTIVE |. @-(ti): (1)

(2)

(1) (2)

da’ii-(@/@)(303):

S (unspecified S - but understood as referring to cornsilks) turn red, heralding the imminent ripening of the corn (lit. something d.p. turns red). Da’iichiih/da’iichii’ (ndada’iichiih).

hadadi-(@/si)(374):

patches of red form or appear

(scattered about here and there, as scrub oak on a hillside). Hadadichiih/hadadeezhchii’ (handa-

dichiih:handdadadichiih).

E.

REPETITIVE

(3) (4) (5)

(6) (7)

(8) (9)

Durative

(10)

|. ©-(ti):

’aji-(~ ’adzi-)(yi): a red strip extends away into the distance. ’Ajichii’. P-ghdaji-(~ dzi-)(ni)(188): S is a transparent or translucent red (as a glass of red wine). Bighdjichii’/bighajichxii’ (intense red). di-(si)(310): a red ridge extends out to a point. Deeshchii’. ha-(yi)(437): there is a red outcropping or patch. Haachii’. (hadaashchii’: d.p.) ha-(si)(431): there is a red slope, a red slope rises. Haashchii’. hoo-(ni)(462): a red area extends along. Hoochii’. ji-(~ dzi-)(ni)(360): ared strip or streak extends away into the distance. Jichii’. kifji-(~ -dzi-)(@): a red slope extends up. Kijiichii’. k’fji-(~ -dzi-)(ni)(507): S is red-tipped (as a bird’s wing, an arrow). K’fjichii’. na-(si)(593): there is a meandering line of red spots, a weaving red line (as dribbled blood or

paint). Naashchii’/naashchxii’ (1)

hadaha-(O-Imp.)(374):

S (lightning) flashes (on

(intense red).

CHil’

CHI’

(11) na-(yi): there is a descending red line or streak. Naachii’/naachxii’ (intense red). (12) na’a-(ni)(554): a red streak runs across. Na’ichii’. (13) nda-(si)(569): there is a circle of red. Nashchii’. (14) naaniji-(~ -dzi-)(ni): a red strip or streak extends across. Naanijichii’. (15) (ni)(775): there is ared line. Yichii’. (16) nihoo-(ni)(630); a red strip or streak ends. Nihoochii’. (17)nji-(~ ndzi-)(yi): a red slope extends down. Njoochili’.

(25) chith, red ochre, rouge. (26) Chith T6, an old name for Sanders, Arizona or for an unidentified location nearby (red ochre

H. (1)

(2) (3) (4)

spring). (Lich? Deez’ahi, Red Point or ridge is the present name for Sanders.) (27) ch’iltich(f, tomato, radish (the red plant). (28) ch’iltichxi/, beet (the dark red plant). (Also used for tomato.) (29) Chijdiitchi?, Waterflow, New Mexico (red devil).

(30) ch’osh bitsii’ tich’igif, red headed bug (beetles (31) (32) (33) (34)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’ach’dayah halchif, upper side of the rib cage (red area of the underarm or armpit) (P-ch’aayah halchii’) ’atsdtchi?, western red tail hawk (the one with a red tail). ’ats’oos tichfigif, artery (red vein) (P-ts’oos fich(igif). ’awééchff, newborn baby (red baby). ’awochii’ (Ib. ’awétsj’), gums (of the teeth)(toothred)

(35) (36)

(37) (38) (39)

(P-wochii) . ’aydAshitchii’, redbird (red small bird). (’Ayaash, small birds, small bird class).

(40) dlozishzhiin bindghah dah tichfigif, Albert’s (41)

’azee’ bii’ jichii’, red core plant (Astragalus lonchocarpus) (medicine plant with a red streak inside).

’azee’ dich’if tichigif, chile, red pepper (Capsicum frutescens) (red smarting medicine).

(9) (10) (11)

(12) (13) (14)

(15)

(16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22)

(23)

(24)

with a red forepart). Daghaatchi’, Red Mustache (personal name). Deeshchii’nii, Red Point or Ridge Clan. dibétchi’, brown sheep (red sheep). dit biseel fich(igif, red blood cell (-seel = English "cell"). dit bee tichiigif, hemoglobin (that with which blood is red). dit bil’ ndaa’eetitich’igii, red blood corpuscles (the red things that float around in the blood). dittich’f, arterial blood (red blood). dittich?igif, red blood corpuscue (red blood). déliitchi?, chestnut breasted bluebird (red bluebird). squirrel (black squirrel with a reddish back). Dzit Lichi?’, Doney Mountain, Arizona (a volcanic cone northwest of Wupatki Ruin)(red mountain). Also Red Mountain, New Mexico (a location northeast of Prewitt, New Mexico).

(42) Halchiitah, Painted Desert, Arizona (among the

’azee’iitchihigif, mercurochrome (medicine that dyes things red). ’azee’ tichfigif, stoneseed gromwell (Lithosper-

red areas).

(43) Hashch’éétchi'i, Red God. (44) ‘jich’ahii dinilchfigif, pink moth. (45) ’iich’ahii tich?igif, red moth. (46) ké bee néilchihf, brown shoe polish

mum incisum) (red medicine plant). Be’ek’id Halchi’, Red Lake, Arizona (north of Fort Defiance) (red lake). Also Ganado Lake, Arizona. bee’eldggh bik’a’ bits’a’ béésh tichfigif, copper cartridge case (copper pod for a bullet). bee ‘iichihf (Ib. bee ’iilchihi), red dye (things turn red with it). bee ’iilchihi, red dye (things are turned red with it). bee na’adzooftichfigif, red chalk, red crayon (the red thing with which marking is done). béésh tichii’ii (or tich?igif), copper (red metal). béésh tichii’ii latsfnf, copper bracelet. Bidahdéchii’, Bidahochee, Arizona (red streak comes down the side - as the side of a mesa or rock). Bi’éé’ Daalchi'ii, Russians (red shirts). bichith, its fine hairlike stickers (as those ona cactus), its fuzz (as that of a peach). chdtchaa’ tich?igif, red rock-beaver (beetle). Chéch’il Dah tichfi, Ojo Encino, New Mexico (red oak up at an elevation). Chéch’il Dah tichi?, Star Lake, New Mexico (red oak up at an elevation).(Northeast of Crownpoint.) chidf bikéédéé’ tézis dah tichfigif, red tail light,

(47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52)

(that with which shoes are re-reddened). kélchi, moccasin (red shoe or footwear). kétsjjh halchii’, spurge (a plant)(red at the base).

Kinlichee, Arizona (red house up at an elevation)(reference is to a small Puebloan ruin). Kin tichi’, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico (red house). Kin tichii’nii, San Juan Pueblo people. k’ai’ fichi’, red willow (Salix laevigata) (red willow). K’ai’ Naashchii’ Bikooh, Bitani Tsosie Wash (located in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico)

Kin Dah tichii,

(meandering line of red willows wash). (53) k’aaldgii dinilchfigif, pink butterfly. (54) k’aaldgii fichfigif, red butterfly. (55) k’ishchif (Ib. k’ish tichi’, na’azhggsh), Rocky Mountain birch (Betula utahensis) (red alder). (Also known as streamside birch, black birch,

(56) (57) (58) (59)

brake light, red reflector (the red glass at the rear

end of acar).

91

sweet birch, cherry birch, water birch, canyon birch.) ldshgaan bee yiilchihi, fingernail polish (that with which fingernails are made red). teezh tichxi’f, red clay, red soil. *ééchaaichi’, brown or red dog. 4 dinilch/’f, light brown bay horse (reddish or pink horse).

CHIl’5

CHil’ (60) #{' bitsiigha’ tichfi’ii, roan horse with a red mane (and tail) (rea mane horse). (61) 4ftch?', bay horse, reddish horse. (62) nahachagii bijddd tichfigff, red-legged grasshopper.

(63) nahachagii dinilch?igff, pink grasshopper. (64) nahachagiitchfigff, red grasshopper. (65) nahosdzda bichifh, red grease paint (sometimes used in Holy Way) (earth’s ochre). (66) nahak’(zii tichigff, red cricket. (67) na’ak’aatchi’’, Bayeta cloth (red cloth). (68) na’ashjé’ii bijéf dah tichii’ii (Ib. na’ashjéii bijéigi dah tichfigif), black widow spider (spider that has ared spot on its chest). (69) na’ashjé’ii dinilch?igif, pink spider. (70) na’ashjé’ii tich’igif, red spider. (71) na’az¢oQzii tich(igif, red velvet ant. (72) naada’dtchif, red corn. (Ib. naaddtchi?’.) (73) naak’aatchi? (~ na’ak’aatchif'(, bayeta, red bayeta yarn (used, when available, to trim the rattlestick used in the War Dance). (74) naaléitchi’, parrot (Haile 1950:318). (75) naaltsoos dah tichi?, grazing permit (reference is to the red seal). (76) naal’aashffichfigif, red tarantula. (77) naayizftch(i (~ naayizftichff), pumpkin. (78) naayizitchi’, red squash. (79) Ni’ Halchi?’, The Red World (of the Creation Story). (80) ndoochii’, pinedrop (a plant). (81) fAdfshchi?, pinetree, Ponderosa pine (derivation uncertain). (82) sis tichf{, red woven sash, “squaw belt.”" (83) shdabitt’djiitchii’, short rainbows that appear on opposite sides of the sun during rainy or hazy weather (portending a storm), sun halo (the sides of the sun’s head are red). (84) Tdachii’nii, a clan name (people of the place where red descends into the water). (85) taniil’AftichPigif, red dragonfly. (86) tashchozhiitchi?, barn swallow (red swallow). (87) téél halchf, robin (the one with a red front). (88) Tdétché’ékooh (Tétchi’ikooh), Tolcheco, Arizona (red water wash). (89) tdétichxii, red wine, wine (dark red water or liquid) (90) t’dyaatchi?, red shafted flicker (red under the wing) (91) t’eeshchith, specular hematite (red ochre charcoal). (92) T?ddshchi’, a clan name (the ones from a place called “red underside.”), (93) tPizfchff, reddish goat, tannish brown goat. (94) t¥oh tichi?, red grass (Sorghastrum nutans). (95) Tsé Ch’échii’, Mesita, New Mexico (southeast of Laguna, New Mexico)(rocks emerging red). (96) tsétichi? (~ tsé tichfigff~tsétchi’), red stone, garnet, coral.

(97) Tsé tichif’, Atarque, New Mexico (red rock). (98) Tsé Nashchii’, Hunter’s Point, New Mexico (red ring of rocks).

(99) Tsé Naachii’, Hunter’s Point, Arizona (rock descending red). (100) tsétchif, red rock, coral, garnet. (101) Tsétchiit’aah, Rocky Point, Arizona (close to the red rock). (102) tsé’dst’éftchi? (Ib. tsé’dst’éftch’(i, tsé’dst’éitchfigii), red piki (i.e. made from red corn). (103) Tséni? Na’ichii’, (red strip runs across the middle of the rock. Unidentified location, said to be a home of the Yé’ii.) (104) Tséyaaniichii’, Rehoboth, New Mexico (a red line of rock extends downward and terminates). (105) tsiyaashitchi?, vermilion flycatcher (bird) (red under the trees). (106) tsidiitchi?, cardinal (red bird). (107) tsiits’iin tichii’ii, earth baby, child of the earth. (Ch’osh bitsiits’iin tich?igif, red skulled beetle, sand beetle.) (108) wéde’etchiihii, red horned beetle, stinkbug. Wdéde’etchfihii tich’igif, red stinkbug. (109) wolachi?, red ant. Wélachif’jf, Red Ant Way (ceremony). (110) w6lazhinf bitsiij? tich?igif, red-headed black ant (ant that is red as far as its head). (111) wédneeshch’fdii binda’ tich’igif, red-eyed locust (locust that has red eyes). (Red cicada.) (112) yoo’ fichi’, coral bead (red bead). (113) zabaah bee yichxihf, lipstick (that with which the border of the mouth is made red). (114) zahalchfii, red-mouth (solpugid or sun spider).

CHII’

The verb root CHII’4:(~ CHI’), be(come) red, functions as the stem in nouns of the type:

# -chilchii’ ~ -jilchii’, anus. (Cf. the Neuter verb dah jilchii’, red spot.) # ndoochii’ (derivation unclear), pinedrop (a plant).

Possibly the verb root CHII’4 ~ CHil’: be(come) red, functioning as the stem

-CHII’

in the noun fAdishchi’ (fdish-?), pine tree, ponderosa pine.

# ndishchiiyaazh

(-yaazh,

little, offspring),

pine

seedling, small pine tree. # fndishchif bitsiits’iil (bitsiits’iil, cone), pine cone. # fdishchif bits’iil (bits’iil, its fragment), pine cone.

CHIl’o

NAVAJO: Occurs, in combination with hdaa-(= hana-)-hi-thematic and tclassifier as the theme in a Neuter Perfective verb base meaning “sharppointed, tapering to a point (a dagger, nose, mountain peak).” CHIl’ often —

CHIJD,

CHII’» (5)

appears in intensive form as CHXIl’.

hadini-(@/si)(383): it snows and snows, it keeps on snowing. Hadinichif/hadinéezhchill. (E.g. dzitdi nihee hadi{néezhchiilgo biniinaa t’da ’dadi nihiiskd, we spent the night right there in the mountains because we got caught in a heavy snowstorm.)

1. £-(ti):

(1)

hdahi-(si)(424):

S is sharp-pointed.

Haahaash-

chii’ (h4éadhaashchxii’). (Cf. ZHEE’ A[l]5: hddhdshshééh,

# P-ee hadinichiit,

to sharpen O to a point.)

P is caught in a heavy

snowstorm.

’’nii-(O/@)(469): it starts to snow. ’I’niichif/ i niichif. (ni/ni)(757): a snowstorm arrives. Yichif/nchifl (ndana-chiit). # Nichifl (fichifl), it is snowing. # T6 bit Achill, a wet snow is falling. ni-(ni/ni)(648): a snowstorm moves as far as a

(6) Stem noun:

snowstorm, blizzard.

(Cf.

(7)

verb root CHIIL: to snow.) # chifl biddahjj’, into a blizzard, facing a blizzard.

CHIIL/ CHXIiL

(8)

(PA *tshitt’: snow. As verb (@ or dt): snow.)

CHIL

stopping point, the snow reaches (a point and

no further) . Niichif/ninichi (ninddnachif). # -jj’ niichif, it snows as far as - (a place). (E.g. dzit bitsjjjj’ ninichi, it snowed as far as the base of the mountain [where the storm came to a stop].)

“*tshit?

NAVAJO: As a stem noun CHIIL has the meaning “snowstorm.”

The root

B. CURSIVE

occurs, with O-classifier, as the theme

in verb bases that describe the movement of a snowstorm. The arrival of the storm (ni-Perfective) is equi-

|. @-(ti):

valent to “it is snowing.” CHI{iL often appears in intensive form as CHXIIL. IMP.

UST.

PERF.

A.MOM.

chit

chit

chil

B.CURS.

=

=

:

A.

(yi)(774): a snowstorm is moving along. Yichiit (ndandachiff). # ’Aadéé’ yichiit, there comes the snow! # -g66 yichift, a snowstorm is moving along . (E.g. dzitbaahg66 yichiit, a snowstorm is moving along the mountainside.)

(1)

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

chit

chit

chit

:

-

MOMENTANEOUS

C.

|. O-(ti):

(1)

chil,

NOUN DERIVATIVES

snowstorm. ee

(1)

(2)

’a-(@/yi)(473): snowstorm moves away out of sight, a snowstorm passes, it stops snowing. lich fA/’fichM (andanachift). # P-ch’ddh ’iichift, P gets snowbound (a snowstorm moves in obstructing P). # Y66’ ’iichift, a snowstorm moves away and

NAVAJO: Basic meaning “become/be ugly, nasty .” Occurs with O-classifier and ha-/ho- as pronoun subject as the CHIJD4 theme in verb bases relating to anger, and with t-/L-classifier and ha/ho- as the impersonal 3s object in causativetransitive themes meaning “make angry.” The Perfective stem appears both as CHJJD and as CH)’.

disappears, the snowstorm is over. ch’(-(ni/ni): a snowstorm moves out horizontally (as from a canyon). Ch’échiit/chinichil (ch’-

ndanachiit). # P-k’i ch’{nichill,

the snowstorm passed over

IMP."

P. (E.g. nihik’i ch’inichifl t?'éédg@’, the

(3)

(4)

snowstorm passed over us last night.) di-(@/si)(313): a snowstorm starts to move. Dichift /deezhchil (ndddichif). # P-ee dichiit, P gets snow. (E.g. t’ééddéa’ nihee deezhchifl, we got snow starting last night.) # T6 bitdichiit, to get wet snow.(E.g. t’éédda’ t6 bit deezhchifl, a wet snow started last night) ha-(@/yi)(430): it starts to snow. Haachiit/ haachiil.

UST

PERF.

EUTAZORS:

chijh_chijh_~—chijd/chj’—chijt__—chijh

AMOM. B.NEUT.

_chj’ A.

-

chj’

-

-

MOMENTANEOUS

|, O-(ti): (1)

P-zdho-(yi-Perf.)(261):

mouthed. swore.)

93

P became profane, foul-

(E.g. bizdhdédchijd,

he cursed and

CHD; (2)

CH{jH

“things” (impersonal “it’) become nasty. Hachjjh/hdéchijd (nadhdachijh:naahachijh). # P-& hdchijh (P-ahdchijjh), P becomes angry, “gets mad.” (Lit. “things” get nasty for P). # P-ch’j’ p-4 hachjjh, p becomes angry at P, p “gets mad” at P.

IMP.

ha-(@/yi)(374):

ll. L-(tr): (1)

ha-(@/yi)(417): to cause “things” to become nasty (in a reflexive context). Hashchijjh/hooshchijjd (naahdashchijh).

# ’Ad& hAshchijh (’Adadhashchijjh), to become enraged (lit. to make things nasty for

A.DUR.__chijh

US/Tee PERRRSEUTE

ORAE

chijh

chijh

A.

chijjd

chijt

DURATIVE

|. @-(ti): (1) doo P-(@)da (170)(used only in a negative frame): to become hopeless, critical (as adverse conditions). Doo bichjjh da/doo bfichijjd da. # Dichin bik’ee doo biichjjd da, the situation became serious because of famine. (2) tida-(yi-Perf.)(705): to be mortally wounded. Tidadchijd (| or he was mortally wounded).

self).

# P-ch’j’ ’Addhdashchijjh, to get angry atP, become enraged at P.

Stem noun:

ha-(@/yi)(417): to cause “things” to become nasty. Hashchj’ (or Momentaneous hash-

# Chjshch’jjd, Stub-Nose (personal nickname).

chijh)/hddtchj’ or hdédtchjjid (nadahashchj’) # P-& hdshchj’ (P-4 hdshchijjh) (P-ahdashchj’), to make P angry, make P mad. # P-k’ijj’ hashchj’, to cause trouble for P, bring trouble on P. ndha-(@-lter.)(530): to disturb the peace, to “raise hell.” Nahdshchijh (lit. to repeatedly cause “things” to become nasty).

(2)

# P-ichjshch’jjd ~ P-ichjjshch’jj (-ch’ffd, lacking), stub-nose, noseless one. # Chijshdilf (-dil- < -difl, fleshy, big, thick), Big-Nose (personal nickname). # P-ich{shk’dah (-k’Adh, against, abutting), slope of P’s nose, upslope or point of a

mountain.

extreme),

“things” (impersonal “it”) are nasty. Hachj’ (ndahdchj’). # P-& hdchj’ (P-dhachj’), P is angry. (P-a hddéchijd, P “got mad,” became angry.) # P-ch’j’ p-ahachj’, p is angry with P, pis “mad at” P. P-zdho-(ni-Perf.)(261): P curses and swears, P is foul-mouthed, Bizahéchj’.

(1)

NOUN

tip or end of (P’s) nose.

# P-ichffldtah (-latah, tip, point, end), tip or end of P’s nose. # P-ichjshnif ~ P-ichffshni? (-nif?, middle, mid-

ha-(@-lmp.)(374):

C.

(chid/,

# dzit bichjjshk’ddh (dzit, mountain), upslope of a mountain. # P-ichjshlddd ~ P-ichjjshlddd (-lddd, tip,

|. B-(ti):

(2)

Chidf bichjshk’dah

car), hood of an automobile.

B. NEUTER

(1)

(combining form:

(-fchjjh). # Chijshchohi(~ Chijhtsohf)(cho- ~-tso-, big + -f, the one), Big Nose (personal nickname).

Ill. £-(tt): (1)

nose.

chjsh-, chifsh-)(PA *-chjx¥, nose.

point),

midpoint on (P’s) nose.

# P-ichjshtah ~ P-ichjjfshtah

(-tah, among,

within), (P’s) nasal septum. # P-ichifsts’in (-ts’in, bone), bone of (P’s)

nose. # Chijshyazhf (yazhi, little), Little-Nose (personal nickname).

DERIVATIVES

The stem noun ’Ad-, to produce two separate verb bases relating to the size or shape of the nose.

(Cf. Carrier

-tsin, -tsin:

be weak,

Imperfective

feeble.)

CHIJDo NAVAJO: Occurs, with @-classifier in a few verb bases with the meaning “hopeless, despairing.”

|. yi-ni-L-(CH{JH)(ti): (1)

yini-(@-lmp)(767): to have a nose like --. Yinishchffh. (E.g. ’Atsa yilch{jh, he has an eagle beak nose, a nose like an eagle.)

CHif{H

CHOZH

# -chxoshtaah (t?d&dh, bottom), underside of a quadruped’s belly. (Ib. -ch’oshtt’aah.)

Perfective

# -tsoosk’id

I. ’&4-L-(CH{JH)(ti): (1)

(-k’id, bulge, hump < K’ID:

form

a bulge, mound, hill), front surface of

the thigh, front of the femur.

’ay6f’&4-(yi-Perf.)(2): to have a big nose, to be big-nosed. ’ Ay6f{ ’aAshchffh (3rd pers. ’aydf aalch{fh).

Stem noun:

frost.

(~ ch’ichxosh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a splashing sound.

CHXOSH

CHO/SHO ee

(~ ch’ichog) Onomat. Imitates a chugging sound such as that made by a person walking in galoshes or in sticky mud. (Cf. kéchogii, galoshes.)

CHOG

(Cf. Koyukon -tsus: smash, shatter, break to pieces, and Sarci -tsuz, Eyak -kyytsh’: fart noiselessly.)

CHOZH

NAVAJO:

The basic meaning ap-

pears to be “pop, shatter,” extended to include the chewing and eating of leafy matter (hay, grass, lettuce, cabbage) and objects of the type “intestine, stomach, fabric.” Bases may include di-

Stem noun: male external sex organs. # cho’k’is (-k’is, lacking one), lacking one testicle. # Cho’k’isi, One-Testicled

-CHO’

(personal nickname). # k’ai’ bicho’ (k’ai’, willow), pussy willow, willow catkin.

# t{chogii (-chog < -cho’- + -ii, the one), stud horse, stallion.

CHOSH

NAVAJO: Occurs with @-classifier and di-thematic as the theme in a Neuter Imper-fective base meaning “bushy, fluffy, rumpled, disheveled, unevenly cut (hair). ” Often appears in intensive form as CHXOSH.

thematic: relating to noise. The root occurs with tclassifier in causative-transitive themes and in Passives with L-. Stems often occur in intensive form with -x- (as CHXOZH for CHOZH).

IMP.

UST

B.DUR.

chéésh chozh

D.SEM. E.NEUT.

chosh chosh

chosh -

(1)

di-(@)(313): S (as hair) is bushy, fluffy, disheveled, rumpled. Dichosh / dah dichxosh.

NOUN

(1)

DERIVATIVES

ni’g66 naazkaadf dichxoshigff, shag rug. ——

-CHOSH/ -CHXOSH

SFOPT.

chosh chozh chosh - chozh

chosh

chddsh

chosh_

chozh

chosh -

chosh -

chosh -

I. £-(tt): (1)

’ahihi-(@/si)(44): to pop O one after another (as fire- crackers, bottles). “Aheheshchxdd6sh/

(2)

P-’nii-(@/O)(218): to start to chew or eat O. Bi’niishchddsh/bi’niitchozh. ’i’nii-(@/@)(470): to start to eat (leafy matter), to start to graze (a ruminant). l’niishchd6dsh/’i’niitchozh (3rd pers. ’i’niitchéd6sh) (’ina’niitchoosh). ni-(ni/ni)(648): to finish eating O. Ninishché6sh/ ninftchozh. ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to finish eating (unspecified O). Ni’nishchédésh/ni’nftchozh. ta’di-(@/yi)(700): to graze around here and there

(3)

(4) (5) (6)

Stem noun: belly of a quadruped. (Ib. -tsoos, -ch’osh.) # -chxoshta’ (-ta’, between), area between the thighs of a quadruped. # -chxosht’66l (-tH’6dl, rope), cinch, saddle girth.

EUT?

A. MOMENTANEOUS

’ahihétchozh |. di-@-(ti):

PERF

(’ahindadhashchxdésh).

(a ruminant). Ta’ditchédsh/ta’diftchozh (tanda’ditchdé6sh).

Il. L-(tt): (1)

nd&ni-(si-Perf.)(560): to eat too much of O, overeat on O, Ndnéshchozh (ninddnéshchozh) (Perfective only). (ni-thematic: generic classifier

CHXQ’

CHOZH

F.

relating to roundness.) (2) na’ni-(si-Perf) (557): to overeat (on leafy matter). Na’néshchozh (ninada’néshchozh). (3) ndini-(@/si)(608): to eat too much O (leafy

k’ishchxosh, cry baby. nat’oh yilchozhi, leaf chewing tobacco, Beechnut

B. DURATIVE

brand chewing tobacco (the tobacco that is chewed after the fashion of a leafy O). naadaa’ dilchxoshf, popcorn (the corn that pops). naaldeehii da’atchozhigif, herbivores, herbivorous animals (the ones that eat leafy matter). naaltsoos dilchxoshi (Ib. naaltsoos dildoni), firecracker (paper that pops). tashchozhii, swallow (bird) (derivation uncertain). taa’ yiilchéshii, many colored rattleweed or rattlepod (Astragalus allochrous) (the one that is popped on the forehead). t6 dilchxoshi, soda water, soda pop (the water that is bubbly or effervescent).

I. £-(tt):

(2)

(@/yi)(764-780):

to chew or eat O (leafy matter, including the chewing of leaf tobacco and one’s mustache), to graze on O (as aruminant, on grass). Yishchozh/yitchozh (ndandshchozh) (3rd pers. yitchozh). # Chid/ bijéf P-’66’ yitchozh, battery acid eats P’s clothing. ’a-(@/yi)(123): to eat (unspecified leafy matter), to graze (a ruminant). “Ashchozh/'fitchozh yaa (naa’ashchozh) (3rd pers. ’atchozh).

C. CONTINUATIVE I. t-(tt): (1)

CHXQ’

na’a-(@/si)(549):

S (a ruminant) grazes around

here and there.

D.

SEMELFACTIVE

classifier + CHXOO’l) and a Comparative (ni-thematic + t-thematic classifier + CHXQ’l). The stems occur most frequently in intensive form, with -x- (CHXQ’ in lieu of CHO’).

yii-(@/si)(799): to burst, pop, explode O (as a toy

ballon, bag of air), to blow O up (as a car tire, by over-inflation). Yiishchxosh/shétchxosh (ndayiishchxosh).

(2)

dii-(@/si)(344): to pop or burst O (as a toy balloon, paper sack full of air). Diishchxosh/

détchxosh noise.)

(1)

(ndddiishchxosh).

A.MOM. B.CONT. C.NEUT. Abs. Compar.

(di-thematic:

dii-(/si)(342):

blood).

USN,

IeelRis,

(Ur.

ORT:

chxogh chxg’

chxggh chxggh

chxg’ chxg’

chxogt chxoot

chxggoh chxo’

chxdgi

-

chx6é’i

-

-

-

.

-

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti):

(nddyiilchxosh).

S gushes, spews, spurts (liquid,

Diilchxosh/deeshchxosh

IMP.

A.

yii-(@/si)(796): S bursts or ruptures (as a boil), S pops or explodes (as a sack of air), S blows out

(a tire). Yiilchxosh/yishchxosh (2)

(Possibly cognate with PA *tshin: smell, stink. Cf. Navajo CHAA’9: smell/CHON: stink )

NAVAJO: Occurs in both Active and Neuter verb bases. Intransitives, with ©@-classifier, have the primary meaning “spoil, ruin,'”’and causative-transitives, with t-classifier, express concepts of the type “wreck, mar, disfigure, spoil, ruin.” The Neuter distinguishes an Absolute (@-

Na’atchozh/na’ashchozh.

i. £-(tt): (1)

DERIVATIVES

béégashii yii’ da’atchozhigif, manger for feeding cattle (that inside of which cattle eat). ch’osh ’atchozhii, clothing moth (the bug that eats unspecified leaf-like or fabric O).

matter). Ndinfishchédésh/ndinéshchozh.

(1)

NOUN

P-’nii-(@/O)(217): S (milk, meat) starts to spoil or sour. Bi’niichxggh/bi’niichxo’ (binda’niichxggh). ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(374): space or area goes to ruin

(ndddiil-

chxosh).

(as a road that “gets bad,” a dam or reservoir

that "washes out"). Hachxgoh/hddéchxg’ (nahachxogh:naahachxogh). # ’Atiin P-ts’aa’ héddchxo’, the road got bad or washed out on P (i.e. to P’s detriment}.

E. NEUTER |. di-L-(ti): (1)

Adii-(@/@)(617): to start to become ugly. Ndiish-

di-(@-lmp.) (318): it bubbles, it is effervescent (as charged water, soda pop), it pops. Dilchxosh.

chxogh /ndiichxg’.

96

CHOQH

CHXQ’ C.

# P-k’ee ndiishchxogoh, to be greatly annoyed, irked or angered on account of P. (E.g. t’Aadoo shich’j’ na’flyda dago bik’ee fdiichxg’, | really got annoyed when | didn’t get paid.)

|. ni-O-(ti): ni-(@-Imp.)(657): to be ugly, disfigured, filthy, worn out, worthless (a person or thing). Nish-

(1)

(@/yi)(758): S spoils (as meat), S sours (as milk), S goes to ruin (as land), S breaks down (a mechanism), S becomes mussed up (as one’s hair), S becomes marred or disfigured.

(4)

NEUTER Absolute

chxd¢’f. # T’66 nichx6¢’f (t’66 nichx¢’f), it’s ugly, filthy, dirty, old and worn.

Yichxggh/yichxg’ (ndchxggh: nddnachxgoh). # Bit yichxgoh, P has a bad dream (lit. P’s sleep is ruined. E.g. shibit yichxg’, | had a bad dream.) # P-ts’Aa’ yichxggh, S spoils or is ruined on (for) P. (E.g. chidf sits’aa’ yichxg’, the car broke down on me - i.e. broke down to my detriment.)

Comparative

Il. nf-t-(ti): (1)

’aheenf-(O-lmp)(54): to be equally ugly, one as ugly as the other. ‘Aheenjfilchx97.

# P-it ’aheenishchx¢’7, to be as ugly as P. (E.g. nit ’aheenishchx¢’/, I’m as ugly as Il. L-(ti):

(2)

’aShodi-(O-Imp.)(7l):

(1)

to pretend to be ina bad

humor, pretend to sulk.

’Ahodishchxg’.

(Usitative/Repetitive stem?)

you are.) P-eenf-(O-Imp)(165): to be as ugly or repulsive as P. Beenishchx¢’f. (E.g. shinaaf beenishchx¢’f, I’m as ugly, repulsive or mean as my older brother.)

D.

Il. t-(tt): P-’nii-(@/@)(218): to start to mess O up, ruin O. Bi’niish-chxogh/bi’niitchx9’. ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(411): S (as rain, snow, a storm) ruins space or area (as a road, field). Hatchxggh/hddtchxg’ (ndéhdtchxggh:ndahatchxggh). k’66’a-(= k’ind’a-)(@/yi)(505): to erase O, obliterate O (as a mark or written word). K’éé’ésh-

(1) (2)

(3)

chxogh/k’éé’fftchxg’

(4)

bee k’éé6’élchxoghi, eraser (that with which something is obliterated, rubbed out).

(2)

chidichx¢’f,

(4) (5)

(k’ininda’ashchxooh).

(6)

(7)

ting, ruffle hair). Yishchxggh/yftchxe’ (nashchxgoh:naanashchxgoh). # P-ts’dd’ yishchxgoh, to ruin or wreck O for P (as chid{ bits’4a’ yftchxg’, | wrecked his

(8)

car, | wrecked the car for him - i.e. to his detriment.)

DERIVATIVES

(1)

(3)

(@/yi)(780): to ruin, wreck, mar, disfigure, spoil, muss up, ruffle O (as wreck a car, ruin a pain-

NOUN

(9)

old car, old “junker,” “old pot of a

car,” wrecked car.

Chidichx¢’/ haal’ahagi,

wrecking yard. ’66’chx¢’f, old clothing, used clothing, ugly clothes. ’E6’chx6’f ndahaniih, rummage sale. Héchxd¢’jf, Evil Way Ceremonies. ’inchx’f (Ib. ’anchx¢7, nichx¢’f), possessions, junk (P-nchx@’/, P’s “junk,” P’s possessions). kinchx¢’f, low quality house, ugly or run down house, “dump.” Kin Héchx¢’f, Manuelito, New Mexico (lit. ugly house. Actually the name of a nearby Puebloan ruin.) téchx6’f, sewage (filthy water). T6chx@’f bii’ Alinf, sewage pipe. Téchx¢’f dah siy{ sewage pond, Tséyi’ Héchx¢’f, Walker Creek, Arizona (ugly canyon). e e —e —— —— —_

B.

CONTINUATIVE

Stem noun:

|. O-(ti): (1)

na-(@/si)(591-594): to pout, sulk, be in a bad humor, be “mad at the world.” Naashchxo9’/ nishéchxQ’.

97

wild rose

(Rosa fendleri).

CH’AL

-CH’A

-CH’A

(B) Stem postposition: meaning uncertain. Functions as a component of a single verb base meaning “scold, berate.” Ba’dlta’f shich’ahdéddéshkeed (~ shich’a hdédésh-

NAVAJO: Cognate with the noun stem CH’AL: frog. For the reconstruction of “frog” see Krauss-Leer 1981:110.

(~ -ch’a-)

keed),

the teacher scolded me.

(Onomatopoetic: imitates a chewing sound or the glugging sound made CH’AG

when one pulls his foot out of deep mud.. Functions as the stem in the

noun construction: ch’agii (-ii, the one), red-winged blackbird.

(PA *ch’ixd, hat Stem noun: cap, headgear. CH’AH

CH’AL

# chaa’ch’ah

beaver),

IMPAaeUS Tlie RER ER Te

OPRIp

A.MOM. B.DUR.

ch’ddt ch’al_

C.REP.

ch’at

ch’aat ch’al -

beaver hat,

beaverskin hat or cap.

# bééshch’ah (béésh, hat, iron hat.

# Béésh bich’ahii the ones), soldier). # nashddfch’ah skin hat (a warriors).

metal),

8

helmet, hard

wildcat),

wildcat

type formerly worn by

# Naakaii Ch’ah (Naakaii, Hat, Utah.

B.

(G/yi)(779): S laps up O (as a cat laps up milk). Yitch’al/ yiyiftch’al (néftch’al:ndanéftch’al) (3rd pers. Yishch’al, 1st pers. not commonly used.) © & ’a-(O/yi)(125): S is lapping (something unspeci-

——_ ~—

Mexican),

Mexican

’Atch’al/’fftch’al

Noun stem with -ii- thematic in the construction -fich’ah, head of the

penis.

DURATIVE

. £-(tt):

fied).

-CH’AH

MOMENTANEOUS

P-’nii-(O/O@)(218): S starts to lap O up (as milk). Yi’niitch ’aavyi’niitch’al (Srd person). (Bi’niishch’ddt, 1st pers. is not commonly used.) ’i’nii-(O/@)(470): S starts to lap up something unspecified (as milk). ’Il’niitch’aat/’i’niitch’al.

(bich’ah-, their hats + -iithe lron-Hats (German (ndshdd/,

ch’at ch’at -

I. £-(tt): —= ~—

# ch’ahk’j’f (-k’jj’, aromatic sumac + -f, the one), straw hat,

ch’al ch’al -

-

A.

hat,

(chaa’-,

ch’at ch’at

C.

(Cf. ch’ah, hat.) # Hwiich’ah (hw-, possessive pronoun: a person’s), mescal (lit. the head of a

(naa’atch’al).

REPETITIVE Durative

ha’di-t-(ti):

person’s penis), —=k ~~

(di-thematic: oral noise.)

ha’di-(@-Ilmp.)(404):

to chatter, jabber.

Ha’dish-

ch’at. NAVAJO: The noun stem CH’AH: hat, is used as a verb stem in a few bases.

D.

CH’AH —=k~—

ha’ditch’atf, jabbers).

I. L-(ti): (1)

(2)

na&-(@/si)(568): to put one’s hat on backwards. Nashch’ah/nishishch’ah (nfndshch’ah:nindandashch’ah). yini-(@-lmp.)(767): to have a hat like -- (an object, like someone else’s hat). Yinishch’ah.

CH’AL

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

jabber-mouth, jabberer (the one who

(PA *ch’ixtt’, frog) Stem noun: frog. # ch’attsoh (-tsoh, big), toad. # ch’atdda’ (-dda’, food), large flowered wild asparagus (Erithremia grandiflora); lanceleaf

sage

(Salvia lanceolata).

CH’AA’

CH’AYAH

Noun:

CH’AYAH / CH’AAYAH / CH’AHAYAH /

IMP.

armpit.

# -ch’adhdyahghaa’ ~ ts’dhdyahghaa’ (-ghaa’, hair), underarm hair.

TS’AHAYAH

# Ch’ayahi, lower (main) crossing in Navajo Canyon, Arizona (named for a person called “the underarm one [or the one with underarm hair].”) ee

Noun stem

’a-.): ’ach’d,

(Occurs with thematized

meat hunger.

US /IT.

PERF.

PROG.

A.MOM.

ch’aat

ch’at

ch’aal

-

-

-

B.CURS.

FUT.

OPT.

ch’at

ch’aat

—————

SO

ch’at

NT

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. di-O-(ti): ‘ahidii-(@/@)(57): S taint or contaminate each other (by passing their odors or tastes to each other). ’Ahidiich’aat/’ahidiich’aal. P-{dii-(@/@)(182): S contaminates or taints P (as an onion taints milk). Bidiich’aat/bidiich’aal.

(1)

(2)

B. CURSIVE e e _—_—_—_—_—_———_—_—_—_— —s——_—_—

CH’AH

(Cf. Chipewyan -ts’ai: have a throbbing pain, Hupa -tsh’ak’: jump, hop [like a frog)).

NAVAJO: Occurs only in the single stem form CH’AH in a verb base meaning “have a fit or convulsion.” The base is constructed after the fashion of a Semelfactive transitive with a 3i (unspecified) object. (Fits, seizures and convulsions are attributed to incest.)

1. @-(ti): (1)

’ii-(@/si)(480): to have a fit, seizure or convulsion. ’‘lishch’ah/’ashéch’ah (naa’iishch’ah). # P-it ’iishch’ah, to squander P, waste P (as money) (lit. to have a fit in company with P. E.g. shibéeso bit ’ashéch’ah, | squandered my money.)

NOUN (1) (2) (3) (4)

(5) (6)

DERIVATIVES

’ashch’ah, fit, seizure, convulsion, hysteria. ’iich’ah, fit, seizure, epileptic fit. ’iich’ahii, moth, miller (the one that has fits). ‘lich’ahiitsoh, large moth. ’lich’ahjf, Incest Way ceremony (designed to dispel the effects of incest). ‘iich’ahii tatvid, water-scum (green) moth. nda’iich’ahii, spasm, seizure, convulsion. e em ee o

NAVAJO: Possibly cognate with CH’AL. Occurs only in a few verb bases concerned with a bad odor, CH’AAL especially as a bad odor emanating from an article (as an onion) that contaminates or taints another food item by passing on its unpleasant odor. Bases include di-thematic: stomach, oral, food.

|. di-O-(ti): (1)

di-(yi)(350)(with prepounded dah): a foul odor hangs in the air (contaminating it). Dah dooch’at.

(A) Stem postposition: in the way (obstructing), against (as a law against), intervening protectively (shielding), in place of (replacing). Hastiin Iéi’ shich’dah sizj, some man is standing in my way / shinaaf shich’Aéh naagha, my big brother shields me (lit. he goes about in front of me intervening) / shichidf sanf yée chiditsoh bich’dahjj’ ’anaa’a, | replaced my old car with a truck / t?éédda’ shich’aah ‘fichxifl, | got snowbound last night (lit. last night a snowstorm obstructed me) / tddithit beehaz’danii bich’4ah hdld¢ nt’66’, there used to be a law against liquor / ’atch’Adh (~ ’ahitch’agh) siidzj, we’re standing in each other’s way / ’Ach’édh (~ ’ddich’aah) sodizin, selfprotection prayer. ee " ee o

(Cf. Sarci

-ts’oh, -tsh’ozh:

embroider

with beads.) NAVAJO: Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in transitive verb bases meaning “decorate, design, embellish,” and in a few intransitive bases where the extended meanings appear to be unrelated to the basic concept “decorate.” The latter are in the nature of “slang.” Reflexive themes, with D-classifier, occur both in a literal and in extended form. RUT: PERG USViiaae IMP. eee

ORM:

ch’4ah

—ch’ah

ch’aa’

ch’ah

ch’dah

B.CONT.___ch’aah

ch’ah

ch’aa’__ch’ah

ch’aah

A.MOM.

CH’AA’

A.

CH’AAL

MOMENTANEOUS

(5) (6)

‘adi-(@/si)(24):

na’ashch’aa’,

to start to make a design, drawing

(2)

P-’di-(@/s) (212):

(3)

ch’aah/bi’déch’aa’ (bindd’dishch’aah). naa’ii-(O/yi)(580): to fall over and pass out (a

(Cf. Koyukon I-ts’og, Tanaina Itsh’uk’: move attached to a rope.

to trick P, outwit P. Bi’dish-

CH’AAL

Navajo perhaps includes a fossilized - + instrumental noun suffix.)

drunk), to topple over, “keel over ” (a slang

expression). Naa’iishch’dah/naa’fich’aa’ ch’éah away over??)

(lit. to

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier in causative-transitive themes meaning “cause O to move suspended,” and with L-classifier in intransitive (passive) themes meaning “move suspended.” The

Il. D-(tr):

Imperfective/Optative stems take high tone (CH’AAt) when the object in reference is a drop of water. Transitive bases usually refer to the movement (carrying, lowering, lifting etc.) of a relatively small object (as a purse, small bundle or box) by means of a handle or an attached cord. eeeeeeSSSSSSSSSSSSFSFSses

‘adi'di-(@/si)(I7):

to make a stupid mistake, to “goof.” ’Adi’dishch’gah/’Adi’déshch’aa’ (lit. to trick or outwit oneself). (A slang expression.) eee ee ee ee,

B. CONTINUATIVE

IMP.

US/IT_ PERF. PROG. FUT. eee

A.MOM.

ch’aat

ch’at

Bee oouRe

ene

SHEG :

_=—=——

Boel (1)

na-(@/si)(550): to paint or draw O (as a picture or design), to make O (a painting), to decorate O, illustrate O (as a book), use a trick hold on O

(in wrestling). Naashch’aah/nishéch’aa’ (ninaéaéndshch’aah).

(2)

(4)

na’a-(@/si)(550):

to paint a picture, make a drawing, be an artist. Na’ashch’aah/ni’shé-

Pe

5

Bina’ashch’aah/bini'shéch’aa’ (binindd’4sh-

(3)

(4)

DERWATIVES

bee na’ach’aahi, artist’s paint brush (that with which embellishing is done). bik’i na’ach’aahi, easel, drawing board (that upon which drawing is done). dj{j’go ’adeez’dago bee na’ashch’aa’, Maltes e Cross design (design formed with something that extends in four directions), na’ach’aah,

erat ;

oh atl

a :

MOMENTANEOUS

‘

:

:

; ie ; pened EU pee 2 bandle). vehep aa! fete onEUTY eek plgenasheh ae). Z SER (/si)F Ahashch aat/’ahatch’ddl (’andhashch’aat:’andahashch’aa}). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishch’aat, to lower O down from a height. # -g06 ’iishch’aat, to carry O away to (a designated destination). # Nahjj’ (~ nahgé6) ’iishch’aat, to move O to one side or out of the way. # Yah ’iishch’aat, to carry O inside (an enclosure, as into a house), # Y66’ ’iishch’aat, to carry O away and disappear with it or get rid of it. (2) ‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(379): to lower O, hand O down (suspended by a handle or by means of a crane). ’Adaashch’aa¥/’addatch’dal (’adanashch’aal:’adandanashch’aal). SER.(@/si). ’Adahashch’aat (’adahdshch’aat:’adanddhashch’aat). (3) ch-f-(ni/ni)(292): to move O out horizontally (as a bale of hay from a barn by means of a hayfork or trolley), to carry O out by its handle or by a cord. Ch’inishch’aat/ch’initch’aal (ch’indnishch’aatch’indanishch’aat). SER.(@/si). Ch’éhéshch’aat/ch’éhétch al (ch 'indhdshch’aat: ch’indahdshch’aat).

(1) na’ddi-(@/si)(546): to put on makeup, decorate oneself, paint oneself up (as a Pueblo dancer). Na’ddishch’aah/na’dédéshch’aa’ (nind’Adishch’aah),

(2)

aM

(1) ’a-(/yi)( 481): to carry O away out of sight (a small object, as a lard pail or yo-yo, sus-

ch’aah). naha-(naho-)(@/si)(530): to get a trick hold in wrestling. Nahashch’aah/nahoshéch’aa’ (nindééhashch’aah).

ROUN

~—ch’at_ch’aat

ia).

lI. D-(tr):

(1)

ch’44l_-

L. b(t):

P-na’a-(@/si)(226): to outwit, trick, fool, gyp P.

7

OPT.

et

ch’aa’ (ninda’ashch’aah), (3)

picture, painting, design

(something was embellished or drawn). ———————

or decoration. ’Adishch’aah/’adéch’aa’ (n’dishch’éah:nda’dishchdédh).

(1)

artist (one who draws or paints

pictures).

I, O-(tt): (1)

na’ach’aahi,

art, artwork, design, painting.

100

CH’AAL

(4) (5)

(6)

# P-fighahg66 ch’inishch’aat, to carry O past i (a stationary object). di-(@/si)(334): to start to carry O along. Dishch’aat/déshch’44l (ndishch’aat:ndddishch’aat). dii-(@/O)(344)(with prepou nded dah, off): to start off carrying O, start off with O . Dah diishch’aat/dah diitch’aal (dah nAdiishch’aat:dah

nahi’diitch’44l (nindhi’diishch’aatnindahi’diishch’aat). (13) fidii-(@/)(617): to start to move O up sus-

pended by a handle or cord, to lift or pick O up

’aal (ndaby its handle. Ndiishch’aat/Adiitch diishch’aat:nindddiishch’aat). (14) (G/yi)(780):

ndddiishch’aa}). ha-(@/yi)(432): to haul O up out, take O out, extract O (as a purse from a suitcase or drawer). Haashch’aat /hddtch’4dl (handshch’aat:handdnashch’aat). SER. (O/si). Hahashch’aat/hahdich’d4l (hanahdshch’aat: handadhashch’aai). # P-ii’déé’ haashch’aat, to take O out of P (as out of a box or suitcase). # P-fldk’ee haashch’aat, to take O out of P’s hand (dangling, as a purse, small string

boat, a box into a drawer). # Nii’oh yishch’aat, to carry O out of view. # Taah yishch’aat, to put O into the water.

# TAttt'4dh yishch’aat,

(15) yisdd-(G/yi)(773): to carry O (suspended) to safety. Yisddshch’aat/yisdaatch’dal.

ha-(si or @/si)(432): to climb up with O, carry O up, (as a bucket of water upstairs), to haul O up (as a bucket of water from a well). Hashish-

Il. L-(ti); (Probably a Passive derivation).

ch’aat or haashch’aat /nashétch’dal (handashch’aat:handdnashch’aat). SER.(O/si). Hahashch’aaV/hahdtch’44l (handhdashch’aat: handdhashch’aa}). # P-k’ee’aa haashch’aat, to carry O around P

(8)

(1)

to move away out of sight dan-

gling or suspended. ‘lishch’aat/’eeshch’dal (’andshch’aat ’anddnashch’aal). SER.(@/si). ’Ahiilch’aat/’aheelch’dal (’andhiilch’aat:’anaa# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

jishch’aat, to des-

cend, come down dangling (as from the

na-(G/yi)(595): to lower or hand O down (by its handle or suspended by a cord). Naashch’aat/

nddich’44l (nindshch’aat:ninddndshch’aat). SER.(@/si)(529). Nahashch’aal/nahatchdéal (ninaéhashch’aat:ninadhdshch’aat). # P-ch’j’ naashch’aat, to lower or hand O down to P. (10) (ni/ni)(564-657): to arrive carrying O, to bring O, take O (to a location or destination). Nishch’aat/ nfich’Aal (nanishch’aatndanishch’aat). # P-aa nishch’aat, to take, bring, carry O to 2 (as a purse to one’s mother). # -g66 nishch’aat, to take, bring, carry O to (a designated destination).

# T’A4 dikwihi P-aa nishch’aat,

’a-(@/yi)(481):

hiilch’aat) (1st pers. pl.)

(detouring around - as around a puddle). hidii-(@/)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (as a purse by its handle, a ham by its string). Dah hidiishch’aat/dah hidiitch dal

(dah ndhidiishch’aat:dah nadhidiishch’aa)).

(9)

to lower O to the

bottom of the water (suspended ona cord or rope).

of fish). (7)

to move O suspended (completive).

Yishch’aat/yitch’44l (ndshch’aat:nddnashch’aat). # P-iih yishch’aat, to put O into P (by its handle or by acord - as a bundle into a

(2)

to give a small

(3)

quantity of O to P (as a few coins or

apples). (11) ni-(ni/ni)(648): to carry O as far as a stopping

point. Ninishch’aat/ninfich’éal (nindnishch’aat: ninddnishch’aat). SER. (O/si)(621). Neheshch’aat/nehétch dl (nindhdshch’aatninaahashch’aat) # -jj’ ninishch’aat, to carry O as far as -- (asa

(4)

bundle as far-as the car).

# Tsé’naa ninishch’aat, to carry O across. or (12) n’dii-(@/O)(675): to take O down from a shelf peg (as a suspended purse or bundle). N’diishch’aat/n’diitch dal (nina’diishch’aat:ninda’diishch’aat). SER.(@/@)(537). Nahi’diishch’aat/

end of a rope). # Yah ’iishch’aat, to enter an enclosure dangling (a bale of hay into a barn, ora person, hanging from a rope). # Y66’ ‘iishch’aat, to move away and disappear dangling (as a person carried away by a helicopter). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(378-379): to descend, go down from a height (dangling from a rope). ’Adaashch’aat/ ’adaashch’dé¢l (’adanashch’aat: ‘’adanddnashch’aat). SER.(@/si). ’Adahiilch’aat/’adahaalch ‘€al (‘adandhiilch’aat ’adanddhiilch’aat)(we). # P-it ’adaalch’aat, P descends, comes down, in S (a person in an elevator), P comes down suspended (as by a parachute or

hot air balloon). ’ada’a-(~ bida’a-/nada’a-)(@/yi)(376):

rope).

101

unspecified

S descends suspended. ’Ada’alch’aat/ ’ada’oolch’dal (‘adana’dlch’aat:’adanda’alch’aat). # P-it’ada’alch’aat, P comes down (by elevator or parachute). ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to go out horizontally (as from a cave, suspended by a cord). Ch’inishch’aat/ ch’inishch’dal (ch’indnishch’aat:ch indanishch’aat). SER.(@/si). Ch’ thiilch’aat/ch’fhaalch’éal (ch’indhiilch’aat:ch indahiilch’aat) (we). # P-fighahg66 ch’inishch’aat, to pass by P (as a tower or tree, moving suspended by a

CH’AAL # P-k&a’g66 ch’inishch’aat, (5)

Dishch’aat/déshch’dal

(6)

to pass over P

# Taah yishch’aat, to land in the water (as a person dangling from a parachute). (14) yisdd-(@/yi)(773): to reach safety suspended (as by arope). Yisddshch’aat/yisdddshch’dal.

(moving suspended by a rope). di-(@/si)(334): to start to move along suspended, to have started to go suspended (in the Perf.).

(fdishch’aatndddish-

ch’aat). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dishch’aat, to start down (using a rope, as a mountain climber). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-it dilch’aat, P starts down in S (S starts down with P) (a passenger in an elevator). dii-(@/O)(344)(with prepounded dah, off): to start

Il. L-(ti): ‘adahidi-(@/si):

off dangling (as in a tramcar, or in the gondola of a hot air balloon). Dah diishch’aat/dah diishch’aal (dah ndiishch’aat:dah naddiishch’aat). # P-it dah diilch’aat, P starts offin S (a tramcar, hot air balloon). (7) ha-(@/si)(427): to ascend, climb up, go up suspended. Haashch’aat/hashishch’da4l (handshch’aat:handanashch’aat). SER. (@/si). Hahiilch’aat/hahaalch’éal (handhiilch’aat:handahiilch’aat). # P-ithaalch’aat, P goes up in S (as ina hot air balloon). (8) ha’a-(@/si)(401): unspecified S goes up suspended. Ha’alch’aat/ha’ashch’éél (hana’alch’aat: handa’alch’aat). # P-itha’alch’aat, P goes up, ascends (in an elevator or hot air balloon), (9) hidii-(O/@)(443)(with prepounded dah): to hang suspended (as from a rope or limb). Dah hidiishch’aat/dah hidiishch’44l (dah naahidiishch’aat). # P-aah dah hidiishch’aat. to hang from (alongside) P (as from a tree limb).

(10)

(3)

’Ada-

hidilch’aat/’"adahideeshch’dal (’adanddhidilch’dat). ‘ahidi-(O/si): S drip away out of sight one after another (as drops of liquid). ‘Ahidilch’dat/ ‘ahideeshch’gal (’anddhidilch’aat). # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’ahidilch’dat, S (drops) are falling one after another (as from a leaky faucet), P-zadi-(O/si)(606): S (a drop of liquid) falls into P’s mouth, Bizadilch’éat/bizadeeshch’dal (bizandadiich’éat). SER. (@/si). Bizahidilch’éat/bizahideeshch’dél (bizanddhidilch’gat).

B. CONTINUATIVE I. L-(ti): na-(@/si)(595):

to slump around, to be barely able to get around (as a person or animal suffering from illness or starvation). Naashch’aatnishishch’dal (ninddndshch’aa}). # Dah naashch’aat, to be hanging or dangling from a cord or rope (as a person who has been hung).

na-(@/yi)(595):

to come down, descend suspended (as by a rope). Naashch’aat/ naashch’dal (nindshch’aat :ninddndshch’aat). SER.(@/si). Nahiilch’aat/nahaalch’éal (nindhiilch’aat: nindahiilch’aat) (1st pers. pl.). (11) (ni/ni)(654): to arrive, come, go (moving suspended, as by arope,ina

ni-(ni/ni)(648):

I. t-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(594):

(nanishch’aat:

to move suspended as farasa

point. Ninishch’aat/ninishch’ddl (nindnishch’aat:ninddnishch’aal), # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishch’aat, to go

C.

across suspended.

(13) (G/yi)(779):

(1)

(yi)(779):

to be carrying O along (a bucket, purse,

by its handle). Yishch’at/deinfilch’aat (nddshch’at:naandashch’al). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishch’at, to be lowering O down at the end of a rope. # Dah yishch’at, to be holding O up by its

the mud - while suspended from a rope).

to strike against P (while

dangling -as a personona

CURSIVE

I. £-(tt):

to move suspended (completive).

Yishch’aat/yilch’dal (nashch’aat:nddnashch’aat). # P-iih yishch’aat, to land in P (as in a boat, in # P-k’&éh yishch’aat,

to carry O around suspended (a

canteen, string of fish). Naashch’aat/nishétch’dal. # Dah naashch’aat, to hold O up in the air, # -g66 nishétchdal, to make around trip carrying O.

tramcar, balloon, hang

glider). Nishch’aa¥/nishch’édal ndanfshch’aat). (12)

S (drops of liquid) fall downward

one after another, it leaks (as a faucet).

rope who

strikes against a canyon wall).

handle or suspended by a cord (bucket, fish on a line). # Gonaa yishch’at, to be carrying O across.

# Tatt?dah yishch’aat, to descend to the bottom of the water (suspended, asa diver).

102

ChiEES Stem noun ch’ee + pluralizing -ké ~ ké’é: granddaughters and nieces collectively. (Cf. Sarci tsika; Beaver ts’ékei; Chipewyan ts’ékwii; Carrier ts’eke, woman; Navajo ch’ikééh, maiden, young woman.)

Il. L-(ti):

CH’EEKE/ CH’EEKE’E

(yi)(779): to be moving along suspended (as by a cable or rope -- an aerial tram, parachute, hot air balloon); to swing along (as a monkey, swinging from limb to limb). Yishch’ at/deiniilch’aat (nddshch’at:ndandadshch’at). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishch’at, to be coming down suspended (as by parachute, or dangling from the end ofa rope). # P-ityilch’at, P is riding along in S (a cable car)(lit. it is moving along suspended with P). # Géonaa yilch’at, S is moving along across (as a tramcar). ’a-(yi)(367): unspecified S is moving along suspended (as a cable car). ‘Oolch’at (na’oolch’al). # P-it ’oolch’at, P is riding along in a cable car. # P-it ’adah ’oolch’at, P is riding downina cable car.

(1)

(2)

D.

(2)

Noun (derivation unknown): sister’s daughter, young daughter. (Cf. young woman.) — maiden, — ’ ch’ikééh, — -CH’EEKE

(PPA

“*tsh’igh

[@] [with

*tsh’egh].) NAVAJO: Occurs with di-thematic: relates to the mouth, stomach, food, and ©- classifier in a Transitional verb base meaning “open the mouth,”

and with D-classifier in a Neuter base meaning “have

or hold the mouth open."” ere

the mountaintop dangling,with people).

A.TRANS. B.NEUT.

dzitbaah hot hdddaalch’atigif, mountain cable car. hot hdddaalch’atigif, passenger elevator (that which is repeatedly pulled up dangling, with

(3) (4)

*tsh’ix > PA

*di-thematic]: have mouth open *tsh’e’x > s nal ee e [transitio p CH’EE’

NOUN DERIVATIVES

'a’dddéé’ hot hdddaalch’atigi, mineshaft ee dzit bighéa’ gddeg hot haddaalch ’atigif, aerial tramcar (that which is repeatedly pulled up to

(1)

——————————————————

IMP.

US./IT.

PERF.

ch’ééh_ -

ch’ah -

ch’ee’ ch’a

FUT.

OPT.

ch’ah

ch’ééh

A. TRANSITIONAL

people).

(5)

(6)

Jaa’ N’dilch’ati, Droopy Ears (personal nickname). kin biyi’ hot haddaalch ’atigif, passenger elevator.

. di-O-(ti):

Noun stem:

daughter

dii- (9/0)(344): to open the mouth. Diishch’ééh/ diich’ee’ (ndiishch’ééh:ndddiishch’ééh). # Bitbik’ee diishch’ééh, to yawn (lit. to open the mouth on account of drowsiness).

(1)

e e —_—— e —_—_ ———_—_—_

(female

speaking); father’s brother‘s son’s

daughter (female speaking). # shich’ééo0o! (vocative).

I. di-t-(tt):

CH’E’EDAI

O-dii-(@/@)(183): to bore O, make O tired (as with uninteresting conversation, an oft- repeated story, a monotonous diet) (lit. to make O open

(1)

e e e —_———__ ——_ ———

Noun (derivation unknown: ch’é- ~ ch’i-, horizontally out + ’edai?): crosspieces that form the framework of the smokehole of a hogan (Haile 1950:305).

his mouth, make O yawn). Bidiishch’ééh/bidiitch’ee’ (ndbidiishch’ééh:naabidiishch’ 66h).

B. NEUTER I. dini-D-(ti):

—— —_————o—————eeere

Noun. (Derivation uncertain. Possibly ch’é-~ch’f-, out horizontally + 6d44’?): dooryard.

(1)

103

dfnf-(si-Perf. Irregular): to have or hold the mouth open. Dinfshch’a (déezhch’a: 3rd pers.)

CH’ID

CH'l

C.

(1)

NOUN

# Nich’i, a breeze is blowing, there is a breeze.

DERIVATIVES

hooch’a’, sea blite, seepweed (Suaeda torreyana). (Speculative. CH’A’ tentatively

Il. t-(tt);

identified with CH’EE’.)

(1) (PPA *k’iy > PA [{]: wind blows.)

*tsh iy ~ *tsh’Wi

woo-(@/yi)(747): to cause a breeze or current of air. Wooshch’jh/yltch’i (naddndoshch’jh).

# P-aah wooshch ‘fh, to winnow P (grain,

CH’l

corn)(lit. to produce a breeze or air

NAVAJO: Occurs with ©-classifier in intransitive themes describing the movement of a current of air: “blow a breeze or zephyr,” and with t-classifier in causativetransitive themes meaning “produce a current of air.” An air current or breeze is conceived as a moving thing, and the Perfective form marking its “arrival” is the equivalent of the English present “it is blowing.” IMP.

US/IT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

“OPT.

A.MOM.

ch’fih

ch’ih

chi

ch’ih

= ch’tth

B.CONT.

ch’i

ch’ih

chi

ch’ih

ch’

C.CURS.

ch’ih

A.

current alongside P).

B. |. @-(ti):

na-(@/si)(591): a breeze or current of air blows about, it is drafty. Naach’i/naazhch’i (ninddnach’i).

C. CURSIVE

-

|. O-(ti):

MOMENTANEOUS

(yi)(757): a breeze is moving along, a breeze is coming along. Yich’ih (ndach’ih:nadanaach’ih).

|. @-(ti): (1)

(5)

CONTINUATIVE

# ’Aadéé’ yich’ih, here comes the breeze! P-na-(yi)(230): a breeze or draft of air is blowing around P (as around a rock or building). Car ree Bindach’ih (binfndandach’ih).

’a-(O/yi)(473): S (air current, breeze) moves away out of sight. ‘lich’ffh/’fich’i (’anach’fih: ’anaanach ‘th). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iich’ifh, there is a draft of air coming down (as downa stairwell). # ’lich’ffh, it stops blowing (‘fich’i, the breeze died down, stopped). # Yah ’iich’ffh, a breeze or draft of air comes into an enclosure (as into a house). ‘ahééhi-(O/si)(48): an air current or breeze blows around and around in a circle, there is a swirling air current. ’Ahééhéch’fih/’ahééheezhchii. P-na-(@/si)(228): a breeze blows around P (as around a rock or a building). Bindch’fth/binazhch’i (binfnddanach ‘iih). ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): a breeze or current of air blows out horizontally (as from a canyon or doorway). Ch’éch’fth/ch’inich’i_ (ch’fnach ‘ith:ch indanach’fih). di-(@/si)(313): a breeze starts to blow, a breeze

comes up. Dich'fth/deezhch’i

D.

DERIVATIVES

bithadch’i, western thoroughwort (Eupatorium occidentale) (its scent is carried on the breeze). teeshch’ih, ashes. nitch’i, air, atmosphere, breeze, zephyr, wind, spirit, ghost, soul. (P-nitch’i) Nitch’i Diyinii, the

Holy Ghost (Christian term). Nftch’itsoh, December (big winds). Nitch'its’6s/, November (mild winds - lit. slender winds). tséghanitch’i, common purslane, pussley, verdolaga (Portulaca oleracea); also lemon scent, chinch weed (Pectis angustifolia) (its scent is carried through the rocks). Tséta’ Ch’ééch’'ih, The Haystacks (near Window Rock, Arizona) (a breeze blows out from between the rocks).

(ndddich’ih).

# Ndahookgsdée’go (shddi’ddhdée’go, ha’a’aahdée’go, 'e’e’aahdée’go) deezhch’i, a north (south, east, west) breeze came

NOUN

up.

ha-(@/yi)(430): a current of air, draft, breeze comes up out (as from an elevator shaft or cellar), a breeze starts to blow. Haach’ith/haa‘fh). ch’i (hanach'ifh:handanach (ni/ni)(627-757): a breeze comes up, there is a breeze (in the Perf.). Yich’ith/nich’i (ndch’th: ndanach'th).

Noun stem:

ch’idf (-f, the one),

buffalo robe, robe.

CH'ID

# dibé ch’idf (dibé, sheep), sheepskin robe.

# gah ch’idf (gah, rabbit), rabbitskin robe.

104

CH’ID

-CH’'ID

Hahashch’iid/nahdch’id handdhashch’iid).

Noun stem, with -iish-prefix in: -iishch’id (P-iishch’id), womb, uterus.

-CH’ID

# P-ii’ haashch’iid, to scratch or paw O out of P’s interior (as seeds out of a squash or

# dibé biishch’id (dibé, sheep), the placenta and umbilical cord of a

melon). ha’a-(@/yi)(403): to hollow out by scratching or pawing (lit. to scratch or paw something unspe-

(9)

sheep.

ee

(PPA *k’it? >

cified out). Ha’ashch’iid/ha’fich’id (hand’dshch’iid:handa’ashch’iid). # P-ii’ ha’ashch’iid, to hollow P out, take out P’s interior (by scratching or pawing - as the interior of a loaf of bread ora melon). (10) ha-P-’nii-(@/@)(372): to start to paw or scratch P out, start digging for P (with hand or paw - as in digging out water in an arroyo bed). Habi’niishch’iid/habi’niich’id (hanabi’niishch ‘iid:hanaabi’niishch’iid). (11) hahwii-(= hahohi-)(@/si)(397): to dig a hole with id hands or claws. Hahwiishch’iid/hahoyéch (handdahwiishch’iid). (12) hodi-(@/yi)(452): to grope, feel around with hands or paws. Hodishch’iid/hodéch’id (ndahodishch’iid). (di-thematic: relates to arms and legs.) # P-(kd hodishch’iid, to feel around for P, grope for P.

PA *tshit’ [):

scratch.) CH'ID

NAVAJO: Occurs, with O- and Dclassifiers, in verb themes describing

a pawing or scratching action performed with the hands or paws, and as the theme ina

construction with the extended meaning “manage (a business, enterprise), handle (a tractor).”

A.MOM. Trans. B.CONT.| C.REP. D.SEM.

IMP MER USTITA

WPERF. © FUT:

©RIe

ch’iid = chi’

ch’id

ch’it

ch’iid

ch’id — ch’i’

ch’id

ch’it

ch’id

ch’id _ ch’id

ch’id

ch’id

ch’id

A.

(hanahdshch’iid:

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(tt):

Il. D-(tr):

’ahani-(ni/ni)(40): to rake O (as pebbles) together into a pile with hands or paws, paw or scratch O together. ’Ahaninishch’iid/’ahaninich’id (’ahaninanishch’iid: ’ahaninaanishch iid). /yi)(151): to paw or scratch the P-4A’di-(@ (2) covering off of P, uncover P by pawing or scratching the covering off (as a buried object). iid: Bda’dishch’iid/b4é’diich’id (banina’dishch cover.) c: (di-themati bdaninda’dishch’iid). (3) P-(-(O/yi)(155): to scrape P (with fingernails or with a rough object), scour P (by scraping - as a dirty skillet). Béshch’iid/bééch’id (bindanashch’iid). (4) P-k’fho-(ni/ni)(206): to find P by groping for it ina pawing manner, to feel around for P (lit. to paw or scratch an area or space upon P). Bik’thonishch’iid/bik’thonich’id (bik ’inadhonishch’iid). (5) P-k’(’(a)-(ni/ni)(207): to find P by pawing or feeling for it (lit. to paw something unspecified upon P). Bik’(’nishch’iid/bik’?nich’id (bik’inda’nishch’iid). P-’nii-(@/O)(218): to start to scratch or paw O. Bi’niishch’iid/bi’niich’id (binda’niishch’iid). (7) ’i’nii-(@/B)(470): to start to scratch or paw (an unspecified P). ’I’niishch’iid/’i’niich’id ('inda’niishch’iid). (8) ha-(G/yi)(432): to dig O out with hands or paws, to scratch O out (as water in an arroyo bed, a buried bone). Haashch’iid/hddch’id (hanashch’iid:handanashch’iid). SER.(@/si) (392).

(1)

(1)

’Adi’nii-(O/O)(17): to start to scratch oneself. ’Adi’niishch’iid/’adi’niishch’id.

B. CONTINUATIVE |. @-(tt): na-(@/si)(595): to manage O (a business, live stock enterprise), to handle O (as a tractor, ship). Naashch’id/nishéch’id. na’a-(@/si)(550): to feel around with one’s hands, grope around (as in searching for something in the dark) (lit. to paw or feel around on something). Na’ashch’id/ ni’shéch’id (ninda’ashch’id). # P-aah na’ashch’id, to frisk P, search P’s person (as a criminal) (lit. to feel arou nd alongside P). # P-(k4 na’ashch’id, to search for P, feel or paw around after P (to get it). # P-ii’ na’ashch’id, to feel around inside of P (as inside a bag or purse). bee na’ashch’id, I’m # Shfla’ t’4é ’atch’ishjf ambidextrous (I feel around with my hand on either side). (3) naha-(-ho-)(@/si)(530): to scratch around, paw around (lit. to paw or scratch around on space or area), Nahashch’id/nahoshéch’id (ninda-

hashch’id).

105

CH’ID

CH’IL

# P-ii’ nahashch’id, to feel around inside of P (as inside a bag or purse), to rummage around in P. # P-za’azis nahashch’id, to feel around, rummage around in P’s pocket. (E.g. siza’azis nahashch’id, I’m feeling around in my pocket.)

(3)

(4) (5)

(6) Cc.

REPEMMVE

(7)

Durative

|. G-(tt):

(2) (3)

(8)

(@/yi)(780): to scratch O (as anitch). Yishch’id/ yich’id (néandshch’id). ’a-(@/yi)(123): to scratch (something unspecified). ’Ashch’id/’fich’id (naa’ashch’id). ha-(ho-)(@/si)(417): to scratch an area (as an itching area). Hashch’id/hééch’id (naahashch’id), ha-(ho-)(@/si)(417)(with prepounded P-tsiitaa, among P’s hair): to feel around in P’s hair, run the fingers through P’s hair. P-tsiitaa hashch’id/P-tsiitaa hoshéch’id.

(9)

(10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

(15) I]. D-(tr): ‘Adi-(O/yi)(24): to scratch oneself (as in scratching anitch). ’Adishch’id/’Adeeshch’id (’Andddishch’id). ha-(@/si)(417)(with prepounded ’atsiitaa, among own hair): to run the fingers through one’s own hair. ’Atsiitaa hashch’id/’atsiitaa hoshishch’id.

bii’ ha’ooch’id, cleaned yucca fruit (it has been clawed out inside - i.e. the seeds have been removed from its interior). déétdaa’ bee ’ddich’idi, cranebill scratcher (the cranebill with which self-scratching is done). dibé haich’iid/, silky sophora, sheep scratch (Sophora sericea) (the one that sheep paw out). dishch’id, eczema, scabies, dermatitis, itch. Dishch’id ’azee’, itch medicine. dishch’id ’azee’, King birdbeak (Adenostegia Kingii). kébaah dishch’id, scabs and rash that form on the feet, epidermophytosis interdigitalis (itch alongside the feet). nahashch’id/, badger (the one who scratched or pawed the ground - the digger). Nahashch’idf, Naschitti, New Mexico. nahashch’id ’aghdat, badger (skin) rattle. na’ash¢’ii hda’ach’iidf, leopard lizard (the lizard that digs out). naach’id, management. Dibé naach’id, sheep management. ni’hach’idf, grasping beetle (the one that paws or grasps the ground). T6 Haach’i’, Tohatchi, New Mexico (water is customarily scratched out) (in the arroyo bed).

(pl ch’iké ~ ch’ekéf) Noun: young woman, adolescent, teenage girl, CH’IKEEH | maiden (woman in the 13-30 year age group).

Seriative

Ill. @-(tt): (1)

CH'IL

nani-(@/si)(562):

eagle plant

to paw at O (a series of pawing

or scratching actions).

‘id. Ndanishch’id/nanéch #

D.

SEMELFACTIVE

#

I. O-(tt):

#

yii-(@/si)(797):

shétch’id

E. (1)

(2)

Stem noun: plant, shrub. (Cf. verb root CH’IL be[come] curly.) # ’atsd ch’il (’atsa-, eagle),

to give O a scratch. (ndayiishch’id).

Yiishch’id/

#

#

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’anaghahdéé@’ bee yich’id/, back scratcher (that with which a back is scratched) (P-nadghahdéé’ bee yich’idf) bee ’adich’id/, scratcher, back scratcher (that with which self-scratching is done).

# #

#

106

(Lupinus

kingii). # ’ayanfbich’il (‘ayan/, buffalo), bison plant (Lepachys tagetes). chéch’il~ tséch’il (ché-~tsé, rock), oak, oak tree (Quercus). chéch’iltah (-tah, among), oak thicket; Cheechilgeetho, New Mexico. chéch’iltsoh (-tsoh, big), Sesiltso Spring, Arizona. tsiyaa chéch’il (tsi < tsin, tree + -yaa, under), barberry bush (lit. oak under the trees). ch’il’éé’ (-’66’, garment), the braided wreaths tied on a patient in certain ceremonies. ch’ilatah (~ ch’illatah)(-ldtah, tip, end), tip end of a plant. ch’ilzh66’ (-zhd66’, tuft), silver sagebrush, silver sage, silver wormwood (Artemisia filifolia). Ch’ilzhé66’, Chambers, Arizona.

CH'IL

CH’IL

(PPA CH’L

probably

*k’ith > PA *tsh Mtr

[©]:

bi’niitch’iil.

shrivelled. [t-causative] [li][with *dithematic]: fire crackles. [li] [with *ntthematic]: have the eyes closed. Repetitive: blink. Transitional

Nl. ni-L-(ti): / L-(ti):

*k’Witr > *tsh’Wit?: close the eyes.

PPA

P-’nii-(@/O)(218):

(2)

contract into distorted shape, become

also Tlingit xed! yat’ig”g™: there is lightning - literally: and the verb

(néilch ’fft:ndayiilch iA). nii-(@/@)(670): to close one’s eyes. Niishch’if/ ‘if. niishch’iil (ndniishch’ft:nddniishch # Jiniilch’iil nahalingo chahdéthéél, it became dark as night, pitch dark (lit. as dark as when a person closes his eyes).

Also

and see -gesh.

the noun PPA *k™it? > PA *tsh’W#t’’: underbrush

(2)

“be brushy.”)

NAVAJO: The primary meaning appears to be “curl, shrivel, contract into distorted shape.” Occurs: (1) with © and with t-classifier in intransitive and in causativetransitive Semantic Themes with meanings of the type “curl, shrivel, twitch;” (2) with ni-thematic: terminative,

C. CONATIVE (?)

and L-classifier in themes meaning “close the eyes, blink;” and

PEE Cth):

(3) with di-thematic: fire and L-classifier in

themes describing the crash of a lightning bolt, the crackle of a fire and, by further extension, the peeling (“popping off”) of bark from a dead tree, paint from a

P-f-(G/yi)(153): S peels or flakes ("pops") off of P (bark, paint, skin). Bélch’iit/béélch’il (binalch’iit:b(nddndlch’iit). (The form bélch’iit appears to be asimple Passive, and suggests a corres-

(1) —

board or dried skin, as from a person’s hand. The root serves as the noun stem CH’IL,

plant, weed, which functions, with di-thematic and tclassifier as the theme in Neuter Perfective bases relating to vegetation and brushiness. The connection between “blink” and “lighten,”

ponding Active with the shape béshch iit, | peel O off of it. However, the latter form is not used.)

D.

described with reference to Tlingit, appears to obtain also in Navajo.

CONTINUATIVE

|. £-(tt):

IMPMECUSMITIPERFRe ch’it ch’ift A.MOM. ch’fft — ch’it B.TRANS. ch’it ch’iit C.CON. ch’it D.CONT. | chil E.CONCL ch’it ae. ch’it = chit G.SEM. : H.NEUT.

A.

FUT Im OPT.

ch’il chill ch’il chil

chit cht ch’it Chita

chit chit —ch’iit sechil

ch’it chil

ch’it -

= ch’it =

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-L-(ti):; (te- = teeh, into the ground) te’di-(@/yi)(516):

(1)

Bi’niishch’{/

yii-(@/@)(796): S curls up, becomes curly (as hair), S ripens (corn - because the leaves curl when the corn gets ripe). Yiilch ff/yiilch iil

(1)

For the connection between “blink” and “lightning” cf.

“Thunderbird blinks repeatedly,”

to start to curl O.

na-(@-lmp.)(595)(with prepounded dah): S wiggles or twitches its nose (as a horse), S crinkles its nose (as a rabbit), to wiggle one’s ahuman). Dah naashch'il (dah nose (as neitch’il: 3rd pers.) # P-ich{fh dah neitch’il, it wiggles, twitches or

= (1)

crinkles its nose.

I. di-L-(ti): n’di-(@/si)(672): there is an electrical storm (i.e. lightning strikes here and there around),

(1)

N’dilch’il/n’deeshch’il

a bolt of lightning strikes (i.e..

crashes into the ground). (tenda’dilch’ff). # P-itte’dilch’fft,

(ninda’dilch’il).

te’dilch’ift/te’doolch’il

E. CONCLUSIVE

P is struck by a bolt of

lightning (a tree, person).

I. £-(tt): B. TRANSITIONAL 1. £-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/@)(799): to curl O, make O curly (as hair). if). Yiishch ift/yiitch’iil (néishch’iit:nddyiishch # Shinii’ dah yiishch’ff, | scowl, frown (lit. | curl or shrivel up my face).

(1)

(@/si)(780): to undercook O, cook O rare, roast O (green chile). Yishch’il/shétch’il (ndanashch’il).

CH’IL

F.

CH’{LADEI

REPETITIVE

|. NOUN DERIVATIVES

Durative

ch’il, plant,

. di-L-(ti):

(1)

di-(O-Imp.)(318): S crackles and pops (as burning juniper wood). Dilch’it.

‘azeediilch’itii,

SEMELFACTIVE

. di-L-(ti): (1)

’adii-(@/si)(29):

Chéch’iltah,

’Adiilch’it/

(14) nii-(@/si)(670):

to blink (one time). néshch’it (nddniishch’it).

H.

Niishch’it/

NEUTER

. B-(ti): (1)

Cheechilgeetho, New Mexico

(location of a Federal school, southwest of Gallup, New Mexico). ch’il ’abe’é, milkweed (Asclepias galioides) (milk

thunder crashes, there is a crash

of thunder, a bolt of lightning strikes. ‘adeeshch’it (nda’diilch’it).

blue flowered lupine.

chéch’il (= tséch’il), oak (Quercus) (rock-plant). chéch’il bichifh, oak powder, oak rouge (used to paint arrows between the feathers) (oak’s rouge). chéch’il bika’f, scrub oak (Quercus undulata) (male oak). (Ib. chéch’il nt¥iz/.) chéch’il bindd’, acorn (seed of the oak). chéch’il ntVizi, scrub oak (Quercus undulata) (hard oak). (Ib. chéch’il bika’f.) chéch’iltah, oak thicket (among the scrub oak).

ni-(O-Imp.)(657): to blink one’s eyes (i.e. open and close the eyes repeatedly). Nishch’it.

G.

shrub, weed, vegetation.

‘atsa ch’il, eagle plant (Lupinus kingii). ‘ayant bich’il, buffalo (bison) plant (Lepachys tagetes) (buffalo’s plant).

(18 (19

(si-Perf.)(692): S is undercooked, rare, merely scorched or shriveled - as rare beefsteak).

Shich’il. # Béégashii bitsj’ t'66 shich’il, the beefsteak is rare (cooked rare),

plant). ch’il ’"ahwéhé (Ib. ch’il gohwéhé’), Navajo tea, Kalispell (Heuchera bracteata) (coffee plant). ch’ilatah ‘ats’os, fireweed, willow herb (Epilobium paniculatium) (feathery flowered plant - plant with down at the tip). ch’il binda’, seed of a plant or herb (the plant’s eye). ch’il biya’ (Ib. ch’il bich’osh), plant louse, aphid, tick, (plant bug). ch’il ’éé’, braided wreaths tied to a patient in certain ceremonials (plant-garment). ch’jjdiich’il, ghost plant (Tetradymia canescens). Dagha Yishch’il (DAghdshch’il, Daghdshcill), h Curly Mustache (personal nickname). nahachagii dilch’itf, crackling grasshopper (from the sound it makes when flying). tsétah dibé bich’il, narrow leafed fireweed, narrow leaf willow herb, blooming Sally

(Epilobium spicatum) (bighorn sheep’s plant).

DD We tsiigha bee yiilch’Ati, curling iron, curler (that with

(1)

yi-(si-Perf.)(780-796):

wrinkled, creased, shriveled, curled.

# P-tsii’ yishch’il, hair,

which hair is curled). ts’ahch’il, coppermallow, niggerweed (Sphaeralcea lobata) (sage-plant). wonaalch’ilf, larvae of the geometrid moth, measuring worm (the wiggling insect or bug).

S is (= O has been) P’s hair is curly,

Yishch’il.

P has curly

di-ni-t-(ti): (1) (2) (3)

‘ahééhodini-(ni-Perf.)(49):

there is a circle (ora semi-circle) of vegetation. ‘Ahééhodinftch’il. di-(ni-Perf.)(320): S is dense (as vegetation, brush, hair, wool). Dftch’il. hodi-(ni-Perf.)(451): an area is covered with dense vegetation or brush, it (an area) isa jungle. Hodftch’il.

CH’{LADEI/ CH’{LAHDEI

108

Noun (derivation unknown): cribwork above a hogan entrance or at the inside base of the smokehole (Haile 1950:307).

-CH'il’

CH’{LAY!’

# Hifch’’go, toward evening, nearly dark. (E.g. hiftch’j’go hooghandi nanisdza, | got back home in the late afternoon - it was nearly dark when | got back home).

Noun (derivation unclear): smokehole (in an old fashioned hogan); chimney

CH'LAYI’

| (in modern usage).

—— CCC—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_————_—

(~ -ch’i-/ch’ish-)

———————————— (~ ch’ich’#t) Onomat. Imitates a popping, clacking or cracking sound, as that produced by breaking a stick in two or by chewing gum energetically. Ch’it also imitates the ticking sound made by

CH'lt

a clock. ————————_—____

Noun (possibly onomatopoetic: the one that says “ch’ishiibeezh” or “chishiibeezh”): chickadee.

CH’{SHIIBEEZHII/ CHISHIIBEEZHII

(A) Stem postposition:

toward, to, in the direction of, against CH)’ (in the sense of withstanding), supporting (as an ally), approximating. Hooghan bich’’ yishaat, I’m walking toward the hogan / ‘azee’ifPini bich’/’ déyd, I’m going to the doctor / ’at’ééd shich/’ yatti’, the girl is talking to me / naaltsoos nihich’’ yidéeshtah, 1’ll read the document to you / diff ’azee’ doo bich’’ ’achifi da, this medicine prevents giving birth (i.e. itis a contraceptive - it is against giving birth) / ’aydo hak’az bich’j’ ha’finfshni, | can withstand a lot of cold (i.e. | have stamina against coldness) / k’ad tdédithit nihich’ ’aa '4t’6, we can have liquor now (lit. now liquor is open to us) / géeso ’aini’ t’dd bich’’go nahamii’, | bought less than half of the cheese (lit. |bought toward half of the cheese / tsin ’atch’’ deez’a, the poles extend toward each other / béésh na’iilahf béésh ’ach’j’ kwiyiilyaa, the magnet attracted iron to(ward) itself / sik’is bich’ij

CH’{SHIISHASHI|

nisht, I’m on my friend’s side / kod66 ’e’e’aah bich’ijigo tooh nlf, westward from here there is ariver / da’ak’eh bich’ijigo dah diiyd, | started off for (toward) the field / shinaaltsoos ’atch}’ ’ashtaa, | closed the book (lit. |made it toward each other = together) / ’atiin ’atch’ishjf ‘anit’’, there’s a fence on both sides of the road, -ch’j’ sometimes contracts with the particle dah, off, to produce -ch’jjh, as in 4ééchaa’/léi’ shich’jjh (= shich’’ dah) diilwod, a dog took after me.

Noun (possibly onomatopoetic: the one that says “ch’ishiishash’): crested titmouse, Arkansas kingfisher.

ee ———— OO

eee —

(~ ch’ich’izh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the dry, rustling sound produced by a snake crawling through dry leaves, or by a piece of paper when shaken.

CH'IZH

(Uncertain. Perhaps PPA PA *tsh’id [@]: lie.)

CH’ID NAVAJO:

A.MOM.

person form, is treated as a noun, and inflection for

person is accomplished by altering the (possessive?) pronoun prefix.

(Cf. hit, darkness.)

IMP.

US.ATS

SPERFRSSFUT

_ch’jjh

chjjh

ch?’

ch’ jit

1, G-(ti):

‘fd, | lie; (1) yooch’fid = lie, falsehood (shiyooch niyooch iid, you lie; biyooch’iid, he/she lies - he, she is a liar). NOUN: biyooch’idf, liar.

ORIe

ee S S OO O O

chijh

A. MOMENTANEOUS

CH'I’

|, hi-L-(ti): (1)

Occurs in the single stem

falsehood.” The verbal construction, used only in 3rd

NAVAJO: Occurs, with hi-thematic and a thematized t-classifier in a single verb base meaning “become late afternoon.”

>

form CH’{iD, with O-classifier, as the theme in a defective verb meaning “lie,

e ee — —— ——

CH’

“tsh’i’d

hii-(G/yi)(449): it becomes late afternoon, evening comes, it becomes twilight, along toward dark.

Noun stem in the construction neesch’i’ (neesh-?): pinyon nut, nut. (Cf. verb roots CH’l: breeze blows;

CH’il; smart, be peppery.

# chd’otbineeshch’i? (cha’ot, pinyon), pinyon nut.

Hiitch ijh/hifch’i’ (naahiitch jh).

109

CH'II’

CH’i’

# Bilagaana bineeshch’i’ man), nuts).

(Bilagdana,

white

(2)

peanut (lit. white man’s pinyon

nii-(unidentified)(669):

meaning uncertain. Niitch’iih. Used in:. # P-it niitch’iih, P (customarily) becomes angry or irritated.

C. NEUTER Stem noun: intestine, gut. # -ch’iidil (dif, big, thick),

-CH’Il’

|. S-(ti):

colon, large intestine.

# -ch’iftoo’ (-too’, juice, fluid), amniotic fluid.

(1)

Il. £-(ti):

(PPA “*tsh’ik’ > PA “*tsh’ikY’ [f]: sting, smart; [] [with di-thematic]: be pep-

CHiil’

pery, have a sting to it.)

(1) (si-Perf.): S burns, smarts, is irritated. Shitch’i’. (2) P-k’i’a-(si-Perf.)(200): S is sharp, acerbic, bitey, stinging (language, words, icy wind). Bik’e’eshch’ir’.

NAVAJO: Occurs, with a thematized tclassifier, as the theme in verb bases with meanings of the type “irritate, inflame,” including the extended meanings “anger, ill-humor,” and with Gclassifier and di-thematic: fire(?), in a Neuter base meaning “peppery, hot (like chile), bitter.”

IMP. A.TRANS. B.CONT. C.NEUT.

US/IT.

ch’ith_ — ch’ih ch’iih -

PERF.

FUT.

UE

ch’, chit

ch’ih -

ch’fth -

# P-zaad ’aydo bik’e’eshch’i’,

I. t-(ti): yii-(@/B)(796): S becomes irritated, S smarts or burns (as one’s eyes from smoke, one’s feet from perspiration). Yiitch’fth/yiitch'i? (naayiitch’ih). # P-zdagfyiitch’ifh, P’s throat becomes irritated (as from singing or speaking). # P-nda’ yiltch’ih,

(2)

Ill. di-O-(ti):

P’s eyes become irritated, P’s

(1)

eyes burn (as from smoke). hoo-(@/@)(461): area smarts, burns, becomes

sore or inflamed. Hootch’ith/hootch’i’ (ndadhootch’ifh). # P-dayi’ hootch’ith, P’s throat gets sore, becomes irritated or inflamed, P gets a sore throat.

# P-yi’ hootch’ith,

his language

(words) is (are) cutting, sharp. # Saad bik’eda’ashch Tigii bee P-ch’|’ yashti’, to use sharp language to P, to talk to P making cutting remarks. # Niyol ’aydo bik’e’eshch’i’, the (icy) wind really bites. (3) P-ndaha-(si-Perf.)(224): P is irritable, ill-humored (lit. space, area, “things” around P are irritating). Binahashch’i’. (4) ha-(si-Perf.)(46l): area smarts, burns, is inflamed or irritated. Hashch’fi’. # P-dayi’ hashch’i?, P’s throat is sore or irritated, P has a sore throat. # P-yi’ hashch’il’, P is out of breath and coughing (as from strenuous exertion) (lit. P’s interior is inflamed or irritated).

A. TRANSITIONAL

(1)

P-cha’a-(@-Imp.?)(170): P is a cry-baby, P is easily moved to tears (as a spoiled child). Bicha’ach’i? (lit. his/her/its crying irritates).

di-(ni-Perf.)(313):

S stings, burns, is hot or peppery (as chile), S is bitter (as quinine). Dich’i?.

IV. L-(Pass.)

(1)

P gets out of breath and starts

to cough (as from strenuous exertion) (lit.

(si-Perf.)(693): to smart, burn. Shishch’f’. In:, # P-k’ee shishch’i?, to be angry about P, burned up over P.

P’s interior becomes irritated),

D. B.

CONTINUATIVE

(1)

I. £-(ti): (2) (1)

na-(@-Imp.)(583): irritation goes about (?) Naatch’iih. Used in: # P-it naatch’iih, P is angry, irritated, burned up

(3)

(lit. irritation goes about with P?)

110

NOUN DERIVATIVES

'azeedich’ii’, pepper (stinging or piquant medicine). ‘azeedich’i? daaltsogo ’ayéo dadich’iigif, hot yellow chile peppers (the yellow peppers that are very hot). ’azee’ nich’i’i, Canada verbena, Canada vervain (Verbena drummond) (irritating medicine plant).

CH'IZH

CH’ (4) hootch’ihi (Ib. nddiznézi), many flowered aster (Aster multiflora) (area that smarts). (5) naatch’iih ’azee’ (Ib. ch’il ‘abe 6 'Atts ’66zigif), mountain spurge, mountain euphorbia, mountain carpet weed) (Euphorbia montana). (6) T6 Dich’?, Raton Springs, New Mexico (bitter or alkaline water, “gyp water”)(located north of the Crownpoint-Star Lake road). (7) t6 dich’fi, vinegar (bitter water or liquid). ——————————————

(~ ch’ich’f?) Onomatopoetic.

A.MOM.(1) Trans. Rep. B.MOM.(2) C.SEM. D.ASPECT(?) E.NEUTER

A.

Imitates a

squeaky sound, as that produced by air

escaping from a rubber balloon through a constricted opening.

(1)

(3)

(4) (Ib. ch’findif~ ch’find ~ ch’finéi.) Noun melancholy, depression, sadness, dejection. (Cf. Pfinal~ P-iinéi, P is frisky, animated, lively.)

(derivation unknown):

worms, maggots, catarrh. # chiiish ’azee’ (’azee’, medicine), Newberry double bladderpod (Physaria newberry). # ch’iish bich’’ ’azee’ (bich’’, toward it + ’azee’, medicine), cold remedy. Stem noun:

CH’ISH

OOOO

CH'IZH

(PPA *k™ik’™ > PA *tsh’Witsh© [*di-]: be rough, coarse, chapped. Cf. Eyak tsh’ii’tsh’.)

NAVAJO: The underlying meaning of the root is “roughness, coarseness.” Occurs, with @-classifier (D-classifier in Passive or reflexive constructions) as the Semantic Theme in by transitive verb bases that describe actions performed file, “saw, as object, rough a means of friction with 0sandpaper, cut by abrasion.” With di-thematic and d classifier an intransitive is produced, with the extende ImperNeuter a and inured,” rough, e “becom meaning fective with the meaning “chapped, rough surfaced, coarse (as meal).”

US/IT.

PERF.

FUT.

chiiish

ch’ish

ch’iizh_

ch’ish_—ch’iish

ch'ish ch’ish_ ch’ish ch’iizh

ch’ish ch’ish_ ch’ish -

MOMENTANEOUS

_ch’iizh_~—sch’ish_—sch’ish ch’ish_—ch’ish_—ch’ish ch’ish ch’ish_ — ch’ish -

(1)/ REPETITIVE

|. @-(tt):

(2) (~ ch’ich’iit) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the crackling sound made by a fire, or that produced by cracked enamel as CH'llt= crushed piece of enamelware. ona

OPT

IMP.

(5)

’a-(@/yi)(125): to file, saw, rasp, sandpaper (unspecified O). ’Ashch jish/'fich’iizh (nda’ashch’iish). ’a’a-(O/yi)(363): to file or saw a notch or groove (lit. to saw or file something unspecified away out of sight). ’E’eshch’iish/’i’fichiizh (’‘anda’ashch'iish) (Cf. #3 below.) ’ada’a-(@/si)(10): to make (3+) grooves, notches or channels (by filing, rasping or sawing). ’Ada’ashch’iish/’ada’shéch’iizh (’anddda’ashch’iish). ’ahd-(ni/ni or @/yi)(40): to saw or file O in two. ’AhAnishch’iish/’ahanich'iizh (‘ahandanishchiiish/‘ahdndanishch’iish) or ’ahdshch’iish Pahdaach’iizh (‘ahdndshch’iish:’ahandanashch’ lish). a 'ahd-O-’nii-(O/O)(35): to start to cut O in two with file or saw, start to sever or cut O apart.

*Aha-

bi’niishch’iish/’ahabi’niich iizh. (@/si)(36): to saw or file O into 3+ pieces, to ’ahdda(6) divide O up by cutting it into 3+ pieces with a saw or file. “Ahddaashch’iish/’"ahddashéch'iizh (’‘ahdndddaashch’iish). # P-fldtahdéé’ ’e’eshch’iish, to notch P’s butt end (as an arrow). or file O (7) ’atts’A-(ni/ni or O/yi)(107-110): to saw sawing. apart, divide O in halves by filing or ’Alts’Anishch’iish/’alts’anich’iizh (‘atts ’Andnishch’iish: ’atts’Anddn(shch’iish) or ’atts'ashch‘iish/ 'alts’Adch’iizh (‘atts’Andshch’iish:’alts’anaanashch’iish). da-(@/si)(103): to saw or file O into 3+ parts ‘atts’A (8) or pieces. ’Atts’Adaashch iish/’atts’Adashéch’iizh (‘atts’4ndddaashch'ish). piece for P. (9) P-d’di-(@/yi)(145): to saw or file off a dishch’ iish). Ba’dishch’iish/ba’diich’iizh (banda’ (di-thematic: reduction.) g (10) P-da’di-(@/yi)(150): to uncover P (as by grindin its covering off with a piece of sandpaper or with a file). Baéa’dishch’iish/béa’difch ‘iizh (banina’dishch’iish:baninda’dishch’iish). (di--thematic: cover, close.) per (11) P-’nii-(@/@)(219): to start to saw, file or sandpa ‘iizh. O. Bi’niishch’iish/bi’niich a (12) P-nfa-(G/yi)(237): to file, sand, saw or rasp groove in P (i.e. in P’s surface) .Bin? ashch’iish/ bin(’ffch’iizh (binfnda’ashch’iish).

CH'IZH

CH'llZH

ll. D-(tr):

(13) hadii-(@/@)(386): to saw O from one end to the other (as a board), to saw a strip from O.

Hadiishch’iish/hadiich'iizh

(haddiishch’iish:ha-

(1)

nadadiishch’iish). (ha-di-thematic: from one end to the other, all the way.) (14) haahi-(@/si)(424): to file or saw O to a point, to put

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

a point on O by filing or sawing. Hadhdshch’iish/ héahach’iizh (hanindahdshch’iish). (hdd-hithematic: form a point). hwii-(= ho-hi-)(@/si)(464): to saw (off) a series of tree O on an area or surface (as limbs ona trunk). Hwiishch’iish/hoyéch’iizh (naéahwiishch’iish). k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to saw or file O in two, saw or file O off. K’fnfshch’iish/k’inich’iizh (k’(ndnishch’iish: k’fnadanishch’iish). k’f-P-’nii-(@/O)(217): to start to saw or file P in two, start to saw or file P off (as a limb, protruding nail). K’fbi’niishch’iish/k’fbi’niich ‘iizh. naa’ahi-(@/si)(578): to saw O down one after another (as trees), to topple O one after another by sawing. Naa’ahishch’iish/naa’ahéch’iizh (naa’andahdshchiish). naa’ii-(@/yi)(580): to saw O down, topple O by sawing (as a tree). Naa’iishch’iish/naa’fich’iizh (naa’andandshch’iish), ni-(ni/ni)(649): to stop or finish sawing, grating or filing O. Ninishch’iish/ninich’iizh (ninddnishch’iish). # Hasht’e’ ninishch’iish, to file O smooth (asa

D. ASPECT(?) I. di-O-(ti): (1)

|. di-O-(ti): (1) di-(@-Imp.)(313): S (as meal) is coarse, S (as sandpaper) is rough. Dich’ffzh.

F. NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1)

O, to brush O (one’s teeth), to scour O (by scraping, as a skillet), to play O (a violin). Yishch ‘lish/yich’iizh (ndanashch’iish).

Il. D-(tr):

’Adi-(@/si)(24):

to scrub oneself (as with a brush or

rough cloth). ’Adishch’iish/’adéshch’iizh (’Andadishch ish).

B.

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

|. B-(tt): (1)

(@/yi)(780): to grate O (completive). Yishch’ish/ yich’iizh (néandshch’ish). # Tsiih yishch’ish, to cut oneself with a saw or file (lit. to cut by abrasion into flesh).

C.

‘ada’ashch’ish (or ’ada’ashch’iizh), grooves, channels, notches. ’ak’aan dich’izhii, cornmeal, Cream of Wheat (coarse flour). ‘aw6ch’iish, bony ridges along the inner side of the gums (P-wéch’iish). ’"awoo’ bee yich’iishf, teothbrush (that with which the teeth are scrubbed) (P-’awoo’ bee yich ‘iishi) (Preferred over shiwoo’ bee yishch lish.) ‘awoo’ bit yich’iishi, toothpaste (that which accompanies brushing of the teeth)(P-’awoo’ bit yich’iishf). ‘aah naach’iizh, filings (they are grated down alongside something) (baah naach’iizh, its filings). Béésh tigaii baah naach’iizh, silver filings. bee 'ddilch’iishf, scrub brush (for use on one’s body) (that with which self-scrubbing is done). (P-bee ’ddilch’iish/). bee ’ach’iishf, file, saw, rasp, grater (that with which

SEMELFACTIVE

(9)

grating is done), guitar (possibly derived from the root CH’llZH, make a rustling sound). (P-bee ‘ach iiishi). béésh bee ’ach’iish{, steel brush, file (metal grater grater made of metal, or instrument with which

|, @-(tt): (1)

di-(@/yi)(313-780): (1) to become inured or hardened to one’s environment, become adjusted or acclimated, get over one’s earlier tenderness (as a baby, about the time it begins to walk), to emerge from babyhood and enter early childhood. Dishch’ish. (2) to become chapped or chafed (as one’s hands or lips). Dich’ish/diich’ish (ridich’ish:nadddich’ish).

E. NEUTER

piece of silver in jewelry-making). (21) (/yi)(780): to saw, file, rasp, grate or sandpaper

(1)

’Adii-(@/si)(3l): to cut oneself with a saw, rasp or file. ‘Adiishch’ish/’Adishishch'ish or ’Sdéshch’ish (’Andadiishch’ish),

grating is done) (P-béésh bee ’ach’iishi). (10) béésh bee hich’iishf, hacksaw (that with which metal is sawed) (P-béésh bee hich’iishi). (11) Béésh Dich’izhii, Cross Canyon, Arizona (rough flintstone). (12) béésh tigaii baah naach’izh, sliver filings.

yii-(@/si)(797): to give O a single stroke with a saw or file. Yiishch’ish/shéch’ish (naayiishch’ish).

112

CH'{jD,

CH'lIZH

(13) Chéchizhf(= tséch’izhf), Rough Rock, Arizona; Rock Spring, New Mexico (rough rock). (14) Chéch’iizh Bii’ T6 (= tséch’iizh bili’ t6), Ojo Encino, New Mexico (spring in the rough rock). (15) ch’at dich’izhi, toad (rough frog). (16) k’ineedlishii dich ’(zhigff, rough-surfaced urine squirter (beetle). (17) l4shgaan bee yich’iishf, fingernail file (P-lashgaan bee yich’iishi). (18) 466’ bikda’ dadich’fizh, fish scales (they are rough on the surface of a fish). (19) na’ash@’ii dich izhii, horned toad (rough reptile). (20) naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishigif, sandpaper (paper with which grating is done). (Ib. naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishf.) (P-naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishigf). bee hach’iishf, scrub brush (for floors)(that ni’g66 (21) with which the floor area is scrubbed). dich’(zhii, Rocky Mountain maple (Acer $661 (22) tripartitum) (rough box alder). (V. Chéch’izhf above). (23) Tséch’izhf (24) tsin bee yich’iishf, wood rasp (that with which wood is grated).

make a rustling sound). niki’diitch ‘ifzh.

B.

na’a-(@/si)(550): to go about making a dry rustling sound (as a person moving in dry leaves), to be boisterous, make noise. Na’ashch’fizh/ni’shét-

(1)

ch’fizh

(ninda’ashch’fizh).

C.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1) tsék’i na’atch’izhii, grant hyssop, nettle leaf hyssop (Lophanhus urticifolius). Also hedge hyssop, Virginia hyssop (Gratiola virginiana), and MacDougal verbena, MacDougal vervain (Verbena macdougalii). (Plant that grows among the rocks and which is used for ’anit’eesh: ceremonial blackening.) (the one that makes a scratchy noise on the rocks). e e O S O O O

(~ ch’ich’iizh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a sawing, grinding or filing sound.

NAVAJO: Occurs, with @-classifier, as the theme in a si-Perfective Neuter base or as an enclitic attached to a

CHiIZH

CHD4

noun. The meaning appears to be “abbreviated, reduced” in some con-

OOOO

texts, including hoarseness, the change in an adolescent's voice, stubbiness of ears or

(Cf. Tanaina -tsh’itsh’: make a crumpling noise. Root is probably cognate with *kik’ > *tsh’Witsh’. V.CH'IZH above.)

, CH’lIZH

CONTINUATIVE

1. £-(tt):

OOOO

—————————

Niki’diishch’fish/

horns.

|, @-(ti):

(1) yi-(si-Perf): (Yizhch jd). Occurs in the form -zhch’jjd, as in: # P-zhizhch’{d, P’s voice is changing (P-zhi, P’s

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with CH’IIZH above. Occurs with ’a-, 3i object pronoun

“something unspecified” and t-classifier as the Semantic Theme in verb bases that share the underlying meaning “make a dry rustling sound (as someone moving among dry leaves),” and by extension “make noise.” (Ch'izh ~ ch’ich’izh yiits’a’, there is a dry rustling sound, as a snake moving in dry leaves.)

voice), P is hoarse.

stubby (2) P-deech’{d, P has been de-horned, has

(3)

horns. P-jaach’{d,

P has stubby ears.

NOUN DERIVATIVES a

IMP.

A.MOM. B.CONT.

chiffsh ch’fizh

US/IT.

PERF.

— ch’ish ch’ffsh

ch’ffzh — ch’fizh

FUT.

OPT.

ch’ish_ ch’ffzh_

ch’fish ch’fizh

(1) chfshch’{d, noseless. (2) deech’{d, hornless (goat, cow). (3) jaach’{d, stubby-eared (sheep). changing voices (4) W6ézhch’{d, March (refers to the (5)

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

(6)

|. £-(tt):

(1)

niki’dii-(@/D)(635):to start to make a rustling sound, start to stir about (as a person, upon arising in the morning) (lit. start to cause something to

of eaglets). w66neeshch’jdii, locust, cicada (possibly derived from this root and stem). ydshch’'fd, mature but unbred female.

# bjjh yAshch'{d, unbred doe. # dibé yashch’fd, yearling ewe. # dibéshch’{d (Ib. dibé yashch’fd), yearling ewe (a ewe that is fully developed and ready to have offspring).

# tf yashch’({d, unbred mare. O

—————O

113

CH'{D.

CH'JDo

CH’O

CURSIVE

(PPA uncertain. Probably PPA *k’“enY > PA *tsh WenY [tH]: be jealous.)

I. ni-L-(ti):

NAVAJO: Occurs, with a thematized tclassifier, in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be jealous, envious.”

ni-(yi)(626):

to be dawdling along, to be going along lackadaisically. Neeshch’jdii.

I, £-(tt):

ADVERBIAL/NOMINAL DERIVATIVES (1)

woo-(@)(747): to be jealous or envious of O, to dislike O (because ofjealousy or envy).

t’dd biich {di (Ib. t'aa bitsaah da, t’4a baa’ da), barely (able), “by the skin of one’s teeth.” (E.g. t?éédad’ t’da shiich jidii da hooghandi nanisdza, | barely made it home last night -- because of

Wooshch’fd.

(2)

’00- (O)(682):

to be envious, jealous (of

unspecified O). ’Ooshch’fd.

weather, illness, drunkenness.) T’aa Biich’jjdii, Aneth, Utah (named for a trader

CH{jDi

whom the Navajos called T’da Biich’jidii).

(Cf. Carrier nts’id: be few; Hupa -tsh’id, die, become exhausted.) NAVAJO: Occurs, with ’d-thematic and thematized t-classifier, as the theme in

Noun:

a Neuter Imperfective base meaning

thing; Navajo CH’{/D: lacking): disemCHjDII

“to be few.” This bisyllabic stem, containing an -f suffix, is

bodied spirit, ghost, evil or malevolent residue of a person’s personality;

devil (in Christian usage). # ch’jidii! damn! (interjection denoting disgusted surprise). # Ch’{diitchi?, Waterflow, New Mexico (red devil). # ch’jidiitah (-tah, among), hell (Christian usage). # ch’jjdiitahgd66! (-g66, to), damn! (interjection).

probably cognate with CH’JJD; above.

(1) ’a-(@)(87): to be few, not many. ’Atch’{df. 4a ’atch ffdigo, a little bit (e.g. t’da ’dtch’fdigo ndla, drink a little bit of it! Naakaii bizaad

tad ‘Atch {digo shit bééhézin, | know a little (a few words) of Spanish.

(Cf. Hupa tsh’ind: corpse, dead thing.)

CH}jDil

(Cf. Hupa tsh’ind, corpse, dead

NAVAJO: CH’jJDIl is a noun with the

-CH’O

meaning “evil spirit, ghost,” used as the stem in several verb bases with extended meanings. As a verb component it is essentially an “idiomatic” (slang) substitute for another stem, comparable in this regard to the use of the noun “monkey” as a verb in English “monkey with,”

(~ -ch’o-/ch’oo0-) Stem postposition: meaning obscure. Occurs as a component of a single set of verb bases meaning “be(come) a partner, ally,

friend, spouse, supporter, helpmate.” Bich’onishni, I’m his partner / shich’oon/, he’s my partner / ’atchosii’ni’, we became partners / ’atch’o ndasii’ni’, we made up (after a quarrel).

“monkey around,” for “play idly with,” “go about aimessly or mischievously.” (Cf. also MA’ll.)

NEUTER Stem noun (PA *ch’iwi, spruce): spruce tree (Pseudotsuga mucronata). CH’O # ch’6’éé’ (’6é’, garment), spruce garment (the spruce twigs tied ona patient in certain ceremonies. # Ch’dol’{f (derivation unknown), Gobernador Knob (Sacred Mountain of the east. Ibid NtPiz Dziil.)

I. t-(ti): ‘aheen{-(O-Imp.)(52):

to be equally nasty, ugly or mean (two persons). ’Aheeniilch’{dii. # P-it’aheenishch’jdii, to be as ugly, nasty or mean as P,

P-eeni-(O-Imp.)(I65):

to be as ugly, nasty or mean

as P. Beenishch’jdii. n{i-(O-lmp.)(657):; to ail, be the matter with. Nishch’jdii. As in:. # Haala nishch’jdii, what in the heck is wrong with me?!

114

CH’OZH

CH’OSH Stem noun: worm, bug, insect, maggot. # ch’osh biko’f (bikg’-, its fire + -{, the one), firefly, lightning bug. # hashk’aan bich’osh (hashk’aan, yucca),

CH’OSH

people - clustered together like maggots).

S bristle out sparsely (as a

dinf-(si-Perf.)(322):

(2)

small cluster of hairs, plants, stems).

Dfnéeshch’ozh.

yucca moth, yucca fruit worm.

# chdch’osh (cha-?), syphilis. # Chdch’oshnééz (-nééz, tall), Tall Syphilis (a Navajo leader of the mid-19th century).

Dah

neeshch’ozh.

C.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1) ch’osh, worm, maggot, bug, insect.

e e e _—_—_—_—_— —_—_—_—_ —_—————— ———_—_—_

Noun stem with ‘ii-thematic and nominalizing -{, the one in ’iich’oshi, a dance performed in conjunction with the War Dance (’Ana’f Ndda’). A boy and a girl dance side by side, facing in opposite directions - the girl on the

~-CH’OSH

Ddghd Neeshch’ozh, Thin or Sparse Beard (as a personal nickname). (3) tsénoolch’dshii, canyon wren.

(2)

OOS

(~ yilch’ozh)

boy’s left side, with her arm hooked through his. The

girl then dances backwards around the boy, who merely pivots. (‘lich’oshf is probably verbal in origin.)

Noun: boil, furuncle.

CH’OZH

ee e ———————e-

(PPA “*tsh’ish [-X] > PA “tsh’ésh [-X]~ *tsh’izh: maggot; [1]: become infested with maggots. Cf.Eyak tsh’isht’ : fly

CH’OSH

OOOO

(PPA *k™ik™ > PA *tshitsh’™: boil,

egg.) NAVAJO: Noun stem CH’OSH, worm, maggot, bug. Occurs, with t-classifier, as the theme in verb bases meaning “become/be maggoty,” and with nithematic and t-classifier in extended bases that describe a clustered appearance of the subjects (as a group of people or inanimate objects (as sticks, hairs).

A.SEM.

IMP.

WSe/ lite

ER eee OTe

ch’osh

ch’osh

ch’osh

ch’ozh

:

B.NEUT

A.

-

:

ch’osh

:

CH’OZH

NAVAJO:

Occurs, with L-classifier, as

the theme in bases that relate to the

formation or existence of a boil or carbuncle. Occurs,

with ’atsd, belly, as a component of the compound noun

’atsd’Ashch’ozh, kidney.

ORiz

ima PERFeesUite

IMP.

US

ch’66sh_

ch’osh

ch’osh

:

A.TRANS.

B.NEUT.

SEMELFACTIVE

I. t-(ti):

:

E

ch’ozh_ ch’ozh

ch’osh -

OPT. ch’66sh -

A. TRANSITIONAL

I. L-(ti): to become maggoty, worm infested.

’ii-(/si)(476): ‘litch’osh. # P-aa ’iitch’osh, P becomes maggoty, worm infested, infested with insects (as ants), a crowd gathers at it, throngs to it (an event). . (2) da’ii-(@/si)(303): to get maggoty, worm infested Da’iit-ch’osh/da’ashch’osh (nda’iitch’osh:

(1)

abcess, possessed kidney; [tor kj): abcess forms.)

(1)

P-’nii-(@/@)(217): to start to become afflicted with boils. Bi’niilch’66sh/bi’niilch’ozh (binda’niilch’66sh) (shi’niilch’66sh, | start to become afflicted).

B.

NEUTER Perfective

nddda’iitch’osh).

I. L-(ti):

B. NEUTER I. ni-t-(ti): (1)

ni-(si-Perf.)(301)(with prepounded dah): S stand clustered, there’s a clustered bunch of S (as

(1) (yi)(775): to be afflicted with boils. Yilch’ozh. # P-k’osgi yilch’ozh, P has a boil on P’s neck.

Pa

CH’OZH

C.

DA

NOUN DERIVATIVES

# P-it’anidaah,

P (a plane passenger) lands (lit. something sits down with P). (2) P-inii-(@/@)(243): to sit down and lean against P (as againsta tree). Biniishdaah/biniida (bindaniishdaah: binadaniishdaah). (3) kinii-(@/@)(495): to sit down in a leaning position. Kiniishdaah/kiniida (kindniishdaah:kindaniishdaah). # P-nahjj’ kfniishdaah, to sit down and lean against P (as against a wall). (4) ni-(@/si)(627-658): to sit down, take a seat. Nishdaah/néda (ndnishdaah:nddanishdaah). # P-kaa’dd66 dah nishdaah, to sit down on P (something elevated from the ground, as a chair or log). # P-k’i dah nishdaah, to sit down on P (something elevated from the ground, as a chair). # P-ndghahdéé’ dah nishdaah, to get (sit) on P’s back (as a child on its father’s back). # P-tsék’eegi dah nishdaah, to sit downin P’s

’atsd’Ashch’ozh, kidney (and associated organs) (P-tsa’ashch’ozh). naaiiilch’ozh, sty (on the eye). yilch’ozh, boil, carbuncle, abcess. yilch’ozh ’azee’, Lyall lupine (Lupinus lyallii) (boil medicine).

Stem noun: calf of the leg; leg muscle of the calf of the leg.

-CH’OZH

Noun

(derivation unknown):

elbow.

-CH’OOZHLAA’

lap. # tif bikaa’ dah nishdaah,

to get on a horse, to mount a horse. # £66’ yaah dah ndaah, a fish bites, takes the hook (lit. a fish takes a seat up alongside it). # P-itndaah, S (a plane) lands with P, P lands in it (lit. it sits down with P).

(PPA *daw [or *day?] > PA *da [2]: singular sit.)

DA

NAVAJO:

Occurs in several inter-

Il.£-(tt):

related Semantic Themes including (1) with ni-thematic: terminative, as the theme in bases meaning one subject “sits down” and by extension a plane “lands”; (2) with di-thematic: weakness, and D-classifier in a Neuter Perfective base

(1) O-ni-(@/si)(239): to sitO down, seat O, giveOa seat, make O sit down (a baby, a theater patron). Binishdaah/binétda (ndbinishdaah:ndaabinishdaah). # P-kda’ dah binishdaah, to sit him down onP, seat him on P, have him take a seat on P. (2) P-f-O-nii-(@/O)(169): to sit (seat) O against P (asa baby against a tree). Bibiniishdaah/bibiniitda (binabiniishdaah:bindabiniishdaah). (3) ki-O-nii-(@/@)(243): to sit (seat) O in a leaning position. Kibiniishdaah/kibiniitda (k(ndbiniishdaah:kindaabiniishdaah). # P-nahijj’ kibiniishdaah, to seat O leaning against P (as a baby against a tree).

“sit and wait for aid;” (3) with hi-ni-thematic and Dclassifier in a Neuter base “sit in ambush;” (4) with ki-

na-thematic and L-classifier in a base meaning “(girl) reaches puberty, has first menses,” and (5) with @-

classifier in a Neuter Perfective base “sit, be ina sitting position.”

In addition, with t-classifier, causative-

transitive bases are produced with the meaning “cause to sit, seat.” —_—_——— IMP__US /IT. PERF. PROG. FUT. OPT. _—_——— ——SSS= Ss S=S SS ==— daah

daah

B.CONT

da’

-

C.DIST

da’

daah

daah

daah

-

-

D.TRANS.

E.CURS

F.NEUT

-

da

daat

da

-

daat

da’

daat

daah

daat

da

-

B. CONTINUATIVE |. @-(ti):

-

-

G.ASP.? daah_ _t daah _ da’ e - acat daat

A.

daah

-

-

(1)

da’ da”

na-(@-lmp.)(595): to sit around here and there (doing nothing). Naashda’,

MOMENTANEOUS

C.

I. ni-@-(ti):

(1)

’ani-(@/si)(115): daah).

|, £-(tt):

unspecified S (something) sits

down. ’Anidaah/’aneezda

DISTRIBUTIVE

(nd’nidaah:n4a’ni-

(1) nda-O-(@/si)(604): to seat O around here and there - one here, one there (as babies).

116

DA

DA

# P-k’i naazdd (ndaazda), they (each one of 3+ subjects) are sitting on P (as each of 3+ hens are sitting on an egg or eggs). # P-aah dah naazda (ndaazda), they (each of 3+ subjects) are sitting alongside P (as birds along a wire or ona limb).

Ndabishda’/ndabisétda.

D. TRANSITIONAL l. D-(ti): yii-(@/@)(799): to stay home or remain behind when others leave, to “hold down the fort,” “take care of the place.” Yiishdaah/yiishda’ (nddyiishdaah). rare) # ’Awéé’ bd yiishdaah, to stay home to baby-sit.

(1)

I. t-(tt):

E. CURSIVE |. B-(ti): (yi)(809): to go along sitting down periodically, to keep sitting down as one goes along. Yishdaat. # K6nighdnigo yishdaat, | go along sitting down every so Often.

(1)

F. NEUTER |. O-(ti):

(1)

(si-Perf.)(684-686): to be sitting, to be seated, to be in a sitting position. Séd4 (nddndsda: another one is sitting). # ’Adah sédé, to act as chairman at a meeting (lit. to be seated up at an elevation on behalf of unspecified persons). to be P’s leader (lit. to * P-4 'aldajj’ dah séda, be seated in the foremost position on behalf of P.

P-k’i (or P-kda’gi) dah séd4, to be sitting on Pe) P-tsék’eegi sédd, to be sitting in P’s lap. Beeldlé{ bee séd4, to sit with a blanket on. ng the #H# H+ + + Hook’ee séda, to be at home (guardi place). # Hooghandi séd4, to be at home. # Ni’gi (or ni’d66) séda, to be sitting on the ground or floor. (2) ’ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(54): to sit in a circle, to be seated inacircle, ’Ahééniidd. (The focus is on each of the singular subjects that form the circle.) (3) (ni-Perf.)(91-627-665): to sit in a line, row or series. Niidd (we) (nida: 3rd pers.). # ’Atkéé’ niidd, to sit one behind another (as (4)

to sit leaning against P (as a tree, wall). Biniishda. daddfini-(si): to sit blocking an access point or entry, to guard. Daddfinishda (ddddéesda = 3rd P-fnii-(@-Perf.)(243):

(1)

(2)

person). di-(si-Perf.)(309): to sit disabled. (di-thematic: disablement.) Used in: # Yah déshdé, to sit and wait for aid (as a sick or wounded person). (4) hini-(si-Perf)(445): to sitin ambush. Hinishda. # P-aa hinfshdd, to be sitting in ambush waylaying P (as an enemy or a game animal). (5) kfnii-(O-Perf.)(495): to be sitting in a leaning position. Kiniishda.

(3)

O-ii-(@/O)(268): to leave O behind to guard the property. Biishdaah/biitda’ (naabiishdaah).

(1)

lI. D-(ti):

children in a classroom). ni-(si-Perf.)(655-686): to be sitting about (3+ subjects, each seated separately), Nisiida (ndasiida: d.p.). (Cf. nahisfité, we are seated ina

group.)

# P-nahjj’ kiniishdd, to sit leaning against 2

Il. t-(tt): O-(si-Perf.)(245): to hold O ina sitting position. Bisétda. # Dah bisétdd, to be holding O up ina sitting position (as a baby). on (2) P-i-(si-Perf.)(245): to sit guarding P, sit waiting Biséida. ). someone P (as waiting to see

(1)

G. ASPECT(?) |. @-(ti): a (1) ch’ééh di-(G/si)(334): to get tired of sitting (as person ata meeting). Ch’ééh dishdaah/déda’ (ndddfshdaah). (Di- is probably the inceptive prefix “start along,” -which takes the Momentaneous stem set in other bases. Cf. ch’ééh déda’, | got tired of sitting/ch’éeéh déya, I’m tired.)

Il. ki-na-L-(ti):

(1) kina-(@/si)(494):

to reach puberty (a girl), to

menstruate for the first time. kinisisda’.

H. (1)

Kinaashdaah/

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’akaisdahf~ yikaisdahi, the Milky Way.

DA

DAZH c

2

‘Adah ndnidaahii, chairman, president, presiding officer, Council Chairman (the one who repeatedly takes a seat at an elevation for people’s benefit).

bikaa’dah’asdahf, chair (that upon which sitting is done). bikaa’ dah na’nidaahi, toilet, commode (that upon

(pl -da’aké) Stem noun: sister’s children (nephews, nieces), father’s sister’s son’s daughter’s children, father’s father’s sister’s daughter’s

children, mother’s sister’s daughter’s children.

which people repeatedly sit down).

bik’idah’asdahf, done). Biniishdahf,

chair (that upon which sitting is

(pl -da’fké)

Penistaja, New Mexico (the thing

daddéesdahi, jailer, guard obstructing).

father’s sister’s son, mother’s father’s brother’s son.

(the one who sits

(8) hosh sidahf, barrel cactus (Echincereus roemeri) (9) (10) (11)

(12)

(13)

Stem noun: weight. (Cf. DAAZ: heavy.)

(sitting cactus). kinaaldd, puberty, puberty ceremony, first menses. naaltsoos ya sidahf, postmaster (the one who sits for mail). naalyéhé ya siddhf, trader, storekeeper (the one who sits for merchandise). (Naalyéhé yd naazdahi: d.p. traders, storekeepers), Yé’ii Dah Sidahf, Sitting God (a Yé6’ii who is sitting up at an elevation. A formation in the Canyon de Chelley area). yikaisdahf (Ib. tees’ddn yilzhddi), the Milky Way. =——OoooooCCCl_

DA-/DAA-

ee

(Cf. Hupa |-daW: DAZH

(Combining forms of -daa’, lip. V. -DAA’. Appears also as a verb prefix

bases meaning “yank, jerk O (as a recalcitrant person or animal) ”and with di-thematic and a thematic Lclassifier in intransitive bases meaning “move jerkily (in the sense of arunner who comes toa jerking stop).”

with the meaning “close, plug, obstruct.”)

IMP.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

dash

dédsh

dash

dazh

-

-

BB=H———

A.MOM

déaésh

dash

dazh

Trans. B.CONT

dazh

dash

dazh

C.REP

dazh

-

-

D.CURS

-

-

dash

/déash

(with a FFO, as a cloth) / tséso’ bidddi’nftsooz, plugged the (broken) window with a FFO (asa ee shidaéhodinik’ga’, | was cut off by fire / daddéezj, he stands blocking the way / dddi’nitkaal, | closed the door / shilééchaa’f bidddi’nftkaal, | locked my dog in (by closing the door on him)/ ’Adddi’ nishkaal, | locked

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. di-t-(tt): (1)

myself in.

——CO————_—_S

—SS

Noun: (derivation uncertain): porcupine. # dahs&nfbits’os (bits’os, its down/feather/quill),

’adi-(@/yi)(25): to yank or jerk O away out of sight. ‘Adishdéésh/'adiftdazh (’andishdddsh:’andadishdddsh). # "Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’adishdddsh, to yank or jerk O down from a height. # P-yaa ’adishdddsh, to yank orjerk O in under p

# Ha’aa g6’aa ‘adishdddsh, to disappear over the hill jerking O along. # Nahg6o ’adishdgdsh, to jerk O out of the way

porcupine quill. —[[———_

US /IT.

——————SllSSESaSaSSEE

daa’, edge /-daa’, lip. Functions after the fashion of a bound postposition (Type C) in verbs of the type: teets’aa’ bidadi’nfttsooz, | covered the ie

e——aonanaODDoD=_E0E0=—>>

run, trot.)

di-thematic and t-classifier, as the theme in causative-transitive verb

(~ -da-/d4a-/da-/da-) Probably derived either from -dadh, in front of, or from -

DAHSANI

be

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning appears to be “move jerkily.” Occurs, with

_—

CC——_—_—_— ———————— ————xXxS

-DA

maternal uncle,

mother’s mother’s sister’s son, mother’s

against which | sit down. The Navajo term mimics the Spanish name -- i.e. Penistaja sounds to the Navajo ear like Biniishdah/.)

(7)

Noun:

mother’s mother’s brother’s son,

=——»_——_

(to one side),

# Yah ’adishdddsh,

to yank orjerk O into an

enclosure (as a recalcitrant horse into a corral or a prisoner into jail.)

118

-DAAD

DAZH

runner who cannot stop and who runs

disappear, get rid of O by jerking O away.

(2)

‘ahéédi-(ni/ni)(47):

into a mudhole).

to jerk or yank O around in a

# Taah dishdddsh, to go jerking into the water

circle, overcome O's resistance and pull O

(3) (4)

(unable to stop).

around ina circle. 'Ahéédinishdddsh/'ahéédinttdazh (‘ahén{nddinishdgdsh:'ahé nindddinishddash). # Ndhdzbasgo ‘ahéédinishddash, to jerk O around in a circle. P-ghddi-(ni/ni): to yank or jerk O through P. Bighddinishdgash/bighddiniftdazh. P-nd-(@/si): to yank or jerk O around P (as a person a-round a hogan). Bindshddash/binIshétdazh. P-nikddi-(ni/ni); to yank or jerk O through P (as a doorway). Binikddinishdéash/binikadinftdazh. P-ts'Adi-(ni/ni): to yank or jerk O away from P.

(5) (6)

# Dzidzadishdddsh,

to go jerking into the fire

(unable to stop).

hadin{-(@/si)(382): to be unable to jerk to a stop (as a runner who is moving too fast to stop). Hadinishddédsh/hadinéshdazh.

B. CONTINUATIVE I. t-(tt): to jerk O around.

ndi-(@/si)(612):

(1)

Bits ’Adinishdddsh/bits Adinitdazh. i/ni)(283); to jerk or yank O out horizontally ch’'idi-(n (7) (as a recalcitrant person from a room, or a dog from a kennel). Ch’(dinishdéash/ch ‘idinitdazh (ch'’é6édinishdddsh:ch 'indddinishddash). O, to (8) di-(ni/ni)(325): to arrive jerking or yanking take O by come or go jerking O along, to bring or tdazh dsh/dinf Dinishdé jerking or yanking. (nidinishdddash:ndddinishdgash). # P-ch’j’ dinishdédsh, to yank or jerk O to P (as a horse to its buyer). # -g66 dinishdddsh, to yank or jerk O to (a designated destination). (9) di-(@/yi)(334): to yank or jerk O (completive). Dishddash/diftdazh (ndishddash:naadishdddsh). # P-iih dishdddsh, to yank orjerk O into P (as a horse into a trailer or truck). # Taah dishdédsh, to yank or jerk O into the water, or to the watering place. # Nii’oh dishddéash, to yank or jerk O away out of view. (10) didii-(@/@)(316): to start to jerk or yank O. Didiishdddash/didiitdazh (ndidiishddash :naadi-

Ndishdazh/

ndétdazh.

C.

REPETITIVE Durative

I. di-L-(ti): di-(O-Imp.)(318):

(1)

S vibrates, shimmies, shakes (as

a malaligned front end on a car). Dildazh.

D. CURSIVE I. di-t-(tt): (1)

di-(yi)(311): to be yanking or jerking O along (a prisoner or a balky burro.

Deeshdash/dadinfilddash (ndeeshdash: naéddeeshdash). # Génaa deeshdash, to be yanking O across (as a recalcitrant mule across a fielc).

E. NEUTER

diishddash). In: # Dah didiishdédsh, to start off jerking or yanking O along, to start off with O (as a

. di-L-(ti): (1)

balky horse or a recalcitrant prisoner).

(11) ndi-(ni/ni)(608): to jerk or yank O as far as a stopping point, to stop jerking O along. Ndinishddédsh/ndinitdazh (nindddinishdéésh). # -j’ ndinishddash, to jerk or yank O as far as -(a designated place, as to the wall). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ndinishdddsh, to jerk or yank O across (as across the road), (12) yisdddi-(@/yi): to yank or jerk O to safety. Yisdadishdddsh/yisdadiitdazh.

hodi-(ni-Perf.): area is rough, corrugated, washboardy (as a rough gravel road ora rumpled asphalt street). Hodeeldazh. OOOO

(-e’adddd ~ -e’adadf) Noun stem (with thematized ’a- orha-) in: ’adadd~ hadddd; ’adddf~ hadddi/, game trap, blind, ambush where a hunter lies in

wait for game quarry). (Cf. -daa’,

-daa’, and verb prefix da-, close, plug.)

# gah hadddf, (gah, rabbit), rabbit ambush. # bjjh hadddii (bjjh, deer), deer ambush. # 4’ hadddf (if, horse), horse ambush (used in catching wild horses).

NW. di-L-(ti): (1)

to go jerking into O (as a

# P-iih dishddédsh,

# Y66’ ’adishdd@dsh, to yank or jerk O away and

di-(G/yi)(334): to move along jerkily (as a runner attempting to stop before colliding with an obstacle)(completive). Dishddédsh/deeshdazh

O

———oooOOOOOO

(fidfshdddsh:ndddishdddsh).

119

-DAAH

DAA’

(~ -dda-)(B) Stem postposition: in front of, meeting. Chidi yiddahgi sit{, he’s lying in front of the car / diné’alah silf?go bidaddhdéé’ ninfy4, | went before the assembled people (lit. |went

-DAAH

(PPA *da’g > PA *dag¥ [O] [with nithematic]: dance.) DAA’ NAVAJO: The underlying meaning “dance” has become specialized, in

and stopped in front of the assembled people) / sitsilf shidaah nfya, my little brother came to meet me / shidaah gdénaa ch’élwod, it ran across in front of me / ’ashkii shidaah handddzii’, the boy talked back to me / bidddshniya (= biddah jinfya), he went to meethim (V. -da-/-da-.), ’atddah (~ ’ahitdddh) niit’A4zh, we two went to meet each other.

Stem noun:

-DAA’

Navajo, now referring primarily to the ’Ana’f Ndaa’, or War Dance, and to the circle dance associated with it. Occurs, with ni-thematic and @-

classifier. (Cf. ZHIIZH, move rhythmically.)

lip, beak, bird’s bill, mouth.

IMP._US./IT.

PERF.

A.MOM.

ddéah

dah

daa’

B.DUR.

daa”

-

Danie

(1)

(2)

hani-(@/yi)(415): to start to celebrate boisterously, start to “whoop it up” (as children at a party,

nini-(ni/ni)(647):

a War Dance ceremony,

B. DURATIVE |. ni-O-(ti): (1)

# -dat’ddl (-tH6dl < t6dt, rope, cord), tie cord for a bag. + dayi’ (-yi’, inside), interior of the throat. # tdzis biddgf (tézis, bottle), neck of a bottle.

ni-(@-lmp.)(603):

a War Dance.

a War Dance is going on, there is Ndaa’ (’Ana’f Nd4a’). (Commonly

referred to as a “Squaw Dance,” by nonIndians.)

C. CURSIVE (REVERSATIVE)

edge, brink, rim (of a cliff,

canyon, stream bed, rock, wash), (Cf. daa’, lip.) # bikoohdda’ (bikooh-, canyon), canyon rim. # chashk’ehdda’ (ch’dshk’eh-,

I. ni-O-(ti): ——_ —

wash, river bed), edge of the bank of a wash or gully. # t6dda’ (t6-, water), water’s edge.

nani-(yi)(572): there is a Circle Dance, people are dancing the Circle dance (used only in the 3a pers.) Nazhnoodah.

D.

(tsé-, rock), edge of a rock, cliff

REPETITIVE Durative

precipice, # tsékoohdda’ (tsékooh-, rock canyon), canyon rim, brim of a rock canyon. # tsdsk’ehddd’ (tsdsk’eh-, bed), edge of a bed. under),

to finish

War Dance).

clitoris, vulva.

# -yaaddd’ (-yaa, chin.

Haniiddadh/haniidaa’

comes to an end (lit. people finish the

(Also as daégha in

daziz (-ziz, penis), uvula. # -ddstsoo’ + dzdstsoo’ + jdstsoo’ (-tsoo’,

# tsédda’

-

to bring the ceremony to an end. Nininiidadh (we)/nininiidaa’ . # Nizhneedaah, the War Dance concludes,

+H He

DAA’

ddah

-

MOMENTANEOUS

compounds such as Daghd Yisdis, Twisted Mustache.) -daj66zh (-j66zh, vagina), glottis.

Stem noun:

dah

dah

guests at a wedding). (handdniidaah) (we).

(tsidii, bird), bird’s beak.

# -dagf (= da’- -daa’ + -f. /’/ becomes -g- in many intervocalic environments), neck, throat, gullet. # -bidagf~ bidddgf(-bid-, stomach + dagj, throat), pylorus. # daghaa’ (ghaa’, hair, fur, wool), beard,

tongue),

OTe

I. ni-O-(ti):

bob[?]), curlew (a bird).

mustache, whiskers.

EUlnE

dah

A.

# daak’f’ (k’[’, verb stem K’{f’ ~K’EE”: cut, # tsidii bidaa’

-

C.CURS.

(Combining forms: da-, dda.) (Cf. daa’, edge.) # daa’ (-f, the one), coffeepot (lit. the one with a beak). # Daddilf (daa- + dil- -diil, thick + -f, the one), Thick Lips (personal nickname).

BnOGT

I. ni-O-(ti): ——_7

the lower jaw and

—————_——_—_—_—_—___=——-

120

’ahidini-(@-Imp.)(56): S (as one’s teeth) are chattering (as from cold or fear) (lit. they are dancing together - against each other). ’Ahidinidah.

DAAZ

DAA’

E.

# P-ee yidaah, to spend the spring season (e.g. "'Ahééhéshi{jhgi shéédaan/shéédaad, | spent the spring in California).

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1) ba nd4a’ii, the patient in the War Dance ceremony (the one on behalf of whom the ceremony takes place). (2) iizhniidadh, the Fire Dance.

(3)

(1)

ndda’gi:

where

daan,

— ————— —— —————— a

people assemble at the patient’s

(PPA *da’s > PA “daz. Comparative

home on the first night of the War Dance ceremony, to make preparations and decorate the rattlestick (‘aghdditsiin). On the following day they move on to the place to which the rattlestick is carried (‘itéadi), usually arriving in the late afternoon. On the next day they start back to ndda’gi, leaving the rattlestick with the person to whom it was carried (ba’itaanii), but they camp overnight en route (bich’j’ jinijeeh: lit. people sleep toward him). They sing all night where they

theme has the meaning “be heavy.”

(PA *danY (i), springtime, spring)

Stem noun: springtime, spring of the year. # daaddda’ (-ddd’, past time), last spring. # daago, during the spring.

A.MOM.

PERF.

daas

das

daaz

-

-

PROG.

FUT

OPT

das

daas

daaz

Compar.

ddds

D.CURS.

-

das

-

.

A. MOMENTANEOUS I. t-(ti):

1981: 36-37.) NAVAJO: Noun stem daan, spring, springtime. Occurs, with O-classifier, as the theme in verb bases relating to the coming of spring.

==

IMP.

USAT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

daah_

daah

daan/ daad

daat

daah

(1)

(2)

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. @-(ti):

(3)

USAT.

Absol.

(PA *danY’: spring. V. Krauss-Leer

(2)

IMP.

B.CONT. C.NEUT.:

OOOO

ch’'(nd-(ni/ni)(289):

Occurs, with thematic t-

NAVAJO:

e e Oe

A.MOM.

yek’éghftdaé, on him.)

classifier, as the Semantic Theme in active intransitive verb bases that describe the movement of a mass of plural objects, as snow that falls from a limb (snow is composed of plural flakes), dirt from a collapsing arroyo bank or roof (dirt is composed of plural particles), a apples that spill from a box, firewood that tumbles from truck, grease (droplets) that spatter from a skillet, and the sparks that fly from a grindstone. In Neuter adjectival and comparative bases, the

return to the point of origin for the final night (nizhneedddh), where the circle dance (nazhnoodah)) takes place, and where the patient (ba ndda’ii) is blackened (jinit’eesh),

DAAN (DAAD)

Cf. Chipewyan it is coming down heavy

and adjectival *das.

DAAZ

are camped, and on the third morning they

DAAN/ DAA

spring (season).

(2) daadda’, last spring. (3) daago, inthe spring, during the springtime.

elsewhere)(people are dancing around ina circle). ndaa’, (’Ana’f Ndaa’), War Dance ceremony.

(4) (5)

NOMINAL/ADVERBIAL DERIVATIVES

B.

ndzhnoodaht, the Circle Dance (the social dance conducted at the war Dance ceremony, or

(3)

spring returns, it becomes

spring (back) again. Ch’(nddaah/ch’éénidaan or ch’éénidaad. ’’nii-(O/O)(469): spring comes, spring starts. ’’niidaah/’i’niidaad (‘ina’niidaah:'inda’niidaah). (@/yi)(758): springtime passes. Yidaah.

(4)

121

’a-(O/yi)(476):

S falls away out of sight. ‘litdaas/

"dddz (’andtdaas:’anddnatdaas). SER.(Q/si). 'Adahatdaas/’adahaasdaaz or 'adaheesdaaz (‘andahatdaas:’andddahatdaas). # ’Adah (- bidah/hadah) ‘iitdaas, S fall down or off (as bales of hay, watermelons, from a

truck). # Yah ’iitdaas, S$ falls into an enclosure (as a mass of dirt or snow into a hole). P-ihidi-(@/si)(194): S caves in, crumbles and falls (one quantity after another, as a crumbling arroyo bank). Bihiditdaas/bihideesddaz (binahiditdaas:binddhiditdaas). (di-thematic: reduction.) P-k’(-(@/si)(200): S splatters or splashes on P (as hot grease on a surface, in frying). Bik’étdaas/ bik’ésdaaz (bik ’indtdaas:bik '(nddnatdaas). P-za-(@/yi)(262): S (as snow, dirt) falls into P’s mouth. Bizaatdaas/bizadldadz (bizandtdaas: bizanaanatdaas).

DAAZ (5)

DAAZ

ch’f-(O/yi) (279): S falls out horizontally (completive). Ch’étdaas/ch’éétdaaz (ch’inatdaas:ch’indanatdaas). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’étdaas, S (as a

W6’adahatdaas/w6’adahaasdd4az (w6’andahatdaas:w6’andddahatdaas). (14) yanda-(= yanayi-)(@/O)(750): S goes bouncing or flying up into the air (as a load of firewood ina truck that hits a bump), S (as water) splashes up into the air (as when a stone lands in it). Yandatdaas/yandatdda4z (yanindatdaas:yan(nddndatdaas). (15) (G/yi)(764): S (a mass of plural objects) moves (completive). Yitdaas/yitdddz (ndtdaas:nddnatdaas). SER.(@/si) (411). Hatdaas/haasd4az (nadhatdaas:nddhatdaas). # P-iih yitdaas, S fall into P (as embers into the stew). # Leeh yitdaas, S fall into the dirt or ashes. # Tatt’ddh yitdaas, S sink to the bottom of the

mass of snow or rocks) falls over the edge (6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(as over a cliff). di-(@/si)(320): S starts to move (as a mass of snow or dirt), S squirts, spurts, showers, moves ina

flurry. Ditdaas/deesddaz (nditdaas:ndaditdaas).(V. #9 below.) # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ditdaas, S starts to fall down from a height (as snow from a roof). # P-itditdaas, P has an orgasm, ejaculates (a male). # P-na’oh so’ ditdaas, P “sees stars” (as when one is struck on the head (lit. stars shower in front of one’s eyes). # Kg’ ditdaas, sparks shower, sparks fly (as from a grindstone). dzidza-(@/yi)(358): S (as a mass of snow) falls into the fire. Dzidzaatdaas/dzidzaatdaaz (dzidzandatdaas:dzidzandandtdaas)., ha-(@/yi)(428): S fall out (as coins from a purse, apples from a box), S spill out. Haatdaas/hddtdaaz (hanatdaas:handdndtdaas). SER.(@/si). Hadahatdaas/hadahaasdd4az (handahatdaas: handddahatdaas),. # P-flak’ee haatdaas, to drop O (accidentally), S fall out of P’s hand. # P-ii’déé’ haatdaas, S fall out of P (a container). hidi-(@/si)(440): to spurt, to come in spurts (as arterial blood, urine), to fly or shower (sparks). Hiditdaas/ hideesdddz (nddhiditdaas). (Seriative corresponding to #6 above.) hodii-(= hodihi-)(@/si)(453): S crumbles and falls (as an arroyo bank from which successive masses of dirt tumble down). Hodiitdaas/hodiisdaéaz (nddhodiit-daas). (= Seriative + hocorresponding to #9 above.) na-(@/yi)(583): S slides, tumbles, falls downward (as snow from a roof), S collapses and falls in (as a wall). Naatdaas/ndatdddz (ninddndtdaas). SER.(@/si) (527). Ndahatdaas/ndahaasd44z (nindddahatdaas): S spurts down (as blood or urine, one spurt after another, # P-k’i naatdaas, S falls off of P. # P-k’ijj’ naatdaas,

water (as tools that go overboard when a boat capsizes). # Taah yitdaas, S fall into the water (as a pile of rocks). # Wo6’aa hatdaas, S (as water) splashes out (over the edge) time after time (as from a bucket that is being carried).

B. CONTINUATIVE

_ t-(ti): na-(O-Ilmp.)(583):

S (as a mass of hair) moves about (as while a person is running). Naatdaas. # Dah naatdaas, S (hair) bounces up and down (as a child’s head of hair as it runs).

C.

. ni-O-(ti): (1)

ni-(@-Imp.)(628-654):

to be heavy.

Nisdaaz.

Comparative

I]. ’a-ni-t-(ti):

S tumbles, falls, cascades

‘aheeni-(@-Imp)(52): to be equally heavy, to be the same weight (as two persons). ’Aheenfilddds. # P-it ’aheenisdaas, to be the same weight; to be as heavy as P. ‘ani-(O-Imp.)(116): to be comparatively heavy.

down onto P (as a mass of snow that falls down onto a person).

# Ni’jj’ naatdaas, S falls on the ground or floor, (12) na-(@/yi)(560): S fall back (ina heap). Natdaas/ ndatddaz (Reversionary corresponding to #15.) # ’Ahiih ndtdaas, S (as a roof) caves in, S (as an old house or hogan) tumbles down into a heap, falls in a heap. (13) w6’a-(G/yi)(745-746): S falls off an edge, spills, sloshes or slops over, overflows (apples from an over-full box, firewood from an overloaded truck, water from an over-filled bucket), W6’aaldaas/ w6'ddtdadz (w6’andtdaas:w6’anddndtdaas). SER.(@/si):

NEUTER Absolute

’Anisddas.

(3)

S spills over one time after another.

122

# "Ayd6 ’anisddas, to be very heavy. # P-lddh ’Anisddds, to be heavier than P. # P-’oh ’Anisddas, to be less heavy (lighter) than P. # K6’Anisddds, to be this heavy. doo shéni-(O-Imp.) da (695): S is terribly heavy, S is awfully heavy (used only in the negative). (E.g. dif tsé doo shénfiddas da, this rock is terribly heavy).

-DEE’

DAAZ

# dd’dtsiin bizhih (bizhih, its pith, pulp), pith of the corncob. # gahtsohddda’ (gahtsoh-, jackrabbit), white sage, winter sage, lamb’s tail, sweet sage

D. CURSIVE I. £-(ti): (1)

hoyi- (= ho-hi-)(yi)(459): an area is progressively crumbling and falling away (as an eroding arroyo bank). Hoyootdas (nadahoyootdas). (Seriative).

E.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1) das, weight. (2) "Aznfddds, a person’s (comparative) weight. (3) ’Pnaddds, weight (comparative heaviness). (4)

(5)

(Eurotia lanata).

# hasbididdd’, (hasbidf, turtle dove), mountain corydalis (Corydalis aurea). # ma’iiddd’ (ma’ii-, coyote), western chokeberry. # naaddd’ (naa-< ’anaa’, war), maize, corn (lit. alien food - a term that reflects the source of corn as an introduction from the Puebloan peoples following entry of the ancestral Navajos into the Southwest peoples with whom they were often in conflict.)

mountain mahogany, palo duro

tsé’ésdaazii,

# naaddatsoh (-tsoh, big), large kerneled corn. # naadda’ bich’osh (-ch’osh, worm, bug), corn worm. # naadda’ bikaz (-kaz, stalk), (Ib. da’dkaz), cornstalk. # naadda’ bikétal (-kétal, heel, butt end ofa cob. # naad4a’ bit’aa’ (-t’aa’, leaf) (Ib. da’at’aa’),

(Cercocarpus parvifolus) (the one thatis as heavy as stone). tsé ndaaz, iron ore (heavy rock).

Possibly the stem in the noun construction ’addddda’ (thematized ’a- + -dd4d + -ddéa’, past time [?]), yesterday.

leaf of the corn plant.

Stem noun:

food, corn.

# naadéa’ bitsiigha’ (-tsiigha’, hair), cornsilk. # naadda’ bitsiin (-tsiin, stem, handle), corncob. (Ib. da’atsiin.) # naadda’ biwoo’ (-woo’, teeth), corn kernel. # naadéa’ biya’ (-ya’~ yaa’, louse), ladybird beetle. # naadda’ bizd6l (-zd6dl, tassel), corn tassel. # toh naaddd’ (toh, grass), wheat.

(Combining

forms: da’-, d4’4-). (DAA’ is a comDAA’

ponent of many plant names.)

# ‘dtchinidda’ (‘atchini-, children), Nuttall mariposa

(Calochortus nuttallii). # bjihddd’ (bjjh, deer), New Jersey tea. # ch’atddéd’ (ch’at-, frog), large flowered wild asparagus (Erythremia grandiflora); lanceleaf sage (Salvia lanceolata). # ch’itdda’ (ch’i?-?), buckthorn. # dah yiitfhiddéa’ (dah yiitjfhi, humming bird), humming bird food, Indian paint brush,

Mexican catchfly, Mexican campion (Silene lacineata). # Dd’asdzddn (-’asdz4dn, woman, world), the Corn World. # Dd’asdzdan Bijdadii (bijadd-, its leg, support ~-ji, the one), the western support pole

ee e ———OOOCC——————_—_—_—_

(A) Functions as a postpositional stem meaning “above (in quantity)” in contexts of the type: ‘dade ’eeshddd, | overate (lit. |ate above self) /’ade ’dnée-

-DE

\44’, there is an excess of it (lit. quantity is above something) / bide ’anéelt’e’, they are in excess of it (lit. they number above it). (Cf. de, up; dego ~ deigo, upward; deg, up; hadegjigo, uphill; godeg ~ gddei ~ géde, up at an elevation.) —_——O—————eee—-

in a conical hogan (Jett-Spencer 1981: 22). # dd’dchaan (-chaan, excrement), smuton corn. # dd’Adda’,

corn, food.

# dd’Aghdlii (-ghdl-, ’aghdat, rattle + -ii, the one), rattlepod (a plant). # dd’dkaz

# dé’dk’eh

(Ib. naadé’éydnf~ ’eydni.) Noun (derivation unknown): outsider, foreigner, stranger (person who does not belong to the group or community).

(-kaz, stalk, stem), cornstalk.

(pl ddda’ak’eh)(da’4-,

the place),

eee

corn + k’eh,

Stem noun:

cornfield, field.

# dd’At’aa’ (t’aa’, leaf), corn leaf, corn husk, cigaret paper. # dd’atsiin (-tsiin, trunk, stem, handle), corncob, cob.

-DEE’

eeeeee-

horn, antler, spoon, ladle,

gourd. (Combining forms: dee-, dé-.) # ’adee’ (P-e’edee’: P’s secondarily possessed horn), something’s horn; gourd, spoon. (At one

-DEE’

DEE

time dippers and spoons were made of horn. This material was later replaced by

# # # # # # #

#

#

IMP. |

gourds, and in modern times by metal, plastic or paper. -DEE’, horn, was extended [in the form ’adee’] to mean “spoon, dipper, gourd” - meanings that it retains, along with “horn” to the present day.) ’adee’ 'aghddt (P-e’edee’ ’aghdat), gourd rattle (Ib. ’aghdat nimazigif). béégashii bidee’ (béégashii, cow), cow horn. béésh ’adee’ (béésh, metal), metal spoon. béésh tigaii ’adee’ (béésh tigaii, silver), silver spoon. bjjh bidee’ (bjjh, deer), deer antler. dé’adee’ (dé-< -dee’), horn), horn spoon. deech’jjd (-ch’jjd, lacking), dehorned, hornless (as a bull or goat whose horns have been removed). -deegoozh (-ggozh, ?) horn marrow. (Cf. verb root GOZH.) -deegizh (-gizh, gap. Cf. verb root GIZH: cut),

_US /IT. PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT

-

dah

dééh

dééh_

dah

dah deeh

dah

dee’

-

dah

dah

dah

dee’

dah/

dah -

deeh -

dee’

Trans.

B.CON. C.CONT. D.CURS.

-

dééh

eS

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I, ni-O-(ti): (1)

space between an animal‘s horns.

(2)

# déélgééd (-lgééd ? Cf. verb root GEED: jab), a mythological monster (a name now

(3)

variously applied to moose and rhinoceros).

# dzeehdee’ (dzeeh-, elk), elkhorn, elk antler, # hashtlish ’adee’ (hashtt’ish, mud), clay spoon or ladle. Tsin ’adee’, wooden spoon or ladle. OoaNREe6=ao_"=_au_=e=e=SGe«e«_an_omomla_qmla——_—_—_

’adani-(~ bidani-/hadani-)(@/yi)(377): S fall downward from a height (seeds, rocks, people - as from a cliff, truck, table). ’Adanidééh/’adaniidee’

(~ bidanidééh/ hadanidééh) (’adandnidééh: ‘adandanidééh). SER.(@/si) (376): S fall one (Or one quantity) after another down from a height (as leaves from a tree). ’Adahinidééh/ ‘adahineezdee’ (’adandhinidééh :’adanddhinidééh). ’atk’inii-(@/@)(666): S pile up on one another, fall on one another. ’Atk’iniidééh/’atk’iniidee’. ‘ani-(O/yi)(120): (inanimate) S fly away out of sight, (animate) rush away out of sight (as a group of people). ’Anidééh/’aniidee’ (’andnidééh:’and4nidééh) or ’aniidééh/’aniidee’ (’andniidééh: ‘anaaniidith)(1st pers. pl - we). SER. (@/si). ‘Adahinidééh/’adahineezdee’ (’andahinidééh: ’andddahinidééh) or ’adahiniidééh/’adahineezdee’ (’andahiniidééh:’andddahiniidééh) (1st pers. pl - we).

(PPA *de’G

DEES

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’aniidééh, to fall downward from a height (we). # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’adahineezdee’, S (as

> PA * déG [Q]: amor-

phous substance or plural objects move through space; [1]: wipe off dirt or

rocks, people, animals) fell one after

adhering matter.)

NAVAJO:

#

The underlying meaning

appears to be “plural animate or inanimate objects move swiftly through the air (flying or in an undefined manner).” Occurs: (1) with ni-thematic and @-classifier

# #

as the theme in intransitive verb bases that describe the free movement through the air (flying, falling) of plural animate or inanimate objects. A few of the themes with ni-thematic occur transitivized by substitution of tclassifier for @; (2) with causative-transitive t-classifier

#

(L- in reflexive and passive constructions), but without ni-thematic, as the theme in bases meaning “remove adhering matter by wiping (from a specific object), or by

# Y66’ ’aniidééh,

to fall away and disappear,

get lost (we). (4) P-idini-(@/yi)(179): S fall away from P (diminishing or reducing P), S is (are) lost from P (as part of one’s sheep herd or bank account). Bidinidééh/ bidiniidee’ (bindinidééh:bindddinidééh). (dithematic: reduce.) (5) P-idini-(O-Imp./Usit./Rep.)(179): to keep at P, persist on P (lit. continually or repeatedly rush at

other means from an area (as in removing weeds by hoeing them off);” and (3) with thematized L-classifier in intransitive bases that describe the movement of

plural animate subjects

another down from a height (as froma cliff). P-a ’anidééh, P receives votes (lit. they fall for PB) P-ts’da’ y66’ ’anidééh, P loses S. Yah ’aniidééh, to fall into an enclosure (as into a hole), to rush into an interior (as into a hogan or building) (we). Yah ‘ahinidééh, S fall one (or one quantity) after another into an enclosure (as rocks into a hole).

(come, go - but without defining

the manner [flying, walking, running] in which the movement takes place.). In constructions of the latter

type, the subject is often represented by the 3i pronoun

P - as when a community of people persist in

’a-, someone, something unspecified.

making continuing efforts to accomplish a goal a new community building, for example). Bidinfidah (1st pers. pl). (Cf. bfdégoh.)

124

DEE:

DEE

(6)

P-ihidini-(@/si)(194): S fall away from P one quantity after another (as one’s money that goes, one quantity after another to meet expenses). Bihidinidééh/bihidinéezdee’ (binddhidinidééh). (Seriative corresponding to

#4 above.) P-thini-(@/@)(195): S are added to P, the quantity of P is swelled or increased by the successive addition of amounts of S (as one’s herd as it grows through the periodic addition of more animals, or one’s bank account as the result of a series of deposits). Bihiniidééh/bihiniidee’ (bindhiniidééh:bindahiniidééh). (8) P-k’inii-(@/@)(666): S falls on P (plural objects pile of corn, snow). Bik’iniidééh/bik’iniidee’ (bik ’indniidééh:bik indaniidééh). (9) P-ts’Ani-(ni/ni)(255): S fall away separating from P (as part of a quantity of objects). Bits ’aneedééh/bits’Aninidee’ (bits’andneedééh:bits’4nddneedééh). # P-ee (or P-k’6) p-its’aneedééh, it costs p (a certain amount) for P, p is out (so much) for P. (E.g. neeznda béeso bik’é sits’aninidee’, | was out ten dollars for it, it “set me back” ten dollars.) (10) P-ts’A’(a)ni-(ni/ni) (254): unspecified S fall away from or off of P (as part of the whole). Bits’A’needééh/bits’a’ninfdee’. # P-ee (or P-k’é) p-ts’a’needééh, it costs p (an unspecified amount) for P. (E.g. dikwiisha’ bik’é nits’ani’nidee’, how much did it cost you? How much did it “set you back?”) (11) P-zani-(O/yi) (14 - like ’adanidééh): S (as sugar, sand, pebbles) fall into P’s mouth. Bizanidééh/ bizaniidee’ (bizanadnidééh). (12) ch’fni-(ni/ni)(289): S come flying out horizontally (as shoes from a window), S (money) is appropriated or made available. Ch ineedééh/ch ’ininidee’ (ch’indneedééh:ch'inddneedééh). SER. (G/si) (284): S come flying out horizontally one (or one quantity) after another (as marbles or balls out a window), funds are made available

(7)

through a series of appropriations.

Ch’idahini-

dééh/ch’idahineezdee’ (ch’(ndddahinidééh). # Béeso P-d ch’ineedééh (ch’idahinidééh), funds are appropriated for P. (E.g. ’atiin

bina’anish biniiyé béeso ba ch’ininidee’,

funds were made available for road work for them.) (13) ch’fni-(@/yi)(295): to fall or rush out horizontally (completive). Ch’iniidééh/ch’iniidee’ (ch’inaniidééh:ch’(nddniidééh)(1st pers. pl). SER.(@/si) (284). Ch’(dahiniidééh/ch (dahiniidee’ (ch iidahiniidééh:ch ‘indddahiniidééh). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’iniidééh, to fall over the edge (as over a cliff). ) (14) dini-(@/si (322): S start to move or fly along through the air (as seeds). Dinidééh/dinéezdee’ (ndinidééh:ndddinidééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dinidééh, S (as bales of hay, bags of wool) start to fall

downward.

(15) dinfi-(@/O)(328): S move through the air. Diniidééh/dinfidee’ (fdinfidééh:ndddinfidééh). (Cf. NIL A[l]42.) In: # P-aa dinfidééh, S (as glasses, socks, shoes, bracelets) fall off of P. (16) dzidzani-(@/yi)(357): S fall into the fire (seeds, animals, people). Dzidzaniidééh/dzidzaniidee’ (dzidzandniidééh:dzidzanaaniidééh)(1st pers. pl). SER.(@/si) (356). Dzidzahiniidééh/dzidzahineedee’ (dzidzandahiniidééh:dzidzanaahinii(17)

dééh). hani-(@/yi)(413-415): S fall out (as one’s teeth, coins from a purse), S fly up out, S come out (as snapshots). Hanidééh/haniidee’ (hananidééh:handanidééh). SER.(G/si)(395-411). Hadahanidééh /hadahaneezdee’ (handahanidééh:handddahanidééh) # P-aah hanidééh, S show up (in P), S become identifiable (as objects sifted from flour, persons with certain characteristics identified by tests). # P-ch’j’ hanidééh, S (snapshots, pictures) come out for P. (E.g. nizhdénigo shich’j’ haniidee’, they came out nicely for me.) # P-fldk’ee hanidééh, S (as coins) fall out of P’s hand, P drops S (accidentally). # P-fldk’ee hahinidééh, S fall one after another out of P’s hand, P drops S (accidentally) one after another. # P-ii'déé’ hanidééh, S fall out of P (a container). # P-ts’Ad’ hanidééh, S (as coins) fall away from P,P loses S. (E.g. siza’azisd¢é¢’ béeso sits’da’ hanifdee’, | lost money out of my pocket.) # P-woo’ hahineezdee’,

P’s teeth fell out, P

lost his teeth (one after another). # P-za’azisdéé’ hanidééh, S fall out of P’s pocket.

# Handhinidééh, S come back up one after another (as bottles thrown into the water).

(18) hddni-(= handni-)(@/yi)(429): S come back up (as bottles thrown into the water), S fall (back) out (as one’s teeth), S are lost (teeth). Haanidééh/haaniidee’. (19) nani-(@/yi)(561): S (as snowflakes, seeds, leaves) fall (downward from a height). Nanidééh/nanfidee’ (nindnidééh:ninddnidééh). SER.(@/si)(538). Nahinidééh/nahineezdee’ (nindhanidééh:ninddhanidééh). # P-k’ijj’ nanidééh, S fall down onto P (as seeds, snow). # P-k’i nanidééh, S fall off of P (marbles off a tabletop). # Ni’j’, S fall on the ground or floor. (20) nani-(@/si)(566)(with prepounded dah, up): to bounce up (as passengers or freight in a conveyance that hits a chuckhole). Dah naniidééh/ dah naneedee’ (dah ninddniidééh)(1st pers. pl).

DEE’

(21)

(22)

(23)

DEE:

nani-(ni/ni) (561):

S return, fall back to a previous position. Naneedééh/naninidee’ (nindaneedééh). (Reversionary corresponding to #25.) # P-aa ndneedééh, P gets S back, S come back to P (as stolen, lost or borrowed property). naa’ani-(@/yi)(578): S fall over, topple over, tumble down (as trees, persons, bottles). Naa’aniidééh/naa’aniidee’ (naa’andniidééh: naa’anaddaniidééh)(1st pers. pl). ndf’nfi-(@/yi)(606): S break loose and fall off (as

# P-jadd yaaniidéeh, into the air.

Il. ni-t-(tt):

(1)

(2)

the buttons from one’s coat, apples from a

(24)

tree). Ndfnfidééh/ndfniidee’. ni-(@/yi)(628-666): S fall (completive). Niidééh/ niidee’ (ndniidééh:ndaniidééh)(1st pers. pl). SER.(@/si)(444-445). Hiniidééh/hineedee’ (nahiniidééh:nadhiniidééh). # ’Anaa’ biih niidééh, to get into a war, become involved in war. # Béeso P-aa hinidééh, P receives income (quantities of money fall one after another to P). # P-iih niidééh, to fall into P (as into a sack, into mud), # P-iih hiniidééh, to fall one after another into P (a sack, box, mud, snow). # Dichin biih niidééh, to starve, suffer from hunger (lit. to fall into hunger). # teeh ndééh, S falls into the ashes or dirt.

P-ghdni-(ni/ni)(191): to strain or sift O through P (as flour through a sifter or sieve). Bighdninishdééh/bighdninftdee’ (bighdndninishdééh: bighanddninishdééh). hani-(@/yi)(415): to shake O out (as corn out of a sack). Hanishdééh/haniitdee’ (handnishdééh: handdanishdééh).

Il. t-(tt): (1) (2)

(3)

(4)

# Nii’oh nidééh, S fall out of view.

# Tatt’dah niidééh (hiniidééh),

P’s legs went flying up

P-’nii-(@/@)(219):

to start to wipe P off (as adhering matter). Bi’niishdééh/bi’niitdee’. ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(417): to clean up or clear off an area (as an area of land, by removing “adhering matter” in the form of weeds and brush). Hashdééh/hdédtdee’ (ndhdashdeeh:nadhdshdééh). k’e’a-(@/yi) (503): to wipe O clean, wipe O off (erase O - as paint from a surface, by wiping it off). K’e’eshdeeh/k’e’ijitdee’ (k’enda’dshdééh). (@/yi)(780): to wipe O off (adhering matter), remove O by wiping it off. Yishdééh/yftdee’ (nashdééh:nddndshdeeh). # P-aah yishdééh, to wipe O off of P.

to sink to the

bottom of the water (one after another).

IV. L-(tr):

# Taah niidééh (hiniidééh), to fall into the water (one after another). # Yin biih niidééh (hiniidééh), to become worried, disturbed, fall into despair. (25) ni-(ni/ni)(625): S arrive, come. Needééh/ninidee’ (ndneedééh:nddneedééh)(3rd pers.).

(1)

(2)

# P-aa needééh, P receives S, P acquires S (as money, rings, horses).

# P-aa ndneedééh, P gets S back, recovers S (as stolen, lost, or borrowed property). (26) nikini-(@/yi)(636): to fall and land on a surface. Nikiniidééh/nikiniidee’ (nikinddniidééh)(1st

# ’Adaah yishdééh, to wipe or scrape O (as mud) off of oneself.

pers. pl). # Ni’ nikiniidééh, to fall to earth, fall and land on the ground.

V. L-(ti): (L-thematic) (1)

# P-kda’jj’ ni’ nikiniidééh, to fall and land on P (as on a bed or sandpile). (27) w6’ani-(Q/yi)(744): to fall out (over the edge) (as children from a wagon, firewood from an over-

filled wheelbarrow).

W6’anidééh/w6’aniidee’

(w6’andnidéeh:w6’andanidééh)(3rd pers. pl). SER .(@/si). W6’ahiniidééh/w6’ahineezdee’

(w6’andahaniidééh:w6andddahaniidééh). (28) yaanii-(O/O)(754):

to go, bounce, fly up into the

air (as passengers or freight in a wagon that

hits a bump). Ydadniidééh/yddniidee’ niidééh:yanindaniidééh),

’Adi-(@/si) (25): to brush or wipe oneself off (with hand or whisk broom). ’Adishdééh/’Adéshdee’ (Andishdééh:’andddishdééh). (O/yi)(780): to wipe or scrape off adhering matter (in a reflexive context). Yishdééh/yishdee’ (ndshdééh:nddndshdééh).

(yanina-

(4)

’a-(O/yi)(86):

unspecified S goes, moves (completive). ‘Aldééh/’ooldee’ (ndd’dldééh) # Baa til’aldééh, it (a project or undertaking) is tackled (by unspecified persons). ’ada’ii-(= ‘ada’ahi-)(10): S (people) leave, go away, depart (as guests from a party). ’Ada’iildééh/’ada’iisdee’. P-aa’dii-(O/@)(29): P is passed up, left behind (by others - as by fellow runners, or, figuratively, by other achievers). Baa’diildééh/ baa’diildee’. P-k’i’di-(@/si)(206): P ceases, is discontinued or abandoned, P ends (a custom, habit, war,

126

DEE

DEE’

practice, institution). Bik’i’dildééh/bik’i’deesdee’ (bik’inda’dildééh) (lit. unspecified S quit it, give it up). (Cf. bik’idishdah, to give it up, quit

(5)

(6)

# P-aa fidiniildééh,

(15) nikéé’a-(= nikinda’a-)(@/yi)(631): unspecified S

(people) return to a surface, people land (in an

it.). ch'ida’ii-(= ch’fda’ahi-)(@/si)(281): unspecified S exit one after another, there is an exodus (of unspecified people), people go out one after another. Ch’ida’iildééh/ch’ida’iisdee’ (ch’ééda’iildééh:ch’(nddda’iildééh).

airplane), a landing takes place. nikéé’fidee’ (nikinda’dééh). # Chidf naat’a’ ni’ nikéé’ldééh,

(16)

dee’ (fda’diildééh:nddda’diildééh). da’dii-(@/@)(303): unspecified S (people) start to go. Da’diildééh/da’diildee’ (fda’diildééh:naada’diildééh). In: # Dah da’diildééh, people set out, start off. da’ii-(= da’ahi-)(@/si) (303): unspecified S

(17)

(people) go one after another (completive).

(18)

Da’iildééh/da’iisdee’ (nda’iildééh:nddda'iildééh). # P-iih da’iildééh, people enter, get in (as ina bus or plane), boarding takes place.

(9)

(Biih da’iisdee’, people boarded, boarding took place) # Kjjh da’iildééh, people flock to town. # Nii’oh da’iildééh, people hide from view. # Taah da’iildééh, people get into the water. ddddii-(@/O)(305): to close off (by moving into position as an obstacle). Daddiildééh/daadiil-

dee’. In: # P-aa ddddiildééh,

(19) (20)

B.

(1)

# P-aa dda’diildééh, P is abandoned, given up, left behind, discontinued, forsaken, unspecified S abandon or leave P

C.

to leave P behind, pass P up,

) na-(@/si)(581-595): to go about, move about. st pers. Neiildeeh /nisiildee’ (ninddnéiildeeh)(1 pl). # P-aa neiildeeh, to be doing P, to undertake P (a task or project). # P-it’ahaa naashdeeh, to get together with P sexually, have relations with P (as with named plural women) (lit. to join with P in mutual sexual activity). ) go (2) na’a-(@/si)(549): unspecified S (peopledldeeh) . (ninda’ sdee’ eh/na’a about. Na’alde # P-aana’aldeeh, P (a task or project) is underway, P is being worked on or accomplished. # Lif bijddd baa na’aldeeh, a horserace is staged.

(

ha-(@/yi) (427): S emerge, come out (as the stars). Haaldééh/haaldee’ (handldééh:handandldééh). SER. (@/si). Hahaldééh/hahaasdee’ (handhaldééh: handahaldééh). # So’ haaldééh, the stars come out. ha’a-(@/yi)(401): unspecified S (people) emerge or start to move. Ha’aldééh/ha’ooldee’ (handa’aldééh).

# P-aa ha’aldééh,

sy

P starts, P begins (an

activity or event, as a cattle sale, sheep

(14)

CONTINUATIVE

|. L-(ti): (L-thematic)

language, institution).

(13)

P-66’a-(@/si)(163): unspecified S (people) catch or contract P (as a disease) (lit. people try to get P on themselves). Béé ildah/béé’ésdee’ . (E.g. diné t’oo ’ahaydéf chach’osh béé’ésdee’, a lot of people contracted syphilis.) # Honeeni béé’fldah, people have fun, a good time is had.

behind (as a custom, language, religion). dii-(@/O)(342): to start going. Diildééh/diildee’. In: get away from P (as a mode of dress,

(12)

CONATIVE

|. L-(ti): (L-thematic)

religious practice, language or institution - as the result of declining interest or disuse). (10) dd&a’dii-(@/@)(306): unspecified S close off (move in to pose an obstacle). Daa’diildééh/ dda’diildee’. In:

# P-aa diildééh,

people land in

people come back to earth, land. ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(639): unspecified S (people) move to a stopping point. Ni’fldééh/ni’fidee’ (ninda’ildeeh). # P-ch’ddh ni’ldééh, people move into position to block P (as a garrulous person), P is blocked. nisi’-(ni/ni): plural S become desperate, fearstricken. Nisi’fidééh/nisi idee’. fi’dii-(@/@)(674): unspecified S (people) start to move. N’diildééh/n’diildee’ (ninda’diildééh). # P-aa f’diildééh, P (as a ceremony or work project) is started, initiated, commenced, launched. tao-(@/si)(703): to scatter, disperse (in groups). Taooldééh/taisiildee’ (1st pers. dpl.). tad’0-(O/si)(704): unspecified S (people) disperse and scatter back, a gathering or La) meeting breaks. Taa ooldééh/taa’oosdee’.

to get away from P,

discontinue P, forsake P (as a custom,

(11)

Nikéé’fldééh/

a plane. # Ni’ nikéé’fidééh,

da’di-(@/si) (303): unspecified S (people) go, leave for a destination). Da’dildééh/da’dees-

(7)

P is kept up, continued

(as a ceremony or debate).

dipping, voting). fidi’ni-(@/@)(606): unspecified S (people) keep

on (doing). Ndfnfildééh/nd?niildee’.

Wr

DEE

(3)

na-P-f'a-(@/si)(521):

DEE

unspecified S (people)

(8)

trample about on P, P is destroyed, annihilated.

Nabé’éldééh /nabé’ésdee’ (nibina’Aldeeh:nibinaa’dldeeh) (E.g. ndishchit’ ’attso nabé’ésdee’, the pine trees were all destroyed. Nihe’ena’/ ‘attso nabé’ésdee’, all our enemies were annihilated.) (4) na-P-k’Pa-(@/si)(522): unspecified S (people) seek P, prospect for P (as for oil or minerals), unspecified S (people) conduct an inspection of P (as a school inspection). Nabik’é’éldeeh/ nabik’é’ésdee’. (5) tsi’na’a-(O/si)(734): unspecified S (people) go awry, Zig-Zag, off course. Tsi’na’aldeeh/ tsi’na’asdee’, In: # T’66 P-it tsi’na’aldeeh, P falls into disrespect, P is reviled by unspecified S (people)(as an institution or religious

custom).

D. CURSIVE |. ni-O-(ti):

(2)

ni-(yi)(677): S are falling, flying through the air, cascading down (as people from an airplane that exploded in mid-air), Noodah/danéedééh (nanoodah :nddnoodah) (3rd pers.) P-ndni-(yi)(677): plural S are circling around P (as a pack of dogs attacking a bear ora puma). Yinanoodah,

Il. L-(ti): (L-thematic) (1)

’a-(yi)(682):

unspecified S (people) are moving along. ’Ooldah (na’ooldah:n4a’ooldah). # P-aa ’ooldah, P (as a ceremony, rodeo or other event) is underway, P is in progress, # ‘Anaa’ baa ’ooldah, there is a war going on.

E.

(1)

(2)

NOUN

wiped away).

DERIVATIVES

(18

~~

(19)

(20

an area is cleared off).

~—

Tééh ’Anidééh, deep pit near Kayenta, Arizona, often partly filled with water, into which animals fall and die because they cannot extricate themselves. The name Kayenta, originally pronounced kay-yen-tay, in English, is derived from Tééh ’Anidééh) (lit. deep water into which

things fall). Téé’ndééh (= tééh ‘anidééh), Tyende Mesa (things fall into deep water), t?éé’ naaldeehf, night animals, nocturnal life, those animals that feed by night and sleep during the daytime (the ones that go about at night). tPohdeeitsoh,

lambs quarter, white pigweed,

white goosefoot (Chenopodium album) falling seed grass).

bee hadda’aldahigff, staircase, flight of stairs (that with which people ascend). chaa’ bee yildéhé, toilet paper (that with which adhering fecal matter is wiped away). ch’il bee yildéhé, mattock (the one with which plants are cleared away), dzitatah ndaaldeehii, denizens of the mountaintops

stairs, inside staircase (that upon which people ascend inside of a building). (11) kintahdi bik’ehgo nda’aldeehigif, stop and go light (that in accordance with which people move about in town). (12) kQ’ bina’ooldah, fire procession (people go around the fire). (13) naaldeehii (ndaaldeehii), animal life, living things (those that move about). Tatt’4dh ndaaldeehii, life forms that inhabit the bottom of the water, things that live on the ocean floor or at the bottom of lakes and rivers. Tatkda’ ndaaldeehii, things that live on the surface of the water. Tayi’ ndaaldeehii, aquatic life, things that live inside the water. Nihookdda’ ndaaldeehii, things that live on the surface of the earth. Yot’dahdi ndaaldeehii, bird life, things that live in the air. Ni’tat’ah ndaaldeehii, burrowing animals, things that live in the ground. Dzitlatah ndaaldeehii, mountaintop life (as turkeys, deer, mountain sheep). (14 — naaltsoos hane’ bee hahinidéhigif, newspaper (papers that come out one after another with news). (15 — naaltsoos né’éshtit bee yildéhé, kleenex, paper handkerchief (paper with which nasal mucus is wiped). (16 a né’éshtit bee yildéhé, handkerchief, kleenex, toilet tissue (that with which nasal mucus is

(17)

’ak’aan bee ’aghd’nildéhé, flour sifter, sieve (that with which flour is sifted or strained through). bee ’agha’nildéhé, sieve (that with which sifting or straining is done). bee haldéhf, grubbing tool, hoe (that with which

sheep)

hosh bee yildéhé, Douglas groundsel, Douglas squaw weed, cactus brush (Senecio douglasii, Senecio filifolius) (that with which thorns are brushed off). (9) jjnaaldeehi, day animals, animals that feed by day and sleep at night (the ones that go about in the daytime). (10) kin gone’ bikdéa’ hadda’aldahigff, interior flight of

(21)

(22)

(i.e. wild turkeys, deer, mountain

tWohdeef,

128

grasses whose seeds fall, Fremont

goosefoot, Fremont pigweed (Chenopodium fremontii) (falling seed plant). Tt’ohdeef hoshf, amaranth, pigweed (thorny falling seed plant). tsé nddleeh/ bika4a’ nda’aldeeh/, concrete sidewalk (concrete upon which people move about).

(those that live on the mountaintops),

(big

DEEL,

DEEL4

another. ’Adahiideet/’adaheedéél (’andahiideet: ’andddahiideet) (1st pers. pl). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iideet, S (belt, shoes) fall downward from a height (as from a rooftop).

(23) tsinyaa t’ohdeef, pigweed, goosefoot (Teloxys cornuta) (under-tree pigweed). —————— e e ——— ——— ———

(PA *dett’ (O]: plural or ropelike S falls, moves abruptly. Extended meaning: “plural go on foot;” [1]:

DEEL

# ’Ahit’iideet,

causative-transitive: “throw plural or

move ropelike O abruptly;” [li]: “eat plural O.” Probably a derivative of the causative theme with a postpositional phrase having

# P-it’iishdeet, to embrace P, to attack P (asa dog that attacks a person). # P-ts’dd’ y66’ 'iideet, P loses S ( pair of gloves, belt). # P-yaa ’iishdeet, to toss O under Fe

an understood reflexive O shown by the D-effect, such

as *sa#@-l-detl’: “throw plural O in one’s own mouth .”)

# Yah ’iideet, S flies through the air and lands

in an enclosure (a belt or pair of gloves into a corral, hole or room). # Y66’ ’iideet, S flies away through the air and disappears, S gets lost (belt, gloves); to leave, migrate away and disappear (band, clan).

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning of the root and its derived stems is obscure, since they appear ina variety of Semantic Themes and verb bases, witha wide range of disparate meanings. Occurs: (1) with @classifier as the Semantic Theme in intransitive verb bases that describe the abrupt movement through the

# P-ts’dd’ y66’ 'iideet, P loses S, S moves

air of a ropelike S (SFO: as a rope, piece of wire, belt,

away from P and disappears (as P’s

sapling, and including, by extension, actions such as catching a flying ball, in which S moves his body ina

belt, gloves); to migrate away from P

ropelike manner), or S that come in pairs (as gloves, shoes, socks), or the movement of a collective plurality of animate S (a band, clan, tribe of people, a

(2)

down, descend (a band, clan group, herd - as from a mountain). ’Adeiideet/’adeiidéél (’ada-

néiideet:’adanddneiideet). SER.(O/si)(374): to come down one group after another. ’Adadahiideet/’adadahaadéél (’adandahiideet:’adandddahiidee?). (1st pers. pl)

(toss, throw, drop)” and, by extension, “cause concep-

(3)

tion, cause to hatch;” and (3) with L-classifier, DEEL, appears in a mediopassive theme with the meaning “eat plural O (of any kind - apples, bananas, crackers, slices of bread or bacon, sardines, etc.).”

IMP.

US./IT.

PERF.

PROG.

deet

dit

déél

-

-

dit dit dit -

:

-

dit

déél

dit -

dit -

dit/deet

FUT.

OPT.

dit

deet

dit dit

dit dit

-

-

(7)

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. O-(ti): (1)

’a-(B/yi)(473):

and disappear (a band or clan group). da-)(@/yi)(11-377): (1) S falls bida-/ha ’ada-(~ downward from a height (belt, rope, pair of

gloves). ’Adaadeet/’ addadéél (’adanddeet: ‘adanddnadeet) (2) to move down, migrate

herd of deer), moving in an unspecified manner over the surface (as in migrating or emerging) and, by further extension, the beginning, ending and conception of life (including the hatching of an egg or eggs); (2) with causative-transitivizing t-classifier the derived stems function in bases with the meaning “cause a ropelike or pair of O to move abruptly through the air

A.MOM. B.DUR. C.TRANS. D.REP.: Dur. Ser. E.SEM. F.CURS._

to embrace each other, to throw

the arms around each other (lit. to move in a flexing, ropelike manner in company with each other).

unspecified S start to move, people and other animate beings start to move, life commences (after creation), life has its beginning. ’Adideet/ ’adeezdéél. ’atts’4-(@/si)(104): S (as two herds, clans, bands) break away from each other, separate. ’Alts’adeet/’attsdzdéél (‘atts’Anddeet:’atts’andanadeet) P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): S falls on P (a SFO, asa snake, belt, rope). Bik’iideet/bik’iidéél (biki’inéideet:bik’inddnéideet). P-’ai-(O/O)(211): S falls on P (as a rope that falls over a limb where it remains in a hanging position). Bi’aideet/bi’aidéél (bi’anéideet: bi’anddnéideet). P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(256): (|) S falls off of P, separates from P (rope, chain). Bits ’Adeet/bits ’Anidéél (bits’anddeet: bits’a4nddnddeet). SER.(O/si) (253). Bits’Adahadeet /bits’adahaazdéél (bits ’andhiideet:bits’Anddhiideet); (2) to break

’adi-(@/si)(I8):

away from P, separate from P (a band, clan, as

from the main body of a tribe). Bits ’aniideet /bits’Aniidéél (bits’andniideet:bits’dnaaniideet). SER.(@/si)(253): to separate from P, one band or group after another. Bits Ahiideet/bits’ahaadéél (bits’Andhiideet:bits’Anadhiideet)(1st

(1) S (rope, belt, pair) fly away

through the air. ‘lideet/’fdéél (’‘anddeet:’andanddeet). SER. (@/si)(55). ’Adahideet/ ‘adaheezdéél (’andahadeet: ‘andddahadeet). (2) to move away, migrate (band, tribe). ‘lideet/ jidé6l (‘anéiideet:'andanéiideet). SER.(@/si)

pers. pl).

(55): move away, migrate, one group after

129

DEEL, (8)

DEEL

P-ts’a’a-(ni/ni)(254): unspecified S separates rare from P by flying through the air. Bits’A’fdeet/

from (as aclan, tribe).

Haiideet/haiidéél (hanéiideet:handanéiideet). SER.(@/si), Hahiideet/hahaadéél (handhiideethanddhiideet). (E.g. Kiyaa’aanii Dine’é Kin Yaa’ddd66 hdadéél, the Standing House Clan came from [moved from] Standing House.); (3) to move up out in a flexing, ropelike manner, “flip” up out. # P-ch’j’ p-ithaashdeet, to pick up p (as a rock) at P (threatening P with it). (E.g. tsé shich’j’ yit hdddéél, he threatened me with a rock - i.e. he made a flexing, ropelike movement in company with the rock - picked it up - in my direction). # P-ithaashdeet, to jerk P out, draw P quickly (as a pistol) (lit. to accompany P - the pistol - with a flexing, ropelike movement - of the arm). # P-ilak’ee haadeet, S (a belt, pair of socks) falls out of P’s hands, P drops S (accidentally). # P-ii'd颒 haadeet, S falls out of P (a container). # P-tsoo’ haadeet, P’s tongue flops out (asa dog’s tongue).

bits’a’nidéél (bits’And’ideet:bits’anda ‘ideet). # P-k’é bits’a’fdeet, P costs (a specified amount of money). (E.g. dif chidf béeso naakidi mffl bfighahgo sits’a’nfdéél, this car cost me 2000 dollars, this car “set me back” 2000 dollars. Dikwifsha’ bik’é nits’a’nidéél, how much did it cost you? How much did it set you back?) (9) P-za-(O/yi)(262): S (a hair, a piece of wire) falls into P’s mouth. Bizaadeet/biz44déél (bizanadeetbizanaanddeet). SER.(@/si). Bizadahadeet/bizadahaazdéél (bizandahadeetbizandadahadeebh), (10) ch’i-(ni/ni)(274-275): (1) S comes flying out horizontally (as a belt, pair of gloves from a doorway), S falls out sideways (as a piece of rope, wire). Ch’édeet/ch’inidéél (ch’fnddeet:ch’indanddeet). SER.(@/si). Ch’fdahadeel/ch’fdaheezdéél (ch’indahadeet:ch ’indddahadeet); (2) S (as a herd of deer) come out, emerge, come into view. Ch’éhédeet/ch’éheezdéél (ch’inadhddeet:ch’inadhddeet). (11) ch’f-(G/yi)(279): S (rope, gloves) go flying through the air and out (into space). Ch’édeel/ ch’éédéél (ch’inddeet: ch’inddnddeet). SER. (@/si)(275). Ch’idahadeet /ch ’idaheezdéél (ch’indahadeet:ch indddahadeel). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’édeet, S goes flying over the edge (as gloves ora

# P-za’azisdéé’ haadeet, S fall out of P’s pocket.

(16) ha’a-(@/yi)(401): unspecified S fall out (plural S of unknown object class). Ha’adeet/ha i(déél (hana’ddeet: handa’ddeet). As in: # P-ii’ ha’adeet, S fall out of P (as the unknown contents of a bag or purse that

piece of rope over a cliff). (12) di-(@/si)(313-334): (1) S (wire, rope, pair of gloves) start to move along through the air.

comes open, spilling out its contents).

(17) hand-(@/yi)(411): S (as a pair of shoes, a belt) comes back up (after falling into the water). Handdeet /handzdéél (haninddnddeet). (Reversionary corresponding to haadeet - #15.) (18) hidi-(@/si)(439): S (as a belt) starts to move along by intervals. Hidideet/hideezdéél (ndhidideet :naahidideet) (Seriative corresponding to dideet: #12 above, but with specialized meaning.) # *Aa hidideet, S (as one’s belt) expands notch by notch or interval by interval (as one gains weight). # ’Atch’j’ hidideet, S shrinks or contracts in size notch by notch or interval by interval (one’s belt as he loses weight). (19) k’thini-(@/si)(508): to flop down limply (relaxed,

Dideet/deezdéé! (rdideet:ndddideet); (2) to Start to move in a flexing ropelike manner (as a person). Dishdeet/dédéél (ndddishdeet); (3) to start to move along (a clan, band, herd). Diideet/deedéél (nfdideet naddideet) (1st pers.

pl). #

"Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dideet,

to start to fall

down (as a telephone line), # P-nda’ dideet, P notices, catches sight of (lit. P’s pair of eyes start to move). # P-it dishdeet, to catch or capture P (a ball, a lamb)(lit. to move flexing and ropelike in company with P). (13) dii-(@/O)(340): S (belt, socks, necktie) starts to move. Diideet/diidéél (ndiideetndddiideeh). In: # P-aa diideet, S falls off of P (as a person’s socks or necktie). (14) dzidza-(@/yi)(357): S (string, belt, pair of gloves) fall into the fire. Dzidzaadeet/dzidz4ddéél (dzidzanddeet :dzidzanddnddeet). SER.(@/si). Dzidzadahadeel/ dzidzadaheezdéél (dzidzaidahadeet:dzidzandddahadee)). (15) ha-(@/yi)(411-424): (1) S (belt, rope, tongue,

with limbs extended, as a person who faints), to

“keel over.” K’thinishdeet/k ’thinédéél (k’inddhinishdeet). (Cf. TAHo A(II)2: k’ihinishtadd, to unroll O [as a blanket)]). (20) na-(G/yi)(574): S (belt, pair of gloves) falls downward, drops down. Naadeet/ndadéél (ninadeet:ninddnddeet). SER.(Q/si)(526). Ndahadeet/ndahaazdéél (niidahddeet:nindddahadeet). # Dah naadeet, S hangs dangling down (as an animal’s tail).

pair of socks) falls out (from an enclosed

Space, as from a box). Haadeet/hdddéél (handdeet:handdnddeeb), SER.(@/si)(389). Hadahadeet/hadahaazdéél (handahadeet: handaddahadeet); (2) to move out, origina te

# P-k’ijj’ naadeet,

130

S falls down onto P.

DEEL

DEEL,

# P-k’i naadeet, S falls off of P (belt offa tabletop).

# Ni’ji’ naadeet, S falls on the ground or floor. (21) nd-(@/si)(560)(with prepounded dah, up): S gets snagged, caught or hung up (as a falling belt caught on a protruding shrub). Dah naddeet/dah nazdéél. # P-aah dah nddeet, S gets caught on P. (22) (ni/ni) (758): (1) S comes, arrives, goes (flying through the air, as a belt, pair of gloves). Yideel/nidéél (nddeet:nddnddeet); (2) to arrive migrating or moving (a band, herd). Yideet/ nidéél (nddeet:nddnddeet). SER.(O/si). Nehedeet/neheezdéél (nindhdhiideet: ninddhadeet) (1st pers. pl).

under stress). 'Ahddh niideet/’ahdgh niidéé| (‘ahddh ndniideet:'ahadgh nddniideet). (27) n’dii-(@/@)(674): S breaks loose and falls away (as a belt or a pair of shoes hung ona limb or peg). N’diideet /n’diidéél (nina’diideet: ninda’diideed). (Cf. ’A A[l] 85: n'diish’aah, to take O down, pick O.)

(28) (Q/si)(757)(with prepounded dah): S moves ina flexing, ropelike manner (a frog that plunges into the water, a rainbow that appears). Dah

yideet/dah yizdéél (dah nddeet:dah naanadeet). Dah yishdeet to be in rush (a person). # Atsiniltish P-it dah yizdéél, P was transported by lightning. # P-ch’j’ dah yizdéél, it came for P, suddenly attacked P, jumped P (as a vicious dog).

# P-aa yideet, P gets, receives or acquires S (as a rope, belt, gloves). (E.g. dffsha’ sis haddéé’ nidéél, where’d this belt come from? Haddéésh naa nidéél, where did you get it? From whence did it

(Ibid. P-ch’j’ yaaltaal. See TAAL

A(IV)19.) # P-itdah yizdéél,

come to you?)

# P-aa nddeet, S gets O back, recovers O (as a pair of gloves). # P-it n(déél,

it took P - arrived with P -ina

flash (nddts’fflid, rainbow or atsiniltPish

~ sha bitt’6dl,

lightning, sunbeam

- in

+

P was transported (to an

elevated location), it carried P up (lit. it moved up with P ina flash, as dzit bfldtahjj’ shit dah yizdéél, in a flash | was transported to the top of the mountain - as by rainbow, sunbeam or lightning in mythology.) P-(tsda’ ’atk’i dah yideet, P gets a dislocated rib (lit. P’s ribs overlap).

mythology). (23) ni-(ni/ni)(648-649): (1) S falls and stops, lands. Niideet/ninfdéél (3rd pers pl) (ninddeet:ninaanddeet) ; (2) to move migrating as far as a stopping point, migrate as far as (a place). Niniideet/niniidéél (ninddniideet) (1st pers pl). SER.(@/si). Nihiideet/niheedéél (ninahiideet:

# Ch’at tayi’ géne’ dah yizdéél, the frog plunged into the water. # Nddts’iflid dah yizdéél, a rainbow appeared. # Ndats’ifid P-it dah yizdéel, P was transported by rainbow (as in mythology). (29) tddi-(/yi) (698): to roam around, wander about (a band, clan group). Tddiideet/tadiidéél (1st pers. pl). (30) taijoo-(@/si) (702): S (people) disperse, separate, go their separate ways. Taijoodeet/ taidzoozdéél (taizhdoodit: Fut., taijédeet: Opt.). (31) w6’a-(@/yi)(745): S fall over the edge (as a pair of shoes from the edge of the bed). W6’aadeet/

ninddhiideet)(1st pers. pl); (3) to move ina

flexing, ropelike manner and come to a stop.

Ninishdeet /ninfdéél (ninddnishdeet). SER .(@/si)(621). Neheshdeet/nihédéél . (V. P-it ninishdeet/neheshdeet below.) # P-itninishdeet, to catch or capture P, to rape P (throwing P down).

w6’dadéél (w6'anddeet:w6 'andanddeet). SER.(Q/si). W6’adahadeet/wo ‘adahaazdéél (w6’andahadeet.w6’andddahadeet).

# P-it neheshdeet, to catch, capture, rape P one after another). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niideet, to migrate, move across (as a band, herd across a river).

pair (32) yanda-(= yanayi-)(@/@)(750): S (rope, belt, of shoes, stick dice, a snake) flies up in the air.

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nehedeet, to migrate, move across one band after another. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niideet, S falls and lies across (as a telephone line across a road). (24) ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(698): unspecified S (animals, people) stop moving or living, life comes to an end, the “end of the world” comes. Ni’ideet/ ni’nidéél. (25) nikf-(@/si)(631): S falls down to a surface (ground, floor), S crashes down. Nikédeet/ nikézdéél. # Niji’ nikézdéél, S fell down onto the ground or floor, S plopped down on the ground. # P-kda’jj’ nikézdéél, S fell down on top of P (as a length of rope onto a roof). (26) nii-(@/O)(667)(with prepounded ’ahééh, folded): S bends, doubles over (as a leg, a sapling -

Yandadeet/yandadéél (yan(ndadeetyanindandadee?). (33) (O/yi)(473): (1) S (belt, pair of shoes) falls (completive). Yideet/yidéél (nddeet:naanadeet), SER.(@/si) (439). Dahideet/daheezdéél (ndahddeet:indddahddeet); (2) to move, migrate (band, clan, herd). Yiideet/yiidéél (néiideet; nadnéiideet). SER.(@/si). Hiideet/ heedéél (ndhiideet:nddhiideet) (1st pers. pl). # P-iih yideet, S falls into P (as a hair into the stew). # P-tah yiideet,

to move in with P, merge with

P (as one band that merges with another). # P-t’4ah yideet, S moves in with P (one band with another)

131

DEEL

DEEL,

# P-tis yiideet, to cross over P, migrate across P (as a band that moves overa mountain range). # teeh yideet, S falls in the dirt or ashes. # Nii’oh yideet, S falls out of view. # Tatt’aah yideet, S sinks to the bottom of the

(6)

(7)

water,

# Taah yideet, S falls into the water.

L-(tt):

(1)

(8)

'a-(O/yi)(481): to toss O away out of sight (belt, pair of gloves or shoes). ’lishdeet/iitdéél (‘anashdeet:’anddndshdeet). SER.(@/si)(63), "Ahishdeet/’ahétdéél (’andhdshdeet.’andahashdeet). #

’Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

’iishdeet,

(9)

to toss or

drop O down from a height (as from a rooftop). # P-ch’j’ ’adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishdeet, to

(10)

drop O down to P.

# P-yaa ’iishdeet, to toss O in under P (as a belt or pair of shoes in under the bed). * Nahjj’ (~ nahgé6) 'iishdeet, to toss O aside, out of the way. + Ni’jj’ ’iishdeet, to toss O down on the ground or floor. # Tsé’naa ’iishdeet, to toss O across (as a rope across a road). # Yah ‘iishdeet, to toss O into an enclosure (as into a hogan or hole in the ground). # Y66’ ’iishdeet, to toss O away, lose or get rid of O. ’a’a-(O/yi)(363): to toss an unspecified O away out of sight (as a cord, fishline), to cast (in fishing). ’E’eshdeet/’i’iftdéél (’and’ashdeet: ’anda’ashdeeh). # P-it’e’eshdeet, to cast for O (a fish - to catch it). # Taah ’e’eshdeet, to bait-cast, fish by casting. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(379): to toss or drop O down from a height (as a belt, pair of shoes from a rooftop). ’Adaashdeel/’adddtdéél (‘adanashdeet:’adanddndshdeet). SER .(@/si). ‘Adahashdeet/'adahétdéél (’adandhdshdeet: ‘adanddhdashdeel).

(11)

(12)

rope, belt, chain). Ndiishdeet/Adiftdéél.

# P-ee ndiishdeet,

to hit O once with P.

(14) nisi’-(ni/ni): to insist on, demand. Nisi’nishdeet/ nisi’nitdéél. # P-aa nisi’nishdeet, to demand P, insist on P. (15) nii-(@/@)(671): to bend O, double O over, Niishdeeniitdéél (ndniishdeet:nddniishdeet), (ni-thematic.) In: # 'Ahaah niishdeet, to bend O (as a leg, sapling). (16) (O/yi)(780): to toss O (completive). Yishdeet/ yitdéél (ndshdeet:nddndshdeet), SER .(@/si) (446). HishdeeV/hétdéél| (ndhdshdeet:nddhashdeet). # P-iih yishdeet, to drop or toss O into P. # Nii’oh yishdeet, to toss O out of view. # Taah yishdeet, to drop or toss O into the water.

’Andshdeet/

(Reversionary corresponding to #1

above, but used with special idiomatic or

(5)

rooftop),

Naashdeet/ndatdéél (nindshdeet:ninddnashdeet), SER.(@/si)(446). Nahashdeet/nahatdéél (ninahashdeet:ninddhdshdeel). # P-ch’j’ naashdeet, to drop or toss O down to PE # P-ik’ijj’ naashdeet, to toss or drop O down onto P (as a pair of gloves down onto a cartop). # P-yi'jj’ naashdeet, to toss or drop O down into P. # Ni’jj’ naashdeet, to toss or drop O down onto the ground or floor. (13) ndii-(O/yi)(617): to strike O with a SFO (as with a

(4) ‘and-(O/yi)(113): to toss O (as a rope) back ‘andatdéél.

SER.(O/si). Bizahashdeet/bizahatdéél (bizanadhdashdeet). ch’f-(ni/ni) (292): to toss O out horizontally (as a pair of shoes out a doorway). Ch’inishdeel ch’inftdéél (ch’indnishdeet:ch’fnddnishdeet). SER.(@/si)(276). Ch’éhéshdeet/ch’6hétdéél (ch 'indhdshdeet:ch inddhdshdeet). ch’f-(@/yi)(279): to toss O horizontally out into space (completive). Ch’éshdeet/ch’é6étdéél (ch’{ndshdeet: ch’inddndshdeet). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshdeet, to toss or drop O over the edge, as over a cliff. dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to toss, drop, throw into the fire. Dzidzaashdeet/dzidzaatdéél (dzidzandshdeel:dzidzanddndshdeel). dzidzaji-(@/yi)(357): to toss O roughly into the fire (as a belt). Dzidzajishdeet/dzidzadziitdéél (dzidzanjishdeel:dzidzanddjishdeet). # Sis bee dzidzajishdeet, to throw a belt roughly into the fire (lit. | make a forceful throw away into the fire with a belt). ha-(@/yi)(430): to toss O up out (as from a hole in the ground or cellar). Haashdeet/hadtdéél (handshdeet: handdndshdeet). SER.(@/si) (392). Hahashdeet/hahdtdéél (handhdshdeet: handahashdeet). na-(@/yi)(530-595): to drop or toss O down (asa belt or pair of gloves froma

# P-ch’j’ ’adaashdeet, to drop or toss O down to P. away, to “kick off, croak, (die).”

P-za-(@/yi)(379 - inflected like ’adaashdeet): to drop or toss O into P’s mouth (as spaghetti). Bizaashdee¥ bizadtdéé| (bizanddndshdeetl),

“slang” meanings.) # P-k’ee ’andshdeet, to be amazed or astounded by P. P-di-(@/yi)(180): to tear offa piece of P (asa piece of tortilla). Bidishdeet/biditdéél (bindddishdeet). (di-thematic: reduction.)

132

DEEL

DEEL (17) yinfi-(@/O)(768): to take a whack at O with a SFO (as with a belt). Yinfishdeet/yiniftdéél. # P-ee yinfishdeet, to take a whack at O with RA

nisihwiini-(@/yi)(655): an emergency arises. Nisihwiinideet/nisihwiinfdéél (nisindahwiinideet).

(3)

. £-(tt):

Ill. L-(tt):

yii-(/@)(799):

hatch O (as an egg). Yiishdeet/yiitdéél (ndayiishdeet).

P-’nii-(@/O)(219): to start to eat O (as grapes, sardines, melons). Bi’niishdeet/bi’niishdéél. ’i’nii-(@/O)(470): to start to eat (as unspecified berries, plums). ‘I’niishdeet/i’niishdéél. P-taa’a-(@/si) (248): to sample P (various dishes of food, composed of plural objects, as fruits, berries). Bitaa’ashdeet/bitaa’sisdéél (bitaa-

(1) —_—

(2)

(3)

P-'ai-(= P-’a-yii-)(@/O)(211): to toss O (as a rope or chain) up over P (as over a limb, where O

remains in place). Bi’aishdeet/bi’aitdéél néishdeet:bi’andayiishdeet).

na4a’ashdeet).

D.

ndni-(si-Perf. only)(560): to have eaten too many O (as too many berries, melons). Ndnéshdéél (ninddnéshdéél). (ni-thematic: generic classifier: roundness.) na’ni-(si-Perf. only)(557): to have eaten too much or too many (plural O, as berries), to have overeaten. Na’néshdéél (ninda’néshdéél). ndini-(@/si)(608): to eat too many O (as too many

(4)

(5)

(6)

grapes, raisins) (S’s stomach becomes

tended from overeating.).

S is moving along, migrating (a band, clan, herd), S moves along (a rainbow - as one approaches it); S is flying along through the air. Yiidit/de(nfideet. (1st pers. pl). # ’Adah yidit, S is falling downward. # K’ee’aa yiidit, to be spreading (as a band that moves to a new area and then spreads over a widening territory)(1st

dis-

Nd{nishdeet/ndinésh-

person pl). # Ndats’iilid P-it yidit, P is traveling along by rainbow (as in mythology). # Nddts’iflid P-ts’dajj’ yidit, the (end of) the rainbow “moves” away from P (as P approaches). ’a-(yi) (681): life goes on (lit. unspecified plural S

(3)

B. DURATIVE I. L-(tt): to be eating O (berries, eggs, snow).

Yishdeet/yishdéél

(nddndshdeet).

# ’Ade yishdeet, to overeat on O (lit. to eat O

(2)

above self - i.e. above one’s capacity). 'a-(O/yi)(125): to be eating (unspecified plural O) ’Ashdeel/’eeshdéél (naa’dshdeet). # ’Ade ’ashdeet,

CURSIVE

(yi)(758):

ness.) ni-(ni/ni)(650): to finish eating O, stop eating O (as berries). Ninishdeet/ninishdéél (nindanfshdeet). # ’Atni’ bilddhg66 ninishdeet, to eat more than half of O.

(G/yi)(780):

(bi’a-

. O-(ti):

déél. (ni-thematic: generic classifier: round-

(7)

to conceive O (as a baby), to

to be overeating on plural O

(unspecified).

- animals, people - move along). Oodit. hi-(yi)(459): S is making a series of moves

(as a Hoodit ). smaller belt, in becoming larger or (ndhoodit:nadhoodit). # ’Atch’j’ hoodit, S is getting smaller (as one’s belt when one loses weight). # ’Aa hoodit, S is expanding, becoming larger (a belt, as one gains weight). nahi-(yi)(533): S is turning arou nd and around, revolving (rope, snake). Ndhoodit. naana-(yi) (587): S is swinging to and fro, back and forth (as a piece of rope hanging in the wind). Naandaddit.

E.

REPETITIVE Durative

C. TRANSITIONAL , B-(ti):

1. @-(ti): (1)

yii-(@/@)(795): S (as a human baby) is conceived, S (as a baby bird or turtle) hatches. Yiideet/yiidéél (nddyiideet). ‘ji-(@/D): something unspecified hatches or comes to life, conception takes place. lideet/ jidé6! (nda’iideet).

133

or nik(di-(@-Imp.)(633): S bounces on the ground t. Nikfdidi chain). tow a (as e against a surfac

DEEL

DEELo

Il. t-(tt): (6) (1) (2)

(3)

‘atnana-(O-Ilmp.)(97): S switches O (its tail - as a cat, lion). ’Atndnéftdit. P-{di-(O-lmp.)(180): to hit or beat O (as a rope or chain) against P (as a tree) (repeatedly). Bidishdit (binddd/shdit). nikidi-(O-lmp.)(632): to beat or bounce O against a surface (as a pencil on a tabletop), to slam O down on the ground or floor). Nikfdishdit (nikindadishdit).

(7) (8)

(9) (10) (11) (12)

Seriative

(13)

Ill. £-(tt):

(1)

(14)

nani-(@/si)(563): to give O a series of blows with a SFO (as achain, rope). Nanishdit/ndnétdéél.

# P-ee nanishdit,

as Yédi Dziil, Soft Goods Mountain.). Dzit Na’ooditii Chilf, Huerfanito, New Mexico (a smaller promontory near Huérfano). gaa doo ’ahdgh ndeetf, stiff arm, paralyzed arm (arm that doesn’t bend). ‘itni’idéél, rape (a person is caught and thrown down). na’ashjé’ii yildeet, robber fly, spider eater. nat’oh yildeetigif, snuff (particles of tobacco that are chewed or eaten). nisihwiinidéél, emergency. tadidiin yideet, pollen administration (a procedure in Holy Way Chants). w6k’iz ‘andlditf, dental floss (the SFO that is repeatedly put between the teeth). wélachi? yildeel, anteater (the one that eats ants). i ee

give O a series of blows with

(PPA “ditt? > PA *ditt’ [li]: tremble, quake. Possibly related to *det?’.)

= DEEL» F.

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning “jar, shake by concussion.” Occurs with ©-classifier in intransitive and t-(L-)-

SEMELFACTIVE

I. @-(ti): (1)

classifier in causative-transitive bases meaning “jolt,

jar” and by extension “crack, break, fracture (a bone, stick or other stiff O), play stick dice.”

nikfdi-(@/si)(634): S bounces one time on the ground or against a surface.

Nikfdiidit/nikideesdit.

P-{dii-(@/si)(184):

A.MOM. B.REP. C.SEM.

to hit O against P (one time, as

a chain against a tree). Bidiishdit/b/détdit (bindiishdit: bindddiishdit). nikfdii-(@/si)(634):

(1)

FUT.

OPT.

deet dil dit

dit : dit

déél_— : dit

dit ; dit

deet : dit

k’idi-(ni/ni)(506): S (as a bone) breaks, cracks, fractures crosswise, S sustains a transverse fracture (as one’s leg bone). K’{deedeet/ k’idinidéél (k’indddeedeet). (di-thematic.)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

Il. £-(tt): ‘adi-(O/yi)(25): to play the stick dice game (the wooden “dice” are struck against a hard sur-

hand bends),

face, causing them to bounce up into the air.)

‘aw6k’iz 'andlditf, dental floss (the SFO that is inserted between the teeth). ‘ahéditf,

scissors, snips (the pair of metal

things that move against each other). Dzit Na’ooditii, Huérfano Mesa (or Mountain), New Mexico (mountain around which there is a progressive moving of unspecified S - people, Cf. dzit binéiidit, we are going around the mountain. The place name refers to a mythological event involving the movement of people

around the mesa. mountain

PERF.

|. O-(ti):

'ajadd ‘ahah ndniidiff, knee joint (where the leg bends). ‘dlatsiin ‘ah&gh ndniiditf, wrist joint (where the

béésh

UST.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

to bounce O against a surface

(as the ground or floor), to slam O on the ground or floor (one time). Nikidiishdit/nikidétdit (nikindadiishdit).

G.

IMP.

(4)

Dzit Nd’ooditi is a sacred

of the east, known ceremonially

134

‘Adishdit/’adiitdéél (nda’dishdit). (di-thematic.) atta nii-(@/@)(101): to break, crack, split O apart length-wise (as a board). ’Attdniishdeet/ attaniitdéél (’attandniishdeet:’attdnddniishdeet). (ni-thematic.) 'atts’a-(ni/ni) (107): to break O apart, divide O by breaking (stick, tortilla). ’Atts’Anishdeet /atts’Aanitdéél (’atts’Andnishdeet:’alts’dnddnishdeel). P-di-(Q/yi)(178): to break or tear off a piece of P (as a piece of tortilla). Bidishdeet/bidiftdéél (bindddishdeet). (di-thematic: reduction.)

DIH

DEELo SER.(@/si)(194).

Bihidishdeet/bihidétdéél

(binddhidishdeet). k’fdi-(ni/ni) (506): to snap or break O in two (a stick, a tortilla). K ’fdinishdeet/k’idinitdéé| (k’(ndddinishdeet). (di-thematic.) SER.(Q/si) (501). K’thidishdeet /k ’fhidétdéél. na-(@/yi)(594): to break O down (as a tree branch). Naashdeet/naatdéél (ninddndshdeel). (Homophonous or identical with naashdeet, toss or drop O down. V. DEEL, Alilj12.) SER.(@/si) (621): to break O down one after another. Neheshdeet/nihétdéél (ninddhashdeed).

(5)

(6)

B.

REPETITIVE Durative

(6)

tsiighaa’ bili’ hasdit, concussion of the brain (interior of the brain was jarred). —

——————————————————————————————

(PA

crane beak (used ceremonially). # dét (déét- + -f, the one), sandhill crane. # détddnii ~ ddtdanii ~ ditddnii (derivation uncertain), quail.

DEEt

—————————————————————————————

(A) A compound functioning syntactically as a postpositional:

-DEENA

I. £-(tt): (@-lImp.)(775): O. Yishdil.

(1)

*det, crane) Stem noun: crane. # déétdaa’ (-daa’, beak, bill),

for,

in exchange for, as compensation for. Naaki béeso bideend ‘ddeeshtift, I'll make it for two dollars. (Ib. -k’é.)

to jar O repeatedly, to keep jarring

C. SEMELFACTIVE

-DEEZHf

(pl -deezhiké) Stem noun: younger sister, mother’s sister’s daughter. # shideezhéii! (vocative (in calling her).

I, L-(tt): yii-(@/si) (799): to giveO a jolt, jar O (one time). Yiishdit/sétdit (ndayiishdit).

(1)

-DIDLA

Il. L-(ti/Pass.):

yii-(@/si)(796): S is jolted, jarred. Yiildit/yisdit (ndayiildit). # Ni’ P-ityiildit, P feels an earth tremor (as when a charge of dynamite explodes (lit. the earth is caused to jolt with P - P represents the person who feels the jolt). @/si)(460): area is jolted, jarred (as hoyii-)( (2) hoo-(= by concussion). Hooldihasdit (nddhooldit). # P-ii’ hooldit, P is jolted, jarred, shaken (as by a nearby explosion)(lit. space inside P is shaken or jolted). # P-tsiighaa’ bii’ hasdit, P received a concussion of the brain.

Noun (derivation uncertain): area between the belly and crotch (in humans), lower belly (between the thighs)(in quadrupeds).

(1)

D. (1)

(2)

(3) (4) (5)

NOUN

DIH/DIIH

Stem noun: hand-rolled cigaret, ceremonial cigaret made of wild tobacco rolled in a cornhusk.

(PA *dixY, grouse) Stem noun: grouse,

DERIVATIVES

’aditditf, stick dice player (the one who plays stick

dice). k’idi’nidéél, transverse (bone) fracture (something is broken in two crosswise). K'{di’nidéél dé6 binaa tidilyaa, compound fracture (something is broken in two crosswise and there is surrounding injury). tséghddinideet, tip of the fire drill. tséghddinidéél, lightning- -struck rock (used in making ceremonial fire). tsidit, stick dice (tsi-= tsin, wood).

(PPA *dik’ > PA *dikY’ [ft]: strike with a sharp pointed object, as an arrow or beak.) NAVAJO: Occurs, with t-classifier, as the theme in a few verb bases and by extension in a base desjar,” meaning “jolt, cribing the gait of a person with a slight limp (who “thumps or jars” as he walks).

DIH

A.REP.} B.SEM.

DIZ

IMP.

UST

PEREw

BUI,

OPE

dih

dih

dih

dih

dih

A. |. ni-L-(ti): (1)

A.

REPETITIVE Durative

(2)

I.£-(tt): (1)

‘i’ni-(@-lmp.)(469): to limp, to have a slight limp. ‘l’nishdih. (ni-thematic.)

(3)

Seriative

’ahfni-(@/si)(62): to be(come) used to each other, adjusted to or fond of each other (as spouses). ‘Ahiniildin (we)/’ahineeldin. P-fni-(@/si)(239): to be(come) used to P, adjusted to P, acclimated to P, fond of P. Binishdin/ binéshdin . (The Imperfective functions syntactically both as a Momentaneous and asa Neuter. E.g. dif chidf t’ah doo binishdin da, | haven’t become used to this car yet / dif chidf k’ad binfshdin, |’m used to this car now.) {ni-(@/si)(472): to be(come) acclimated, used to (something unspecified, as weather,

environment).

Il. £-(tt):

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

to thump O, jar orjolt O (with a series ofjolts, as in firming the loose soil at the base of a newly installed post). Nanishdih/ nanétdih.

‘inishdin/’(néshdin.

na&ni-(@/si)(563):

(A) A compound that functions postpositionally: opposite to, in opposite

directions. B.

SEMELFACTIVE

I. £-(tt): (1)

adverbially with the meaning “facing in opposite directions,” asin tf ’ahidinitndago sizj, the horses are standing head to tail.

yii-(@/si)(799):

one time.

to give O a thump, jolt or jar O Yiishdih/sétdih (nadyiishdih).

(-dit) Stem noun: blood. # chaadit (chaa-, excrement), DI ~ dysentery, bloody stool. # dilziil (-ziil ~ -siil, vapor, steam), blood fumes or vapor (as when an animal is butchered). # -né’édit (-né’é-< -nii’, nostril), noseblood, blood from the nose. # yi'déé’ dit (-yi’déé’, from within), internal hemorrhage. # zahdit (-zah < -zéé’, mouth), mouth blood blood from the mouth. ’Ayanf bizahdit, the mouth blood (death blood) of a buffalo (used ceremonially).

Stem noun: DIZ

DIZ

FUT.

OPT.

din

djfh

din

oft

din

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning “twist,

(2) with t-classifier in causative(3)

jerky steps” (as the masked dancers at the Yei Bichei, Or a javelin thrower as he nears the point of release of the projectile), and (4) with thematic t-(L-?) classifier

NAVAJO: Occurs with ni-thematic and L-classifier, as the theme in verb bases meaning “be(come) used to, adjusted to, acclimated, emotionally attached to, fond of.”

PERF.

[@]: twist into rope, wind.)

transitive themes meaning “cause O to twist,” and with di-thematic, in bases meaning “run with short

DIN

US /IT.

(PA *didz

verb bases meaning “twist, spin

(PA *dinY [li]: be[come] accustomed used to, good at, fond of.)

IMP.

trash accumulated by the swirling water of a stream, driftwood. (Cf. Carrier duz, with similar meaning, but Chipewyan des, river.)

wind, wrap.” Occurs: (1) with Oclassifier as the Semantic Theme in (yarn), wrap,”

A.MOM._

16 bidinindagd6 ni’ bikad

hasé’éél, | floated up onto land in the opposite direction from the water. Reciprocal ’ahidinitnda functions

as the theme in Neuter Perfective bases meaning “tangled, snarled.”

136

DIZ

DIZ

IMP.

US./IT.

PERF.

A.MOM.

diis

dis

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

diz

dis

difs

B.CONCL.

diz

dis

diz

dis

diz

C.REP.

dis

dis

diz

dis

dis

D.SEM.

dis

dis

dis

E.REV.

dis

dis

diz

-

F.CURS.

-

G.NEUT._

A.

dis

dis

-

dis

dis

-

dis

-

-

-

/diis -

diz

IV. di-L-(ti) : ’adi-(@/yi)(22): to move or run (“tremble-run”) with short jerky steps (as the masked dancers

(1)

at the Yé’ii Bicheii). ’Adisdifs/’adeesdiz (‘andddisdiis). ndi-(ni/ni)(608): to run as far as a stopping point taking short jerky steps (as in throwing a javelin). Ndinisdifs/ndinisdiz. # P-it ndinisdifs, to run with P (the javelin) to a stopping point (at which it is thrown).

-

MOMENTANEOUS

B.

1. @-(tt): |, O-(tt):

P-’nii-(@/O)(218): to start to spin P (yarn), start to twist P (wool strands into yarn). Bi’niisdiis/ bi’niidiz. hahi-(@/si)(391): to spin O out, produce a loose yarn from O (lit. twist O one after another or one time after another). Hahasdifs/hahadiz (handahasdiis).

(1)

(2)

CONCLUSIVE

(G/si) (774): to spin O (wool into yarn), to twist O (wool). Yisdiz/sédiz (nddanasdiz). (of yarn), to ’a-(O/si)(123): to do the spinning 4492 spin (yarn). ’Asdiz/’asédiz (nda’asdiz).

C.

REPETITIVE Seriative

Il. t-(tt):

|. @-(tt):

ha- (G/yi)(429): to twist O up out (a rabbit from a hole, by twisting a stick against its fur and extracting it). Haasdifs/haatdiz (handsdiis:hanaanasdifs).

(1)

ndni-(@/si)(563): to give O a series of twists (as in twisting a rabbit out of a hole with a stick). Nanisdis/nanédiz.

(1)

ha’a-(@/yi)(402): to hunt, go (rabbit) hunting (using a stick with which the rabbits are caught

(2)

by twisting the stick end into the fur and pulling out the rabbit), to make the final payment (as ona mortgaged car or home). Ha’asdiis/ havittdiz (hand’dsdifs:handa’dsdiis).

# K’adée ha’asdifs, payment. # P-d ha’asdifs,

D. |. @-(tt):

to be close to the final

yii-(@/si)(797): to roll O up (as a tarpaulin).

Yiisdis/sédis

to accomplish something for P

(néisdis:nadayiisdis).

# P-ityiisdis, to wrap O up in P (as in paper or in a blanket).

(as a politician who obtains benefits for his constituency). Ba ha’asdifs. to catch O (rabbits) one after i)(391): hahi-(@/s (3) another by twisting them out (of their holes with a stick). Hahasdiis/hahatdiz (hanahasdiis: handadhasdiis). (4) ha’ii- (= ha’ahi-)(@/si)(407): to go (rabbit) hunting (and catch something one after another by twisting out). Ha’iisdifs/ha’iyétdiz (hana ’iisdifs: handa’iisdifs). (5) hd&a’a-(= hana’a-)(O/yi)(426): to cause something unspecified to twist back out. Haa’dsdiis/ had’iitdiz (haninda’dsdiis). # P-ii’ hdd’Asdifs, to clean P (the barrel ofa rifle or pistol. The object that “twists back up out” is the cleaning patch as it follows the rifling.)

’ii-(= ’a-yii-)(@/si)(478)(with prepounded P-it): to wrap P up (with something unspecified, as a Bit ‘iisdis/bit package with wrapping paper). var ath s). nda’iisdi ’asédis (bit na’iisdis:bit

(2)

. £-(tt):

’atk’fi-(@/si)(93): to twist O together (as two wires) ’Atk’fisdis/’atk isétdis (‘atk ’inéisdis: ’atk’(ndadnéisdis). OonP. Bik’fisdis/bik fsétdis P-k’fi-(@/si): to wrap (bik’(néisdis:bik 'indanéisdis).

E.

REVERSATIVE

|. di-O-(tt):

III. L+ (tr): (1)

SEMELFACTIVE

(1)

’Adi-(@/yi)(14): to roll O (dirt) off of oneself. "Kdésdiis/ ’Adéésdiz (’Adinddndsdiis).

137

P-k’fdi-(@/si)(203): to wrap O (in spiral fashion) around P (as a bandage), to bind P with O (as a leg or finger with bandage).

DifL4

DIZ

(2)

Bik’fdisdis/bik’(dédiz (bik’indisdis: bik’fnaadfsdis). P-k’f’di-(@/si)(207): to bandage P (i.e. to wrap unspecified O around P in a spiral). Bik’fdisdis/bik’?'dédiz (bik’fna’disdis:bik’inda’disdis).

F.

(12) bik’? deesdizf (Ib. ’ach’i’ bik’fdeesdizf). V.#1 above. (13) bik’?didisf, spool (that upon which something is wound). (14) Daghd Yisdis, Twisted Mustache (personal nickname), (15) diz, pile of trash and debris accumulated in a stream by swirling water, flotsam brought together by an eddy in a river. (16) ké bik’ideesdizigif, women’s wrap-on leggings (the footwear that are wrapped around it or that

CURSIVE

. di-L-(ti): di-(yi)(310):

to be running along with short jerky

which is wrapped around the footwear).

steps (as a child going along kicking dirt). Deesdis/ dadiiniildiis.

Gr

(17) nat’oh bit da’asdisigii, cigaret (wrapped tobacco). (18) naats'd’ootdisii, whirlwind, dust devil. (19) tabaasdisi, snipe (shore-twister). (20) T6 Naneesdizi/, Tuba City, Arizona (the twisting or weaving waters - i.e. the place where water forms rivulets). (21) yik’fididisigif, reel (for fishing) (that which winds it on it) (P-yik’fididisigif). (22) yoo’ daasdis/, olivella shell bead (bead that is wound or wrapped). (23) yoosdisf, olivella shell.

NEUTER

. £-(ti): ‘attaani-(si-Perf.)(101): S is tangled, snarled (as wire, rope, string). ‘Attaaneesdiz. nani-(si-Perf.)(561): S wind around, meander (as rivulets of water, strings of Christmas tree lights, strands of a cobweb). Naneesdiz. # P-k’i naneesdiz, P has streamers of S on it (as S (strings of lights) weave around on P (the tree).

(~ ts’idiil) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a deep rumbling sound, as that produced by a peal of thunder.

DIIL

H.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’ach'i? bik’(deesdiz/ (Ib. bik’/’'deesdizi), tallow twisted with entrails and fried or roasted (intestines are wrapped on it). ‘aghaa’ daasdizigii, are twisted).

(Cf. Sarci -dil [I]: make a clinking

yarn (the wool strands that

rr DIIL4

’ak’idadidis/, bandages (that which is wrapped in a spiral on something unspecified) (P-e’ak’(dadidis/). ’atk’ésdis/, candy (they are wound on each other. Reference is to stick candy with its red and

metallic sound.) NAVAJO:

Occurs, with L-classifier

and usually a di-thematic prefix: relates to noise, as the theme in verb

bases meaning “rumble, bong, peal (as thunder, cannons, a large bell),” and with t-classifier in causative-transitive themes “cause a rumbling or bonging sound, make a din.”

white spirals, but the term has been extended to include candy of any kind).

‘anddiz, eyelash (P-nddiz). ‘azee’ naneesdizi (~ ’azee’ naneesdizits’66z), Stoneseed gromwell, puccoon. (Cf. #7 below.) ‘azee’ naneesdizits’66z, stoneseed gromwell, puccoon (Lithospernum canescens) (slender medicine plant that meanders or twists around among shrubs), bee’adiz/, spindle (that with which yarn-spinning is done) (P-bee’adizi). (9) bee’eldogh bee bii’ haa’dldis{, cleaning rod for guns (that which is repeatedly twisted inside a gun). (10) bee ha’aldizf, rabbit-twister (stick used for twisting out rabbits), (11) béésh naneesdizf, chicken wire, woven wire (Ib. béésh yistt’6nf) (metal that winds about).

A.MOM. B.CONT.

IMP

OSWAin

Jae.

iW,

ver.

dil dil

dift dit

di dil

dift dit

diit dil

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. di-L-(ti): (1)

‘adi-(@/si)(18): there is a rumble or bonging sound (as a peal of thunder). ’Adild/f/

‘adeesdiil. (Also as ’aldiil).

138

DIiN

DiiLy

B. . di-L-(tt):

# ’Ay66 (~ ’ay6f) ’Anishdif,

CONTINUATIVE

# P-l4dh ’Anishdifl, to be bigger, huskier, stouter than P. (E.g. nildah 'Anishdif, I’m bigger

Also as L-(tt):

than you.)

na’a-(@/si)(551): to make a rumbling or bonging noise, to make a racket, raise a din (as noisy children at play). Na’ashdil/ni’sétdil (ninda’ashdil). n’di-(@/si)(603): there are peals or rumblings (of thunder, cannon fire). Nda’ditdil/nda’deesdil. # ’li’ni’ nda’ditdil, thunder is rumbling (i.e. the lightning is causing rumbling sounds around).

(1)

(2)

(that with which there is a

bee ’adildifl, gong peal). bee’aldil, gong, large bell (that with which a bonging sound is made).

(1) (2)

Bee’aldifl Dah Sinil (Bee’eldfilahsinil), Albuquerque, New Mexico (there are gongs or bells standing up at elevation from the ground. The gongs or dinner bells in front of the old Harvey House? Church bells?) P-kédil, P’s hoofbeats, foot-noise. (Jad/ bikédil, antelope hoofbeats.)

(3)

(4)

than P. (E.g. ni’oh ’Anishdifl, I’m not as husky as you are.)

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “thick, stout, heavy set, big.” Occurs: (I) as DifLo an adjectival enclitic, (2) with nithematic and L-classifieror (3) with ’4-n{-thematic and L-classifier in comparative bases meaning “thick, The corpulent, stout, heavy set, chunky, large in size.”

OO

(PA *denY [@]: light shines.) DIiN

I. ni-L-(ti):

(3) (4)

(5)

NAVAJO:

Occurs, with di-thematic:

fire, and

@-classifier as the Semantic

Theme in Neuter bases meaning “light shines,” and with di-thematic and tclassifier in causative-transitive themes meaning “cause light to shine, direct light.” The stem shape

stem has the invariable shape DIL.

(2)

DERIVATIVES

’ach’fidiM, large intestine (-ch’f’, intestine) (Pch ‘fidif). Chijshdilf, Big-nose (Personal nickname)(-fchjh, nose). Daadil, Liver-lips (personal nickname) (-daa’, lip). Dinédffl, Big Man (personal nickname) (diné, man). Hastijdi, Big-man (personal nickname) (hastiin, man). Jdddii, Big-legs, “Piano-legs” (personal nickname) (-jadd, leg). {dit H{dM, draft horse, big or powerful horse (i{’, horse) (P-lfjdifl).

(1)

oo

(1)

to be less husky or stout

# P-’oh ’Anishdil,

NOUN

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES

to be big, husky,

stout.

DI{N is irregular, since *D{ would be expected here (Leer). D{iN is invariable in shape.

’aheent-(O-Imp.)(53): to be equally big, corpulent, chunky, heavy set. ’Aheenfildffl. # P-it ’aheenishdil, to be as chunky, big or stout as P. P-eent-(O-Imp.)(165): to be as stout, corpulent,

|. di-O-(ti):

big as P. Beenishdiffl.

daa ni-(@-Imp.)(658): to be so big, to be a certain size. Daa nishdif. # Daa (haa) nildifl, how heavy set or big is he? too doo shéni-(O-Imp.) da (695): S is enormous, big (used only in the negative frame, and only in 3rd person). Doo shénildiil da (he’s overgrown, too big, awfully big, enormous). kén{-(@-Imp.)(498): to be this stout or heavy set (as a person looking at childhood photos and

(5)

saying “I was this big ---”). K6nishdiil.

(6)

Il. ’A-ni-L-(ti):

’adi-(ni-Perf.)(20): there is light. ’Adinidiin. P-ghddi’-(ni-Perf.)(186): light shines through P, light comes through P (as a window), P lets light through. Bighddi’ndfin. P-nikddi’-(ni-Perf.): light shines through P (as through a doorway or window). Binikddi’hdiin. P-ts’Adi’-(ni-Perf.)(252): P gives off light (as the sun), P reflects light (as a mirror), P is bright and shiny (the sun), P glitters, gleams (as a piece of glass in the sunlight). Bits ’Adi’ndfin (bits’Ada’deezdiin: d.p.) (Ib. bits’adi’nlfid.) up ha’di-(yi-Perf.)(405): a beam of light shines iin. Ha’diid ole). smokeh the out up (as out ’i'di-(yi-Perf.)(467): light shines away out of sight. ’diidiin. # Yah ‘i’difdiin, light shines into an enclosure (as into

big, (1) ’Anf-(@-Imp.)(116-118): to be (comparatively) il. ’Anishdi husky. set, corpulent, heavy

cave).

139

a room, hole in the ground,

DIJD

DI{N (ni-Perf.):; there is a beam or ray of light. Ndfin. (Not used alone. Occurs in shdndifn, sunbeam.)

transitive get rid of O, destroy O, wipe O out. (2) + thematized ’a- (3i object pronoun) (t) survive, live; (L) enjoy, make full use of, take full advantage of. (3) with negative frame (doo---da): (t) become bored with O, lose interest in O, take a disliking for O. (4) with negative frame: (L) be despised, hated, an outcast. The Neuter corresponding to (1) above has

n’di-(si-Perf.):

lightis cast about (as by a fire). N’deez-diin. # P-ee n’deezdiin, P sheds light (a lantern, camp fire).

the meaning be none, be non-existent, be exhausted or extinct, dead or absent.

’adfini-(= ’adi-y(n/-)(@-Imp.)(29): to shine, direct, throw a beam of light (as with a flashlight). ’Adiinishdifn. P-ghddi’-(ni-Perf.): to shine a light through P (as through a window). Bighddi’nftdifn. P-'diini-(= P-’di-yinf-)(@-Imp.)(20): to shine a light at (on) P, direct a light beam at P. Bi’difnishdiin. P-nikadi’-(ni-Perf.): to shine a light through P (as through a window). Binikddi’nftdiin. ha’di-(yi-Perf.)(405): to shine a light up out (as up out asmokehole). Ha’diftdiin. ‘i'di-(yi-Perf.)(467): to shine a light away. ’I’diitdiin. # Yah ’i’diitdiin, to shine a light into an enclosure (as into a room or hole in the ground). ‘i’diini-(= ’i’di-yinf-)(D-Imp.): to be holding a light

(directed at something unspecified).

IMP «US: PERFs* PROG" FUTARORT ————————==_==—=——_—_=—————————sSs_"

A.MOM. djjh — dijh dijd B.CURS. . : C.NEUT. din : a |. ’a-O-(ti): (1)

’A-(@/si)(33): to dwindle away, run out, vanish, fizzle out, disappear, become extinct, die.

‘Adjjh/’Asdjjd

(’Anddjjh:’4nddnddjjh).

# P-ee ’ddjjh, P runs out of (a supply - as food, money). # P-it’’Adjjh, to disappear along with P (as stories that disappear with the people who knew them).

’I’diinish-

# P-fni’ ’Adjjh, P faints, loses consciousness. # P-nda’ ’Adjjh, to go blind, lose one’s eyesight, become blind (lit. P’s eyes

DERIVATIVES

(2)

vanish). ‘a-P-’nii-(@/@)(5):

P starts to dwindle, fade away,

peter out, vanish, become none.

‘adinidifn, light (P-’adinfdfin). ‘atsinilt?ish bee ’adinidiin, electric light (light by means of lightning/electricity). (3)

dijt —dijh : : : :

MOMENTANEOUS

A.

difn.

NOUN

é dijt :

(3)

‘Abi’ niidjjd. ’adahi-(si-Perf.)(628):

vanished.

bee ’adinidinf (Ib. bee ’adinfdinigif), light bulb, lamp, lantern, light (that with which there is light).

one after another they

’Adahaasdijd.

# Nihikéé’ ’Adahaasdjjdgo,

Pe alicoer aa ge

(4)

means of the moon). shdndiin, sunbeam, sunlight, sunray. tadidifn, pollen. Tsin bitddidiin, (pinyon) tree

’Abi’niidjjh/

when we are gone

(lit. when our footprints have vanished, one after another). ’aha-(Q/si)(37): area, place, impersonal “it”, “things” vanish, disappear, become non-

existent. "Ahddjjh/ ’Ahdsdijd (‘Andhddjjh:’andahadjjh). # P-aah ’ahddjjh, P is orphaned, left an orphan (lit. “things” vanish alongside P).

pollen.

toko’f bee ’adinidinigff, kerosene lantern (the light by means of kerosene). t?60'di bee ‘adin{dinigif, outdoor light, streetlight

# T’66 P-it ’Ahddjjh,

P becomes

excited, “all

worked up.” (Lit. “things” merely seem to vanish with P).

through which light shines). —C—oooOo_]]@@an@amanpoane==E—_—_—_—_—_—

(PA

I. ’4-L-(tt):

P-e-din, without P. Cf. Navajo P(din, without P, lacking P.)

(1)

°A-(@/si) (125):

to get rid of O, make O disappear,

destroy O, wipe out O. ’Ashdijh/’dsétdijd

DJJD

(‘Andshdijjh:’andandshdijh). # Dichin ’abfdjjh, famine wipes them out, they die of hunger. # Dibda’ ’abfdjjh, thirst wipes them out, they die of thirst. # Hadoh ’abiftdjjh, they die of heat.

NAVAJO: The root and its derived stems occur in a variety of Semantic Themes, many of them disparate in meaning. Derived verb bases may be Active or Neuter, intransitive or transitive. Themes include: (1) ’A-thematic: (@) dwindle away, peter out, vanish, disappear, become non-existent, die; (Lt) causative-

140

DIJD

DJJD they die of the cold, freeze

# Hak’az ‘dbftdjjh, to death.

(because of some repulsive characteristic).

# Ko’ ‘Abftdjjh, they are killed or destroyed by fire, they die in the fire.

# Naatniih 'dbftdjjh, they are wiped out by disease, they die in an epidemic. # Ni’ nahaas’nda’go ‘dbftdijh, they are destroyed by an earthquake, they die in an earthquake. # N(yoltsoh 'Abfdijh, they are wiped out bya windstorm, destroyed by a tornado or hurricane. # T6’6'{ 'Abfdjjh, they die of poverty. # T6 'Abftdjjh, they are wiped out by a flood, # Ts’(th niidééh ‘Abfdjjh, they are wiped out by fever (disease).

# Yas ‘dbftdjjh, they die ina

ndhodii-(@/O)(541): In:

(1)

mg. uncertain.

Nahodiildjjh.

# Doo P-it ndhodiildjjh da, P gets angry.

(Cf.C[II1]2: doo P-it haldin da, Pisina foul mood.) nad’a-(O/si)(551): to get one’s fill, enjoy. Na’ashdijh/n(sisdijd. # ’Ahee na’dshdjjh, to enjoy each other (each other’s company). # P-ee nd’dshdjjh, to enjoy P, get one’s fill of P, make full use of P (a trip to town, fair,

(2)

blizzard, a bliz-

zard wipes them out.

toy, car).

Ill. L-(tt): doo (O/si) da (781): to lose interest in O, become , bored with O (as a lengthy speech or sermon) take a disliking for O (a person). (Used ina negative frame only.) Doo yishdjjh da/doo

(1)

sétdjjd da.

(as flies or pests).

‘A-(yi)(1):

(1) =

’a-(ni/ni)(IlI6-118):

Nabéshdjjh/nab/sétdjjd.

than 90 years.)

# Doo deighanid颒 ‘anfidijd, to have lived a long life. toa # P-aa’nishdjjh (= P-aa ‘anishdjjh), to live specified age.

(2)

away).

to live, survive, reach a certain

age. ‘Anishdjjh/’anttdjjd. a # Bilddhd颒 ’anftdjjd, to have lived beyond naahai ’édiin nahast certain age. (E.g. yilddhd¢¢’ da’nitdijd, they lived more

or (as ch’f’(a)-(ni/ni)(287): to survive, be a surviv . rophe) catast other or reck shipw a from

Ch'f’nishdjjh/ch'’nftdjjd (ch'inda’nishdijh). e, # Hojooba’dgo ch’i’nfshdjjh, to barely surviv

NW. ’A-t-(tt): (1)

'g-(yi)(l):

to be causing O to vanish or disappear

(progressively). naashdijjt).

'AAshdjjt (‘'Anddshdijt:’anaa-

lll. 'a-t.-(ti): ’a-(yi)(367): to keep fighting for life, to be making a continuous effort to survive (as a centen ldijh. da’finii jj/ arian), 'Eeshd

(1)

“come out alive by the skin of one’s teeth,” barely get over (a disease - i.e. nearly succumb to it).

doo da’a-(@/si) da (302): to get tired from being too long in one position (as from sitting too long ina chair without changing position). (Used only in a negative frame.) Doo da’ashdjjh da/doo da’sétdijjd da. come back to (4) hdd’a-(= hand’a-)(@/yi) (426): toback on one’s life, regain one’s health, “get feet” (a convalescent). Haa’Ashdijh/haa ‘itdjjd (haninda’Ashdijh). one’s days, (5) ni'(a)-(ni-Perf.)(640-641): to live out ng). survivi (stop life one’s of end reach the Ni’nftdjjd.

to be fading away, vanishing, disap-

pearing, petering out, dwindling away. "RAdijt (‘Andddijt:’Andandddjjt). # P-nda’ ddjjt, P’s eyesight is going, P is losing (his) eyesight. # P-tsj’ ’Addijt, P is losing weight, becoming emaciated (lit. P’s flesh is dwindling

IV. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

CURSIVE

|, 'A-O-(ti):

to annihilate P, exterminate P

na-P-f-(@/si)(521):

(2)

B.

Cc,

(3)

NEUTER

|, ’A-O-(ti):

(1)

a-(O-Imp.)(I8):

to be none, absent, exhausted (a

’Anishdin. supply), non-existent, extinct, dead. P has have, not does P lacks, # P-ee ’ddin, P

no. (E.g. chidf shee ‘ddin, | have no car, | do not have acar, | lack a car.)

has # P-noun ’ddin, P lacks, does not have, | no, (E.g. shichidf 'Adin, | have no car, car.) a lack | car, a have not do

DJJD

DO

# P-nda’ ’ddin, P is blind (lit. P has no eyes). # Chin P-aah ‘Addin, P is clean, immaculate (lit. P has no filth).

(17) tPizfcho’ddinii,

E. (1) (1)

yinf Ahodi-(@-lmp.)(71): S is silly, dim-witted, mentally deficient, imbecilic, “not all there.” Yini ’Ahodildin (lit. his mind pretends to be nonexistent).

(2)

(2)

doo (@-lmp.) da (780): to be despised, hated, an outcast. Doo yishdin da. doo P-it ha-(@/yi)(409): P be(comes) ill-humored,

Diy’

# difts’dadah (-ts’dadah = English -teen), fourteen. # djj’di (-di, times), four times. Dizdiindi, forty times. Djj’ts’aAadahdi, fourteen times, Dji’di neeznddiin (neeznddiin, hundred), four hundred. Djj’di mil (mi,

IV. £-(tt): doo (@/si) da(780):

thousand), four thousand. # dji (-f, the ones), quadruplets, fourth. Dj’ij géne’, on the fourth day. # dfigff (-igif, the one, the kind), the four spot in cards. # daadjj’go, by fours (3+ groups of four). # djfydal (-yaal, Span. real, bit), four bits, fifty

to “get it in for O,” take a dis-

liking to O, to come to despise O.

Doo yishdin

da/doo sétdijjd da.

D.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

cents.

‘Adin, zero, nothing. ‘atchinf baah ’Adahaasdijjdigif, orphans, orphan children (children alongside whom “things” have vanished). (Ib. baah ’Adahaasdijdigif.) ‘atchinf baah ’Adahaasdjjdigif bighan, orphanage,

(2)

# dam6od66 dj’fjf (daméo, Span. Domingo, Sunday + -d66, from + dj’f, fourth ~ -jj, day), Thursday. # bila’d/ii (bfla’-, its fingers, prongs + -dj-, four + -ii, the one), four-pronged fork. ee

orphans’ home. ba’ddd ’ddinii, widower (one who has no wife). be’esdz4é4 ’Adinii, widower, bachelor (one who has no wife). cho’ddinii, eunuch, castrated animal (one who has no testicles). dibé cho’ddinii, wether (castrated sheep). doo yildinf (duuldinf), outcast, pariah, “creep”, despised person, S.O.B.. gad ’ddin, a thick gruel made without flavoring, salt or ashes, used ceremonially in Na’at’oee (no juniper). (10) Jaa’ddinii, Earless One (personal nickname), (11) jéf'Adjjh, tuberculosis (the lungs are dwindling away), (2 ~— jé?'Adjjh ba hooghan, tuberculosis sanitorium

DO

—

(14

—

(15

~~

(16)

(PPA *dixW > PA *dugh [li]: amorphous substance moves rapidly; container of amorphous substance bursts.)

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with L-classifier as the theme in intransitive bases that describe S as wafting, drifting or floating through the air (amorphous substance as a cloud, fog, wisp of smoke, vapor), and by extension a shadow, disease, escalator, animate being that moves slowly over a surface or through water (as a dying fish). (Some speakers choose DO to describe the movement of a hot air balloon while others prefer CH’AAL: move suspended, for the movement of a balloon.) (2) L-class bases describe escaping air (as from a bursting container such as an inner tube); (3) and with t-classifier in causative-transitive themes “cause O to waft or drift through the air,” or “cause O to burst (as an inner tube or sack of air).” The derived verb bases are used ina variety of extended meanings. (DO and DOII: heat moves, may be cognates.)

(home or place for tuberculosis - tuberculars).

(13

Stem noun/adjective: four. (Combining forms: dj-, dj-, dj’, diz-.) # dizdiin (-diin = English -ty), forty. Dizdjj naaki, forty-two.

P is angry, disgusted, in a bad humor (lit. “things” are despicable with P). Doo bit haldin da. (The subject is the 3s person.)

(1)

ADVERBIAL DERIVATIVES

t’aa P-idingo, without P, lacking P. (E.g. she’esdz4@ t’ad bidingo dah diiy4, | left without my wife.) doo bidinigd6, in plenty, lacking nothing. (E.g. doo bidinigd6 kéédahwiit’’, we live in plenty, lacking nothing.)

Ill. L-(ti-Pass.):

(1)

wether (castrated goat).

jéP'Adjjh bich’j’ 'azee’, anti-tuberculosis drug, isoniazid. latsin{ binda’ 'Adinigif, plain bracelet without sets (the kind of bracelet that has no set). néa’adinii, blind person (the one without eyes). nda’ddjjh, toadstool, mushroom (eyes vanish. A powdery substance that is puffed out when the plant is disturbed is said to cause blindness.)

142

DO

DO

A.MOM.|

IMP.

UST.

PERF.

d6d6h_

doh

do

do

doh

do

doh -

doh -

doh -

PROG.

FUT.

OPT

doh

do6h

doh

do

doh -

doh -

Trans.

B.CONT. C.SEM. D.CURS.

A.

doh

MOMENTANEOUS

|. L-(ti):

’a-(@/yi) (475): to waft, sail, drift, float away out of sight (moving through the air). ‘lildéd6h/’eeld66h (‘andlddoh:’anddnalddoh). SER.(@/si). ’Adahaldééh/’adahaasdo (’andahaldddh: ’andddahald6oh). # Yah ’iildd6h, to drift into an enclosure (as a wisp of smoke or fog into a room). # Y66’ ‘iildé6h, to drift away and disappear (as a cloud). # P-it y66’ ‘iildddéh, P (a balloonist) sails away in S (the balloon) and disappears or gets lost. or floats (2) ’ada-(~ bida-/nada-)(O/yi)(378): S drifts ). balloon a cloud, a (as height a from down 'Adaaldééh/’adaaldo (’adandld6dh:’adandanaldd6h). # P-it’adaaldédéh, P (a passenger) descends in S (a balloon, an escalator). bida’a-/nada’a-)(O/yi)(376): something (~ ’ada’a(3) unspecified wafts or floats down from a height. 'Nda’aldééh/’ada’ooldo (’adand’dld6éh:’adanaa’Aldd6h). # P-it’ada’aldé6h, to descend (by escalator), to take the escalator down, ride down by escalator. ): something unspecified starts to /si)(I8 ‘adi-(O (4) waft or drift along through the air. "Adildd6h/ ‘adeesdo (n’dildddh:nda’dild66h). # P-it’’adildééh, P (passenger) starts to ride along through the air in S (a balloon), P starts to ride an escalator. something (5) ’adii-(@/@)(29) (with prepounded dah): h the air (as unspecified starts off floating throug a balloon), Dah ‘adiildééh/dah ’adiildo (dah n’diildédh: dah nda’diild6d6h). # P-itdah ’adiildééh, P (a passenger) starts off in S (an unspecified balloon or escalator). wafts (6) ’aha-(@/yi)(38): “things,” impersonal “it”

(1)

away out of sight. ’Ahaldédh/’ahooldo

# P-it p-6ld66h, P (a passenger) catches up with p (another balloonist) in S (the balloon in which P is riding). ) (8) P-f'a-(ni/ni)(214): unspecified S (as a balloon overtakes P (as another balloon). Brilddédh/ bi'ido (bind’fldédh:binda’fldédh). # P-it p-(‘ld6éh, P (a passenger) overtakes p (as another balloonist)(while riding in S an unspecified wafting conveyance). P is (9) P-k’iha-(@/yi)(205): P has a feeling of relief, onal impers or ” “things (lit. nally emotio d relieve “it” wafts off of P). Bik’ihaldédéh/bik’ihooldo (bik’indhdld66h:bik’indahaldooh). (as P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): S envelops or surrounds P ldo h/bik’ii ’iild6d6 Bik ss). darkne fog, smoke, (bik ’inddnéildd6h). ch’é-(ni/ni)(292): S floats out horizontally (as a wisp of smoke from an open door). Ch’éldd66h/ ch’éldo. SER. (@/si)(275): S float out one after another. Ch’éhéldéd6h/ch’éheesdo. dadhodii-(@/@)(306): “things” start to waft obstructing. Dddhodiildédh/dadhodiildo (ddninddhodiildd6h).

# P-aa dddhodiildééh, P gets behind (in work or progress). (Cf. baa daadiitih, | got too

(14)

dii-(@/O)(342):

along in S (the balloon).

S starts to waft through the air.

Diildd6h /diildo (Adiildédh:ndddiilddoh). In: # Dah diildéoh, S starts off wafting or drifting through the air (a cloud, escalator, balloon).

# P-itdah diildééh,

(15)

(16)

(‘ana-

(17)

hdldé6h:’anddhdlddoh). (#1 above with a 3s subject pronoun ha/ho.) “to # P-yaa ’ahaldéoh, P’s time is up, P comes the end of (his) rope” (lit. “things” waft in

(7)

(13)

old for it - as for school, baa diishwod, | passed him up running.) di-(@/si)(318) S starts to watt, drift or float along through the air (as a cloud ora hot air balloon). Dilddéh/deesdo (fdildééh:ndddilddéh). # P-it dildédh, P (a passenger) starts to sail

under P). P P-f-(ni/ni)(I53); S overtakes or catches up with (one cloud overtakes another, a balloon overtakes another). Béldddéh/béldo (bindldd6h: bindandldd6h).

(18)

143

P (a passenger) starts off

in S (an escalator, balloon). up ha-(O/yi)(427): S drifts, watts, floats or sails out (as a wisp of smoke, a hot air balloon).

Haaldddéh/haaldo (handldédéh:handdndld6oh). SER.(@/si). Hahaldééh/hahaasdo (hanahaldéoh:hanadhald66h). # P-ithaaldé6h, P ascends or or takes offinS (a passenger ina balloon or escalator). n) ha’a-(@/yi)(402): unspecified S (as a balloo ascends or takes off. Ha’aldédéh/ha’asdo (hand’ald66h:handa’dld66h). (in # P-it ha’alddoh, P (a passenger) takes off a yance conve g an unspecified waftin balloon). f hddhwii-(= handhohi-)(@/si)(425): to pull onesel . senses one’s collect f, onesel together, collect In: # P-ii’ hddhwiildddh/P-ii’ hddhwiisdo (lit. “things” or impersonal “it” wafts one after another back into P). to hodi-(@/si)(450): area, space, “things”, start

waft along. Hodildééh/hodeesdo ddé6h:ndahodildd6h).

(ndhodil-

DO

DO

# P-ch’j’ hodildédéh, to make good time while travelling, to make good progress ona work project, to begin to see one’s way clear. (lit. the goal or objective begins to (19)

(3)

(4)

waft toward P.) na-(@/si)(560):(with prepounded dah): S gets snagged while floating through the air (as a hot air balloon or acloud). Dah ndlddédéh/dah ndsdo

I. L-(ti): (1)

P cools down (after anger

S wafts, floats, sails or arrives. Yidddh/yiido (ndldddéh:nédndldd6dh). # -g66 yildd6h, S goes to (a place or destination) (as a balloon). # P-ityild6éh, P arrives in S (a passenger ina balloon), # -g66 P-it yldd6h, P goes to (a place) in S. (22) ni-(ni/ni)(668): S sails, drifts or floats through the air as far as a stopping point. Niildddh/niildo (ninalddéd6h:nindanaldddh)., # -jj’ niild66h, S drifts as far as (a stopping point - as a ccloud that drifts as faras a mountain). # Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) niildd6h, S drifts across (as a cloud across a lake, smoke across a field). # P-it tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niildé6h, P (a passenger) rides S (a balloon) across (as across the sea), (23) nikidii-(@/O)(633): S (a disease) is in its early Stages (i.e. it has just begun to waft). Nikidiild66h/nikidiildo. # P-tahg66 nikidiildédéh, P has S in its early stages (as syphilis - i.e. the disease has just begun to waft through P’s body).

(ni/ni)(668):

(2)

(2)

’a-(ni/ni)(II8):

na-(@/si)(581): to float, drift or sail about in the air (a cloud, smoke, a balloon). Naaldo/naasdo (nindandaldo). # P-itnaaldo, P (a passenger) rides around in S (a balloon, on a cloud). # Dah naaldo, S hangs motionless in the air (a cloud or a hot air balloon). naha-(O-Ilmp.)(527): “things” or impersonal “it” wafts about in the air. Nahaldo. # P-ee p-ch’j’ nahaldo, P (as an education or skill) is a help to p (a person) (lit. S wafts about toward p by means of P).

I. t-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(595):

to sail O around, ride around

piloting O (a balloon). Naashdo/nisétdo (nindandshdo), # P-itnaashdo, to take P riding in O (a balloon).

C. SEMELFACTIVE I. L-(ti): (1)

Il. £-(tt): (1)

to set out in P (piloting it).

B. CONTINUATIVE

or excitement), P “gets hold of himself.” (21)

to start to pilot O along (a balloon),

Dish-déddéh/détdo (ndishdéd6h:ndddishddéh). dii-(@/@)(344): to cause O to start off sailing through the air (a balloon). Diishdédh/diitdo (Adiishddédéh:ndddiishddéoh). In: # Dah diishddédéh,

(dah nfndlddé6h:dah nindanalddoh). # P-itdah ndldé6h, P (a passenger) gets snagged (as by a tree) while riding in S (a balloon). (20) nahwii-(= nahohi-)(—-/si)(543): “things” waft back one after another. Nahwiildédéh/ndhwiisdo. In: # P-iih nahwiilddéh,

di-(@/si)(335):

yii-(@/si)(796): S bursts under pressure (a sack of air, a pipe carrying water), S cracks open (the earth, after an earthquake), S blows out (a tire). Yiildoh/yisdo (naayiildoh).

Il. £-(tt):

to go, come, arrive causing unspe-

cified O (a balloon) to sail through the air. ‘Anishdé6h/'anftdo (na’nishdédéh:nda’nishd6d6h). ’a-(O/yi)(481): to cause O (air, a balloon) to move away out of sight. ‘lishddédh/’fftdo (’andshddéh: ‘andandshddoh), # Shiyol ’iishddé6h, | take a deep breath (lit. | cause my breath to move away out of sight). # Shiyih ’iishdé6h, | take a deep breath (lit. | cause my breath to move away out of sight). # Y66’ ’iishdd6h, to sail O (a balloon) away

(1)

yii-(@/si)(799): to burst O (a sack of air, a tire, bladder or rubber balloon). Yiishdoh/sétdoh

(naayiishdoh).

D.

CURSIVE

|, L-(ti): (1)

and disappear in it.

(yi)(761): S is drifting, wafting, moving or sailing along through the air (a cloud, smoke, balloon, escalator). Yildoh/defldééh (ndldoh:ndandal-

doh).

144

DOI

DO ’a-(yi)(682): unspecified S is wafting, drifting or sailing along through the air. ‘Ooldoh (na’ooldoh:nda’ooldoh). # P-it’ooldoh, P (a passenger) is riding along in S (an unspecified wafting conveyance - an escalator or balloon). ho-(yi)(460): “things,” impersonal “it” is wafting

(2)

(3)

A. |. L-(ti):

Ada-(O/si)(604): to get stiff muscles (as from exertion). Ndaashdoh/ndasisdoh.

(1)

——————————————————————

along through the air. Hooldoh (nddhooldoh). # P-ch’j’ hooldoh, P is making pretty good time travelling. Lit. “things” are wafting toward P. |.e. geographical features

~ts’idoh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a spaies rumbling sound, as that of distant thunder, drums or cannon.

representing proximity to the destination are moving through the air, toward P the passenger or traveler.) # P-ts’dajj’ hooldoh, P is losing ground (as when misfortune or adversity is gaining

(Possibly related to DO. Cf. Chipewyan ‘edu, it is hot.)

on P). DOII

E. (1)

NOUN

—_—_————————————————

(PPA *diK’Y PA *déK’ [di]: beina clump, lump or tangle.) DOG/DOIG

NAVAJO: Obsolete. Occurs in a few Neuter Perfectives in which the under-

lying meanig appears to be “stuffed to the point of bursting.” (1)

(2)

P-fdazneesdog (or P- (dazneesdoig), P is stuffed to the point of bursting. (175) cake. fruit jelly tat yucca alti Sollst SISSIES(625):

meaning “become warm (weather, an

classobject, space or area);” (2) with a thematized t(3) ifier in themes describing the movement of heat;

ive with ni-thematic and t-classifier in causative- -transit themes meaning “cause O to become warm (hot),” bases and (4) with O-classifier as the theme in Neuter heat meaning “be warm or hot (as water).” (Cf. GAIl: very hot, red hot.) ee pT ORiIE SEUT: PERE: IMPSAUSViTe o

oo

A.MOM.

dé66h

doh

doii

-

do doi

doh

ddo6h

Trans.

B.NEUT.

.

a

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(~ ts’idog) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the sound of a beating heart, or the

|. ni-O-(ti):

thumping sound produced by a per-

son walking on a roof (as heard by a person in the building’s interior).

(1)

(2)

-DOH

NAVAJO. (1) Occurs with ni-thematic and @-classifier as a Semantic Theme

DERIVATIVES

hot hdddaaldohigf, escalator (the one that repeatedly wafts up with people).

MOMENTANEOUS

Stem noun: muscle. # -doh bits’id (bits’id, its sinew, tendon), tendon, ligament.

(3)

to ch’fhoni- (ni/ni)(285): S (the weather) starts warm up. Ch’ihonidé6dh/ch ‘fhoninidoii

(ch’indhonidddéh:ch ’(nddhoniddoh). honii- (@/@)(457): area or space (as a room) h: warms up. Honiiddéh/honiidoii (ndhoniidddé

nadhoniidd6h). get # P-it honiidéoh, P gets drunk (lit. “things” warm with P). nii-(@/@)(666): S (an object, a car) warms up, gets warm . Niidddh/niidoii (ndniidddh:naaniidddh).

(Cf. Tanaina “Hdix, he gets a cramp. )

exertion).”

NAVAJO: Noun stem -doh, muscle, is used with L-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “get stiff muscles (as from unaccustomed The stem shape DOH is invariable.

(1)

(2)

145

P-fdinii- (@/@)(180):

to apply heat to P (as a

swelling) (lit. heat prolongedly). Bidinfishdd66h/ bidinfitdoii (bindddinfishd66h). P up. P-’nii-(@/B)(219). to start to heat P, warm Bi’niishdéd6h/bi’niitdoii.

DOIl

(3)

(4)

DON

honii- (@/@) (457): to warm O up (a space or area, as a room). Honiishddédh/honiitdoii

(4) (5)

heat (impersonal “it” is hot). naabatgo nitch’i sidogo yisotgo wéne’é bee dadeesdoi yigif, heater fan, electric heater (that with which interiors are warm by means of its whirling and blowing hot air). (6) nak’eetdohii, albino (person or animal) (the one with heat on its eyes - i.e. squinty). (7) t6 bee ndniildoh/, teakettle, teapot (that with which water is heated repeatedly). (8) T6 Sido, San Rafael, New Mexico/Tocito, New Mexico (hot water, thermal spring). (9) ts’fth niidé6h, sickness, disease, fever (heat moves into the body). (-ts’iis, body + -iih, into = ts’{fh) (10) zéédéetdoii, muffler, scarf, neckerchief (warm ee a the around

(nahoniishdéd6h:nadhoniishddéh). nii-(@/@)(670): to heat O, warm O up (an object, as water, a rock). Niishddédh/niitdoii (ndniishdd66h:naaniishddoh).

Il. £-(ti):

(1)

P-fdii-(@/O)(183): P gets too warm, P becomes overheated (as a person or thing that is too close to a stove. Lit. heat moves and extends against P.) Bidiitddééh/bidiitdoii (bfnaddiitdddh). (2) P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(254): P gives off heat (the sun, a stove - lit. heat moves away from P). Bits’atd6éh/bits’anitdoii (3) ni-(ni/ni) (669): heat moves to a stopping point. Niitd6d6h/ninitdoii (nddniitdddoh), # P-it niitdédéh, P is overcome by heat, P has a heatstroke. (4) (O/yi)(764): heat moves (completive). Yitd6éh/ yAdoii (nadtd6dh:nddndtdd6h). # P-itteeh yitdddh, heat goes into the ground with P, heat buries P - said of a spring that dries up in the summertime.

1

(Unidentified stem.) Appears in: ddlii, Spee bluebird.

Noun (derivation uncertain): the final song of the Night Chant (TH66’jf) or DOLA’ANI | Yei Bichei (as it is usually called, in English). (The privilege of the final song is an honor accorded to the best eee song and dancea team. a

B. NEUTER I. B-(ti): (1)

(2)

(si-Perf.)(686): S is hot (warm) (water, a skillet, a stove). Sido (daazdo: d.p.). ho-(si-Perf.)(462): S (area or space) is warm (as aroom). Hoozdo. # P-ii’ hoozdo, P is warm inside (a car, box).

(PA *dim’ [li]: make a loud noise, plunk, crash, be[come] taut, full to bursting. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:69.) NAVAJO: Onomatopoetic TS’IDOON imitates a loud booming sound, as that made by a gun, an an airplane or a racing motor. Verb stems,

Il, ni-O-(ti): (1)

hado,

honi-(si-Perf.)(455): S (area or space) is warm (as aroom). Honeezdo. # P-ithoneezdo, P is drunk (lit. “things” are warm with P).

DOON/ bonging or explosion, with or

without di®- occur as the components of verb themes

and bases meaning (1) (L): explode (as a charge of dynamite); (2) (Lt): cause an explosion, shoot (a gun).

t-(ti):

(1)

di-(si-Perf.): it (the weather) is hot. Deesdoi. # P-it deesdoi, P is hot (a person).

A.MOM.

IMP.

US/IT.

PERF.

don

dogh

don

dogh

dogh

don don dogh don/-

dogh doggh dogh -

FUT.

OP,

-

doeet

don

don

-

deet

don don dooh -

doot

doet doot doet -

dogh/ don don don dogh -

(1) C.

NOUN

B.MOM. (2) B.REP. C.CONT. E.SEM F.CURS G.NEUT.

DERIVATIVES

(1)

bee honeezdoof (Ib. bee hoozdool), heater (asa kerosene or electric heater) (that with which

(2)

bee hoozdoof/, heater (as fora room) (that with which space is warm). chidf biyi’ bee honeezdooigff, car heater (that with which the interior of a car is warm).

space is warm).

(3)

146

PROG.

DON

DON

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

C.

(1)

REPETITIVE Durative

|. £-(tt): (Cause an explosion.) |. £-(tt): (Cause an explosion.) (1)

’aji-(@/yi)(75): to fire a shot into the air. ’Ajishdon/’adziitdon (‘anddjishdon). P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to blast a hole in P, blast through P (as through a masonry wall). Bighda’nishdon /bigha’nitdon (bighana’nishdon:

(2)

bighanda’nfshdon). P-inika’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to blast a hole in P, blast through P, blow a hole in P (as a masonry wall). Binika’nishdon/binika’nitdon (binikana’nishdon:binikkanda’nishdon). P-taa’a-(@/si)(248): to open fire on P, shell P, fire on P (lit. shoot among P). Bitaa’ashdon/ bitaa’sétdon (bitaanda’ashdon). hadzi-(ji-)(@/yi)(399): to fire a glancing shot, fire a shot that ricochets. Hajishdon/hadziitdon (handaajishdon).

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

ha’a-(@/si)(403): to blast out (a road) (lit. to blast up). Ha’ashdon/ha’sétdon (hana’dashdon:

handa’ashdon). na-P-izh’dii-(@/@)(524): to knock P off, shoot P down (with a gun - from a height, as a tin can from a log). Nabizh’diishdon/nabizh'diitdon (nabindazh’diishdon) (lit. to cause an explosion against P away into space downward.). SER. (@/@)(524). Ndabizhdi’yiishdon /ndabizhdi’yfitdon. naa’a-P-{dzi-(@/yi)(577): to knock P over, topple P over (with a shot from a gun). Naa’abjjishdon/naa’abidziitdon (lit. to cause an explosion against P over sideways).

(7)

(8)

(1)

(@/yi)(781): to beat O (a bass drum), to make O boom. Yishdon/yitdon. # 'Asaa’ yishdon,

(2) (3)

(4)

y{nf-(@-Imp.)(767): to shoot at O (multiple shots). Yinishdon. (Cf. Semelfactive yinfishdggh, to shoot one shot at O.)

NW. L-(tt): (1)

’ahfinf-(= ’ahf-yinf-)(68): to shoot at each other, to have a gunfight. ’Ahiiniildon (we). # P-it’ahiinishdon,

D. CONTINUATIVE I. t-(tt): na-(@/si)(591): to go about shooting O (a gun). Naashdon/nisétdon. na’a-(@/si)(550): to go about shooting (an unspecified gun). Na’ashdon/ni’sétdon.

(1) (2)

niz-(nizh-)(ni/ni)(666): to shoot terminatively with a gun. Nizhnishdon/niznftdon. In: # P-it nizhnishdon, to shoot P dead (lit. to cause a terminal explosion with P). (10) yadjii-(@/@)(754): to fire a shot up into the air, to shoot into the air (with a gun). Ydadjiishdon/yaddziitdon (yaninddjiishdon).

E. . di-L-(tt): (1)

MOMENTANEOUS (2)

P-tazhdii-(@/O)(247):

(Cause an explosion.)

(2)

to miss P with a shot, graze

P with a shot, shoot at P and miss or graze (

(2)

SEMELFACTIVE

’adii-(@/si)(31): to shoot, cause an explosion. ’Adiishdgoh/’adétdggh (nda’diishdgoh). # P-it’adiishdggh, to shoot P (lit. to cause an explosion with P). dii-(/si): to set off a charge, explode O (as dynamite), fire off a gun. Diishdggh/détdeoh (ndadiishdgoh).

I. £-(tt):

(1)

to have a gunfight with P,

P and S exchange shots at each other.

(9)

B.

to beat the bass drum

(make it boom repeatedly). ’adi-(@-Rep.)(25): to know how to shoot (a gun), to be amarksman. ’Adishdon. jidizhni-(@-Imp.): to be a good shot (with a gun), to be an expert marksman, to be a sharpshooter. Jidizhnishdon.

him). Bitazhdiishdggh/bitazhdiitdon (bitandazhdiishdegh). (Cf. bitadiichid, | missed O with my hand, my hand slipped on O, bitadiizhéé’, | spit at O and missed.) yinfi-(@/O)(769): to take a shot at O, fire at O, shoot at O (with a gun). Yinfishdggh (or optionally yinfishdon)/ yinfitdon.

Il. di-L-(tt): (1)

(2)

’adii-(@/si)(31): to shoot, cause an explosion (ina reflexive context). ’Adiishdggh/’adéshdgoh (nda’diishdggh). # ’Adit ’adiishdogh, to shoot oneself (lit. to cause an explosion with self). dii-(@/si)(342): S blows up, detonates (as a bomb or a charge of dynamite), S blows out (a tire). Diildggh/ deesdogh (naddiildgeh). # P-ee diildggh, S is filled to the bursting point with P (as a sack with wool).

DOOD

DON

# P-k’ijj’ deesdggh,

S exploded onP, or in P’s

(19) dajdtdonigif,

hand (as a firecracker). n’dii-(@/si)(with prepounded ’ddit): to shoot one-

gunnery target, target for shooting

(that at which people shoot). (20) do’, fly (insect). Do’tsoh, big fly. (Ib. do.) (21) ee jeeh dildoni, bubble gum (popping gum). (22) na’atdonf, oil drum (it bongs or booms around), (23) naaltsoos dadildonigif, firecrackers (the papers that explode). (Ib. naaltsoos dildonf.)

self. ’Adit n’diishdggh/’ddit n’détdogh. (E.g. bibee’eldggh yii’ haa’at’oodgo t’dadoo hooyani yee ‘Adit n’deesdogh, he shot himself accidentally while cleaning his gun.)

(24) naaltsoos dildg’f, tinfoil (tinkling or popping paper).

F.

CURSIVE

(25) T6 Dildg’, Todilto, New Mexico (on the west slope of the Chuska Mou ntains)(popping water). (26) tsé bee bit da’dildoni, dynamite, blasting powder (that with which rock is blasted). (27) tsé dildd’f (Ib. tsé dildg’, tsé dildd’ii), explosive rock. (The name describes a brownish rock identified as a Cretaceous sandstone of the Mesaverde group. Of porous composition, it

. £-(tt): naana’a-(yi)(584): to go about shooting a gun.

Naana’eeshdgot/naanida’finfildgoh.

G.

NEUTER

readily absorbs water and, when heated, is capable of exploding loudly andviolently. Widely distributed in the Navajo Country, it is carefully avoided when rocks are selected for heating by persons taking sweatbaths.)

. L+(ti): di-(O-Imp.)(318):

(2)

S crackles or pops, S is explosive (as a firecracker). Dildon. di-(O-lmp.)(319): S makes a popping sound (as a sheet of foil or tin when flexed), S is explosive. Dildo’.

H.

(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13

(14) (15) (16)

NOUN

(28) (29) (3 0) (3 1)

Tsé Dildg’/, Hard Rock, Arizona (north of Oraibi). tsé’éd¢’ii, fly, housefly (pop on the rocks?) tsé’éd¢’ii bich’osh, maggot (fly’s worm). Tséé’dohdoon, Taaiyalone Mountain (near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico (there is a rumbling noise inside the rock). (32) tsiditdgehf, screech owl (tree boomer).

DERIVATIVES

bee’eldgoh, gun, firearm (a boom is made with it) (P-bee’eldogh). bee’eldooh bijaa’, hammer ona rifle (gun’s ear). bee’eldogh bikg’, gunpowder (gun’s fire). bee’eldooh bik’a’, bullet, cartridge, ammunition (gun’s arrow or projectile). bee’eldooh bik’a’ bits’a’, cartridge case (the pod of the gun’s arrow). bee’eldogh bik’a’ deesdoghigif, empty cartridge, empty or fired shell casing (gun’s arrow that has been fired), bee’eldgoh bitsiin, gunstock (handle, base or trunk of a gun). bee’eldogh bizis, gun holster (gun’s sack). bee’eldggh bizoot, gun barrel (gun’s windpipe). bee’eldogh chidf naat’a’{ bee dawéldonigif, antiaircraft guns (the guns with which airplanes are shot at). bee’eldogh biih ndlka’f, musket (gun into which they [the shot] are poured). bee’eldooh nineezigif, rifle (the long gun). bee’eldoghts’6sf, 22 caliber rifle (the slender gun). bee’eldgoh nineezigif bidazneesk’dnigif, rifle with a hexagonal barrel (the long gun with ridges). bee’eldggh yazhf, pistol, revolver (little gun). bee’eldogh yazh(bitsiin, pistol butt (pistol’s

(PA *denY’, housefly) Stem noun:

DO’

fly, housefly.

# Do’tsoh, (-tsoh, big), Big Fly (a legendary messenger). # tsé’éd¢’ii (tsé-, rock [?]), common housefly.

DOON

(~ ts'idoon) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a bonging or booming sound, as that produced by a gun, an airplane ora racing car motor.

(PA *dim’ [li]: become taut, full to bursting. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:69)

DOOD NAVAJO: Occurs in two related Semantic Themes: (1) (@): straighten, stand erect, be(come) taut; (L): cause to straighten and, by extension, remove wrinkles (by ironing). (2) (©): jerk; (t): cause to jerk,

handle),

béésh dildo’, tin, tinfoil (popping metal, tinkling metal). dah n’'dishdg’ii, vest. (Ib. chalééko.)

jerk on O. DOOD is possibly cognate with DON.

148

DOOD

DEED

A.MOM. S\iRlele, C.SEM. D.DIST. EINEU

INPReRUSTiP

PERE

EUS

ORT:

dogh Coho}: dogh do’ ie :

dood dooh do’ don

doot deot doot -

dogh dogh do’ -

dooh dogh dooh -

A.

(2)

P-’nii-(@/@)(217): to start to jerk on P, start to bite on P (a fish on the bait). Bi’niishdg’/

bi’niitdo’.

C. SEMELFACTIVE I.t-(tt):

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

yii-(@/si)(799): to give O a jerk, give O a whiplash, bite on O (a fish on the baited hook - i.e.

1. O-(ti): (1)

k’ééha-(ho-)(@/si)(505):

to “get a bite” while fishing). Yiishdggh/sétdggh (ndayiishdggh). # Chidf yisdggh, O got a whiplash (the car jerked him. Chidi shishdggh, | gota whiplash = the car gave me a jerk.)

S (a problem) straight-

ens out, gets resolved. K’ééhddogh/k’ééhazdood (k’ininddhadgoh). (lit. “things,” impersonal “it” returns to a straight state). k’{-(O/si)(505): to stand straight, erect, straighten up (one’s posture). K’éshdogh/k’isédgod (k’indshdggh:k indanashdooh).

(2)

D.

DISTRIBUTIVE

I. L-(tt):

Il. t-(tt):

to select an item for purchase (lit. to jerk at things among P - as whena person feels or jerks at the material to determine its quality in choosing a shirt or dress for purchase). Bitaa’dishdo’/bitaa’déshdo’ (bitaandaa’dishdg’).

P-taa’di-(@/si) (249):

(1)

k’66’a-(= k’ind’a-)(@/si)(505):

to do the ironing

(lit. to cause unspecified O to return to its

previously straight condition). K’éé’ashdogh/ k’66’sétdogd (k’ininda’ashdogh). k’f-(@/si)(505-510): to straighten O (an object that was originally crooked, as a nail that came from the factory with a crooked shape). K’éshdooh/ k’isétdgood (k’indshdogh:k’inddnashdooh).

(2)

E. NEUTER

k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to straighten O out (one’s finger or an object that was originally crooked. |b. k’ésh-

(3)

|. @-(ti):

dogh). K’inishdggh/k’inftdgod (k’inanishdgoh: k’inddnishdooh). k’ind-(@/si or ni/ni): to restraighten O, return O to

(ni-Perf.)(628):

P-é6hidi-(si-Perf.)(160): S is tight (trousers, skirt, shirt) on P, P’s (trousers, skirt, shirt) are tight. Bééhidéezdon. P-k’ina-(si-Perf.)(208): Sis tight on P (as P’s jeans or skirt). Bik’inaazdon. k’i-(si-Perf.)(505): S is straight (a nail, finger). K’ézdon. k’tho-(si-Perf.)(503): area is straight (as a road), K’éhdézdon.

its previously straight shape (as a nail that was

straight originally, but which became crooked). K’(ndshdgoh /k’éésétdood or k’inanishdggh/ k’indnitdged. (Reversionary.) k’(nadha-(k’66ého-)(@/si)(505): to straighten “things” out, resolve a problem, put “things” right. K’indhdshdggh /k’ééhosétdood (k’ininddhashdggh). (Reversionary correspon-

(5)

S is taut, S extends in a taut line

(as a tight wire). Ndon.

(3)

(4) (5)

ding to #2 above, but with 3s O: ha-/ho-,

“things” or impersonal “it.”).

I]. L-(tt): B.

REPETITIVE

k’fin(-(= k’i-yinf-)(511): to be holding O straight out (as one’s arm or leg), to stick O straight out. K’finishdon. yini-(@-Imp.)(767): to be holding O taut (as a wire or rope). Yinishdon.

Durative

|. @-(ti): (@-Imp.)(759): S jerks or misses (as a poorly tuned car). Yido’ # P-ityido’, S jerks or misses with P (as P’s car).

(1)

F.

(1)

Il. t-(tt): (1)

(2)

(@-Imp.)(764-781): to jerk repeatedly on O, “bite” on O (as a fish on one’s line). Yishdg’.

149

NOUN DERIVATIVES

bee k’éé’dldgohi, iron, flatiron (that with which things are restraightened) (P-beek’éé’aldoghi). béésh bee k’66’éldgghi, iron, flatiron (instrument with which things are restraightened).

DOOD

DLAAD

bikaa’ k’éé’éldgghi, ironing board (that upon the surface of which things are restraightened). bit k’éé’éldgghi, laundry starch (that in company with which things are restraightened). Jaa’ Naddoni, Tight Ears (personal nickname). tsin k’ézdon, straight stick (formed like a snake and used in ceremonies).

IMP.

US /IT. PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

dlat

diaad

dlat

dlad

A.MOM.

Trans. B.CONT.

dilaad_

C.SEM.

diad

= dia’ dla’

D.CURS.

dldad dilad

-

dlat/

-

dlaad

DOOZ

E.NEUT.

(~ ts 'idg9z) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the deep buzzing sound made by a bumblebee or a big fly.

dlaad

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I. @-(ti):

’a-(O/yi)(473): S tears or rips (away), gets a tear or rent (as one’s shirt when caught on a snag).

‘lidlaad/’ fidldad (‘anddlaad:’andanddlaad). SER.(@/si), ’Ahidlaad/’aheesdldad: S tears

(~ ts’id6¢z) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the high-pitched buzzing sound made by a mosquito, a gnat or a small fly.

apart (a series of tears or rips).

‘alta nii-(@/O)(101): to split, rip or tear lengthwise (a sail or sack). ’Attaniidlaad/’attdniidlad4d (attanddniidlaad). P-gha(ni/ni)(187): to rip through, burst, split, tear, break (a garment, a waterpipe). Bighddlaad/ bighanidlaad (bighdanddnddlaad). P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to rip through, burst, split, tear, break (a garment, a waterpipe). Bintkadlaad/binkkanidlddd_ (binfkanddnddlaad), ha-(O/yi)(424): S breaks out, splinters (as a board or timber). Haadlaad/hdddl44d (hanadlaad:handanadlaad). SER.(@/si). Hahadlaad/hahaazdla4dd (handhddlaad:handdha-

(~ ts‘idlaad) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a ripping, tearing sound, including that produced by a trombone, and that of a motorcycle or car motor that lacks a muffler.

dlaad).

DLAAD

# P-aah haadlaad, a splinter breaks out on P (as on a board). k’i-(ni/ni)(502): S breaks in two (as a rope or

Stem noun: mold, lichen, moss. # ni’hadladd (ni’-, earth + ha-,

wire), S is interrupted (as a newspaper sub-

scription that expires). K’édlaad/k’(nidlaad (k’inadlaad:k ‘inddnidlaad). na-(@/si)(525): S cracks or breaks around ina circle. Nadlaad/ndzdla4dd (ninddnddlaad). In: # P-t’'aa’ nddlaad, P gets diaper rash (lit. P’s buttocks crack around ina circle). # P-daa’ nddlaad, P gets chapped or cracked lips (lit. P’s lips crack aroundina circle),

of an area), ground

lichen (i.e. lichen growing over an area on the ground), # tsédlddd (tsé-, rock), rock lichen. # tsindladd (tsin-, tree), tree lichen or moss. ——oOo—o————_—_—————ESsSS*

DLAAD

(PA *dlat’ [©]: plop, burst; [tCausative]: often meaning “tip.”)

. di-O-(ti):

oral noise.)

‘adahidi-(@/si)(9): S (as rumors) break out one after another. ’Adahididlaad/’adahideezdl4ad (‘anaddahididlaad),

NAVAJO: Primary meaning appears to be “rip or tear roughly, crack.”

Semantic Themes include:

(di-: noise,

(1) (@):

# P-tahgd6 ’adahididlaad,

S tears, rips, bursts, cracks, breaks (a cord or rope);

(L) causative-transitive: rip, tear O roughly, break O (a cord or rope), plow, husk (corn). (2) With di® (@): outbreak of noise; die (tL): cause an outbreak of noise. (3) With di> (@): light breaks out, comes on,

(2)

S (rumors, news

stories, gossip) spreads among P (as among a community). ’ahodi-(@/yi)(71): there is an echo. ’Ahodidlaad/

‘ahodiidlaad (’anddhodidlaad). # P-ii’ ’ahodidlaad, there is an echo in P (as in a mountain or canyon). P-éédidi-(O-Iter.)(159): they heckle or boo P. Béédididla’.

shines, moves; di> (L): cause a ray of light to break out, shine or move.

150

DLAAD

DLAAD (4)

(10)

hahodi-(@/yi)(396): a racket or uproar breaks out. Hahodidlaad/hahodiidlddd (handhodidlaad: hanadhodidlaad).

(11)

Ill. di-O-(ti): (di-: fire, light.) (12) (1)

P-k i’dii-(@/@)(207):

S shines on P (as the sun on

an object). Bik’i’diidlaad/bik’i’diidlaad (bik’ina’diidlaad:bik’inda’diidlaad). ch’éé’di-(@/yi)(280): light breaks out again, light comes back on. Ch’éé’didlaad/ch’éé’diidldad (ch’inda’didlaad). In: # P-it ch’éé’didlaad, P comes to, regains consciousness, revives (lit. the light comes back on with P). ’i’di-(@/yi)(466): light moves (as sunlight that moves across the floor during the course of the day). ‘I’didlaad/’i’diidladd (’an’didlaad: ’anda’didlaad).

(2)

(3)

(13) (14)

(15

# Yah ’i’didlaad,

light shines into an enclosure (as sunlight into a room).

(16)

IV. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

(3)

(4) (5) (6) (7)

(8)

(9)

—

’a-(O/yi)(125): to do the cornhusking, to husk corn (lit. to rip something unspecified). ’Ash-

dlaad/’ifidlddd (naa’ashdlaad) ’a-(O/yi)(478): to rip O roughly, tear O, make a rentin O. ’lishdlaad/’fftdlddd (’anadnashdlaad). ’ahd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(40): to rip O in two, rip O apart

(17)

roughly. ’Ahdshdlaad/’ahdatdlaad (’ahandandshdlaad) or ‘ahdnfshdlaad/’ahdnftdl4ad (ahdndaanishdlaad). ’"ahd-P-’nii-(O/O)(35): to start to tear or rip O apart roughly. ’Ahdbi’niishdlaad/’ahabi’niitdlddd.

(18)

P-(-(@/yi)(155): to rip O off roughly (as adhesive tape, banana peel). Béshdlaad/béétdlaad (bindshdlaad:binadanashdlaad). di-(@/si)(335): to start to cut or plow a furrow or ditch (lit. to start to rip along). Dishdlaad/ détdldd4d (nddadishdlaad). ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(417): to plow, rip or tear up an area. Hashdlaad/hédtdl4dd (nddhdshdlaad) (completive). # P-itteeh hashdlaad, to plow P under (as manure). hodi-(@/si)(452): to plow a trench or furrow (lit. to start ripping an area along). Hodishdlaad/ hodétdlddd (nadhodishdlaad). k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to break O in two by pulling on it (as a string), to break O (a treaty). K’in{shdlaad/k’inftdla4dd (k’fnddnishdlaad). SER. (@/si)(502): to break O in two one time after another (as a shoestring). K’éhéshdlaad/ k’éhétdlddd (k’inddhdshdlaad). na-(@/yi)(595): to tear O down roughly, rip O off (as the shirt from another person’s back). Naashdlaad /nddatdia4add (nindshdlaad: ninddnashdlaad). (ni/ni)(654): to arrive plowing O or cutting a furrow in O (as through sand, snow or soil). Nishdlaad/nitdilddd (nddnfshdlaad). # Yas P-aa nishdlaad, to plow a path through the snow to P (as to another person’s home). ni-(ni/ni)(648): to plow a path or furrow as far as a stopping point. Ninishdlaad/ninftdlaad (ninddnfshdlaad). # Yas ---jj’ ninishdlaad, to plow a path through the snow as far as --- (a named point or place). nihwii-(= nihohi-)(@/si) (631): to plow (an area) (lit. to rip an area around one time after another, or rip one area after another).

’aho’nii-(O/O)(72): to start to plow, start to do the plowing (lit. start to tear or rip an area).

(19)

’Aho’niishdlaad/’ aho’niitdlaad. ’attdnii-(@/@)(101): to rip O apart lengthwise. ’Attdniishdlaad/’attaniitdladd (‘attandaniishdlaad). (ni-thematic.) P-A’di-(@/yi)(145): to tear or rip off a piece for P (as a piece of cloth). Ba’dishdlaad/ba’diftdiaad (banda’dishdlaad). (di-thematic: reduction.) P-44’di-(@/yi)(151): to uncover P by roughly ripping away the covering, to husk P (corn). Bda’dishdlaad/bda’diftdladd (baninda’dishdlaad). (di-thematic: cover.) P-di-(@/yi)(180): to roughly tear or rip off a piece (as a piece of cloth). Bidishdlaad/bidiitdlaad (bindddishdlaad). (V. #7 above.)(di-thematic: reduction.) SER.(@/si)(194): to rip off one piece (of cloth, tortilla) after another. Bihidishdlaad/bihidétdla4dd (binddhidishdlaad). # P-ts’dd’ bidishdlaad, to rip off a piece of O

(20)

Nihwiishdlaad/nihoyétdldad (ninaahwiishdlaad). n’dii-(@/@)(676): to tear O down roughly (as a poster from a wall).

N’diishdlaad/n’diitdlaad (nina’diishdlaad: ninda’diishdlaad). (G/yi)(781): to rip O off roughly, to husk O (corn). Yishdlaad/yfdlddd (nddnashdlaad).

V. di-L-(tt): (di-: noise, oral noise.) (1)

hahodi-(@/yi)(397): to raise an outcry, set up a hue and cry, register a loud complaint, “squawk.” Hahodishdlaad/hahodiftdlaad

(hanadhodishdlaad).

Vi . di-t-(tt): (di-: fire, light.) (1)

without P’s permission.

151

ch’éé’di-(ni/ni)(280): S (the sun) shines back out, the sun comes back out. Ch’éé’deetdiaad/ ch’éédi’nftdlddd (ch’inda’deetdlaad). (Reversionary.)

DLAAD

DLAAD

ch'idi’-(ni/ni)(286): S (the sun) comes out, the sun comes out (breaks through the clouds).

B. CONTINUATIVE

Ch’'f'deetdlaad/ ch’idi’nitdladd (ch’éé6’deetdlaad:ch’inda’deetdlaad). (V.#1 above.) ch’fdi’(a)-(ni/ni)(282): to shine a beam of light out horizontally (as through a doorway). Ch’(di’nishdlaad/ch’idi’nftdla4d (ch’indddi’nishdlaad). P-ghadi’-(ni/ni)(I86): to shine a ray of light through P, to x-ray P. Bighddi’nishdlaad/ bighadi’nitdla4ad (bighandadi’nishdlaad). P-intkadi’-(ni/ni)(234): to shine a light through P (as through a window). Binikddi’nishdlaad /binikadi’nitdlaad. P-k’i’dii-(O/O)(207): to shine a light on P, to illuminate P. Bik’i’diishdlaad/bik’i’diitdladd (bik’ina’diishdlaad: bik’inda’diishdlaad),

I. di-t-(tt): (1)

n’di-(@/si)(672): to flash a light around here and there, shine a light around. N’dishdlaad/n’détdladdd (ninda’dfshdlaad).

C. SEMELFACTIVE |. O-(ti): (1)

yii-(@/si)(795): a crack forms, S cracks (a board or wall). Yiidlad/yizdlad (ndayiidlad).

ha’di-(O/yi)(404): to shine a light up out (as up out the smokehole, up out of a hole in the

D. CURSIVE

ground). Ha’dishdlaad/ha’diftdl44d (hda’dishdilaad:handa’dishdlaad). ‘i'di-(@/yi)(466): to shine a beam of light away. 'Vdishdlaad/’i’diftdlddd (‘anda’dishdlaad). # ’Atch’j’ ’i’diildlaad, to shine light toward each other, to signal each other with light (we). # P-ch’j’ ’i’dishdlaad, to shine a light toward P, flash a signal to P. # P-it’atch’j’ 'i’dishdlaad, to signal each other by shining light (lit. I’m shining a light toward each other in company with Pye # Yah ’i’dishdlaad, to shine a light into an enclosure (as into a room or hole in the ground).

|. O-(ti): (1)

(yi)(759): a crack is in the process of forming.

Yidlat (nddndddlat). # Wo6dahdéé@’ yaago yidlat, a crack is running downward from the top (as on a wall or rock).

Il. di-O-(ti): (1)

(di-: fire, light.)

naan’di-(yi)(590):

a light is moving around to and fro. Naan’doodlat (naaninda’doodlat).

Ill. t-(tt): Vil. hadi-t-(tt): (1)

hadii-(@/@)(386): to pull or rip O apart from one end to the other, to split O from end to end (as a board). Hadiishdlaad/hadiitdl4dd (haadiishdlaad:handddiishdlaad).

Vill.

(1)

(1)

(2)

L-(tr/Pass.):

’Ak’i-(@/yi)(79):

to rip or tear O off of oneself (as

(3)

to be plowing a furrow, to be putting up resistance, putting up a struggle (digging in one’s heels and literally plowing a furrow). Hweeshdlat/ dahwiiniildlaad (nddhweeshdla}). (yi)(774): to be plowing a furrow or path (as in the snow). Yishdlat (naédnddshdlat). # Yas yishdlat, to be plowing a path through the snow.

IV. di-t-(tt):

a burning shirt). ’Ak’eeshdlaad/4k’eeshdldad

(2)

ho-(yi)(463):

(ak’indshdlaad:’&k ’inddndshdlaad). # P-ch’j’ ’&k’eeshdlaad, to be furious with ey. be infuriated by P, ina rage at P (lit. to tear O - one’s skin - off at P). ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(409): O is plowed (compl etive). (Simple Passive corresponding to IV[I2] hashdlaad.) Haldlaad/hooldl44d (handaldlaad : handandldlaad),

(1)

’adi-(yi)(14): to go along shining a light (as in walking along with a flashlight). ’Adeeshdlat/ da’diiniildlaad. # P-ee ’adeeshdlat, to light one’s way along with P (a torch or flashlight).

E.

# P-itteeh haldlaad, P is plowed into the ground (as manure),

|. di-O-(ti):

(ni/ni)(762-654): O is plowed (as snow) , Yildlaad/yildiaad (ndandldiaad) (Simple Passive corresponding to IV[16] nishdl aad.)

(1)

152

NEUTER

(di-: fire, light.)

P-k’inizdi-(@-Imp.)(209): P is shiny, lustrous. Bik’inizdidlaad.

DLAA’

DLAAD F.

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

A. MOMENTANEOUS

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’aghda’deeldlaad,

|. D-(tt):

x-ray (light is shined through

someone). bee ’aghdda’dildlaadi,(Ib. ’aghdda’ditdlaadgo bee ‘ida’alne’{gif), x-ray machine (that with which light is flashed through people) (that with which pictures are made by flashing light through people). bee ’aghdndildla’f, x-ray machine (the one with which light is flashed through a person). bee n‘dildlaad/, flashlight, lantern (that with which light is flashed about).

(5)

bee n’dildlaad/ bii’ siniligif, flashlight batteries (those that lie inside a flashlight).

(6)

bee nihwiildlaad/, plow (that with which plowing is done). Doo Bi’deedlaad/, Those Upon Whom Sunlight Does Not Fall (the non-sunlight-struck maidens of mythology).

(7)

G. (1)

(1)

P-aa’dii-(@/O)(149): that

(as fied baa him

t’66 bida’deezdladdigo, sketchily, in resume form, hitting only the highlights or salient features (of an issue or narrative).

up, to stop drinking O (drink O to a stopping

point). Ninishdljfh/ninishdlaa’ (nindanishdljh). # ’Atnii’g66 ninishdlifh, to drink half of O. # ’Atni? bilddhgd6 ninishdl{fh, to drink more than half of O. ndi’nf-(@/si)(605): to drink too much (unspecified O, as liquor), drink prolongedly, “get a snoot full.” Nd?nishdljfh/id?néshdl4a’ (nindddi’nishdijfh).

believe.

(7)

ndi’nfi-(@/O)(606): to just get a good start on one’s drinking, to just get well into one’s cups (when something happens) (lit. to be prolongedly in the beginning phases of drinking something unspecified). Ndf’nfishdl{fh/Ad? nfish-

(8)

(PA *di-nanY(): drink.) NAVAJO: Occurs, with D-classifier, as the theme in verb bases meaning “ingest liquid, drink,” and with tclassifier in causative transitive “feed liquid” (as in giving water to a baby or milk to an orphan lamb). (The derived themes always include Dclassifier, and the causative-transitive theme takes the form tdldd - not *ldd’ [= *t-lda’] as might be expected if the root were I-initial. This fact appears to indicate that

B.

A.MOM. B.DUR. C.CONT. DIV. D.CURS.

dij — dijfh did — dlijh dla’ dlijh :

PERF. di4a’ di4a’ dla’

PROG. :

DURATIVE

|. D-(tt): (1)

(@/yi)(781): to drink O (water, milk, beer), to eat O (soup). Yishdld/yishdlaa’ (ndandshdla).

# ’Ade yishdld, to drink or eat too much of O (a liquid, as water, pop, soup) (lit. to drink O above oneself - above one’s

the root is dl-initial. Cf. LAA’: believe.) _US/IT.

to P

dijfh)/baa’diishdlda’ (baa nda’diishdljh). to start to drink O, start to eat O (as soup). Bi’niishdl{fh/bi’niishdlaa’. jidizhni-(O-Imp./Usit.)(489): to excel at drinking (liquor), to be a sot or drunkard. Jidizhnishdljh. nani-(si-Perf.)(560): to drink too much O (as beer), to eat too much O (as soup) (lit. to return to a round shape drinking or eating O - i.e. get full of O as evidenced by a distended stomach.) Nanéshdlda’ (nindanéshdlda’). (ni-thematic: roundness.) na’ni-(si-Perf.)(557): to drink too much (unspecified O, as beer), eat too much (unspecified liquid, as soup). (V. #4 above.) Na’néshdlda’ (ninda’néshdlaa’). ni-(ni/ni)(650): to finish drinking O, to drink O all

(6)

DLAAD

IMP.

what happened

to one’s child or car) (lit. to drink unspeciO passing up P - pass up P drinking. Cf. diishwod, | passed him up running, beat inarace.) Baa’diishdl{fh (= baa ’adiish-

P-’nii-(@/O)(219):

ADVERBIAL DERIVATIONS

V. LAAD:

to get so completely drunk

S cannot remember

FUT.

(2)

OPT.

dit dijjh dit — dijjh dijjh dla’

capacity). ’a-(@/yi)(125): to drink (unspecified O - as milk, water, beer), to eat (unspecified liquid - as soup), to be a drinker or drunkard, to be given to drunkenness, a sot. ’Ashdld/’eeshdlada’

(nda’ashdla) .

# ’Ade ’ashdld, to drink too much, over-drink, eat too much (soup) (lit. to ingest liquid above oneself - i.e. above one’s capacity).

dijf/ dijh___-

153

DLEESH

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

NAVAJO:

P-ii-(= P-yi-)(Q/yi):

to make P drink O (as in causing a lamb to drink milk, giving a baby water to drink). Biishdld/biyiftdldd’ (bidiyeeshdljft: Fut.) P-'ii-(@/yi)(215): to give P a drink, feed P (asa baby or a lamb), to water P (as one’s horse).

Bi'iishdla/bi’iyiAtdlda’ dijft: Fut.)

C.

Underlying meaning “place

small value on (a possession).”

DEEES

Occurs, with @-classifier, as the theme in verb bases with the meaning “hold in low esteem, place a small value on,” and by extension “be openhanded, generous; readily available, easy of accomplishment.”

(binda’iishdld) (bidi’yeesh-

IMP.

CONTINUATIVE/DIVERSATIVE

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

dleeh* dlee’

UST -

PERFPOFUT,

Storm

dlee’ -

dleeh -

dleet -

|. D-(tt): “The Imperfective is not used.

(1)

na’a-(@/si)(550-642): to go bar-hopping, to drink (unspecified O) around here and there at diffe-

DLEEZH

rent places. Na’ashdla’/ni’sisdla’ (ninda’dshdla’). # Ni’sisdla’, to have made a tour of the bars

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(and now be back home).

D. CURSIVE |. D-(tt): (1)

’a-(yi)(367)(with prepounded dah): to be ona drinking spree, to be on a binge or drunk (lit. to

|. O-(ti): (1) (yi-Perf.)(781): S comes to be of small value. Hdddlee’. # P-ithdédédlee’, P comes to place small value on S (a possession). # P-it hodoodleet, S will lose its value for P. # T’da 'ihonidlee’, itis easier, it can be accomplished with less effort. (E.g.

ha’a’aahdée’go dzit bighda’jj’ t’ad

be stationary drinking unspecified O.) Dah ‘eeshdlij/dah da’finfidljfh (dah ndd’eeshdl(fl). (Dah + Progressive = static/ stationary. Cf. dah

‘ihonidlee’, the top of the mountain can be reached more easily from the east side.)

eesbas, |’m parked in a car or wagon.)

B. NEUTER E. (1)

(2)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’adldanii, drunkard, tippler, sot, alcoholic (the one who drinks). ’azee’ bee yidlanf, medicine cup (that with which

|. Q-(ti): (1)

medicine is drunk)(applies to a ceremonial object made of abalone or turtle shell, as well

as to a small glass of the type used for taking medicine).

(3) ‘azee’ yidlanigif, liquid medicine, internal medicine (medicine that is drunk).

(4)

da’jidlanfgéne’, barroom, tavern, bar, in the barroom (where people drink).

(5) (6)

daadldnigif, beverages (those that are drunk). if yil’ da’adl4nigif, horse trough (that inside of which horses drink).

(7)

tézis bee ’adlanf,

(8)

done), tdzis t6 bee daadlanigif,

water glass, water tumbler, drinking glass (glass with which drinking is

(2)

(@-Imp.)(781): to be generous, open-handed (willing to let others use one’s possessions because one places small value on them). Yishdlee’. # P-aa yishdlee’, to be generous with P (place small value on P). # Doo P-aa yishdlee’ da, to be tight with P, place a high value on P, cherish P. ha-(O-lmp.)(389): there is small value (3s subject pronoun). Hadlee’, # P-ithadlee’, P is generous, open-handed (lit. “things” are not highly valued by P), (Cf. P-it hatsxoh, P is stingy with things, tight.) euCOCOoCO————l————

Stem noun: white clay, rhyolite tuff. # dleeshf, chalk.

water glass, drinking

glass (the glasses with which water is drunk) . ——_—_—_—_—_—_=_===>>»_»§/

_

>

DLEESH

DLEEZH

DLEEZH

(PPA *te’dzh > *tédzh ~ tésh: clay. DLEEZH

’Ashdleesh/ ’ashédléézh (ndda’dshdleesh). ha-(ho-)(@/si)(417): to paint, coat, stucco an area. Hashdleesh/hoshédléézh (nddhashdleesh).

(3)

As a verb stem cf Sarci -las/-laz:

paint, initiate.) NAVAJO:

The noun stem dleesh,

white clay,is used, with O-classifier

Il. D-(tr/Pass.):

(D-passive/reflexive), as the theme in verb bases meaning “daub, coat, paint,” and by extension “dedi-

(1)

cate (a new home or other building).” Navajo teezh, dirt, soil and dleesh, white clay, are apparently both derived from the same source: PA *tesh.

IMP. A.MOM. |dleesh B.CONCL. C.SEM. ~ dlish

USJ/IT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

dlish

diéézh_

dlish_

dleesh

(2)

C. SEMELFACTIVE

dlish__dlish_—_—_dlish_dlish |. B-(tt)

A. MOMENTANEOUS

yii-(@/si)(797): to give O one daub (with paint), give Oasmear. Yiishdlish/shédlish (naayiishdlish). da’ii-(@/si)(303): to dedicate or bless (as a hogan or other building. Lit. to place plural daubs of unspecified O - cornmeal or pollen). Da’iishdlish/da’shédlish (naddda’iishdlish).

|. G-(tt): (1)

P-aa’dii-(@/@)(149): to paint P from head to foot, cover P with paint. Baa’diishdleesh/baa ‘diidiéézh (baa n’diishdleesh:baa naa’diishdleesh). P-’nii-(@/O)(219): to start to paint P, daub P. Bi’niishdleesh/bi’niidléézh. na’(a)-(ni/ni)(558): to daub, paint or smeara streak across. Na’nishdleesh/na’nfdiéézh (ninda’nishdleesh). # P-itad’ na’nishdleesh, to puta streak of paint across P’s forehead.

(2)

(3)

D. NOUN DERIVATIVES ‘adleesh,

ch’il bee ndleeshi,

goosefoot, pigweed (Cheno-

podium) (plant that is plastered on).

dleesh,

rhyolite tuff (used to make white paint for

ceremonial purposes), white clay, kaolin. (Pdleesh).

dleeshf, chalk, white chalk. hashtlish kin bee daadleeshigif, plaster, stucco (mud with which houses are plastered). hayaadéd’ na’fdleesh, (the smearing of meal across a patient’s jaw just before the Dawn Songs. Done with white clay in some ceremonies). (10) hooghan da’iishdlish, hogan consecration or blessing (the hogan is daubed). (11) kin bee daadleeshigif, house paint (that with which houses are painted). (Ib. kin bee yidleesh/.) (12) kin bee yidleeshi, house paint (that with which a house is painted).

B. CONCLUSIVE |. B-(tt):

(2)

(in the Enemy Way -

bee’adleesh{, paintbrush (that with which painting is done (P-bee’adleeshi). chidf bee yidleeshf, automobile paint (that with which cars are painted).

niho-(ni/ni)(630): O (a road) is paved (coated) as far as a stopping point (where the paving ends), O is paved as far as (a specified location). Nihoodleesh/nihoodléézh. # ---jj’ nihoodleesh, O is (being) paved as far as (a designated place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nihoodleesh, O is (being) paved across.

(1)

figure painting

’Anaa’ji/). ‘atiin ’ahoodlézhigii, paved highway (road that is coated away in distance).

ll. D-(tr/Pass.):

(1)

’Adi-(@/si)(25): to daub oneself with white clay, smear oneself, paint oneself. ‘Adishdleesh/ ’Adéshdléézh (’Anddadishdleesh). ha-(ho-)(@/si)(389): to be coated, paved (as a road or parking area). Hadleesh/hashdléézh (naéahddleesh)

(@/si)(781): to paint O, coat O, plaster, whitewash or stucco O, to frost O (a cake), to spread O (as butter, jam). Yishdleesh/shédléézh (nadandshdleesh). # Kin biyi’déé’ yishdleesh, to be painting a house interior. ’a-(O/si)(125): to do painting, whitewashing, to be a painter (lit. to paint unspecified O).

a

155

DLi (PPA

DLO’

*d+-+tiw

> PA

“*dli [ablauting to

and L-classifier in bases meaning “smile, chuckle,”

*dluj: be[come] numb with cold, freeze to death.)

DLi

and

(3) with di-thematic and t-classifier in causative-

transitive bases meaning “make O laugh, smile or

chuckle (a baby),” NAVAJO: Occurs, with D-classifier, in verb bases meaning “be(come) very cold, be frost-bitten, numbed with cold, freeze to death (with reference to plants as well as animate S).

A.MOM,. B.CURS.

———— _US./IT.

IMP. dlé dld6d6h

B.NEUT.

A.

dlé66h

FUT.

OPT.

diddét

dlddt

-

-

dif

-

.

(2)

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

dlé6h_ -

dloh -

dlo’ -

dloh

dloh -

dldé6h -

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I, @-(ti):

MOMENTANEOUS (1)

I. D-(ti): (1)

US/IT.

EE

SSS

———aaee——————

A.MOM.

PERF.

IMP.

ni-(ni/ni)(648): to stop laughing. ninfdlo’ (ninddnishdlddéh).

Ninishdlédh/

P-’nii-(O/O)(217):

P starts to freeze to death. Bi’niid|d/bi’niidlf, (si)(781): to freeze to death. Sisdlf. (E.g. k’asdaa’ sisdlf, | nearly froze to death.)

Il, ni-O-(ti):

ll. D-(ti): (1)

(ni-thematic: terminative.)

(1)

’ani-(@/si)(115): a killing frost occurs. ‘aneesdii,

(2)

ni-(@/si) (628): S is frost-bitten, killed by frost, hit by frost (plant life). Nidié/neesdlf.

’Anidl6/

’a-(@/yi)(481): to laugh and laugh, to “laugh oneself to death” (lit. to laugh away out of sight). ‘lishdl66h/ ’eeshdlo’ (’'anddndshdldoh). # P-aa ‘iishdlé6h, to laugh and laugh about P, to have a good laugh at P.

Ill. di-L-(ti): (1)

B. NEUTER

ch’idi-(ni/ni)(283):

to smile, chuckle. Ch’fdinishdl66h/ch’idinishdlo’ (ch’(ndddinishdld6h). # P-ch’j’ ch’idinishdl6éh, to smile at P.

|. @-(ti): (1)

(@-Imp.)(781):

cold.

IV. di-t-(tt):

to freeze to death, be numb with

Yishdlé66h.

(1)

——ooo___——-

DL{/ DLIN{

ch'i-O-di-(ni/ni)(281):

to make O smile, make O

burst out laughing. Ch’tbidinishdlédéh/ch ’tbidinitdlo’ (ch’inadbidinishdldéh).

Stem noun (derivation uncertain): transvestite, Amazon. (A component of many female war names. Anglicized as Glen or Glennie.)

B. CURSIVE |. D-(ti);

—_ —_ —_ ———xKee—“[!v _ [—— —he—o= ™—sX—X—« PA *ya(x)s: [noun]: snow. Verb stem uncertain. PA

ZA itself requires t-classifier

perhaps

DZAAZ IMP.

US /IT.

(laale.,

BUT

OFT

A.MOM.

dzééh = dzééh

dza

dzéét

dzééh/ dzéét

B.DUR.

dzééh

dza

dzéét

dzé6éh/ dzéét

dzééh

A.

snow.

NAVAJO: Very likely cognate with ZAS: strew, dribble (small objects or particles), and with yas/zas: (noun) snow, as posited by Sapir in Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Origin of the Navaho - AA 38:224-235. Occurs, with D-classifier, in verb themes relating to the “falling”

MOMENTANEOUS

of snow, in contradistinction to snow “storm,” expres-

sed by CHIIL. Differences in stem shape suggest a separate development for ZAS: strew and DZAAZ: snowfall, leading to their separate listing here.

I. £-(tt):

(1)

‘*yadzor *yadz [di, 4]: V. Krauss-Leer 1981:105.)

P-’nii-(@/@)(218): to start to scrape or dehair P (a hide). Bi’niisdzééh/bi'niitdza. ’i’nii-(@/@)(469): to start to do the dehairing. l’niisdzééh/'i’niitdza.

A.MOM.

IMPZe

US

eet

dzaas

dzas

dzaaz

B.CURS.

RO.CmarU nem Or Ts dzas

dzaas

dzas

B. DURATIVE A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I. t-(tt): I. D-(ti):

(@/yi)(774):

to scrape or dehair O (a hide).

(1)

Yisdzééh/yftdza (nddndsdzééh). ’a-(@/yi)(123): to do the dehairing or hidescraping. ’Asdzééh/’iftdzd (nad’dsdzééh).

C.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

NOUN

(@/yi)(759): snow falls, it snows. yidzaaz (nddndadzaas).

Yidzaas/

# P-ee yidzaas, P gets snow. (E.g. t’'éédda’ nihee yidzaaz, we got snow last night.) # NI6 yAzhf yidzaas, it sleets, sleet falls.

DERIVATIVES

B. CURSIVE

‘aldzééh, tanning. ’aldzéehgi, tannery (where tanning is done). ‘aldzé6h ba hooghan, tannery (building for tanning). ’atdzéhé, tanner (one who tans). bee ’aldzéhé, scraper (for removing the hair from hides)(that with which scraping or dehairing is done). béésh bee ’aldzéhé, metal hide-scraper (the metal thing with which scraping is done).

I. D-(ti): (1)

(yi)(759): snow is falling, itis snowing. (ndandadzas).

Yidzas

# NI6 yazhf yidzas, itis sleeting, sleet is falling.

(Cf. Chipewyan hudelya:

itis fine

[weather, place], and Sarci -dhzoh

[with prefixes nani-]: recover.)

Noun stem that appears in several verb-like constructions with the general meaning “world”, as well as in ’asdzdan, woman. Cf. the verb root DZA4: perforated.# nahasdzdan ~ nihosdzdan (na- PA *gYid, lengthened stem *gYud [@]:. amorphous substance [smoke, odor] or disorganized

DZID4

group, moves en masse;

I. nf-D-(ti): (1)

bihdni-(@/si)(196):

it becomes possible, feasible, practical, adequate. Bihénéedzaah/bihdénéesdzaad (binddhénéedzaah)

vowel regularized in Navajo]; [#][with obscure *nV-thematic prefix]: be afraid [transitional, as above]. The grouping of these themes depends on the assumption that “rotten” and “afraid” are both extensions of “emit odor.”) NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier and di-thematic (in some themes) in bases meaning “rot, decay, spoil.”

|. ni-D-(ti) :

DZI{D: be(come) afraid, may be cognate with DZID, as

bihdni-(ni-lmp.?)(196): feasible, adequate.

to be possible, practical,

suggested above, but is treated separately here.

Bihénéedzd.

IMP.

# Doo bihénéedzda da, it’s impossible, impractical, unfeasible.

# Doo P-it bihénéedzda da, it appears to be impractical to P, it appears to P that it won't work. # T’da bihénéedzé, she (a girl) is fairly nice looking, he (a person) is tractable, it is fairly good, reasonably good. # T’dadoo bee bihénéedzanf da, it is impossible, itis entirely out of reach, the resour-

(2)

[1]: be

rotten [transitional *-gu’d > *gYud-

B. NEUTER

(1)

the

ces for its attainment are lacking (as the purchase of a new car). ‘ihdéni-(ni-lmp.?): the possibility exists. ‘Ihénéedza. # T’da ’attsojj’ bee ‘ihédnéedzé4, everything is made easy with it, all doors are opened with it, itis the passport to plenty (as an education).

UST.

A.MOM. ] dzffd — dzi’ C.CONT,

PERF.

FUT.

dzid

dzit

OPT. — dzifd

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. di-t-(ti): (1)

P-di’nii-(@/@)(178): to spoil or decay.

(2)

di-(@/yi)(320):

S starts to get rotten, starts Bidi’niitdzifd/bidi’niitdzid

(naabidi’niitdzifd). S rots, decays, rots out, spoils (food, a wooden or cardboard box). Ditdzffd/ diftdzid (ndddftdzifd).

B.

CONTINUATIVE

——oOooOoOoOoOoCooCoCooOoOO—————_=-*:~

DZE

I. £-(ti):

Noun stem (with thematized di-): didzé (P-didzé’), berry. (Also as

(1)

dzidzé.)

# didzétsoh tsoh,

~ dzidzétsoh)

(-

C. (1)

—ooo—_—_—-_-__—-

(2)

DZEEH

it decays about here and there, it is gangrenous, cancerous, rotten. Naatdzid.

big), peach

(Persica vulgaris). (Also as didzétsoh.) # gad bididze’ (gad, juniper), juniper berry.

Stem noun:

na-(O-lmp.)(583):

elk.

# dzeehdee’ (-dee’, horn, antler), elkhorn.

# dzeehkag/ (-kdgf, skin, hide), elkskin.

(3)

-DZID

DERIVATIVES

’ats’ffs naatdzid, cancer, carcinoma (the body rots). dfftdzid bich’osh, carrion worm, flesh fly maggot, rove beetle (the bug or worm of rot). naatdzid, gangrene, cancer, rot (it rots about). Naatdzid k’ee’aa nooséetii, cancer, carcinoma (rottenness that spreads). —eCOCCccoNN"_—_—_—_—_—_—_—

tr SSen S.

Stem noun: decaying remains (of vegetation, as a yucca stump). (Cf. verb root DZID4: rot.)

NOUN

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier and ni-thematic (in most bases) with

DZIDo

the meaning “shake, agitate.”

DZIDo

A.REP. B.CONT. C.SEM.

DZIL

IMP.

USVii@_PERE

EUR

OPM:

dzid dzid __dzid

dzi’ dzi’ dzid

dzit dzit dzid

dzid dzid _—_dzid

A.

dzid dzid dzid

liquid). Yiisdzid/sétdzid

D. (1)

(2)

I. £-(tt): (1)

(@/yi)(774): to shake O (in a pan, as popcorn, or ona sifting screen, as pinyon nuts). Yisdzid/ yitdzid (nddndsdzid).

(1)

(3)

B. CONTINUATIVE

I. ni-t-(tt):

(~ ts'idzid) Onomatopoetic.

# P-ii’ nanisdzid,

DZID

(PPA *dzit > PA “dzil [transitional *dzi’t > *dzit}: be solid, firm, thick.)

DZIL

to shake or slosh O around

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “strength, force, firmness.” Occurs: (1) with Dor L-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “strain, put forth effort;” (2) with tclassifier in bases meaning “be(come) firm, solid;” and (3) with @-classifier in Neuter adjectival and comparative bases meaning “be strong.” (Cf. noun dzit/dziil, mountain.)

in P (as liquid in a can or bottle), to rinse P with O (as a bottle, can or other container with water, by sloshing it around).

na’ni-(@/si)(558): to shake, agitate or slosh something unspecified. Na’nisdzid/na’nétdzid (ninda’nfsdzid). # Shidayi’ na’nisdzid, |’m gargling (lit. sloshing something unspecified around in my throat).

IMP. SUS /Tiz” PERF.

# Sizéé’ na’nisdzid, |’m rinsing my mouth. # P-ii’ na’nisdzid, |’m rinsing P (a bottle or other container, by sloshing water inside

it).

Il. ni-L-(tr): (1)

A.MOM. B.DUR.

dzift dzit

C.CONT. D.CURS E.NEUT.

nani-(@/si)(562): to slosh O around (in a reflexive context). Nanisdzid/nanésdzid (ninddan{sdzid). In: #

(2)

’Azéé6’ nanisdzid,

(1)

dzil dzit

-

dzit dzit

dzil .

dzit -

dzil .

dzit .

dzil/ dziil

-

-

. dzit/ dziit .

dziit dzit

= dzil -

-

P-fdi-(@/si)(212): unspecified S applies force against P. Bididzif/bidi’deesdzil (bina’didzift: binaa’didziit) # Ndds P-fna’didziit, P is promoted, given a promotion (in job or rank. Lit. force is applied to move P ahead.)

# T’Ad’ P-(nd’didziit (227), P is demoted, given

SEMELFACTIVE

a demotion (in job or rank. Lit. unspecified S applies force back against P), P is forced or pushed back (as from

I. £-(tt): yii-(@/si)(797):

dzit = dzit

OPT

|. D-(ti):

with O, slosh O around in one’s own mouth. na’ni-(@/si)(558): to slosh unspecified O around (in a reflexive context). Na’nisdzid/na’nésdzid (ninda’nisdzid).

C.

PROGSEUT.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

to rinse one’s own mouth

# ’Az66’ na’nisdzid, to rinse one’s own mouth.

(1)

|Imitates

the sound of a “Bronx cheer” or a fart.

nani-(@/si)(562): to shake O, agitate O, slosh O around (liquid in a container). Nanisdzid/ nanétdzid (nindan(sdzid). # Shiddyi’ nanisdzid, | am gargling O, gargling with O (lit. | am sloshing O in my throat). # Sizéé’ nanisdzid, | am rinsing my mouth with O (lit. |am sloshing O around in my mouth).

(2)

DERIVATIVES

’azéé’ nanildzidf, mouth wash (that which is sloshed around in the mouth). (She’azéé’ nanildzidf, my --) bee ’aldzid/, sifter, sifting screen (the type thatis shaken and used for the removal of gravel from sand or trash from pinyon nuts)(that with which shaking is done). hadayi’ ndanildzidigif, gargle, gargling solution or preparation (those things that are sloshed around in a person’s throat).

REPETITIVE Durative

NOUN

(naayiisdzid).

to give O a shake (as a bottle of

169

.

DZIL

DZIL

the area where P lives). na-P-fdidzif.).

Il.

144) (Also as t’dd

#

T’aa’ P-doodzit,

P is progressively forced

back by superior force (an army, a community from its land base)(Agentive Passive).

L-(ti): Il. L-(ti):

(1)

’‘a-(D/yi)(478): to strain away, make effort. ‘lisdzit/eesdzil (’anddndsdzif). # P-ika ‘iisdziit, to strain at P (to accomplish P - as when S strains to defecate, urinate or belch). to strain, put forth effort (as in

(2) di-(G/si)(331):

(1)

(yi) (774):

(2)

effort. Yisdzit/deiniildzift (ndadnddsdzit). # P-& yisdzit, to be striving for P’s sake (as for one’s children). ‘ak’i-(yi) (83): to be self-supporting, on one’s

pulling a heavy object, accomplishing an objective). Disdzift /désdzil (ndddisdzift). # P-k’i disdzift, to apply efforton P. (E.g. sha’atchini bik’i désdzil, | put forth an

(3)

effort to support my family.) ha-P-i-(G/yi)(372): to force P out by straining, to

to be striving, making a continuing

own. ‘Ak’iisdzit/’ak’ideinfildzitt.

# T’da shfak’iisdzit, I’m on my own, selfsupporting. P-k’i-(yi)(210): to be supporting P, providing for P (as for one’s family). Bik’iisdzit/bik’idefnfildzift.

strain at P (a constipated person straining at

E. NEUTER

the stool, or a person straining to urinate). Habésdzift/habéésdzit (habinddndsdzif).

(4)

ni-(ni/ni)(647):

I. £-(ti): (-dzil)

to stop straining.

Ninisdzif/ninisdzil. In: # ’Adit ninisdzift, to be(come) apprehensive, anxious (from fear, worry or excitement), to be “on pins and needles.”

B.

(1)

(2)

Hdidzil. # P-tah hdtdzil, P’s body is strong, P has a strong body, P is strong all over.

DURATIVE (3)

. £-(ti):

(1)

ni-(@-lmp)(643): S is firm, solid, strong, stable (as a firmly imbedded post or rock). Nitdzil. honi-(@-lmp.)(455): area is strong, stable, firm.

P-ini-(@-Ilmp.)(238):

to be able to stand or endure

P (as hardship), to have resistance against P (a disease). Binisdzil.

(S/yi)(764): S stiffens, becomes firm or thick (as mush, concrete). Yitdzit/yfdzil (ndandtdzit).

Il. @-(ti): (-dziil) C.

CONTINUATIVE

(1)

. L-(ti):

(2)

na-(@/si)(591):

(something). ‘Abdodziil (he is as strong as --

to strain, apply continuing force or

(Inflected by altering the pronoun prefix.)

effort (as in holding up a heavy object, pulling, defecating).

Naasdzil/nisisdzil

# P-ld&h ’Ashdodziil, I’m stronger than P. (E.g. nilaéah ’Ashdodziil, I’m stronger than you, shildah ’Andodziil, you’re stronger than me.)

(nindandsdzil).

# P-ch’j’ naasdzil, to strain at P.

(2) ’Ak’ina-(O-Imp.)(82): to support oneself, be selfsupporting, economically independent.

(3)

In: ‘Ak’inaasdzil

# T’Ad shi ’A&k’inaasdzil, |’m self-supporting. P-k’ina-(-Iimp.)(208): to support P, provide for P (as for one’s family). Bik’inaasdzil.

D.

P-60-(O-Ilmp.?)(269-695): P is comparatively strong or powerful. Bdéodziil. (Inflected by altering the pronoun prefix.)

# P-ee bdodziil, he is as strong as P. (E.g. ddola yee béodziil, he’s as strong as a bull, ddola bee shdodziil, |’m as strong as a bull etc.)

CURSIVE

D-(ti):

(1)

P-(@)(185): P is strong, powerful. Bidziil. (Inflected by altering the pronoun prefix.) *d-P-60-(O-lmp.?)(130): P is as strong as

F.

P-f-(yi)(167): to be straining at P (as at childbirth, difficult defecation, pulling a heavy object).

Béésdzit/bideiniidzit # T’4d’ ndbéesdzit,

(1) (2)

(néabéésdzit). to be forcing O back (a

(3)

group of people, herd of cattle).

170

NOUN DERIVATIVES

‘ahdodziil, energy, strength, power. dziil, strength, resistance. (Bich’j’ sidziil, |can stand it, endure it - as hunger, cold.) na’adzil, effort. (Bich’j’ na’adzil, it requires effort as swimming against the current.)

DZIS

DZIL

(4)

naanish t’dadoo ts’fda bich’i’ na’aldzilf, soft job,

(5)

easy work (work that requires no real strain or effort). yee naaldzilf, low gear (on a car)(the one with

# dzittsiin ~ dzitts{f (-tsfin ~ tsff, base, footofa slope),

(1)

ADVERBIAL

DERIVATIVES

dziilf bee, with all (one’s) might and main, as hard as possible. (E.g. t’4a dziilf bee dif tVizi

bidee’ sha yinita’, hold this goat’s horns as hard as you can. T’da dziilf bee ’Asht’j, | gave it everything | had.) t’Aadoo nitdziligo,

(Ib.

(mythology). # Tsoodzit ~Soodzit (derivation uncertain), Mount Taylor (San Mateo Peak)(near Grants, New Mexico. The Sacred Mountain of the south. Also known as Nfttsddziil [Rain Mountain] and Dootfizhiidziil [Turquoise Mountain]). # Yootgaiidziil (yootgaii, white shell), White Shell Mountain (mythology).

which there is power or effort).

G.

foot or base of a mountain.

dzit bitsfin ~ dzit bits{f.) # Sddziil (sd-, old age), Old Age Mountain

loosely, without difficulty,

(Cf. Hupa -gYes: scratch, scrape.)

easily. (E.g. t’dadoo nitdzilf sha bee la ’azijf’, | had no trouble getting approval for it.) DZIS

:

NAVAJO:

Occurs, with L-classifier, as

the theme in a group of Neuter Perfective verb bases meaning “channeled, grooved, having a furrow or depression.” (Cf. -zis, bag, sack.)

Noun (derivation unclear): Cooper’s hawk, chicken hawk, pigeon hawk.

DZILI

I. L-(ti): (1) Stem noun: mountain. # dzitbaah (-baah, edge, alongside it), mountainDZIt/ DZIIL side. # dzitgiizh (-giizh = -gizh, gap + -ii, the one), mountain pass, gap in a mountain range. # dzitghdd’ (-ghda’, summit, top), mountain-

(2) (3)

top.

# Dzitghd’i (dzitghdd’+ -f, the ones), White Mountain Apaches, Western Apaches.

ground.

# dzitkat’ah ~ dzittat’ah (-kdat’ah ~ -tat’ah, shelf or ledge), ledge or shelf on a mountain. # Dzitk’ijf (-k’i-, on +-jf, onthe side of), the Mountain Chant (lit. the Mountaintop Way). # Dzitisdzdan

(-isdzdan,

world),

# #

#

#

(-+teezh,

Nahooldzis.

(ni)(762): there is a furrow, groove, channel, ditch. Yildzis.

NOUN

the Mountain

World (of mythology). # Dzitisdzdan bijdadii (bijddd-, its leg + -ii, the one), the southern suport pole ina conical hogan (Jett-Spencer 1981:22). # dzitldtah (-latah, tip, end), mountain peak. # dzitteezh ~ dziteezh

’ahidii-(@-Perf.)(57): S converge, join, come together (two canyons or washes, as seen from a point between the forks). ’Ahidiildzis. ’atts’A-(ni)(106): S forks, splits, separates (as canyons or washes, viewed from the main trunk). ’Atts’daldzis. ch’fda-(si)(281): S lead horizontally out (as d.p. gullies or canyons extending out from a mountain toward the plain below). Ch’idaasdzis (sgl. ch’éldzis). ho-(yi)(542): there is a chuckhole or pothole (in the road), there is a depression (in the ground). Hooldzis. (Also as haldzis.) ndho-(yi)(542): there is a depression in the

DERIVATIVES

‘atsiiyah haldzisf (Ib. ’atsiiyah nadhooldzisf), nape of the neck (hollow area at the back of the head) (P-tsiiyah haldzis/). hooldzis, chuckhole, pothole. késdzis, hollow tracks (as those made in snow or stiff mud (foot-hollow).

dirt, soil),

mountain soil (including herbs - used ceremonially). dziteezh bizis (bizis, its bag, container), bag or pouch for mountain soil. Dzitteeshch’ihf (teeshch’ih, ashes+ -i, the one, the place), San Fidel, New Mexico (lit. Ash Mountain). dzitniit’aa (-niit’aa, side, slope), mountain slope, foot of a mountain. dzittis (-tis, over), transmountain.

ndhooldzis, concave depression in the ground, basin (ndahooldzis: d.p.). Ni’ Haldzis,

Buell Park, Arizona (north of Ft. Defiance)(earth hollow - hollow place in the ground). tsé’6dzis, depression on a rock surface, basin, pit (where water collects)(tséda’adzis: d.p.) yiidzis, ditch, highway dip, trench, furrow, long depression (as where a pipe has been buried). Nee ed Te

w7il

DZIID

(~ ts’idziid)

Dzit’

Onomatopoetic.

Imitates

D.

the roar of an airplane, a racing car or a boat motor.

DZIID

(1)

(V. DZID.)

DZIiD

NAVAJO:

ADVERBIAL DERIVATIVES

t’'66 bahadzidgo (t’66 bahddzigo, t’66 bahddzoo, t'66 wahddzoo), extremely, terribly, very, diligently, extremely, hard. (E.g. t’66 bahddzidgo deesk’aaz, it’s extremely cold, t’66 bahddzidgo deesdoi, it’s terribly hot, t’66 bahddzidgo naashnish, I’m working awfully hard, etc.). e60CCOooqo>>{_>>={={={[{"{q#{=[==HnRD>[==>™>)

Occurs, with nd-thematic

and L-classifier, as the theme in verb

(PPA *xikl¥] > PA *ghYikY’ ~

bases meaning “be (come) afraid, timid, fearful.” As suggested by

*ghYitsh’™ [di]: breathe; [di]; be

Dzit’

historical evidence (V. DZID), DZ{fD may be an

saved, cured, healed [t-causative: save]; [lt]: rest. The non-perfective

extension of DZID4: emit an odor (rot, decay).

IMP.

_US./IT.

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

PERF.

FUT.

ae

——aa

dzid

dzifh ;

dziid :

stems, such as repetitive *ghYixY-gY are based on the non-labialized

OPT.

variant *ghYtkY’ above. The perfective stem, however, appears irregularly as

= dzit ~~ dzith . :

*ghYitsh’™, at least

for some themes, in many languages including Hupa and Alaskan languages, but not Navajo.) NAVAJO:

A. MOMENTANEOUS

Occurs:

(1) with D-classifier as the theme

in verb bases meaning “breathe, remain, survive,” and

by extension “speak, exclaim;” (2) with di-thematic: oral noise, and D-classifier in an extended theme meaning “vow, promise;” (3) with yini-directive and Dclassifier in verb bases meaning “curse,” and (4) with ©-classifier as the theme in a base meaning “heal.” DZII’ is probably a derivation (with D-classifier) from

|. né-L-(ti): P-na-(si-Perf.)(228): to become afraid of P. Béésisdziid (= binisfsdzifd). na-(si-Perf.)(568): to become fearful, afraid, timid, cowardly. Nisisdzifd.

the obsolescent root YiI’ (YIH), breathe. (See YIH.) IMP.

US /IT. PERF.

B. NEUTER A.MOM. dziih B:REP Ye dzih C.CURS., -

dzih -

PROG.

FUT.

dziv’ -

dzih dziih dzih/ dziih —e—_—_—————————— ———————

|. nd-L-(ti): na-(O-Imp.)(568): to be timid, to be afraid, to be scared, to be wild or untamed (as a deer). Nasdzid. P-nd-(O-Imp.)(228): to be afraid of P. Bindsdzid.

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. D-(ti): ll. nd-O-(ti):

) ’a-(G/yi)(478): to inhale, draw in a breath. ‘lisdziih/’eesdzi’ (anasdziih:’andandsdziih). SER.(@/si)(62): to draw in a series of breaths, inhale one time after another. ’Adahisdziih/ ‘adahésdzii’ . # tid P-it ’iisdziih, to inhale smoke (lit. to breathe in in company with smoke). # tid P-it’ahisdziih, to inhale one puff of smoke after another. (2) ’a-P-(ni-(O/yi)(5): to curse P out of sight. "Ab? nisdziih/’ab?nifdzir’ (‘abinda’nisdziih). 'ahfin{-(@-Imp.)(67): to have a name calling or ——

P-66-(= P-na-. Occurs variously as P-éé-, P-d4-, P-4-, wa-) ha-(O-Imp.): P is dangerous, poisonous, to be feared (lit. impersonal “it”

fears P.) Bééhadzid ~ bahddzid ~ wahddzid (baahdadzid/bahddzid/wahadzid).

C.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘azee’ badhddzid/ (Ib. ’azee’ bahadzidi),

O PT.

poison

(medicine that is feared, dangerous medicine).

cussing contest, call each other names, curse

bddhddzidii, poison (the one that is feared, the dangerous one). sh{ yindldzidf, fringed brome grass (the one that is afraid of the summer)

at each other.

’Ahfinfidziih.

# P-it 'ahiinfsdziih,

to have a cussing contest

with P, have a name calling contest with a

ae

bzit’ (4) (5)

Dzif’

‘Adiini-(O/yi)(29): to curse oneself, cuss oneself. ’Adiinisdziih/’Adéesdzi’ (lit. curse at oneself). di-(@/si)(331): to take a breath. Disdziih/désdzif (naadisdziih). # P-it disdziih, to choke on P (lit. to take a breath in company with P). # Ch’ééh disdziih, to gasp for breath (lit. to take a breath in vain).

# Ndfsdzih, to breathe, respire (Usitative/ (6)

Repetitive). ha-(@/yi)(412-429): to exhale, let one’s breath out, speak, speak out, exclaim, make a speech. Haasdziih/haasdzii’ (handsdziih:handdandsdziih). SER.(@/si)(395): to speak in succession (orators, speakers). Hadahiidziih/ hadahaadzii’ or hadahisiidzi?’ (handahiidziih:handaadahiidziih) (1st pers. pl). # P-ch’j’ haasdziih, to speak to P, address P (as the people at a meeting). # P-ch’j’ hadahaadzi’,

we followed one another speaking to P (a succession of speakers).

(11) ’fini-(= ’a-yini-)(@/yi)(477): to utter curses, to curse or cuss. ‘linfsdziih/’finisdzi’ (nda’finfsdziih). # P-taa ’finisdziih, to curse P out, cuss P out (a plurality of people or animals, as a

mob or a herd of cattle)(lit. to direct curses among P). (12) nd-(/yi)(525): S (a boil, lesion, wound) heals, S (an infection) clears up or goes away. Nadziih/ néddzi?’ (nindanddziih). (13) ndbi’nii-)O/@): S (a boil, lesion, wound) begins to heal. Nabi’niidziih/nabi’niidzi’. (14) (G/yi)(775): to remain, to be left (over), to survive, to have O left over. Yisdziih/yisdzi’. (E.g. neeznaa dah ’alzhin yidzi’, ten minutes remained. Neezndadi ’6ola neeznda dah ‘alzhin yidziihgo nanisdza, | got back at 10 minutes til 10 o’clock. Shik’éf t’da ’attso daneezné4, shi t’éiya yisdzii’, my relatives all died and | was the only survivor. Béesosha’ dfkwif ndziih, how much money do you have left?

# ’Adee haasdziih, to volunteer (to do something) (lit. to speak out with self). # ’Aldajj’ P-ee haasdziih, to name P as one’s first choice (lit. to speak out with P foremost).

Naaki béeso yisdziih,

| have two dollars

left.) (15) yfnf-(@/yi)(766): out, call

to curse at O, cuss at O, cuss O

O bad names, insult O.

Yinisdziih/yéésdzii’

to nominate P (as a candidate) (lit. to speak out with P).

(naddyinisdziih).

# P-ee haasdziih,

# T’dd tdldago P-ch’j’ haasdziih, (7)

in an arrogant, impolite manner. ha’a-(@/yi)(401): unspecified S speaks, speaking

occurs. In:

Ha’adziih/ha’oodzii’

# P-ee ha’adziih,

(8)

I]. di-D-(ti):

to speak to P (1)

(handa’adziih).

handddisdziih). SER.(@/si). Hadahidiidziih/ hadahidiidzi?’ (handddahidiidziih)(1st pers pl). # Naaltsoos bik’ehgo ’ddee hadisdziih, to

P is named as a candidate

(for elective office). ha-(@-Imp.)(389): S remains, S is left (imper-

swear on the book (Bible), take a solemn oath, make a solemn promise.

sonal “it,” with reference to space, time or

distance). Hadziih. # T’4a ’Ahdnf hadziih, it draws near, is nearly here. (E.g. Késhmish t’aa ’ahanf hadziih, it’s almost Christmas, Christmas is nearly here. Hooghan t’da ’ahdanf hadziihgo chid/ sits’aa’ k’é’élto’, home was only a short distance away when my car broke down on me.) (9) hadini-(@/yi)(382): to talk too long, to make a slip and say something that one should not say, to speak out of turn. Hadinisdziih/nadineesdzi? (handddinisdziih). (10) hand-(@/yi)(412-429): to breathe back out, let

# Naaltsoos yik’ehgo hadahideesdzi’, one after another they swore a solemn oath. # Yadidiishnfihgo ’aAdee hadisdziih, to take the oath of office (an elected official), to be sworn in (lit. to hold up the hand and promise). # Bee ’ddee hadisdziih,

(2)

one’s breath back out, answer back, reply,

retort. Handsdziih/nanddsdzi’ (hanindandsdziih). (Reversionary of haasdziih: #6 above.) # P-ch’j’ handsdziih, to answer P, reply to P, give P areply. # tid P-ithandsdziih, to exhale smoke (lit. to breathe out in company with smoke). # P-dddh handsdziih, to talk back to P, “give P

lip .”

hadi-(@/yi)(384)(with prepounded ’ddee): to promise, swear, vow, take an oath, assure. ’Adee hadisdziih/’Adee hadeesdzii’ (’Adee

to promise it (lit. to

take an oath or make a promise with it. E.g. doo naa’deeshdijjt da dishnfigo bee Adee hadeesdzii’, | promised not to drink any more.) ha’a-(@/yi)(430): someone unspecified speaks out, speaking out takes place. Ha’adziih/ ha’oodzif’. In: # P-itha’adziih, P is mentioned, named, nominated (for office). (E.g. Béésh

Baah Dah Naaz’anfya dah nanidaah dooleetgo biniiyé shee ha’oodzii’, | was

(3)

nominated as a candidate for Council Chairman.) ndhidi-(@/si)(330): to breathe heavily, puff (as from exertion). Ndhidisdziih/ndhidésdzi’’.

Dzif

B.

DZ{jz

REPETITIVE

# ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iisdzjjs, to drag or

Durative

pull

I. ni-D-(ti):

# ndi-(@)(614): to breathe. Ndfsdzih. ‘att’ani-(O)(102): to stutter, stammer, to be a stutterer. ’Att’anisdzih. (’Att’a-, each others’

(2)

pocket or niche:

#

lit. speak in such fashion that

#

the words fall into each others’ niche or place.)

#

C,

CURSIVE #

|. ni-D-(ti): (1)

disappear with it or get rid of it.

P-fni-(yi)(216):

to go along swearing at P, go

along cussing P (as a person who walks along eehis burro). Bf’neesdzih/bida’finfidziih. aa

Stem noun: strength, power, endurance. Sidziil, |’m strong, DZIIL eee

(4)

Noun stem in: needzjf’ (nee-7), game corral (a structure used in

D2if’

former times for trapping game such as antelope. Usually built in the form of a brush corral with an opening

toward the east.

’atts’a-(O/yi or ni/ni)(10): to pull O apart, pull O in two (as achain). ’Atts’dsdz{js/’atts’Addz{jz or

et ee Ae

NAVAJO:

’atts’a-nisdzjjs/’atts’dnidzjz. P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): to drag, tow, pull O through P (as a car through a gate, a heavy bag through a window). Bighanisdzj{js/bighdnidz{jz (bighananisdzjjs :bighanddnisdz{s). P-idee-(O/yi)(807): to graze, brush against, sideswipe P with O (something that one is pulling, towing or dragging - as a trunk against the stove, a trailer against another car). Bideesdz{{s/bidéédz{jz (bindddeesdz{js). (9) P-fi-(@/@)(231-267): to drag, tow, pull O and add O to P (as logs that one drags to add them toa pile). Bfisdzjfs/biidzjjz (binéisdzjs). (10) P-k’i-(@/yi)(202): to drag or pull O off of P (an

Occurs, with O-classifier,

as the theme in verb bases meaning “pull, drag, tow.”

——— eee T. PERF. FUT. So IMP.__US/I lleSaSESOS PROG.

OPT.

A.MOM.

B.CONT.|

dzjjs

dz{fs

d2ijz

dzjfs

dzjjs

attacker off a person, a fallen tree off a house),

DIV.

Bik’eesdzifs/ bik’6édzjjz bik’indandsdzjjs).

C.CON.

D.CURS

d2{{s/

(11) P-k’ii-(@/@)(210):

dzis

A.

(bik’indsdz{fs:

to pull or drag O onto P as a

cover. Bik’iisdz{[s/bik’iidzjjz (bik’inéisdz{js: bik’indanéisdz{s). (12) P-nd-(@/si)(227): to drag, pull, tow O around P (as a log around a hogan). Bindsdz{{s/binisédz{z. (13) P-nikd-(ni/ni)(236): to pull, drag, tow O through P (as a car or log through a gate). Binikdn(sdz{fs/ binikanidzjjz (binkandnisdz{f{s:binkanddanlsdz{{s).

MOMENTANEOUS

@-(tt):

(1)

’ada-(~ bida/hada)(@/yi)(11): to pull, drag, tow O down from a height, unload O by pulling or dragging (as from a truck bed), ’Adaasdz{s/ ‘addddzjjz (‘adandsdzjjs:’adandandadz{s). SER. (@/si) (375). Adahasdz{js/’adahdddzjjz (‘adandéhasdzjjs:’adanddhdsdz{s). ’ahd-(G/yi or ni/ni)(41): to pull O apart, pull O in two (as a chain attached to a tractor anda tree). "Ahasdz{js /’ahdddzjjz or ’ahdnisdz{{s/ ‘ahanidz{jz. ‘ahéna-(ni/ni) (46): to pull, tow, drag O around in a circle. "Ahéénisdzjjs/’ahéénidzjjz. SER.(Q/si) (48): to pull, tow, drag O around and around in a series of circles. "Ahééhésdz{js/’ahééhédz{jz. ‘atnand-(@/yi)(95): to pull, tow, drag O to a point or place and back, tow O back and forth between two places (as a house trailer, between one’s home and his work site).

’Ainanasdz{fs/’atnandadz{jz.

Game was driven

into the enclosure and the opening was then closed.)

DZjz

O down from a height, unload O (as

heavy O) by dragging O down (as from a truck bed), P-yaa ’iisdzjjs, to pull or drag O in under P (as a timber in under a house). Ha’aa ‘iisdzjjs, to pull, drag or tow O over the hill and disappear. Nahjj’ ’iisdzjjs, to pull, drag, tow O to one side, out of the way. Yah ’iisdz{fs, to pull, drag, tow O into an enclosure (log into a corral, car into a shop). Y66’ ’iisdzjjs, to pull, tow, drag O away and

’a-(O/yi) (748): to pull, drag, tow O away out of sight. ‘lisdz{fs/"ffdzjjz (‘andsdzijs:’anddanasdzjjs). SER. (Q/si)(62). ‘Ahisdz{fs/’ahédz{jz

(‘andhdsdzfjs: 'anddhdsdzijs).

174

DZ{j[z

DZ{jz

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

# P-yaadéé’ haasdzjjs,

P-niilt’'a-(@/si)(242): to drag, pull, tow O and come to a barrier (a swollen arroyo while

towing a car). Biniilt’aasdz{js/biniitt'asédzjjz (biniitt’'andsdz{s:biniitt’anddandsdzjs). P-ts'a-(ni/ni)(256): to drag, pull, tow O away from P (as a car or a person away from a fire).

(23

Bits ’An(sdz{{s /bits’anidz{jz (bits 'andanisdzjjs: bits 'Andan(sdz{jz). ch’(-(@/yi) (283): to pull or drag O out horizontally (completive). Ch’ésdz(js/ch’éédz{jz (ch'(ndsdz{js:ch'(nddndsdzijs). In: # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’ésdzj{s, to drag or pull O over the edge (as over a cliff). ch’f-(ni/ni)(291): to pull, drag or tow O out horizontally (as a car from a garage, a trunk from a closet, a sheep from a corral), Ch’(nfsdzjjs/ ch’infdz{jz_(ch'indn(sdz{fs:ch 'indanisdz{fs). SER.(Q@/si)(276). Ch’éhésdz{js/ch’éhédzijz (ch'(ndhdsdzjjs:ch '(nddhasdz{s). # P-fighahg66 ch’infsdzijs, to pull, drag or tow

~—

(24 —

Haasdz{{s or hasisdzjjs/hasédz{jz (handsdzjjs: handdandsdz{js). SER.(@/si)(391). Hahasdz{js/ hahddz{jjz (handhdsdzjjs:handahdsdzijjs). hadii-(@/@)(386): to pull, tow, drag O the entire length, from one end to the other (as completely across a field). Hadiisdz{fs/hadiidzjjz (haadiisdz{{s:handddiisdz{js). (hadi-thematic: com-

(25

plete, entire ) na-(@/yi) (594): to pull, drag, tow O down, unload O (by dragging or pulling it from a truck

—

bed). Naasdz{fs/ ndddzjjz (ninasdz{js:ninaanasdzjjs). SER.(@/si) (529). Nahasdzjjs/nahadz{jz (ninadhdsdzjfs:ninddhasdzjjs).

O past P (a stationary object). di-(@/si)(331): to start to pull, drag or tow O along, to be going to tow O or be on the way towing O (as acar)(in the Perf.). Disdzjjs/

(26)

nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over by pulling on it (as an overturned car). Nahideesdz{js/

(27

naana-(@/si)(586): to turn O around or make a turn with O while pulling, dragging or towing it.

nahidéédz{jz

dédz{jz (ndisdz{{s:nadd{sdzijs) # P-ch’j' disdzjjs, to start dragging O to P (as

~—

place, as to arrepair shop), to be on the

(20)

(21)

(22)

way towing O. didi-(@/yi)(314): to pull or drag O to or into the fire (as alog). Didisdz{{s/didiidzjjz (déédisdzijs: dinddd{(sdzjjs), SER.(@/si)(316). Dihidisdz{js/ dihidédz{jz (dinddhidisdzjfs). (di-thematic: relates to fire.) dii-(@/@)(343-616): to start dragging, towing, pulling O. Diisdz{js/diidz{jz (Adiisdz{j{s:naadiisdz{{s). SER. (Q/@). Hidiisdz{fs/hidiidz{jz (nahidiisdzj{s:naahidiisdz{fs). # Dah diisdzj{s, to start off pulling, dragging, or towing O (as a car or trailer). # Dah deidiyiidzjjz, they (d.p.) started off one after another towing O (as their trailers). dz(dza-(@/yi)(358); to drag or pull O into the fire (as alog). Dz{dzaasdzjjs/dzidzaadz{jz (dzidzandsdz{(/s; dz(dzanddndsdzijjs). SER.(O/si)(354). Dzidzahasdz{(s/dz(dzahddzjjz_ (dz(dzanahasdz{js:dz(dzanadhasdzijjs). ha-(@/yi)(412-430): to pull O out (as an embedded

(ninddhideesdzjs).

Naandsdz{js/naanfsédzjjz (naanindandsdzjjs). # Bizdndghahjigo naandsdzijs, to drag, pull or tow O around a corner. # Nishttajigo naandsdzjjs, to make a left turn towing O.

a trunk to another person).

# -g66 dédz{jz, to be going to tow O to -- (a

(19)

to pull O out from

under P. # Ch'il hahasdzjjs, to pull weeds one after another. # Handsdzjjs, to pull O (back) out (as an arrow, knife, splinter). ha-(@ or si/si)(3gl): to drag, pull or tow O up (as up an arroyo bank or up a mountainside).

(28) (29

~—

# Nish’ndajigo naandsdz{js, to make a right turn towing O. Adii-(@/@)(616): to drag or pull O up (as a reclin-

ing drunk), to pick O up (by pulling or dragging). Ndiisdz{fs (ninddiisdz{js:nindddiisdz{js). (ni/ni)(562-654): to go, come, arrive pulling, dragging or towing O. Nisdzj{js/nidz{jz (nanfsdz{js:naanisdzjs). # P-aa nisdz{js, to drag or tow O to P (as a Car to another person). # -g66 nisdz{fs, to tow or drag O to -- (a location, as to town).

# -déé’ ndnfsdzjjs,

to tow O back from -- (a

location, as from town).

(30 — ni-(ni/ni)(648): to drag, pull, tow O as far as a stopping point, to stop towing or dragging O. Ninisdz{fs/nin(dzfjz (nindnisdzijs:nindanisdzis). # -jj’ ninisdz{js, to drag, pull, tow O as far as -(a named place or point - as to the road). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninisdz{fs, to tow O across, pull or drag O across (as across the road). (31) tadi-(@/yi)(698): to pull, tow, drag O around here and there (as a house trailer), wander around towing O. Tadisdz{fs/tadiidzjjz (tandddisdzijs). ni): to pull O out of the water, pull O tdtts’4-(ni/ (32) ashore. Tatts’Anisdzijs/tatts ‘Anidzjjz

splinter or knife, or a car from a mud-

hole), to tow O up out (as a car from a ditch).

Haasdz(js/hdddz{jz (handsdz{js:handanasdz{{s). SER.(@/si)(391). Hahasdz{js/hahadzijz (handhdsdz{js:handdhasdz{s). # 'Awéé’ haasdzijs, to assist at a birth (lit. to pull out the baby), # P-ch’j' haasdz{js, to pull O on P (as a pistol or knife). # P-ii' (P-ii'déé’) haasdzjjs, to pull O out of P (as a person from a wrecked car).

(tdtts ’Andnisdz{fs:tatts ’andanisdzjjs)

(33)

175

tsiits’d-(ni/ni)(635):

to pull, tow, drag O out of the

water or away from the fire, pull

O ashore.

DZ{jz Tsitts’anfsdzf/s /tsfts’Anidzjjz tsits’andan(sdzjjs).

4={e (tsitts’Andn{sdz{s:

D.

SER.(O/si) (735).

Tsitts 'ahdsdz{fs/tsitts 'ahddzjjz (tsftts’anahdsdzffs:tsfts’andahdsdz{js). (34)

(O/yi)(775):

CURSIVE

I, O-(tt):

to pull, drag or tow O (completive).

(yi)(775):

to be pulling, dragging or towing O along. Yisdzjs (nddsdzjfs:nddnddsdz{js). # Gédnaa yisdz{js, to be dragging O across. naana-(yi)(587): to be pulling, dragging or towing O around here and there. Naanddsdz2{fs/ naandeinfidzjjs.

Yisdzfjs/yidzfjz (ndésdzjjs:ndaéndsdz{s). SER.(O/si) (446). Hisdzjjs/hédzjjz (ndhdsdz{js: naahdsdzjs). # P-iih yisdz{{[s, to pull, drag or tow O into P (log into a truck, person into the mud).

# Kijh yisdzffs, to tow O into town (a car), # Nii’oh yisdz{f[s, to drag O away out of view. # Taah yisdzjfs, to drag or pull O into the

E.

water or to water. (35) yisda-(Q/yi)(770-772): to drag, pull, tow O to

NOUN DERIVATIVES

‘awéé’ hayiidz(sf (Ib. 'awéé’ hayinitf, midwife (the one who pulls babies out one after another). béésh ’ahdlzha’i chidf bee naadzjzi, automobile tow chain (the chain with which cars are towed about). hooghan naadzjzi, house trailer (the home that is towed around). kin naadzjzi, house trailer (the house that is towed around).

safety (from danger)(as a car from a burning garage, a smoke victim from a burning house, a

person or animal from quicksand), to “pull O

through” (a sick or starving animal or person, by feeding or otherwise tending it. Yisddsdz{fs/ yisdaddzjjz (yisddndsdz{js:yisddndandsdzjjs). SER.(@/si)(770). Yisdahdsdz{[s/yisdahdadzjjz (yisdanahdsdz{fs:yisddnddahdsdz{s).

=e—OCoOOaOq])])]»#h}{=##==""xuK"hna"=_=_¥—¥—xX—>=

Il. D-(tt):

(1)

(2)

(Ib. naadé’éyénf~ dé’éydéni) Noun (derivation unknown): outsider, stranger, foreigner (a person from outside the community or social group).

‘atndnd-(@/yi)(95): to drag or tow O to a location and back. ’Atnadndsdz(js/’atndnddsdzijz. # -g06 'dtndndsdzifs (Usit.), to tow O back and forth between two locations repeatedly (as a house trailer to and from a job site). P-gha-(ni/ni)(190): to yank O away from P, take O away from P by force (by pulling or dragging). Bighanisdz{fs/bighanisdz{z (bighandntsdz{js:bighanddnisdz{s).

OOO —_e_—«_—_—_—oo—————————————————————————

(A) Stem postposition: with (instrumental), by means of, of (out of a named material), in possession of, concerning (an event or circumstance), beating at (a game), excelling (at a skill), from (stealing), on (voting,

B. CONTINUATIVE/DIVERSATIVE

falling, serving legal papers). Béésh bee séthf, | killed it with a knife / ndstadn bee ‘fishtaa, | made/built it of logs / chidf shee hdl¢, | have a car (lit. a car exists with me) / chidf shee ‘addin, | have no car (lit. a car is none with me) / bee bit hweeshne’, | told him about it /

I, B-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(591): to be pulling, dragging or towing O around here and there, to make a round trip towing O (as a house trailer - in the Perf.).

tsidit bee baa honishné,

Naasdz{fs/nisédjjz (ninddndsdzjs). # -g66 nisédz{jz, to have made a round trip to -- (a designated place) towing O (as a

chidi shee yineez’{’,

he stole a car from me / naaltsoos bee ndiish’na’, | voted on the bill (lit. |stood up with the bill) / bitsiits’iin yee nikideezgoh, he fell on his head / naaltsoos bee ’f’ah, | served papers on him, filed a complaint against him / naadéa’ 'azis bee siyf, the corn is in a sack (lit. the corn sits by means of a sack) / shee nikihonfttd, it started to rain on me / na’nishkaadgo shee 'i'f'd, | spent the day herding (lit. the sun set with me herding) / ’ahee (~ ‘athee) bit hwiilne’, we told him about each other / ’ahee nfilddds (‘aheenfildéds), we're equally heavy, weigh the same / naat’Aanii dooleet biniiyé Adee haadzi’, he nominated himself to become boss or leader.

house trailer).

C. CONATIVE |. @-(tt): (1) (2)

P-gha-(@-Imp.)(807): to try to get O away from P by pulling or dragging. Bighaasdz{s. P-(nd-(@/si)(154):

I’m beating him at stick dice/

k’éé'dilyéehgi bee da’niitis, we’re the best farmers/

to pull or drag O in P and get P

on it (as in the dirt - to get dirt on it). Béndsdzi[s“ /béésédz{jz.

—oOCOCooCCCCCCcCcoOOl———S—=—=—=—_—_S—S_:-_

176

IEEE

EP?

NAVAJO: Noun: ’éé’, garment, clothing. Occurs with L-classifier and EE’

hadi-thematic: entire, completely, from one end to the other, as the theme in

a verbal noun: hadiil’éé’, hadiil’é’/g/f, night gown, coveralls (clothing that covers from head to foot. ed aC—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_--—————“

(pl! daa’éé’)(-’66’) Stem noun: garment, clothing, shirt, coat, wearing

EE’

#

# #

# #

#

#

#

# # #

apparel. # ’abanf’éé’ (‘aban/, buckskin), buckskin shirt. ’ayaadi daa’é’igif (‘"ayaa-, underneath + -di, at + daa’éé’-, garments + -fgif, the kind), underclothing, undergarments. ’ayaadi’éé’ (-e’ayaadi’éé’), underwear, underclothing. deijj’éé’ (dei-, up + jj’, as far as), shirt, blouse (lit. upper clothing). deijj’é’(igff (deijj’éé‘ + -(gif, the kind), shirt, blouse (lit. the upper kind of garment). ’66h (=’66’+ -iih, into), into clothing, dressing. '66’nééz (-nééz, long)(-e’éé’nééz ~ P-e’6Enééz), topcoat. ’66’chx6'f~ '66chx9'f (-chx¢’f, ugly, decrepit), used clothing, ugly attire, tatters, rags, “hand-me-downs’”. ’66étsoh (-tsoh, big) (-e’éétsoh), overcoat, jacket. nittsd’éé’ (nittsd-, rain), raincoat, slicker. sildo bi’éé’ (sildo, Span. soldado, soldier), military uniform. tPaajj’éé’ (tVaa- < ttaa’, buttocks + -jj’, as far as), trousers, pants, slacks (lit. reaches as far as the buttocks). ee

(PPA *™ett > PA *’et!’ [suffixed EEL

stem *™it’ > *u+-] [O]: plural float, swim; [li][with repetitive stem]: plural hang. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:135-136.)

NAVAJO:

’EEL describes flotation

and floating motion on the surface of water or other liquid on the part of either an animate or an inanimate subject or object; and movement within the water on the part of a subject that lacks natural motive power

(as a submarine). Tsinaa’eet tattdahdi naaghahigff shit yi’ot = I’m riding along in a submarine; but a fish, having the natural power to move within the water, can be described as tayi’ yilnot [V. NOOD}, “it is gliding along inside the water” - provided the fish is alive (if it were dead and moving along, it, like the submarine, would be described by yi’ot.) Semantic Themes include (1) (@): in verb bases meaning “float, move by floating (in water or other liquid)”; (2) (t): “cause to move by floating”; (3) thematized (Lt): in bases meaning “moisture penetrates”; and (4) (L): in bases meaning “hang

down, droop (as the heads of grain plants).” In addition (5): (@) and (t)-causative in bases with the extended meanings “dissolve, perspire, abort, strain

(sift).” The historic *’“-initial blocks the D-effect that would otherwise be expected in the 1st person dpl.

E.g. neii’eet, we are floating about/ not *neiit’eet. ’EEL is the basic component of a full range of transitive and intransitive bases relating to transportation by floating conveyance (boat or raft). Such constructions include those in which S causes the conveyance to move (rowing, paddling or sailing it), transitive bases that include the postposition -if, in

company with, deriving meaning of the type “take, transport (another person - by boat),” and intransitives with the postposition -it, in which S represents the conveyance and the object of the postposition (P) represents the passenger - “S moves in company with

Pau

IMP.

US/IT.

PERF.

A.MOM. Trans. B.CONT.

eet

’ot

"66

C.GON: D.CURS

’ot -

‘ot -

*66l -

A.

PROG.

’ot’eet

FUT.

OPT.

ot

eet

ot = s-

eet

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(ti):

(1)

’a-(G/yi)(475): to float away out of sight, to wash out (as a bridge). ‘lish’eet/i'éél (’andsh’eet: ’anddnash’eet). SER.(@/si)(63). ’Adahii’eet/ ’adahee’éél (’aridahii’eet:’andddahii’eet)(1st pers. pl). # P-itch’aa ’ii’eet,

P loses sight of S, S floats

away out of P’s range of vision. # P-yaa ’iish’eet, to float in under P (as under an overhanging rock). P floats in under p in S. # -g66 P-it ’ii’eet, P rides away to (a designated destination) in S. # Na’n(zhoozh ’ii’eet, the bridge washes out (i.e. floats away). # TAtt’ddh géne’ ’iish’eet, to sink to the bottom of the water. # Tdtt’ddh géne’ P-it ii’eet, P sinks to the

# P-it p-yaa ’ii’eet,

bottom in S, P goes down with S (a

passenger in a sinking ship). # Tdtt’ddh gone’ ’adahaaz’éél, they (d.p.) sank to the bottom one after ancther. # Yah ’iish’eet, to float into an enclosure. # P-ityah ’ii’eet, P floats into an enclosure in S (a passenger in a boat). # Y66’ ’iish’eet,

to float away and disappear or

get lost. # P-ity66’ ’il’eet, P floats away and disappears in S (a boat).

EEL (2)

"EEL

'a’a-(Q/yi)(362): unspecified S floats away out of

sight. 'E’e’eet/'i'(’'66l (’and’a’eeh’anda’d’eet). # P-it’e’e’eet, P goes away by boat, sails away. # P-ityah ’e’e’eet, P enters an enclosure (as a

bit y66’ ’ah66’66l,

(9)

boathouse), P sails into an enclosure.

(3)

# P-it y66’ ’e’e’eet, P sails away and disappears or gets lost. # -g66 P-it’e’e’eet, P rides/sails away to (a designated destination), # Tatt’4ah géne’ P-it’e’e’eet, P sinks to the bottom (in a boat), P goes down. 'a-(Q/yi)(468): unspecified S moves by floating (completive). ’l’eet/’(’éél (na4’4’eetnda’d’eet) (Cf. yish’eet: #74 below.) # P-itp-iih 'i’eet, P floats into p (in a boat) (as a boat passenger into an area of seaweeds), # P-it p-k’Aéh 'i’eet, P hits (collides with) p (in a boat). # P-it tatt’aah

(4)

(10)

na’a’eet/ahéé'n'6él (’ahénind’a’eet:’ahéninaa’a’eet). (Ib. ’Ahé6’a-: ‘ahéé’d’eet.) # P-it ’ahénd’d’eet (or ’ahé6’4’eet), P rides around in a circle in a boat, P makes a circuit (goes ona cruise) by ship. (11 ~— ‘ahééhi-(@/si)(48): to float around and around in circles. "Ahééhésh’eet/’ahééhé’éél (ahénindahash’eet). (Seriative corresponding to #9 above.) # P-it ’ahééhé’eet, P rides around and around in cir-les in S (a passenger ina boat). (12 — ‘ahéé 'ii-(= ‘ahéna’ahi-)(O/si)(50): unspecified S goes floating around and around in circles. "Ahéé’ji’eet/’ahéé’iiz’66él (ahéninda’ii’eet). (Seriative corresponding to #10 above.) # P-it’ahéé’ii’eet, P rides around and around in a circle (a boat passenger). (13) ‘ahidee-(Q/yi)(807): S (as two ships) brush against each other. ’Ahidee’eet/’ahidéé’éél, (14 wa ‘ahidii-(O/)(58): to float together, converge floating. ’Ahidii’eet/’ahidii’éé1 (’ahéédii’eet ‘ahindddii’eet)(1st pers. dpl - we). # P-it ’ahidii’eet, P converge, come together floating in S (passengers in two ships). # P-it ’ahidiish’eet, to come together with Be converge with or meet P floating (as two swimmers floating in the water). (15) ‘atndna-(@/yi)(95): to float to a location and back, float back and forth (to and from) a location (as to a raft and back to shore). ‘Ainanash’eet/’atndnd4a’éél (’atndnindanash’eet), # ’Atndash’ot, to go back and forth, float back and forth. (Usitative) # P-it’atndd’eet, P makes a voyage toa location (a port) and back in S (a ship). # P-it ’atndnd’ot, P commutes in S (a boat making repeated trips to and from a location in S). (Usitative) (16) atnda’a-(@/yi)(98); unspecified S floats to and from a location. ’Ainda’d’eet/atnaa'ii’6él (‘ainaninda’d’eet) # P-it ’atndd’d’eet, P makesa voyage between one location and another - to and from a place. # P-it’atnda’a’ot, P makes voyages between one location and another - to one place and back, P commutes by boat, goes back and forth by boat. (Usitative)

'i’eet, P sinks to the bottom (in

P goes, comes, arrives in S (a

# -g66 P-it 'i’eet, P goes to --(a designated place in S (passenger - ina boat). # -di P-it ’i’eet, P arrives at --(a designated place) inS (passenger - in a boat), ’adaha-(@/yi)(12): impersonal S moves downward from a height, floating. ‘Adaha’eet/ ’adahd6’éél (‘adandha’eet:'adanddha’eet). As in: # P-it’adaha’eet,

(6)

(7)

P is washed or carried down

by flood water, carried down bya torrent. (E.g. ’adahiilfnf|éi’ bideijf taah yigo’go k’asd4@’ shit ’adahd6’éél, when | fellinto the water up above the waterfall | was nearly carried over it.) 'adi-(@/si)(15): unspecified S starts to move along floating. ’Adi’eet/’adeez’éél (fA’d?eet:naa’di’eet). (Cf.#35) # P-it’adi’eet, P starts ona voyage. # P-it’adeez’éél,

Pis going to startona

voyage or is on the way, ‘adii-(O/@)(28): unspecified S starts to move by floating. 'Adii’eet/’adii’éél (n’dii’eet:nda’dii’ee t), SER .(@/O) (465), ‘Idiyil’eet/'idiyiiz’661 (nd’idi yii’eet:nda’idiyii’eet). In: # P-itdah ’adii’eet, P sets out on a voyage , P Starts off on a boat trip. # P-it dah ‘idiyii’eet, P start off one (boatl oad)

(8)

makes a circuit (completes a cruise) in S. ‘ahéna’a-(ni/ni)(44): unspecified S floats around in a circle, makes a circuit floating. ’Ahé-

boat)

(5)

‘ahéna-(ni/ni) (44): to float around ina circle, make a circuit floating (as a cruise ship). ’Ahénash’eet/’ahé6n'6él (’ahénindsh’eet: ‘ahéninddnadsh’eet). # P-it ’ahéna’eet, P rides or sails around ina circle in S (passenger ina ship), P

a boat), submerges. ’a-(ni/ni)(468): unspecified S goes, comes, arrives (as a boat). ’l’eet/’an(’6él (nd’’eet naa'feel), # P-it’i’eet,

my car was washed

away and lost in the flood.)

after another (as soldiers leaving by ship for a war theater). aha-(@/yi)(478): impersonal S moves away out of

sight floating. ‘Aha’eet/’ahd6’éél (‘anah a’eet: ‘anddha’eet). As in: # P-it y66’ 'aha'eet, P is washed away or carried off (by flood water), P is losti na flood. (e.g. té ylaadgo shichidf sits Aa’

178

"EEL

EEL

(17)

‘atts’A-(ni/ni)(105-109):

(25)

to float apart, separate

floating. ’Atts’Anii’eet/alts’Anii'éél (‘atts’dnanii’eet:’atts ’Andadnii’eet) (1st pers. dpl). SER. (G/si). ’Atts’ddahii’eet/’atts ’adahaa’éél (‘atts ’Andhii’eet:’atts ’Anadhii’eet)(1st pers. pl). # P-it’atts’d’eet, P separate, sail away in

(biniitt’and’a’eet:biniitt’'andd’a’eet). SER.(O/si). Biniitt’'aha’eet:biniitt’ahaaz’éél (biniitt’anaha’eetbiniitt’andaha’eet). # P-it p-niitt’a’a’eet, P (passenger) comes to p (a barrier) in a boat. # P-it p-niitt’ada’iiz’éél, one after another P (passengers in 3+ boats) came to p (a

opposite directions in S (passengers in boats).

(18)

# P-it’atts’ddahaaz’éél, P separated, sailed away in different directions one after another in S (as passengers in 3+ ships who go off in separate directions). ’atts’4’a-(ni/ni) (109): unspecified S separate floating, float away in opposite directions from each other. ’Atts’a’(’eet/’atts’a’n?éél (‘atts’44’'eet:'atts’dnda’’eet). SER.(O/si). ’Atts’Ada’ii’eel/’atts’Ada’iiz’éél (‘atts’anda’ii’eet: ’atts’Andada’ii’eet). # P-it’atts’a’’eet, P sail away in opposite directions from each other, P (boat

barrier). (26) P-tddii-(/O)(246): to float past P without seeing it, to miss P as one floats past (as a wharf or raft). Bitddiish’eet/bitadii’éé! (bitandadiish’eet). # P-it p-tddii’eet, P (passenger) rides past p (as another boat) in S (a boat) without seeing it, P rides past p and misses it (as in the dark). (27) P-ta’dii-(@/O)(246): unspecified S goes (floats) past P without becoming aware of it. Bita’dii’eeV/bita’dii’éél (bitdanda’dii’eet). # P-it p-ta’dii’eet, P (passenger) goes past p in a boat without seeing it. P misses seeing p as P goes by in a boat. (28) P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(253): to separate from P by floating, float away from P. Bits’anish’eet/ bits’ani’éél (bits ’Andnish’eet:bits’andaanish’eet). SER.(Q/si)(253). Bits’Adahii’eet/ bits’ddahaa’éél (bits’Andahii’eet:bits’andddahii’eet)(1st pers. pl). (a # P-itp-ts’a’eet, P separates from pinS boat), P sails away from p inS. # P-it p-ts’Adahaaz’éél, one after another P (passengers in 3+ boats) sailed away and left p (as another boat). (29) P-ts’a’a-(ni/ni)(253): unspecified S floats away or separates from P. Bits’a’’eet/bits’a’n’éél a SER.(O/si). Peet). (bits’ana’i’eet:bits’And (bits’ana’ii’eet: iz'éél /bits’ada’i et Bits’4’ii’e bits’anaa’ii’eet). # P-itp-ts’a’’eet, P (passenger) sails away from p (as from another boat).

passengers) go in opposite directions, separate.

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

P-niitt’a’a-(@/si)(242): unspecified S floats and comes to a barrier. Biniitt’a’a’eet/biniitt’a’az’éél

# P-it ’atts’dda’iiz’éél, P (passengers in 3+ boats) separate, going in opposite directions, one after another). P-4a’di-(@/yi)(150): P loses its cover, the cover is washed away on P (as the dirt covering a buried object, washed away in a rainstorm). Bda’d’eet/bdd’dir’éél (banina’dfeet:baninaa’di’eet). (di-thematic:cover.) P-{-(ni/ni)(152-240)(ni/ni): to overtake, catch up with P by floating (persons, boats). Binish’eet/ bini’éél (b(ndn{sh’eet:bindanish’eet). # P-it p-6’eet, P catches up with or overtakes p in S (a boat). (E.g. tsinaa’eet shit b(n(’éél, | overtook him in the boat - the boat overtook him with me.) P-f'a-(ni/ni)(214): unspecified S overtakes or catches up with P by floating (as a boat). da feet). Brreet/b(’nréél (bind’’eet:bin p overtakes r) (passenge P # P-it p-(feet, (another person or boat). (E.g. t’'éédaa’ shizhé’é shit b?n/’éél, last night | caught up with my father - traveling by boat). P-nd-(@/si)(227): to float around P (as around an island or a rock). Bindsh’eet/binisé’éél (bininash’eet:binindandsh’eet). # P-itp-nd’eet, P (a passenger) rides around p in S (a boat), a boat carries P around p. P-nd’a-(@/si)(226): unspecified S floats (goes) around P (as a boat around an island). Binda’a’eet/bina’a4z’éél (binina’a’eet: binfnda’a’eet). # P-it p-na’d’eet, P (a passenger) sails around p, P circumnavigates p. P-niitt’a-(/si)(242): to come to a barrier (as a dam) while floating. Biniitt’aash’eet/biniitt’aash $6’66l (biniitt’andsh’eet:biniitt’andaneet). # P-it p-niitt’aa’eet, P (passenger) comes to p (a barrier) in S (a boat).

# P-it p-ts’dda’iiz’éél,

P (passengers in 3+

boats) sail one after another away from

p).

(30) ch’f-(O/yi)(284): to float horizontally out (completive). Ch’ésh’eet/ch’6é’éél (ch’indsh’eet:ch ’inddnash’eet). SER.(O/si)(284). Ch 'idahii’eet/ch 'idahee’éél (ch’frdahii’eet:ch'ndddahii’eet)(1st pers. pl). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’ésh’eet, to go over the edge while floating (as over a waterfall). # P-it’adah ch’é’eet, P (a passenger) goes over the edge in S (a boat) (as over Niagara). # P-it’adah ch’fdahaaz’éél, P went one after another over the edge in S (3+ boats). (31) ch’f’'a-(G/yi)(286): unspecified S floats horizontally out (completive). Ch’fieet/ch 7iréél (ch’ind’d’eet: ch'inda’a’eet). SER.(@/si)(287).

Wee

EL

EEL

Ch’'ida’ii’eet /ch'ida’iiz'’66| (ch’(fida’ii’eet: ch’fnddda’ii’eet), # P-it’adah ch’ieet, P (a passenger) sails over the edge (in a boat - as over a fall). # P-it’adah ch’ida’iiz’éél,

P (passengers in 3+

boats) sail one after another over the edge (as over a waterfall), (32) ch’f-(ni/ni)(284): to float out horizontally, to exit

floating (as from a tunnel under water),

Ch’/-

# P-fighah p-it ch’é’eet, p (a passenger) sails past (passes up) P (another moving boat) in S (a boat). # P-fighahg66 ch’é’eet, S goes floating past P (as a log or a boat past an island). # P-fighahg66 p-it ch’é'eet, p (a passenger) rides past P (stationary object, as an island) in S (a boat). # P-k’i ch’é’eet, S runs over P (as a boat over a swimmer). unspecified S floats out horizontally. Ch’/i’eet/ch'(?’n('éél (ch’ind'’eet: ch’inda‘eet). SER. (@/si)(287), Ch’ida’ii’eet/ ch’ida’iiz’éél (ch ’inda’ii’eet:ch '(nddda’ii’eet). # P-itch’ffeet, P (passenger) rides out (in a boat - as from a boathouse or harbor), # P-itp-k’ich’feet, P (passenger) runs over p (object) in unspecified S (a boat). # P-itch’ida’iiz’éél, P (passengers in 3+ boats) ride out one after another (as

Haash’eet/hda’éél (handsh’eethandanash’eet), SER.(@/si)(390): to come floating up one after another (persons escaping from a sunken submarine; buoyant matter from the bottom of a spring). Hadahii’eetl/hadahaa’éél (handahii’eethandddahii’eet)(1st person pl). # 'Awéé’ haa’éél, the baby was stillborn, aborted, premature (the baby floated out). # P-ithaa’eet, S floats up with P.

from a harbor),

# P-ii'd颒 haash’eet, to float up out of P. (40) ha’a-(@/yi)(401): unspecified $ floats up out. Ha’a’eet /ha’i’éél (hana’a’eet:}handa’4’eet), # P-itha’a’eet, unspecified S floats up with P,

island),

ch’inaahd’eet).

after another,

(37) dzidza-(Q/yi)(358): to float into the fire (as into an oil fire on the surface of the water). Dz(dzaash’eet/dzidz4a'é6! (dz(dzandsh’eet: dzidzandaanash eet), SER.(@/si)(356), Dzidzahii’eet/dzidzahaa’é6| (dzidzandhii’eet: dzidzanaahii’eet). # P-it dzidzaa'eet, P (passenger) rides or sails into the fire in S (a boat). # P-it dzidzadahaaz’'éél, P (passengers in 3+ boats sail one after another into the fire. (38) dzidza’a-(@/yi): unspecified S floats into the fire (as a ship into an oil fire on the surface of the

marine), to be stillborn, miscarried, aborted.

# P-fighah p-it ch’(’eet, p (passenger) passes up P (another moving boat). # P-lighahgé6 p-itch’(feet, p (passenger) sails past P (stationary object, as an

# P-tsd ha’a’eet, P has an abortion,

S moves out

floating. Ch’thé’eet/ch'thoni’éél

# Dah diish’eet, to start off, set out, floating.

water). Dzidza’a’eet/dzidza'{('6él (dzidzana’a’eet:dzidzand4a’a’eet), SER.(@/si). Dzidzada’ii’eet/dzidzada'iiz'’6él (dzidzanda’ii'eet:dzidzanddda’ii'eet), # P-it dzidza’a’eet, P (passenger) rides into the fire, sails into the fire. # P-it dzidzada’iiz’éél, P (passengers in 3+ boats) sail one after another into the fire. (39) ha-(Q/yi)(412-426-434): to come floating up out (as a person escaping from a sunken sub-

(33) ch’f'a-(ni/ni)(286):

impersonal

to start to move floating. Diish’eet /dii’éél (ndiish’eet:ndddiish eel), SER.(@/@)(49). Dahidii’eet/dahidii'éé| (ndahidii’eet:ndddahidii'eet). In:

# P-it dah dii’eet, P (passenger) starts off or sets out in S (a boat). # P-it dah dahidii’éél, P start off in S one (boat)

nish’eet/ch’in/’6él (ch’fndnish'eet:ch ’(ndanish’eet). SER.(@/si)(284). Ch'idahii’eet/ ch’idahee’éél (ch ’indahii’eet:ch ‘indddahii’eet) (1st person pl). # P-itch’é’eet, P sails or floats horizontally out in S (as from a boathouse or harbor, riding in a boat). # P-itch’idahaaz’éél, P (passengers in 3+ boats) sail out one after another (as from a harbor). # P-itp-k’ich’é’eet, P (a Passenger) runs over Pp (an object) in S (a boat).

(34) ch’tho-(ni/ni)(292):

(36) dii-(@/O)(342-346):

miscarriage or premature birth (lit. something floats out of P’s belly),

(ch’(ndhd’eet:

As in:

# P-ii'd颒 ha’a’eet,

# P-it ch’thé’eet, P is washed or carried out by flood water. (E.g. to yilaadgo ’atiinjj’ shit ch’fhon(’éél, | was carried [out] clear to the road by the flood water.) (35) di-(@/si)(336): to start to float along, to be going to go floating, or be on the way floating (in the Perf.). Dish’eet/dé’éé] (ndish’eet:ndddish’eet). # P-it di’eet, P starts to ride or sail along in S. # P-it deez’éél, P is going to go in S (a boat), has started to go along in S (a boat),

unspecified S floats up

out of P. (41) ha-(Q/si)(412-434) : to float up, come up floating (as from the bottom of the water). Haash’'eet/ hasé’éél (hanash’eet:handanash’eet), SER.(@/si)(390). Hadahii’eet/ hadahaa’éél (handahii’eet:handddahii’eet)(1st person pl). # P-it haa’eet (hand’eet), P comes (back) up in S (as in a diving bell). (42) ha’a-(@/si)(401): unspecified S floats up, comes up (as a submarine that surfaces). Ha’a’eet/ ha’az’éél. SER.(Q/si). Hada’ii’ee/hada’iiz’6é| (handa’ii’eet: handdda’ii’eet)(407).

180

"EEL

BEL

# P-itha’a’eet (hana’a’eet), P comes (back)up (in a diving bell or submarine). # P-ithada’iiz’éél, P (passengers in 3+ diving bells or submarines) come back up, surface, one after another. (43) hd-(ni/ni)(405): S goes, comes, arrives after (something, to get it). Ha’eet/han(éél (hdna’eet:handana’eel). # P-ithd’eet, P (passenger) comes after (something, to get it) in S (a boat). (44) hd’a-(ni/ni)(406): unspecified S comes, goes, arrives after (something, to get it). Ha’?eet/ ha’nréél (hdnd’Peet:handa feel). # P-ithd’feet, P (passenger) comes, goes, arrives after (something) by boat, P makes a voyage after (something). (45) ha’a-(G/yi)(407): S (a boat) floats away out of sight (goes away) after (something, to get it). Ha’ii’eet/ ha’(?éél (ha’and’eet:ha’andana’eet). # P-ithd’ii’eet, P (passenger) goes away after (something, to get it) in S (a boat), P goes away on a voyage after (something - as spices, to get it). (46) hd’a’a-(G/yi)(405): unspecified S goes away out of sight after (something, to getit). Ha’e’e’eet/ ha’riréél (ha’andd’eet:hd’anda’a’eet). # P-itha’e’e’eet, P (passenger) goes away on a voyage after (something, to get it), P goes off on a voyage after (something). (47) hddi-(@/si): S starts to move along floating after (something, to get it), to have started to go (floating) after (something, in the Perf.). Hddi’eet/hddeez’éél (hdddfeet:handddi’eet). # P-ithddfeet, P starts after (something - as merchandise) in S (a boat). # P-ithddeez’éél, P is going to go after (something) in S. (48) ha’di-(@/si): unspecified S starts after (something, to get it) floating. Ha’di’eet/ha’deez’éel (hda’di’eet:handa’dreet). # P-ithd’d(’eet, P starts after (something, as merchandise) by boat, starts on a voyage after (something). # P-ithd’deez’éél, P is going to go after (something) by boat, P has started ona voyage after (something - to get it). (49) hd’atndd’a-(ni/ni)(402): unspecified S goes floating to a destination and back (as a boat, in making a voyage) after (something, to get it as merchandise). Ha’atnda’a’eet/ hd’ainda’n(’éél (hd’atndninda’a’eet). # P-ithd’atndda’a’eet, P makes a voyage toa location and back after (something). # P-it hd’atnda’a’ot (Usitative), P makes voyages back and forth between two locations (to get something - as spices for example). (50) hd’atndnd-(ni/ni): S (as a boat) goes floating after (something, to get it) moving from one location back to another (as in making a comHa’atnaplete voyage to a place and back). ets. na’eet/ha’atnddn(éél (hd’atndninddna’eet).

(51)

(52) (53)

# P-ithd’atndna’eet, P (passenger) voyages after (something, to get it) in S (a boat). # P-ithd’atndnd’ot, P makes (repeated) voyages after (something) in S. (Usitative) hodii-(@/@)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): impersonal S starts off floating. Dah hodii’eet/dah hodii’éé!| (dah ndhodii’eet:dah naahodii’eet). As in: # P-itdah hodii’eet, P starts off floating, carried by flood water or current. (E.g. taah yigo’go shit dah hodii’éél, when | fell into the water it started to carry me off.) na-(@-Usit.): S droops down (reference is to a bean pod). Naa’ot (as in the noun naa’ott, bean). nd-(@/si)(554-570)(with prepounded dah): to become snagged while floating, to float and get caught (as by a sunken limb or rock). Dah ndsh’eet/dah nisé’éél (dah nfnddnash’eet). # P-itdah nd’eet, P (passenger) gets snagged on a reef or bar, runs aground, in S (a

ship) (the ship gets snagged with P).

(54)

nd’a-(@/si)(548)(with prepounded dah): unspecified S (as a boat) gets snagged or caught up

on a reef or sand bar) while floating, unspecified S (a boat) runs aground. Dah na’a’eet/dah na4’a4z’éél (dah ninda’a’eet). # P-itdah na’a’eet, P (passenger) gets snagged or caught up, runs aground (in

(55)

a boat). nd-(@/yi)(570): to float back, return (completive). Ndsh’eet/n4a’éél (ninddndsh’eet). (Reversionary corresponding to yish’eet: #74 below). # P-iih ndsh’eet,

(58)

(59)

to float back into P (as into

the seaweed patch). nd-(ni/ni)(562): to float back, return floating. Ndnfsh’eet/ nan’’éél (ninddnish’eet). (Reversionary corresponding to nish’eet: #61 below.) # P-itnd’eet, P (passenger) returns or sails back in S (a ship). nahi-(@/si)(527-529): to turn around or turn over while floating, to revolve floating (as a log in the current). N&hd’eet/ndhaaz’éél. # P-it ndhd’eet, S turns around with P (as a disabled boat with its passenger). nd’a-(ni/ni)(563): unspecified S returns floating. Na’?eet/ na’n’éél (ninda’eet). # P-itnd’i’eet, P (passenger) comes back by boat, P makes a return voyage. naana-(@/si)(587): to turn around or make a turn

while floating. Naandsh’eet/naanisé’éél (naaninddnash’eet). # P-it naand’eet, P turns around or makes a turn in S (a passenger in a boat). # Nishttajigo P-it naand’eet, P makes a left

turn in S (a boat). # Nish’ndajigo P-it naand’eet,

P makes a right

turn in S (a boat).

# Bizdndghahjigo P-it naand’eet,

P turns a

corner (as around a pier) in S (a boat).

181

EEL (60)

naand’a-(@/si)(584):

EEL

unspecified S turns around

semi-noun: bit nihwii'eet, driftwood (wood that is washed out as by the water). tadi-(@/yi)(698): to float around here and there,

or makes a turn floating. Naanda’d’eet/naana’az’éé| (naanindd'a’eel). # P-itnaanda’d’eet, P turns around ina boat (boat turns around with P). # Nishttajigo P-it naand’dé’eet, P makes a lett turn while riding in a boat. # Nish’ndajigo P-it naana’4’eet, P makes a right turn while riding in a boat. # Bizandghahjigo P-it naand’d’eet, P turns a corner while riding in a boat - as around a pier.) (61) (ni/ni)(659-761): to go, come, arrive floating. Nish’ee¥ n?éél (ndnish’eet:ndanish’eet). # P-aa nish’eet, to float to P (as to another

wander around floating. Tadish'eet/tadi(’d6l (tandddish’eet), # P-it tadi'eet, P (passenger) goes around here

and there in S (a boat), (67 ) ta’di-(Q/yi)(700): unspecified S goes floating around here and there. TaA'df'eet/ta'di('éél (tanaa’d/'eet), # P-it ta’d'eet, P (passenger) rides around

here and there in a boat. tsftts’Adini-(@/si)(734): S (a ship) runs aground (lit. S floats away from the water and gets stuck). Tsftts’Adini’eet/tsitts 'Adineez'6él (tsftts’Anddini'eet:ts its 'andddini'eet), # P-it tsitts’ddini'eet, P (a passenger) runs aground in S (a ship), (69 ~~ tsits’Adi’ni-(Osi)(739): unspecified S runs aground. Tsitts’Adi'ni’eet/tsits 'Adi'neez'éél (tsitts’andadi'ni’eet), # P-it tsitts'ddi’ni’eet, P (a passenger) runs aground (in a ship or boat). (70 ~~ ts(stt’a-(O/si)(739): to float into a cul-de-sac, to get cornered floating. Ts(stl'aash'eet/ts(stl'asé'66l (tsistt'anddndsh'eet), # P-ittsistaa’eet, P (a passenger) gets blocked or cornered while riding in S (a boat), tsistt’'a’a-(O/si)(739): unspecified S floats into a cul-de-sac, gets blocked or cornered. Ts(stt'a'a’eet/ts(stt'a’az'éél (tsist'anda’a’eol), # P-itts(stt'a'a'eet, P (a passenger) gets blocked or cornered while boatriding, w6’a-(O/yi)(745): to get off course while floating,

(68

person).

# P-ityi'eet, P (passenger) goes, comes, arrives in S (a boat). # -g66 nish’eet, to float to (a designated destination). # -g66 P-it feet, P (a passenger) goes, comes, arrives, voyages to --(a (62)

designated place) in S (a boat). ni-(ni/ni)(651-667): to go floating as farasa 12 2 stopping point. Ninish’eet/nin(’éél (nindn{sh’eel:

nindanfsh’eet). SER.(@/si)(629). Ndahii’eet/ ndahaa’éél. (1st pers.pl) # P-it nii’eet, P sails as far as (a point) in S (a boat - as to an island). # Tse’naa (~ ha’naa) ninish’eet, to go floating across. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it nii’eet, P rides or sails across in S (as across the ocean in a boat). # Tsé’naa P-it ndahaaz’éél, P (passengers in 3+ ships) sailed across one after another (as immigrants). (63) ni’a-(ni/ni)(639): unspecified S floats as far asa stop-ping point. Ni’feet/ni’n(’6él (nind’/’eet: ninda’feet). SER.(@/si)(639). Ni’ii’eet/ni’iiz’6é| (nina’i’eet:ninda’ii’eet). # P-itni’eet, P (a passenger) rides or sails as far as (a stopping point - as up to an island). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ni’’eet, P (a passenger) sails across (as across the sea). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ni’iiz’66l, P (passengers in 3+ ships) sailed across one (boatload) after another (as immigrants). (64) niho-(ni/ni)(648): impersonal S moves floating as awara farasa stopping point. Nihd’eet/nihonl’éél (ninahé’eet nindahd’eet). As in: # P-it nihé’eet, P is washed or carried as far as a stopping point by flood water or

float outside the designated channel or path,

(73

(74

when | fell into the water | was carried

away to an island by it.) “things” float to a

nihwii-(= nihohi-)(630):

stopping point one after another, “things ” are

washed out by water.

Nihwii’eet.

)

W6'aash'eet /w6'4d'66l (w6'andsh eet: w0’andanash eet), # P-itw6’a’eet, P (passenger) gets out of the designated channel or path while floating or riding in S (a boat, raft), w6’a’a-(Q/yi)(745):

unspecified S or out of the designated channel floating. W6'a’a’eet /w6'a'l’66l w6'anda’d’eel), # P-itw6’a’a’eet, P (passenger)

gets off course

or path (wé'and’d’eet: gets off

course or outside the designated path while riding in a (unspecified) boat,

~~

(B/yi)(786): to float, move floating (completive). Yish'eet/yi('éél (ndsh'eet:nddndsh'eet),

SER.(@/si) (446). Hil’eet/hee'6é6l (ndhii’eet: nadhii'eet), # P-it p-k’Aéh yi'eet, P hits (collides with) p in S (a boat). # P-iih yish’eet, to floatinto P (as a swimmer who floats into the reeds or kelp), # P-itp-iih yi'eet, P (a passenger) gets (floats) into p (as into kelp) in S (a boat), P-k’ééh yi'eet, S collides with P, = > Tattt’4ah yish'eet, to sink to the bottom, to

current. (E.g. taah yigo’go tatkda’di kéyah dah si’ Iéi’j’ shit nihoni’éél,

(65)

—

Used in the

go down (as a drowning person).

182

EEL

EEL

(toilet), wash O away (a bridge, by flood water), ‘lish'eel/'('66l (‘andsh'eet:'andandash’eet). SER, (@/si), 'Adahiil’eel/'adahaal’éél (‘andahill’eet:'anaddahiil'eel), (1st pers. pl) tt -g66 ‘lish'eel, to row, paddle or sail O away

# Talt'ddh P-it yi'eet, P (passenger) sinks to the bottom in S, P goes down inS (a sinking ship, a submerging submarine), (75) yisdd-(Q/yi)(773): to float to safety, to escape from danger by floating, float out of danger, Yisddsh'eet/yisdaa'6él (yisddndsh'eotyisdanddnash’eet). SER. (@/si)(770), Yisdadahii’eet/yisdddahaa’édl (yisdanahil'eetyisdanaahii’eet) (1st pers, pl). # P-it yisdd’eet, P escapes in S (a passenger in a boat), # P-it yisdddahaaz'éél, they escaped in (3+) boats, one (boatload) after another, (76) yisdd’a-(Q/yi)(771): unspecified S floats to safety, escapes from danger by floating, Yisda'a'eet/ yisua'i’'6dl (yisdana’a'eotyisdanaa’a’eet), SER.(O/si), Yisdada'ii'eot/yisdada’iiz'6é6| (yisdanda'i'eetyisdandaada'i'eel), # P-ityisda’4’eet, P (passenger) escapes from danger in a boat, P reaches safety ina boat, # P-it yisddda’iiz’éél, P (passengers in 34 boats) reach safety, escape from danger by boat, one (boatload) after another,

Il, di-@-(ti):

(2)

a boat, W -g66 ‘ada'iish'éél, they (3+) rowed, sailed or paddled away one after another to -- (a designated place), it Yah 'e'esh'eet, to row, paddle, sail a boat into an enclosure (as into a boathouse or harbor), it Y66’ 'e'esh'eel, to row, paddle or sail away

(di-thematic.)

Aidi-(@/yi)(605): S (as sugar, salt) dissolves, Ndfeet/Adi'édl .

(1)

(3)

lil. hadi-@-(ti);

pool, lake or river),

Hadiish eel/hadil'éél

(hdddiish’eet:handddiish eel), # P-ithadii’eet, P (passenger) rides from one end to the other, the entire longth of (a river or lake) in S (a boat), P navigates (it - a river) in a boat or ship. ha'dii-(@/O)(388): unspecified S moves floating from one end to the other, Ha'dii’eet/ha'dil'6eél (haa’dii’eet; handa'dii’eel). # P-itha'dii’eet, P (passenger) goes the entire length of (a lake, river) by boat,

(2)

ft Talt’ddh

(4)

(2)

P-aa'nii-(= P-aa ‘anii-)(@/@)(121);

(5)

P breaks out in

a sweat in the genital area, P perspires in the genital area, Baa'nil’eel/baa'nil’66! (baa naa'dii’eel), nii-(@/@)(671); to break out in a sweat, to perspire, Niish’eet/nii’6él (nadniish’eel),

to submerge

(while

operates), ‘adi-(@/si)(23); to start to row, paddle or sail along in unspecified O (a boat that S rows, or otherwise causes to move along floating), to be on the way by boat (in the Perf,), 'Adish’eet/ ‘adét'éél (n'dish'eet nda'dish'eet) # P-ch'j’ ‘adish'eet, to start paddling, rowing or sailing a (unspecified) boat toward P, # P-it'adish'eet, to start to row P along,

W -g66 ‘adét’éél, to have started on the way to - (a designated place) rowing, paddling or sailing (an unspecified floating

V. L(t):

(1)

‘ash’eet,

operating a submarine), 'a-(ni/ni)(118); to arrive, go, come paddling, rowing or sailing a (unspecified) boat, go, come by boat, ‘Anish'eet/‘ani’é6él (na'nish’eet: naa'nish'eet), ft P-it'anish'eel, to take (transport) P by boat (a passenger),

-g66 ‘anish'eet, to come or go to --(a designated place) by boat (that S

IV, ni-O-(ti) : (ni-thematic.)

(1)

in a boat and disappear, ‘a-(@/yi)(127); to cause unspecified O to move

floating (completive). ‘Ash'eet/'iit'éél (na'ash'eet;naa'ash'eet) it P-ll' ’ash’eet, to run into P (as a sandbar) while rowing, sailing, or paddling a boat, i P-k'Adh ‘ash'eet, to hit (collide with) P ina boat,

(hadi-thematic; complete, entire.)

hadii-(@/@)(388); to float from one end to the other, to float the entire length of (a swimming

(1)

to (a designated destination). # Nahjj' (« nahgd6) ‘lish’eet, to row or paddle O aside, out of the way, it Taltt'ddh 'lish'eet, to sink O (a boat), send O to the bottom of the water, it Yah ‘lish’eet, to row, paddle, sail O into an enclosure (as into a boathouse), it Y66' ‘lish'eet, to go away and disappear in O (a boat that S operates). ‘a'a-(@/yi)(364); to row, paddle, sail away out of sight, go away In a (unspecified) boat, flush a toilet, 'E’esh'eel/i'('6él (‘anda’ash’eet: ‘anda'dsh'eel), SER.(O/si), ‘Ada’iyiil’eet/ ‘ada'iyeel’6é6l (‘anda'iyiil’eet;'andada'iyeel’eet), Wt -g66 'e'esh'eet, to row, paddle, sail away to - (a designated place), i P-it'e’esh’eel, to take (transport) P away in

conveyance),

‘a-(@/yi)(484); to row, paddle, sail O (a boat) away out of sight, go away in O, flush O away

183

EEL

(6)

"EEL

’adii-(O/@)(32):

to cause unspecified O to start to move floating. ’Adiish’eet/’adiit’é61 (f’diish’eet: naa’diish’eet). In: # Dah ’adiish’eet, to set out on a voyage, start off in a boat (operating it), to row, paddle

or sail off. # P-itdah ’adiish’eet, to start off (in company) with P. ‘ahéna-(~ ’ahéé-)(@ or ni/ni)(45): to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) around in a circle, to make a circuit with O (operating the boat). ’Ahé-

nash’eet or ’ahéénish’eet/ ‘ahééni’é6él (‘ahéninadandsh’eet or ’ahéninddnish’eet) # P-it ’ahéndsh’eet (’ahéénish’eet), to take P (a passenger) and make a circuit, as a circuit around a lake (S operates the boat). ‘ahéna’a-(~ ’ahé6’a-)(@ or ni/ni)(45-49): to row, paddle or sail (unspecified O) around ina circle, to make a circuit by boat (operating it). ‘Ahéna’ash’eet or ’ahéé’nish’eet/’ahéé’ni’66él (‘ahéninda’ash’eet or ’"ahéninda’nish’eel).

and back, ’Atndda’dsh’eet or ’atndd’nfsh’eet/ ‘atnda’ni’66l (’atndnindda’dsh’eet or ‘atnaninda’nish’eet). # P-it ’atndd’dsh’eet (’atndd’nish’eet), to take P (a passenger) on a boat trip or voyage to a place and back. # 'Atnda’dsh’ot (Usitative), to make repeated voyages or boat trips to a place and back, to commute by boat (as between home and a job site). # P-it’atnda’dsh’ot, to take P back and forth by boat (as in commuting). (13) ’atts’4-(ni/ni) (109): to separate O (as two boats) by rowing, paddling or sailing O apart, to separate, go in opposite directions in O (boats). "Atts ’Aniil’eet /’atts’Aniil’6é1 (’atts’Andniil’eet: atts ’Andaniil’eet).

(14)

circumnavigate with P. ‘ahééhi-(@/si)(48): to row, paddle, sail O (a boat)

(9)

or sailing in an opposite direction from Py). (15) P-da’di-(@/yi)(150): to uncover P by washing

(a passenger) around and around in circles in O (a boat). ‘ahéé’ii-(~ ‘ahéna’ahi-)(@/si)(50): to row, paddle, sail around and around in circles (driving or operating unspecified O - a boat),

’Ahéé'iish’eet/’ahéé iyét’6él

away its covering (as a buried object that is uncovered by washing away the dirt with a

(’ahé-

ninda’iish’eet). (Seriative corresponding to #8.)

# P-it ’ahéé’iish’eet,

(16)

to row, paddle or sail P (a

Passenger) around and around in

(11)

other. ’atts’4’a-(ni/ni)(106): to separate sailing, rowing or paddling unspecified O (boats).

’Atts’a’niil’eet/alts’A’niil’661 (‘alts’And’niil’eet: ’alts’Anda’niil’eet). # P-it’atts’a’nish’eet, to separate from P (another boatman) by rowing, paddling

around and around in circles. ’Ahééhésh’eel/ "ahééhét'éél (‘ahéninddhdsh’eet). (Seriative corresponding to #7 above). # P-it’ahééhésh’eet, to row, paddle or sail P

~—

to

row, paddle, sail unspecified O to and froma place, make a boat trip or voyage to a place

# ’Atts’aniil’66l, we separated, rowed or sailed O away in opposite directions from each

# P-it ’'ahéna’dsh’eet (or ’"ahéé’nish’eet), to take (transport) P (a passenger) ona circuit by boat (as around a lake), to

(10

(12) ’atnda’a-(~ ’atndnd’a-)(@/yi or ni/ni)(98-99):

circles. ‘atndna-(~ ’atnda-)(96-100): to row, paddle, sail O (a boat) to and from a place, to make a voyage or boat trip to a place and back.

(17)

(18)

‘Atnanash’eet or ’atnddnish’eet/’atnddntt’éél (atnaninddnadsh’eet or ‘atnanindanish’eet). # ‘Atndndsh’ot, to commute in O (a boat that S (Usitative). to take P (a passenger) back and forth in O (as to a job site and back repeatedly in a boat that S operates).(Usitative) operates)

(19)

# P-it’atndndsh’ot,

(20)

# P-it ‘atndndsh’eet ('atnddnish’eet), to take P (a passenger) ona voyage or boat ride to a place and back.

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ’atndanish’eet, to make a voyage across and back (as across a

(21)

lake, river, sea) in O,

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ‘atndndsh’ot, to make repeated voyages across in O (a boat)(Usitative).

184

hose). Bda’dish’eet /b4d’di’éél (banta’dish’eet:bdninda’dish’eet), (di-thematic: cover.) P-f-(ni/ni)(240): to overtake P with O (a boat that S is operating). Binish’eet/binivéél (bindnish’eet:bindanish’eet). P-(dee-(G/yi)(807): to sideswipe (brush against) P with O (as one boat with another). Bideesh’eet/bidéét'éél. P-?(a)-(ni/ni)(2I16): to overtake or catch up with P by (unspecified) boat (that S is operating). Bi'nish’eetbi'nt’éél (bind’nish’eet: binda’nish’eet). P-k’f-(ni/ni)(209): to come upon P (as an island) while operating (sailing, paddling) O (a boat), to discover or find P (while sailing O- a boat). Bik’{nish’eet /bik’(nf’66l (bik’(nddnish’eeh). P-k’?’(a)-(ni/ni)(209): to come upon P, discover P while operating an unspecified boat (as in “Columbus discovers America”). Bik’/’nish’eel/ bik’?n’6él (bik’(nda’nish’eet). P-nd-(@/si)(229): to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) around P (as around an island). Binash’eet/binisét’éél (binindsh’eet:bin(ndanash’eeh), # P-itp-ndsh’eet, to take P (a passenger) ona trip around p in O (a boat),

EEL

"EEL (22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

# P-itch’(nfsh’eet, to row out with P (a passenger), take P out (as from a harbor).

P-na’a-(@/si)(226): to row, sail, paddle around P in a (Unspecified) boat (as around an island), Bina’ash’eet/binfséréél (binfnd’ash’eet: binfnda’ash’eet). # P-it p-nd’dsh’eet, to take P on a boat trip around p. P-tddii-(@/@)(246): to row, paddle or sail O past P without seeing P (as when one rows a boat past an island without seeing it). Bitadiish’eet/ bitadii’é6| (bitanadddiish’eet). P-ta’dii-(O/@)(246): to row, paddle or sail a (unspecified) boat past P without seeing P. Bita’diish’eet/bita’dii’éél (bitanda’diish’eet). P-ts’d-(ni/ni)(256): to row, paddle, sail O away from P, separate from P, leave P (as another person). Bits’dnish’eet/bits’ani’éél (bits’andnish’eet: bits’anddnish’eet) P-ts’d’(a)-(ni/ni)(254): to row, paddle or sail a (unspecified) boat away from P, separate from P in a boat, leave P (by paddling away). Bits’A’nfsh’eet/bits’a’nit’éél (bits’Ana’nish’eet: bits’anda’n(sh’eet). # P-it p-ts’a’nish’eet, to convey (row) P away from p. ch’f-(@/yi)(279): to cause O to move out horizontally floating, to row, paddle, sail O out. Ch’ésh’eet/ch’éét’éél (ch’inddndsh’eet), SER.(@/si) (285). Ch’idahiil’eet/ch ’idaheel’éél (ch’fndahiil’eet:ch ’fndddahiil’eet). (completive) In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’ésh’eet, to row, paddle or sail O (a boat or raft) over the edge (as over Niagara Falls), to go over the edge in O (a boat that S operates). ch’i’(a)-(O/yi): to row, paddle or sail unspecified O out horizontally (completive). Ch’é’ésh’eet/ ch’?itréél (ch’inda’dsh’eet). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’é’ésh’eet, to row, paddle or sail over the edge (as overa fall) in an unspecified boat. ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to sail, row, paddle O (a boat) out horizontally (as from a harbor or boathouse). Ch’inish’eet/ch’ini?éél (ch’inanish’eet: ch’(nddnish’eet). SER.(@/si)(285). Ch’fdahiil’eet/ch’fdaheel’éél (ch’éédahiil’eet: ch ’fndddahiil’eet). # P-itch’fnfsh’eet, to take P (a passenger) out in O (a boat - as from a harbor). # P-fighah ch’infsh’eet, to pass P upinO (P = another boat in motion; O = the boat that S is operating). (E.g. shizhé’é ’oot’otgo bfighah sitsinaa’eet ch’inf’éél, as my father was rowing along | passed him up in my boat.) # P-fighahg66 ch’infsh’eet, to row, sail or paddle O (a boat) past P (a stationary object, as an island). # P-k’i ch’fnfsh’eet, to run over P with O (a boat). ch’f’(a)-(ni/ni)(288): to sail, row or paddle out horizontally (as from a boathouse or harbor) in a (unspecified) boat. Ch’fnish’eet/ch'(’néél.

# P-fighah ch’fnfsh’eet, to pass up P (another boatman). (E.g. shizhé’é ’oot’otgo bfighah ch’?nf’éél, my father was rowing along and | passed him up - inan unspecified boat that | was operating.) # P-fighahg66 ch’f’nfsh’eet, to row or sail past P (a stationary object). # P-k’i ch’(’nfsh’eet, to run over P with a boat. (31) di-(@/si) (836): to start to row, paddle or sail O along, to have started rowing, paddling or sailing O (in the Perf.). Dish’eet/dét’éél (ndish’eet ndddish’eet). # P-ch’j’ dish’eet, to row, paddle or sail O toward P. # P-itdish’eet,

to start to row, paddle or sail O

along with P (a passenger). # -g66 dét’éél, to be going to go to --(a designated place) in O (a boat that S operates), be on the way. (32) dii-(O@/O)(346): to start to move O (a boat) along floating. Diish’eet/dii?éél (ndiish’eetndadiish’eet). SER.(@/@) (442). Dahidiil’eet/ dahidiil’66! (ndahidiil’eet:ndddahidiil’eet)(1st pers. pl). # Dah diish’eet,

to start off on a boat trip

paddling, rowing or sailing O (the boat), to set out on a voyage in O. # P-it dah diish’eet, to start off with P (a passenger) in O (a boat that S operates). # Dah deidiyiit’éél, they set out on a voyage one after another in O (their 3+ boats). (33) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to row, sail or paddle O into a fire (as a boat into a burning oil slick). Dzidzaash’eet/dzidzaat’éél (dzidzandsh’eet: dzidzandanash’eeh). (34) ha-(@/yi)(434): to strain O out (as particles or impurities in a bucket of milk). Haash’eet/ haar’éél (handsh’eet handdnash’eet). # P-aah haash’eet, to strain O (foreign matter) out of P (as out of water or milk). # P-k’ee’aa haash’eet (hasét’éél: Perf.), to row, paddle or sail

O around P

(detouring - as an oil slick). # ’Oola sé{ baah haash’eet, to pan for gold (lit. to strain or separate sand from gold by washing with water). # T6 bee haash’eet, to flush O out with water (as dirt in a bottle). (35) ha-(si-Perf.)(415): to have gone after (something, to get it) in O (a boat that S operates) and now be back at the point of departure. Hasé?éél. (36) ha’(a)-(si-Perf)(409): to have gone after (something, to get it) by boat (that S operates), to have made a trip or voyage after (something and now be back at the point of departure). Ha’sé1éél. # P-itha’sé'’éél, to have taken P after (something) by boat.

185

EEL

EEL

ha-(ni/ni)(415): to row, paddle, sail O (a boat) after (something, to get it), to come or go after (something) in O (a boat, that S operates). Hanish’eet/hanit’éél (handn{sh’eet:hanaadnish’ee}). ha’(a)-(ni/ni)(408): to go, come, arrive after

vad

# Bizdndghahjigo naanda’dsh’eet,

(something, to get it) by boat. Ha’nfsh’eet/ ha’ni’éél (hana’nish’eet:hadnda’nish’eet). # P-itha’nish’eet, to accompany P after (something) by boat. ha‘a’a-(@/yi)(405): to sail away after (something) in an unspecified ship. Ha’e’esh’eet/ha’i’(’é6l, hadi-(@/si) (385): to start to row, paddle or sail O

# P-aa nish’eet,

# P-it nish’eet,

along after (something, to get it - as food), to be

(43)

(44)

Perf.), Hadish’eet/hddét’éé] (hdddish’eet: handddish’eet). ha’di-(O/si)(405): to start after (something, to get it) rowing, paddling or sailing a (unspecified) boat, to be going after (something) by boat (in the Perf.). Ha’dish’eet/ha’dét’éél (haa’dish’eet:handa’dish’eet). # P-itha’dish’eet, to start after (something) by boat with P (a passenger). haho-(@/yi): to flush an area or space (as with water). Hahash’eet/hahd6t’éél (handhdsh’eet: handdhash’eet). # T6 bee sizéé’ hahash’eet, | rinse my mouth out with water. # T6 bee shij66zh hahash’eet, to take a vaginal douche with water. ha’a-(O/yi)(403): to flush out something unspecified. Ha’ash’eet/ha’fi’éél (handd’ash’eet). # P-tsd@ ha’ash’eet, to induce an abortion on P (lit. to cause something to float out of P’s belly). ha’atnda’a-(©)(402): to voyage back and forth

# -g66 nish’eet,

(46)

hiil’ee/ndaheel’éél (nindddahiil’eet)(1st person pl). # -jj’ ninish’eet, to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) up to (a stopping point); # Dah ninish’eet, to anchor O. # Ni’ ninish’eet, to stop paddling or rowing O (a boat), to anchor O.

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninish’eet, to row, sail or paddle O across (as a boat across a river). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ninish’eet, to take P across in O (a boat). # T’da ’alkéé’ tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ndayiis’éél, one after another they rowed, paddled

(50)

or sailed O across. ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to cause unspecified O to move floating as far as a stopping point.

Ni’nish’eet/ni’nitéél (nind’nfsh’eet ninda’nish’eet). # P-it ni’nish’eet, to take P (a passenger) as far as (a stopping point) by boat. # Ni’ ni’nish’eet, to stop in a boat (that S is operating), to anchor in a boat. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’nish’eet, to sail, row or paddle a (unspecified) boat across (as across a lake or river). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ni’nish’eet, to take or ferry P across (a passenger in a boat). (51) tadi-(@/yi)(698): to paddle, row or sail a boat

# P-itha’atnda’ash’ot, to take P back and forth by boat. na-(@/yi)(598): to cause O to float downward, flush or wash O down (off)(as adhering matter ona dish). Naash’eet/ndat’éél (nindsh’eet: ninddndash’ee). # P-aah naash’eet, to rinse O off of P (as suds from a newly washed platter). naana-(@/si)(587): to turn O around, make a turn with O (as a boat that S is rowing, paddling or sailing). Naandsh’eet/naanfséVéél (naaninash’eet:naan(nddnash’eet). # Bizandghahjigo naanash’eet, to turna corner with O (a boat that one is rowing or driving). # Nish’ndajigo naandsh’eet, to make a right turn with O (a boat), # Nishttajigo naandsh’eet,

to go to -- (a designated place)

in O (a boat that S operates). (49) ni-(ni/ni)(651): to row, paddle or sail O as far as a stopping point. Ninish’eet/nini’éél (nindanish’eet:ninddnish’eet). SER.(@/si). Nda-

after (something: to get it) in an unspecified ship. Ha’atnda’dsh’ot.

(45)

to row, paddle or sail O to P.

to take or bring P (a

passenger) in O (a boat that S operates).

going after (something) in O (a boat)(in the

(42)

to turn

around in (with) a (Unspecified) boat, make a turn in a boat (that S operates). # Nish’ndajigo naana’dsh’eet, to make a right turn with a boat. # Nishtajigo naana’dsh’eet, to make a left turn with a boat. (48) (ni/ni)(660): to go, come, arrive rowing, paddling or sailing O (a boat), to come, go, arrive in O (a boat that S operates), Nish’eet/ni’éél (nanfsh’eet:nddanish’eet).

around here and there, to wander around ina

boat (operated by S), Tadfsh’eet/tddii’é6é| (tandddish’eet), # P-it tadish’eet, to take P (a passenger) boatriding in O. (52) ta’di-(O/yi)(701): to go boatriding, to cruise around in a boat (that S operates). Ta'dish’eet/ta'dii’é6l (tandd’dish’eet). # P-it ta’dish’eet, to take P around here and there by boat. (53) tsfstt’a-(@/si)(740):; to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) into a cul-de-sac, to get cornered with a

to make a left turn

with O. (47) naand’a-(@/si)(584): to turn arou nd, make a turn in a (unspecified) boat. Naand’ash’eel/ naanf’sét’éé| (naan(na’ash’eet:naantnaa’dsh’eel),

186

"EEL

EEL

Hadiish’eet/hadiit’éél (hdddiish’eet:handadiish’eet). # P-ithadiish’eet, to take P (a passenger) from one end to the other in O (a boat (operated by S). ha’dii-(@/@)(388): to row, paddle or sail a (unspecified) boat the entire length, from one end to the other. Ha’diish’eet/ha’diit’éél (haa’diish’eethanda’diish’eet). # P-itha’diish’eet, to take P (a passenger) the

boat, come up against an obstacle that im-

pedes further progress while operating a boat.

Tsistt’aash’eet/tsistVasé1éél (tsist’'andsh’eet: tsist’'anddndsh’eet). (54) tsistt’a’a-(@/si)(740): to get cornered while rowing, paddling or sailing a (unspecified) boat,

(2)

to come up against an obstacle that impedes further progress while operating a (unspecified)

boat. Tsistt’a’ash’eet /tsist’a’sét’6él

(tsist’anda’dsh’eet:tsistt’anda’dsh’eet). (55) w6’a-(O/yi)(745): to row, paddle or sail O (a

entire length of, from one end to the

other by (unspecified) boat (operated by S):

boat) off course, or outside the designated channel or path. W6’aash’eet/w6’aal’éél (w6’andsh’eet:w6’anddanash’eeth). (56) w6’a’a-(O/yi)(745): to get off course, outside the designated path or channel while operating an (unspecified) boat. W6’a’ash’eet/wo’a’ii’éél (w6’ana’ash’éél:w6’anda’dsh’eet). (57) (@/yi)(786): to row, paddle or sail O (a boat completive). Yish’eet/yi’éél (ndsh’eet:ndanash’eet). SER. (@/si)(446). Dahiil’eet/daheel’éél (ndahiil’eet:ndddahiil’eet). # P-iih yish’eet, to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) into P (as into kelp or seaweed). # P-k’dah yish’eet, to hit P (with a boat). # Nii’oh yish’eet, to paddle or row O (a boat) out of view. (58) yisda-(@/yi)(773): to reach safety in O (a boat that S operates, as by rowing, paddling or sailing), to escape from danger in O (a boat that S rows, paddles or sails).

VIII. £-(ti): (t-thematized classifier.) (1)

P-gha-(ni/ni)(190):

S (moisture) soaks through P, moisture penetrates P (as through a roof following a snowfall), P (a roof) leaks. Bighdt’eet/bighani’éél (bighandanateet). ha-(@/yi)(428): S (a wet spot or moist area) forms (as water that penetrates a masonry wall, or moisture from underground that comes to the surface). Haat’eet /haat’éél (hanat’eet: fees hanaanat’eet).

(2)

IX. L-(tr/Pass.): (1)

Yisdash’eet/

ha’a-(@/yi)(403): to cause unspecified O to float out, to wash something out (in a reflexive context). Ha’ash’eet/ha’eesh’éél (handa’dsh’eet). (Cf. ha’ash’eet: A[V]43.)

yisddat’éél (yisddndsh’eet:yisdanaanash’eet). SER.(@/si)(770). Yisdddahiil’eet/yisdadahaal’éél (yisdandahiil’eet:yisdanaddahiil’eet). # P-it yisddsh’eet, to rescue P (a passenger) from danger in O (a boat that S operates), to escape from danger in O in

# ’Atsd ha’ash’eet, to induce an abortion or miscarriage on oneself (lit. cause something to float out of one’s own belly).

company with P (a companion).

(59) yisda’a-(@/yi)(771): to escape from danger by (unspecified) boat (operated by S). Yisda’dsh’eet/yisda’iit’éél (yisddna’dsh’eet: yisdanda’dsh’eet). SER.(O/si). Yisdada’iyiil’eet/yisdada’iyeel’éél (yisdanda’iyiil’eet: yisdanadda ’iyiil’eet). # P-it yisda’ash’eet, to carry P (a passenger)

B. |, O-(ti): (1)

to safety by boat, to rescue P by boat (operated by S).

# Yisddda’iis’éél,

they escaped from danger

one after another by (unspecified) boat.

VI. di-t-(tt): (1)

ndi-(@/yi)(614): to dissolve O (as sugar). Ndish’eet /ndiit’éél.

Vil. hadi-L-(tt): (1)

CONTINUATIVE

(2)

(hadi-thematic: complete, entire.)

hadii-(@/@)(388): to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) the entire length, from one end to the other (as from one end of a lake to the other).

187

na-(@/si)(579-597): to float about, move about floating, to make a round trip floating (in the Perf.). Naash’eet/ nisé’éél (ninddndsh’eet). # P-itnaa’eet, P (passenger) rides around inS (a boat), P is out boatriding. # Dah naash’eet, to lie floating on the surface (a swimmer or a buoyant object). # P-it dah naa’eet, P is floatingin S (asa person in a stationary boat). # -g66 P-itnaaz’éél, P (passenger) has made a round trip to -- (a designated place) in S (a boat - and P is now back at the point of departure). na’a-(@/si)(548): unspecified S floats about, unspecified S makes a round trip floating (in the Perf.) Na’a’eet/na’az’éél (ninda’a’eet). # P-itna’a’eet, P (a passenger) is out boatriding.

EEL

‘EEL

# P-itdah na’a’eet, P is sitting in a boat (i.e. something unspecified is stationary floating with P). # -g66 P-itna’az’éél, P (a passenger) has made a round trip to -- (a designated

# P-itbéna’ot, P rides or floats into it in S (a boat) and gets it on self.

place) by boat (and is now back at the point of departure),

(1)

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

na-(@/si)(597-654):

unspecified O into P (as an oil slick) and get P on O, to get into P with a boat. Béna’dsh’ot/ béé’sét66l (bénindd’dsh’ot)

to row, paddle or sail O (a

boat) about, to ride around

in O, to have made

a round trip in O (operating O - in the Perf.). Naash’eet/nisét'éél (ninddndsh’eet), # 'Atsé P-& naash’eet,

P-éna-(@/si)(154): to row, paddle or sail O (a boat) into P (as an oil slick), and getP on O. Béndsh’ot /béését’6él (bén{nddndsh’oh). P-éna’a-(@/si)(154): to row, paddle or sail

D. CURSIVE

to have O (a boat) on

loan from P.

# P-itnaash’eet, to be giving P (a passenger) a boat ride, to be out boatriding in company with P (a companion). # -g66 nisét’éél, to have made a round trip to - (a designated place) with O (a boat)(and now be back at the point of

|. -(ti): (1)

departure),

# Génaa yi’ot, S is floating across.

# -g66 P-it nisét’éél, to have taken or accom-

# TO nif gdyaa yish’ot, to be floating along with the current (a person). # T6 nif goyaa P-it yi'ot, P (a passenger) is floating along with the current in S (a

panied P ona round trip to -- (a

designated place). (2)

na’a-(Q/si)(550-642): to sail, row, paddle unspecified O (a boat), to ride around (ina boat), to have made a round trip by boat (in the Perf.). Na’ash’eet/ni’sét'66l (ninda’ash’eet) # P-itna’ash’eet, to take p (a passenger)

boat). 'a-(yi)(681): unspecified S is floating along. 'Oo’ol/da’leet (nd’00’ot:nda4’00’ot), # P-it ’oo’ot, P is riding along in a (unspecified) boat.

boatriding, to be out boatriding with P (but S is operating the boat). # -g66 ni’sét’6él, to have made a round trip voyage to -- (a designated place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’sé!’6él, to have made a round trip voyage across (as across a lake). # P-it tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’sét’6él, to have taken P (a passenger or companion) on a round trip voyage across (as across a lake).

Ill. ni-L-(ti): (1)

# TO nif goyaa P-it ’oo0’ot, P (passenger) is floating along with the current ina (unspecified) boat. ha-(yi)(427): S is floating along after (something,

to get it). Had’ot (hadnda’othdnda’ot). # P-ithaa’ot, P (passenger) is going along on the way after (something, to get it) in S (a boat). ha’a-(yi)(408): unspecified S is floating along after (something, to get it). Hd’oo’ot (hana’oo’ot:handa’oo’ot). # P-itha’oo’ot, P (passenger) is going along on the way after (something, to get it) by (unspecified) boat. nahi-(yi)(534-542): to be turning around and around floating (as a person or thing caught in a whirlpool). Naheesh’ot/ndahiinii’eet. # P-itndhoo’ot, P (a passenger) is turning around and around in S (a boat). naana-(yi)(588): to be floating around here and there to and fro (a person or thing). Naanadsh’ot naan(deinfi’eet. # P-it naanda’ot, P is out boatriding in S. naana’a-(yi)(585): unspecified S is floating around here and there. Naand’oo’ot. # P-it naand’oo’ot, P is out boatriding (in an unspecified boat).

(L-thematized classifier).

nani-(O-Imp.)(561): S is limber (as a child with a defective spinal column, who cannot sit up), S is limber-legged (as a “double-jointed” person), S is wobbly, S is loosely woven (as a blanket). Nanil’eet (lit. S droops about),

C.

CONATIVE

|, O-(ti): (1) P-énd-(@/si)(154):

(yi)(761-787): to be floating along. Yish’ot/ defnii’eet (nddsh’ot:nddndadsh’ol). # P-ityi’ot, P (a passenger) is riding alonginS (a boat).

to floatinto P (as oil on the

surface of the water) and get it on oneself. Bénadsh’ot/béés6’6él (béninddndsh’ol).

188

EEL

\a|or

bee ha'al'eet/, strainer (that with which things are washed out - strained),

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(yi)(761): to be rowing, paddling or sailing O along (causing O to move along floating). Yish’ot/defniil’eet (nddsh’oh). # P-ityish’ot, to be taking or accompanying P along in S. # Génaa yish’ot, to be paddling, rowing or sailing O across. ’a-(yi)(367): to be rowing, paddling or sailing unspecified O along. 'Eesh’ot/da’finfil’eet (na’eesh’ot:naa’eesh’ot). # P-it’eesh'ot, to be taking or accompanying P along in a (unspecified) boat. # Dah ’eesh’ot, to be at anchor in a (unspecified) boat. ha-(yi)(434): to be paddling, rowing or sailing O (a boat) along after (something, to get it). Hadsh’ot/ haddeinfil’eet (handdsh’ot: hanadndash’ot). # P-ithddsh’ot, to be taking or accompanying P along in O (a boat) after (something, to get it). ha’a-(yi)(406): to be sailing, paddling or rowing unspecified O along after (something, to get it), to be on the way after something by boat. Ha’eesh’ot /hdda’iiniil’eet (handa’eesh’ot; hanaa’eesh'ol). # P-itha’eesh’ot, to be on the way after (something, to get it) paddling, rowing or sailing a (unspecified) boat, in company with P. nahi-(yi)(533): to be paddling, rowing or driving O (a boat) around and around in a tight circle. Naheesh’ot/ ndahiiniil’eet. naana-(yi)(588): to sail, paddle or row O (a boat) around to and fro, to ride O around, Naandash’ot/naandeiniil’eet.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6)

bee na’al’eelf,

dah na'a’eet,

the blood,

bean), (Also the name

(15)

about 2 miles south of Bennett

(2) (3)

needles,

Peak, near

Highway 666.) (sand floats up out time after time), sil4o na'at’eetigf (or nda’at’eetigii), sailor(s) (in the Navy)(soldier or military sailor), sildo tatt'dahdi na’al’eelf,

submariner,

sis nanil’eelf, Hopi belt (loosely woven belt). t6 yaah ha’at'eoel/, water filter (that with which things are washed out of water), toh nanool’olf, oats (grass that droops limply down). Ts6 Naé’az'él/,

(23)

(1)

for Spanish

burr marigold and beggar’s ticks [Bidens bipinnata]), naal’eelf, duck, goose (the one that droops about - reference is to the bird’s neck), na'al’eetf, sailor (the one who causes something to move around floating). bit nihwii’eet, driftwood (they are washed up one after another - by water), Séf Haha’eet, Charloy Day Spring, Arizona (near Tuba City), (Also the name for another location

nani-(yi)(567): S hangs drooping down limply (as the head of an oat plant). Nanool’ol.

NOUN

red blood

Dit bil’ ndaa'eet{ tigaaigii, white

blood corpuscles. gad ni’eeti (Ib, dilk'ischi’), Rocky Mountain red cedar (Juniperus scopularum)(the droopy juniper), (9) 166’ bee hahadleohé dah naa'eeligii, fishing float (the one that floats on a fishing line) (P-166’ --), naak’a'at’aéhf noo'olf, polyester cloth (limp cloth), 1) naa’olf, bean (Faba vulgaris and other types)(the one that hangs drooping down). naa’otf bihégod (or bikégod), lima bean (Phaseolus limenus), naa’ol yilt’aa’f, everlasting pea, vetchling (Lathyrus polymorphus)(the one that has leaves like a

(ni-thematic; thematized L-classifier)

E.

Dit bil’ ndaa’eeti tichfigf,

corpuscles,

(24) (1)

blood

corpuscle(s) (that or those that float about in

to take or accompany P boatriding in O (the boat), naana’a-(yi)(584): to paddle, row or sail unspecified O (boat) around to and fro, Naana’eesh’ot /naandda’finiil’eet. # P-itnaanda’eesh'ot, to be taking or accompanying P ona boat ride.

Ill. ni-L-(ti):

flotation,

dit bil’ naa'eeti (Ib, dit bil’ ndaa’oetigi),

# P-it naanddsh’ot,

(7)

oar, paddle (that with which

something is caused to move about floating).

a location in Monument

Canyon

(Canyon de Chelley area)(rock around which there is flowing - Le, rock around which water flows). tsin bit nihwii’eet (« bil nihwil’eel), driftwood (wood objects that are floated to a stopping point one after another), tsinaa’eel, boat, ship (wood that floats about),

DERIVATIVES

(PPA *'e'dz >» PA *'édz [OA]; act

’abe’ bee baah ha’al’eetigif, milk strainer (that dmaab

with which things are caused to float out alongside milk). ‘atsé ha'a’eet, abortion, miscarriage (something floats out of a belly). bee ’agha’dl’eet{, strainer, sieve (that with which things are washed through something - i.e. strained.)

with the foot, Successive; ‘dz [li] [with di-thematic]; move the feet directionally, step.)

NAVAJO:

Primary meaning is “move

the foot (or feet),” but the action involved is distin-

guished in two Semantic Theme categories: movement

189

(1)

in situ, as in “place the foot, lift the foot,

(EEZ

eleyd

stamp the foot,” in contradistinction to (2) directional movement of the feet, as in “step, move by stepping.” Most themes in category (1) and some of those in category (2) include di-thematic: relates to the arms and legs. Intransitive themes in both groups take Q(D-) or L-classifier, while causative transitives are formed with t-classifier. Stem shapes corresponding to the two movement categories vary, in some instances, as reflected in the following stem chart.

Ill. L-(ti): (1)

P-nd-(/si)(228); to step around P (as around a hogan or rock). Binds’éés/bin{sis’eez.

IV. di-L-(ti): (1)

IMEUSTie A.MOM. | ‘éés_

PERE

eROGHEE

EU hmmOP Ts

‘is/t’is

‘eez

-

‘is

'6és

‘és

‘is

‘iz

-

‘is

‘66s

‘ees

’is

*eez

-

‘is

‘ees

‘iz

‘is

‘iz

-

‘is

{be

(1) Trans

B.MOM

(2) Trans

C.CONT.

(1) D.CONT.

(2) E.REP

(1) Dur

is

‘is

eez

is

is

Ser.

is

‘is

iz

is

is

‘is

‘is

-ee

- ee

F.REP

-

iz

(2) G.SEM.

‘is

‘is

H.CURS.

-

-

|.NEUT. Ce

ee

‘is

"eez ee

-

‘is/'6és :eS

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

|. O-(ti): (1)

(@/yi)(775): to move the foot (completive). Yis’éés/yfeez (ndst’éés:ndanast’éés) # Kééh yis’6és (ndst’éés), to put one’s shoes (back) on (lit. to place the foot ina shoe),

’adadi-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(inflected like dis’éés 331): to lower one’s feet, put one’s feet down (as from a bed, in rising). 'Adadis'éés/’adadees’eez (’adandis’éés:'adandddis’éés). (2) ‘adi-(/yi)(22): to move one’s foot away out of sight. ’Adis’éés/'adees’eez ('andis’éés: ‘anaadis’éés), # Yah ’adis'’éés, to stick one’s foot into an enclosure (as into a prairie dog hole). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘adis’éés, to lower one’s feet down. (3) ’ahandi-(ni/ni)(38): to pull in one’s feet (by flexing the legs and drawing them together). 'Ahandinis’éés/'ahandinis’eez ('ahaninddinis’éés: ‘ahaninaddinis’éés), (4) P-dadi-(ni/ni)(325): to place one’s foot on P to prevent its escape, block P with one’s foot.

Bidddinis’éés/bidddinis’eez. (5) P-ghddi-(ni/ni)(187): to put one’s foot through P, to make a hole in P with one’s foot (as through a sock or screen). Bighddinis’éés/bighddi'éés). nis’eez (bighdndinis’éés:bighandddinis (6) ch’idi-(ni/ni)(283): to stick one’s foot (feet) out horizontally (as from a car window), Ch'fdi'(ndanis’éés/ch’idinis’eez (ch’fndinis’6és:ch dinis'éés). (7) di-(Q/yi)(331): to place the foot (completive), step. Dis'éés/dees’eez (ndis'’éés:ndddis'éés), # P-datis dis’éés, to step over P. # P-iih dis’éés, to step into P (as into the mud), # Ké biih dis’éés, to put on shoes.

(8)

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

P-f-(/yi)(155): to push O along with one’s foot. Bés’éés/béét’eez (binddnds’éés). # P-iih bés’éés, to push O into P with $’s foot (as a stone into the mud). # Taah bés’é6s, to push O into the water with one’s foot (as a pebble, hat). ha-(@/yi)(402): S stomps out O (grain), S

(horses) thresh O, Hait’éés/hayif’eez (handaniit’éés). ha’a-(@/yi)(402): S threshes (grain - by stomping it out. S represents the horses formerly used for this purpose). Ha’at’éés/ha’'(i’eez (hanaa’at’éés), ha-P-f'a-(G/yi)(372): to stomp or trample O out (as water, in a boggy area). Habé’és’6és/ hab/fif’'eez (habina’ds’éés:habinda’ds’6és).

# Taah dis’éés, to step into the water. didii-(@/O)(315)(with prepounded dah): to place or hold one’s feet in position (as on a table or chair). Dah didiis’éés/dah didiis’eez (dah

Ndidiis’6és:dah ndddidiis’éés). # P-ch’j’ dah didiis’éés, to point at P with one’s foot. # P-kda’ (or P-k’i) dah didiis’éés, to put one’s table or chair). feet on P (as ona

# Kg'jj’ dah didiis’éés, fire. (9)

to hold one’s feet to the

didini-(O/yi)(314): to step and get one’s foot stuck or caught (as in a tight boot or ina bucket)(completive). Didinis’éés/didinees’eez

(ndidinis’66s:ndddidinis’éés). # P-iih didinis'’éés, to step into P and get one’s foot caught or stuck. # P-ts’€@’ p-iih didinis'éés, to put on P's (boot, shoe) and like it so well that S declines to take it off (i.e. S puts feet into p to P’s detriment).

ASjEV4

JelevA

# Y66’’iis’6és,

(10) dini-(@/yi)(323): to step and get one’s foot stuck (completive). Dinis’éés/dinees’eez (ndinis’éés: nadddinis’éés). # P-iih dinis’6és, to get one’s foot stuck in P (as in a tight boot or bucket), to put (a boot) on and be unable to get it off. (11) dzidzadi-(@/yi)(354): to stick one’s foot into the fire. Dzidzadis’éés/dzidzadees’eez (dzidzandis’éés: dzidzandddis’éés). (12) hadi-(@/yi)(384): to stick one’s leg up out (as from a hole). Hadis’éés/hadees’eez (haadis’éés:handadis’éés). # P-yaadéé’ hadis’éés, to stick one’s leg out from under P (as from under a car or blanket). (13) k’idi-(@/si)(506): to stick one’s legs out, stretch one’s legs out straight. K’idis’éés/k’idés’eez (k’indis’éés:k’indddis’éés). (14) ndi-(ni/ni)(608): to take a step, place one’s foot, step off (distance)(lit. to rnove one’s foot toa stopping point). Ndinis’éés/ndinis’eez (nindddinis’éés). # ’Ahandinis’éés, to draw in one’s legs, fold in one’s legs. # P-kdaa’ (or P-k’i) ndinis’éés, to place one’s feet on P (as ona table or footstool). # ’Atnd ndinis’éés, to cross one’s legs, place one foot over the other. (15) yadidii-(O/O)(748): to raise one’s foot, lift up one’s foot. Yadidiis’éés/yadidiis’eez (yaddiwar diis’6és:yandadidiis ’éés).

ch’f-(ni/ni)(291):

(2)

to step quietly out horizontally

(as through a doorway). Ch’{nis'éés/ch’inis’iz (ch’indnis’éés:ch’inddnfs’6és). SER.(O/si) (275). Ch’idahiil’éés/ch fdaheel’iz (ch’éédahiil’6és:ch ’fnddadahiil’éés)(1st pers. pl). # Tt’66’g66 ch’infs’6és, to quietly step outside. di-(@/si)(330);

to start to step along quietly.

Dis’66és/dés’iz (ndis’6és:ndddis'’éés), dii-(@/@)(343): to start to step along. Diis’éés/ diis’iz (ndiis’éés:ndddiis’éés). In: # Dah diis’éés, to start off (stepping).

(4)

ha-(@/si)(430):

to step quietly up, climb (by stepping) as upstairs, up a hill). Haas’éés/ hasis’iz (hands’éés:handaanas’éés).

# P-aah haas’éés, to climb up P. (ni/ni)(654): to come, go, arrive stepping.

(6)

Nis’6és/nis’iz

(ndnis’éés:ndanfs'éés),

# P-aanis’éés,

(7)

to step to P.

ni-(ni/ni)(648): to step as far as a stopping point (as to the wall). Ninis’éés/ninis’iz (nindnis’éés:

nindanis’éés). # -jj’ ninis’6és,

to step to -- (a designated

stopping place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninis’éés, (as across a room),

C. CONTINUATIVE

to step across

(1)

. di-L-(ti):

V. di-t-(tt): (1)

to quietly step away and

disappear.

ndi-(@/si)(612)(with prepounded dah): to pump one’s legs in the air (as a baby), to prance (as

a horse). Dah ndis’ees/dah ndés’eez. # Dah ndis’eesgo sétj, to lie pumping one’s legs in the air.

O-dii-(@/@)(184)(with prepounded dah): to lift O’s foot up (as a horse’s foot, to examine it or shoe it). Dah bidiis’6és/dah bidiit’eez (dah nabidiis’6és:dah ndabidiis’éés). ya-O-didii-(@/@): to raise O’s foot up, lift up O’s foot (i.e. make O lift a foot). Yabididiis’éés/ yabididii’eez.

D.

CONTINUATIVE

(2)

. L-(ti): B.

MOMENTANEOUS

na-(@/si)(592): to sneak around, skulk about, make a sneaking round trip (in the Perf.). Naas’iz/nisis’iz (nindands’iz)

(2)

I. L-(ti):

(1)

’a-(O/yi)(479): to quietly step away out of sight. ’lis’66s /’ees’iz (’ands’éés:’anddnas’éés). SER.(@/si). ’Adahiil’éés/’adaheel'iz (’andahiil’éés:’andddahiil’éés)(1st pers. pl). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iis’éés, to quietly step down (as from a platform, staircase). # P-yaa 'iis’6éés, to quietly step in under P (as under an overhanging rock, roof or umbrella). # Nahjj’ ’iis’éés, to quietly step aside (out of the way). # Yah ’iis’6és, to quietly step inside an enclosure (as into a hogan or room).

E.

REPETITIVE

(1)

Durative

i

(2) (3)

191

di-L-(ti): di-(O-Imp.)(331): to kick one’s feet in the air (as a person dangling from a hangman's rope ora horse at play). Dis’is. ’ah(di-(@/si): to rub one’s feet together. ’Ahidis’is/’ahidés’eez. P-{di-(@/si): to rub one’s foot against P. Bidis’is.

iEEZ

Ee

"EEZH

|. NEUTER

RERPEmnIVEs(2) Durative

|. O-(ti): I, O-(tt):

(si-Perf)(685): (1)

(©-Imp.)(775): to pedal O (a bicycle). (nddanas iz).

Yis’iz

to have one’s feet in position.

Sé’eez. In: # Kéé’ sé’eez,

to have one’s shoes on (lit. to

have one’s feet inside shoes). Seriative

II. di-L-(ti):

Il. @-(tt):

(1)

dini-(si-Perf.)(324): to hold one’s feet in position. Dinis’eez. # Dzidzi’ dinis’eez, to hold one’s feet in the fire.

nani-(@/si)(563): to give O a series of taps with the foot. Nanfs’is/nané’iz.

# Tayi’ dinis’eez, water,

G. SEMELFACTIVE

(2) P-k’idini-(si-Perf.)(203): to stand on P, hold one’s

|. O-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(797):

foot on P. Bik’idfnfs’eez. k’idini-(~ k’idé-)(506): to have one’s legs outstretched. K’idinis’eez (k’(dés’eez:k’idadés’eez),

to give O a turn (as a bicycle

pedal, to take a single step.

Yiis’is/sé’is

(naayiis’fs).

# Ké yiis’is, to give O’s foot a tap with one’s foot (a ceremonial act performed by the medicine man standing against the

J.

patient’s foot as the latter sits or reclines).

‘adées’eez,

di-(yi)(310): to place the feet progressively, step one step ata time. Dees’is/dadiiniil’éés

# Dah dees’is,

(yi)(775):

linear foot (unspecified S takes a

foot into the ground). t6 habd’ool’eezigif, stomped out water (the water

to descend a step ata

that fills the footprints left by buffalo, people or

to hold up one’s foot (feet).

other animals in boggy areas. Used ceremonially in ceremonies such as Na’at’oyee Béshee.) tonteel bikad’dd6 deigo (number) ’adées’eez, it is (So many) feet above sea level.

Il. L-(ti): (1)

DERIVATIVES

bii’dees’eez, stirrup (unspecified S places [his] foot inside it). bii’dees’eez bitt’66l, stirrup strap (stirrup’s rope). dzi’izf, bicycle (the one that a person pedals). dzi’izitsoh, motorcycle (big bicycle), dzi’izf bijddd ta’igif, tricycle (3 wheeled bicycle). tee’dool’eezi/, cancer root, broom rape (Thalesia fasciculata and others) (the one that stuck its

I. di-L-(ti):

(ndees’is:ndddees’is). # ‘Adah géyaa dees’is, time.

NOUN

step).

H. CURSIVE

(1)

to hold one’s feet in the

to be stepping along lightly or quietly, to

eS=ae—=—_e“=={*s__=_=S—=—=——_—_—S-

be walking slowly along. Yis’is/deiniil’éés (nads’is:nddndas is), # P-kéé’ yis’is, to be following along quietly behind P.

(PPA *’e’sh > PA *'ézhlW] (Q): string fish, beads.)

iEEZH

Il. £-(tt): (1)

NAVAJO: Occurs, with O-classifier, as the theme in active bases meaning “string (beads),” and by extension (and more productively), bases meaning “lead plural O,” and with t- and with D-classifier in Neuter Perfective bases with the disparate meanings “be in charge/ be dependent on (strung with, as beads that hang attached to something).” Probably cognate with ’IZH:

P-fa-(yi)(808): to walk along pushing O along with one’s foot (as a tin can). Biees’is/ bida’iinfil’éés.

ruffle, pleat.

192

V. ’IZH.

’EEZH

’EEZH

IMP.

A.MOM

US/IT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

wee

‘ish

'eezh

‘ish

'eesh

| ’eesh_

‘ish

‘eezh

‘ish

eesh

(6)

OPT.

Trans. B.CONT. C.CONCL, D.CURS.

-

E.NEUT.

-

(8)

ish/ ’66sh

‘eezh

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

Il. O-(tt):

(1)

(2)

’a-(@/yi)(484): to lead O away out of sight (as 2+ horses, one’s family), to take O (one’s family to a place, as to town). ’lish’éésh/’i?'eezh (andsh’éésh:’andandsh’éésh). SER.(O/si) (63): to lead O away out of sight, one group (of 2+) after another. 'Ahish’éésh/’ahé’eezh (’andhdsh’éésh:’anddhash’éésh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iish’éésh, to lead O down from a height (as from a mountain). # P-yaa ’iish’éésh, to lead O in under P (as in under an overhanging rock or a roof). # Ha’aa ’iish’éésh, to lead O over the hill and disappear. # Nii’oh ’iish’éésh, to lead O away out of view, lead O to a place of concealment. # Yah ’iish’éésh, to lead O into an enclosure (as horses into a corral, children into a theater). # Y66’ ’iish’éésh, to lead O away, lead O away and get rid of them. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(380): to lead O (as 2+ horses) down from a height (as from a mountain). "Adaash’éésh/’adda’eezh (’adanash’éésh:’adanddndsh’éésh). SER. (@/si)(8): to lead O down one group after another. ’Adahash’éésh/’adahé’eezh (’adana-

hdsh’éésh:’adanddahash’éésh). # Tsékooh géyaa ’adaash’éésh,

(3)

(4)

(5)

ch’fyi/(eezh, when his wife died he was left with three children to care for.)

(10) ch’f-(ni/ni)(293): to lead O (as 2+ children, horses) out horizontally (as from a building or corral), Ch’infsh’6ésh/ch’inf'eezh (ch’inan(sh’6é6sh:ch’(nddn(sh’6ésh). SER.(@/si)(275): to lead O out one group after another, Ch’éhésh’éésh/ch’é6hé’eezh (ch'indhash’éésh: ch’fndahdsh'éésh). # P-fighahg66 ch’(nfsh’éésh, to lead O past P (as a group of children or horses pasta

building). (11) di-(@/si)(336): to start to lead O along, to be going to lead or take O (somewhere - as horses to a waterhole, children to the fair - in the Perf.).

Dish’66sh/dé’eezh (Adfsh’éésh:ndddish’éésh). # P-ch’j’ dish’éésh, to start to lead or take O to P (as children to the clinic), # -g66 dé’eezh, to be going to take O to -- (a designated place - as children to the fair), to have started to lead O to (a destination).

(12) dii-(@/O)(346): to start to lead O. Diish’éésh/ dii’eezh (Adiish’éésh:ndddiish’éésh), In: # Dah diish’éésh, to start off leading O, start

to lead O

down into a canyon. ’ahé6-(ni/ni)(46): to lead O (as 2+ horses) around in a circle, to make a circuit leading O (as to a water hole and back). ’Ahéénish’éésh/'ahéénfeezh (’ahénindnish’éésh:’aheninaanish’éésh). SER.(@/si)(48): to lead O around and around in (a succession of) circles. ’Ahééhésh’éésh/’ahééhé’eezh (’ahénindahdsh’éésh). ’alts’A-(O/yi or ni/ni)(110): to lead O apart, separate O (as two groups of 2+ horses or children, by leading them in opposite directions from each other). ’Atts’4sh’éésh/’atts’ad’eezh (’atts’Andsh’éésh: ’atts’Andandsh’éésh) or ’atts’An(sh’6é6sh/’atts’An('eezh (‘atts’Ananish’éésh:'atts’andanish’éésh), P-gh4-(ni/ni)(191): to lead O through P (as

through smoke, a fence). bighanfeezh.

P-’nii-(@/@)(220): to start to string P (beads). Bi’niish’éésh/bi’nii’eezh. P-nd-(@/si)(229); to lead O around P (as a group of children or horses around a building). Bindsh’éé6sh/binfshé’eezh (binfndsh’éésh: binfnddndsh’éésh). P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to lead O away from P (as children away from a burning building). Bits’An(sh’éésh /bits’Anf'eezh (bits’Ananfsh’éésh:bits’andanfsh’éésh). ch’f-(@/yi)(295): to lead O out horizontally (completive). Ch’ésh’éésh/ch’66’eezh (ch’fndsh’éésh:ch’'(ndanash’é6ésh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’ésh’éésh, to lead O over the edge (as over a precipice). # Ch’f(eezh, (used in the Perfective, Future and Optative with the meaning “have left to be cared for.”) E.g. be’esdzda bits’4a’ daaztsdago ‘Atchin{ talt’éego

out with O, set out with O in tow (as with one’s family). (13) dzfdza-(@/yi)(358); to lead O into the fire. Dzidzaash’éésh/dz(dzaa’eezh (dzidza-

ndsh’éésh:dz(dzandanash’éésh). (14) ha-(@/yi)(434): to lead O up out. Haash’éésh/ hdd’eezh (handsh’éésh:handdnash’éésh). SER.(@/si)(391). Hahash’éésh/haha’eezh (handhdsh’éésh:handahash 'éésh). # P-ii’dee’ haash’éésh, to lead O out of P (as out of the mud), # P-yaadéé’ haash’éésh, to lead O out from under P (as children out from under a collapsed roof). (15) ha-(@ or si/si)(434):; to climb up leading O, to take O up, lead O up (up an incline, as a mountain, staircase or ladder). Haash’éésh or

Bighdnfsh’éésh/

193

(ae 74

ieeZi

hashish’éésh/hashé’eezh (handsh’éésh: handéandsh’éésh), SER.(@/si)(391), Hahash’éésh/haha’eezh (handhdash’éésh:handahash’eezh). # P-aah haash’éésh (hashish’éésh), to lead or take O up P’s side (as up a mountainside), # P-k’ee'aa haash’éésh, to lead O around P (detouring P - as a puddle), # P-kda’jj’ (or P-ghda'jj’) haash’éésh

(hashish’éésh),

# Taah yish’éésh,

(24) yisda-(O/yi)(773): to lead O to safety, to lead O out of danger, to rescue O (as a group of children, by leading them away from danger), to save O, Yisddsh’éésh/yisd44’eezh (yisdandsh’éésh:yisddnddndsh’éésh). SER.(@/si) (770). Yisdéhdsh’éésh/yisdadhd’eezh (yisdanahash’éésh:yisda4nddhdsh’éésh),

to lead or take O up on

top of P (as to a mountaintop), (16) (ni/ni)(565-660): to go, come, arrive leading O, to take or bring O (by leading). Nish’éésh/

nfeezh

Il, D-(tt):

(1)

(nanish’éésh:ndan{sh'éésh).

# P-aa nish’éésh, to lead O to P (as a group of horses to another person).

# P-aa ndnfsh’éésh,

’atndnd-(@-Usit.)(95): to lead O back and forth repeatedly and customarily (to a destination). "Atnanasht’ish.

to return O to P (as

horses, to another person, by leading

B.

them back),

# -g66 nish’éésh, (17)

to take O to -- (a designated (1)

nish’éésh). SER.(@/si)(621). Nehesh’éésh/ nehé’eezh (nindhdsh’éésh:ninddhdsh’éésh). # -jj’ ninish’éésh, to take or lead O as far as -(a designated place), # Ni’ ninish’éésh, to stop leading O. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninish’éésh, to lead O across (as a group of children across a to lead O around here and there

from place to place, wander about leading O

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

CONTINUATIVE

I, O-(tt):

place, as one’s family to the fair), ni-(ni/ni)(651): to lead O as farasa stopping point (as to a canyon brink or waterhole), Ninish’éésh/ninfeezh (nindnish’éésh:ninda-

street). (18) tddi-(@/yi)(698):

to lead O to or into the

water.

(2)

(as an itinerant worker who takes his family with him). Tadish’éé6sh/tadifeezh (tand4dish’éésh)., tatts’4-(ni/ni): to lead O out of or away from the water, lead O ashore. Tatts’dnish’é6ésh/ tatts’anf'eezh (tdtts’Andnish’6ésh:tdtt ’4ndas nish’éésh). tsi’adi-(@/si)(733): to lead unwisely (unspecified O), lead astray, be a bad leader. Tsi’adish’éésh/tsi’adé’eezh. tsftts’a-(ni/ni)(736): to lead O away from fire or water, to lead O ashore. Tsfitts’dn{sh’éésh/ tsftts’anfeezh (tsfts’andnish’éé6sh:tsitts’4ndadnfsh’éé6sh), ts{stt’a-(Q/si)(739): to lead O into a cul-de-sac or blind canyon, to lead O into a corner. Ts{stl’aash’éésh/ts(stt’'ashé’eezh (tsist?'andsh’éésh:ts(st'anddndsh’éésh). (@/yi)(786): to lead O (completive). Yish’éésh/ yfeezh (ndsh'’éésh:nddndsh’éésh). SER. (@/si)(446). Hish’é6ésh/hé’eezh (ndhash’éésh: ndéahash’éésh).,

na-(@/si)(598-658): to take or lead O around here and there (as one’s family, a group of 2+ horses), to keep O (2+ horses), to make a round trip with O (leading O - as 2+ horses to the waterhole and back or one’s family to town and back - in the Perf.). Naash’eesh /nishé’eezh (ninddndsh’éésh). # -g66 nishé'eezh, to have taken (led) O to -(a designated place) and back to the point of departure, to have made a round trip to a place (as with one’s family). na’a-(@/si)(552): to be a boss, foreman or leader (lit, to lead unspecified O about), Na’ash’eesh/ ni’shé’eezh,

C. CONCLUSIVE |. @-(tt): (1)

(/si)(786): to string O (beads), to pass up O (all the cars on the road - by figuratively stringing them like beads). Yish’eesh/shé’eezh.

D. CURSIVE |. -(tt): (1)

(2)

# P-iih yish’66sh,

to lead O into P (as children into a bus or plane),

# Kjjh yish’é6sh, to lead O into town. # Nii’oh yish’éésh, to lead O away out of view.

194

(yi)(786): to be leading O along (as 2+ horses, one’s family). Yish’ish/de(nfit’6ésh (nddsh’ish: ndandash'ish). # Génaa yish’ish, to be leading O across, ’a-(yi)(367): to be leading unspecified O along. ‘Eesh'ish (n4’eesh'ish:nd44’ee ish), sh # Dah ’eesh’ish, to be encamped with one’s family.

GAIl

iEEZH

E. NEUTER

intransitive/transitive bases meaning “be(come)/make extremely hot (weather, fever, water, iron).” Extended

|. D-(ti): (1)

meanings include “hurt, cause to hurt, ache, polish (silver), make smoke signals, sterilize, fade, ripen (corn), bloom and make hominy.”

P-é6hi-(si-Perf.)(160): to be dependent on P, rely on P (as minor children on a parent or guardian) (lit. S are strung like beads from P). Bééhéet’eezh (we are dependent on him, we are his dependents).

Il. t-(tt): (1)

(2)

(si-Perf.)(692): to keep O (in a certain location, as “a cat keeps her kittens”), to be in charge of O (as a person in charge of a group of prisoners or children). Shét’eezh. ’a-(si-Perf.)(125): to be the family head, to be the leader or person in charge. ’Ashét’eezh.

#

C.CURS.

-

(1)

>

gah -

-

=

gah

:

:

gai

:

-

gaah -

to turn white, become white,

view. (E.g. nibaal Iéi’ dah yiigaii, a white tent came into view.) ’adii-(@/@)(28): S (corn) ripens (lit. S turns white).

’Adiigdah/’adiigaii (ndddiigaah). (di-thematic: relates to color.) (3) bfldta’ii-(O/O)(222): S blooms (with a white blossom)(lit. something becomes white at its tip). Bhdta’iigdah /bfldta’iigaii (bldtah nda’iigaah). (4) P-k’idzii-(0/O)(205): S comes into view (something white that reflects the light, as an airplane). Bik’idziigdah /bik’idziigaii (bik’inadziigaah:bik’indddziigaah). (5) dzii-(@/O)(360)(with prepounded P-k’i dah): something white comes into view (as an airplane emerging from the clouds and reflecting light). Bik’i dah dziigadh/bik’i dah dziigaii (bik’i dah fAdziigddh:bik’i dah naddziigaah). (6) hoo-(= ho-yi-)(@/@)(460): area becomes white. Hoogéah /hoogaii (ndhoogddh:nddhoogadah).

(bidah-

Il. £-(tt): yii-(@/@)(799): to whiten O, bleach O white, color O white, polish O white (silver, white shoes).

(1)

Yiishgadh/yiitgaii (néishgdah:ndayiishgaah). # Néishgddh, to polish O (silver, white shoes), to restore the white lustre of O. # Lid yiishgdah, to send up a smoke signal. (2) ’adii-(O/O)(31): to do sterilizing, to clean something (by boiling). 'Adiishgaah/’adiitgaii (nda'diishgadh). (di-thematic: relates to color.) (3) hoo-(= ho-yi-)(@/@)(461): to turn an area white, whiten an area. Hooshgaah/hootgaii (ndhooshgdah:ndadhooshgaah).

PA *GaghY

[lk]: be white. Transitional uncer-

tain. PA *Gay or GaghY with diclassifier.

-

yii-(@/@)(795-799):

(2)

Stem noun: rabbit. # Gah ’Adddf (’adad/, ambush, hunter’s blind), Escavado Wash (in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico). gah ch’idf (ch’id/, robe), rabbitskin robe. gahtsoh (-tsoh, big), jackrabbit. gahtsohdda’ (-ddaa’, food), white sage, winter sage, winter fat, lamb’s tail, sweet sage (Eurotia lanata),

[?]

gaii -

get bleached out. Yiishgdah/yiigaii (néishgaah:ndayiishgaah). # Dah yiigddh, S (a white object) comes into

Stem noun: juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea)(commonly referred to as “cedar”). # gad bididze’ (bididze’, its berries), juniper berry.

(PPA *Gay [or*Gax]

GAI|

gah

NOUN DERIVATIVES

# gad bidahts’aa’

# #

gdadah_ gaah

fell

|. @-(ti):

ts’aa’, its mistletoe), juniper basket, mistletoe on a juniper (Phoradendron juniperinum).

GAH

A.TRANS. B.CONT.

RO Ghee Ulitao

A. TRANSITIONAL

’azee’ ndoot’eezhf, wild bergamot, mint leaf bee balm, horsemint (Monarda pectinata Nutt; Monarda menthaefolia).

GAD

USHER ree

D.NEUT._gai

F. (1)

IME

V. Leer 1979:85).

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with O-classifier as the theme in Active (Transitional) and Neuter bases (Imperfective and Perfective Neuters) with the meanings “be(come) white;” (2) with t-classifier in causative-transitive bases “make white, whiten;” and (3) with ni-thematic: terminal and O/t-classifier in

Il. L-(tr):

(1)

195

‘Adii-(@/)(31):

to whiten oneself, bleach oneself

GAIl

GAIl

white, paint oneself white. “Adiishgdah/ ‘Adiishgaii (’Andddiishgdah).

fi-ni-(O-Imp.)(518): to be white. Linishgai (tigai: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl; daalgai: 3rd pers. d.p.). ’a-(O-Imp.)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a

white speck, dot or flag. Dah ’algai. S is whitish, off-white, cream colored, beige. Dinilgai.

IV. ni-@-(ti):

(1)

dini-(O-Imp.)(323-324):

nii-(O/@)(667):

S becomes very hot (as red hot

dzi-(O-lmp.(with prepounded dah, up): there is a white patch, a bare spot. Dah dzilgai. ha-(O-lmp.)(518): there is a white area, the area is white. Halgai (there is a plain). ndzi-(O-Imp.)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a bare spot, a white patch. Dah fidzfgai.

iron, boiling hot water), S hurts or aches (as an

(2)

injured finger). Niigddh/niigaii (ndniigddh: naaniigaah). # P-woo’ niigddh, P gets a toothache. # P-tsiits’iin niigdah, P gets a headache. honii-(@/@)(457): the weather gets hot, the weather warms

up or turns hot, S (a space, as

a room) gets hot. Honiigddh/honiigaii. # Tahoniigddah, there is a fever. # P-tah honiig4adh, P becomes feverish (lit. P’s

. D-(ti); ’adzi-(yi-Perf.): a white strip extends away into the distance, there is a valley or an extended

body area becomes hot).

# P-ithoniigaah,

S hurts P (as an injury).

treeless stretch. A long valley extends away as far as the eye can see. ’Adzoogai. bighadzi-(ni-Perf.)(188): S is a translucent or transparent white (as a thin cloud). Bighddzigai.

V. ni-t-(tt): (1)

nii-(@/@)(670-769): to heat O very hot, make O hot (as iron, water), make O hurt, cause O pain.

ch’fhoo-(ni-Perf.): a white line extends out, a valley extends out (as from a canyon).

Niishgaah/ niitgaii (ndniishgddh:nddniishgdah), # Yiniitg4ah, S makes O hurt. (E.g. bizhéé’ hdldnf sitsiits’iin yiniitgaii, the beer gave

Ch’fhoogai. da’a-(ni-Perf.)(303): there are white streaks. Da’igai. di-(si-Perf.)(310): a white streak or strip starts to extend along. Deesgai. dzi-(ni-Perf.)(360): a white streak extends away into the distance, a valley stretches away. Dzigai. ha-(yi-Perf.)(437): there is a white outcropping or patch. Haagai (hadaasgai: d.p.). ha-(si-Perf.)(431): there is a white slope, a white slope rises. Haasgai. kidzi-(O-Perf.): a white slope rises, stretches up. Kfdziigai. k’fdzi-(ni-Perf.)(507): S is white-tipped (as an animal’s tail or a bird’s wing). K’idzigai. na-(si-Perf.)(593): there is a white line or streak made up of little scattered piles (as ashes), there is a meandering white trail of S. Naasgai. na-(yi-Perf.): there is a descending white line or strip. Naagai. na-(si-Perf.)(569): there is a circle of white. Nasgai. # P-woo’ ndsgai, P has a good set of teeth (lit. his teeth are a circle of white). naanidzi-(ni-Perf.): there is a white line exten-

me a headache - made my head hurt.) P-’nii-(O/@)(219): to start to heat O (as iron). Bi’niishgaah/bi’niitgaii. ha’ni-(@/yi)(408): to make posole or hominy. Ha’nishgaah/ha’niitgaii (handa’nfshgdadh). honii-(@/@)(457): to heat an area very hot, to cause pain over an area. Honiishgdah/honiitgaii (nadhoniishgadh). # P-ithoniitg4ah, S hurts P (as an injury or burn).

B. CONTINUATIVE |. @-(ti): (1)

na-(@-lmp.)(575):

about.

S (something white) is moving

Naagaah.

C. CURSIVE |. @-(ti): (yi)(759):

ding across,

S (something white) is moving along.

there is a valley or treeless area (as in the mountains). Ndzisgai (ndadzisgai: d.p.). (Tsé Bii’ Ndzisgaii, Monument Valley = valleys or vales among the rocks.) ndzi-(yi-Perf.): a white streak or strip stretches down. Ndzoogai. nihoo-(ni-Perf.)(630): a white line or strip ends. Nihoogai.

Yigah (néddgah:nddnddgah),

D. |. Li-ni-O-(ti):

NEUTER

(Li- is identified as t+classifier,

Naanjidzigai.

ndzi-(si-Perf.)(569):

In the

presence of a preceding prefix, Conjunct or

Disjunct, with no prefix intervening before the

stem, ti- takes the shape -I- and is positioned in the classifier slot. V. Krauss 1969.)

196

GAIl

GAIl

(14) béésh tigaii bee néilgah/, silver polish (that with which silver is re-whitened). (15) béésh tigaii sis, silver belt (P-béésh tigaii sis). (16) béésh tigaii sis yazhi, silver belt with small conchas. (17) bitha’nigahf, hominy, posole. (18) Bitdt’ah Dzigai, Marsh Pass, Arizona (near Kayenta) (there is a white streak on the ledge). (19) bitsiichjjshgahf (~ tsiishgahf), nutcracker (bird) (derivation uncertain). (20) Chiftigai, Three Turkey House (in Canyon de Chelley area)(white ochre). (21) ch{{shghd’iitgaii, Rocky Mountain nuthatch (white on top of the nose or beak). (22) chff[shtigaaf(~chifshgaii), white goose (lit. white nosed one). (23) ch’il bikégai, root end of a plant. (24) ch’iltigaii, cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower (the white plant). (Ib. ch’il tigaaf.) (25) ch’osh ditt’oof tigaaigff, white caterpillar (the white kind of fuzzy bug). (26) ch’dshgai, white spruce. (27) Ch’éshgai, Chuska Peak, Chuska Mountains (near Tohatchi, New Mexico). (28) Daghaatgaii, White Mustache (personal nickname). (29) dit biseel tigaa(gif, white blood corpuscle (-seel = English cell)(the white kind of blood cells).

Ill. ni-O-(ti): (1)

ni-(si-Perf.)(626): S is hot; S hurts, aches. Neezgai. # Dah naaltalgo neezgai, there is a throbbing pain.

# Neezgaigo P-aa ‘fit’i’, P has a piercing pain. honi-(si-Perf.)(455): area is hot; area hurts, aches. # P-ithoneezgai, S hurts P, P is suffering pain from S. (E.g. shijaayi’ honeezgai, my ear aches.)

(2)

# P-tah honeezgai, P is feverish, P has a fever

(lit., P’s body is hot). P-k’e’ni-(si-Perf.)(200): there is pain on account

(3)

of P, something hurts because of P. Bik’e’neezgai. (E.g. dif doo bik’e’neezgai da, this won‘t hurt a bit - as a dentist says before

drilling.)

IV. ni-t-(tt): (1)

(2)

honi-(si-Perf.)(455): S causes an area to hurt, ache, be hot. Honeesgai. # P-ithoneesgai, S gives P pain, causes P to hurt or ache (as P’s head or injured body area). # P-lizh bihoneesgai, P has painful urination. ni-(si-Perf.): S causes pain. Neesgai. # P-it neesgai, S cause pain for P (as a tooth).

E.

(1) (2)

NOUN

(31) dlozitgaii, light colored pine squirrel (the white kind of pine squirrel). (32) Dzittigaii, San Juan Mountains (in south central Colorado) (the white mountains). (33) dzigai, plain, flatland (white streak stretches into

DERIVATIVES

’aghaatgaal, white wool (the wool that is white). ’Ahidazdiigaii, Largo Canyon, New Mexico (the

dis-tance). Dzigai Héteeligif, the Great Plains (the broad white stretch). (34) Dzit Binii’ Ligaii, Navajo Peak, Colorado (near Chromo, north of Chama, New Mexico)(the

upper section)(d.p. treeless areas or vales

(4)

come together). (Cf. Tsfid Bii’ T6) ’andgaii (~ ’anddtgaii), the white of the eye (P-ndgaii). ’Asaatgaas, tub, basin (white enameled type)(the

(5)

‘atsdgai, white eagle.

(3)

(30) dit bil’ ndaa’eet tigaaigif, white blood corpuscles (the white things that float around in the blood). (Ib. dit tigaaigif.)

mountain with a white face).

(35) hadahoniye’ tigaii, white mirage stone. (36) halgai, plain, flat (area is white). haniigaii, stew made with corn, meat, hominy or beans, posole. hasbidftgaai, white dove.

white jar or pot).

(6)

’atsee’ tigai (Ib. ‘atseetgaii), white eagle feathers (placed at the top of a mask). (7) ’ayaadi ’éétigaii, slip (female undergarment) (the white garment underneath). (8) ’azee’ ndoogai, sagebrush (Artemisia franserioides) (white stalked plant). (9) Be’ek’id Halgaii, Lake Valley, New Mexico (the white lake). (10) Be’gotgaaf, White Be’go (a supernatural being). (11) bee na’adzoo/tigaaigif, white chalk, white crayon (the marking instrument that is white). (12) béésh tigaii, silver (the white metal). Béésh figaii ’aldahdi ‘ilfinii, platinum (the most valuable

) hashttish tigaaigif, plaster of Paris, plaster (white mud). Hashttish tigaa/gff ’aah niit’aah, plaster cast (white mud that is put on some-

thing). (40) jeetigai, chewing gum (white resin). (41) ké bee néilgahf, white shoe polish (that with which shoes are repeatedly whitened). (42)

Kin tigaai,

Baca, New Mexico; Moenave,

Arizona; Canyon Diablo, Arizona; Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico; San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico; and Navajo Springs, Arizona (east of Holbrook) (the white house or building). (43) Kin Ndhdlgaaf, the Capitol Building (in Washington) (building that is white in a circle reference is to the dome).

white metal). Béésh tigaii yitsid ba hooghan, silversmith’s shop (building where silver is pounded), (13) béésh tigaii ‘aniitt’66t, silver bridle.

eM

GAIl

Is mh.

ti Ds mo oO

GAN

Kinii’ Na‘igai, White House (Ruin)(in Canyon de Chelley, Arizona) (house with a white strip

Tsé ’Atch’[’ Naagai, Whiterock, Arizona (rocks descend in a white line and come together). Tsé Bii’ Ndzisgaii, Monument Valley, Arizona and Utah (clearings among the rocks). tsé’ast’éftgaal (tsé’Ast’éfgaii, tsé’Ast’étgaaigii),

across - middle). k’aaldgii igaaigii, white butterfly. pro (L6k’a'‘jigai), Lukachukai, Arizona; (the former) Southwestern Range and Sheep Breeding Laboratory, near Fort Wingate, New Mexico

white piki bread.

Tsétgai, Salahkai, Arizona (white rock). 73) Tsétgaii, Stoney Butte, New Mexico (north of Crownpoint) (white rock). Tséteet Naagaii, Coalmine Pass (the former Window Rock Coalmine)(wide rock descends white). tsiishgaii, pygmy nuthatch (the white-headed one). wd6neeshch’'jjdii binda’ a’tigaal, white-eyed locust. wodneeshchjjdii tigaaigif, white locust or cicada. yoo’ tigaal (yootgaii), white bead. Yootgaii Dziil, White Shell Mountain (a ceremonial name for Sisnaajinii, Sierra Blanca

(rushes, reeds or cattails extend outin

a white line). téchagigaii, Greyhound Bus, greyhound (dog) ( i that iswhite). , toilet bow! (the white dish or

feezh figaal (ib. dleesh), gypsum (white dirt). Lid Néigahi, Smoke Signal, Arizona (where Oo

smoke signals are repeatedly made). bitsiigha’ figaii, palomino (horse) (the horse fe

with white hair or mane)(P-Ijf bitsiigha’ tigaii). ye white horse (P-ljigaii). iiBe’ek’id (Ib. T6 Hwithini),

White Horse

Peak).

ke, New Mexico.

neogaii, the white of evening twilight and wn; the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights (it white about)(Cf. nahootsoii, the yellow of the

(PA *GanY

ning twilight). poz figaai, white velvet ant.

GAN

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “dry, withered.” Occurs, with ©-classifier, in Active and Neuter verb bases meaning “be(come) dry or withered,” plus extended meanings “skinny, emaciated, mummified, paralyzed (a person’s limb).” With t-causative, transitive bases are formed meaning “cause to dry up or wither.”

‘Aigaii, white corn (the corn that is white). 2a ee ‘Ashkii, White Corn Boy. Nea d4’aigaii “At’ééd, White Corn Girl. Nee dé ’digaii bee hooghan, White Corn Home (the home of Hayootkddt Hastiin and Hayootkadt ’Asdzdan, in the east). ) naal ‘eetfigail, snowy egret (the white duck). ) ndeesgai, the stalk of the yucca plant after it has begun to grow tall and has taken on a whitish cast ‘ Halgai, the White World (of mythology). el bica agai, Seba Dalkai, Arizona. Ss figaai (Ib. béésh tigaai sis), silver belt. 9’

A.MOM. B.CONCL. C.NEUT.

tsoh figaii, a star that appears in the east and

US /IT.

gan

gaéh

-

-

PERF.

= gan gan

FUT.

OPT.

gaat -

=

MOMENTANEOUS

|, O-(ti):

tahoniigaah, fever (the body becomes hot). Tahoniig4ah fichii’go naainiihigif, scarlet fever,

(1)

P-'nii-(@/O)(217):

(2)

mummify, get skinny or emaciated. Bi’niigan/ bi’niigan. ni-(ni/ni)(650): to become skinny, emaciated, “nothing but skin and bones” (lit. to finish drying up). Ninishgan/ninigan.

( the epidemic red fever).

Tahoniigaah nitsaaigif, influenza (the great fever). T6 Yaagaii, Sanostee, New Mexico (the water that rises in a white column. Reference is to an artesian well that formerly spewed up a column of water. The well has been “developed,” and

to start to dry up, wither away,

ll. £-(tt):

the column is no longer seen. The name “sanostee” is the anglicized form of Navajo Tsé’atndoztii, Layered Rocks- a location near

(66) (67)

IMP.

A.

in the west - no doubt the Evening and Morning Star (Venus) (the big white star). shash figaii, white bear, polar bear.

scarietina

[@]: dry; [t]: cause to

be[come] dry.)

(1)

the community).

(2)

toohk’indiigaii, snowy egret (Ib. toohjj’ ndiigaii). #6 'iigahf (or t’6é’ yiigdhii), white evening primrose (Oenothera breviflora) (the one that

blooms white at night). Wizfgaai, white goat.

198

P-fdii-(@/O): S (as food) dries on P (as a skillet). Bidiitgan/bidiitgan. P-'nii-(@/O)(219): to start to dry O (as peaches), Bi’niishgan/bi’niitgan.

-GAAN

GAN

B. CONCLUSIVE

(9)

16 Bééhwiisganf, Pinedale, New Mexico (the place where there is a dry area around the water)(béé- = bina-). (10) tsin bineest’a’ daazganigff, dried fruit.

|, @-(ti): (@/si)(781):

to dry up, wither, mummify, become

skinny or emaciated

flowers).

(a person, leaves, fruit,

Yishgan/ségan.

’a-(O/si)(34): unspecified S dries up, withers, “burns up” (as a crop, from heat and drouth),

-GASH

"Agan/'azgan (naa’dgan). # P-ee 'agan, P loses (his) crops to drouth, P’s

Noun stem used with -ff-thematic in the construction -figash, semen. (Cf. the verb root GAAZH: leap up in sleep, shoot [evil] with the eyes.)

crops “burn up.”

Il. L(t):

(1)

(@/si)(781): to dry, wilt, dessicate O (fruit, herbs). Yishgan/sétgan (nddnashgan).

GAZH

NAVAJO: Occurs, with di?-thematic: relates to fire, and t-classifier, as the theme in a verb base meaning “swing a fire-brand.” GAZH may be cognate with GAAZH.

C. NEUTER REPETITIVE

|. O-(ti): (1)

Durative

(si-Perf.)(686):

S is dry, withered, wilted. Sigan (nddandsgan). # P-jddd sigan, P’s leg is paralyzed, P has a withered leg (as an infantile paralysis victim). # P-gaan sigan, P’s arm is paralyzed, withered.

(1)

di-(@-Imp.)(330): to swing O (a firebrand). Dishgazh (naddishgazh).

Onomatopoetic: imitates the “caw” sound made by a crow. Functions as

the stem in the noun: gdagii (-ii, the one),

D.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(5) (6)

’akéshgaan,

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

hoof, toenail,

claw, talon (dried foot)

(P-késhgaan). ’Akéshgaan ’aghdat, hoof rattle (cere-monial object). ’akéshgaat’ah, space under the toenail (toenail pocket or niche) (P-késhgaat’ah). ’Al€shgaan, fingernail (dried hand) (P-flashgaan). ’AlAshgaat’ah, space under the fingernail (fingernail pocket or niche). ’asga’, (something's) dried up remains, hulk or stump (P-isga’/P-’esga’ = P’s secondarily

GAAL

(of a quadruped), limb (of an animal, human or tree), front wheel (of a

trade money, trade

vehicle). # gaanee, by hand,manual (as gaanee naanish, manual labor). # -gaadikéé’ (-dikéé’, footprints), arm prints made by a human, prints made by the

foreleg of a quadruped. # -gaadoh (-doh, muscle), arm muscle. # -gaaghah ~ ganighah (-ghah, beside), area of the scapula. # -gaak’is (-k’is, one missing), having an arm or foreleg missing.

Didzétsoh bisga’,

dried peach. Jddd Sigani, Skinny Legs, Toothpick Legs (personal nickname)(withered or dried up legs).

(8) tééchasga’l,

arm

(of a person or other primate), foreleg

chip (the tokens formerly used by traders in lieu of money in order to prevent customers from doing business with competitors) (lit. the dried up remains of money). Chidibisga’, car hulk, old abandoned car body. Dibé bisga’, dry sheepskin (in hard form, before tanning). Tsin bisga’, old snag of a tree, old dead tree. Ts’ah

bisga, sagebrush stump.

Stem noun: the power of locomotion, faculties (arms, legs, eyes, intellect), transportation.

(PA *Ga-ni, arm) Stem noun:

possessed dry hide). bisga’, its dried up remains. Béégashii bisga’, dry cowskin. ‘Atsj’ bisga’, dried meat, pemmican. Béeso bisga’ (Ib. bééshkag/ béeso; béésht’ahf béeso),

(7)

crow.

old skinny dog, emaciated dog.

199

GAAZH

-GAAN

# Gaak’isf

(-f, the one),

One-Armed (a

nickname applied to a person with an

arm missing). # Gaa’agodf (-’agod-, Stump-Arm,

(2)

stump + -f, the one),

Short-Arm

(nickname).

# -gaal66’~ gaanldd’ (-166’?), forearm, lower arm, ulna. # -gaats’in (ts’in, bone), armbone, bone of the arm or foreleg, # -gaastsiin ~ gddstsiin (-tsiin, trunk, handle),

that was going about in the throes of starvation.) tsi’na-(@/si)(594): to go about in reckless abandon, live a fast life, be “wild” and foolhardy. Tsi’naashgaash /tsi’nishishgaazh.

C.

DIVERSATIVE

. £-(tt):

scapula, shoulderblade,

# -gaayaal(-yaa-, under + -f, the one), forearm. # -gaaziz (-ziz < -zis, bag, sack, container), sleeve (lit. arm bag). # chidf bigaan (bigaan, its forelegs), car's front wheel(s). # tsin bigaan (bigaan, limb), tree limb(s),

P-taa’a-(@/si)(248): to do sorcery among P, go among P casting spells, go about hexing P. Bitaa’ashgazh/bitaa’shétgazh (bitaandd’dshgazh).

Dy

SREPEMnhVE Durative

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning is obscure. Occurs: (1) with L-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “leap up in one’s sleep, have a nightmare or bad dream,” and (2) with Lclassifier as the theme in bases

GAAZH

meaning “shoot evil with the eyes, hex.”

metee(itt) ’adi-(O-Imp.)(25): to be a sorcerer, witch or wizard, to be able to cast evil spells with one’s

eyes.

’Adishgash.

Neuter bases

have the meaning “rumpled, hunched.”

A.MOM. Trans. B.CONT. C.DIV. D.REP. E.SEM. E.NEUT,

E,

IMP.

OSTA

Ete.

lela

ORTr

gddsh

gash

gaazh

gash

gdaash

gaash gazh gash gash gash

gash gash gash -

gaazh gazh gash gaazh

gash gash -

gaash gazh gash

gash

. £-(tt): yii-(@/si)(799): to cast a spell on O, bewitch O, hex O (by shooting evil magic with one’s eyes).

Yiishgash/shétgash

F.

to leap up in one’s sleep, have a

nightmare or bad dream, Ndiishgdash/ndiishgaazh (nindddiishgddsh). # P-k’ee hdiishgddsh, to leap up in one’s

shishgaazh. (E.g. tééchaa’{tsinyaagi dah yishgaazh, the dog is standing hunched in misery under the tree.)

sleep because of P, to have a bad dream about P.

G.

B. CONTINUATIVE

(1)

|. L-(ti): (1)

NEUTER

(O-lmp.)(762)(with prepounded dah): S is rumpled, humped, wrinkled (something stiff, as linoleum, roofing paper, carpet). Dah yilgash. (si-Perf.)(693)(wtih prepounded dah): to stand or be hunched up (as a person who is cold). Dah

I. L-(ti): ndii-(@/@)(618):

(nddayiishgash).

. L+(ti):

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

SEMELFACTIVE

na-(@/si)(594):

to go about in a miserable condition (as if starving, freezing). Naashgaash/nishishgaazh. # P-k’ee naashgaash, to go about in misery because of P. (E.g. tééchaa’lIéi’ dichin yik’ee naalgaashgo yiittsd, | saw a dog

(3)

200

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘adigash, witchcraft, sorcery (of the type accomplished by shooting darts of evil with one’s eyes, mind or hand)(the shooting of evil magic). ‘aditgashii, sorcerer, witch (one who shoots evil magic). ‘figash, semen (P-figash).

GESH

GEED

‘Etymology uncertain. Morice [THE CARRIER LANGUAGE] connects this GESH with “open the eyes” (V. GEEZH], saying, “To understand the connection between lightning and the eyes, we have only to remember that the Carriers believe that thunder is a gigantic bird, the flashes of whose eyes produce what we call lightning.” [Vol.l, p.298]. See also the etymological note under CH’IL. However, there are other possible connections. Compare Sarci -gdts’: sound harsh and dull,

‘anddndshgééd). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

(2)

(3)

(4)

and Eyak -Gahdzh: make to resound by beating or tapping. On the other hand note the Navajo doublet jishgish under GIZH, from PA

*Gidzh,

which refers to

(5)

hole back up, re-fill

action with a sticklike object, or the fork of a stick.) (Leer) (6)

SEMELFACTIVE (7)

I. L-(ti): jii-(@/si)(490): lightning flashes, there is a flash of lightning. Jiilgesh. fndajii-(O-lter.)(490): there are repeated flashes

(2)

(8)

of lightning. Ndajiilgesh. (9)

(PPA *GWe’d > PA *Ged [Successive PPA *GWid > PA *Gud] [2,1]: pierce with a sticklike instrument, dig; [1]: thrust an elongated object forward,

GEED

poke;

[lt]: go on all four.)

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning appears to be “act with a rigid, elongated object.” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “dig, shovel, tunnel;” (2) with L-classifier in bases meaning “cause an elongated object to protrude, stick into, jab, stab;” and (3) with L-classifier in bases meaning “move bucking” (a quadruped). The latter, in combination with the postposition -it, in company with, produces the extended base meaning “ride bucking (on a quadruped).” iM Pa

Sr/ lite ER eee

Geer Clee

felis

A.MOM.|

gééd_

go’

geed

-

got

gééd

Trans. B.CONT. C.REP.

geed_ god

go’ go’

geed geed

-

got got

geed gééd

E.CURS.___-

-

-

-

got/ gééd__-

A. MOMENTANEOUS |, O-(tt): (1)

’a-(B/yi)(478): to dig or shovel O away out of sight. ’lishgééd/"figeed (’andshgééd:

:

to shovel O

a space or area by shovel-

ing. ’Anahashgééd/anahdéégeed gééd).

NAVAJO: Occurs with L-classifier and the prefix ji(~ dzi-), away into space, with the meaning “lighten, lightning flashes.” The base employs the single stem shape GESH.

(1)

’iishgééd,

down from a height. ’a-(ni/ni)(118): to go, come, arrive burrowing or tunneling (digging unspecified O). ’Anishgééd/ ‘an(geed (ndda’nishgééd). # teeyi’ ’anishgééd, to tunnel underground. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(379): to shovel O down (as gravel from a truck)). 'Adaashgééd/’adaageed (’adandshgééd:’adanddandshgééd). ’adi-(@/si)(25): to start to burrow or tunnel along, start to run aditch. 'Adishgééd/’adégeed (f’dishgééd: naa’dishgééd). ’andha-(-ho-)(@/yi)(393-like hahassadah): to filla

(’anfndahash-

P-di-(@/yi)(180): to dig away part of P (as part of an arroyo bank), to reduce or subtract from P by digging. Bidishgééd/bidffgeed (binaddishgééd). # P-ts'aa’ bidishgééd, to remove part of it (by digging) without P’s permission. P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to dig, tunnel or burrow through P (as through a mountain). Bigha’nfshgééd/bigha’nigeed (bighanda’nishgééd), P-k’ihoo-(= P-k’ihoyi-)(@/@): to cover P with earth (by digging - as a dog who buries a bone). Bik’ihooshgééd /bik’ihoogeed (bik’indhooshgééd:bik’inddhooshgééd). P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): to cover P with O by digging or shoveling (as in covering P with dirt). Bik’iish-

gééd/bik’iigeed (bik’inéishgééd:bik’indanéishgééd). # teezh bik’iishgééd, to cover O with dirt, shovel dirt over O, (10) P-nda’a-(@/si)():; to dig or tunnel around P. Bina’ashgeed/bini’ségeed. (11) P-nfka’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to dig, tunnel or burrow through P (as through a mountain). Binkka’nishgééd/binkka’nfgeed (binfkanaa’nishgééd). (12) P-nf’'a-(@/yi)(237): to dig into P, dig a depression or hole in P (without penetrating through, as in digging into an arroyo bank). Binf'aAshgééd/

binffigeed

(binfndda’ashgeed).

(13) P-ya’dii-(@/@)(258): to undermine P by digging under (it), to dig in under (as under a rock). Biya’diishgééd/biya'diigeed (biyana’diishgééd: biyanda’diishgééd), (14) di-(@/si)(335): to cut O (as a dam, by digging a

drain ditch), to drain O. Dishgééd/déégeed (ndishgééd:ndadishgééd). (di-thematic.) # T6 dishgééd,

to drain off water, to dig a ditch for water. (15) ha-(@/yi)(432): to dig O out (as sand, clay), to dig O up (as something buried), to mine O (as coal). Haashgééd/hddgeed (handshgééd: handdndshgééd). # P-ii’'déé’ haashgééd, to dig O out of P (as coal out of a container).

GEED

GEED

# Handshgééd, to dig O back up (something buried), disinter O (as a body).

(16)

ha'a-(@/yi)(403):

(17)

ha-(@ or si/si)(432): to dig O up (something buried), to divert O (water, by digging a trench).

(18

~—

(19

~~

(20

—

to stick O through P, stab P through with O, run P through with O (as with a sword or spear). Bighanishgééd/bighanftgeed (bighananishgééd:bighanddnishgééd). P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to stab P, run P through (with unspecified O). Bigha’nishgééd/ bigha’nitgeed (bighdna’nishgééd:bighanaa’nishgééd). P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to stick or stab O through P, to run P through with O (as a person with a sword). Binikanishgééd/binikanitgeed (binfkananishgééd:binfkandanfshgeed). (7) P-nika’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to stab P (through), to run P through (with unspecified O). Binika’nishgééd/binika’nitgeed (binikana’nishgééd:binkanaa’nishgééd).(lb.#5.) P-za-(@/yi)(262): to ram O (as a stick, pencil) into P’s mouth. Bizaashgééd/bizadtgeed (bizanashgééd:bizandandshgééd). di-(@/yi)(332): to jab (with fire). Dishgééd/diitgeed (nddadishgééd). As in: # Biih dishgééd, to ignite O with a torch. (E.g. ch’il ko’ biih diitgeed, | set fire to the weeds with a torch or burning firebrand.) (10) dzfdza-(@/yi)(358): to stick O (as one’s tongue, a pencil or stick) into the fire. Dzidzaashgééd/ dzidzadgeed (dzidzandshgééd:dzidzandanashgééd). (11) ha-(@/yi)(432): to stick O out (as one’s tongue). Haashgééd/haatgeed (handshgééd: hanaandshgééd). # Sitsoo’ bich’j’ haashgééd, | stick my tongue out at him. (12) (G/yi)(775): to stick O (completive). Yishgééd/yitgeed (nashgééd:nddanashgééd). # P-iih yishgééd, to stick O into P (as one’s tongue into a bottle). # P-jaayi’ yishgééd, to stick O (as a stick,

to carry ona mining operation,

do mining (lit. to dig out unspecified O). Ha’ashgééd/ha figeed (handaa’dshgééd), 4a’4

Haashgééd/haségeed (handashgééd:handandshgééd) or hashishgééd/haségeed (handshishgééd:handdshishgééd). # T6 hashishgééd, to drain off water, to diga ditch for water. hahi-(@/si)(392): to dig a hole, make an excavation (lit. dig O out one shovelful after another). Hahashgééd/hahdageed (handadhashgééd). haho’nii-(@/@)(397): to start to dig a hole, start to make an excavation. Haho’niishgééd/ haho’niigeed (handho’niishgééd:hanaaho’niishgééd). hahwii-(= hahohi- > hahoyi-)(@/si)(398):

to dig a

hole or pit in the ground. Hahwiishgééd/hah66geed or hahoyégeed (handhwiishgééd:handahwiishgééd).

(21)

ha-P-’nii-(@/O@)(373): to start to dig O out, start to mine O (as coal). Habi’niishgééd/habi’niigeed

(22

te’a-(@/yi)(516):

(23

P-gha-(ni/ni)(192):

(hanabi’niishgééd:hanaabi’niishgééd). Se

—

to dig a pit, excavate a cellar (lit.

dig unspecified O in the earth). te’figeed (tenda’adshgééd). na-(@/yi)(594): to shovel O down a truck), to unload O (by digging itdown), Naashgééd/nddgeed nindanashgééd).

te’ashgééd/ (as gravel from and shoveling (nindshgééd:

ll. D-(Passive):

(1)

P-gha’a-(ni/ni)(189): P is tunneled through, pierced by a tunnel (lit. unspecified S tunnels or burrows through P), a tunnel is built through P. Bigha’igééd/bigha’igeed (bighanda’igééd).

knife, pencil) into P’s ear. # Taah yishgééd, to stick O (as one’s tongue,

a Stick) into the water.

IV. L-(tr-Pass.):

Ill. £-(tt):

(2)

(3)

’a-(D/yi)(481): to stick or jab O away out of sight, stick O in (a sword, pin, thorn). ’lishgééd/ ‘ftgeed (’andshgééd :’anddndshgééd). # P-aa ’iishgééd, to stick or jab O into P (asa sword, spear). ’a’a-(@/yi)(364): to dig or drill away out of sight (i.e. to stick or jab unspecified O away out of sight). ’E’eshgééd/'i'iitgeed (’and’dshgééd: ’anda’dshgééd). # P-ika ’e’eshgééd, to dig or drill for P (to get P - as oil or minerals). P-44’di-(@/yi)(151): to shovel or dig the covering off of P, dig P up (as potatoes, a bone, a buried O). Béd’dishgééd/bda'diftgeed (bdnina’dishgééd:baninda’dishgééd).

(1)

’a-(@/yi)(481): to stick or jab O away out of sight (in a reflexive context). ‘lishgééd/’eeshgeed (‘andshgééd: ’anddndshgééd). # ’Adaa ‘iishgééd, to stick O into oneself (as a knife or sword). ’a’a-(O/yi)(364): to stick or jab something unspecified away out of sight. ’E’eshgééd/ ’e’eeshgeed (’ana’dshgééd: ’anda’dshgééd).

(3)

‘Adigha-(ni/ni)(16): to stick or stab O through self, run oneself through with O (as with a sword). ’Adighdnishgéé/"Adighdnishgeed (’Adighananishgeed:’adighandadnishgééd). (lb. #7 below.) ’Adigha’(a)-(ni/ni)(16): to stab oneself (through), to run oneself through (with unspecified O).

# ’Adaa ’e’eshgééd,

202

to stab oneself.

GEED

GEED

’Adigha'nishgééd/’adigha’nishgeed (’Adigha-

(5)

’Adinikanishgééd/’Adinikanishgeed

(6)

(7)

makes a circuit bucking. 'Ahéé’flgééd/ ‘ahéé’figeed (’ahéninda’gééd).

('Adinika-

# P-it ’ahéé’flgééd,

(8)

run oneself through (with unspecified O, as with

(8)

(Adinikana’nishgééd:’ddinkkanda’nishgééd). ’Agha-(ni/ni)(35): to stick, stab or jab O through

oneself (as a sword, knife). "Aghdnishgééd/

around in a circle, on bucking S (a

‘aghdnishgeed. (|b. #3 above.) *Agha’(a)-(ni/ni)(35) to stab oneself, run oneself through (with unspecified O - as with sword or

horse). ’ahé6hi-(@/si)(48):

(9)

knife). ’Aghd’nishgééd/’agha’nfshgeed (Aghanda’nishgééd).

(lb. #4 above.)

L-(ti):

(10)

’a-(O/yi)(475): to go bucking away out of sight (a quadruped, as a horse). ‘lilgééd/’eelgeed

(andlgééd :’anddndlgééd). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iilgeed, S goes bucking down from a height. # Yah ’iilgééd, S goes bucking into an enclosure (as into a corral). # P-it yah ’iilgééd, P (a rider) goes bucking into an enclosure on S (the horse). # Y66’ ’iilgééd, S goes bucking away and

(11)

(12)

disappears.

# P-it y66’ ’iilgééd, P (a rider) rides away

(2)

bucking on S and disappears. ’a’a-(O/yi)(363): unspecified S (as a horse) goes bucking away out of sight. ’E’elgééd/’o’ool-

(13

geed (’and’dlgééd:’anda’dlgééd). # P-it’e’elgééd, P (a rider) goes bucking away on horseback. # P-ityah ’e’elgééd, P (a rider) goes bucking into an enclosure on horseback. # P-it y66’ ’e’elgeed, P (a rider) goes bucking

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

P rides bucking around in

a circle, P makes a circuit bucking, on horseback. ’ahéé’ii-(= ’ahéna’ahi-)(O/si): unspecified S (as a horse) goes bucking around and around ina circle. ’Ahéé’iilgééd/’ahéé’iisgeed (‘ahéninda’iilgééd). # P-it ’ahéé’iilgééd, P rides around and

nanishgééd:’ddinkkanddnishgééd). *Adinika’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to stab oneself through,

a sword). ’Adinika’nishgééd/’Adinfka’nishgeed

(7)

’ahé6’a-(= ’ahéna’a-)(ni/ni)(50): unspecified S goes bucking around in a circle, unspecified S

na’nishgééd: ‘Adighdnaa’nishgééd). ’Adinika-(ni/ni)(236): to stick O through oneself, stab oneself through with O (as with a sword).

—

(14)

away and disappears on horseback. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(8): S comes down bucking, S descends bucking (as a horse), ’Adaalgééd/

’adaalgeed (‘adandlgééd:’adandanalgééd). # P-it’adaalgééd, P rides down bucking on S. ’ada’a-(O/yi)(11): unspecified S descends bucking (as a horse down a hill). ‘Ada’algééd/ ‘ada’oolgeed. # P-it ’ada’algééd, P rides down bucking, P rides down on a bucking horse. ’adii-(@/O)(28)(with prepounded dah, off): unspecified S starts off bucking (as a horse). Dah ‘adiilgééd/dah ’adiilgeed. # P-it dah ’adiilgééd, P starts off bucking, P starts off on a bucking horse. ’ahénad-(ni/ni)(46): S goes bucking around ina circle, S makes a circuit bucking (as a horse). ’Ahénadlgééd /’ahéndlgeed (’ahéninddndlgééd).

(15)

(16)

(17)

# P-it ’ahéndlgééd, P rides around in a circle on S bucking (as on a horse).

203

S goes bucking around and

around in circles (as a horse). ’Ahééhélgééd/ ‘ahééheesgeed ('ahéninddhélgééd). # P-it ’ahééhélgééd, P rides S (a horse) around and around in a circle bucking. P-gha-(ni/ni)(759): S goes bucking through P (as a horse through a fence). Yighdlgééd/yighalgeed (yighdnalgééd:yighanadnadlgééd). # P-it p-ghdlgééd, P rides S (the horse) bucking through p (as a fence). P-nd4-(@/si)(228): S goes bucking around P (as a horse around a hogan). Yindlgééd/yindsgeed (yinfndlgééd:yinfndandlgééd). # P-it yindlgééd, P rides S (the horse) bucking around it. P-nd’a-(@/si)(228): unspecified S goes bucking around P. Yind’algééd/yina’dsgeed (yinina’algééd:yininaa’algééd). # P-it p-nda’dlgééd, P (rider) goes bucking around p (as around a hogan) horseback. P-nika-(ni/ni)(766): S goes bucking through P

(as a horse through a gate). Yinikalgééd/ yinkdlgeed (yinikandlgééd:yinkandanalgééqd). # P-it p-nikadlgééd, P (a rider) goes bucking through p (as a gate) on S (a horse). P-nika’a-(ni/ni)(766): unspecified S goes bucking through P (as a horse through a gate). Yintka’lgééd/yinkka’ilgeed (yinikanda'iigééd: yinikanaa’flgééd). # P-it p-nika’ilgééd, P rides through p bucking, on horseback. ch’f-(ni/ni)(278): S comes out bucking (horizontally, as a horse from a chute). Ch’élgééd/ ch’élgeed (ch’indlgeed:ch ’(naanalgééd). # P-itch’élgééd, P rides out bucking on S (as ona horse). ch’f'a-(ni/ni)(277): unspecified S comes out bucking. Ch’é’élgééd/ch’fflgeed (ch’ina’igééd:ch'inda ‘lgééd). # P-it ch’é’élgééd, P rides out bucking on horseback, ch’{-(@/yi)(278): S goes bucking out horizontally (completive). Ch’élgééd/ch’éélgeed (ch’inalgééd: ch’inddnalgeéd). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’élgééd, S goes bucking over the edge (as over a cliff).

GEED

GEED

(18) ch’fa-(@/yi)(277: unspecified S goes bucking out (completive). Ch’é’élgééd/ch Toolgeed

B. CONTINUATIVE

(19

(20

(ch’ina’algééd: ch’inda’algééd). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-it ch’é’élgééd, rides over the edge on horseback. —

di-(@/si)(319): (as ahorse).

|. O-(tt):

P (1)

S starts to move along bucking Dilgééd/deesgeed (ndilgééd:

here and there (as in drowning out prairie

naddilgééd). # P-itdilgééd, P starts to ride along bucking on S (arider on a horse). —

dii-(@/O)(343):

na-(@/si)(596): to go about digging or gathering O (as medicinal herbs), to dig ditches around

dogs). Naashgeed/niségeed (ninddndsgeed). # 16 naashgeed, to dig ditches around here and there (in drowning out prairie dogs).

S (as a horse) starts to move

bucking. Diilgééd/diilgeed (ndiilgééd:naddiilgééd). In: # Dah diilgééd, S starts off bucking (as a horse).

(1)

# P-it dah diilgééd, P (a rider) starts off riding on S (a horse), bucking. (21) ha-(@/yi)(427): S (as a horse) starts to buck, S comes out bucking. Haalgééd/haalgeed (handlgééd: handandalgééd). # P-ithaalgééd, S (as a horse) starts to buck with P (its rider), comes out bucking with P. (22 ~— ha-(@/si)(427): S (as a horse) climbs up bucking (as up a hillside). Haalgééd/haasgeed (handlgééd:handanalgééd). # P-ithaalgééd, P rides S up bucking, P goes bucking up on S. (23 ~— ha’a-(@/si)(404): unspecified S goes up bucking. Ha’algééd/ha’asgeed (handa’dlgééd:handa’dlgééd). # P-itha’algééd, P rides up bucking, on horseback. (24 ~~ (ni/ni)(762): S (as a horse) goes, comes, arrives bucking. Yilgééd/yilgeed (ndlgééd:ndanalgééd). # P-ityilgééd, P (a rider) goes, comes, arrives bucking on S (a horse). (25) ni-(ni/ni)(668): S (as a horse) goes bucking as far as a stopping point, S stops bucking. Niilgééd/niilgeed (ninddndlgééd). # -jj’ P-it niilgééd, P (a rider) rides S (asa horse) bucking as far as -- (a designated place). # Ni’ niilgééd, S stops bucking. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niilgééd, S goes bucking across, # Tsé’naa P-it niilgééd, P rides bucking across ons. (26) ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(639): unspecified S goes bucking as far as a stopping point. Ni’lgééd/ni’geed (nina ’Ngééd:ninda flgééd). # -jj’ P-it ni’lgééd, P rides as far as -- (a designated stopping point) on horseback, bucking. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ni’lgééd, P rides

na-(@/si)(581): S (as a horse) goes bucking around, S (as a lamb, sheep or colt) is frisking about. Naalgeed/ naasgeed (ninddndlgeed). # Bit dahézhgggo ndaalgeed, they (lambs, kids, colts) are frisking merrily about. # P-itnaalgeed, P rides about bucking on S (as a horse, burro). na’a-(@/si)(550): unspecified S goes about bucking. Na’algeed/na’asgeed (nindda’dlgeed). # P-itna’algeed,

P rides about bucking on

horseback.

C.

REPETITIVE Durative

|. O-(tt): di-(O)(334):

(3)

to poke O.

Dishgod.

# Ko’ dishgod, to poke the fire. naha-(naho-)(@/yi)(530): to hoe an area (lit. to dig the earth in a circle, with repeated chopping/digging actions). Nahashgod/ nahdéddégeed (ninddhdashgod). P-ndha-(P-naho-)(@/yi)(530): to hoe around P (as around acorn plant). Bindhdshgod/ bindhdéddgeed (binindahashgod).

D.

CURSIVE

|, O-(tt): (yi)(782): to be digging or spading along (ina line), to be digging a trench or shoveling a path (as through the snow). Yishgot/deinfigééd (ndandashgoh). # Yas yishgot, to be shoveling a path through the snow.

across on horseback, bucking.

(1)

204

(yi)(762): S (as a horse, burro) goes bucking along, S (as a lamb or colt) goes frisking along. YilgoVdellgééd (ndalgot:ndandalgot).

GEED

(2)

(3)

GEEZ

# P-ityilgot, P is riding along bucking on S (as a rider on a bucking horse). ’a-(yi)(682): unspecified S goes bucking along. ‘Oolgot (na’oolgot:naa’oolgot). # P-it ’oolgot, P rides along bucking on horseback, P is riding along on a bucking horse. naana-(yi)(587): S goes bucking or frisking

crooked, askew.”

A.TRANS. B.CONT. C.NEUT.

V. GIZ.

IMP.

WIS AL

IPERS

Wiis

Ol

géés géés -

gis gis -

geez gééz gééz

gis gis -

géés géés -

around to and fro (a horse, colt, lamb).

A. TRANSITIONAL

Naandalgot/naandefigééd.

|. di-O-(ti): E. (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7) (8) (9)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

(1)

’agaastsiin bééhégod, hoe made from the shoulderblade of an elk or deer (shoulderblade hoe)(P-’egaastsiin bééhégod) (E.g. she’egaastsiin bééhégod, my hoe.). ’azee’ neigeedii,

(2)

herbalist, herb doctor (the one

who goes about digging up herbs). Baa’oogeedf, White Cone, Arizona (where it was dug into). Be’ek’id Baa ’O’oogeed/, a lake located near White Cone, Arizona (lake that was dug into). bééhégod (~ bééhdgod), hoe (it is dug around, digging around itis done < binadhdgod. Bina- ~ béé-) (P-bé’éhégod). béésh haagééd, mine (iron or copper mine) (iron or metal is dug out). bigha’fgeed (lb. binfka’igeed), tunnel (it was dug through, pierced through by digging). binika’igeed (Ib. bighd’igeed), tunnel (it was dug through, an opening was dug through it). ha’agééd, mine (something is dug out).

dii-(@/@)(341): S becomes crooked or askew, S slumps to one side (as a loose saddle). Diigéés/diigeez (ndiigéés: naddiigéés). hodii-(@/@)(341): area becomes crooked. Hodiigéés /hodiigeez. # P-zéé’ hodiigeez, P’s mouth became crooked (as that of a person who has suffered a stroke).

Il. di-t-(tt): (1)

dii-(@/@)(341):

to twist or turn O (as one’s arm, to look at a wristwatch). Diisgéés/diitgeez (ndiisgéés:naddiisgéés).

B. CONTINUATIVE |. di-O-(ti): (1)

(10) te’oogeed, storage pit, storage cellar (dug into

the ground)(P-te’oogeed). (Reference is to the jugshaped pit dug into the ground and lined with cornhusks, used for the storage of perishable vegetables during the winter.) (11) teejin haagééd, coalmine (coal is dug out). (12) teejin haigédi, coalminer (the one who digs out

nahodi-(@/si)(540):

“things,” impersonal “it” slump around, go “out of kilter.” Nahodigéés/nahodeezgééz. In: # T’66 P-ch’j’ nahodigéés, “things” go wrong for P, P has bad luck (lit. “things” slump around or become askew toward P).

coal)

C. NEUTER

(13) teeyi’igeed (~ teeyi’ yigeed), trench, ditch (dug along in the earth). (14) t6 haasgeed, headgate, beginning of an irrigation diversion ditch (water was diverted). (15) téko’fyika ’ada’atgo’ii, oil drillers, oil drilling crew (the ones who dig [bore] holes [looking] for oil). (16) té yigeed, ditch, canal (dug along for water). (17) té6 yigeed hatsohigif, irrigation canal (large water ditch). (18) tsin bee yigotf, wood rasp (the one with which wood is dug into). (19) yas bee naageedi, snow shovel (the one with which digging in the snow is done).

(V. GIZ.

|. di-O-(ti): (1)

slumped. Nahodigééz. In: # T’66 P-ch’j’ nahodigééz, P is out of luck (lit. “things” are askew or slumped toward

D. (1)

PA *Géts’ [di]: be twisted,

crooked.)

GEEZ NAVAJO:

nahodi-(ni-Perf.)(540): “things” are askew,

Cognate with GIZ. Occurs,

with di-thematic and @-classifier, in

verb bases meaning “be(come)

205

NOUN

DERIVATIVE

’azéé’ hodiigeez, lateral facial paralysis (the mouth is twisted). (Bizéé’ hodiigeez, he has lateral facial paralysis - his mouth is twisted.)

GEEZ

GIZ

(~ ts'igeez) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the low-pitched squeaking sound

GEEZ

southeast of the juncture of the Colorado and San Juan Rivers (lit. the One-With-ACane’s land). # hoogishf (hoo = kg’, fire?), whirlstick for the firedrill (usually the flower stem of the

made by a door as it opens or closes on rusty hinges.

tsa’dszi’, yucca).

(PA *Getsh’ wide.)

[li]: open the eyes

(PPA

GEEZH

GIZ NAVAJO: Occurs, with L-classifier and ni- or yi(nf) directive, as the theme in verb bases meaning “fix the gaze,

back-formation on the stem -gis, originally meaning “wring.” Cf. Carrier nasgiz: “wring wet linen,” tinnasgis:

stare at.”

“wash clothes.”)

A.TRANS. B.NEUT.

IMP.

US

ee Ripe BU

Or ine

géésh_ _géézh

gesh :

geezh -

géésh

A.

gesh

NAVAJO: Primary meaning is apparently “twist.” Occurs: (1) with @ (D-) and sometimes t-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “twist, turn;” with Oclassifier in bases meaning “wash (a permeable object - as clothing;”) (3) with @-classifier and ta-thematic: water, in bases meaning “wash (an impermeable object;”) and with @-classifier and di-thematic in Neuter Imperfective bases meaning “crooked, twisted, askew”. The Momentaneous Imperfective stem takes

TRANSITIONAL

fa E(t): (1)

Diniishgé¢sh/diniishgeezh

B.

(1)

the form of a doublet: GEES/GIIS.

dinii-(@/@)(330): to fix and hold one’s gaze on O.

I. L-(tt

*Gits’ > PA *Gits’ [@]: twist,

wring; [di]: be twisted, crooked. Navajo -gfis: “wash,” is apparently a

(ndddiniishgéésh).

NEUTER

A.MOM.

IMP

US /IT.

PERF) * PROGIMFUTAPORT

géés

gis

giz

-

gis

géés

giis

gis

gis

-

gis

gifs

giz gis gis gis -

gis gis gis gis -

giz giz gis giz -

-

gis gis gis gis -

giz gis gis gis -

-

gis

-

-

(1) B.MOM.

na

yini-(O-lmp.)(767):

gaze.

-GEEZH

(2)

to stare at O, hold O in one’s

€DISir D.REV. E.SEM. F.CONCL. G.CURS.

Yinishgéézh.

(PA *-gyidzh-i, gristle, cartilege) Noun stem in the construction : -ooshgeezh, cartilege, gristle. (’ooshgeezh, [something’s] cartilege; P-ooshgeezh, P’s cartilege).

H.NEUT,

— gis/ giz

A. Noun

GIN{

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

I, @-(tt):

(derivation uncertain): hawk. # GinfBit’ohf (bit’oh, its nest +-f, the place),

(1)

Kimbetoh, New Mexico.

GISH

gis/ é6és -

Stem noun: walking stick, cane, planting stick. # beedaagish (beeda-?. Cf. beedé, stalking antlers), stalking canes (the hunter places a hide over himself and, with stalking canes,

(2)

penetrates a herd of antelope). # Gishf Bikéyah (bikéyah, his land), the upper

crossing in Navajo Canyon,

206

’a-(G/yi)(479):

to twist

O away out of sight, screw

O in, turn O off (a faucet, radio). ‘lisgéés/’figiz (andsgéés :’anddndsgéés). SER.(@/si)(63). ’Ahisgéés/’ahégiz (’andhdsgéés:’anddhasgéés). # ’Anasgéés, to turn O (back) off (faucet, car heater, radio). # ’It’’adaagizf bit ’iisgéés, to put a screw into it. ’a’a-(O/yi)(363): to twist unspecified O away out of sight. ’E’esgéés/'i’figiz (’and’dsgéés: ’anda’dsgéés). In: # P-it’e’esgéés, to bolt P, attach P with bolts or screws, fasten or bolt P down (lit. to twist something away out of sight in company with P. P represents the object

GIZ

GIZ

secured.) (E.g. chidf bijadd bit ’i’/fgiz, | bolted on the carwheel.)

(3)

ll. D-(Pass.): k’f-(ni/ni)(502): O is being twisted in two. K’égéés/k’égiz. (Perf.: O is twisted in two).

’ada’a-(@/si)(9): to twist 3+ (unspecified) O away out of sight (screws, lugs, nuts). ’Ada’asgéés/

’‘ada’ségiz (’anda’asgéés:’anddda’asgéés). # Bit’ada’asgéés, to screw 3+ O down, tighten 3+ O (as bolts, lugs on a car

(4)

(5) (6)

B. MOMENTANEOUS

wheel). ’aha-(ni/ni or G/yi)(40): to twist O in two, twist O apart, take O apart by unscrewing (as two

, @-(tt): (1)

sections of pipe). “Ahanisgéés/’ahanigiz (ahdnanisgéés:ahandaanisgéés) or ‘ahdsgéés/'ahdagiz (’ahdndsgéés:’ahandandsgéés). ’aha-P-’nii-(@/O): to start to twist O apart (as two sections of pipe). ‘Ahabi’niisgéés/’ahabi’niigiz. ’atts’d-(ni/ni or O/yi)(107-109): to twist O in two,

P-’nii-(@/O)(218): to start to wash or scrub O (permeable, as clothes). Bi’niisgffs/bi’niigiz.

(2)

’i’nii-(@/O)(469): to start to do the laundry or scrubbing. ’l’niisgfis/i’niigiz. (3) ndi’nfi-(@/O)(607): to just get a good start doing the laundry (when something happens).

Ndfnfisgffs/ hdf’niigis.

twist O apart, separate O by unscrewing (as two pipes that are joined together). ’Atts’anjis-

tad-P-’nii-(@/@)(703): to start to wash or scrub O (impermeable, as dishes, the floor), Taabi’niis-

géés/'atts’anigiz (‘atts’andnisgéés:’atts ’Andanisgéés) or ’atts’ddsgéés/’atts’ddgiz (’atts’dnasgéés:’atts ’anddnasgéés).

(7)

(2)

giis/taabi’niigiz.

’atts’a-P-’nii-(O/O): to start to twist P apart, start to unscrew P (as two sections of pipe).

Il. D-(tr):

’Atts ’Abi’niisgéés /’atts’Abi’niigiz.

(8)

dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297):

(9)

di-(@/si) (331):

(1)

to close O, turn O off (by

ta’Adi’nii-(@/O)(699):

C.

to start to twist or turn O.

Disgéés/dégiz (ndisgéés:ndddisgéés). # ’Atch’j’ disgéés, to close O (a vise) (lit. to twist or screw O together). # Nadas disgéés, to turn O up (a thermostat,

(10)

disgéés,

DISTRIBUTIVE

. O-(tt):

(1)

‘’ahdda-(@/si)(36): to unscrew or take apart 3+ O (as three or more sections of pipe). "Ahadaasgiz/'ahddaségiz (‘ahdndaasgiz:’ahandddaasgiz). ’atts’dda-(@/si)(103): to unscrew or take apart 3+ O (as three or more sections of pipe).

radio, heater) (lit. to twist O forward),

# T'4a’

to start to wash oneself,

start to wash up. Ta’ddi’niisgfis/ta’Adi’niisgiz.

twisting - as a valve or faucet). Dddi’nisgéés/ dddi’nigiz (dandi’nisgéés:danaddi’nisgéés). (di-thematic: cover.)

to turn O down (a thermostat,

radio, heater) (lit. to twist O backwards). ha-(@/yi)(430): to twist O out, unscrew O, turn O

on (a faucet). Haasgéés/hddagiz (handsgéés: hanadndsgéés). # T6 neeziligo haasgéés, to turn on the hot water faucet. # T6 sik’dzigo haasgéés, to turn on the cold

’Atts ’Adaasgiz/'atts’adaségiz ‘atts’Andadaasgiz).

(’atts’dddaasgiz:

naha-(naho-)(@-lmp.)(528): to go about twisting or screwing things up tight. Nahasgiz (Continuative /Diversative Aspect). Used in: # ’Aydo nahasgiz, to be a great schemer, to know how to scheme and plot.

water faucet. (11) ha-P-’nii-(@/@)(217): to start to unscrew P, start to remove P by screwing, start to turn P on (a

faucet). Habi’niisgéés/habi’niigiz. (12) k’f-(ni/ni)(509): to twist O in two, twist O off, strip the threads on O (a bolt). K’inisgéés/k’inigiz (k’indnisgéés:k’(ndanisgéés) (13) k’i-P-’nii-(@/@)(217): to start to twist P in two,

D.

REVERSATIVE

. O-(tt):

start to twist P off (as a limb), start to strip the

(14)

(1)

threads on P (a bolt). K’ibi’niisgéés/k’ibi’niigiz. ni-(ni/ni)(648): to twist or crank O to a stopping

na-(@/si)(568): to turn, twist, crank O slowly ina circle, wind O up (a clock). Nasgis/niségiz

(nindanasgis).

point, stop twisting or cranking O. Ninisgéés/ ninfgiz (nind-nisgéés:nindanisgéés). # De ninisgéés, to crank (roll) O up (a car window). # Yaa ninisgéés, to crank (roll) O down (a car

. B-(tt):

E.

SEMELFACTIVE

window). —_ ~—

207

yii-(@/si)(797):

as clothing).

to wash O (anything permeable,

Yiisgis/ségis

(ndaayiisgis).

GIZ

(2)

‘ii-(= ’a-yi-)(Q/si)(479):

GIZ

to do the laundry, do the

H.

NEUTER

washing, wash (unspecified permeable O).

‘lisgis/'aségis

(3)

. B-(ti):

(nda’iisgis).

’atk’fbi’nii-(O/O)(217): to start to twist O together (something thick and heavy, as thick wires,

towels).

’Atk’ibi’niisgfis/’atk’ibi’niigis.

'atk’fi-(@/si)(93):

to twist O together (something

heavy, as two thick wires, two bed sheets).

'Atk’lisgis/'atk isétgis (‘atk’(néisgis:’atk’inddnéisgis). 'atk ’(bi’nii-(@/@): to start to twist O together. "Atk ibi’niisgis/’atk fbi’niitgis.

(3)

(4)

F. CONCLUSIVE |. ta-O-(tt): tand-(@/si)(702): to wash O (anything impermeable, as a car, dishes, baby), to scrub O (asa

floor). Tandsgis/tédségiz (tan(nddndsgis). tadda-(= tandda-)(703): to wash O (plural O, as the dishes), to dip O (as sheep, to kill parasites), Taddaasgis/taddaségiz (tdnindddaasgis). taa’a-(= tand’a-)(@/si)(704): to wash an unspecified impermeable O. Tda’asgis/ téa’ségiz (taninda’asgis). Used in the circumlocution: # P-aa tdd’asgis, to wash P’s genitals (as those of a baby),

. L(ti): (1)

Il. ta-D-(tr): ta’adi-(@/si)(700):

|. NOUN

area.

CURSIVE

|, O-(tt): (1)

’atk’l-(yi)(167):

together. (2)

naasgis). na-(yi)(591):

hair is washed). (Ib. tsiighd bee tandgis/). baah nindgisigif, nut (on a bolt) (the one that is

to be twisting O (as two wires)

’Atk’éésgis

(’atk’(nddsgis:’atk’(ndé-

repeatedly turned to a stop on it). bee ‘it ’ada’agizi, wrench, screwdriver (that with which things are twisted away out of sight with something - “with something” refers to the object that is secured by bolting or screwing). bee ‘it ’ada’agizi tsin bighddh dé’Shigif, woodenhandled screwdriver, screwdriver (the instrument for twisting things away out of sight of the kind attached to wood) (P-bee ’it ’ada’agizi ---).

tobe turning, twisting or cranking O

slowly around ina circle, to be winding O up

(as a clock). nddsgis)

Nddsgis/hdeinfigéés

DERIVATIVES

‘agizii, rheumatism (the one that twists crooked). 'agiziitsoh, arthritis (the big or major one that twists crooked). ‘atch’j’ndigisi, vise (the ones that are repeatedly cranked toward each other). ‘asdzan/ da’iigisigif, laundress(es), washerwomen (the women who do laundry). ‘asaatgaa( bii’ ta’Adigisi, sink, lavatory sink (the white bowl in which people wash themselves), ‘atsii’ bee tandgisf, shampoo (that with which the

Ae @

(taninda’dsgis). Used in the reflexive circumlocution:, # ’Adaa taa’Asgis, to wash one’s own genital

G.

t'66 ’ahodii-(O-Imp.)(72): to be clumsy, awkward, fumbling. T’66 ’ahodiisgis. # T’'66 ‘dhodiilgisgo, clumsily, awkwardly, clowning.

to wash oneself, wash up.

Ta’ddisgis/ta’adésgiz (tandd’ddisgis). tad’a-(= tand’a-)(704): to wash an unspecified impermeable area or O. Ta4a’Asgis/tda’sisgiz a

'atk’tha-(si): S is twisting, full of hairpin turns (a mountain road). ’Atk’thdsgiz. (Cf. Semelfactive 'atk’fisgis - E[Il]1 above.) bidii-(O-Imp.)(183): to be lazy, incompetent. Bidiisgis. In: # ‘Aydo bidiisgis, to be lazy, incompetent, incapable (of performance, because of laziness or lack of ability). P-tddazdindo-(si-Perf.)(246): P is dim-witted, dull, stupid, half-witted, mentally deficient. Bitddazdindozgis. (Inflected for person by varying P.) dadi-(@-Imp.)(298): to be twisted out of shape, awry, misshapen (as a person deformed by arthritis or a car after a head-on collision). Dadinisgiz. di-(@-Imp.)(340): S is crooked, awry, askew, out of line. Digiz. (Cf. #7 below.) # P-naa’ digiz, P is cross-eyed. dii-(O-Perf.)(343): to be clumsy, stupid, inept. Diisgis. # T’66 diisgis, to be crazy, demented, psychotic. hodi-(@-Imp.)(450): area is crooked, awry, askew (as a crooked mouth or body). Hodigiz. (Ib. #5 above, but with 3s S pronoun ho-.)

(nindé-

208

GIZ

GIZH

(10) bee ’it hada’agizf, wrench, socket wrench (that with which things are twisted or screwed out with sometning - “something” = the object secured by the bolt or screw) (P-bee ’it hada’agizi). (11) bee it hada’agizf ’atch’j’ ndigisigif, crescent wrench, monkey wrench (the wrench of the type in which they are turned toward each other - “they” refers to the jaws of the wrench)(P-bee it hada’agiz). (12) bee ’iigisf, washing machine (that with which laundry is done - i.e. that with which permeable things are washed). (13) bee na’oogisf, crank, winding key (that with which something is turned around in a circle). (14) bee’étsa’f ‘atch’j’ ndigisigif, vise (the thing that serves to grasp things as in the teeth of the kind in which they [the jaws] are turned or cranked together) (P-bee dtsa’f ’atch’j’ Sart

(32) (33) (34)

(35)

aggregatus) (the one that twists the heart around and around). latsfnf’atk’ésgizigff, twisted bracelet. teets’aa’ bii’ tandgis/, dishpan, kitchen sink (the one in which dishes are washed). Nda’digizf, Cross-eyed One (personal nickname). taldwosh bee ’iigisf, laundry soap (soap with which permeable things are washed). 494

145.7

hand soap (the soap with which people wash themselves).

(37) t'adtahdadi haagizgo, one gallon (it being turned one time). (Ib. t’adtahdadi yikaatgo.) (Naakidi haagizgo, two gallons; taadi haagizgo, three gallons, etc.) (38) tsé’ésgizii (Ib. didzé dit’ddf), western serviceberry (Aronia alnifolia)(the rock twister). Also the name for the golden currant, flowering currant, buffalo currant, Missouri currant (Ribes

ee Pee?

(15) béésh bee ’ahadndagisi, pipe wrench (that with which metal [things] are screwed apart) (P-béésh bee ahdndgisi). (16) béésh bikda’ ’iigisf, washboard (metal or instru-

aureum).

(39) tsiigha bee tandgisi, shampoo (that with which hair is washed).

ment upon which permeable things are

washed) (P-béésh bikaa’ ’iigis/).

(17) (18) (19)

(20)

(21) (22)

(23)

béésh bik’i ‘iigis/, washboard (metal or

instrument on which permeable things are washed).(P-béésh bik’i ‘iigis). béésh bii’ ’iigisf, metal washtub (metal inside of which permeable things are washed)(P-béésh bii’ ’iigisf). bik’i’iigisf, washboard (that upon which permeable things are washed)(P-bik ’i’iigis/). binda’ digizi, cross-eyed person (the one whose eyes are crooked). biyaa ta’ddigisi, shower (for bathing) (that under which a person washes himself). bii’iigisf, washtub (that in which permeable things are washed). (P-bii’iigis/).

GIZH/GIIZH

mountain pass, gapina mountain range. antlers),

# -deegizh (-dee-, horns, gap or space between the

horns (as between those of a bull). # -kégiizh (ké- < -kee, foot), space between the toes. # -wdgiizh ~ wégizh (w6- = combining form of woo’,

tooth),

tooth gap, space left by a

missing tooth.

bii’ ta’andigisf, wash basin, wash bowl, bath tub (that in which a person washes himself).

(24) bii’ ta’Adazdigisigif, sink, lavatory sink (that in

(PA *Gidzh [@]: act on with the end

which people wash themselves).

(25)

Stem noun: gap, cut, intervening space. (Cf. verb root GIZH: cut.) # dzitgiizh (dzit, mountain),

chidf bijadd bit ’adaasgizigif,

GIZH

lug nuts (on an

of a sticklike object, make a mark or abrasion, stir; also, by extension,“drag

or pull a sticklike or long flexible object by the end;” [lt] [obstruent-suffixed]: “be forked.”)

automobile wheel)(those things that were [are] twisted in [screwed in] on a car wheel). (26) dandigisi, valve, cut-off valve (the one that is turned shut). (27) dibé taddaagis, sheep dip (sheep are washed). (28) diné da’iigis{, laundryman (men) (the men who wash permeable things). (29) haagizi, gallon (the one that is turned out).

NAVAJO:

Primary meaning appears to be “make a

motion with a sticklike object.” Occurs in a variety of Semantic Themes, including: (1) with @, thematized t-classifier or L-causative-transitivizing, and a variety

(Tdadi haagizigo, three gallons = the ones

of thematic prefixes, as the theme in verb bases meaning “cut, slice, snip, stir, beckon, gesture, cock (a

turned out 3 times.) (30) ’it’adaagizi, screw, bolt (the ones twisted in with something - “with something” refers to the object secured by the bolt or screw). (31) jéf ndyoogisii (Ib. hosh dineezbinf, k’aabizhii), crimson hedgehog cereus, crimson hedgehog cactus, crimson barrel cactus (Echinocereus

gun), shift (gears), flash (lightning), hang (a cloud), seep (moisture),” and (2) with thematized t-classifier, as the theme in Neuter Imperfective bases meaning “forked.” The stem GISH serves as a noun meaning “digging stick, cane, walking stick.” (V. GISH.)

209

GIZH

GIZH

SESS

A.MOM.

IMP.

US Jig

PERESePROGmEUI

OPT,

géésh/ gffsh

gizh

gizh

gish

géésh / gifsh

gish gish

gizh gizh gish gizh

gish gish_ gish_ gish_

gizh gish gish gizh -

B.CONT. — gizh C.REV. gish D.SEM. gish E.CONCL. gizh F.CURS. G.NEUT.

gish

gish -

gizh

-

gizh

: gish/ géésh -

-

(12) k’fbi’nii-(@/B):

(13)

(14)

(15)

=

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(16)

|. O-(tt): ‘aha-(O/yi or ni/ni)(40): to cut O in two, cut O in half, cut O apart. "Ahashgéésh/’ahddgizh

(17)

(‘ahandshgéésh:’ahdnddndshgéésh) or ‘ahanishgéésh/’ahanigizh (’ahdndnishgéésh: ‘ahdnddnishgéésh). 'atts’A-(O/yi or ni/ni)(107-110):

to cut O in two,

Il. D-(tt):

cut O apart. ’Atts’Ashgéésh/’atts ’dagizh (atts’andshgéésh: ’atts’anddndshgéésh) or ‘atts ’Anishgéésh/atts’Anigizh (atts ’aAndnishgéésh:’atts ’anddnishgéésh). -4’di-(D/yi)(146): to cut a piece off for P. Ba’dishgéésh /ba’diigizh (banda’dishgéésh) (‘[a]di-:

to start to cut O in two, start to cut O off. K’ibi’niishgéésh/k’ibi’niigizh. ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to cock (a gun), to shift or put (a car) in gear. Ni’nishgéésh/ni’nigizh (nina’nishgéésh:ninda’nishgéésh). ta-P-di’nii-(@/@)(697): to start to shear P (a sheep or goat). Tabidi’niishgéésh/tdbidi’niigizh (tandadbidi’niishgéésh). (tadi-thematic: here and there.) (Lit. to cut around here and there.) tadi-(O/yi)(698): to shear O (a sheep or goat). Tadishgéésh/tadiigizh (tandddishgéésh). (tddithematic: here and there. Lit. to cut around here and there on O). ta’di-(@/yi)(700): to do the shearing (lit. to cut around here and there on something unspecified). Ta’dishgéésh/ta’difgizh (tanda’dishgéésh). ta’idi’nii-(@/@)(701): to start to do the shearing, to start shearing (unspecified O). Ta’idi’niishgéésh/ta idi’niigizh.

(1)

’atts’a’di-(@/yi)(105): to share O by cutting it apart (as a loaf of bread, melon, piece of

cheese). ’Atts’A’dishgéésh/’atts’a’deeshgizh (atts’anda’dishgéésh). In: # P-it ’atts’A’dishgéésh, to share O with P (as

thematic. di-: reduction, subtraction.)

a melon).

—iS SS vU -di-(O/yi)(180):

to cut off a piece of P, cut away a piece of P (reducing it in size - as when one cuts off a piece of melon or leather). Bidishgéésh/bidiigizh (bindddishgéésh). SER.

Ill. shi-O-(ti):

(9/si)(194): to cut off one piece after another (as slices of melon or cheese). Bihidishgéésh/

(1)

bihidégizh (bindhidishgéésh: binddhidishgéésh). # P-ts’Aa’ bidishgéésh, to cut off a piece of it

a

without P’s permission. to cut through P, cut P open,

to operate on P (i.e. cut P open). Bighdnishgéésh/bighdnigizh (bighdndanishgéésh). to cut open P’s

started to spread out.

belly (asa

fish, sheep). Bitsd’nishgéésh/bitsa’nigizh (bitsanda’nishgéésh). P-zddi-(Q/yi)(259):

shidi-(@/si)(wih prepounded ’aa dah): S starts to

spread. ’Aa dah shidigéésh/’aa dah shideezhgizh. # P-aah 166d ’aa dah shideezhgizh, a sore started to spread on P (as on P’s head). # K’os 'aa dah shideezhgizh, the clouds

me) -gha-(ni/ni)(192):;

P-tsA’(a)-(ni/ni)(251):

(di-thematic: reduction,

subtraction.)

IV. si-D-(ti):

to cut P’s throat, slit P’s gullet

(1)

(as in slaughtering a kid, committing a murder). Bizadishgéésh/bizddiigizh (bizandddishgéésh).

P-nishi-(@/yi)(240): S permeates P (as the odor of gasoline in one’s gloves, mothballs in one’s

clothing). Binishigéésh/binfshoogizh shigéésh).

(di-thematic: mouth, oral.) di-(@/si)(316): S (as a dam) breaks (cut by the water). Digéésh/déégizh (fAdigéésh:ndddigéésh). (di-thematic.) (Irregular paradigm. Cf. dishgééd/Perf. déétgeed.) (9) hi-(@/si)(446): to snip O, cut O witha series of cutting actions (as in cutting fingernails or hair). Hishgéésh/hégizh (nddhdshgéésh). (10) hwii-(= ho-hi-)(@/si): to cut off a succession of O (as branches) on an area (as on a tree trunk), Hwiishgéésh/hoyégizh (naahwiishgéésh). (11) k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to cut O in two, cut O off. K’'inishgéésh/k’infgizh (k’indanishgéésh).

(2)

(3)

210

(bininda-

hashi-(yi-Perf.)(419): S seeps out, drips out, there is a seepage of S (as water through a wall). Hashoogizh. # T6 P-aah hashoogizh, P is dripping with perspiration (lit. water is seeping out alongside P), shi-(@/yi)(692): S (as water) soaks in (completive). Shigéésh/shoogizh (ndshigéésh: naashigéésh),. # teeh shigéésh, S (as water) soaks into the ground.

GIZH

GIZH

VI. L-(ti):

V. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

’a-(@/yi)(481): to slitO, make a long cut in O (lit. cut away out of sighton O). ’lishgéésh/’iitgizh (anashgéésh:’anadnashgéésh). SER.(@/si) (63). "Ahishgéésh/'ahégizh (’anahdshgéésh: ’anadhashgéésh). # P-jaa’ ’iishgéésh, to slit P’s ear (as in marking livestock).

(1)

P-k’i-(O/yi)(202):

O is circumcized, cut off. Bik’eelgéésh/bik’éélgizh (Simple Passive). jii-(@/si)(490): S flashes (a jagged bolt of lightning). Jiilgéésh/jishgish. (Cf. GESH: jlilgesh.)

(2)

B.

’atk idanii-(@/@)(91): to slice (3+) O up, cut up (3+) O (as pieces of meat in preparation for

jerking). ’Atk’fdaniishgéésh/’atk idaniitgizh (atk’indddaniishgéésh). (ni-thematic: lengthwise.) ’atk inii-(O/@)(92):

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

na-P-f’a-(@/si)(521): to beckon, make gestures or motions atP. Nabé’éshgizh/nabf’shégizh (nab(naa’ashgizh). (Multiple motions or gestures. Cf. Semelfactive bfdishgish, make a single gesture at him.) na’{-(@/si)(521): to communicate by means of

to cut or slice O lengthwise.

"Atk’iniishgéésh/’atk’iniitgizh géésh).

(’atk’indaniish-

’attanii-(0/O)(101): to cut O apart lengthwise, split O lengthwise by cutting. ’Attaniishgéésh/

signs or gestures (including wink, nudge, nod),

‘attaniitgizh (attanddniishgéésh). P-4a’di-(@/yi)(151): to uncover O by cutting (as in cutting away a bandage from a wound). Bad’dishgéésh/bda’diitgizh (baninda’dishgéésh). (di-thematic: cover, open.)

(3)

Béshgéésh/béétgizh (bindshgéésh:bindanashgéésh). P-k’i-(@/yi)(202): to cut O off (as the peel from a potato), to circumcize O. Bik’eeshgéésh/

(8)

use sign language. Na’é’éshgizh/na’’shégizh. (Conjugated like nabé’éshgizh. -f- = postposition; -’f- = -f- preceded by the 3i object pronoun ’‘[a]-., someone unspecified.) tana-(@/si): to stir O, mix O (thick mush, cream of wheat). Tanashgizh/tanishégizh. tana’a-(@/si)(701): to thicken O by stirring (as cornmeal mush), to make cornmeal mush. Tana’ashgizh/tani’shégizh.

P-j-(@/yi)(155): to pare O off of P (as a peeling from an apple, a wart or corn from one’s skin).

bik’éétgizh di-(@/si)(330):

I. t-(tt);

(bik’inddnashgéésh). to cut O lengthwise (as a piece of

na-(@/si)(596): to operate on O, perform surgery on O (lit. to cut around on O). Naashgizh/

cloth). Dishgéésh/détgizh (ndddishgéésh). di-(@/si)(335): to cut O (as adam - by shoveling or digging), to drain O by cutting an opening. Dishgéésh/déétgizh (ndishgéésh:naddishgéésh). (di-thematic.) (10) ha-(@/yi)(430): to cut O out (as a pattern), cutO (as a piece of pie or corncake). Haashgéésh/ hddtgizh (handdndshgéésh). SER.(O/si)(391). Hahashgéésh/hahatgizh (hanahdshgéésh: handahashgéésh). (11) hadii-(@/@)(386): to slit or cut O from one end to the other, to cut a strip from O. Hadiishgéésh/ hadiitgizh (handddiishgéésh). (hadi-thematic: entire length, from end to end.) (12) ni-P-hi’nii-(@/@)(627): to start to slice O (as bacon, bread). Nibihi’niishgéésh/nibihi’niitgizh (ninda-bihi’niishgéésh). (13) nihi-(@/si)(621): to slice O (as bacon, bread), cut O into strips or pieces. Neheshgéésh/ nehétgizh (ninddhdashgéésh). (14) n’dii-(@/@)(676): to cut O down (as a hanging carcass or corpse). N’diishgéésh/n’diitgizh (nina’diishgéésh: ninda’diishgéésh). (15) ndi’nii-(@/@)(607): to just get well started ona surgical operation (when something happens).

(9)

nishétgizh

(@/yi)(775): to cutO (completive). yitgizh (nddndshgéésh).

# P-iih yishgéésh,

(ninddndshgizh).

na’a-(@/si)(551): to perform a surgical operation, to operate (lit. to cut around on unspecified O).

Na’ashgizh/ni’shétgizh (nindd’Ashgizh). # ’lisxfinii bika na’ashgizh, to perform an autopsy (i.e. to perform surgery seeking the killer or cause of death).

I. t-(tt):

C. REVERSATIVE

nahini-(@/si)(538):

to cut around O, circumcize O,

bob O (hair). Nahinishgish/nahinéigizh.

D.

SEMELFACTIVE

I, O-(tt):

Ndf’nfishgifsh or ndf’nfishgéésh/nd/ niitgizh.

(16)

CONTINUATIVE

|. O-(tt):

(2)

Yishgéésh/

(3)

to cut into P.

211

yii-(@/si)(800): to slash or cut O (as one’s finger), to make an incision in O. Yiishgish/shégish (naayiish-gish). ’ii-(= ’a-yi-)(@/si)(481): to make an incision, to cut

a slit. ‘lishgish/’ashégish (naa’iishgish). P-fPdi-(@/si)(212): to motion to P, make a gesture at P, beckon to P. Bi’dishgish/bf’dégish.

GIZH

(4)

GIZH

(Cf. Continuative nabé’éshgizh, gesture at him with multiple motions.) ‘ii-(= ’a-yi-)(O/si)(473): unspecified O is slashed orcut. ‘ligish/’azhgish (nda’iigish). In: # P-aa ‘iigish, P is slashed or cut in the genital area (lit. unspecified O is slashed on P).

Il. @-(ti): (with -giizh = enclitic and Neuter stem.)

(1)

# P-deegiizh,

‘Adii-(O/si)(31):

to gash or slash oneself, cut ’Adiishgish/’adéshgish (’&ndddiish-

oneself. gish).

H. (1)

(1)

jii-(@/si)(490):

there is a flash of lightning.

Jiilgish/jishgish (it lightens one time. Cf. Momentaneous jiilgéésh, lightning flashes.)

) ) ) )

# Niiillgish, there are repeated flashes of lightning.

E.

CONCLUSIVE

|. O-(tt): (O/si)(775):

(9)

to cut O (as kernets of corn from a

cob). Yishgizh/shégizh

F.

(nddandshgizh).

(10)

CURSIVE (11)

I, t-(tt):

(yi)(774):

to be cutting along on O (as ona

of cloth. Yishgish

piece

(12)

(nddénddshgish).

(13)

Il. si-O-(ti):

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

Pass), New Mexico (copper gap).

(14) bee ta’digéshf, sheep shears, hair clippers (that with which shearing is done). (15) bideegiizh, the space between its horns (as

si-(yi)(695)(with prepounded dah): S hangs in the air (a cloud, a cloud or puff of smoke). Dah

(Cf. A{lll] above.)

between the horns of a goat or cow). (16) bijaagiizh, the space between its ears (as between those of a rabbit or burro). (17) bijadgiizh, the space between its legs. (18) bikégiizh, the space between its toes, the cleft in its hoof. (19) bik’ehgo ha’iilgésh/, pattern (as dress patterns) (that in conformity with which things are cut out one after another). (20) dzitgiizh, mountain pass, gap. (21) gish, cane, planting stick (P-gish). Gish Dilkgghf Bika’, Smooth Male Cane. Gish Dilkoghf Ba’dadii, Smooth Female Cane (ceremonial objects). (22) Gishf Bikéyah, Gish(’s Land (i.e. Mr. Digging Stick’s or Mr. Cane’s Land): the upper

G. NEUTER I. £-(ti): di-(si-Perf.)(311): S is gapped, S has a forked shape, there is a pass (as a mountain pass), Deeshgizh. ha-(@-Imp.)(411): S is V-shaped, forked, S has a

cleft, nock or gap.

P’s

‘ajdddgiizh (~ ’ajddgiizh), gap between the legs, crotch (P-jadgiizh). ’akégiizh, space between the toes (P-kégiizh). ’‘Alagiizh, space between the fingers (P-flagiizh). ’atk’iniilgizh, jerky, jerked meat (cutina Spiral). ‘ats’doz’a’ k’égéésh, amputation (a limb is cut off). ‘awdgiizh, gap between the teeth (P-wégiizh). ’azee’if'inf na’atgizh{, surgeon (doctor that performs surgical operations), béégashii bitsj’ ’atk'fdaniilgizhigif, jerked beef, dried beef, jerky (cow meat cut into Strips), baah bee nehelgéshi, bread knife, bread slicer (that with which bread is sliced), beedaagish, stalking canes (used by the hunter who places a hide over himself and, with the stalking canes, walking like a deer or antelope, penetrates the herd), bee ha’iilgéshf, cutters, shears, snips (for cutting out patterns) (that with which things are cut out one after another). bee na’agizhf, shift lever, gear shift lever (in a car)(that with which cutting-beckoning motions are made), Béésh tichifii Bigiizh, Washington Pass (|b. Cottonwood

shoogish (dah nddshoogish).

the gap or space between

horns. # Ndeeshgiizh, there is a gap (asina mountain range). # Nihodeeshgiizh, there is a gap or pass that extends downward (in a mountain range).

Il. D-(tr): (1)

-giizh: having a gap, gapped. # P-wdgiizh, the gap or space between P’s teeth.

Hatgizh.

ale

GO’

GIZH

(23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)

(33)

(48) tséso’ bee nehelgésh/, glass cutter (that with which glass is sliced into pieces), (49) tsiigha bee higésh/, hair clippers (that with

crossing in Navajo Canyon southeast of the juncture of the Colorado and the San Juan Rivers. -giizh, pass, gap (in a mountain) (P-giizh). Ha’ashgizh, Abiquiu, New Mexico (cut upward, gapped upward). halgizh, crotch, crotch-shaped, crotched. honishgish (~ konishgish), poker, fire poker (fire stick). hoogishf, whirl stick for the firedrill (usually made of the flower stem of the tsa’dszi’: yucca plant). jisxfinii bika’algizh, autopsy (cutting is done in quest of the killer or cause of death). Biisxfinii bika’algizh, an autopsy is performed on him. Jaa’eelgizhf, Slit-Ears (personal nickname). Jaa’ Hatgizh/, Slit-Ears (personal nickname). jilgish biko’, name of a star in the southwestern sky (the igniter of flash lightning).

which hair is snipped or cut).

Stem

(35) (36)

knee.

# -godta’ (-ta’, between), midway on the knee. godta’go, up to the knees, knee deep. # -gostis (-tis, over), above

-GOD

the knee.

Kégiizhf, Papago Indian (foot gap person). (Reference is probably to the sandals with a strap between the toes.) késhgaan bee higéshf, toenail clippers, hoof

GOD

clippers (that with which the toenails are clipped).

(34)

noun:

NAVAJO: Defective. Occurs only as a Neuter with the meaning “stumped, abbreviated, cut short.”

I, O-(ti):

két?66l ba bighdgizh, eyehole for the shoestrings. lAshgaan bee higéshf, fingernail clippers (that with which the fingernails are clipped). Lék’aa’ ’Adigishf, the Slashing Reeds (of

’a-(O-Imp.):

S is cut off, stumped (as a severed

arm or leg, bobbed hair).

NOUN

’Agod.

DERIVATIVES

Chjjh ’Agodf, Stub-Nose, Stump-Nose, Pug-Nose

mythology).

(37)

Ma’ii Deeshgiizh, Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico (coyote pass). Ma’ii Deeshgiizhnii, Jemez

(38)

Nahodeeshgiizh Ch’inilinf (nahodeeshgiizh ~ nihodeeshgiizh), Pueblo Pintado, New Mexico (canyon mouth where there is a descending

(39)

Nihodeeshgiizh,

(personal nickname). Gaa'’agod/, One-Armed, Stump-Armed (personal nickname). Jaa’agod/, Stubby-Eared One (personal nickname). Jddd ’Agodii, Stump-Leg (personal nickname). tsehégod (~ tsihégod), tree stump.

Indians (coyote pass people), the Jemez Clan.

gap). Dalton’s Pass, New Mexico

(gap or pass extends downward. The pass in

(40) (41) (42) (43)

reference extends downward from the vicinity of Mariano Lake into the Standing Rock region). naaltsoos bee nehelgésh/, paper cutter (that with which paper is sliced into pieces). ’o’oogizhigif, notched stick (used ceremonially to symbolize lightning supernaturals) (that which is notched).

(PPA

under DZ{f’ for the variation in the stem final. Here also the second stem is used in some languages for the perfective or continuative.)

Sunrise, Arizona (sand gap). a thick cornmeal mush (thickened

NAVAJO: Primary meaning appears to be “move swiftly and freely through the air or over a surface, in a flowing manner.” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases that describe the subject as flowing or falling through the air or over a surface, and by extension “rush, butt, collide, bump into;” (2) with

Mexico (slender cottonwood gap or pass). toh bee higéshi, sickle (that with which hay is cut).

(46)

Tségiizh, pass).

*Guk’ ~

in gulps. Cf. *-ghYikY’ ~ *ghYitsh’™

(44) T’iists’66z Ndeeshgizh, Crownpoint, New (45)

> PA

impetus, tumble, rush, spill; [I]: drink

Sé/ Ndeeshgizh,

tanaashgiizh, by stirring).

*Gwik’[“]

*Gutsh’ W [O]: move with forceful

Goulding’s, Arizona (rock gap or

t-causative-transitivizing “cause to fall, flow, bump

(47) Tsé Ndeeshgiizh, Defiance Station, New Mexico (gap in the rock. The place in reference is a

into, collide with;” and (3) with thematic prefixes ntsidi-, ni-, ’a-, as the theme in bases meaning “kneel

trading post located about 6 miles west of

down, become breathless, billow (smoke, dust, fog).”

Gallup.).

213

GO’

IMP. A.MOM. | geeh ana B.CONT. go’ C.SEM. geeh/ goh D.REP. Dur. | goh Ser.

US /IT. PERF.

GO’

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

goh

go’

goh

geeh

goh goh

go’ goh

goh goh

go’ goh/ geeh

goh

goh

goh

goh

.

-

E.CURS.

‘ahééhi-(@/si)(48): S (rushing water) flows around and around in acircle. ’Ahééhégeeh/ ‘ahééheezgo’. ‘ahidii-(@/@)(57): S (streams of water) flow rushing together, two torrents of water meet or converge. ‘Ahidiigeeh/'ahidiigo’. ’aji-(O/yi)(75): to tackle (at football), to ram, lunge, butt with head and shoulders. ‘Ajishgeeh/’adziigo’ (’andajfshgeeh). (7) ’a’A-(G/yi)(84): to fallinto a hole in the ground (animate S); to flow into a hole (as into a prairie dog hole - a rush of water). ’A’dshgeeh/ 'a’ddgo’ (’a’andshgeeh: ’a’Andandshgeeh); 'a’€geeh/'a’dago’ (’a’dndgeeh: ’a’anddndageeh). ‘atsidi-(@/yi): to stumble and fall on one’s knees. ‘Atsidishgeeh/'atsidiigo’ (’atsindddishgeeh). (atsi-di-thematic.) P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): to fall through P (as through a glass pane); to rush flowing through P (as water through a pipe). Bighdnishgeeh/ bighanigo’ (bighandnishgeeh:bighdndanishgeeh); bighageeh/bighdnigo’ (bighandgeeh: bighanddndgeeh). P-k’ii-(@/O)(210): to trip and fall on P. Bik’iishgeeh/bik’iigo’ (bik'inéishgeeh:bik’inddnéishgeeh). P-na-(@/si)(228): S (a rushing stream of water) flows around P (as around a rock). Binageeh/ bindzgo’ (bininddndgeeh). P-nadi-(ni-Perf.)(224): S (a rushing stream of water) surrounds P (as a building, inaa flood). Binadéégo’. P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to fall through P (as a person through a window); to flow through P (as arush of water through a tunnel). Binfkanishgeeh/ binikanigo’ (binikandnishgeeh:binikanddnishgeeh); binikageeh /binikanigo’ (binfkandgeeh: binikandandgeeh). (14 ~~ P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(256): S (as a tributary stream) flows in a rush away from P (as away froma flooded river). Bits’ageeh/bits’anigo’ (bits’andgeeh:bits’Andandgeeh). (15 ~~ ch’i-(ni/ni)(274): to fall out horizontally (as froma doorway or car); to flow out in a rush (as a stream from a canyon). Ch’infshgeeh/ch’inigo’ (ch’indnishgeeh: ch’inddnishgeeh); ch’égeeh/ ch'inigo’ (ch’indgeeh: ch’inddndgeeh). # P-lighahg66 ch’égeeh, S (a rush of water) goes flowing past P (as past one’s home). # T6 P-k’ich’égeeh, P is knocked over by a rush of water (a person, corn, trees), (16) ch’'i-(Q/yi)(279): to tumble out horizontally (animate S); to rush out horizontally (a flowing stream)(completive). Ch’éshgeeh/ch’éégo’ (ch'indshgeeh:ch 'inddndshgeeh); ch’égeeh/

goh/

F.NEUT._-

: A.

go’

geeh

:

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti): (1)

‘a-(@/yi)(481): to fall, tumble away out of sight (a person or animal); to flow away out of sight (a rushing torrent of water); to subside (a flood,

high water). ’lishgeeh/"ffgo’ (’andshgeeh: ‘andanashgeeh)); ‘iigeeh/'fgo’ (’andgeeh: ‘andanageeh) (3rd person). SER.(@/si)(63). ‘Adahiigeeh/’adahaago’ (‘anidahiigeeh: ‘andddahiigeeh)(1st pers. pl). # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishgeeh, to fall

down from a height (as from a rooftop). ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iigeeh, to come rushing down (a torrent of water).

# P-kdddéé’ ’adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishgeeh, to fall off of P (as a rooftop, horse).

# P-ts’dd’ y60’ ‘iigeeh, P loses S. # P-yaa 'iigeeh, water rushes in under P (as under a house or car). Naa’iishgeeh, to fall over sideways.

T6 ’attso ’iigeeh, the high water subsides. Tséde ‘iishgeeh, to fall over backwards. Tsé’yaa ‘iishgeeh, to fall over forward. HoH +H HHYah ‘iishgeeh, to fall into an enclosure (as into a mineshaft or hole in the ground); yah ‘ligeeh, to flow into an enclosure (as flood water into a hole or hogan). # Y66’ ’iishgeeh, to fall and become lost (asa child that falls out of a moving wagon, unnoticed); y66’ ’iigeeh, a torrent flows away and disappears, a flood subsides. # P--it y66’ ‘iigeeh, P is carried away bya

(2)

flood or torrent (as a person, Car). ’a-P-fjf-(G/yi)(4): to ram, butt, tackle, lunge against P, bump P (with head or shoulders),

‘Abijfshgeeh/'abidziigo’,

(3)

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(1 1-176): to fall downward from a height (as from a rooftop), to come rushing down (water). ’‘Adaashgeeh/

‘adddgo’ (’adandshgeeh: ‘adanddndshgeeh); ‘adaageeh/’ad44go’ (’‘adandgeeh:’adanda-

ch’éégo’ (ch’indgeeh:ch '(nddndgeeh).

nageeh)(3rd person). SER.(@/si)(9). ’Adadahiigeeh/’adadahaago’ (‘adandahiigeeh:’adanéddahiigeeh) (1st pers. pl).

In:

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshgeeh

(ch’égeeh), to tumble over the edge (as over a ledge or cliff).

214

GO’

GO’

(23) na-(@/yi)(575-596):

(17) di-(@/si)(316-335): to trip and fall, fall headlong, take a tumble or spill (animate S); S (a rush of flowing water) starts to move along. Dishgeeh/ dégo’ (ndishgeeh:naddishgeeh); digeeh/ deezgo’ (ndigeeh:naddigeeh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dishgeeh (digeeh), to start to fall downward from a height (animate S from a rooftop, rush of water from a ledge). # P-itdigeeh, P takes a spill when S (a horse) stumbles and falls (with P - the rider). # P-ndk’eeshto’ digeeh, P’s tears start to flow, P starts to cry. # Chaah dishgeeh, to take a tumble, to stumble and fall flat on one’s face. # P-it chaah digeeh, P (a rider) takes a spill when S (P’s mount) falls; P (a passenger) takes a spill when S (a car) tips over (with P). (18) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to fall into the fire (animate S); S (a rush of water) flows into a fire. Dzidzaashgeeh/dzidzdago’ (dzidzandshgeeh: dzidzanddnashgeeh); dzidzaageeh/dzidzaago’ (dzidzandgeeh:dzidzanadndgeeh). SER.(O/si) (356): S (as moths) fall one after another into the fire. Dzidzadahageeh/dzidzadahaazgo’ (dzidzandahageeh:dzidzanaadahageeh). (19) ha-(@/si)(430): to climb up quickly, rush to the top. Haashgeeh/haségo’ (handshgeeh:hanaanashgeeh).

to plummet downward, fall

downward from a height (as from a rooftop, horse)(animate S); S (a rush of water) falls downward (as from a ledge). Naashgeeh/naago’ (nindshgeeh:nindanashgeeh); naageeh/ nédgo’ (nindgeeh:ninddndgeeh). # P-aah naashgeeh (naageeh), to fall off of P (as off of a tree limb), to fall out of P (as out of a tree); S (as a rush of water,

including the water from newly washed dishes) drains off from (alongside) P. # P-k’i naashgeeh, to fall off of P (as offa roof, chair, horse, bed), to fall out of P (as out of bed). # P-k’ijj’ naashgeeh, to fall down on top of P. # Ni’jj’ naashgeeh, to fall on the ground or floor. (24) nd-(O/yi)(569): to fall or flow back (completive). Ndshgeeh/ndago’ (ninddndshgeeh); ndgeeh/ ndago’ (ninddndgeeh). (Reversionary corresponding to #35: yishgeeh.). # P-iih ndshgeeh, to fall back into P (as back into the mud). # P-iih ndgeeh, to flow in a rush back into P (as water into a drainpipe). (25) nd-(@/si)(570)(with prepounded dah, up): to fall (and get snagged) up. Dah nashgeeh/dah

niségo’ (dah ninddnadshgeeh). In: # Dah ndshgeeh, to fall and get snagged (on something that breaks or arrests the

fall). # P-aah dah nashgeeh, to fall and get snagged on P, to fall and get caught on

# P-kda’ haashgeeh, to climb quickly on top of P (as a person who rushes to climb onto

a car hood to escape an attacking dog). # P-ii’ haashgeeh, to rush into P, to throw oneself into P (as into a car to escape an attacker). (20) ha-(@/yi)(424): S (water, blood) flows up out, wells out (as from an arterial hemorrhage). Haageeh/hddgo’ (handgeeh:handdanageeh). # P-fldk’ee haageeh, S falls out of P’s hand. # P-ii’déé’ haageeh, S fall out of P (a container). # P-za’azisdéé’ haageeh, S (as a frog) falls out of P’s pocket. # Dithaageeh, blood is flowing out (in profusion). # Dit P-aah haageeh, P is bleeding heavily, P is bleeding to death (lit. blood wells out Onue)s (21) hadii-(@/@)(386): S (as water) flows the entire length (as entirely across a field), S flows until it reaches the far end. Hadiigeeh/hadiigo’ (hdddiigeeh:handddiigeeh). (hadi-thematic: entire, complete.) (22) hdd’a-(= hana’a-)(@/yi)(426): unspecified S flows quickly (gushes) back up and out. Hda’dgeeh/haa’iigo’ (haninda’ageeh). In: # P-z66’ hdd’dgeeh, P spits up, burps up, regurgitates (as a baby after feeding) (lit. something gushes back up from P’s mouth).

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

P (as a person who is caught ona protruding shrub). naa’a-P-fji-(O/yi)(577): to knock or bump P over (by bumping P with one’s head or shoulder). Naa’abj{jishgeeh/naa’abidziigo’ (naa’ab/injfshgeeh:naa’ab/inaajishgeeh). naa’a-(O/yi)(580): to fall over, tip over or topple, to stumble and fall over, to fall down sideways, to “keel over”. Naa’iishgeeh/naa’figo’ (naa’andshgeeh:naa’anaanashgeeh). SER. (O/si)(578): to “keel over” one after another. Naa’adahiigeeh/naa’adahaago’ (naa’aidahiigeeh:naa’andadahiigeeh)(1st pers. pl). # P-k’ee naa’iishgeeh, to faint because of P (as because of the receipt of bad news). naani-(ni/ni)(589): to fall or topple over on one’s side, fall over sideways. Naaninishgeeh/ naaninigo’ (naaninanishgeeh:naaninaanishgeeh). (ni/ni)(759): to arrive falling (animate S); S (a rush of water) arrives, comes, goes flowing.

Nishgeeh/nigo’ (nddnishgeeh); yigeeh/nigo’ (nddanageeh). In: # P-aa yigeeh, S (a fast flowing stream of water) reaches P (as irrigation water flowing down a canal and reaching P the farmer), P gets or receives water. # P-tah nishgeeh, to fall among P (as among cactus or rocks), to fall in the P.

215

GO’

(30)

GO’

ni-(ni/ni)(667): S (a rushing stream) flows to a stopping point, stops flowing, ends or termi-

away one after another (as a series of puffs of smoke from an old fashioned locomotive).

nates. Niigeeh/ ninfgo’ (nindgeeh:ninddanageeh). # T6P-itniigeeh, water kills P (as a splash of water that causes a car engine to stop (lit. a rush of water flows terminatively with P). # Tsé’naa niigeeh, it flows across in a torrent. (31) ntsidi-(ni/ni)(679): to kneel down, to get down on one’s knees. Ntsidinishgeeh/ntsidin{go’ (ntsinddinishgeeh:ntsindddinishgeeh). (ntsidi-: thematic.) (32) (@/si)(775)(with prepounded dah, up):

‘Ida’ligeeh/ida’iigo’ (’anda’iigeeh:’andada’iigeeh). # Leezh (tid, tPid) yah ’e’egeeh, a cloud of dust (puff of smoke, stench) comes into an enclosure (as into a room). # Leezh (tid) y66’ ’e’egeeh, a cloud of dust (puff of smoke) billows away and disappears.

(2)

to fall on

P. Dah yishgeeh/dah ségo’. # P-k’i dah ségo’, to fall on P. # Naaniigo dah ségo’, to fall crosswise (as on

(3)

a bed), # Tsé’naa dah ségo’, to fall across (as a bed). (33) w6’a-(O/yi)(745): to fall off the top (as off of a woodpile) or over the edge (of a truck or wagon); S overflows (as an over-full barrel).

W6’aashgeeh/w6’ddago’ (w6é’andshgeeh:wo’andandshgeeh); w6’aageeh/w6’ddgo’ (w6’andgeeh:w6’anddndgeeh). (34) yanda-(= yandayi-)(@/@)(751): to bounce up into the air, go flying up into the air (as a passenger in the bed of a pickup that hits a bump). Yandashgeeh/yandago’ (yanindashgeeh:yaninadndashgeeh). (35) (O/yi)(759-781): to fall, flow (completive), Yishgeeh/yigo’ (nadshgeeh:nddndshgeeh); yigeeh/yigo’ (nadgeeh:ndandgeeh). SER.(@/si) (448). Dahiigeeh/daheego’ (fdahiigeeh:ndadahiigeeh) (1st pers. pl). # P-iih yishgeeh, to fall and land in P (as in the mud); P-iih yigeeh, a rush of water flows into P (as into a basin). # Leeh yishgeeh, to fall and land in the dirt or ashes. # Nittsd P-itteeh yigeeh, P gets caughtin a cloudburst (lit. rain flows in a rush into the ground with P - rain carries P into the ground). # Taah yishgeeh,

(1)

# P-it ’ahfinishgeeh, to have a butting or bumping contest with P.

IV. ni-O-(ti): (1)

’ani-(@/yi)(118):

(meaning uncertain). ’Anishgeeh/’anfigo’ (’anddnishgeeh). In: # Yisdah ’anishgeeh, to get out of breath, winded, breathless.

V. £-(tt):

to plummet to the

(1)

bottom, sink quickly to the bottom (of the water).

Il. ’a-O-(ti): (A prefix, identified as the 3i subject/ object ’a-, occurs as a thematic element in certain bases, representing the subject when

the latter is a nebulous or gassy mass -

(2)

including smoke, dust, fog, a stench. Cf.

’a-(@/yi)(479):

to push O so that it falls away out of sight, to cause O to fall away out of sight. ‘lishgeeh/iftgo’ (’andshgeeh:’anddndshgeeh). # ’Adah ’iishgeeh, to push O and make O fall down from a height. # Yah ’iishgeeh, to make O fall into an enclosure (as into a mineshaft or hole in the ground). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(176-379): to make O fall down from a height, push O so that O falls

JOOL.)

(as from a housetop). ‘Adaashgeeh/’adddtgo’ (‘adandshgeeh:’adanddndshgeeh). SER. (@/si)(8-375): to make O (animate) fall down one after another. ’Adadahashgeeh/’adadahatgo’ (‘adandahashgeeh:’adandadahashgeeh).

’a’a-(O/yi)(468): S goes billowing away out of sight (as a puff of smoke from an old fashioned

locomotive, a cloud of dust or fog). ’E’egeeh/ i'figo’ (’and’Ageeh:'anda’dgeeh). SER.(@/si) (468):

‘ahiin{-(= ’ahf-yinf-)(68): to butt or bump each other (with head or shoulder), to have a butting or bumping contest. ’Ahiinfigeeh.

to fall and land in the water.

# Tatt?4ah yishgeeh,

(1)

ch’fa-(ni/ni)(278): S (a puff of smoke, cloud of dust, stench) billows horizontally out (as from a window). Ch’é’égeeh/ch’i’nigo’ (ch’ind’ageeh: ch’(nda’ageeh). SER.(@/si)(287). Ch’ida’iigeeh/ch’ida’iizgo’ (ch’irida’iigeeh:ch ’(naada’iigeeh). ha’a-(@/yi)(401): S (a puff of smoke, cloud of dust, stench) billows up out (as a puff of smoke from a chimney, or from the smokestack of an old fashioned locomotive). Ha’ageeh/ha’figo’ (handa’ageeh:handa’dgeeh). SER. (@/si)(407). Hada’iigeeh/hada’iizgo’ (harda’iigeeh:handada’iigeeh) (as a series of puffs of smoke from a locomotive).

S (a series of puffs or clouds) billow

216

GO’

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

GO’

’a’A-(@/yi)(84): to make O fall into a hole, push O and make O fall into a hole (as in pushing a person so that he falls into a mineshaft). ’A’ashgeeh/'a’dadtgo’ (’a’andshgeeh:’a’Andandshgeeh). P-ts’&-(ni/ni)(256); to push O (and make O fall) away from P (as an animal or person away from a table). Bits’anishgeeh/bits Anitgo’ (bits ananishgeeh:bits’andanishgeeh). ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to make O fall horizontally out (as a person or animal from a window). Ch’inishgeeh/ch’initgo’ (ch’indnishgeeh: ch'{ndanishgeeh). ch’f-(@/yi)(279): to push O (animate) horizontally outward so that O falls (completive). Ch’éshgeeh/ch’éétgo’ (ch ’indshgeeh:ch ’inaanashgeeh). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshgeeh, to push O (and make O fall) over an edge (as over a cliff). na-(@/yi)(523-594): to cause O (animate) to fall

# P-iih yishgeeh, to make O (animate) fall into P, push O so that O falls into P (as into the mud). # Taah yishgeeh, to make O (animate) fall into the water, push O so that O falls into the water.

(1)

|. ©-(ti): na-(@/si)(591): S rushing stream (nindanago’). na’a-(@/si)(551): shoulder one’s

horse or burro). Naashgeeh/naatgo’ (nindshgeeh:ninddndshgeeh). S (a horse, burro) bucks O off.

(E.g. télii nashitgeeh, the burro bucks me off, nabftgeeh, -- bucks him or her off.) # P-aah naashgeeh, to make O (animate) fall

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

flows around here and there (a of water). Naago’/naazgo’ to go butting around, to way around (by shoving and

butting with head or shoulders), ni’ségo’ (ninaa’ashgo’).

off of P (as off a limb), make O fall out of P (as out of a tree). # P-k’i naashgeeh, to make O (animate) fall off P (as off a chair or rooftop), make O (8)

to throw each other down on the ground (wrestlers). Ni’hiniilgeeh/ ni’hiniilgo’ (ninaa’hiniilgeeh). # P-it ni’hinishgeeh/bit ni’hinishgo’, to wrestle with P (another person).

B. CONTINUATIVE

down-ward, push O down, buck O down (a

# Na-O-ftgeeh,

ni’hi-(= ni’ahi-)(ni/ni)(638):

Na’ashgo’/

Il. t-(tt): na’a-(@/si)(551): to poke around, prod around here and there (as with a stick or crowbar).

fall out of P (as out of bed). na-(O/yi)(569): to make O fall back, push O so that O (animate) falls back (completive). (Reversionary corresponding to #12 below: yishgeeh.) Nashgeeh/naatgo’ (nindanashgeeh). # P-ilh ndshgeeh, to make O (animate) fall back into P (as into the mud). # Taah nashgeeh, to make O fall back into the water, push O (animate) so that O falls back into the water. naa’a-(@/yi)(580): to make O (animate) fall over, to push O and make O fall over. Naa’iishgeeh/ naa’{iftgo’ (naa’andshgeeh:naa’anadndshgeeh). (= naa-, sideways above.) SER.(@/si)(578): to push O (animate) and make O fall over one after another. Naa’ahishgeeh/naa’ahétgo’ (naa’anahdshgeeh:naa’anaahashgeeh). ni-(ni/ni)(648): to make O (animate) fall down, push or throw O down (as in wrestling). Ninishgeeh/ninftgo’ (nindnishgeeh:nindanishgeeh). w6’a-(@/yi)(745): to push O (animate) out of bounds, push O and make O fall into a ditch. W6’aashgeeh/w6’datgo’ (w6’andshgeeh: w6’andaanashgeeh). (@/yi)(775): to make O (animate) fall (completive). Yishgeeh/yitgo’ (ndshgeeh: ndandshgeeh).

Na’ashgo’/ni’sétgo’

(ninda’ashgo’).

# Béésh bee na’ashgo’, to poke, prod, probe about with an iron bar.

C. SEMELFACTIVE |. Q-(ti): yii-(@/si)(797): to give O a bump; ram, butt or tackle O (as in football). Yiishgoh/ségoh (ndayiishgoh). ‘ahidii-(@/si)(57): to bump into each other, collide, run together (persons, vehicles, ships).

’Ahidiigeeh/’ahideezgo’ (’ahinddiigeeh: ‘ah(ndadiigeeh). # P-il ’ahidiishgeeh, to collide with P (as with

(3)

another person). P-idii-(@/si)(177-184-759): to bump into P, collide with P, run into P (as a person who bumps into a tree, a car that runs into a wall).

Bidiishgeeh/

bidégoh (bindiishgeeh:binddadiishgeeh) or bidiishgoh/bidégoh (bindiishgoh:binaddiishgoh).

217

GO’

Ill. £-(tt):

# P-it p-idiigoh, P (a passenger) hits or bumps into p (an obstacle) in S (a vehicle).

(E.g. chidftsé shit yideezgoh, | hita rock while riding in a car - lit. the car hit a rock with me). # P-it p-idiigeeh, (Ib. P-it p-fdiigoh.) # Chidf P-kéédéé’ p-fdiigeeh (p-idiigoh), a car

(1)

ndni-(@/si)(563): to bump, butt or prod O repeatedly, give O a series of prods.

Nanishgoh/nanétgoh.

E. CURSIVE

hits or bumps into p from behind P. (E.g.

nihikéédéé’ chidf nihideezgoh,

(4)

acar hit

|. O-(ti):

us from behind, we were “back-ended.”) # T’66 bidégoh (used in the Perf. only), to make an unsuccessful attempt at it, try it unsuccessfully. nikidii-(@/si)(635): to fall down and strike a sur-

(yi)(782): to be falling (along) through the air (as a person who has leapt from a plane), to be

flowing along rapidly (as a stream of water). Yishgoh/deinfigeeh (nadnddashgoh); yigoh (ndanaagoh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishgoh, to be falling downward (animate); to be falling

face, fall to the ground, fall and land on a sur-

face. Nikidiishgeeh/nikfdégoh (nikfndddiishgeeh) or nikfdiishgoh/nikidégoh (nikindddiishgoh).

(water).

# Sitsiits’iin bee nikidiishgoh (-geeh), | fall on

# Td yigoh,

my head, fall and hit my head against a surface.

the water is flowing along rapidly.

’a-(yi)(681): unspecified S is flowing along. ‘Oogoh. Used in: (Cf. A[ll]1 above.)

# Chiildah ’oogoh, the snow hangs ina cloud (as ina heavy blizzard). # Dah ’oogoh, S hangs static (fog bank, cloud, (1)

(2)

yii-(@/si)(800):

to ram O, hit with O. Yiishgoh/ sétgoh (naayiishgoh). P-fdii-(O/si)(184): to ram O against P (as a car against a wall), to run O (car) into P (a tree), hit P with O. Bidiishgeeh/bidétgoh (binadiishgeeh:bindadiishgeeh). |b. P-fdiishgoh/bfdétgoh.

smoke). naandni-(yi)(585):

to be putting forth effort, be making an intense effort (lit. to be falling or flowing to and fro through the air). Naandneeshgoh/naandaniigeeh. # P-ika naananeeshgoh, to make an all out effort to obtain P (as liquor, money, an escaped prisoner). # P-k’ee naandneeshgoh, to be suffering from P (as dichin: hunger, dibaa’: thirst, or yini: worry).

(3) P-(dii-(@/si)(185-214): to collide with P, hit P (by bumping unspecified O against P), to hit P with acar. Brdiishgeeh/bi'détgoh (bina’diishgeeh: binda’diishgeeh) or bi'diishgoh/bi'détgoh (bina’diishgoh:binaa’diishgoh). nikidii-(O/si)(634): to bang O against a surface (as a cane against the floor). Nikidiishgeeh/ nikidétgoh (nikindddiishgeeh).

(4)

By

F. NEUTER Il. L-(ti):

RIS Awe Durative

I, @-(ti): (1)

(2)

(3)

’adi-(@/)(25):

ntsidff-(si-Perf.)(679): to be in a kneeling position, to be on one’s knees. Ntsidifnishgo’.

to be a butting. ’Adishgoh. 'atk’ind-(O-Iter.)(92): children’s game in themselves on top pile). ’Atk’inéiigoh

tackler, to be given to to play “dog-pile” (a which they rush and throw of one another to make a (1st person dpl.).

G.

P-fdi-(@/)(180):

to persist at P, keep trying to accomplish P (lit. keep lunging at P). Bidfshgoh. (Cf. C[Il]2: bfdiishgeeh.)

Seriative

Il. @-(ti):

(1)

nani-(Q/si)(563): to give a series of repeated butts or bumps, butt or bump repeatedly.

(5)

Nanishgoh/nanégoh.

218

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘anatsj’go’, the appendage at the front of a turkey gobbler’s head. ‘atago’, comb (as ona chicken’s head)(P-itago’). (Cf. ‘Ataa’, forehead.) béésh bee ’ayana’algo’/, crowbar (iron bar with which prodding or poking around under things is done). Dzit Naakigo ’Ahéénditgoh, Crushing Rock Monster (mythology) (mountains that bump together). naa’ahddhai bitago’, chicken’s comb. nfttsago’, June bug, prionid beetle.

GQZH (7)

ntsidigo’f,

GHAH

(8)

t6 bil’ naago’, spirit level (the one inside of which water moves rapidly about).

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier (causative) as the theme in a verb GOZH base meaning literally “turn a stomach or intestine inside out,” and by extension “make sausage.” The meaning of GOZH is uncertain. It is possibly onomatopoetic. Cf. goozh-goozh yiits’a’, thereisa goeozh sound (as the sound made by rams eating acorns). IMP. A.REV._gozh

I. £-(tt): (1)

(C) Stem postposition: away from by force (rob, snatch). Always requires

kneel-down-bread (made ofgreen

corn).

USWiits gosh

TPISle gozh

TW ife

OPT.

gosh

gozh

A. REVERSATIVE

na-(@/si)(570): to make sausage; to turna stomach or intestine inside out. Nashgozh/ nishétggzh (nindadndshgozh).

-GHA-

a D- or L-classifier in the verb theme. Shikéyahda shighaat’dé, my land was taken away from me/ ’at’ééd bee’eldogh bighanishta, | took the gun away from the girl / shibéeso shighaineedzood, he talked me out of my money (lit. he drove it through me) / ’at’ééké yazhi ’awééshchiin ’atghailtééh, the little girls are fighting over the doll (trying to get it from each other).

(C) Stem postposition: through (penetrating), piercing, perforating.

-GHA-

Ts’aa’ t6 bighanl{, water runs through the basket/ tsé bee tséso’ bighdaznftne’, | threw a rock through the window/ ’ant’i’ bighanishwod, | ran through the fence / tin bighdnitne’, | chopped a hole in the ice /’atgha’ilgeed, they stabbed each other/ ’66’ bit ’atghaa’nistsooz, | traded shirts with him (’atghda= ’aigha- + na-) / ’Agha’ilgeed (~ ’Adigha’ilgeed), he stabbed himself. (Cf. -N{-: penetrating the surface without piercing through; -NiKA: through an opening.)

NAVAJO:

NOUN (1)

ndshgozh,

DERIVATIVE

sausage (it was turned inside out).

(Cf. Ahtna dnedghun, it is pocked, perforated. Apparently D-effect on the

GOON

Navajo stem GOON.)

Occurs, with

@-classifier

and yini- directive, as the theme ina Neuter Imperfective verb meaning

GHAH

“proportionate to, capable of, and the 3rd person form functions after the fashion of a Type 2 postposition, with the meaning “beside.” The postposition takes the

postpositional enclitics (-g66, along, as far as.), (1)

NAVAJO: Occurs, with © (D-?) classifier in a single Neuter Imperfective base meaning “pitted, pock-marked, rough surfaced, pimply.”

-di, at, -jj’, to,

P-ifini- (= P-f-yini-)(267): to be able to do or accomplish P, to be able to afford P (lit. to be commensurate with or equal to P).

Biinishghah. # P-fighah,

proportionate to P, beside P. (E.g.

shfighahd66 or shfighahgi dah neezda, (1)

di-(@-Imp.)(316): S is pitted, pock-marked, pimply, rough-surfaced (as the face of a person whose face is scarred by acne, or by smallpox).

he sat down beside me.) # Doo biinfshghah da, |’m unable to do it, | can’t meet the requirements, | can’t

Digd6n.

afford it.

NOUN (1) (2)

DERIVATIVES

kaa’ digoni, smallpox (pitted surface). Kaa’digoni, Pocky (personal nickname).

GOQQOZH

NOUN (1)

supplies, provisions, all sorts of things,

everything necessary or imaginable.

(~ ts’iggg9zh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the cracking-crunching sound made by a person chewing a hard object.

bfighahf,

DERIVATIVES

ADVERBIAL (1)

sha bfighah,

DERIVATIVES

all day long, the whole day through.

(E. g. sha bfighah t’a4 k6¢ séda, sitting here all day long.)

I’ve been

GHAL,

GHAH (2)

(3)

(4)

t’da ‘Adfighahadgo, enough for -self, sufficient to meet one’s individual need. (E.g. t’aa ‘Adfighahdgo ch’iyaan ’dshtaa, | prepared just enough food for myself.) t?éé6’ bfighah, all night long, the whole night through.

(4)

t’dd& bee ’fighah (or t’4a bee bfighah), on an equal footing (with him/her/them), right up with him.

(5) (V. GHAAL.)

GHAL 4

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning ap-

pears to be “to move

in an undulating,

rolling, turning, lumbering manner.” Occurs: (1) with hi-seriative and L-

(6))

classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “wriggle (2) with ni-terminative and L-classifier “throw oneself to the ground or onto a

on back or belly, writhe;”

(7)

surface” and (3) with O-classifier in bases that descriibe the directional movement of the eyes. GHAL 4 appears to be closely related to GHAAL.

IMP.

__US/IT.

_PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

hi-(@/yi)(446): to wriggle, move wriggling (completive). Hishghaat/heeshghal (nadhdshghaat:naadhdshghaat). # P-iih hishghaat, to go wriggling into P (as into the mud, into a box). # Nii’oh hishghaat, to wriggle away out of view. # Taah hishghaat, to go wriggling into the water. hidi-(@/si)(442): to start to wriggle along. Hidishghaat/hidéshghal (ndahidishghaat naahidishghaat). # P-ch’j’ hidishghaat, to start wriggling toward Ee hidii-(@/O)(443):

to start to move wriggling.

HidiishghaaVhidiishghal (nahidiishghaat: nadhidiishghaat). In: # Dah hidiishghaat, to start off wriggling, to set out wriggling. nihi-(ni/ni)(628): to wriggle as far as a stopping point, wriggle up to (a place), sneak up on.

Nihinishghaat/nihinishghal (ninahinishghaat: ninadhinishghaat). # -jj’ nihinishghaal, to wriggle up to (a

OPT.

designated object or place - a wall, sale

ghaat

ghal/gat

ghal

ghat

ghaat

ghat/ gat ghal

ghat

ghal

ghat

ghat

ghat

Trans.

ea ghal C.DIST. neal ghat E.REV. F.CURS.

ghat

-

(8)

ghat/ ghaat

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

(9)

|. hi-L-(ti): (1)

to wriggle away out of sight. ’‘Ahishghaat/’aheeshghal (’anadhdshghaat: ’anddhashghaat).

arroyo brink). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nihinishghaat, to go wriggling across (as across a road). # T’dd ’Ahanidéé’ P-ch’j’ nihinishghaat, to sneak up close to P (by wriggling on back or belly). tsftts’ahi-(ni/ni)(736): to wriggle away from water or fire, go wriggling ashore. Tsftts’ahinishghaal/ tsitts’ahinishghal (tsilts’andhinishghaat:tsftts’anaahinishghaa}). yisddhi-(@/yi)(770): to wriggle to safety, escape from danger by wriggling away. Yisdahdshghaat/yisddheeshghal.

’ahi-(@/yi)(63):

#

’Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

’ahishghaat,

Il. ni-L-(ti):

to

(1)

wriggle down from a height (as down an arroyo bank). # Nahijj’ (~ nahgd6) ’ahishghaat, to wriggle to one side, wriggle out of the way. # Yah ’ahishghaal, to wriggle into an enclosure (as into a hole in the ground or into a hogan). # Y66’ ’ahishghaat, to wriggle away and

ni-(@/si)(658):

to throw oneself down on the ground, to “hit the deck.” Nishghaat/néshghal (nanfshghaat:naanfshghaat). # P-k’idah nishghaat, to jump onto P (as onto a horse’s back, by springing up, lying across the mount on one’s belly, and throwing a leg over P); S mounts P (as a bull “mounts” a cow).

disappear.

(2)

ch’thi-(ni/ni)(284):

to wriggle out horizontally (as

Il. @-(ti):

out a door), Ch’fhinishghaat/ch ’fhinishghal (ch’fnaéhinishghaal:ch ’(nddhinishghaa)). # P-fighahgd6 ch’thinishghaat, to go wriggling

(1)

past P (as past a rock).

(3)

(2)

hi-(ni/ni)(445): to go, come, arrive wriggling, to sneak up. Hinishghaal/hinishghal (ndéhinishghaat:naahinishghaal).

discover P, lay eyes on P. Bik’éshhaat/

bik’ééghal (bik’fndshgaat:bik’inddndshgaat) or bik’infshhaat/bik inighal (bik’fndnfshgaat: bik ’(nadanishgaal).

# P-aa hinishghaat, to sneak up on P (asa hunter on a deer).

# -g66 hinishghaat,

‘ahééhi-(O/si)(48): to glance around in a circle, to look all around. ’“Ahééhashhaat/’ahééhéghal. P-k’(-(@/yi or ni/ni)(209): to come upon P,

to wriggle to (a designated

destination).

220

GHAL, (3) (4)

(5)

(6) (7)

GHAL> I. hi-L-(ti):

P-k’idi-(@/si)(204): to glance at P, scan P quickly (as a letter). Bik’idishhaat/bik idéghal

(bik’inda’dishgaal). di-(@/si)(335): to start to look, to open one’s eyes (as upon awakening). Dishhaat/déghal (ndddishgaat). # Ch’ééh dishhaat, to squint (lit. to be unable to open the eyes). ha-(G/yi)(432): to start to look, start to move one’s eyes in order to look. Haashhaat/ haaghal (handdndshgaat). tadi-(@/yi)(698): to browse around (in a store), go about here and there looking. Tadishhaat/ tadfighal (tandddishhaat). (G/yi)(782): to move the eyes (completive). Yishhaat/yighal (nddndshgaat). # P-k’adh yishhaat, to notice P with surprise (lit. move the eyes so one’s glance collides with P).

(1)

E.

(1)

CONTINUATIVE

nahi-(@/si)(808): to loll around, lie around idly (wriggle around). Nahashghal/nahisisghal (nindahdashghal).

. @-(ti):

(2)

to look around, roll one’s eyes about (looking), cast glances here and there. Naashhal /niséghal (ninddndashgal). na-P-k’{-(@/si)(522): to look P over (as an item that one is considering for purchase). Nabik’éshhal/ nabik’fséghal.

to snub P, give P “the

NAVAJO:

thematic and

Underlying meaning is

L-classifier in a Neuter Imperfective

meaning “be a meat-eater.”

MPP A.MOM. B.DUR. C.NEUT.

REPETITIVE Durative

sUS

ghdaat ghat ghdat_ A.

L-(ti): (1)

Naheeshghat/ndahiinfilghaat.

probably “move in an undulating, rolling, turning, lumbering manner,” reflecting the type of movement involved in chewing and eating meat. If this assumption is correct, GHALo is cognate with GHALj, and both are closely related to GHAAL. Occurs, with L-classifier, as the theme in verb bases meaning “chew or eat (meat),” and with jidizh-

cold shoulder,” avoid looking at P (lit. to move the eyes, casting glances in various directions but avoiding P). Bfnii’oh daashhal/bfnii’oh daséghal (binii’oh ndddaashgal). P-taa-(@/si)(250): to look P over, cast glances among P (as in looking at cars). Bitaashhal/ bitaaséghal (bitaanddndshgal).

D.

course. Heeshghat/dahfinfilghaat (nadheeshghat:ndadheeshgha)). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) heeshghat, to be wriggling along descending from a height (as down an arroyo bank). # Gdénaa heeshghat, to be wriggling across. # Ko’jj’ heeshghat, to wriggle up to the fire (a reclining person). # T6 hoolghat, the stream is cutting a course. nahi-(yi)(534-542): to be rolling over and over, squirming, rolling and tossing (as an

GHALo

. @-(ti):

(2)

hi-(yi)(438-460): to be wriggling along on one’s back or belly, S (a stream of water) is cutting a

(V. GHAAL.)

DISTRIBUTIVE

P-fnii’oh da-(@/si)(307):

F. CURSIVE

insomniac).

na-(@/si)(596):

C.

ndhidee-(@/yi)(535): to roll over quickly, turn over. Nahideeshghat/nahidéshghat (nindadhideeshghat).

I. hi-L-(ti):

_ hi-L-(ti): (1)

REVERSATIVE

|. hi-L-(ti):

(1)

B.

nikfhi-(@/si)(631): to loll around, lie around (lit. wriggle repeatedly on a surface). Nikéhéshghat/nikéhéshghal.

ghal ghat -

Te

PERE

BUT,

OPT.

ghal ghal 2

ghat ghat -

ghaat ghat S

MOMENTANEOUS

|, L-(tt):

’atnana-(@)(95): to glance back and forth (as two people looking at each other). ’Atnadandashhat/ ‘atndnddshghal (or with D-classifier: ’atndndshgat/’atnandashgal).

(1) (2)

221

P-’nii-(@/@)(470): to start to eat O, start to chew O. Bi’niishghdat/bi’niishghal. ’i’nii-(@/@)(470): to start to eat (unspecified O meat). ‘l’niishghdat/’i’niishghal.

GHAL> ndni-(si-Perf.)(560): much

GHAN,

to overeat on O, eat too

aca

# ‘dtchinf baah ‘Adahasdijdigff bighan

O (meat) (Lit. to revert to a plump shape

after eating meat).

Nanéshghal

children ~ baah,

(ninddnésh-

‘Adahasdijjd-,

ghal). (ni-thematic: relates to roundness.) na’ni-(si-Perf.)(557): to overeat (on meat), eat too much (unspecified meat). Na’néshghal. (nithematic: relates to roundness.) ni-(ni/ni)(650): to finish eating O, stop chewing O

(meat). ghdaa}).

death has occurred ~ -fgff,

the ones = orphans),

orphanage (lit.

shelter or home for children alongside of whom there has been death). # ‘azee’ ba hooghan (’azee’, medicine + ba, for it), drugstore, pharmacy.

Ninishghdaat/ninishghal (ninddnish-

# béeso ba hooghan

(béeso,

money, + ba,

for it), bank.

ni'(a)-(ni/ni)(641):

to finish

Ni’nishghaat /ni’nishghal

B.

eating (meat).

# chaa’ ba hooghan

(ninda’nishghdat).

(chaa’, excrement+ bd,

for it), privy, outhouse, toilet.

# chidf bighan (chidf, car), garage. # ch’iyadn ba hooghan (ch’iyadan, food + bd, for it), grocery store. # dibé bighan ~ dibéeghan (dibé, sheep),

DURATIVE

« E=(th)s

sheep corral.

(Q/yi)(782):

yishghal

to be eating O (meat).

# 4f bighan (tj, horse), horse corral. # toh bighan (tt’oh, hay), hay barn. # tsé bee hooghan (tsé, stone + bee, with them), stone hogan. # tsineheeshji?’ bee hooghan (tsineheeshji’’, lumber + bee, with it), plank hogan.

Yishghat/

(nadandshghab).

# ’Ade yishghat, to eat too much O (meat), overeat on O. ’a-(O/yi)(125): to be eating (unspecified O -

meat).

’Ashghat/’eeshghal

(nda'dshghat).

# tsis’nd bighan

# ‘Ade ’eshghat, to be overeating (on meat) ndini-(/si)(609): to eat too much O, overeat on O (meat) (lit. eat meat prolongedly).

(PPA

Ndinishghat/ndinéshghal. ndf’ni-(@/si)(605):

to overeat, eat too much

(unspecified meat).

GHAN

Nd?nishghai/ndi'néshghal.

(tsis’nd,

bee),

beehive.

*-xan > PA *-ghan: nearby.)

NAVAJO:

Occurs:

(1) as anoun

stem meaning “home,” and by extension “building, place for;” and (2) functionally as a verb stem meaning

CoeNEUTER

‘live, reside.” In the form -GHANI/-HANTI, the meaning is “near, closeby.”

|. jidizh-L-(ti): aad (1)

(’dtchini,

alongside them ~

jidizhni-(O-Ilmp.)(489):

eater, carnivore.

Jidizhnishghdat.

D.

DERIVATIVES

NOUN

(1)

to be a meat-lover, meat-

P-ghan, P’s home, P lives, resides.

Bighan,

his/her home, he/she lives, resides. (E.g. shizhé’é bit shighan, | live with my father. Hooghan bii’ bighan, he lives in a hogan.)

. t-(ti):

naaldeehii da’alghatigif,

carnivorous animals,

carnivores (those animals that eat meat).

P-i-p-tghan, P lives beside p (to watch over P as to watch over a field). Bishitghan, | live beside it (b/nitghan, you live beside it; yibftghan, he lives beside it.)

(2) Tazhii Daaghat, Thanksgiving Day (turkeys are eaten). eG6GqaeEqeNN{H#]xzi{x{xx{xé[—_—v_{[va"a"@=sa[loo_ll==—S—S—=S=—=—_

Probably the verb root GHAL, or GHALo functioning with an

GHAL

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

unidentified prefix choozh- and suffixal

-ii, the one, in the noun: choozhghailii, oriole.

‘adeif hooghan, the Upper House of Congress (the home or hogan that is above). ‘ayaaf hooghan, the Lower House of Congress (the home or hogan that is below). ‘azee’ ba hooghan, drugstore, pharmacy, apothecary (home or building for medicine). ‘aahwiinit’{ba hooghan, courthouse (home for litigation). badh bighan, outdoor oven, horno (bread‘s

nee ee

Noun stem:

home, residence, shelter.

# hooghan, home, residence, -GHAN shelter, hogan. # hooghan hasda’ (hasda’, abandoned place), abandoned hogan. # hook’eeghan (hook’ee-, abandoned or deserted place), abandoned hogan.

home).

bee na’anishf bighan,

222

toolshed.

GHAN, (7) (8)

béeso bé hooghan, bank. béésh doottizh yitsid ba hooghan,

GHAN> blacksmith

shop.

(9) béésh tigaafyitsid ba hooghan, silversmith shop. (10) chaa’ ba hooghan, outhouse, privy, “backhouse” (building for fecal matter). (11) chidfbighan, garage (car’s home or shelter). (12) ch’iyadn ba hooghan, grocery store, food market (home or building for food). (13) da’iigis ba hooghan, laundry (home or building for washing permeable things - doing laundry). (14) da’nil’{ba hooghan, theater, showroom, exhibit hall (home for looking). (15) dibéeghan (~ dibé bighan), sheep corral, sheep pen (home or shelter for sheep). (16) héétba hooghan, storehouse (home or building for goods). (17) Dibé Hooghan, Ice Caves, New Mexico (south of Grants, New Mexico)(sheep hogan). (18) hooghan, home, shelter, building, place for (an activity or purpose), hogan (the home or shelter belonging to impersonal “it”). (19) hook’eeghan, abandoned hogan, unoccupied building (including a hogan abandoned because a death occurred inside it). (20) jéfdadijh ba hooghan, tuberculosis sanatorium (home for tuberculosis). (21) kin bii’ hooghanfgff, housing, shelter, quarters, living accommodation (the house or building inside of which people reside). (22) kin bii’ naaki 'atdei hooghango, two storey house or apartment building (house or building inside of which homes are superimposed - one above the other). (23) teejin bighan, coal shed (coal’s home or shelter). (24) tf bighan, horse corral (horse’s home or

(35) tsask’eh ba hooghan, hotel, motel (place or building for beds), (36) tsé bee hooghan, stone hogan (hogan made of stone). (37) tsé nast’ingo hooghan, piled stone hogan, stone hogan. (38) tsénif hooghan, cliff dwelling (building or home in a niche or recess in the side of a rock). (39) tsétt’dah hooghan, talus ruin (home or building at the bottom ofa cliff). (40) tsin dah diit'ingo bee hooghan, piled log hogan, hogan built by piling logs to form the walls. (41) tsineheeshji? bee hooghan, frame hogan (hogan built with lumber). (42) ts{s’na bighan, beehive (bees’ home). (43) tsiigha yilzhéhé ba hooghan (~ tsiigha yilzhééh ba hooghan), barber shop (building or place for cutting hair). (Ib. #25 above.) (44) wolachi? bighan, red ant hill (red ants’ home). (45) wolazhinf bighan, black ant hill (black ants’ home).

ADVERBS

Constructions based on the stems -GHANI/HANI, near, which appear to be relatable to -

GHAN}. (1) (2)

shelter),

(25) na’alzhééh ba hooghan, barber shop (building or place for the re-cutting of something). (Ib. #43 below.) (26) naaltsoos ba hooghan, postoffice (place for mail). (27) naalyéhé ba hooghan, trading post, store (place or home for merchandise). (28) nfbaal bii’ dahooghanigff, tent house(s) (homes of the kind that are ina tent). (29) Séf Bee Hooghan, San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico (the home made of sand). (30) sodizin ba hooghan, church (building for prayer).

(3)

(4)

‘adiyooghanf, a short distance away, near. ‘Adiyooghanijj’, at close range (in shooting). ‘ahdanf (t'éa ’ahdnf), near, closeby. (Occurs usually in combination with one of the postpositional enclitics, as: ’ahdanidi, at a nearby place; ‘'ahdnidéé’, from nearby; ’Ahanigdd’, toa nearby location; ’ahanjjj’, as far as a nearby point or location.) doo deeghanf(~ doo deighani), far (in space), long (in time)(lit. “not near.” Occurs only in negative form.) Doo deeghanij’, at long range (in shooting), doo deeghanigd66, a long way (as doo deeghanig66 ’00’/, he can see a long way); doo deeghanig66, for a long time, long term (as doo deeghanig66 diné naanish ba hdldé, there is long term employment available for people). t’66 kénighdnij’, for a little while, for a short time (lit. merely to a nearby point).

(31) Tadidiin Bee Hooghan, Pollen Home (a mythological place in the south - the home of Nahodeett’iizh Hastiin and Nahodeettiizh ’Asdzdan)(hogan made of pollen). (32) Tdala Hooghan, Awatovi, Arizona (the ruin of a Hopi village); also the name for a location near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico (flat-topped hogan). (33) t6 ba hooghan, bar, saloon, tavern (place for liquor - t6, water, liquid functions here as an abbreviation representing tédithit, whiskey, liquor). (34) toh ba hooghan, hay shed, hay barn (place or shelter for hay).

(PPA *xan together.)

> PA

“ghan:

tie

GHANo NAVAJO: Primary meaning appears to be “move abruptly and forcefully.” Occurs: (1) with hi-thematic and tclassifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “throw (a single object), slam O (as a door), jerk O;” (2) with hi-thematic and D-classifier in bases meaning “walk jerkily, hobble (especially an animal or prisoner with the forelegs or feet tied together);” and (3) with hithematic (usually) + di-thematic and t-classifier in bases meaning “pin, attach, tie (to or together).”

GHAN>

GHAN>

IMP. US /IT. PERF. PROG. —————— OT A.MOM.

ghan-

B.CONT.

ghan-

C.CURS.

-

ghddh ghaah -

ghan ghan

FUT.

OPT.

ghdéét ghaat

ghan ghan

ghadt/

(9)

-

II. hi-di-t-(tt):

ghan

(1)

P-da’dii-(O/yi)(150): to jerk the covers off of P, uncover P roughly. Béa’diishhan/bdéddi'yifthan (banfnda’diishhan). (di-thematic: cover, close.) (2) di-(@/si or yi-Perf.)(335): to attach or fasten O (completive - Ib. hidishhan). Dishhan/déthan or difthan (fAdishhan:ndéddishhan). # ’Athadh (or ’ahddh) dishhan, to fasten O together (as two pieces of rope). # P-ghdgh dishhan, to fasten or attach O to P (as a rope to a chain). (3) hidi-(@/si)(440): to attach or fasten O to P (as one piece of rope or wire to another). Hidishhan/hidéthan (ndhidishhan: nadhidishhan). In: # 'Athadh (or ’ahddh) hidishhan, to fasten O together, attach O to each other. # P-ghdéh hidishhan, to attach or fasten O to P (as one rope to another). (4) hidi-(ni/ni)(326-759): to jerk or yank O. Hidinishhan/hidinithan (ndhidinishhan: nadhidinishhan). In: # ’Aa hidinishhan, to yank or jerk O open (asa door or gate). # P-it’aa yidinfthan, S (as the wind) jerked O

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. hi-L-(tt): (1)

@

‘ahi-(@/yi)(64):

to throw O away out of sight, slam O (as a door). ’Ahishhan/’ahffthan (’‘anadhashhan:’anddhdshhan). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’ahishhan, to throw O down from a height (as a rock from a canyon’s edge). # P-ch’]’ ’ahishhan, to throw O to P (as a ball to a boy). # Nahjj’ ’ahishhan, to throw O aside, out of the way. # Yah ’ahishhan, to throw O into an enclosure (as a ball into a room or into a hole in the ground). # YOO’ ’ahishhan, to throw O away and get rid of it. P-gh&hi-(ni/ni)(188): to throw O through P (asa ball through a window pane or fence), Bighdahinishhan/bighdhinfthan (bighdndhinishhan:bighadnadhinishhan). P-nikahi-(ni/ni)(234): to throw O through P (asa ball through a window). Binikdhinishhan/ binfkahinfthan (binfkandhinishhan:binfkand4hinishhan). ch’fhi-(ni/ni)(284): to throw O out horizontally (as a ball out a door), to “bounce” O (as a disorderly person from a bar or dance). Ch’fhinishhan/ch’fhinfthan (ch’indhinishhan: ch’inaahinishhan). dzidzahi-(@/yi)(355): to throw O into the fire, Dzidzahashhan/dzidzahifthan (dzidzandhashhan:dzidzan4ahdshhan). hahi-(@/yi)(392): to snatch, jerk or yank O out quickly, draw O (as a pistol). Hahashhan/ hahifthan (handhdshhan: handadahdshhan). # P-ii'déé’ hahashhan, to yank or snatch O out of P (as a pistol out of a purse). # P-yaa hahashan, to snatch O out from under P (as a pistol from beneath a bed).

hi-(O/yi)(446):

to throw O (completive).

open with P (P = one who attempts to

close the gate). # P-it’aa hidinishhan, to jerk O open while P

(5)

# Taah hishhan,

(another person) attempts to close it (as a door). hidii-(@/O)(443): to start to jerk or yank O. Hidiishhan/hidiithan (ndhidiishhan:

nadhidiishhan). In: # Dah hidiishhan, to start off jerking or yanking O along (as a recalcitrant prisoner or child).

(1)

Hishhan/

(2)

hifthan (naéhdshhan:nddéhdshhan). # P-iih hishhan, to throw O into P (as a stone into a box or into the mud). # Dzidza hishhan, to throw O into the fire. (Ib. dzidzahashhan.) —fee)

yaahii-(@/®)(754): to throw O up into the air (as a ball). Yadhiishhan/yaahiithan (yAn{ndhiishhan: yaninaahiishhan).

to throw O into the water.

nahi-(@/yi)(530): to throw O downward (as a ball from a rooftop). Nahashhan/nahifthan

(nindhashhan:ninédéhdshhan). (Ib. ’adahashhan/bidahashhan/hadahashhan.)

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(8);

to come hobbling down from a height (as a hobbled horse or prisoner). 'Adahashgan/’adaheeshgan (‘adanahashgan:'’adandahdshgan). ’ahi-(@/yi)(63): to hobble away out of sight. ‘Ahishgan/’aheeshgan (‘'andhdshgan: ‘andahashgan). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) 'ahishgan, to come or go hobbling down from a height (a hobbled horse or prisoner). # Yah ‘ahishgan, to come or go hobbling into an enclosure (a hobbled horse into a corral, a prisoner into jail). # Y66’’ahishgan, to hobble away and disappear.

224

GHANp (3)

(4)

GHAZ

P-ghahi-(ni/ni)(188): to go hobbling through P (as through a fence or gate, as a prisoner in leg irons cr a hobbled horse), Bighdhinishgan/ bighdahinishgan (bighandhinishgan:bighandaahinishgan). P-nahi-(@/si): to go hobbling around P (as a

# Dah nahagan, S (as a dog) is straining at the leash (impatient to go).

C. CURSIVE |, hi-D-(ti):

hobbled horse around a hogan, a fettered

(5)

(6)

prisoner around a car), Bindhashgan/ bindhisisgan (binfnaahdashgan), P-nfkahi-(ni/ni)(234): to go hobbling through P (as a hobbled horse through a gateway), Binfkahinishgan/binikahinishgan (binikanahinishgan:binfkanaahinishgan), hahi-(@/yi)(391): to come hobbling up out (as a horse from the mud), Hahashgan/haheeshgan (hanadhashgan:hanaahashgan), # P-ii’déé’ hahashgan, to hobble out of P (as out of the mud), hi-(@/yi)(446); to hobble, go hobbling (completive), Hishgan/heeshgan (nahashgan:naahashgan). # P-iih hishgan, to go hobbling into P (as a hobbled horse into the mud or into a trailer), # Taah hishgan, to hobble to or into the water. hi-(ni/ni)(445): to go, come, arrive hobbling, Hinishgan /hinishgan (ndahinishgan:naahinishgan). # P-aa ndhinishgan, to come hobbling back to

(1)

to be hobbling along (as a horse), Heeshgdadl/dahlinfigan (naheeshgdat: nddheeshgaal).

Il. hi-t-(tt): (1)

hi-(yi)(438); to be dragging or jerking O along (as a person in a hurry dragging a child along). Hooshhaadt/dahiiniilgan (naheeshhaat: nadheeshhaal).

D. NOUN

DERIVATIVES

(1) tsin 'andhalghahi, javelin, assegai, throwing spear (the pole that is thrown away out of sight),

P

# -g66 hinishgan,

hi-(yi)(438):

Stem

noun:

dorsal aorta.

(PPA

*x*ats’ > PA

-GHAS

to go hobbling to -- (a desig-

nated place),

(9)

hidii-(@/O)(442): to start to hobble, Hidiishgan/ hidiishgan (nahidiishgan:naahidiishgan). In; # Dah hidiishgan, to start off hobbling,

(10) nihi-(ni/ni)(628); to hobble as far as a stopping point (as a horse as far as acliff), Nihinishgan/ nihinishgan (nindhinishgan:ninddhinishgan), # -jj' nihinishgan, to hobble as far as -- (a designated point or place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nihinishgan, to go hobbling across (as a horse across a road),

GHAZ

claw, whittle, shave.)

with @-classifier and an Imperfective stem with variable tone, Cf, GHAAZHo,

I. hi-t-(tt): nahi-(@/si)(530);

to give O a shaking (as a naughty child). Nahashhan/nahathan (ninddhdshhan),

A.MOM,

Il. hi-D-(ti): (1)

[@]: to

NAVAJO: Primary meaning appears to be “claw, scratch,” with extended meanings in which the action involved is akin to striking or clawing. Occurs with © (D-) classifier, and sometimes with y/(nf- directive, in bases meaning “scratch, claw, scrape, toss.” A Neuter Perfective occurs, with L-classifier, and a Neuter Imperfective,

B. CONTINUATIVE

(1)

“ghats’

make a gash with a sharp object;

nahi-(@/si)(530-808); to go hobbling about (as a horse or prisoner with forelegs or feet tied together), Nahashgan/nahisisgan (ninddhashgan).

22

IMP

UST.

_.PERF.

“FUT.

OPT.

ghaas_

ghas/

ghaz

ghas

ghaas

ghaz ghaz

ghaz ghas

ghaz ghas

ghas

ghas_

ghas

B.CONT, CREP,

ghaz ghas

D.SEM,

ghas

E.NEUT.

ghas/ ghaz/

gas ghaz ghas/ gas ghas/ gas -

ghas

GHAZ

GHAZ

A. MOMENTANEOUS

Il. D-(tr):

|. O-(ti/tt): (1)

(1)

’a-(O/yi)(479): to toss O away violently (as a handful of pebbles), to blow O away out of sight (as a quantity of sand or snow driven by a

strong gust of wind). ‘lisxaas/‘jighaz (’andsxaas:’anddndsxaas). # Yah ’iisxaas, to toss O violently into an enclosure, S (as wind) drives or scatters O into an enclosure (as into a hogan). # Bit yah ’iighaas, P (as sand) is blown into an enclosure (by the wind - Bit refers to the O blown). # Y66’ ’iisxaas, to toss O away violently and get rid of (it)(as a handful of worthless

I. O-(tt):

‘attadii-(@/@)(100): to slip, lose one’s footing on a slippery surface (lit. to paw lengthwise). ’Attddiisxaas/'attadiighaz (’attandddiisxaas). P--(O/yi)(155): to scrape O off of P (as mud off of one’s shoes, adhering matter off a skillet with one’s nails). Bésxaas/bééghaz (bénds-

(1)

B. CONTINUATIVE

naha-(naho-)(@/si)(528): to scratch or paw around over an area, to feel around on an area,

grope about. Nahasxaz/nahoséghaz (nindahdsgaz). # P-ika nahasxaz,

gaas:bénaanasgaas).

to feel around looking for P,

to grope around for P.

P-k’I-(O/si)(201): to throw O forcefully onto P (as a basin full of water onto another person). Bik’ésxaas/bik’iséghaz (bik’(nddndsgaas). ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to toss O out horizontally, with force (as a bucket of slop or scrub water), Ch'infsxaas/ch'inighaz (ch’indnisgaas: ch’inddnisgaas). hodi-(@/si)(51): to scratch or paw with one’s feet (in an effort to prevent a fall - as over a cliff. Lit. to start pawing an area along.) Hodisxaas/ hodéghaz (nddhodisgaas). na-(@/yi)(594): to fall and go pawing and scratching down from a height trying to save oneself. Naasxaas/nddghaz (nindsgaas: nindandsgaas). nihi-(@/si)(621): to scratch O one time after another, give O a series of scratches, scratch O to pieces. Nehesxaas/nihéghaz (nindhdsgaas: nindahdasgaas), (9) yanda-(= yanayi-)(@/@)(751): to toss O up into the air (as kernels of grain, pinyon nuts, water). Yandasxaas /yandaghaz (yaninddndasxaas), (10) (O/yi)(778): to strike or rip with the claws or nails (completive). Yisxaas/yighaz (ndandsgaas), # Tsiih yisxaas, to gash or rip into flesh with

Go (RISE WITIME (Usitative and Seriative)

|. O-(ti/tt): ‘adi-(O-Imp.)(24): to scratch, to be a scratcher, to be given to scratching (as a cat or small child). ‘Adisxas. di-(@-Imp.)(331): to scratch or claw. Disxas. nani-(@/si)(562): to give O a series of scratches,

to give O a scratching (as a cat that scratches up a person). Nanisxas/ndnéghaz (nindanisgas). yaahii-(O-lmp.)(753): to toss O up into the air one time after another (catching O as it falls, as in winnowing grain or pinyon nuts). Yaahiisxas.

D. SEMELFACTIVE |, -(tt):

claws or nails, scratch and lacerate the

flesh.

(11) yinf-(O-Imp.)(767):

‘ahfini-(= ’ahfyini-)(O-Imp.)(67): to have a scratching or clawing match, scratch or claw each other repeatedly (as children fighting). ’Ahifinfigaas. # P-it ’ahiinisgaas, to have a scratching match with P. (Cf.A[l]11 above: yinfsxaas.) ’Adi-(O/yi)(14-22): to scrape O off oneself (as mud). ’Adisgaas/’ddeesgaz (‘Andddisgaas). # Tsiih ’Adisgaas, to gash or lacerate oneself by scratching with the nails, to take off some skin with a scratch.

(1)

to swipe at O (multiple acts,

with claws or nails - as a lion striking repeatedly

atan object). Yinisxaas. (12) yinfi-(= yinfyi-)(O/)(769): to take a swipe at O (with claws or nails - as a lion striking a blow at an object). Yinfisxaas/yinfighaz.

(2)

226

yii-(@/si)(479):

to give

O a scratch, scratch O (as

acator child). Yiisxas/séghas (nddyiisgas ~ nddnéisgas). ‘li-(= ’ayi-)(Q/si)(479): to make a scratch mark (on something), to scratch unspecified O, give unspecified O a scratch. ‘lisxas/’aséghas (naa’iisgas).

GHAZ

GHAZH

# P-aa ‘iighas, S (as a cat) scratches P in the

IMP___US/IT._PERF.

genital area.

# P-k’i ’‘iisxas, to scratch or cross P out

roughly (as in deleting an unwanted

pea

word or phrase). SS

a

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

SS ee ghd4dsh

ghash

ghazh

-

ghash

ghddsh

ghddsh

ghddzh_

-

ghash

ghddzh

ghash

ghazh

=

ghash

ghash

|ghddzh

ghddsh

ghdazh

.

ghash

ghdaazh

meee

Se

rae

sae

Sone

ee

es

fet |

B.MOM.(2f]ghd4d4sh

eer

Trans.

C.REP.(1) E.

NEUTER

ea

I. di-L-(ti):

Jones

D.REP.(2) Dur.

S is scalloped, serrated (asa

(1) di-(yi-Perf.)(351):

leaf, arrowhead, saw blade).

(2) di-(ni-lmp.)(316):

Doolghas.

Sis scalloped; S is squeaky (as

a rubber band when chewed). (3)

a

F.

1 th NOUN

Cischea:h

fhe

«.:

Dag A

(1)

(2)

cogwheel-shaped

ata Labeled

*xa’tsh’

PA *ghatsh’: gnaw. Successive *xatsh’

> PA

’ahd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(40): to bite O in two, bite O apart. “Ahashhddsh/’ahdathazh (’ahandshWeed gtr Se ata sth hak) raat au LUC TAU UE UTS UE Ate Sy hddash). Po ; F ; ; ’aji-(@/yi)(75): to snap, let go a bite (lit. to bite tinto space - as a dog snapping at someone oa ; AA SAR Se

EL

Ay

ayy gt anmeaty aeMeN) P one time.

made by a dog’s claws as it walks on a Tiga nee

Perhaps PPA

WU)

bite O in two, cut O in two (with pliers or wire cutters). ’Atts’ashhdadsh/’atts ’aathazh (atts’anddndshhaash) or ’atts’anishhadsh/

(5)

(6)

GHAZH/

ee

(3) 'atts'4-(O/yi or ni/ni)(108-110): to bite O apart,

a scraping-scratching sound, as that :

(Uncertain.

IMCD UESNIESOMIES

Sle eu Tite ees wu (andaajithadsh).

(tsighaz) Onomatopoot, Imiates

GHAZ

cn

i. t-(tt):

DERIVATIVES

yoo’ nitchini n’deesghasigif, ;

a ' ohemeoir”

Dighaz.

(1) béésh doolghas, cogwheel (toothed metal). (2) jeeh dighdazii, rubber (the gum that is squeaky). t Saat : 3 lA bee noogazi, fingernail mark, scratch mark, ey gash or ae Faces by a claw or : hare ‘ E fingernail (it was scratched with the finger).

(4)

eg

a

fn’di-(si-Perf.)(672): S is serrated, scalloped, toothed (as a cogwheel). N’deesghas.

et

alae

hea ghash

-

>

PPA

*ghatsh’, but cf. Eyak

(7) -

GHAAZH | xash-g: gnaw.) NAVAJO: The root appears in two closely related, but nonetheless distinctive, Semantic Themes (1) with t-classifier “bite” and (2) with @-classifier “gnaw, nibble.” Although the latter implies inherently repetitive action,

a go _ Yifnfithaddsh/yfinfithazh.

ee ae : O-6-(= P-[y]ini-directive)(O-Imp.)(804): S (asa dog) is biting or snapping at P (repeatedly - as a dog that snaps repeatedly at a horse’s

ankles, or a puppy that whirls around snapping at its tail). Yothaddsh. P-a’di-(@/yi)(146): to bite off a piece for P (asa piece of fried bread for a child). Ba’dishhdash/ ba’diithazh (bandaa’dishhddash). P-di-(@/yi)(181): to take a bite of P, bite offa piece of P (lit. to reduce or subtract from P by biting from P). Bidishhddsh/bidifthazh (bindadishhddash). SER. (@/si)(195): to take one bite after another of P. Bihidishhadsh/bihidéthazh

(binédhidishhdash).

(di-thematic: reduction,

subtraction.)

(8)

a substantial series of lexical derivatives function as Momentaneous forms. It is convenient to treat the Momentaneous and Repetitive Aspects each in two

(9)

parts, identified as Momentaneous (1) (the “bite” Theme), and Momentaneous (2) (the “gnaw” Theme).

227

P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to bite through P, bite a hole in P. Bighdnishhddsh/bighanitthazh (bighandanishhdash). P-nfji-(@/yi)(233): to sink one’s teeth into P, bite into P (into P’s surface) without penetrating through (as into an apple). Binfjishhadsh/ binjithazh (binindajishhaash).

GHAZH

GHAZH

(10)

P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to bite a hole in P. Binfkanfshhaash/binikanithazh (binikandanishhdaash). (11) P-tazhdii-(@/@)(247): to graze P with a bite, bite at P and miss (as a snapping dog). Yitazhdiithadsh/yitazhdiithazh (yitanddnéizdiithddsh). (12) di-(@/si)(330): to start to bite O, make a biting pass at O (as adog). Yidithaddsh/yideeshhazh (naanéidithaash).

B.

MOMENTANEOUS

# Bii’ ha’oogaazh,

a stick). K’infishhadsh/k’inighddazh (k’indanfshgaash). (15) k’fbi’nii-(O/D): to start to gnaw O to pieces. K’fbi’niishhddsh/k’ibi’niighdazh. (16) nihi-(@/si)(621): to gnaw O to pieces. Neheshhdash/nihéghdazh (ninddhdshgdash).

(2) Cra

I. @-(tt):

I. £-(tt):

to gnaw O in two, gnaw O apart.

"Ahanishhdash/ahanighdazh gaash). ‘ahabi’nii-(O/O)(35):

(’ahdndanish’adi-(O-Imp.)(25): to be a biter, to be given to biting (as amean dog). 'Adishhash. (Usitative

to start to gnaw O in two.

’Ahabi’niishhaash/’ahabi’niighdazh. 'aits’a-(ni/ni)(110): to gnaw O apart, gnaw O in two. ’Atts’anishhdash/’atts’anighdazh. 'atts’Abi’nii-(@/O): to start to gnaw O apart. ‘Aits’abi’niishhddsh/’atts’Abi’niighdazh. P-44’di-(@/yi)(150): to gnaw the covering off of P, uncover P by gnawing (as the shell on a nut). Bdéa’dishhddsh/bda’diighdazh (bdninda’dishhaash). (di-thematic: cover.) P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to gnaw through P, gnaw or eat a hole in P (as a mouse in a wall, acid ina fabric). Bighanishhaddsh/bighadnighdazh (bighanddnishgdash). P-f-(@/yi)(155): to gnaw on P (as adog ona bone or a person on an ear of corn). Béshhdadsh/bééghaazh.

stem.) di-(@/si)(330): to bite (Usitative stem.)

Dishhash.

Il. £-(tt):

(1)

nani-(@/si)(808): to give O a succesion of bites, give O a biting (as a dog). Nanishhash/ nanéthazh (nindanishhash).

Da

REP Emi hiv

ea(2)

Durative

to start to gnaw or nibble on P, Start to erode or corrode P (as acid).

|. O-(tt):

Bi’niishhdash/bi’niighdazh. P-na-(@/si)(228): to gnaw around P (as a beaver

(@/yi)(782): to chew, nibble, bite, gnaw on O (as a dog on a bone or a person on an apple).

around a tree trunk). Yinéfghddsh/ yinéfzhghaazh (yininddnéigdash). (10) P-nfka-(ni/ni)(766):

; O (repeatedly).

Seriative

(8) P-’nii-(@/@)(808):

(9)

RE PEt iI Es (G)) Durative

aha-(ni/ni)(40):

(7)

it has been gnawed hollow

(as a melon). (14) k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to gnaw O in two (as a rope or

Yishhaazh/yighdazh (nddndshgdazh). ’a-(O/yi)(123): to nibble, gnaw (on something unspecified) ’Ashhaazh/‘fighdazh.

to gnaw a hole in P (asa

rodent, a moth, acid). Yinfkaighadsh/ yintkdinighaazh (yinfkanddnéigdash). (11) P-nfa-(@/yi)(237): to gnaw into (the surface of) P (as into an apple), to erode the surface of P (as acid on metal). Bin? aéshhadsh/ binf'fighdazh (binfndd’Ashgdash). (12) ha-(@/yi)(430): to gnaw O out. Haashhddsh/ hddghdazh (handdndshgdash).

E.

DISTRIBUTIVE

. L-(tt):

(1)

# P-ii’ haashhddsh, to gnaw O (as the pulp) out of the interior of P (as out ofa

melon). (13) ha’a-(@/yi)(408): to gnaw out unspecified O. Ha’ash-hdaash/ha fighdazh (handa’ashgdash). # P-ii’ ha’ashhddsh, to gnaw out the interior of P, hollow P out by gnawing (as a rodent that gnaws the interior out of a melon or a child that eats the center

(2)

from a loaf of bread),

228

’‘ahdda-(@/si)(36): to bite O into 3+ pieces, divide O up by biting it to pieces. ’"Ahddaashhazh/’ahddashéthazh (‘ahandddaashhazh). 'atts’Ada-(@/si)(103): to bite O into 3+ pieces, divide O up by biting it apart. ’Atts’adaashhazh/’atts’Adashéthazh (atts ’andadaashhazh).

GHAAD

GHAZH

F.

meaning “shake and cause to sprinkle (down)(as pollen, dewdrops, water) .”

SEMELFACTIVE

. £-(tt): yii-(@/si)(800): to give O a bite, bite O (one time). Yiishhash/shéthash (ndayiishhash ~ ndanéishhash). ’ji-(O/si)(476)(with prepounded P-aa): S (asa dog) bites Pin the genital area. Yaa ’iithash/ yaa ’ashhash (yaa naa’iithash).

G.

A.MOM.|

IMP.

WS2/ liteemee lert ene oO Glee

ghddd_

gha’/

Heed

ghad ghad

ghat

ghddd

ghddd ghad ghad

ghat ghat ghat

ghddd = ghad ghad

ghat/

ee ee

. G-(tt):

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(yi)(774): S (as a mouse) is gnawing along on O.

Yooghaadsh/deighdash (nddyoogdash). ’a-(yi)(682): S (as a mouse) is gnawing along (on unspecified O). ‘Ooghddsh/da’ighaash (nda’oogaash)

H.

(1)

gha'/ga’ gha’/ ga’ gha’/ga’

E.SEM. F.CURS.

CURSIVE

ghddad

ga’

Baebes Dur. |ghé44d Ser. C.DIST.

Tee ali,

|. O-(tt): (1)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

dzidithdshii (lb. séigo’), scorpion (the one that bites). jithazhf, biting weed (Celtis reticulata)(a shrub that serves to produce salivation and relieve thirst when water is lacking. The twigs are broken off and chewed)(the one that people chew on). Also the name for hackberry and elderberry. J66sh Dithashi, the Snapping Vagina (of mythology). k’ineedlishii ’adithashigif (or dithashf), biting urine squirter (a beetle). 466d na’aghazhigif, ulcer (the gnawing sore). tiis k’éghdazhii, cottonwood tree gnawed down (by a beaver - used ceremonially) (cottonwood that has been gnawed in two). tsé’éd¢'ii ’adithashigii, biting fly (fly that bites).

’a-(O/yi)(479):

to shake O away out of sight (as

the contents of a bag). ‘lishhddd/’fighaad (‘andshhdad: 'anddndshhdad). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishhadd, to shake O down from a height (as the contents of a bag from a rooftop). # Yah ’iishhddd,

(2)

NAVAJO: A fossilized verb stem used in the noun haazghaad, valley

GHAAD | (obs.). (8)

(PPA *xad > PA “ghad [@): shake. Successive: PPA *xad > PA “*ghad.) NAVAJO: Primary meaning “shake.” Occurs (1) with @ (D-) classifier in both intransitive and in transitive bases meaning “shake (as a dog, bag, blanket),” and with ni-thematic and @-classifier as the theme in bases with the

229

to shake O into an enclosure

(as the contents of a bag into a hole in the earth). ’ahé6-(ni/ni)(46): to sprinkle or strew O around ina circle (as the contents of a holey bag, or by shaking the contents of a bag outin a circle). ’Ahéénishhadd/’ahéénighdadd (‘ahéninddnfshhaad), P-'nii-(@/@)(219): to start to shake O (a blanket ora bag). Bi’niishhadd/bi’niighadd. P-nd-(@/si)(228): to sprinkle or strew O around P (as a bag of ashes around a hogan, shaking O out of the container). Bindshhaad/ binfséghdadd (binfndandshhadd). ch’'(-(ni/ni)(292): to shake O out horizontally (as a towel or a bag out a doorway). Ch’inishhddd/ch 'inighddd (ch’inddnishhadd). di-(@/si)(330): to start to shake O. Dishhadd/ déghddad (ndddishhaad). na-(@/yi)(591): to shake O downward from a height (as the contents of a bag down from a rooftop). Naashhddd/nadghaad (nindandshhaad). ni-(ni/ni)(648): to strew or sprinkle O as far as a stopping point (as the contents of a bag, by shaking out the contents). Ninishhadd/ ninfghddd (ninddnishhdad). # -jj’ ninishhddd, to strew O as far as --(a designated stopping point). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishhdadd, to strew O across (as ashes from a bag across a road or path).

GHAAD

-GHAA’

Il. ni-O-(tt): (1)

C.

nani-(@/yi)(564):

to shake O down, make O

|. @-(tt):

come sprinkling down by shaking (as pollen from a cornplant, snow from a branch, dew-

(1)

drops from a tuft of grass). Nanishhaddd/ naniighdadd (nindanishhdaad). # P-aah nanishhdadd, to shake O off of P (as

(2)

P-taa-(@/si)(249):

to shake O among P (as the contents of a bag of feed among animals). Bitaashhad /bitaaséghad.

pollen off a plant or bearcub, snow offa branch). na’ni-(@/yi)(558): to gather pollen (lit. to shake

D.

down unspecified O). Na’nishhddd/ na’niighddd (ninda’nishhdad). # P-aah na’nishhddd, to gather pollen from P

SEMELFACTIVE

|, O-(tt): (1)

(as from a bearcub or plant).

(1)

DISTRIBUTIVE

yii-(@/si)(800):

to give O a shake, shake O out,

empty O out by shaking (as a bag, ora stomach - in butchering), to spill O out (as the contents of a bag). Yiishhad/séghad (naayiishhad).

‘Adi’nii-(O/O)(17):

to start to shake oneself (asa dog). ’Adi’niigadd/’adi’niigddd (’Andddi’niigaad).

E.

CONTINUATIVE

|. ©-(tt):

(1) B.

REPETITIVE

# P-tahg66 naashhaad, to go among P shaking O (as a person who goes among people shaking a bag).

Durative

|. @-(tt): (1)

(SG/yi)(782):

na-(©-Imp. only)(591): to go about shaking O (as a bag of money, a rattle). Naashhaad.

to shake O (as a blanket, rattle,

bag), S (as the wind) whips O (as clothes ona clothesline or a tree on a hilltop). Yishhadd/ yighaddd (ndadndshhddd).

F. CURSIVE

|. ni-O-(tt):

# ’Aghddt yishhddd, to shake a rattle. # P-iih yishhdad, to shake O into P (as a bag of flour into a bin). # Taah yishhddd, to shake O into the water (as the contents of a bag). # Tsin nfyol bighddd, the wind is whipping the

(1)

(2)

tree.

ni-(yi)(626): to sprinkle O along (as liquid, by dipping a feather or one’s hand in it and

shaking it off). Neeshhat /deiniigad (nadaneeshhat). naand4ni-(yi)(585): to go about sprinkling O (as water by shaking it from one’s hand). Naandaneeshhat.

G. (1)

‘Adi-(@/yi)(23):

to shake oneself (asa dog).

(1)

‘Adigddd /’Adoogddd ('Andddigddd).

# P-aah ’Adigddd, to shake O off of self (as a dog that shakes water or dust off itself).

(2)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’aah nanoogdad, pollen shaken from live birds or animals and used ceremonially (it was shaken down from something). dahtoo’ yinooghatii, marsh wren (the one that sprinkles dewdrops along by shaking them off).

Seriative

(3)

shash baah nanoogddd,

pollen shaken from a

bear (it was shaken down from a bear).

(1)

ndni-(@/si)(566): to give O a series of shakes, give O a shaking (as a blanket or coat),

(PA *-gha-’, fur, hair) Stem noun: wool. fur, body hair, pubic hair.) (P-GHAA’ ghaa’, P’s pubic hair [human]/P’s fur or wool [animal]; Pe’aghaa’, P’s wool/P’s secondarily possessed fur). (Combining forms -gha-, -gha’.) # ’aghaa’, wool.

Nanishhad/ndnéghad.

230

GHAAL

-GHAA’

# ’Aghaatd

(fA, much),

I]. L-(ti/tt):

Agathla Peak, El

Capitan (a volcanic core or pinnacle

(1)

north of Kayenta, Arizona, in the Monu-

ment Valley). # ’aghaasis (-sis, belt), a loosely braided or twisted woolen sash used in wintertime to hold a blanket to the wearer’s waist. # -ch’dhdyahghaa’ (-ch’dhdyah-, underarm), under-arm hair, armpit hair.

# -ddghaa’~ddagha

(2)

(da- < -daa’, lip), mus-

tache, beard, whiskers.

# daghashchiin

(-shchfin,

facsimile),

small replica or

false mustache.

# H{ghaa’ (Hf< f, horse), horsehair. # naaddad’ bitsiigha’, cornsilk. # tsé baah ’aghaa’iyif (tsé, rock + baah, alongside it + -igif, the kind), rock moss (formerly used on masks, but now replaced by horsehair). # -tsiighd (~tsiigha’) (tsii-, head), hair (of the (3)

head), mane.

’a-P-fjf-(G/yi)(4): to bat (against) P, bata fly ball (away out of sight)(lit. to cause a heavy rolling motion against P away into space). ’Abfjishhaat/’abidzifthaal. # JootP-a ’abjjishhaat, to bata fly ball for P. ’aji-(@/yi)(33-75): to tumble, fall heavily, crash, rollin heavily (as a wall of water or a huge wave). ’Ajishhaat/’adziithaal (’anddjishhaat). 3rd person: ’Adzithaal/’adzifthaal (’andzithaat:’anddadzithaat). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’ajishhaat, to go tumbling down from a height (as from a rooftop or cliff). # P-ch’ddh ’adzithaat, P is cut off by a wall of water (as in a sudden flood). # Yah ’ajishhaat, to tumble into an enclosure (as into a hogan through the smokehole or into a mine shaft). P-ghazh-(ni/ni)(193): to bata hole in P, battera hole in P (as in a windshield). Bighazh-

nishhaat/bighaznithaal (PPA

(4)

*xa’t’ > PA “*ghatt’ - *xH >

*ght sometimes used as a suppletive perfective. [©]: sticklike or animate subject moves abruptly, falls; [t-causative]: throw. PPA *xH > PA *ghi [t]: beat with a stick.)

GHAAL

NAVAJO:

(5)

Underlying meaning appears to be “move (6)

in a heavy, undulating or abrupt manner.” Occurs: (1) with t-(L-) classifier as the theme in transitive bases

A.MOM. | ghaat

Wali

esses

ghat

Teaove),

[ep

tele 7p.

ghaal

ghat

ghaat

E.CURS.

-

ghat ghat ghat -

F.NEUT.

=

:

Ser. D.SEM.

ghat ghat

ghaal ghaal ghat

ghat ghat ghat -

ghaat = ghat = ghat

ghaal

=

:

ghat/

to start to do the shelling (as of corn), start to beat a drum. ’l’niishhaat/ Pniithaal. (8) P-tazhdii-(@/O)(247): to graze P with aclub, strike at P with a club and miss, hit a foul ball (in baseball). Bitazhdiishhaalbitazdiithaal (bitandazhdiishhaat). (9) P-taa’a-(@/si)(248): to strike out among P, to swing right and left among P (with a club or stick - as among a pack of dogs, to frighten them off). Bitaa’ashhaat/bitaa’séthaal (bitaanda’dshhaat). (10) ch’fdzi-(ni/ni)(283): to come or go gushing out (horizontally - as a head of flood water from a canyon). Ch’idzithaat/ch’iznithaal (~ ts’idzithaat) (ch’indddzithaat). # P-k’i ch’(dzfthaat, to gush over P (as flood water over a stalled car). (11) dzidi-(@/si)(354): to strike out (into space) with aclub. Dzidishhaat/dzidéthaal (dzinadddishhaat).

ghaat

A.

-

MOMENTANEOUS

# P-it dzidishhaat,

to hit P with a club, to

“bop” P (lit. to strike into space in company with P - P represents the object struck). (12) ha-(@/yi)(432): to shell O (corn or beans - by clubbing the corn, and by beating the beans out of their pods). Haashhaat/hdaathaal (handanashhaab).

|. @-(ti): (1)

P-’nii-(@/O)(219): to start to beat P (witha club), start to shell P (corn). Bi’niishhaat/

(7) ‘i’nii-(@/O)(470):

ran

B.CONT C-REP. Dur. | ane

(something huge) falls on P (as a log or falling tree). Bik’idziithaat/ bik’idziithaal (bik’indziithaat:bik indddziithaat). P-k’ijii-(@/@)(206): to go rolling over onto P, to fall heavily on top of P. (Ib. #4 above.) Bik ’ijiishhaat /bik’idziithaal (bik’inddjiishhaat).

bi’niithaal .

meaning “bat, strike with a stick or club,” and in intransitive bases with the meanings “bat, tumble heavily, gush;” and (2) by extension “shell corn or beans, become fatigued, sprinkle liquid (by shaking one’s hand), roll over (as surf) .". GHAAL appears to be closely related, semantically and morphologically, to GHAL|/GHALo. IMP.

(bighadndadazhnishhaal).

P-k’idzii-(@/@)(205): S (as a huge wave) goes rushing over P (as over a person or ship); S

dfnf-(@/si)(325): to become tired, worn out, fatigued (from hard labor. Lit. to become wilted.) Dinishghaat/dinéghaal. (Obsolete.)

231

GHAAL

GHAAL

(13) ha’a-(@/yi)(404): to be shelling (corn or beans). Ha’ashhaavha'fithaal (handa’dshhaat). (14) ha-P-’nii-(@/@)(373): to start to shell P (corn or beans) (The beans are placed in a sack and

# P-ee yinfishhaat, to take a swipe at O with P (a bat or club). (27) yini-(O-lmp.)(767): to strike at O repeatedly with a club or bat. Yinishhaat.

beaten out of their pods.)

Habi’niishhaat/

habi’niithaal (handabi’niishhaat). (15) hi-(@/si)(446): to hack O (with a knife), cut O (as with a scythe), beat off O (with a succession of blows). Hishhaat/héthaal (ndhdshhaat: ndahashhaat). (16) hwii-(= ho-hi-)(@/si)(464): to break a succession of O on an area by striking with a club or stick (as limbs, the legs of a rabbit). Hwiishhaat/ hoyéthaal (ndahwiishhaat)(Seriative.) # P-tah hwiishhaat, to break O one after another or with a succession of blows from a stick (as a rabbit’s legs). (17) ji-(~ dzi-)(@/yi)(489): to tumble, crash, fall heavily (a person or a falling tree). Jishhaat/dzifthaal (njfishhaat:nadjishhaat). (Completive) # P-iih jishhaat, to tumble into P (as into the mud). # Taah jishhaat,

(18) (19)

(20

wa

k’f-(ni/ni)(510):

(1)

‘adzi-(@/yi)(33): to throw, fall.

# ’Adee ‘adzishghaat, to throw oneself down, to “hit the deck” (as to protect oneself

(2)

from gunfire). ‘ahiini-(= ’ahi-yini-)(O-Imp.)(68): to have a clubbing duel with each other, have a clubbing

match . ’Ahiinfilghaat. # P-it’ahiinishghaat, to have a clubbing match with P (another person). na’adii-(@/O)(544): to hit oneself (one time) with a stick or club. Na’ddiishghaat/na’adeeshghaal (nfnda’ddiishghaat). (Cf. A[Il]23: ndiishhaat.)

to tumble into the water.

to cut O off, strike O off (as with

a blow from a sword or machete). K’inishhaat/ k’infthaal (k’inddnishhaat). naa’a-P-fdzi-(@/yi)(577): to knock P over or down with a blow from a club or bat. Naa’abijfshhaat/naa’ab/fdziftthaal niki’dii-(@/O)(636): to start to beat or flail (hitting

B.

(1)

ground with a stick). Niki’diishhaat/ niki’diithaal. # P-tah niki’diishhaat, to start beating around among P (as among the sheep - with a stick), nikii-(@/si): to scatter O all about with a blow from a club or stick (as a tumbleweed), Nikeeshhaat/nikiiséthaal. nizh-(ni/ni)(665): to strike terminatively into

na’a-(@/si)(551):

to go about clubbing things, to go about making sweeping motions (with an ndiitjfh - a ceremonial instrument used to brush away evil from a sick or moribund person). Na’ashhaat/ni’séthaal (ninda’ashhaab). # P-k’i na’ashhaat, to brush away evil from P, sweep over P, brush over P (with an

ndiitjfh).

space with a club (kill or knock unconscious

C.

with a blow from a club), fall heavily. I. £-(tt):

# P-it nizhnishhaat, to beat P up with a club, kill P with a club, club P to death.

(25

—

(26)

(G/yi)(782):

to beat O (a drum), to shell O (corn - by clubbing the ears). Yishhaat/yithaal (ndandshhaal).

# Tsé’yaa nizhnishhaat, to fall and go sprawling on one’s face. Ndii-(@/yi)(618): to strike O a blow with a club or stick, hitO one time with a club. Ndiishhaat/ Adifthaal (nindddiishhaat), n’dii-(O/yi)(675): to hit unspecified O one time with a club or stick. N’diishhaat/n’difthaal (ninda’diishhaat) (Used as a circumlocution with reference to the genital area.) # P-aa n’diishhaat,

to hit P in the club or stick, yaa-P-fjii-(O/@)(752): to swat or bat air (as a ball, with a paddle, bat or Y aabfjiishhaat /yadbidzifthaal. yinfi-(@/O)(769): to take a swipe at club or bat), to strike at O (as at a time). Yinfishhaat/ yinfithaal .

REPETITIVE Durative

Nizhnishhaatniznithaal . In:

(24)

CONTINUATIVE

|. £-(tt):

an unspecified O - as when one beats on the

(23)

"Adzishghaat/

’adzeeshghaal (‘andzishghaat:’andddzishghaat). In context:

# ’Asaa’ yishhaat, to beat a drum.

(2)

’a-(O/yi)(126):

to do the shelling or beating (lit. to

hit unspecified O).

(3)

’Ashhaat/’ifthaal

(naa’ashhaal). ’adi-(O)(25): to be a batter. (Usitative stem.)

’Adishhat.

groin with a Seriative

P up into the club).

Il. £-(tt):

(1)

O (with a ball - one

232

ndni-(@/si)(564): to give O a series of blows with a club, give O a beating with a club or stick,

-GHAAN

GHAAL

beat O up with aclub. (nindanishhah).

Nanishhat/ndnéthaal

(5) (6)

ll. L-(tr):

(7)

bee ’adilghatf, baseball bat (that with which batting is done). bitsee’ yee ’adithatii, crocodile, alligator (the one that strikes with its tail). hat, club (the weapon used by Naayéé’ Neiz-

ghan/to kill Fear). (1)

na’adini-(@/si)(545): to beat oneself with a club or stick. Na’ddinishghat/na’ddinéshghaal (ninda’ddinishghat). na’ahini-(@/si)(547): to beat each other with

(2)

sticks or clubs, beat each other up with clubs.

Na’ahinishghat/na’ahineelghaal (ninda’ahinishghat). # P-itnda’ahinishghal, to engage in a club fight with P.

D. SEMELFACTIVE

(8)

Jithddl Bito’, Shathohih Spring, Arizona (Always- Beaten-Up’s spring. Jithadl was the name of a person.)

(9)

na’ash@’iitsoh bitsee’ yee da’dithatigif, alligator, crocodile (big lizard of the kind that strikes with its tail). (10) toh bee hilghaati, scythe (that with which grass is cut, with a swinging action). (11) tsé’édd’ii bee bitaa’alghaati, fly swatter (that with which blows are struck among the flies). (12) tsihat, club, boomerang (wooden club).

l. b-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(800): to wrap. Yiishhat/séthat (naayiishhat). In: # P-it yiishhat, to wrap O up with P (as with

GHAAt

Noun stem (with thematized ’a-): ’aghdadt (-e’aghddat), rattle.

| (Sometimes as -ghaal in compounds.) # ’adee’aghdat

# Nat’oh bit yiishhat, to rolla cigaret. T’da "adzaagi nat’oh bit yiishhat, to roll a sloppy cigaret.

E. CURSIVE

l. ni-t-(tt):

(1) P-fzhni-(yi)(264): to go along beating O with a stick or club (as a burro)(lit. to go along swinging a stick or club into space against P). Bizhneeshhal bidaznfilghaat.

Il. t-(tt): _ (1)

naana’a-(yi)(584): to go about swinging a club. Naanda‘eeshhat/naanda ’finfilghaat.

F. NEUTER |. @-(ti): (1)

ha-(si-Perf.)(423): area is smooth, there is a smooth area or valley. Hazghaal.

H. (1)

(2) (3) (4)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’adzithaat, batter (at baseball) (the one who strikes into space). ’ak’i na’alhaat (Ib. ’ak’i ’adinfyé6d), brushing procedure in Evil Way Chants. ’dsaa’ yilghaat, drum (the pot that is beaten). ’atsoolghat, sheet lightning (ceremonial term).

(’adee’,

gourd + -’aghaat),

paper, a tarpaulin).

gourd rattle # ’aghddttsiin (-tsiin, handle, stalk), the rattlestick carried in the War Dance (’Ana’f Ndaa’) by a girl chosen for the purpose - often an unmarried niece of the receiver of the rattlestick (ba’fitaanii). # ’akat’aghdat (’akat, leather) (-e’akat ‘aghdaat), leather rattle. # ’akéshgaa ’aghddat (’akéshgaa, hoof, toenail) (-e’akéshgaa ’aghdat), hoof rattle, rattle made of hoof. # ’atséghaal (-tsé- < -tsee’, tail + -ghaal) (tséghaal; -e’etséghaal), tail rattle, rattle ona rattlesnake. # tliish ’"aghddt (tPiish, snake), penstemon, beard tongue (lit. snake rattle). # ta’aghdlii (ta- < -ldtah, tip + -ghal- = -ghdat + -ii, the one), rattlepod (lit. the one with a rattle at the tip - a type of locoweed). # ta’aghdliits’66z (-ts’66z, slender), Thompson locoweed (Astragalus thompsoni). # ’aydni ’aghdat (’ayanf, buffalo) (-e’ayanf ’aghaat), buffalo rattle.

Noun stem (with thematized -ff- or fish-: -fighddn ~ -iishghdan ~ -fighda([P-iighdan ~ P-fishghdan), back, spine, vertebra. (Cf. -ghda’, top, summit.)

# -fighddn deedza’d, along the ridge of the spine. # -fighddtsiighaa’ (-tsiighaa’, brain), spinal cord.

GHAAZH4

GHAAZH,

# -fighdats’iin ~ -fighdasts’iin (-ts’iin = ts’in, bone +-ii, the one), backbone. # t6 bfiishghddn (t6, water), wave on water.

(4)

na’ni-(@/si)(558):

S (as a boiling torrent of water)

spreads foaming and frothing. Na'nithdash/ na’neeshhaazh (ninaa’nithdaash),

(PPA *xWa’sh > PA *ghazh [suffixed stem *xWash > ghush-] GHAAZH4

[Ii]: make a bubbling, babbling, snoring noise; a multitude makes noise.)

(1)

hadi-(@/yi)(385):

to let outa yell, to give a shout.

Hadishghaash/hadeeshghaazh (handddishghaash). # P-ch’|’ hadishghaash, to yell or shout at P.

NAVAJO: Primary meaning is apparently “make a bubbling noise.” Occurs, with various thematic prefixes, in a wide range of extended meanings in

IV.

'a-L-(tr/ti):

addition to those that more closely approximate the

basic or primary meaning, including:

(1) with ni-

(1)

thematic and L-/ t-classifier as the theme in intransi(2)

’a-thematic (presumably the 3i object pronoun “something”) and t-(L-) classifier as the theme in bases meaning “sleep.”

ge

| ghédsh

USM

EERE:

AUR E

wosh

ghaazh

wosh

ghddsh

B.REP.

wosh

wosh

ghaazh

wosh

ghaazh

A.

(3)

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS/TRANSITIONAL

|. ni-L-(ti):

(2)

(2)

w6’ani-(@/yi)(744): S boils over (as a coffee pot), S foams over (as a glass of warm beer).

ghdadash:handdnflghaash).

W6’anilghadsh/wo’anoolghaazh ghdash).

na’ii-(O/@)(556):

to go back to sleep.

V. ’a-t-(ti/tt):

ghaash_ghash__ghaazh___qhash___ghaash

hani-(@/yi)(413) S bubbles, boils (comes to a boil). Hanilghadsh/hanoolghaazh (hananil-

‘adi’ii-(O/O)(17): to put oneself to sleep, to anesthetize or hypnotize oneself.

Na’iishghaash /na’iishghaazh (ninda’iishghaash or ninaa’iishhdaash). (V. A[V]2: ‘iishhaash.)

‘ORM:

(1)

(naadi’niish-

‘Adi’iishghaash/'ddi’iishghaazh (andi’iishghadsh:’andadi'iishghdash).

Trans. C.CONT.

to oversleep, sleep too long.

‘Adiniishghaash/'adiniishghaazh ghaash).

tive/transitive bases meaning “bubble, boil, effervesce, gush, spew;” (2) di-thematic: oral noise, and L-classifier in bases meaning “shout, yell;” and (3)

IMP.

‘adinii-(O/O)(21):

(3)

(4)

(w6'andanil-

P-'ii-(O/O)(215); to put P to sleep, make P go to bed (as a child), anesthetize O (a patient).

Biiishhadsh/bi'iithaazh (bina’iishhaash: binaa’iishhaash). ‘ii-(O/O)(481-556): to go to sleep, to go to bed. ‘lishhaash /iithaazh (na’iishhadsh:naa’'iishhaash or na’iishghaash:naa'iishghaash with Lclassifier). naa’i’a-(@/yi)(579):

to fall over asleep, topple over asleep. Naa’i’eshhdadash/naa’i’iithaazh. fndfnii-(@/O)(606): to just get soundly asleep, just get a good start on one’s sleep (when

something happens).

Nd/’nfishhadsh/

Ad? nfithaazh. Il, ni-L-(tt): (1)

’anii-(@/@)(121):

VI. *éhodi-L-(ti):

to bring unspecified O toa

boil(?) ’Aniishhadsh/’aniithaazh haash). In:

(naa’niish-

(1)

‘ahodii-(@/@)(72):

# ’Ayah ’aniishhddsh, to administer a heat treatment (to someone unspecified). # P-yah 'aniishhddash, to give Pa heat treatment (P-yah, underneath P.) (2) hada’ni-(Q/si)(377): S (plural: including water

(‘anadhodiishghaash).

B.

REPETIMVE Durative

from a geyser and lava from a volcano) gushes, spurts, spews, squirts out, erupts.

(3)

to pretend to go to sleep.

’Ahodiishghaash/’4hodiishghaazh

I. ni-t-(ti):

Hada’nithddsh/hada’neeshhaazh (handada’nithdash). hani-(@/yi)(415: to make O boil, bubble, foam, effervesce; to bring O to a boil (as water). Hanishhaash/haniithaazh (handn{shhddsh: handdanfshhdash)

(1)

234

ha’ni-(O-lmp.)(377): S (as water from a geyser or molten lava from a volcano) is spewing, gushing, boiling or spurting out. Ha’nithosh

GHAAZH4

-GHAAH

(commonly including da-, distributive plural: hada’nithosh).

(6)

diwosh, shout, yell, scream. Diwosh hayii’d, she let outa yell or scream. (7) doo ’iighddsh (da), vigil (going to sleep does not take place). (8) talawosh, froth, foam, bubble, soap. (9) T6 Ha’nithoshi, Boiling Spring, Arizona (where water gushes up out). (10) dzit blatahdéé’ tsé dadith{jhgo hada’nithoshigff, volcanoes (mountains from the top of which molten rocks gush up out).

I. di-L-(ti): (1)

di-(@-lmp.)(339): to be yelling, shouting, screaming or screeching. Dishwosh (naadishwosh). # P-ch’j’ dishwosh,

(2)

to be yelling, shouting or

screaming at P. P-fdi-(@/yi)(181): to shout at P, disturb P, throw P into confusion. Bidfshwosh/bfdeeshghaazh (bfndddfshwosh).

GHAAZH2/ GHAAZH»

Il. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

Imperfective base, both with Oclassifier, and both with the

|. di-O-(ti): (1)

IV. ’éhodi-L-(ti):

di-(@-lmp.):

S is spongey (as sponge rubber).

Dighdazh.

’dhodi-(@-lmp.)(72):

to pretend to be asleep, to

Il. df-B-(ti):

feign sleep. ‘Ahodishwosh.

(1)

C,

CONTINUATIVE

dée-(yi-Perf.?)(311): S is thick and cushiony (as foam rubber). ’Ay6f déeghaazh.

. L-(ti): (1)

base, and GHAAZH in a Neuter meaning “spongey, cushiony.” (Cf. GHAZH.)

’a-(O-lmp.)(126): to be sleeping, to be asleep. "Ashhosh (nda’dshhosh).

(1)

NAVAJO: Occurs in the form GHAAZH in a Neuter Perfective

V. GHAZH: bite/GHAAZH{: corres-

na-(@/si)(591): to go about yelling, shouting or screaming. Naashghaash/nishishghaazh (nindandashghaash).

GHAAZH 4

ponding to the Perfective Mode, Durative and Repetitive Aspects gnaw, nibble.

. ‘a-t-(ti): (1)

na’(a)-(si-Perf.)(642): to have taken a nap, to have had a night’s sleep, to have slept (lit. to have passed from wakefulness to a period of sleep and back to wakefulness - making a “round trip.”). Ni’shéthaazh.

D.

(1) (2) (3)

‘awosh,

NOUN

(A) An obsolete postposition “around, in the vicinity” (e.g. shighan bighaag66 hdézhénf= shighan binaag66 hézhéni, it’s pretty around my place. Cf. ‘Ahan: near.) -ghaadi-: part of (e.g. yoo’ t’éa bighaadidd66 shaa yinfjaa’, he gave me part of the beads / t’aa shaghaadid66 nishishnish, | worked part of the day [sha-, sun].)

DERIVATIVES

sleep.

’azee’ bee 'iilghashf, anesthetic, ether, chloroform (medicine with which sleep is caused), ’azee’ bich’j’ da’awoshigff, sleeping pill, sedative, soporific (the medicine toward which

(A) Stem postposition:

-GHAAH

plural sleeping takes place - i.e. the medicine that induces sleep for people). (4) ’ayah ’aniighddsh, heat treatment (something

(5)

joined to,

attached to, hitched to (a top or end,

as a bayonet to arifle, a horse toa cart, a tow chain to acar). tif’

tsinaabaas bighadh difttj, | hitched the horse to the wagon / tt’66t ’athddh hidéthan, | attached the ropes to each other. (Cf. -ghda’, top, summit, as in dzit bighda’ ~ dzitghda’, mountaintop / kin bighaa’, housetop, roof.)

boils under someone). dah dinfilghaazh, fried bread (it bubbled up and remained so - it bubbled up prolongedly).

235

GHAA’s

GHAAY)’

# P-aa dlo O-ghd, O die laughing about (at) P, laughter about P is killing O. E.g. Nihaa dlo bigha’, they die laughing at

Noun: October. (-ghaa- is said to be cognate with -iighddn, back. The month signals the close of the harvest season and marks the beginning of a new cycle. Ghaajj’ is the month when summer and

GHAAJ}’

US.) # Dichin O-gha, O starve to death (hunger kills O) O die of thirst (thirst kills O). * Dibaa’ O-gha, # Ch’iindf O-ghd, O die of melancholy ora

winter are “back to back.”).

Onomatopoetic.

broken heart, O pine away, become dejected or depressed (depression kills

Imitates the

O). # Hado O-gha, O die of heat prostration (heat kills O), # Hak’az O-ghda, O die of the cold, O die of

growling-snarling sound made by an angry dog. (tééchaa’i“ghaa” shitn/, the dog is growling or snarling at me lit. itis saying “ghaa” to me.)

GHAA’

hypothermia (coldness kills O).

Stem noun:

top, summit.

fighaan = -iishghdan,

(cf. -

back, spine,

vertebra.)

# dzitghdd’ ~ dzit bighda’ (dzit, mountain), mountaintop. # Dzitgha’i (-i, the ones), White Mountain Apaches (lit. the mountaintop people). # kin bighdd’ (kin, house), housetop, roof. # tséghdda’ ~ tsé bighda’ (tsé, rock, boulder),

(2) (3)

top of a rock or boulder.

# tsinghdd’ ~ tsighdd’ ~ tsin bighda’ (tsi- < tsin, tree),

treetop.

(PPA

*xan > PA

*ghan

[@]: make

plural O, kill plural O.)

NAVAJO:

Primary meaning

“kill 2+

depressed, sad, P are down in “the dumps. ” (depression starts to kill P).

O.” Occurs with @ (D-) classifier in themes with the meaning “kill plural (2+) O,” and with the extended meaning “suffer acutely” in a number of expressions relating to hunger, thirst, cold, heat and other physical or mental

# Dichin P-’niighd, P get very hungry, P are starving (hunger starts to kill P). # Dibda’ P-’niigha, P get very thirsty, P are dying of thirst (thirst starts to kill P). # Hado P-’niighda, P are suffering from the heat (heat starts to kill P). # Hak’az P-’niighd, P are suffering from the cold (the cold starts to kill P). # Na’acha’ P-’niigha, P are sex-hungry, sex-

states.

IMP.

WS MMon IHElRiles

RU.

Ol:

AMOM. ghééh ghééh ghéd’ ghdét_ ghédh ies ee Oe A.

# ’li’ni’ O-gha’ O are killed by lightning (lightning kills O). Sd O-ghd, O die of old age (old age kills O). T6 O-gha, O drown (water kills O). O are worried (worry kills O). HHYinf O-ghd, # P-’nii-(@/@)(217-219): to start to kill O. Bi’niishhd/bi’niighad’ (binda’niishga). P-'nii-(@/O)(217): S starts to kill P. Bi’niighd/ bi’niighda’ Occurs in a large number of expressions, in conjunction with a noun representing a non-human or inanimate causative agent, as: # ’Ach’d P-’niighd, P become meat hungry (meat hunger starts to kill P). # ’Adilddh P-’niighd, P are “ornery,” mischievous. # P-aa naanish p-’niighd, to become very busy (as on a project or task)(work on P starts to kill p). # Ch’iinaii P-’niighd, P become melancholy,

starved, “hot,” “horny” (sex craving

starts to kill P).

# Sa P-’niighda, P are getting old (old age

MOMENTANEOUS

starts to kill P). # Té6’67{ P-’niigha, P become poverty-stricken

1. O-(tt):

(poverty starts to kill P).

(1)

O-(G/yi):

S kills O. Bighd/biighda’

# To P-’niighd, P are drowning (water starts to kill P).

(it kills them).

Occurs in a number of expressions, in

(4)

conjunction with a noun representing a nonhuman or inanimate causative agent, as: # ’Awdalya gone’ sd O-ghd, O serve life terms in prison (lit. old age kills O in

(@/yi)(782):

to kill, slay, execute O.

Yishhda/yighdaa’.

D-(tr):

prison. (E.g. ’awdalya gone’ sa bfighda’, they served life terms in

(1)

prison.)

236

‘ahi-(@/yi)(63):

to kill each other, to fight (as in a

war). ’Ahiigd/’ahiigaa’ (we). # P-it’ahishgad, to fight with P (the enemy).

GHAA; (2)

HAI

’ahi’nii-(@/O)(59): to start to kill each other, start to fight. ’Ahi’niigdah/’ahi’niigdd’ (nda’ahi’nii-

A.

gaah).

(3)

I. ’a-t-(ti):

# P-if ahi’niishgddah, to start to fight with P. ‘Ad(i)-(G/yi)(28): to commit suicide, kill selves.

(1)

’Adiigd/’Adiigda’ (we). (4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) (5)

(6)

(7)

NOUN

ha’a-(@/yi)(126):

to start to snore.

Ha’ashhddah/

ha’fithda’ (handa’ashhdah).

’adi’nii-(O/O)(17): to start to commit suicide, start to kill selves. ’Adi’niigd/’adi’niigda’ (we).

B.

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

’i’nii-(@/@)(470):

(3)

‘iniithaa’ (‘anda’niishhadh). ndfnfi-(@/@)(607): to just get a good start

to start to snore.

’I’niishhdaah/

snoring (sleeping)(when something happens).

DERIVATIVES

Ndfniishhaah/ ndfniithda’.

’ahiga (da’ahiga), mortal combat, war (mutual killing). bee da’ahijiganigif, weapons, weapons of war, deadly weapons (those things with which people kill one another - or engage in combat). Binda’ Yee ’Aghani, Evil Eye Monster (the one that kills things with its eyes)(mythological monster). ch’il ’aghdnf, loco weed (the plant that kills things). ch’osh bee yigdanf, insecticide (the one with which bugs are killed). da’ahijétaatgo da’ahijiganigif, karate (the one in which people fight kicking one another). k’asdad bee yiga’, Joe-Pye weed, white snakeroot, trumpet weed (Eupotorium

B.

DURATIVE

(REPETITIVE)

I. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(126):

/ithaa’

to snore, to be snoring.

’Ashhda’

(nda’dshhad’).

Il. ’Ahodi-L-(ti): (1)

‘ahodi-(©)(71): to pretend to be snoring. ’Ahodishghda’.

(PA *xay, winter) Stem noun: winter, year. (Cf. verb root HAI: winter/year passes.)

purpureum) (arrow wounds are killed with it, wound infections are combatted with it).

HAI/

(8)

ma’iitsoh bee yigd, strychnine, wolf poison (that with which wolves are killed). (9) Nda’aghdni, name of an old crater north of Bluewater, New Mexico (eyes that kill). (10) Naayéé’ Neizghani, Killer Of Monsters (the one who went about killing the evils that were around. One of the Culture Heroes - brother of Tdébdjishchins.) . (11) sd na’oogda’, life span, “old age killed period” (traditionally a period of about 104 years). Tdadi sd na’oogda’daa’, three life spans ago,

-GHAI

#

Beehai,

Jicarilla Apache.

# difghaaf (-ghai- + -f, the one),

this year, this

winter.

# haiddd’ (-dad’, past), last winter. # haigo (-go, during), during the winter. # haik’eh (k’eh, place), winter place, winter resi-dence. # keehai (kee-, place), winter place, winter residence. (Cf. haik’eh.)

# na’dtséhaidda’ (nda-, returning back + ’Atsé, first), the year before last.

(approximately) three centuries ago (old age

has killed three times). (12) tsinaa’eet bee da’ahijiganigif, warship, battleship (ship with which people fight). (13) wé6lachi? beegd, antidote for red ant sting (a herb).

(PPA

*xay [or *xaxY > PA *xagh¥]:

winter.) HAI NAVAJO: Presumably gh-initial, but the stem initial fails to voice except in the noun hai, winter, but dif ghaaf, this winter. Occurs, with -@-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “winter comes/ passes,” and by

(Uncertain. Perhaps PPA *xtm > PA *ghim: snore, growl. Cf. GHAAZH: boil, bubble. V. KraussLeer 1981: 71,93.)

9s GHAA’o

extension, “a year comes/passes.”

NAVAJO: Occurs, with ’a-thematic (the 3i object pronoun) and t-classifier as the theme

in verb bases meaning “snore.” IMP.

WS ri

PERE.

FUT.

ORTe

AMOM.

ghé4én

ghdéh

ghd’ = ghdgt_—

gh’

B.DUR.

ghd’

ghdah

ghaa’

ghda’

ghdat

A.MOM. B.CURS.

237

IMP.

US /IT.

PERF.

hddh_

hah :

hai :

PROG.

HAI

HASTAA

A. MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti):

(5)

(6) (1)

(2)

(3)

P-ee-(@/yi)(160): P spends the winter, P spends the year, P comes through the winter (people

or livestock). Beehdah/bééhai (nddbeehdah). P-na-(O/yi)(224): P is so many years old, P spends a series of years. Bindhddh/bindadhai. (E.g. naadiin shinadhai, |’m twenty years old. Dikwifsha’ ninddhai, how old are you?) ch’f-(@/yi)(274): winter starts or ends. Ch’éhaah/ch’é6hai (ch’indhddh: ch'inddnahdah), # P-ee ch’éhadah, P winters, passes the winter. (E.g. shilff ya’at’éehgo bee ch’ééhai, my horse got through the winter in good shape.)

(4)

ch’fnd-(ni/ni)(289); winter comes to an end (lit. winter moves back out). Ch’fnadhaah/

(5)

’i’nii-(O/O)(469):

(6)

na-(O/yi)(533):

(7)

above.) ninahi-(@/si)(644): years or winters pass by one after another, a series of years go by.

t’adtahddi neeznddiin nindhdhdah, century, hundred years. ts’ida nahaadh bijjf gone’, New Year’s Day (in the precise day when the winter recycling takes place).

D. (1)

t’aa ’ahééhéhaah

(2)

(3)

Phoenix.) t’dadoo laf nahahi,

Ninahahaah/nindhaasxai. # T’da ninadhahdah bik’eh, annually, yearly. # T’dd dikwif P-ta’ ninddahaasxai, P (as

HAKAZITAH

(8)

(O/yi)(760):

a year passes, winter comes.

Yihaah/yihai (naéhddh:nddndhaah). # P-eehadh (= P-ee yihddh), P spends the winter, P spends a year. (E.g. Hoozdodi naashdago shééhai,

the winter in Phoenix.)(V.#1

(hakazi-? + -tah, among) Noun (obsolete): forest, woods.

club.

(Cf. verb root

GHAAL: move with a heavy rolling motion.) # béésh hat (béésh, flint), flint club (mythological

HAL

weapon). # tsihat (tsi < tsin, wood), wooden club.

Noun (derivation uncertain): dove, mourning dove.

| spent

above)

all the year around, all

within a few years, before

Stem noun:

one’s children) are spaced several

years apart.

bik’eh,

many years. t'’a4a nindhdhddh bik’eh, annually, yearly, every year, per year.

winter begins, it becomes

‘I’niihaah/’i’niihai (’inda’niihddh). winter returns, a year passes. Nahdaah/ndahai (ninddndhdah), # P-nahdah, P is (so many) years old. (V.#2

PHRASES

year long. (E.g. Hoozdodi t’dd ’ahééhéhdadh bik’ehgo deesdoi teh, it’s warm all year long in

ch’éénhhai. winter.

ADVERBIAL

turtle

HASBIDI

B. CURSIVE |, O-(ti): (1)

(yi)(760):

a winter or a year is going by, a year is

in the process of passing.

Yihah

(ndanddhah). # P-ee yihah, P is spending the winter or year.

# Ya’at’éehgo P-ee yihah, P is having a good year.

C.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

) dffghaaf, this year, this winter. (2) hai, winter, year.

) ta’ binddhaal, yearling (the one that is one year old). (4) ndhddh bit?'éé’, New Year’s night, New Year’s Eve (the recycling year’s night).

HAST

-

> cD,

(Derivation unknown) Noun/adjective: six. (Combining form: hasta-.) # hastddiin (-diin = English ty), hastddiin, sixty.

Hastddiin d66 ba’aa dj’ (d66, and + ba’aa, beyond it+ dj’, four), sixty-four. # hasta@’dadah (-dadah = English -teen), sixteen. # hastdadi (-di, times), six times. Hasta’adadahdi, sixteen times. Hastdadi neeznddiin (neeznddiin, hundred), six hundred. Hastdadi mifl (mil Span. mil, thousand), six thousand, # hastanf (hastda[n]- + -f, the one), the six spot in cards, sextuplets, a litter of six.

HIt

HASHK’AAN

# k’aayéét (-k’aayéél)(k’aa’,

# hastddydal (-yadl < Span. real, bit), six bits, seventy-five cents.

Noun (derivation uncertain:

yucca

# hashk’aan bich’osh (-ch’osh,

worm, bug),

yucca fruit worm, yucca moth.

(PPA uncertain. PA *xes or “ghes. For failure to voice cf. Hupa xi-xes,

HEEZ

A.MOM.]| B.DUR.

Noun (derivation unknown): a class of supernatural beings, a god (represented by masked

HAASHCH’EEH

impersonators

|. -(ti):

in certain cere-

monies),

# Haashch’ééh Ba’ddd ‘Add,

female),

not xi-wes.)

NAVAJO: Although presumably ghinitial, the stem-initial fails to voice, and remains h-. Occurs, with O-classifier, as the theme in a verb base meaning “itch.”

Noun (derivation unclear): squirrel, small todent # hazéitsoh (-tsoh, big), squirrel. # hazéits’dsf (-ts’ds/, slender), chipmunk.

HAZE(

arrow

# tf biyéél (-If biyéél)(tf?, horse), saddle. # tsiiyéét~ tsiiyéél (-tsiiyéél)(tsii-, hair), hairknot, chongo. # yélii (-yéél + -ii, the one), hunchback (lit. the one with a pack or burden).

fruit, banana, fig, date.

HASHK’AAN

arrow),

quiver.

IMP.

USVI

PERR

MEUT.

OPT.

héés

hes

heez

hes

héés

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

‘i’nii-(@/O)(469): S starts to itch. ’l’niihgés/ ‘’niiheez (‘inaa’niihéés).

(-

Female Gods.

# Haashch’ééh Bika’ (-ka’, male), Male Gods. # haashch’é’édda’ ~ haashch’ééddd’ food),

(-dda’,

rabbit thorn, boxthorn,

matrimony vine, tomatillo pallidum).

(Lycium

(@/yi)(760): S itches (foot, finger, head). Yihees/yiheez (naandahéés).

# Hashch’éé’ooghaan (-ghaan ~ -waan imitates a growling sound), Growling God. # Haasch’éédéddi (lit. the God whose call is “dédi”)(also known as Haashch’éétbah, Gray God). (-tsoh, big), Big God. + Haashch’éétsoh # Haashch’éétsohee, the Big God Way (chant). Noun stem

-HEEH

# P-kda’ yihéés, P itches all over (lit. P’s surface itches). ’a-(O/yi)(55): unspecified S itches (a circumlocution referring to the genital area).

"Ahéés/iiheez

In:

# P-aa ‘ahéés,

P has an itch in the genital

area. ha-(@/yi)(394):

belly area).

area itches (as one’s back or

Hahéés/hédéheez

(nadhahéés).

(with thematized ’a-):

‘ahééh, thanks, gratitude, appreciation. # ’ahééh, thanks, gratitude,

C.

you. # ’ahéhee’ laa, thanks a lot! H= (-yéél) Stem noun:

burden, bundle.

load, pack,

(Cf. verb root YJ:

handle a LPB.) # héétbd hooghan (ba, for it + hooghan, home, shelter),

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’akda’ yihéés, pruritis, itch (the surface of something unspecified itches).

appreciation. # ‘’ahéhee‘, thanks! thank

HEEL

B. DURATIVE

|. ©-(ti):

storehouse,

storage shed.

239

Stem noun: darkness, date, day (of an event). (Cf. verb root YEEL: be[come]dark, and prefixal hit- in hitiijjf’, darkness fell, it became dusk.

HIS

(-his)(PA pus.

lH

*x#z, pus)

Stem noun:

HIS

(2)

P-k’e’a-(O/yi)(200): to be(come) satisfied with P (i. €. on account of P). Bik’e’ahwiih/

bik’e’ffhwiih.

Stem noun:

satiation, satisfaction.

HWIIH (-wosh) Stem noun: thorn, cactus. (Cf. verb root WOZH: stickery.) # ch’il ’awoshf (ch’il, plant),

HOSH

Russian thistle, tumbleweed, saltwort

(Salsola pestifer, Francerian paniculatium). # ch’ilhoshf(ch’il, plant +-f, the one), burr marigold. # dah woozh (dah, up), wild red raspberry, strawberry, pineapple. # tPohdeef hoshf (tohdeef, grass of the types whose seeds fall), amaranth, pigweed

(lit. rough or stickery grass).

Noun (derivation unknown): :

whip-

poor-will.

HOSHDODII

Stem noun:

HOZ

blue heron (Haile 1950:172. Offered as a translation for goose in the Schoolcraft Navajo vocabulary of 1856. Cf. Chipewyan xah, Carrier xwoh, goose.)

HWIIH

NAVAJO: Possibly derived from an exclamation (comparable to English “whew!”). Occurs in the single stem shape HWIIH, both as an abstract noun meaning “satisfaction,

(~ -6-)(C) Stem postposition: against, contacting, reaching, joining, overtaking, to (sticking), with (colliding), into (bumping). Kin biniishda, I’m sitting leaning against the house/ shijadd bidishnih, |’m feeling my leg, moving my hand repeatedly in contact with my leg / sis tsé bidétdit, | struck the belt against the rock/ 66’ neishoodii bfiya, | joined a church (i.e. added myself to a missionary group)/ ‘fdiilleehé ta’ bidiitjéé’, | put (stuck) a stamp on it, pasted a stamp to it / shizhé’é binfshwod, | overtook my father (running)/ ’atsj’ ’Ashjjh béshjih, I’m rubbing salt on the meat / tsé bidégo’, | bumped into the rock. The reciprocal (’ahf~ ‘ath{-) is usually equivalent to “together,” as ’ahidiitjéé’, | stuck them together/ ’ahfhhétt’¢, | tied them together/ ’ahfijaa’, | mixed or combined them together/ bee ’Adit’ood{ bee ’Adishishjool, | wiped myself with a towel (i.e. rubbed a towel against myself). -(- and -na- contract to produce -é6-, asin: ’éé’ bééhétrin, | piled clothing onto him / ’éé’ ’adééhéshtVin, | piled clothing onto myself. Postpositional -{- is identified as a component of certain compounds, including: nik/- (=nik-, surface + -f-), onor against a surface, as in joot kin bighda’gi nikideests’id, the ball bounced on the roof of the house; -k’f(=-k’[i]-, on + -f-), onto, as in ’Ashijjh bik’fsénil, | sprinkled salt on it / bik’infya, | came upon it, found it / t6 bik?{séziid, | poured water on him; -fyah (= -f-, against + -yah,

under),

supporting (from under-

neath), as in nfbaal bfyah niizj, I’m standing under the tent holding it up.

satiation,” and as a verb stem, with

©-classifier, as the theme in a base meaning “become

satisfied or satiated.” The Imperfective, like

nf, he says, occurs without paradigmatic prefixes. Cf. 1H.

|, @-(ti): (1)

(@)(463): there is satisfaction, satiation. Hwiih (ndhwiih: Iter., yhwiih: Perf., doohwiih: Fut., wohwiih: Opt.) In: # P-ithwiih,

(A) A compound functioning syntactically as a postpositional:

-(DIN

without, lacking. T’4d shidin dah

diiyd, he left without me / naanish t’da bidin héyéé’, there’s a lack of employment / chidfitsxoof t’aa shidin dah diilwod, | missed the school bus (lit. the school bus took off without me).

P is satiated, satisfied, content.

# P-ityfhwiih, P had sufficient, P became satiated (with food or drink). # Hwiih yishteeh,

to become satiated,

satisfied. (V. L{f’: become.)

Stem noun:

filth, dirt, grime.

# t’66 baa’ihii, a filthy thing. ‘IH

(Cf. baa’ih, it’s dirty; and ’ih! yuk! -

expressing revulsion upon coming in contact

IH

with something filthy.)(Cf. t’66 baa’ih, it’s dirty, filthy; t’66 baa hoo’ih, area or place is filthy.)

NAVAJO: An exclamation ’IH!! indicating revulsion or disgust upon ‘IH

contact with something filthy is used,

‘It

“IL

(-’iil) Stem noun: branch, bough or needle of aconifer (evergreen tree). (Cf. verb root -IL ~ ILI: bristly.) # -ja’iil (ja- < -jJAdd, leg), leg hair. # ké’iil (ké- < -kee’, foot), fetlock of a horse or buffalo. ’Ayanf biké’iil, buffalo fetlock.

in conjunction with the postposition aa, about, as a Neuter Imperfective

meaning “dirty, filthy, revolting.” With exception of the 3s subject pronoun representing space or area, ’IH does not take paradigmatic

prefixes.

|, @-(ti): (1)

t’66 P-aa-(@)(149-466): S is dirty, filthy, revolting. T’66 baa’ih. t’66 P-aho-(@)(466): the place or area is dirty, “things” (space, conditions - as the weather) is nasty. Bahoo’ih, t’66 bahoo’ih. # P-it t’66 baa’ih, P doesn’t like it, P is repulsed by it (as fecal matter, pus, mud), # P-itt’66 bahoo’ih, P doesn’t like a place, area or space - as a filthy restroom).

(2)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

(A) Stem postposition: with (accompanying), in company with. -itisa “It component of comitatives of the type shizhé’é bit nisht’a4azh, | arrived with my father / Bilagdana bit naashnish, | work with a white man (i.e. a white man is my work companion) / bee’eldggh bit ch’infya,

| went out with a gun (cf. shizhé’é bit ch’inisht’aazh, went out with my father - the gun lacks the capacity for independent movement,

so its “accompaniment”

contrasts with that of my father) /jéfbit naasha, | have tuberculosis (lit. |go about in company with TBC). Transportation by vehicle, including horseback, is expressed as an action in which the vehicle moves “in company with” the person conveyed, as : Yootdodi chidf shit ylwod, | went to Santa Fe by car (lit. a car arrived running in Santa Fe in company with me) / Yootéodi shit ’flwod, | went to Santa Fe by fast moving vehicle (lit. something arrived at Santa Fe with me moving rapidly). The comitative is further extended in expressions of the type:

(1) (2)

hane’ t’66 baa’ihigff, ’ih, filth, dirt.

dirty story.

(PA* ’it: conifer needle. (Cf. Carrier di’il, have needles.)

LPILE NAVAJO: ’lt (possessed stem -’IIL), meaning "evergreen needle or bough" is used, with @- classifier, as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective verb base mean-

ing "hairy, long-haired, bushy (as an angora goat), bristly." The stem occurs in two forms: nu without apparent distinction in meaning.

|, @-(ti): (1)

dini-(@)(318): to be hairy, bristly, long-haired. Dinish’il /dinish’ilf (di'il/di’il® 3rd person).

NOUN (1)

(2)

(3)

DERIVATIVES

’aké’iil, fetlock (on a horse or buffalo)(shaggy or long foot-hair)(P-ké’iil). ’it, evergreen needle or bough (P-'il). "It nashjin, circle of evergreen boughs, brush corral. ttfzrilf, angora goat.

|

bee bit

hweeshne’, | told him about it (lit. | told about it in company with him) / dibé bitsj’ shittikan, | like mutton (lit. sheep meat is sweet with me) / bit niznftts’in, | beat him up (lit. | flailed terminatively into space with my fists in company with him) / shit bééhdézin, | know it (lit. Knowledge about it exists with me). In 3rd person Imperfective forms of verbs of “saying” the postposition -it represents the person addressed, as yitnf, he says it to him / shitnf, he says it to me, butin this usage -+- has come to be treated as the classifier while the pronoun object of the postposition has become confused with the verb-incorporated object pronouns of Position IV (Leer: personal communication). Thus: deitnf(= da- + [y]it- + -nf) in lieu of yit daani*, they (d.p.) say it to him / ‘iftn{ (= ’a- + [y]it + nf) in lieu of yit’ani*, he says thus to him / ’ddeitnf (= +’4 ++ dat [y]it + -nf) in lieu of yit ’'Adaani*, they (d.p.) say thus to him / ’ddashitnf(= ’a- + da- + shit-+ -ni) in lieu of shit ’Adaani*, they (d.p.) say thus to me. / ’ahit (’athit) hwiilne’, we’re talking to each other/ Adit yalti’, he talks to himself. In addition, -it contracts with certain stem

nouns to produce adverbial phrases of the type: dloot (=dlo, laughter + -it), with laughter / yiniit (= yin/, mind + -it), with worry, grief, distraction / chaat (=cha, weep, + -it), in tears, with weeping / sijt (=sin, song + -i), with song, with singing / saat (=saad, words + it), with complaint, complaining. ee Oooooooooooeoaoaeaeaeae—E—_-=-=-——————_e_—__

1

-[NIIKA

(A) A compound functioning syntactically after the fashion of a postposition: against, opposing (another person). Biniika yashti’, | talk

-[NIIKA

against him.

(2)

(Cf. -i-: against.)

yii-(O/si)(801): to make a pleat, ruffle or pucker. Yiish'ish/shé’ish (ndayiish’ish). # ’Atch’/’ yiish’ish, to draw O together to form a pleat, ruffle or pucker (as a tobacco sack, in drawing the opening closed -

lit. puckering it together). ———_———

(A) A compound

postpositional

D.

composed of -i-, against + -yah, under. (V. -f-, against + -yah, under

-[YAH

= under supporting.)

’azis dandiit’ishf, drawstring sack or bag (as an old fashioned tobacco sack or a money

(2)

béeso bizis dandiit’ish{,

bag)(sack that is ruffled shut).

(Cf. Carrier di’e: S is brittle, fragile, frail; t#l’e: S (a gun) is quick to go

(V. ’EEZH.)

‘|D/"JDI | off, S (a person) is responsive.)

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with "EEZH. Occurs, with @-classifier, as the theme in verb bases meaning

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “brittle, fragile, easily broken, frail.” Occurs: (1) with ©-classifier, as the theme of a Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “brittle, fragile, frail;” and (2) with L-classifier as the theme in a base meaning “tractable, adaptable, easy to get along with.” The stem has the single shape ’JDI.

“pleat, ruffle, pucker”, and with ni-

thematic and ©-classifier as the theme in a base meaning “sew by crimping the edge (as in sewing the sole of a moccasin).”

IMPS

USVI"

drawstring money bag

(money bag that is “ruffled” shut).

house).

IZH

DERIVATIVES

(1)

Ndstaan biyah

yiiya, | shouldered the log/kin biyah ‘anii’a, there’s a support under the house (i.e. something extends under and against the

NOUN

PERF

A.MOM. ’ish ‘ish ‘izh ea ‘ish ‘ish ‘ish C.SEM. —oo

TEUT:

ORIG

‘ish ‘ish

’éésh ‘ish

|. @-(ti): (1) di-(O-Imp)(318): S is fragile, brittle, frail, easily

broken.

Di’jdi.

o

A. MOMENTANEOUS

Il. L-(ti):

|. B-(tt): (1) ‘ahéna-(ni/ni)(45):

to pleat or ruffle O all the way

na-(@-Imp.)(598): to be tractable, adaptable, easily manageable, easy to get along with,

easy going.

around (as a skirt or drape). ’Ahéndnish’ish/ ‘ahééné’izh (‘ahénindanish’ish).

B. REVERSATIVE

Naash ‘di.

(Uncertain. PA perhaps *’jt [@] [with *u-directive]: copulate with.)

|. ni-O-(tt): NAVAJO:

Nahinish’ish/ndhiné’ish

(nfnadhinish'ish).

meaning “give O a poke (in copulation).”

C. SEMELFACTIVE |. @-(tt): dadii-(@/si)(298): to close O (as a tobacco sack by pulling ona drawstring that puckers or

Underlying meaning ap-

pears to be “poke sexually (in copulation).” Occurs: (1) with @- classifier and yinf-directive, as the theme in verb bases meaning “breed, copulate (especially animals);” and (2) with @-classifier as the theme in a Semelfactive base

nahini-(@/si)(538): to sew O around the edge (a moccasin sole, by crimping the leather).

,

ruffles the opening as it is drawn shut). Dadiish’ish/dddé’ish (ddndiish’ish:danda-

diish’ish). (di-thematic: close.)

242

1

A.

‘JD4 (B) Stem postposition: inside of, in, within, at the interior of (in a static sense, with reference to a solid -IV-/-YV’ object as a tree, rock, mountain; a liquid as water; an enclosed space such as a bucket, bottle, car (but exclusive of a large space with entranceway, such as a room, building, burrow); a non-compact or gaseous

REPETITIVE Durative

I. yini-O-(tt):

yini-(@/yi)(768): to copulate with O, have sex with O (lit. poke O repeatedly in copulation). Yinish’Qvyfit. ’a-yin{-(> ’6-)(681): S (as rams, studs) are breed-ing (lit. copulating with unspecified O).

substance such as fog, cloud,smoke; a viscous or

yielding substance such as snow, mud). Tsé bii’ halts’aa’, the rock is hollow inside / hashttish bii’

Off.

B.

dés’eez, |’m standing in the mud/ ’dsaa’ bii’ dinfshni’, | have my hand in the jar/ nastdan bii’diftk’da’ (= bii’ '[a]diitk’4a’), | hollowed out the log by burning/ ’Asaa’ ’ahii’ (~ 'athii’) sinil, the pots are sitting inside each other / té ’Aadii’ (~ ’ayi’) yaashka, | gulped down

SEMELFACTIVE

I, @-(tt):

the water (lit. |dumped water into myself).

(1)

-ii’ and its alternant, -yi’ combine directly with certain noun stems, as taa’~ too’ ~ tayi’ (ta- ~ to- = t6, water),

yii-(@/si)(801): to give O a single poke (in copulating). Yiish’jt/sé’jt (ndayiish jt).

inside the water, underwater / tee’ ~ teeyi’ (= teezh, soil, dirt + -ii’~ -yi’), within the soil or ashes, in the

-[IGHAH

ground, underground / kéé’ (= ké, footwear + -ii’), in shoes, with shoes on/ noo’ (= noh* + -ii’), ina

(A) A compound functioning as a postpositional: beside, past, alongside, equal to. Shiye’ shfighahgi sida, my sonis sitting beside me /

storage place, in a place of concealment. (Cf. taah, into water, teeh, into soil or ashes / kééh, into shoes / nooh, into a storage place, cache.)

téédda’ nighan bfighahg66 shit ch’?ilwod,

| rode past your place last

night (in a car) / dzit bfighahg66 hoott/t, a rainstorm is moving alongside the mountain / chidf ta’ ’66’ shibéeso doo bfighah da, | nahideeshnih nisin nt’éé

(V. ‘IL.)

wanted to buy a car but my money is insufficient (not equal to the cost). (V. also the Neuter verb based on GHAH.)

-IIH

HL

(B) Stem postposition: into (with motion or extension), entering the interior of an entity (as a tree, rock, smokecloud, water, snow or an

Noun (derivation unclear): friskiness, vivacity, liveliness. (Cf. the verb root

-IINEII/

enclosed space, as a jar, bottle, bus, plane - but not an enclosed space

“INEM -IINAI/

with entry such as a house, hogan, pasture, cave or corral). Hashttish biih yishwod, | ran into the mud / ’Asaa’ biilh deeshchid, | stuck my hand into the jar/ tid biih yfya, | walked into the smoke / ’ahiih (~ ’athiih) yii’na’, we merged, moved in together (lit. we moved into each other) / hastiin tsah yee ’azee’ ’ddiih yoolt’66d, the man injected medicine into himself. -

-ffNATE

iih contracts with

NA’1: live, be alive, and CH’IINEI: sadness, melancholy.) frisky, vivacious.)

(P-iinéff,

P is

(PA [I] *’en [glottalized perfective *’en’] [di]: do [thus]; [tcausative]:

a number of stem nouns, as taah (=

ta- < t6, water + -iih), to or into water /tsééh (+ tsé, rock + -iih), into rock, into a canyon/ -jeeh (+ -jaa’,

do [thus] to, make [thus]. [2] *’enY

ear + -iih), into an ear /teeh

[such], consider [such]; with P-e#:

[di]: own, possess, [li]:. take to be

(+ teezh, earth + -iih),

into the ground or into ashes / kééh (+ ké, footwear +

imitate P.)

-iih), into shoes (as in putting on footwear) / kjjh (= kin, house + -iih), into town, to market/ ’é6éh (= ’é6é’, garment, clothing + -iih), into clothing, dressing / tsiih (= -tsj’, flesh + -iih), into flesh / ts’fth (= -ts’ffs, body + -iih), into the body / nooh (= noh* + -iih), into a storage place or place of concealment.

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning appears to be “act,

do, make.” Occurs in a variety of Semantic Themes and verb bases, including: (1) ‘d-thematic (thus) with

@, D-, or thematized D-classifier with the meanings “do, act, make thus, happen, be (a certain person);” (2) D- or thematized D- classifier “be(come) wealthy (in property - notin money);” (3) yinf-thematic with D-classifier “discuss, criticize; molest;” (4) ’atithematic: suffer deprivation, with thematized D-

243

‘04

‘ND 4

classifier “make effort involving self-sacrifice, suffering or privation;” (5) kéé-thematic with (thematized?) D-classifier, “live, reside ;" (6) ha-/ho- thematic (3s

# P-aah nat’jjh, P loses O (as hearing, eyesight, possessions, a relative). (E.g. nihicheii nihaah nat'jjh, our grandfather passed away - we lost our grandfather. Dibé shee hdlénge ‘attso baah nast’jjd, my sheep are all gone, I’ve lost all the sheep | had [as from disease or other causes]. Shicheii binda’ baah nast’jjd, my grandfather has lost his eyesight.)

subject pronoun) with D-classifier “happen, take place

(an event);” (7) cho-yini-thematic: use, usefulness, with @/t-causative “be(come) useful/make use of,.” (8) P-e- with L-classifier “imitate, mimic;” and (9) nithematic with t-classifier “copy, obey, take

O asa

stepkinsman or parent.” As the theme

in many verb bases, JD over-

laps with LAA (DZAA) (Imp. NEEH):“make, do, act,” and '|JH serves as the suppletive stem for the Usitative/Iterative Modes in LAA bases (make). Verb bases containing themes that include a thematized D-classifier are treated by Navajos as though they were @-class stems, as evidenced by the Perfective paradigm (e.g. Imp. ’atésht'{/ Perf. ’attit’jjd - not 'atéésht’jjd*; Imp. ch’é6h ’Ash’jjh/Perf. ch’é6h some instances, as sét’jjd ~ sist’jjd, | became wealthy, both of which forms occur.) Stem substitutions are unpredictable, posing a problem that has been solved by grouping bases according to the stem sets they require. Finally, bases identified as Durative may be Repetitives that function semantically as Neuters in the Imperfective.

A.MOM.(1) B.MOM.(2) C.MOM.(3)

IMP.

UST

"PERF?

PFUT,

©cOPT,

jh ‘jh ‘jh

‘jjh ‘ijh ‘jh

‘jjd ‘id ‘jjd/

‘ijt iit nit

‘jh if ne’

‘jt

‘jjh

nit

ne’

Ill. Thematized

(1)

(2) (3)

D.DUR(1)

FSDUR(S3)

‘f

‘jh

{

‘jh

"f

‘jh

A.

‘ijd

‘id ‘id

MOMENTANEOUS

a

IV. L-(ti): (1)

(1)

I. @-(tt):

(1)

(1)

(2)

Il. D-(tt-Simple Passive): (1)

(@/si)(793):

na’Ahodi-(@/si)(548): to pay attention, heed, take note. Na’éhodisht'jjh/nd’ahodésht'jjd . (‘ahodi-: pretend, make a pretense.) (Cf. E[l]5 below: na’ahodisht’/.) # P-aa na’dhodisht'jjh, to heed P, pay attention to P.

V. sohdi-(ti):

(@/yi or si)(786): to dislike O, be repulsed by O, be(come) unable to stand O (another person,

ora thing). Yish’jjh/sé’jd or y(jjd (ndsht'jh). (Cf. yish’f.) # P-aah yish’jjh, to oppose O (as schooling) for P (as for one’s child), to prevent P from enjoying O (as school, movies), to deprive P, deny P the benefit of O (as a piece of land) .

’a-(@/si)(130-131): to get rich, become wealthy (in unspecified property). ’Asht'jjh/’asist’jjd or 'asét’jjd (na’Asht'jjh: ndd’Asht'jjh). # P-ee 'asht’jjh, to get rich on or from O (as from money, livestock), # Na’dsht’jjh, to regain one’s property or wealth, recover or “get back on one’s feet” financially. P-'nii-(@/@)(220): to start to become wealthy in P (property, as livestock). Bi’niisht’jjh/bi'niit’jjd. (@/si)(791): to become rich in O (goods and possessions, as livestock, jewelry). Yisht’jjh/

sét'jjd or sist’ jd. # Y6d{fyisht'jjh, to become a wealthy property owner.

dzaa

E.DUR(2)

doo sohdi-(@/si) da (689): to be(come) unable to bear, stand or withstand (as something painful, repulsive or difficult, as heat, cold, living conditions, poverty, disease), to be unable to afford (as payments on something). Doo sohdish’jjh da/doo sohdésh’jjd da. (Used only in a negative frame.) # Doo P-ee sohdish’jjh da, to be(come) unable to bear, withstand or afford P. doo 'asohodi-(@/yi): conditions become unbearable (as heat, social disorder, hunger). Doo 'asohodi'jjh da/doo 'asohodéé'jjd da (doo ‘asonaahodi'jjh da),

O is refused, denied, disliked.

Yitjih/yistijd

D-(tt):

B. MOMENTANEOUS

(ndt'jjh:nddnat'jh),

# P-aah yit’'jjh, O is denied to P (as welfare, the right to vote),

(2)

I. 'A-t-(tt): (1)

'A-(@/yi)(717): to act (thus) on O, do (thus) to O. ‘Ash 'ijh/'ii'jjd (‘Anddnadsh'jjh),

‘JD4

‘WD4 # Ch’é6h ’dsh’jjh, to fail at O, flunk O (as a

(2)

kdha-(G/yi)(497): what happens.

(3)

’&ko-(G/yi)(77):

course of study at school).

# T’dadoo ’dosh’{’fg66 séda, to be sitting with nothing to do.

(1)

k6hd6t’jjd.

happens.

it happens that way, that’s what

’Akéhat’jjh/’4kd6hoodzaa or

"Ak6hd6t’)jd. (@/yi)(132): S acts (thus). B[V1]1 above.)

(4)

Il. choini-(~ choo-)-L-(tt):

it happens this way, this is K6hat’jjh/k6hoodzaa or

’At’ijh/’Adzaa

(Cf.

# T’dd bi’aa ’at’jjh, S opens by itself, S

choini-(~ choo-)(@/si)(273): to make use of O, use O. Choinish’jjh (~ choosh’jjh)/choisét)jjd (chondanéinish jh).

opens automatically (as electric windows on a car, self-opening doors in a store).

Ill. ’d-ho-D-(ti): (1)

D. DURATIVE (1)

’&dhoo-(= ’A-nd-ho-yi-)(@/si)(I):

to quit, cease,

desist, stop, give up, surrender, back out, stay

over (in a place). ’Adhoosht’jjh/’adhosist’jjd (Anindahoosht’)jjh).

|. @-(tt): (1)

(@/si)(786): to be opposed, to be unable to stand or stomach O, to dislike O. Yish’{/sé’jd. # ’Ay6o yish’j, to dislike O (as a food dish, cats). # Béeso yiz’jjid, S couldn’t win (gambling)(lit. money didn’t like him). # P-aah yish’{ to be opposed to O for P (as

IV. D-(ti): (1)

(@/si)(791): to be the cause (of a happening or anevent). Yisht’jjh/sist’jjd. # P-zéé’ yisht’jjh, to cause P’s death.

opposed to education for one’s child,

opposed to the use of liquor or tobacco for one’s child).

# P-aah sé’jjd, to have deprived P of O, denied O to P (as an education to one’s

V. yini-D-(ti): (1)

yinf-(@/si)(768): to discuss, criticize (adversely), bother, molest, berate. Yin/sht’jjh/nisist’jjd (Cf. F[IV]1 yinfsht’[.) # P-aa yinfsht’jjh,

children). ’a-(@-lmp.)(127): to be particular, fastidious, “persnickety” (lit. to dislike unspecified O).

(2)

"Ay6o ’ash’f.

to discuss, criticize, berate,

bother, molest P.

# P-ee p-aa yinisht’jjh, to “get after” p about P (as about p’s bad behavior, drunkenness). # P-aa hwiinit’jjh,

P comes to trial (in court), P’s case comes up in court, P is

adversely criticized or discussed. (3s subject: ho-)

Vi.

Il. Thematized (1)

D-(tt):

(@-Ilmp.)(791):

to be rich in O (as in livestock,

property, jewelry). Yisht’f. # Y6dfyisht’{, to be rich in property, to be a wealthy property owner. ’a-(O-lmp.)(131): to be wealthy, rich (in some-

(2)

thing unspecified). ’Asht’. # P-ee ’asht’{, to be rich in P (as horses,

’a-thematized D-(ti):

land).

(1)

’A-(@/yi)(130): to act (thus), do (thus). ’Asht’jjh/ ‘fiv’jid or ’Aat’jjd (Cf. C[I]4.). # Ch’ééh ’Asht’jjh, to try unsuccessfully, try in vain, act futilely.

C.

MOMENTANEOUS

Ill. di-D-(tt): (1)

di-(@-Imp.)(338)(with prepounded yeel): to charge high fees, be high priced, come high (as a medicine man, doctor, lawyer). Yeel disht’f. # P-ch’j’ yeel disht’{, to charge P a fee.

(3)

I. ’a-D-(ti):

(1) ’éha-(G/yi)(422): ithappens thus. ’Ahat’jh/ ’Ahoodzaa or ’Ahddt’jjd. # Doo Akd6 ’Ahd6t’jjd, something terrible happened, there was a bad accident, there was a catastrophe. # ’Ay6l ’Ahddt’jjd, something awful happened.

IV. kééha-(ho-)-D-(ti):

(1)

kééha-(@-Imp.)(493): to live, reside. Kééhasht’[ (ta’ kéndddahat’f: others live, reside).

‘D4

‘JD4 # P-itkééhasht’{,

TPadish’f. (V. LAA: injury, suffering.)

to be P’s neighbor, to reside

with P.

# P-chaan ntsaago kééhasht’f, to live well, live opulently, live “high on the hog.” (Lit. to live with a big belly.)

E. DURATIVE

t?Adfshnééh) (ti-thematic:

V. ’A-t-(tt): (1)

(2)

|. L-(tr):

’A-(O-Imp.)(128): to make O, to be a maker of O (as by profession - as a shoemaker, watchmaker, doctor = “medicine-maker,” etc.).

’Ash'(.

’Adi-(O-lmp.)(26):

# 'Azee’ 'ash’{, to be a physician (lit. to be a medicine-maker). # --- ’Ash’inf, the one that | make (my ---), my step ---. (E.g. shizhé’é ‘ash’in/, my stepfather, shima ’Ash’inf, my stepmother etc. Ib.VI(1): --- nish’inf. V.) # Ch’eéh ’ash’{, to be failing at O, acting in vain on O, trying without success on O. # Déest’{f’ ’Ash’{, to do star-gazing (a form of divination).

to make oneself, turn oneself

into, become (as by magic). ’Adish’{ (‘Andish f:’andadish’/). ‘Ahodi-(O-Imp.)(71):

(Cf. LAA:

’i’dishneeh.)

to pretend, feign, fake.

’Ahodish’{. (‘ahodi-: pretend.) P-e-(O-Imp.)(167): to mimic or imitate P, do as P does (as a parrot). Beesh’j. di-(= ’a’adi-)(O-Imp.)(466): to make unspecified O; to play like or pretend to be (as children at play, pretending to be cowboys etc.).

# ’lists’Ad’ Ash’, to do listening (a form of

'('dish’{ ((nda”dish’)). # ’Atsd ’'dish’{, to cook for oneself, “batch.”

(2)

# Naashnéego ’akatii 'dish’{, playing | pretend that I’m a cowboy, |’m playing cowboy. na’ahodi-(O)(548): to pay attention, give heed.

Na’ahodisht’. # P-aa na’ahodisht’/, heed P.

divination). P-e-’a-(O-Imp.)(167): to copy P, follow P (as a practice that one has learned). Be’esh’f. (V.

LAA: be’eshtééh).

to pay attention to P,

(1)

ni-(O-lmp.)(660): to take possession of O, take O over as one’s own (as an unused car).

Nish’f.

Il. ’A-L-(tt/tr):

# --- nish’inf,

(1)

'A-(O-lmp.)(86):

(2)

Passive). ’Al’{ (’anddndal’{). (V.LAA: ‘Ashnééh/'alnééh). # ’Azee ’al’j, medicine is practiced. ’A-(O-lmp.)(128): to make O, do O (ina

to be made, done (Simple

(2)

the one that | take over as my

step ---. (E.g. shima nish’fn/, my stepmother. Ib. --- ’ash’inf. V. V[I] above.) honi-(@)(456): to do (things). Honish’f. In: # P-k’eh honish’{,

to obey P (lit. to do things

according to P). reflexive

con-text). ‘Ash’f. (V. LAA)

F. DURATIVE (3)

# ’Ada ’ash’{ to make O for oneself, make one’s own (as one’s own moccasins). . ’a-yini-D-(ti):

Il. k6-L-(tr/tt): (1)

’ahwiini-(= ’A-ho-yin(-)(O-Imp.)(74): there is discussion (thus). ‘Ahwiinit’{. In:. # P-a ’ahwiinit’{, P is generous, big-hearted, nice, well liked (lit. there is the right kind of discussion for P).

k6-(G-Imp.)(499): S draws or attracts O. Kwiil’f. # ’Ach’j’ (or ’dich’j’) kwiil’{, S attracts O to

itself. ’Adich’j’ kédeil’{, S attracts d.p. O to itself (as a magnet that attracts iron filings). # 'Ach’j’ (or ’Adich’j’) k6’ahil’f, S attract each

ll. Thematized

D-(ti):

other (as the moon and the earth).

’Ach’j’ kéda’ahil’{, d.p. S attract one another (exert a gravitational pull on one another - as the planets).

(@/yi)(791):

tf?ddi-(O-Imp.)(705):

Yisht’f

/yit’jjid (nddndsht’/. # Haadasha’ yit’{, | wonder how he’s getting along? ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(422): an event is taking place, S is happening. Hat’/hddt'jid (ndahat’).

IV. tf-L-(tr):

(1)

to be getting along, be (in a certain

condition or circumstance), to be doing.

to injure or hurt oneself.

246

‘D4

‘D4

# Haa hat’/, what’s going on? What's

V. choini-(~ choo-)-O-(ti):

happening?

# Haa hdct’jid, what happened? ha-(G@/yi)(420): to look for (something - as a job -

(3)

(1)

choo-(O-lmp.)(273): S is useful, of use, used. Choo’. (Occurs also in persons other than 3rd, with suffixed -f, as choosh’inf, | am the one that is useful, chiinf'inf, you ---, choiniit’fnf, we -- etc.)

in the hope of finding it). Hasht’//haat’jjd.

Ill. ’A-thematized D-(ti): (1)

’A-(@-lmp.)(130):

# T’dadoo bee choosh’inf da, |’m worthless,

useless, good for nothing. T’dadoo bee choo’inf da, he/ she/it/they is (are) of no use, worthless. # Chohoo’f, (with 3s subject pronoun ho-, things, impersonal it, space, area), occurs in: P-itchohoo’f; T’aa P-it

to act, do, be (a certain

person). ’Asht’. # ’Asht’j, I’m the one (who did it); it is | (it’s me). # Haish ’at’{, who is it (as who is it that is knocking at the door).? # Ch’ééh ’asht’{, to be trying without success, to be trying in vain. # Doo ’at’infda, S is gentle (as a horse, dog) (i.e. S doesn’t do anything). # Doo ’akwii ’Asht’j] da, to misbehave, behave badly, be naughty.

chohoo’{,

P has hope, and in the

adverbial phrase: doo chohoo’{jg66, excessively, extremely, awfully (as doo chohoo’{jg66 deesdoi, it’s awfully hot weather). # T’da attsojj’ choo’, S is capable of many uses, S has wide application, S is highly practical (as a pickup truck,

# td ’Asht’{, to act silly, clown. # T’da ’dkogi ’Asht’{, to behave well, act

wheelbarrow, utility knife).

properly.

# T’dd baahdagd6 ’dsht’{, to act wrongly, to do

VI. choini-(~ choo-)-t-(tt):

it the wrong way. # T’dd ’Asht’inigd6d ‘Anit’{, do what | do! T’aa "Ant’inigd6 ’Asht’{, | do what you do. # T’66 P-it ’at’j, P imagines it, P thinks P saw it. (T’66 shit ’at’/, | imagine it, think | saw it.)

(1)

choini-(~ choo-)(@/si)(273): to use O, make use of O (a tool, car, tobacco). Choinish’{ (~ choosh’)). cho’iini-(~ cho’0o-)(273): to use unspecified O. Cho’iinish’{ (~ cho’oosh’f). In: # P-ika cho’oosh’j, to need P, wish that one had P.

(2)

# P-ika ’Asht’j, to look for P, seek P.

# Tsxjjtgo Asht’j, to hurry up. Tsxjjtgo ‘Ant’, get a move on! Hurry up!

IV. yinf-D-(ti): (1)

G.

(4)

|, ’A-thematized *D-(ti):

yini-(O-Ilmp.)(768-769): to bother, molest, discuss O. Yinisht’{ (nadayinisht’{). # P-aa yinfsht’{, to discuss, bother, molest, trouble oneself about P, have sexual relations with P.

(1)

’Aha-(aho-)(@/yi)(42):

happens, occurs. ‘Ahoodzaa

# ’Adaa yin(sht’{ to be bashful, withdrawn,

(2)

DURATIVE

an event takes place,

’Ahat’{/’Ahd6t’jjd or

('Anddahat’)).

# P-it ’Ahat’{,

P hallucinates, has a vision,

imagines that (he) sees things, has delirium tremens (lit. things happen

shy, self-conscious. # P-& p-aa yinisht’/, to discuss or take action on p (as a problem) on behalf of P (another person). # ’Ahaa (or ’athaa) yinfit’{, to squabble with each other, quarrel with each other, bother each other, have sexual relations with each other. # P-aa hwiinit’/, (463), to stand trial, be on trial (in a court of law), to be under criticism. (3s subject ho-). na-(@/si): to bother or molest. Nasht’{/nisist’jjd (fdéesh-t’jjt Fut.). # P-aa ndsht’j, to bother or molest P. # T’dadoo shaa nanit’inf, quit bothering me! Let me alone!

thus with P).

# Doodahdgi ‘ahat’j, something awful happens, there is a tragic occurrence or

catastrophe. ha-(@/yi)(422): it happens, takes place, occurs

(2)

(an event).

Hat’{/hd6t’jd.

# Niéidisha’ haa hat’{, what’s going on over there?

ll. k6-D-(ti): (1)

’Aékéha-(/yi)(77):

it happens that way.

"Akohat’// ’AkShdOt'jjd. (2)

247

k6-(G-Imp.)(499): to do like this. Késht’f. (Cf. LAA késhnééh/késhtééh.)

‘D4 # P-ch’j’ késht’{,

‘D4

to make

this kind of a

not permanently staffed, but operate on sche-

gesture at P. (3)

kdéha-(k6ho-)(@/yi)(497):

dules of so many days per week or month.)

it happens like this, this

‘azee'fit'nf, physician, doctor (the one who practices medicine).

is what happens. Kéhat’{/kéhdé6t’jjd or kéhoodzaa (kénddhat’)).

‘azee'{it'in{ 'awoo’ yinaalnishf, dentist (the practitioner of medicine who works on teeth).

‘aahwiintt’'{, trial (at law), litigation (unspecified person is tried or discussed). ‘aahwiinit'{ ba hooghan, court, courthouse (building for law trials). badh ’Al’jjgi, bakery ( where bread is made), badh bee 'é’él'inf, baking powder (that with which bread is made). baah bit 'Al’inf, yeast (that which accompanies the making of bread). (Ib. difk’gsh.) baah 'ift'inf, baker (the one who makes bread). ) baa hwiinit’inigif, agenda (for an on-going meeting) (that which is being discussed), baa hwiinist’jjdigif, agenda (for a past meeting)

Il. ’atl--(ti): (1)

'ati-(@/yi)(131):

to undergo privation, suffer, be self-sacrificing, do everything possible (to accomplish an objective - as to assure an education for one’s children). 'Atésht'f. # P-& ’atésht’{, to undergo privation, make sacrifices, for P’s sake,

# P-aa ’atésht’f, to do everything possible to assure P’s welfare (as the welfare of one’s livestock),

(that which was discussed), — baa nahddéot'jjtigil, agenda (for a future

IV. ’atf-t-(tt): (1)

‘at?'a-(O-Imp )(132): does harm

meeting) (that which will be discussed), bee 'altah 'é'él'ini, kitchen mixer, food mixer (that with which unspecified things are mixed together).

S is harmful, injurious (lit. S

to unspecified O)(as tobacco,

drugs, alcohol).

’Até’ét’{.

(V. LAA: 'at(shtééh/

'atl’alééh.)

H.

NOUN

béésh tichii'ili bee ch'iyaan 'Al’inf, electric stove, electric kitchen range (the copper with which food is prepared. “Copper” refers to the electric

DERIVATIVES

wiring.) béésh tigaii 'fit'ini, silversmith (the one who

‘abe’ yistinf bee ’Al’inf, ice cream machine, ice cream maker (of the Dairy Queen type) (that with which ice cream is made),

'A’ahwiintt’{, person

kindness, generosity

makes silver - i.e, silver jewelry). Bit ’Ahat’iinii, The Visionary (mythology). bit 'é'él’inf (Ib. badh bit '6’él’inf), baking powder (the one along with which unspecified something is made), bit kééhasht'finii, my neighbors (those in company with whom | live). chidf t’aa chodaoz'jdigff, used car(s), second hand car(s) (those cars that have been used), ch'iyaan 'al'jjgi, kitchen (where food is prepared), ch'iyaan 'fit'inf, cook, chef (the one who prepares food), ch'iyddn 'Al'{ ba hooghan, cook shack (building for the preparation of food), déest'’ 'iiinf, star-gazer, person who uses star gazing as a means for divination (the one who does star-gazing). diné da’at'finii, the wealthy, wealthy people, rich men (those people who are wealthy). ‘e'ef'inil, photographer. ‘6'6l'{, custom, culture, way of doing things (P'6’6l'|' - be’é'él'j' = their customs.).

(unspecified

is kind, generous, good-hearted),

‘anda’jf’azee’(it'inf, optometrist

eye doctor, ophthalmologist,

(the medical practitioner

concerned with the eyes). 'asdzdn{ ’azee’ ‘Adeit’inigif, female doctors, nurses (the women who practice medicine).

‘Ashja’at'finii, Opportunity-Maker (the one who makes opportunities - cf. 'Ashja’at’finii t’Adtahddi 'ashja’iit’jjh, Opportunity-Maker makes opportunity just one time = opportunity

only knocks once), ‘Ash'inf, step- (as stepfather or mother)

one that! make.

(the

E.g. shizhé’é ’Ash’in/, my

stepfather = the one | make my father.) ‘até’étfinii (~ 'até’él’f), harm, punishment, injurious thing (the one that does harm or injury).

‘Atsé choo’jhii, first aid (that which is first used), ‘atsiniltVish '(inigif, electric generator (that which makes electricity).

(10) ‘atsinilttish 'Al'fgi, electric generating plant (11) (12)

(13)

66’ 'Al'{, tailoring (clothing is made). '66' 'Al'igi, tailor shop, clothing factory (where

(where electricity is made), ‘ayeezhii bee 'attah ’Al’(nf, eggbeater (that with which eggs are mixed together). ’azee’ ’Al’{, hospital, out-patient clinic (medicine is practiced), ’azee’’Al'{ ba ndhoot’aah, medical clinic (the medical practice for which dates are repeatedly set. So called because regional clinics are

clothing is made). 66’ '(iVinf, tailor (the one who makes clothing). hazhé’é ’ajit'in{, one's stepfather (the one thata person makes or takes as his father.)(V. ‘Ash 'in/.) hazhé’é jit'inf, one's stepfather (the one that person acquires as his father). (V. nish’fnf.)

248

‘Do

‘D4

t’dadoo le’é bee ’anadahat’finii,

(44) hama ’ajiv’inf, one’s stepmother (the one that one makes or takes as his mother). (45) hama jitinf, stepmother (the one that one acquires as his mother). (46) it ké6hat’finii, neighbor (the unspecified one in company with whom he resides). (Bit kééhasht’finii, my neighbor; bit kéédahasht’finii, my d.p. neighbors.) (47) ‘fists’Aa’ ’if'inf, listener (one who practices

tsé daazt’6ego kin bee ’ddaal’inigff, brick(s)(those roasted stones with which d.p. buildings are built). tsé nddleehé kin bee ’al’inigif,

divination by listening)(the one who does

listening). (48) jdhonaa’éf ’i’inf, watchmaker (the one who makes watches.)

(49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54)

war materiel,

weaponry, war materials (those things with which war is made).

ké ’Al’{, shoemaking (the making of shoes). ké ’Al’figi, shoe factory, cobbler’s shop, shoeshop (where shoes are made). ké ’fit’inf, shoemaker, cobbler (the one who

(73)

makes shoes). ké bee ’Al’fnf, cobbler’s awl (the one with which shoes are made). kééhat’finii, resident (the one who resides).

D.

ko’ 'ffinigff, distributor (on a car)(that which makes fire). (55) 4A ’at’finii, clown (the one who makes wisecracks). (56) Nat’ostse’ ’Al’(nf, Wheattfields, Arizona (the

concrete building

block (concrete with which buildings are built). tséni? kééhat’finii, caveman, cave-dweller (the one who lives in a niche in the side of the rock or cliff). W dashindoondi ‘atah beehaz’danii i’ inigff, congressman, member of Congress (the one that participates in the making of laws in Washington). W adshindoondi beehaz’danii ‘ddeit’inigff, Congress (those who make laws in Washington).

ADVERBIAL

PHRASES

(1) doo chohoo’{{gd66, extremely, very, excessively, awfully, terribly (as doo chohoo’{{g66 deesk’aaz, itis terribly cold weather). (2) haash{ hoot’jjhigi, once in awhile, every so often, sometimes (as haash{f hoot’jjhigi ’inda naa’ahdohai bitsj’ bit hda’iidfh, every so often we dine on chicken).

place where pipes are made).

(57)

nat’ostse’ fit’inf, pipe maker (the one who makes pipes). (58) naaltsoos ’al’{, secretarial work (paper [work] is done). (59) naaltsoos ‘fft’inf, secretary (the one who does paper [work]). (60) nish’{nf, step- (as stepfather, stepmother) (the one that | take over as my father, my mother, etc.). # shizhé’é nish’inf, my stepfather. # shima nish’inf, my stepmother. # shiye’ nish’inf, my stepson (man speaking). # sitsi’ nish’inf, my stepdaughter (man speaking). # shiydazh nish’inf, my stepson (woman speaking). # shich’é’é nish’inf, my stepdaughter (woman speaking). (61) nitch’i tikonf bee ch’iyaan ‘Al’inf, gas stove, gas kitchen range (the natural gas with which food is prepared). (62) nitch’i tikonf ’al’jigi, gas plant (where gas is produced), (63) saad bee ’Al’in{, alphabet, letter (the ones with which words are made). (64) sodizin ’ff’fnf, prayer maker (optional supplemental prayer ceremonies) (the one who makes prayers). (65) tin bee ’al’inf, ice maker, ice making machine (the one with which ice is made). (66) t’dadoo le’é 'ddaal’figi, factory (factories)(where things are made). (67) t’dadoo le’é bee ’anada’ahijil’finii, war materiel (those things with which d.p. people make war on one another).

(Cf. Koyukon nixat’in: he sees something supernatural.)

D2

f

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with ’||’4 “see, look.” Occurs with thematized tclassifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “bark (a dog).”

A.MOM.}

IMP.

US@*ii

BER Rw

EU:

OPT.

’jjh

ijh

‘jjd

‘ijt

jh

’in

‘ih

‘ijd

‘iit

fie

Trans,

B.DUR.

A. MOMENTANEOUS I. £-(tt): ’aha-(’aho-)(@/yi)(38): the barking of S (a dog) dies out, fades away, ceases. ’Ahat’jjh/

‘'ahddtjjd (’andahat)jh). ’aho’nii-(@/@)(73):

to start to bark (a dog).

’Aho’niit’jjh/’'aho’niit’jjd. haha-(haho-)(0//yi)(391): S (a dog) starts to bark (at impersonal “things”) . Hahat’jjh/hahdot’jjd (hanaahatjjh). na-O-dii-(@/@)(622):

S starts to bark at O (as ata

person or at another dog). Néidiit’jjh/néidiitjjd EGS Z (ninddnéidiit jh).

249

4

Il. (1)

IMP.__US/IT.__PERF.

L-(tt): na’ahidii-(@/O)(622):

S (as two dogs) start

to

¥F

ia

i t

Ne uh

barkReeat each Ee Neother.oeom Nd’ahidiil’jh/nd’ahidiil’jjd ee ere

AMO MT Bee B.TRANS. ‘jh

z

ana

(ninaa’ahidiil’jjh). (Ada’ahidiil jh: d.p. - 3+ dogs tart to bark at one another)

D.NEUT. E.CURS./

ae

B. DURATIVE

‘ff

eee

a

ag iid ‘inu

:

a

-

:

a it ff 7 ee

: s

: i, :

.f

NETS

le FA)

I. df-O-(ti):

na-O-(@/si)(623):

S (a dog) is barking at O (as at a person). Neitin (ninddnéit’in). naha-(naho-)(@/si or yi)(527): S (a dog) is barking (at impersonal “things”). Nahat’in/nahas’jjd or nahddtjjd (ninddhatin).

(1)

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

P-ikadf-(@*/yi-irregular): to look for P (in an effort to see or find P). Bikadéé’f’ (bikandddéé’?) = Perf. | looked for P, kept an eye out for P.A corresponding Imperfective (*bikddish jh) is not used, but V. Neuter Imperfective bikdadi-

nish’{? (~ bikadésh’{’), I’m looking for P, | have an eye out for P (as for a person that one expects will come into view). P-k’idf-(O*/yi-irregular): to watch over P, keep an

Il. L-(tt):

na’ahi-(@/si)(623): S (two dogs) are barking at each other. Na’ahil’in/na’ahis jd (ninaa’ahil’in). (nda’ahil’in:. d.p. - 3+ dogs are barking at one another.)

Stem noun:

eg jh

_PROG._FUT._OPT.

eye onP, guardP. Bik’idéé’{f’ (bik’indddéé jf). Perf. | watched over P, guarded P. A corresponding Imperfective (*bik’idish’jjh) is not used, but V. Neuter Imperfective bik’idésh’{f (~ bik’idinish’{f’), I’m watching over P, guarding P. (Cf.DI[1]) P-nikadi-(@/yi-irregular)(234): to look or gaze through P (as through a window). Binikadish jjjh/

sympathy, compassion,

fondness. Baa ’ijh niizjf’, | felt sorry forhim; ’awéé’ baa ’ijh nissin, I’m fond of the baby.

bintkadéé’{{’ (binfkandddish jh). B. TRANSITIONAL

I.

(PA *’en [@] [with unique *ghi in the imperfective. Cf. Eyak imperfective only O-Gi-’e]: see O [*yi-, unspecified object); [©] [irregular neuter(?) stem *’en’): look, stare, gaze [directionally]; [#] [glottalized perfective “en’}: look at; [O or 4] [with *u-directive] and *nithematic: be watching, keep an eye out for; [li] [with “na# and *u- directive]: keep watch, wait, expect. Navajo désh’f? [~ dinfsh’{’] is apparently an irregular stative neuter imperfective from the second theme, with *ti > di-inceptive. Cf. Navajo déez’jf’, he looks, gazes, and Koyukon yital’an’, he stares off [I < “6 PA *dzhWag¥ [2]: classificatory stem for granular

JAA’o

substance or small objects.) NAVAJO.

The underlying meaning

appears to be

“cause granular substance or a mass of small objects to move by continuing manual contact (handling).” However, JAA’ is extended to include a simple plurality of objects, animate or inanimate, irrespective of size. NIL also describes the movement of plural objects, especially of a smaller number (several) of larger objects, animate or inanimate, but in the case of NIL

Stem noun, ear. (Combining forms: jaa-, -jaa-, jééh, jee-.) # 'Abishjaa’ (‘Ab/sh-?), mushroom, toadstool

(Agaricus).

Zoos

JAA'p

JAA'2

movement may be accomplished by propulsion in some verb bases - by “handling” in others. Also, for

(4)

some NIL- bases, the movement involved is describable as “sprinkle or strew” (rather than “carry or toss”), Where the NIL- base carries the connotation “propel, sprinkle, strew” JAA’ is generally required with

reference to the handling of plural objects, regardless of size or number, JAA’ occurs with @ (D-) classifier in the full range of active (“handle”) bases, and Neuter Perfective intransitive/transitive bases meaning “plural inanimate S are in position/ keep plural inanimate O in position.” (Cf. NIL.) IMP.

erase |j4dh

US /IT.

PERF,

PROG

FUT,

ji

jaa’

jin — jdah

jih

jaa’

ji

jaah

jih ih

jaa’ jaa’

jih/

jih jih -

j4ah jih .

:

jaa’

jaah .

-

(5)

(6)

OPT.

Trans,

Bee

Jaah

C.DIST,

D.CON. | jih E-REr, ih F.CURS, GNEUT.

=

A,

and radish seeds, bunches of white and black

-

kittens), ’Atndshj4ah/'atnddjaa’ (’atndndshj4ah:’atnadndandshj4ah) or ’atndn{shj4dh/atnanfjaa’ (‘alndndn(shj4ah:’atndnddnfshjaah). ‘atts’A-(O/yi or ni/ni)(108): to divide or separate O

MOMENTANEOUS

I, @-(tt): (1)

‘a-(@/yi)(482);

into two portions or parts (as a pile of seeds, a quantity of potatoes, a basket full of kittens).

to carry O away out of sight.

‘lishjaah/"ffjaa’

(‘andshjdah;'anddndshjaah), 'Ahishjadh/'ahéjaa’ (‘anahashjaah;’anddhdshjaah),. # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishj4ah, to carry or bring O down from a height (kittens, SER (@/si)(64).

tools - as from a housetop),

# P-ch'aahjj’ ‘lishjAdh,

to replace P with O,

substitute O for P. # P-yaa 'lishjadh, to put O under P.

# Nahijj’ (~ nahg66) 'iishjadh, to carry (take) O aside or out of the way. # Nii’oh ‘iishjaah, to carry O away out of view. # Yah ‘lishjaah, to carry O into an enclosure (as lambs into a corral, potatoes into a house), # Y6O6''lishjaah, to carry O away and disappear with them (as kittens, tools,

cartridges), get rid of them, (2)

'a’a-(@/yi)(364); to plant (seeds), scatter unspecified O (seeds)(lit. to put unspecified O away

out of sight), jaah) (3)

'E’eshjaah/'i'ffjaa’

# Gdyaa ’adaashj4dh, to carry O down into (as into a canyon or arroyo). ‘ah d-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41): to divide O into two parts or portions (cartridges, seeds, canned goods). ‘Ahdshjaah/'ahddjaa’ (‘ahdndshj4dh:’andandshj4ah) or ‘ahdnf{shj4ah/’ahdnfjaa’ (’ahdnAnfshjaah:’ahandan(shjaah). ‘ahanihi-(/si)(39); to gather O up, make a pile of O (as guns, shoes), bring O together. ‘Ahaneheshj4ah/'ahanihéjaa’ (’ahanindhashjadh:’ahaninddhdashjaah), ‘ahéé6-(ni/ni)(53): to make a circuit carrying O, carry O around in acircle. ’Ahéén{shja4ah/ ‘ahéénijaa’ (’ahén(ndn(shj4ah:’ahén(ndan{shj4dh), SER.(@/si)(48): to carry O around and around in circles. ‘Ahééhéshjaah/'ahééhéjaa’ (‘ahénfnddhdshj4ah). ‘ahfi-(@/B)(70): to combine or mix O together, put O together (as seeds, apples and oranges, white and dark flour, sugar and salt). ’Ahfishjaah/'ahfijaa’ (‘ah(néishjadh:’ah(nddnéishjadh). (Cf. bfishjadh: #19) ’atnd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(96): to switch or exchange the relative positions of O (as piles of beans

('andd'dsh-

‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(379); to lower O down from a height, put or take O down, unload O (as boxes, marbles, seeds, kittens from a tabletop

(15)

or truck bed), 'Adaashjddh/'adddjaa’ (‘adanashjaah;'adanddndshjaah), SER,(@/si)(375), ‘Adahashjaah/'adahdjaa’ (‘adandhdshjadh: ‘adandahdashjaah). (Singly or collectively - i.e, one or one quantity after another),

256

’Atts 'Ashj4ah/'atts’ddjaa’ (’atts’Andshjdadh: ‘atts'Anddndshjaah) or ’atts’An{(shjddh/’atts’4nijaa’ (atts’Andan{shja4dh:’'atts’anddn{shjadh). # P-it’atts’An{shja4dh, to share O with P. ‘ats’A-(ni/ni)(135): to segregate O, set O apart or aside (as seeds or groceries purchased for another person), 'Ats’an{shj4ah/’ats’dnfjaa’ (‘ats’Anan(shjadh:'ats ’Andan(shjadh). P-a’-(ni/ni)(147): to lend O to P, give P rations. Ba'nishj4ah/ba’nfjaa’ (banda’n{shja4dh). # ’Ak’égo P-a’nishjaah, to rent or lease O to P (lit. to lend O to P for compensation), P-a'di-(O/yi)(146): to give part of O to P (as part of a pile of seeds or cartridges). Ba’d{shjadh/ ba'difjaa’ (bana’d{shjddh:banda’d(shjdah). (dithematic: subtract from.) P-aa'dii-(@/O)(149); to undress P (lit. take plural unspecified O off of P). Baa’diishj4ah/baa’difjaa’ (baa n'diishj4dh:baa nda’diishjadh). P-Aa’di-(Q/yi)(150):; to uncover P (by removing the plural objects that cover it - as planks, poles), Béa’dishja4ah/bdéa'difjaa’ (baénina’d{shjaah:ban(nda’d/shja4ah), (di-thematic: cover, close.) P-di-(@/yi)(181); to remove or set aside a portion of P (as berries, flour, sugar), Bidishj4dh/bidffjaa’ (bindddfshjaah). (di-thematic: reduce, subtract.) # P-A bidishjadh, to set O aside for P (asa handful of berries),

JAA’2 # P-ts’da’ bidishj4ah,

(16)

(17)

JAA’s to take some of them

# Nahjj’ hidishj4ah,

without P’s consent. P-flak’e-(@/yi)(221): to hand O to P (seeds,

a time (as armfuls of firewood from a pile). (27) didi-(@/yi)(314): to put O (as sticks, stones, lumps of coal) into or near the fire. Didishjaah/

coins, cartridges, eggs). Bfilak’eeshjaah/ bilak’ééjaa’ (bilak’endashjaah:bilak’endandshjaah). P-inéi-(= P-fnayii-) (O/@): to add O to P (as additional wood to one’s woodpile, additional

didifjaa’ (déédishjaah:dindadishjaah). SER. (@/si)(317): to put O into or near the fire one or

canned goods to one’s food store).

one plural quantity after another (as sticks or

Binéish-

jadh/binéijaa’ (binfnddnéishjdh). (Ib. bfishjaah:

handfuls of sticks). Dihidishjaah/dihidéjaa’ (dindhidishjaah:dinadahidishjaah). (28) dii-(@/@)(345): to start to move O. Diishjaah/

#19.)

(18)

P-inii-(0/@)(244): to lean O against P (asa bunch of arrows against a wall). Biniishjaah/

biniijaa’ (bindniishjaah: bindaniishjaah).

diijjaa’ (ndiishjadh:naddfishjaah). ndiishjaah: #41.) In:

(ni-

(20)

P-fi-(= P-fyii-)(O/O)(265): to add O to P. Biishjaah/biijaa’ (binéishjaah:binddanéishjaah). (Ib. binéishjaah: #17.) P-k’{-(@/si)(201): to putO on P (as sugarona

(21)

jadh/bik’ishéjaa’ (bik indshjaah:bik’inddndshjaah). P-nd-(@/si)(228): to carry O around P (asa

to take them off of him (garments). # P-ts’4a’ dah diishjaah, to start off with O against P’s wishes, to make off with P’s O (as with P’s tools). # Dah diishjaah, to start off carrying O, start out with O (carrying them - as melons,

bowl of cereal, salt on a food item). Bik’ésh-

eggs).

(29) dii-(@/@)(345)(with prepounded

(23)

(24)

(25)

to take O

off. Baa diishja4adh/baa diijaa’ (baa ndiishjaah: baa ndddiishjaah). (30) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to put O into the fire (seeds, sticks, cartridges, small lumps of coal). Dzidzaashjaah/ dzidzddajaa’ (dzidzandshjaah: dzidzandadndashjaah). SER.(@/si)(355): to put O into the fire one or one quantity after another. Dzidzahashjaah/dzidzahdjaa’ (dzidzandahashjadh:dzidzandaahdashjaah). (31) ha-(@/yi)(433): to take O out (as cartridges from a box, marbles from a sack), remove O. Haashjaah/hddjaa’ (handshjdah:handdanashjaah). SER.(@/si)(392): to take O out one or one quantity after another (as cartridges from a box, handfuls of seeds from a bag). Hahashjdah/hahdjaa’ (hanahdashjaah:hanaahashjaah) # P-aah handashjaah, to take O back out of pawn from P. # P-ii’déé’ haashjddh, to take O out of P (as out of a sack). # P-flak’ee haashjaah, to take O out of P’s hand. # P-yaa haashjddh, to take O out from under p (as shoes or toys from under a bed). # P-za’azisdéé’ haashjdah, to take O out of P’s pocket (as coins). # P-ch’j’ na’iini’ haashj4ah, to propose a trade of O (as marbles, turquoise sets, rings) with P. # Handshjaah, to take O back out (as from pawn). (32) ha-(@ or si/si)(433): to carry O up (as upstairs), to climb up carrying O (as tools to a rooftop). Haashjaah or hashishjaah/hashéjaa’ (handshjadh:handandshja4ah) SER.(@/si)(433): to carry O up one or one quantity after another).

hogan. Bindshjdah/binishéjaa’ (binindshjadh:binfndandshjaah). P-t’a-(@/yi)(251): to put O into the fold in one’s garment (as coins, beads, seeds). Bit’aashjaah/ bit’adjaa’ (bit’andshjadh:bit’andandshjaah). SER.(@/si): to put O or a plural quantity one after another into the fold. Bit’ahashjaah/ bit’ahdjaa’ (bit’andhdshjaah:bit’andahashjaah). P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): to separate O from P, setO apart from P (as the red beads in a pile from the black beads, corn kernels from beans ina mixed pile). Bits’anishjaah/bits’anijaa’ (bits ’Andnishjdah:bits ’andanishjaah). P-za-(@/yi)(262): to put O into P’s mouth (as a number of pills, a quantity of sugar). Bizaashjadh/bizddjaa’ (bizandshjaah:bizandanashjaah). SER.(@/si)(260): to putO into P’s mouth one or one plural quantity after another. Bizahashjaah/bizahéjaa’ (bizandhdshjaah: bizandahdashjaah). ch’f-(ni/ni)(293): to carry O out horizontally (as an armful of kittens, books or potatoes outa

door). Ch’inishjaah/ch ’inijaa’ (ch’indnishjaah: ch’inddnishj4ah). SER.(@/si)(276): to carry O out one or one plural quantity after another.

(26)

P-aa):

(garments, clothing) off of P, take P’s clothes

quantity of books, seeds, kittens) arounda

(22)

(Cf.

# P-aadiishjaah,

thematic: terminal.)

(19)

to move O aside by

making multiple trips and carrying part at

Ch’éhéshjaah/ch’éhéjaa’ (ch’indhdshjaah: ch’indahashjaah). di-(@/si)(335): to start to carry O along, to be going to carry O (in the Perf.). Dishjaah/déjaa’ (ndishjaah:naddfshjaah). SER.(@/si)(440): to move or tug a quantity of plural objects in segments (as one armful after another, making multiple trips) Hidishjadah/hidéjaa’ (nahidishjaah:naadhidishjaah). # -g66 déjaa’, to be going to carry O or be on the way with O to -- (a designated place).

257

JAA’s

(33

—

JAA’o

Hahashjadah/hahdjaa’ (handhdshjaah:handahashjaah). # P-aah hashishjaah, to climb up P (as a ladder) carrying O. hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry O from one end to the other, carry O the entire length (as tools the full

(34

length ofa field). Hadiishjaah/hadiijaa’ diishjJaah:handddiishjaah). —

(hda-

hidii-(@/O)(443)(with prepounded dah): to hang O up, suspend O (as hats, coats, a saddle, from nails or hooks). Dah hidiishjaah/dah

hidiijaa’ (dah nahidiishj4ah:dah nadhidiishjaah). # P-aah dah hidiishjaah, to hang O on P (as coats, on pegs, nails or hooks). kfi-(= kfyii-)(@/@): to carry O up an incline (as up a hill, upstairs). Kfishjaah/kfijaa’ (kinéishjaah: kindanéishjaah). na-(@/yi)(596): to lower O down, unload O (as tools from a truck). Naashjaah/nddjaa’ (nindshjaah:ninddndshja4dh). SER.(@/si)(530):

(44)

to lower O down, unload O one or one quantity

(37)

(38)

(45)

after another. Nahashjaah/nahdjaa’ (ninahashjaah:ninddhdshjaah),. nahi-(530): to turn O around or over (as cups, boxes). Nahdashjaah/ndhdjaa’ (nindhdshjaah: nfnddhashjaah). nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over (as baking potatoes, sausages). Nahideeshjaah/ndahidééjaa’ (nfndhideeshjadh:ninddhideeshjaah). naadii-(@/O)(574): to pick O back up, reclaim or repossess O, (Ib. ninddii-. V. ndii-: # 41 below.) Naddiishjaah/ndddiijaa’ . # P-aa or P-ts’da’ ndddiishjaah, to take O

(46)

back from P, repossess or reclaim O

(40)

from P (as items ofjewelry that P has not paid for). Adinfi-(@/O)(611): to just get a good start carrying O, just get well under way with O

(when something happens).

(41)

(42)

(43)

(47)

Ndinfishjdah/

ndiniijaa’. ndii-(O/O)(618): to pick O up, choose O, find O (lit. start to move O upward). Ndiishjaah/ndiijaa’ (ninddiishj4ah:nindddiishja4ah). (Converges in shape with ndiishjdah: Reversionary of diishjaadh: #28 above.) (ni/ni)(564-658): to go, come, arrive carrying O, bring O, take O, give O. Nishjaah/nfjaa’ (nanishjaah: nddnishjaah). # P-aa nishj4ah, to carry, bring, take, deliver, give O to P (seeds, cans of food, loose cartridges). # P-aa nanishjaah, to give, bring, take O back to P, return O to P. # -g66 nishjaah, to carry, take, bring O to --(a designated place - as to town).

(48)

(49)

ni-(ni/ni)(650): to carry O toa stopping point, to carry O as far as (a place), to stop carrying O.

Ninishjaah /ninfjaa’ (nindnfshj4ah:ninddnish-

jadh). SER.(@/si) (621). Neheshjaan/nihéjaa’ (nindhashjaah:ninddhdshjaah).

# ’Aah ninishjaah, to pawn O (as items of jewelry - to someone unspecified). # P-aah ninishj4ah, to pawn O to P (as toa pawnbroker or trader). # Hasht’e’ ninishjaah, to put O away, store O (as squashes, for winter food). # Hasht’e’ neheshjaah, to collect or save O (as melon seeds, beer cans, jars). # -jj’ ninishja4ah, to carry O as far as -- (a designated place). # Ni’ ninishjaah, to set O down (groceries, eggs, tools). # Shad’ ninishjadh, to set O in the sun, set O in a sunny place (as apricots, to dry). # Tsé’naa ninishjaah, to carry O across (tools across a Street). ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to scatter unspecified O (lit. to set unspecified O down). Ni’nishjdah/ni’nijaa’ (ninda’nishjaah). # P-& ni’nishjdah, to feed P (as chickens - by scattering unspecified plural O for them. n’dii-(@/@)(675): to take O down (as from a shelf or from pegs - as sheets, coats). N’diishjaah/ n’diijaa’ (nina’diishjaah:ninda’diishjaah). SER.(@/@)(537): to take O down one or one quantity after another (as things from a shelf or from pegs), to pick O one after another (as plums, cherries). Nahi’diishjaah/nahi’diijaa’ (ninahi’diishjaah:ninadahi’diishjaah). (si/si)(693)(with prepounded dah, up): to set O, place O in position (where they remain)(as cups on a table, small items on a shelf). Dah shishja4ah/dah shéjaa’ (dah nishishjaah:dah naashishjaah). # P-aah dah shishja4ah, to hang O up on P (as rings ona nail). tsitts’a-(ni/ni)(735): to carry O away from fire or water, to take or carry O ashore (as cans of food). Tsitts’anishjaah/tsitts’anijaa’ (tsitts’ananishja4h :tsitts ’Andanishjdadh). SER.(@/si). Tsitts ahashjaah/tsitts ’ahéjaa’ (tsitts’Andhdashjaah:tsitts 'anddndshjadh). yaa-(= yayii-)(@/O)(755): to dump or spill O (as grain from a bag or bucket, sugar, salt, dirt). Yaashjaah/yaajaa’ (yaninddndashjaah). (@/yi)(783): to move or carry O (completive). Yishjaah/yfjaa’ (ndshjdah:nddndshjdah). SER.(@/si) (447). Hishjaah/héjaa’ (nahashjaah:naddhdshjaah). # P-iih yishja4ah, to put O into P (as sugar into a bag). # Bee’eldggh bee’eldggh bikg’ biih yishjaah, to charge (load) a muzzle-loading gun (lit. to pour gunpowder into a gun). # Kjjh yishjaah, to take O into town (as items of jewelry). # teeh yishjaah, to bury O (as tin cans, money). # Nat’ostse’ nat’oh biih yishjaah, to fill a tobacco pipe (lit. to pour tobacco into a pipe).

258

JAA’o # Nii’oh yishjaah, to take O away out of view, conceal O, hide O (as items of jewelry).

# Taah yishjaah,

to put O into the water (as

beans, to soak).

(50) yisda-(@/yi)(770-773): to carry O away from danger, to rescue or save O (as kittens from a fire). Yisdashjaah/yisdadjaa’ (yisdandshjaah: yisdandandshjaah). SER.(@/si): to carry O one after another to safety. Yisdahashjaah/yisdahdajaa’ (yisddandhashjaah:yisdandanashjaah).

ll. D-(tr/Simple Passive):

(1)

’a-(G/yi)(478): to move O away out of sight (in a reflexive context). ‘lishjJdah/’eeshjaa’. (’andshjadh:’anddndashjaah).

(2)

‘’ahda’(a)-(~ ’atghda’[a]-)(ni/ni)(43): to trade, exchange, swap O. (Base includes -’a-, the 3) object pronoun, but is transitive, referring to a definite O.) ’Ahaa’niijdah/’ahda’niijaa’ (’ahaninda’niijdah) or ’atghda’niijddh/’atghaa’niijaa’ Catghaninda’niijaah). # P-it ’atghda’nishjaah/P-it ’Ahda’nishjaah, to swap O with P (as seeds with one’s neighbor). ’ak’f-(@/si)(81): to put O on oneself (as snow, sand, dirt, salt), ’Ak’éshj4ah/’4k ishishjaa’ (‘ak’fndshjaah:’ak’inddndashjaah) ’atnand-(@/yi)(96): to carry O to and fro between two points, carry O back and forth (as to school and back). ’Atnadndshjaah/’atndndashjaa’. ’at’a-(@/yi)(251): to put O into the fold in one’s

# ’Ayaa ’iishjdah, to put O under oneself.

(3)

(4)

(5)

JAA’o

(11) ha’dii-(@/@)(405): to undress, disrobe, take off one’s clothing. Ha’diishjaah/ha’diishjaa’ (hanaa’diishjaah). (hadi-thematic: complete.) (12) hodii-(= hodihi-)(@/si)(453)(with prepounded ‘Adit, in company with self): to lose one’s head, go to pieces emotionally, panic (in an emergency). ‘Adit hodiishjaah/’ddit hodiyéshjaa’ (‘adit nadhodiishjaah). (13) ndi-(ni/ni)(609): to place O in readiness, set O aside for use. Ndinishjaah/ndinishjaa’. In: # Hasht’e’ ndinishjaah, to set O aside, store O up, hold O in readiness for use (as seeds, cartridges), pick out O for purchase. (14) (ni/ni)(760)(Simple passive): O are brought, given, delivered. Yijadh/yfjaa’ (najadh: ndanajaah ). # P-aa yijaddh (760): P receives O, O are delivered to P (as eggs, brooder chicks). # P-aa ndjaah (544): P gets O back, O are returned or given back (as tools that P has loaned). (15) nikidinfi-(@/O)(632): to borrow O and keep them (as a set of borrowed cups, items of jewelry, tools). Nikidinfishjaah/nikidinfishjaa’.

|. -(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(596): to carry O around about, make a round trip carrying O (in the Perf.). Naashjaah/

nishéjaa’ #

garment or sash. ’At’aashj4dh/’at’aashjaa’ (6)

(at’andshjadh:’at’anddndshjaah). ’Aza-(@/yi)(141): to put O into one’s own mouth ’Azaashjaa’ (’Azandshjadh:’azanddnashjaah). SER. (@/si)(140): to put O into one’s own mouth one or one quantity after another. *Azahashj4ah/"azahdshjaa’ (’Azandhdashjaah:

"Azandahashjaah). P-a’(a)-(ni/ni)(146)(Simple Passive): O is loaned to P. Ba’ijdah/ba’fjaa’ (banda’fjadh). (V. A[l]11 above.) # ’Ak’égo P-a’fjadah, P rents or leases O (lit. O is loaned to P for compensation). # P-a’ijdah, P borrows O (as items of jewelry). (8) P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P (by force), to rob P of O (as items of jewelry). Bighanishjaah/ bighanishjaa’ (bighandnishjadh:bighandanishjaah). (9) dii-(@/O)(343)(with prepounded ’ddaa): to take garments off of oneself, take off clothing. ’Adaa diishj4ah/’ddaa diishjaa’ (’Adaa ndiishja4dh:’ddaa ndddiishjaah). (V. baa diishjaah: A[|]29.) (10) hadini-(@/si)(382): to carry O too far, carry O beyond the point where one should have stopped. Hadinishjaah/hadinéshjaa’ (handddinishjaah).

(ninddndshjaah).

’Atsé p-4 naashjaah,

to have O on loan from

P (as items of jewelry). # Dah naashjaah, to hold O up and wave them (as a number of eggs or other small items). # -g66 nishéjaa’, to have taken O to -- (a designated location)and back to the point of departure.

(as sugar, a handful of pills). “Azaashjaah/

(7)

B. CONTINUATIVE

Il. D-(tr): (1) nahodii-(= nahodihi-)(@)(541)(with prepounded ‘Adit, in company with self): to bumble around clumsily, fumble around, be poorly coordinated,

(2)

be unable to “get on the ball.” ‘Adit nahodiishjaah. (V. ’adit hodiishjaah: A[ll]12, above.) nahwii-(= nahohi-)(@)(543): to fumble around, to be poorly coordinated, clumsy, bumbling (with

prepounded ‘adit, in company with self). nahwiishjaah.

‘Adit

C. DISTRIBUTIVE |. @-(tt): (1)

’ada-(@/si)(Il):

to drop d.p. O away out of sight, to

JAA’s

JAA’o F.

plant O (as corn, grain). “Adaashjaah/’adashéjaa’ (andddaashjaah). ‘ahada-(@/si)(36): to divide up d.p. O (as cartridges, nuts, seeds) into d.p. portions. ’Ahadaashjaah/’ahdadashéjaa’ (’ahadandddaashjaah). ‘atts’dda-(@/si)(103): to separate d.p. O into d.p. portions or piles (as seeds, nuts, cartridges). ’Atts’adaashjaah /’atts’ddashéjaa’ (atts ’4adaashjaah:’atts ’andddaashjaah). P-taa-(O/si)(250): to distribute O (as seeds, cartridges) among P, to pass out O to P. Bitaashjaah/bitaashéjaa’ (bitaanddndshjaah). nda-(@/si)(604): to set O in d.p. piles or clusters, set d.p. piles of O (as dirt) around here and there. Ndaashjaah /ndashéjaa’ (nindddaashjaah). # P-ch’dah ndaashjaah, to block P’s way by erecting piles of O (as dirt) (as in placing mounds of dirt to stop the flow of water).

D.

CURSIVE

. O-(tt): (1)

CONATIVE

(yi)(783): to be carrying O along (plural objects of any kind, large or small). Yishjih/defnfijaah (ndashjih:ndandashjih). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishjih, to be carrying O downward from a height (as down a hill or ladder). # Dah yishjih, to be holding O up (as a number of kittens). # Gédnaa yishjih, to be carrying O across, hi-(yi)(438): to be carrying or tugging O along in segments (as a pile of wood, by moving first one armful and then another). Heeshjih/ hfinfijadh. nahi-(yi)(534): to turn O over and over (as roasting ears of corn or weenies). Naheeshjih/ndahfinfijaah. naana-(yi)(588): to be carrying O around here and there to and fro, to be carrying O around all over. Naandashjih/naandeiniijaah.

|, O-(tt):

P-(-(O-lmp.)(156):

to try to get P to accept O, try to give O to P, offer O to P. Béshjih (bindadndshjih).

G.

NEUTER

. ©-ti): (si)(692):

S lie, S are (in position or location) (seeds, loose cartridges, coins, marbles, piles of beans). Shijaa’ (naazhjaa’/ndaazhjaa’: pl/d.p.) (nddndshjaa’ = some more are in position, lie). # P-k’i dah shijaa’, S are lying up on P (as on

Il. D-(tt): ‘atgha-(@-lmp.)(88): to both claim O, to fight with each other over O, try to get O away from each

other (as items of jewelry, toys). ’Atghaiijih. # P-it ’atghaashjih, to fight with P over O. P-gha-(O-Imp.)(808): to try to get O away from P. Bighaashijih.

a table).

# P-aah dah shijaa’,

S are lying up alongside

Pp

# P-ii’ shijaa’,

S are lying inside of P (as seeds

inside a cup).

E

REPERIMPIVE

# tee’ shijaa’, S are lying (buried) in the dirt or ashes. # Too’ (~ tayi’) shijaa’, S are lying in the water. ‘ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(51): S lie or sitin a circle, there is a circle of S (as stacked coins, piles of seeds or rings). ’Ahéénjjaa’. P-nahidi-(ni-Perf.)(225): S (as strings, necklaces) hang over P (as over a limb or bar).

1. ©-(tt):

P-{-(@/si)(156): to rub O on P (as sand ona bat, saltand pepper on a roast). Béshjih/ bishéjaa’ (bindshjih :binddnadshjih).

ball

Binahidéjaa’. ch’fhi-(ni-Perf.)(284): S (as a line of seeds, cartridges) extend out horizontally (as froma hole or doorway). Ch’fhinfjaa’. di-(ni-Perf.)(308): S hang dangling (as strings or necklaces). Déjaa’. # P-tsiist’a déjaa’, S hang from P’s belt (as money, cartridges, P has S (in P’s possession), P has S on (him). na-(si-Perf.)(602): S lie about here and there, there are piles of S (as squashes) lying about.

Il. D-(tr): ’Ad{-(O/si)(14):

to put plural objects on self (i.e. ashes, face powder). ‘Adéshjih/’Adishishjaa’,

’Adf'a-(@/si)(12): to powder oneself, put on face powder, dab O (as powder) on self.

’"Adé’éshjih/’Adi’shishjaa’

(’Ad{n4a’Ashjih).

260

-JEE’

JAA’o

(14) tsé’éjih/, talcum powder (the stone thatis rubbed against something). (15) tsé’ nindjihf, rock cairn, cairn (the one or the

Naazhjaa’ (ndaazhjaa’: d.p.)(nindandshjaa’ = more of them lie about, there are more of them). (V. shijaa’ above.) (ni-Perf.)(90): S lie or sitin a line, row, or series (as stacked coins, piles of seeds, rings). Nijaa’. # ’Atkéé’ nijaa’, S lie or sit one behind the

(7)

place where rocks are repeatedly placed). (The

term designates the pillars or columns of small stones that are built up, usually on promontories, by travelers. The latter place a

other (as cups, piles of coins or seeds).

rock on the pile, leave an offering, and pray for good fortune, as they pass by, saying “Shich’oha’nfi doo,” “everything will be in my favor,” “Diné k’édashd’nfi doo,” “I'll have the respect and friendship of people.”) (16) Ya’iishjadshchilf (Ib. ’E’eshjadshchilf), June (the minor planting month). (17) Ya’iishj4dstsoh (Ib. ’E’eshjadstsoh), July (the major planting month).

# P-aahg66 nijaa’, S lie or sit in a row along the edge of P. # T’ddta’i nijaa’dgo, one or one quantity ata time.

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(si-Perf.)(691): to have O (in position), keep O (on hand, available). Shétjaa’ (nddshétjaa’)(as cartridges, seeds, canned goods). # T’da ’ii’ shétjaa’igi bee, with all my might and main, with everything |’ve got (as in defending oneself).

-JEf

Stem noun: chest, thoracic organs (heart, liver, lungs), core (of an apple), battery of a car. # bilasdana bijéf (bilasdana, apple),

H. (1)

(2) (3)

NOUN

’Anijaa’ (~ ’Anijaa’ii/banjfjaa’igif), the main points, the main part (they extend in a row for something/ those that extend in a row for something/for it). ’ashdla’ dahijihgo (~ ’ashdla’ dah yijihgo), five card coon-can (a card game) (five being held). bdnijaa’igif, the main parts, the salient points (as of a speech)(those that extend in a line or row for it). Saad bdnijaa’igif, the main points of the

-ts’iin < ts’in,

ice tongs

bone + -ii, the one),

chest

bones, rib cage. # -jé{ts’oos ~ -dzééts’oos ~ -dzéits’oos (-ts’00s, vein, artery, blood vessel), blood vessels of the heart. # -jé{(zis ~ -dzéézis ~ -dzéizis (-zis, sack, bag, container), pericardium, heart sack.

speech.

bee ’6tsa’i tin bee naajaahf,

apple core.

# chidf bijéf (chid/, car), car battery (lit. car’s heart). # -jé{dishjool (-joot, ball; -JOOL: spherical), heart. # -jé{ts'iin ~ dzééts’iin (-jéf~ dzéé-, chest +

DERIVATIVES

(the

pincers with which ice is carried about).

Noun stem: pitch, resin, gum. (Cf. verb root JEE’3: stick.) # cha’ot bijeeh (cha’ot, pinyon JEEH tree), pinyon pitch. # jeeh dilfin (dilffn ?), resinous firewood. # jeetid (-tid, smoke), soot. # jeesda’ (-sda’, old, dried up), dried pitch. # kéjeehf(ké-, shoe +-f, the ones), tennis shoes, rubber soled shoes. # téshjeeh (t6-, water), traditional wicker

biih ndajihf ’adee’, powder horn (horn into which granular substance is repeatedly put). ddgha dah shijaa’, sparse mustache (clustered whiskers, small tuft of whiskers).

dig’dtah né’éshjaa’, burrowing owl (owl among prairie dogs). kin dah shijaa’, small town, village, settlement (houses sit in a cluster). né’éshjaa’, owl (they sit - form tufts - on the nose. Reference appears to be to the tufts of feathers above the owl’s eyes. né- < -nif’, nares.) Né’éshjaaydazh, owlet (little owl owl’s offspring) Ne’eshjaa’ghaa’, owl fluff (ghaa’, wool, fur). (Owl fluff is placed at the base of a mask.) (10) né’éshjaa’ yilkee’é, owl’s claw, South American rubber plant (Dugaldea hoopesii)(the one that is like an owl’s foot). (11) neezndad dahijihgo (~ neeznaa dah yijingo), ten card cooncan (a card game)(ten being held). (12) sin ’atkéé’ nijaa’/, sequence of song groups (in ceremonies) (the songs that follow one another). (13) tin bee naajaahf, ice tongs (that with which pieces of ice are carried about).

water bottle, barrel, keg.

Probably a fossilized or obsolete verb stem cognate with Ahtna DZAES: shine and DZAEN: day (Navajo jf,

day.) JEE’ appears in the noun ’ooljé6’, moon. (Ahtna data provided by James Kari, Alaska Native Language Center.) # ’Ooljéé’td (-t6, water, spring), Oljatoh, Utah.

261

-JEE’ Il. L-(tt):

Stem noun: grease. (Cf. verb root JEE’g: stick, glue, smear.) # tsinaabaas bijéé’ (tsinaabaas, wagon), wagon grease, axle grease.

(1)

(PPA *dzheq’ [@]: classificatory [?] stem for plural sticklike or animate objects.)

JEE’y

the opening or exit - as over an opening ina corral). Bidddinishjeeh/bidadinitjéé’ (bidanddinishjeeh:bidandddinishjeeh). (di-

NAVAJO: A classificatory stem describing the parallel positioning of plural

thematic: close.) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(172): to confine P, close P in by placing unspecified poles or bars over the exit (as in confining a horse in a corral by placing poles or bars over the exit opening).

sticklike, stringlike or animate subjects or objects.

Occurs: (1) with ni-thematic: terminal, and Oclassifier as the Theme in verb bases meaning “plural (3+) S lie down, recline;” (2) with ni-thematic and tcausative in transitivized bases meaning “cause to lie or recline, place O in position lying side by side;” (3) with L-causative and di-thematic: close, in bases

Bidddi’nishjeeh/bidddi’nitjéé’ (bidanadi’nishjeeh:bidandadi’nishjeeh). (di- thematic: close). P-{-O-nii-(O/O)(241-244): to lay O downina reclining position, leaning against P (as against a wall). Bibiniishjeeh/bibiniitjéé’ (b/ndbiniishjeeh:binddbiniishjeeh). (nithematic: terminal.) P-zéédée-(G/yi)(263): to place O (several strands of beads) around P’s neck (-zéé6- =-

meaning “close an opening by means of parallel bars or poles;” and (4) with L-causative and di-thematic:

pertains to fire, in bases having to do with “building a fire.” JEE’y and JEE’s (3+ S run or move rapidly) may be derivatives from the same root.

IMPS

USZIT.

“PERF.

FUT,

OPT.

jah

jéé’

jah

jeeh

E

jéé’

:

O-ni-(@/si)(240): to lay O down side by side, to make O lie down, to put O to bed (as 3+ children). Binishjeeh /binétjéé’ (nabinishjeeh: nadbinishjeeh). (ni-thematic: terminal.) # P-kda’ dah binishjeeh, to lay them down on P (as 3+ children on a bed). P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to close P in, confine P with O (poles or bars laid in parallel position over

za-, mouth, neck + -na-, around, encircling).

Bizéédéeshjeeh/bizéédéetjéé’

A.MOM.} jeeh Trans. | B.NEUT. 2

hang, dangle.) dadi-(ni/ni)(297): to debar an opening, close an opening with O (bars or poles placed in parallel position - as over the exit to a corral). Ddadi-

=

A. MOMENTANEOUS

nishjeeh/dadinijéé’

P-{nii-(@/@)(241): to lie down and lean against P (as against a tree or wall). Biniijeeh/biniijéé’ (binaniijeeh:binaaniijeeh). (ni-thematic: terminal.) # P-it p-iniishjeeh, to lie down in company with

(dandadi’nishjeeh: dandddi’nishjeeh).

(di-the-

matic: close.) didi-(@/yi)(314): to make, kindle, build a fire (lit. to lay sticklike objects - the firewood - side by

P against p (singular S + 2+

side in the fire). Didishjeeh/didiitjéé’ (déédishjeeh:dindddishjeeh). (di-thematic: relates to fire.) # Déédishjeeh, to rekindle the fire, build the fire back up. (Déé =di-, fire + nda-, back.) k{-O-nii-(@/O)(495): to lay O down ina leaning position. Kibiniishjeeh/kibiniitjéé’. # P-nahijj’ kfbiniishjeeh, to lay them down leaning against P. (10) ndi-(ni/ni)(607): to lay O down side by side in the fire (the kindling). Ndinishjeeh/ndinitjéé’ (nindddinishjeeh). (di-thematic: relates to fire.) In: # Tadchééh ndinishjeeh, to make a sweathouse fire. (11) ni-(ni/ni)(650): to lay O side by side. Ninishjeeh/ninijéé’ (nindnishjeeh:nindanfshjeeh).

companions). kinii-(@/@)(495): to lie down in a leaning position.

Kiniijeeh/kiniijéé’ (kinaniijeeh:kinddniijeeh). (ni-thematic: terminal.) ni-(@/si)(631-667): to lie down, recline, go to bed. Niijeeh /neejéé’ (ndniijeeh:nadniijeeh). (nithematic: terminal.) # P-it nishjeeh, to lie down with (in company with) P (an additional 2+ subjects). P-k’i dah niijeeh,

(danddinishjeeh:danaa-

dinishjeeh). (di-thematic: close.) dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297): to close an opening with unspecified O (bars or poles placed in parallel position over it). Dadi’nishjeeh/dadi’nitjéé’

|. ni-O-(ti):

#

(bizénina-

to lie downonP.

# t{f P-it’'ahaah dah nijeeh, P dash off on horseback (lit. the horses lie up side by side with P - the riders. Figurative: the 3+ horses, outstretched ata full run, resemble sticklike objects lying side by side up at an elevation.)

# T’Ad kddgoo niijeeh, to sleep out in the open.

262

JEE’y

# Ké ninishjeeh,

JEE’y

to play the Moccasin Game

# P-aa héejéé/hinifijéé’, to be lying in ambush for P (as for an enemy or quarry). kinii-(O-Perf.)(495): to lie in a leaning position. Kiniijéé’. # P-nahijj’ kiniijéé’, to lie leaning against P (as against a wall or log). # P-nahjj’ p-it kiniijéé’, to lie leaning against P with p (2+ other persons). na-(si-Perf.)(602): to lie about here and there (3+ animate S, singly or in clusters). Nishiijéé’, (d.p. ndashiijéé’)(we) (naazhjéé’/ndaazhjéé’: they) (ninddndshjéé’ = some more of them). (Ndashiijéé’, is a distributive plural corresponding to shiijéé’.) (ni-Perf.)(665): to be lying in a line, row or series. Niijéé’ (we) (nifjéé’, they). # ’Atkéé’ niijJéé’'(we)(nfjéé’, they), to be lying in a line or row, one behind the other.

(lit. to place shoes side by side). (7)

Il. L-(tr): (1)

’Azéédée-(G/yi)(142): to put O on, to put O around one’s own neck (several strands of beads). (’4zé6- = ’4za-, one’s own mouth or neck + -na-, around encircling)

(8)

’"Azéédéesh-

jeeh/’Azéédéeshjéé’ (’Azéninddéeshjeeh: *Azénindddéeshjeeh).

B. NEUTER

(9)

I. -(ti): (1)

(si-Perf.)(691-692-694): to lie, recline, to be ina reclining position. Shiijéé’ (we) (shijéé: they) (nddnashjéé’ = some more are lying). # Bikda’g66 shiijéé’, to be lying on P. # P-it shéjéé’, to be lying down in company with P (as with 2+ other persons). # tif P-it’ahaah dah shijéé’, P are dashing on horseback (lit. the horses lie side by side with P, up at an elevation. The horses, outstretched ata

(2)

(3)

(4)

Il. t-(ti): (1)

(2)

full run,

resemble sticklike objects in parallel position.) # Ni’g66 shiijéé’, to be lying on the ground or floor. # Tatkda’ dah shiijéé’, to lie floating on the surface of the water (3+ swimmers) (we). # Tsdsk’eh bikaa’g66 shiijéé’, to be lying ona bed (we 3+). P-fnii-(O-Perf.)(244): to lie side by side leaning against P (as against a wall). Biniijéé’. # P-it p-iniishjéé6’, to lie leaning against p in company with P (S + 2+ additional subjects). P-zéédée-(yi-Perf.)(262): P has S on, S encircle P’s neck (several strands of beads) (-zéé- = za-, mouth, neck + -na-, around, encircling). Bizéédéejéd’. di-(si-Perf.)(310)(with prepounded yah): to lie

Ill. L-(ti): (1)

nikf-(si)(246): to be short-legged (lit. to be snuggled close to the ground). Nikishishjéé’.

IV. hi-yini-@-(ti): (1)

(yinf-directive)

’ahiini-(yi-Perf.)(68): to lie with part of the body extending away out of sight, to lie partly in and partly out (as puppies lying under a bed, with their heads protruding). ‘Ahfinfijéé’ (we) (ahfifjéé’, they).

# Yah ‘ahiinfijéé’, to lie leaning into an enclosure (as into a car, through an

open window). hahiini-(yi-Perf.)(396): to protrude, hang or dangle out (from an enclosed space - as passengers that hang out of a bus or railroad car). HahiiniijJéé’ (we) (hahiijéé’, they). # P-ii’déé’ hahiinfijéé’, to be hanging out of P’s interior, (3) hifnf-(yi-Perf.)(449): to lie extended, partin and part out (completive). Hifnfijéé’ (we) (hijéé’: they). # P-iih hiinfijéé’, to lie or lean into P (asa person who leans into a car). # Taah hiinfijéé’, to lie (on the shore) with part of the body extending into the water. (4) nahfinf-(yi-Perf.)(539): to lie dangling or hanging downward (as children hanging down from a limb or from a monkey bar). Nahjfiniijéé’ (we) (nahifjéé’: they).

(2)

waiting for assistance (as a disabled, sick or

wounded person). Yah déejéé’ (we) (yah déeshjéé’, they --) (di-thematic: disablement.) (5) hidi-(ni-Perf.)(300-439-440)(with prepounded dah): to dangle, hang suspended (as children playing on the monkey bars, strings of beads, bananas

(6)

O-(si)(245): to keep O (plural). Bishétjéé’. (E.g. naa’ahddhai tadiingo bishétjéé’, | keep 30 chickens.) P-i-(si-Perf.)(246): to lie guarding P, to lie around waiting for P (to do something). Bishiiljéé’ (we).

hanging in a bunch. Dah hid/nfijéé’ (we) (dah hidéjéé’: they). (di-thematic: dangle, hang suspended.) # P-nah dah hidéjéé’, S (as strings of beads) are hanging on P (as on a nail or peg). hi-(si-Perf.)(437-445): to lie in ambush, waylay. Hinfijéé’ or héejéé’. (With S or D-classifier.) (hi-thematic: ambush?)

263

JEE'y

# P-aah nahfiniijéé6’,

JEE'p

to be dangling from P (as

from a limb),

C. (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6) (7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11) (12)

(13)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘ach’j' didooljéé’, fire ceremony (toward someone a fire was built). (A purifying ceremony involving the building of a fire inside the hogan to cause the patient to sweat.) ‘ayaa shijé6’, floor covering of a sweathouse (they lie parallel to one another under something). ‘atchinfyii’ danjahf, children’s dormitory (the one or the place in which children sleep or lie customarily). bili’ da’njahf (~ kin bil’ da'njahd, dormitory (people sleep inside it/building in which people sleep). da'njah (~ da'njahigi), dormitory, motel, hotel (people lie down or sleep customarily). da’njah géne’, bedroom (people sleep inside), daddiljah, bars (for closing a corral, gateway or fence)(they are placed parallel to one another). Dibé Dah Shijé'6, Sheep Hill (east of Flagstaff, Arizona) (where the sheep lie up at an elevation). gaaghah haazhjé6’, the multiple strand bandolier placed on a patient's shoulder in some phases of the Ndaa’ - War Dance. Made of twisted buckskin adorned with shell (they extend up beside the arm). késhjéé’, Moccasin Game (shoes lie side by side), ‘dlta'di t’ée'go ‘dtchinf danjahl, school dormitory (where children sleep at night at school), tHée'’go bee da'njahigf, nightgown, pajamas (that with which people sleep at night). tsédaashjé6’, lower millstone, metate, (Etymology obscure.) ——_—_—«—__nh

—.

NAVAJO:

Probably derived from the

same root as JEE’y. JEE'o

Occurs, with O-

classifier, as the theme

meaning “plural (8+)

in verb bases

S move

rapidly,

run,

i IMP. __US/IT. PERF. PROG. FUT. eE6E6ESQ36QGQ0Do aS0—6&€@06—3——05 000—6—60505050—6—5—05050

OPT, 505———————

A.MOM Trans.

| jeeh

jah

jéé'

-

-

-

jah

jeeh

-

-

B.CONT

C.CURS.

-

A.

jah/jeeh_

MOMENTANEOUS

1, ©-(ti): (1)

‘'a-(@/yi)(474): to run away out of sight, go rapidly away out of sight. ‘lijeeh/'iijéd’

(‘anéiijeeh:'anddnéiijeeh). SER.(@/si)(66). ‘Ahiijeeh/'aheejéé’ (‘andhiijeeh:’anddhiijeeh). # "Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iijeeh, to run down from a height. # P-(ka 'iijeeh, to go to P's aid, help P. # P-itch’aa ‘iijeeh, P is unable to recall them, P has a lapse of memory (can't recall songs, plant names). # P-aatiih 'iijeeh, to tackle P (an enemy), undertake P (a task or project). # P-yaa ‘iijeeh, to run or go in under P. # Ha’aa ‘iijjeeh, to run over the hill and disappear,

# Nahijj’ ‘iijeeh, to run to one side, out of the way. # Yah ‘iijeeh, to run into an enclosure (as into a house, pasture). # Yah 'anéiijeeh, to run back into an enclosure (as sheep back into the corral), to reconvene (as a meeting, following a recess), # Y66’ 'iijeeh, to run away and disappear. 'ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): to run downward from a height, get down or out of a train, bus, plane. 'Adeiijeeh/'adeiijéé’ ('‘adanéiijeeh:’adandadnéiijeeh). SER.(Q/ si). "Adahiijeeh/’adaheejéé’ (’adandhiijeeh:'adanddhiijeeh). # P-it’'adaashjeeh, to accompany P down, run down along with P (singular S with 2+ companions). ‘ahani-(ni/ni)(39): to converge running, come together, crowd together, assemble, gather (as at an event or attraction). 'Ahaniniijeeh/ ‘ahaniniijéé’ (‘ahaninaniijeeh:’ahanindaniijeeh), # P-aa 'ahaniniijeeh, to come to P, attend P, gather at P (quickly oron the run- asa crowd of onlookers at a fight or accident). ‘ahénd-(O/yi or ni/ni)(46): to make a circuit running, to run around in a circle. ‘Ahénéiijeeh/'ahénéiijéé’ or 'ahééniijeeh/ ‘ahééniijéé’ (‘ahéninéiijeeh:'’ahéninadnéiijeeh). # Lif 'ahéndjeeh, the horses runa lap (ina horserace)(54). ‘ahé6hi-(O/si)(49): to run around and around in circles (Seriative corresponding to #4 above.), ‘Ahééhiijeeh /‘ahééheejéé’ (‘ahénindadhiijeeh). # P-it’'ahééhéshjeeh, to run around and around in circles along with P (singular S in company with 2+ companions). ‘ahidii-(O/O)(58): to merge, run together, mingle (as two herds of sheep or two bands of people), ‘Ahidiijeeh /'ahidiij66’ (‘ahéédiijeeh: ‘ahinaddiijeeh). # P-it 'ahidiishjeeh, to merge in with P (singular S along with 2+ companions). ‘ahindii-(O/@)(61): to run at one another, attack one another. ’Ahindiijeeh/'ahindiijéé’ (‘ahinindddiijeeh). (Cf. fdiijeeh: # 31.) # P-it'ahindiijeeh, to quarrel violently with P (as one family group with another),

JEE’p

JEE’o

(8)

’atk’ii-(@/@)(92): to attack one another, jump on or assault one another, fight with one another. *Atk’iijeeh /’atk’iijéé’ ('atk’inddnéiijeeh). # P-it’atk’iishjeeh,

(9)

to fight with P (singular S

with 2+ opponents). ’atndnd-(@/yi)(95): to run between two points (as between home and the store). ’Atnanéiijeeh/ ‘atnanéiijéé’ (‘atndn(nddnéiijeeh). # ’Atnanéiijah (Usit.), to run back and forth (between two points - as between home and school). # P-it’atndndshjah, to accompany P running back and forth, to run back and forth

along with P (singular S and 2+ companions). (10) ’att’anihi-(@/si)(102): to run and come to a stop in a jumbled mess, to be a traffic jam (lit. to run into one another’s spaces [niches, pockets] one after another and come to a stop). ’Att’anehejeeh/’att’aneheezhjéé’ (’att’aninddhdjeeh). # Chidf t’66 ’att’aneheezhjéé’, there was a traffic jam. (11) P-ghd-(ni/ni)(188): S (as bullets, arrows) go through P (as a board, body), to run through P (as animals or people through a fence). Bighdjeeh (projectiles), bighdniijeeh (animals or people) /bighaniijéé’ (bighandniijeeh:bighanddniijeeh). SER.(@/si)(188): to run through P one after another (people, animals), S go

(12)

(13)

(14) (15)

(16)

(17)

through P one after another (as bullets). Bighddahiijeeh/bighddaheejéé’ (we) (bighandahiijeeh:bighandadahiijeeh)(animate S), bighddahajeeh/bighdadaheezhjéé’ (they) (bighandddahajeeh)(projectile). P-f-(ni/ni)(241): to overtake P, catch up with P (running). Biniijeeh/biniijéé’ (binaniijeeh: b{ndaniijeeh). P-k’ina-(@/yi)(208): to quickly dismount from P, get down from P (as from a truck). Bik’ineiijeeh/bik’ineiijéé’ (bik’ininéiijeeh:bik ininaanéiijeeh). SER.(@/si)(529). Bik’inahiijeeh/ bik’inaheejéé’ (bik’inindhiijeeh: bik inindahiijeeh) P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): to assault P, jump on P, attack P. Bik’iijeeh/bik’iijéé’ (bik’indanéiijeeh). P-nd-(@/si)(232): to run around P (as a group of runners around a mountain). Binéiijeeh/ bindshiijéé’ (binfnéiijeeh: binfnddnéiijeeh). # P-it p-ndshjeeh, to accompany P in arun around p (singular subject with 2+ companions). P-nadii-(@/yi)(224): to surround P (as a crowd that gathers and surrounds a person). Binadiijeeh/binadeejéé’: we - yinadééjéé’: they (binandddiijeeh). P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to run through P (as of 3+ runners through a gate or exit). Binfkaniijeeh/ binfkaniijéé’ (binfkandniijeeh:binkandaniijeeh). SER.(@/si) (234): to run through P one after another (as children through a doorway). Binfkadahiijeeh/binikadaheejéé’ (binfkandahiijeeh:binfkandddahiijeeh).

# P-it p-nfkanfshjeeh, to run through p (as a gate) along with P (singular subject with 2+ companions). (18) P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to run away from P, separate from P running, leave P. Bits’dniijeeh/bits’a-

niijéé’ (bits’andniijeeh:bits’andaniijeeh). SER.(@/si)(253):

to run away from P one after another. Bits’Adahiijeeh/ bits’adahaajéé’ (bits’andahiijeeh:bits’andddahiijeeh). (19) ch’f-(@/yi)(277): to run out horizontally (completive). Ch’fijeeh/ch’fijéé’ (ch’inéiijeeh:ch’indanéiijeeh). SER. (@/si)(285). Ch’fdahiijeeh/ ch’fdahaajéé’ (ch’indahiijeeh:ch fnddadahiijeeh). In: # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’fijeeh (ch’thiijeeh), to run and go over the edge (as over a cliff)(one after another). # P-it’adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshjeeh, to run and go over the edge along with P (singular subject with 2+ companions). (20) ch’i-(ni/ni)(295): to go running out horizontally (as from a building). Ch’fniijeeh/ch fniijéé’ (ch’ééniijeeh:ch inddniijeeh). SER.(@/si)(285). Ch’idahiijeeh/ch idahaajéé’ (ch’indahiijeeh or ch’é6hiijeeh:ch (ndadahiijeeh). # P-aach’éjeeh, P drives or chases S (as 3+ animals from a corral - lit. they pass P up running. P represents the person doing the chasing. E.g. shaa ch’infjée’, | chased them out - i.e. they passed me running out.) # P-aach’indjeeh, P drives or chases S back out. (E.g. shaa ch’éénfjéé’, | chased them back out - as sheep from a field.) (2731) # P-itch’infshjeeh, to go running out along with P (singular subject with 2+ companions). # P-fighah ch’iniijeeh, to pass P (as a group of 3+ runners who pass up another runner or runners). # P-fighahg66 ch’fniijjeeh, to go running past P (a stationary object, as a building). # P-fighahg66 p-it ch’fniijeeh, to run past P with p (a companion).

# P-ii’déé’ haiijeeh (hahiijeeh), to run out of P (hole) (one after another). # P-yaadéé’ haiijeeh (hahiijeeh), to come running (one after another) out from under P, as from a rock overhang.

# Ch’é6niijeeh (281), to run back out. T’66 kénizahajj’ ch’ééniijeeh, to take a short recess (lit. to run back out for a short time).

# Ch’fjfjeeh, there is a recess (lit. people run out, go out quickly). # Ch’{fndjeeh, they adjourn (the Council)(lit. they run or go quickly back out). # T1’66’g66 ch’iniijeeh (ch’idahiijeeh), to go running out the door (one after another). (21) dd’&k’e-(@/yi)(302): to run into the field, to get or sneak into the field (as livestock or melon

JEE’5

lava

JEE’5 ara

raped

thieves). Da’ak’eiijeeh/da’ak’eiijé6é’ (da’ak’enéiijeeh:da’ak’endanéiijeeh). # P-itda’ak’eeshjeeh, to sneak into the field along with P (singular subject with 2+ companions), (22) di-(@/si)(341): to start to run along. Diijeeh/ deejéé’ (Adiijjeeh:ndddiijeeh). # Daghd diijeeh, to take a run, go fora run. # P-it ddghd dishjeeh, to go for a run along with P (singular S + 2+ companions). (23) dii-(O/O)(341): to start to run. Diijeeh/diijéé’ (ndiijeeh:ndddiijeeh). SER.(@/O)(441): to start off running or moving quickly, one after another

(as birds that take off flying, fish that swim off, people that set out quickly). Dahidiijeeh/

dahidiijéé’ (hdahadiijeeh:ndddahadiijeeh). # P-aa diijeeh, to run away from P, to pass P up running, to beat P (in a race). # Dah diijeeh, to start out running, leave or depart running. # P-itdah diijeeh,

to start off with

P ata run

(we 2+ and one or more companions). # Dah dahidiijeeh, to leave one after another,

fly off, take off (birds) one after another. # Dah hdiijeeh, to start back at arun. # P-itdah ndiishjeeh, to start off back with P. # P-k’ijj’ dah diijeeh, S jump over P (as a herd of antelope that escape by jumping over their captors). (24) dzidza-(O/yi)(357): to go running into the fire. Dzidzaiijeeh/dzidzaiijéé’ (dzidzanéiijeeh: dzidzandanéiijeeh). SER.(@/si)(357): to go one after another into the fire (bugs, moths,

(25)

animals). Dz{dzadahijeeh/dzidzadahaazhjéé’ (dzidza ndahiijeeh:dzidzandddahiijeeh). ha-(@/yi)(398-425): to run Up out (as from an arroyo or cellar), S (seedlings) come up, sprout, S (pox, rash, pimples) pop out, appear.

Haiijeeh/haiijéé’ (hanéiijeeh:handanéiijeeh). SER.(@/si)(395). Hadahiijeeh/hadahaajéé’ (handahiijeeh:handddahiijeeh). # P-fldk’ee haiijeeh (hadahiijeeh), to escape

from P (a captor)(one after another). # P-it hdajéé’ (Perf. only): to be P’s blood brother or sister, to be P’s sibling (lit. to have come out in company with P - out of the same mother). # P-ii’d颒 haiijeeh (hahiijeeh), to run out of P (hole, mud) (one after another). # P-yaadéé@’ haiijeeh (hahiijeeh), to run out from under P (as a rock overhang (one after another), (26) ha’a-(@/yi)(40l): unspecified S emerges, comes or breaks out (as rash, blisters, pox). Ha’ajeeh/ ha’ifjéé’ (handa’djeeh). # P-aah ha’ajeeh, S (pox, blisters, rash) breaks out on P (as ona person’s face), P breaks out in (pox, blisters, rash, hives). (27) ha-(© or si/si)(430): to climb up, ascend quickly or at a run (as upstairs, up a hill). Haiijeeh/ haiijéé’ (handshiijeeh:handashiijeeh) or

hashiijeeh/hashiijéé’ (hanéiijeeh:handanéiijeeh). SER.(@/si)(395): to climb up one after another. Hadahiijeeh/hadahaajéé’ (hardahiijeeh:handddahiijeeh). # P-aah hashiijeeh (haiijeeh), to climb up P quickly or ata run, ascend P (as a ladder, stairs), # P-ithashishjeeh, to climb up along with P (a singular subject with 2+ companions), (28) na-(@/yi)(623): to descend, get down, dismount (as from a horse, bus, train, car), Neiijeeh/ neiijéé’ (ninéiijeeh:nindanéiijeeh). SER.(Gsi). Ndahiijeeh/nadahhaajéé’ (nifdahiijeeh:nindddahiijeeh). # P-k’i neiijeeh (Ib. P-k’ineiijeeh: #13 above), to get down off P (as a truck bed), get out (of a train or bus). (29) naana-(@/si)(589): to turn around running, to make a turn running, run to a place, turn and run back. Naanéiijeeh /naanfshiijé6’ (naanfnaanéiijeeh). # Bizandghahjigo naanéiijeeh, to run around the corner. # Nisht¥ajigo naanéiijeeh, to make a left turn running. # Nish’ndajigo naanéiijeeh, to make a right turn running. (30) ndi-(O-Imp./Usit.)(615): to run back and forth (lit.

to repeatedly start to run). Ndiijah. (Usitative

corresponding to diijeeh: #22 above.) # P-k’ijj’ ndiijah, to protest P, take an opposite stand on P (a controversial issue). # Ch’ééh P-k’ijj’ hdiijah, to protest P in vain. (31) ndii-(@/B)(615): to arise, get up (from bed, or

from a sitting position).

Ndiijjeeh/ndiijéé’ SER.(@/@)(536):

(ninadiijeeh:nindddiijeeh).

to

get up, arise one after another, to grow up one

after another (children). Ndahidiijeeh/ndahidiijéé’ (ninddahidiijeeh:nindddahidiijeeh). # P-k’ijj’ ndiijeeh, to protest P. # P-a ndiijeeh, to vote for P (lit. to stand up or get up for P). # P-ee ndiijeeh, to vote on P (an issue, resolution, bill). # P-ch’'j’ ndiijeeh, to assault P, go for P, attack IP, (32) (ni/ni)(566-656-657-760): to arrive, come, go running or moving rapidly. Niijeeh/niijéé’ (naniijeeh:nddaniijeeh). # P-aa niijeeh, to go running to P. # -g06 niijeeh, to go running to -- (a designated place). # P-it nishjeeh, to arrive, come, go running with P, (singular S with 2+ companions), # Naniijeeh,

to return running.

# P-it ndnishjeeh, to go or come back running with P, to run back with P (singular S with 2+ companions). # ’Attah yijeeh, S (animals) rut or breed (lit. S run in among one another, mingle).).

JEE’5

(33)

JEE’o

# P-ittsits’anishjeeh,

ni-(ni/ni)(648): to go running as far as a stopping point. Niniijeeh/niniijéé’ (nindniijeeh:nindanii-

(41) tsistVa-(@/si)(739): to run into a cul-de-sac, to get cornered, run into a blind canyon. Tsistt’aiijeeh/tsistVashiijéé’ (tsistPanéiijeeh:tsisttanaanéiijeeh). (42) (@/yi)(795): to run, go quickly (completive). Yiijeeh/yiijéé’ (néiijeeh:nddnéiijeeh). SER. (@/si)(448): to run or go quickly one or one group after another. Dahiijeeh/daheejéé’ (ndahiijeeh:naddahiijeeh). # P-aa tiih yiijeeh, to tackle P, take on or undertake P, attack P, take over or take charge of P (as a project). # P-it (nii’oh/p-iih/taah/kjjh) yishjeeh, to accompany 2+ P (into hiding with an item/into p/ into the water/into town)(singular S with 2+ companions). # P-it nii’oh yiijeeh, to run away out of sight with P, run and hide with P (as with something stolen). # P-iih yiijeeh, to board P, get into P (as into a

jeeh). SER. (@/si)(629). Ndahiijeeh/ndahaajéé’ (ninddahiijeeh:nindddahiijeeh). # -jj’ niniijeeh (nihiijeeh), to run (one after another) as far as -- (a designated place).

# -jj’ P-itninishjeeh, to run as far as (a stopping point) with P. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niniijeeh (ndahiijeeh), to run across (one after another)(as across a road). (34) niho-(ni/ni)(630): “things” run or go as far as a stopping point, “things” terminate or stop (3s S).

Nihoojeeh/nihoojéé’. # P-it nihoojeeh,

to go ashore in company

with P (singular S with 2+ companions).

P becomes anxious, worried,

distraught. (35) nikind-(ni/ni)(636): S run back home (animals, people), start for home. Nikinéiijeeh/ nikinéiijéé’. # P-aa nikindjeeh, P chases S back home (as stray sheep)(lit. they run past P going back home).

train, plane, bus).

# P-it p-iih yishjeeh, into a bus).

(36) nindhi-(@/si)(644): S come rapidly one after another (as items of mail), to come, go, return one time after another. Nindhiijeeh/ ninddahaajéé’. # P-it nindhdshjeeh, to return time after time in company with P (singular S with 2+ companions). # Naaltsoos P-aa nindhdjeeh, P gets (his) mail (lit. letters come one after another to P.) (37) n’dii-(@/O)(674): unspecified S (3i person) get up, rise, stand up. N’diijeeh/n’diijéé’ (ninaa’diijeeh). In: # Bee ni’diijée’go t’dadoo bee /a ’azijf’ da, it is voted down, rejected. # P-A n’diijeeh, P is voted for (P = anissue, -4, for, on behalf, favoring, people get

to get into p with P (as

# ’E6’ biih néiijjeeh, to get back into clothing,

H+ +

get dressed, Kjjh yiijeeh, to go P-it kjjh yishjeeh, Nii’oh yiijeeh, to Tattl'4ah yiijeeh,

put on (one’s) clothing. (running) into town. to run to town with P. run out of view. to dive to the bottom of the

water.

# Taah yiijeeh, to getinto the water. (43) yisdd-(@/yi)(771-774): to run away from danger, to escape from danger, run for shelter. Yisdéiijeeh/yisdéiijéé’ (yisdanéiijeeh:yisdandanéiijeeh). SER.(@/si)(770). Yisdadahiijeeh/ yisdddahaajéé’ (yisddndahiijeeh:yisdanaadahiijeeh). # P-ityisddshjeeh, to escape in company with P (singular S with 2+ companions).

up).

# P-ee ni’diijeeh, P (an issue) is voted on. # Nahjj’ hdddooddatgo naaltsoos bee sittsoozigif bee nA’diijeeh, a recall election is held for him (lit. a resolution calling for him to step aside is voted on). (38) tddi-(@/yi)(699): to run about here and there, go around here and there. Tadiijeeh/tadiijéé’ (tandddiijeeh).

B.

CONTINUATIVE

|. O-(ti): (1)

# P-it tadishjeeh, to go around here and there in company with P (singular S with 2+ companions)

na-(@/si)(576-623): to run around about here and there (animals, people, cars), to make a round

trip (in the Perf.). Neiijjeeh/nishiijéé’ néiijeeh).

(ninada-

# P-aanaajeeh, P chases S around (as horses. lit. S run about from P). # P-it naashjeeh, to go about, run about, in company with P (singular S with 2+ companions). # P-it nishéjéé’, to have accompanied P ona round trip (singular S with 2+ companions). # Chid/ t’66 ’ahay6/f naajeeh (ndaajeeh = d.p.), there is a lot of automobile traffic.

(39) tao-(= tayi-)(O/si)(702): to scatter or disperse running or quickly (in groups of 3+ S - as people leaving a meeting). Taoojeeh/taishiijéé’ (tandoojeeh). (40) tsitts’A-(ni/ni)(736): to go (run) ashore. Tsfits’aniijeeh/tsftts’Aniijéé’ (tsfts’Ananiijeeh:tsitts ’andaniijeeh). SER.(@/si)(735). Tsfts’adahiijeeh/ tsitts’Adahaajéé’ (tsitts ’andahiijeeh: PAE Ys tsitts’andddahiijeeh).

267

JEE’s

JEE's

# Nishiijéé’, we have made a round trip. -g6d nishiijéé’, we have gone to -- (a desig-

(PPA *dzheq’ » PA *dzhéx: pitch, resin (noun); PA *dzheq’ [O): put pitch on; [di]: be covered with pitch, sticky.)

JEE’g

nated place) and back (as to town and

back home).

NAVAJO: JEEH: pitch, resin (noun). As a verb stem JEE’ occurs: (1) with D-classifier in both intransitive and transitive bases meaning “adhere, stick”, “apply a sticky substance (as tar, pitch, grease, paste);” (2) with L-classifier in transitive bases

C. CURSIVE |. B-(ti): (1)

(yi)(783-795): to be running along. Yiijah/de(nijeeh (nélijah:nddanéiijah). # P-ityishjah, to be running along in company with P (singular S with 2+ companions). # P-it nddshjah,

meaning “cause to adhere, stick (glue, paste, solder, weld, plug);” and (3) with di-thernatic and D-classifier in a Neuter Impertective base moaning “sticky, viscous, gummy.”

to be returning in company

with P. # P-k66’ yiiljah,

(2) (3)

following # Génaa yiljah, field). P-nd-(yi)(231); to hddhini-(yi)(425);

to be running along behind P,

P ata run. to be running across (as a be running around P. Binéiijah. to be coming back up one after

another (a new crop of plants,

(4)

A.MOM. Trans. B.CONCL. C.NEUT,

a new

NOUN

(1)

(2)

‘att’4ah jijéé’, aerial dogfight, mixed battle (on

(3)

sea, ground or in the air), melee (people run

quickly into each other’s midst). ‘aah hada'ajeeh, smallpox, pox, rash (something

OPT,

jeeh

jah

j6s’

jah

joeh

j66’

:

j66’

-

“

MOMENTANEOUS

‘ahfdii-(@/B)(57):

to stick together, adhere to each other. 'Ahfdiljeeh/'ahidiij66’ ('ah(rdiljeeh: ‘ah{ndddiijeeh)., P-fdiijeeh(@/B)(183): to stick to P, adhere to P (as a gummed label to an envelope). Bidiijoeh/ bidiijéé’ (bifhdiijeeh:bindddiijeeh). P-'nii-(/B)(219): to start to coat P with pitch, to Start to grease P (as a wagon wheel), Bi'niishjeeh/bi'niij6d’,

Il, L-(tt):

(1) ‘ah(dii-(@/@)(57): to glue, paste, solder, weld,

béésh mdazo bil’ naanddjahigif, ball bearing retainer ring (that inside of which the ball bearings run around), bit hajfjéé6’, blood brothers or sisters, siblings,

(2)

children who share a common mother (a person came out with them) (Bit hadjéé6’, my

blood brothers and sisters).

stick O together, 'Ahidiishjeeh/'ahidiit}éé’ (‘ahindiishjeeh:’ahindddiishjeeh). P-dddi-(ni/ni)(173): to plug, seal or close P (as a hole) with O (viscous substance, as mud, putty, calking compound), to solder a hole shut. Biddédinishjeeh/biddédinité6’. (di-thematic: close.)

bee ‘att’Adh Ajfahigif, fighter planes (6) chid{ naat’a'{

(3) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(171): to plug, seal off, close P

(those planes with which people go running into

(7)

FUT,

unspeci-

fied). baah hada’ajeeh, rash, pox (something breaks out on it/him/her/them),.

(5)

PERF.

|, D-(ti/tt):

DERIVATIVES

unspecified breaks out on someone

US/IT,

A.

generation of children), Hddhiniijah (we) (hédhinoojah: they). naand-(yi)(589): to be running around here and there, to and fro, Naanéiijah/naande(niijeeh,

D.

IMP.

(as an entranceway) with unspecified O (viscous substance, as mud, putty, solder), to

one another's midst). Jadf Defjeehf, Antelope Run (where the ante-

seal P (an envelope). Bidddi’nishjoeh/bidadi’nf66". (di-thematic: close.) P-(dadii-(O/B)(173); to solder, glue, paste, stick

lopes run),

(8) tichii'go ‘aah hadaajeehigif, measles (the

breaking out of red things alongside someone),

(9) naaltsoos yee ndaajeehigff, envelope (those

d.p, O onto the surface of P (as turquoise sets

on a bracelet), Bidadiishjoeh/bidadiiljé6’ (bidandiishjeeh: bidandddiishjeeh)., P-(dii-(/B)(184): to glue, paste, solder, weld, stick O to P. Bidiishjeeh/bidiilj66’ (biridiishjeeh: bindddiishjeeh). dadi-(ni/ni)(297); to seal up an opening with O (as with mud, putty, calking compound, solder), Dadinishjeeh/dadini\é66’ (dardinishjeeh: danaddinishjeeh), (di-thematic: close.)

things with which letters go about), (10) t’Aadoo le’é naanidefjechighf, machinery (things that go around), ——___————_—____—.

268

JEE's

JEE’3

(7)

(8)

dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297): to seal or plug an opening with unspecified O (viscous substance), Dadi’nishjeeh/dadi'nitjé6’ (dandi’nishjeeh: ddnaddi’nishjeeh). (di-thematic: close.)

(9)

(11)

(12)

(@/si)(783): to apply (daub, smear) O (viscous substance, as pitch, tar, vaseline, ointment), to grease O (as a wagon wheel). Yishjeeh/ shéjéé’ (ndshjeeh:nadnashjeeh).

(16) jeeh dighazii, rubber (the squeaky resin), (17) jeeh dildonf, bubble gum (the popping gum)

(18) jeeh dootVizh{, blue gum (Ptiloria neomexicana) (19) jeetid, soot (smoke resin),

nad-(@/si)(544): to be re-greased, re-lubricated (as acar). Ndjeeh/nashjéé’ (ninddndjeeh).

(20) jeetigai, chewing gum (white gum), (21) jeesda’, dried pitch, (22) kéjeehi, tennis shoes, rubber-soled shoes (the resin or gum shoes),

# P-A ndjeeh, to get a grease job (lit. O is regreased for P).

(23)

C. NEUTER (24)

|. @-(ti): (25) di-(@-Imp.)(317): Sis sticky, gummy, viscous (as glue, resin, paste, mud). Dijéé’.

(26) (27)

Il. L-(ti):

(28)

P-(-(si-Perf.)(246):

to sit or lie close to P, lie

(31)

snuggled up close to P. Bishishjéé’.

NOUN

(3) (4)

’atsiniltish bee ’ahfda’diiljeehf,

(5) (6)

(7)

spider (the one that spreads

something sticky around), na'ashjé'ii bit'6dl, spider web, cobweb (spider ) string). na’ashjé'ii tsiizis(, basket-headed spider, daddy long-legs. na'ashjé‘iitsoh, large spider, wolf spider, na'ashjé'iit’66l, spider web, spider rope (plant) (Erigeron flagellaris or divergens), naaltsoos bee ‘ahidadiiljeehigii, paste, glue (those substances with which papers are stuck

téshjeeh,

wicker water bottle, jug, keg, barrel

(32) Tsé Ne’eshjé'ii, Spider Rock (in Canyon de Chelley, Arizona), (32) tséj6é6', amber (resin stone), (33) tsé'éd¢'li ba ndat'i’ dijéigli, fly paper (for catching flies)(that which is sticky and hangs down for flies), (34) tsin téshjeeh, wooden barrel or keg, (35) ts’ah bijeeh, sage gum, (36) ydjee’, a pitch-like substance found in the ground and used as a fumigant by Navajo medicine men,

DERIVATIVES

’ajé6é’, grease, axle grease (P-jéé’), ’atk’ésdis{ dadijé’igif, gum drops, taffy candy (the candy that is sticky or gummy). atti’ yishjéé’, resin-backed bow (bow that has

na'‘ashjé'ii,

together). (29) naaltsoos dijé’igff, fly-paper (the sticky paper) (30) tatkdd’ na’ashjé’ii, water spider (spider on the surface of the water),

’ahi-(si-Perf.)(64): to snuggle against each other, sit or lie close together. 'Ahishiiljéé’ (we) (‘ahéshjéé’: they snuggle.)

(1) (2)

together). ‘fdadiiljleehf, postage stamp(s) (those things that are stuck to something). ‘fdiilleehf, postage stamp, band aid (the one that

is stuck to something). ‘fijeehi, western stickweed (Lappula redowskii)(it sticks to things. Reference is to the seeds of the plant.) (14) jeeh, gum, resin, pitch (P-jeeh), (15) jeeh dilin, resinous firewood,

Il. D-(Passive):

D.

grease gun (that with which something is re-greased),

(13)

# ’Asaa’ yishjeeh, to coat a pot with resin.

(1)

bee na’djeeh/,

(10) bit ’ahfda'diiljeehi, flux, borax (used in soldering) (that in company with which things are stuck

|. O-(tt):

(1)

adhesive tape (that

with which something is caused to adhere to something).

B. CONCLUSIVE

(1)

bee ‘f'diiljeeh{, glue, paste,

been smeared with viscous substance). arc welder (the one in which things are stuck together by means of electricity). bee ‘ahida’diiljeehf, glue, mucilage, paste, solder (that with which things are stuck together). bee ‘alzot{ bee ’ahi’diilleeh{, soldering blow-pipe (blowing tool with which things are stuck together).

E.

(1)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

t'Ad 'éshjée'go (» t'ad béshjée'go), just being stuck to),

including (lit,

nn V0—“—=u_e""—oeeaeI>ae6q0_K_eee_———_

bee ‘fda’diiljeehf dijé’(gif, rubber cement, glue (the sticky substance with which things are caused to adhere to something).

269

JEEL

JID

(3) (Cf, Garci JEEL

-dzit;

be rough to the feel.)

NAVAJO: Occurs in a Neuter Perfective base meaning “rough” (as a rough road).

I. D-ti): (1)

(4)

nahoni-(si-Perf.)(542); area is rough (as a bad road), Nahoneeshjéél.

Noun (derivation uncertain): vulture,

buzzard,

JEESHOO’

'ahéé-(= ’ah{-nd-)(ni/ni)(53): to make a circuit lugging O on one’s back, to carry O around ina circle on one’s back. ’Ahéén{shjiid/’ahéénftjid (‘ahén{nanishjiid:’ahénindanfshjiid). SER. (@/si)(48): to lug O around and around in circles on one’s back. 'Ahééhéshijiid/’ahééhétid (‘ahénindhdshjiid). ’atndnd-(~ ’atndd-)(@/yi or ni/ni)(96-100): to lug O on one’s back to a place and back (as a bundle of books to school and back home). ’Atnanashjiid/’atndndadtjid (‘atndninddndshjiid) or ‘atnddnishjiid/'atndanihid (‘atndnindani{shjiid). # ’Atndndshji’ (Usit.), to lug O back and forth between two locations (repeatedly - as a bundle of books to school and home each day). -g66 ’atndndshji’, to lug O back and forth to -- (a designated location).

NAVAJO:

Primary meaning appears

to be “move a burden by packing or lugging iton one’s back.” Occurs, with t-classifier, in a full range of verb bases describing the packing or lugging of a burden on one’s back,

JID

_/MP__US/T__ PERF. A.MOM. | jiid B.CONT. jid C.CURS,

PROG

FUT.

OPT.

ji’ ji’

jid jid

. .

jit jit

jiid jiid

-

:

H/jiid

-

2

.-

A.

('andhashjiid:’anddahashijiid).

di-(@/si)(335):

# Dah diishjiid,

to start off with

O on one’s

back (as with a bag of tools or books), # Dah hidiiljiid, to start off one after another with O on one’s back, # P-ts’4a’ dah diishjiid, to make off with P’s O (as with a bag of wool belonging to P). (11) di’yii-(= ’a-hi-dii-)(318): to start one after another

with it, or get rid of it, ‘ada-(@/yi)(11); to carry, lug, pack O down from a height, on one’s back, ‘Adaashjiid/’adadtjid

(adandshjlid;'adanddandshiiid),

to carry O around P on one’s back (as a bag of tools around a pond or building). Binashjiid/ binfshétjid (binindanashjiid). P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(256): to lug O away or apart from P on one’s back, Bits’Anishjiid/bits ’Anttid (bits’Andnfshjiid :bits’Anddnfshjiid). ch’f-(ni/ni)(293); to carry, lug, pack O out horizontally on one’s back (as from a canyon), Ch’infshjiid/ch’infjid (ch’indn{shjiid:ch (nda nfshjiid), SER.(@/si). Ch’éhéshjiid/ch’éhétjid (ch’indhashjiid:ch'(nddahashjiid),

to start to lug or carry O along on one’s back, to be going to carry or lug O (in the Perf.). Dishjiid/détid (fAdishjiid:ndddishjiid), # -g66 détjid, to be on the way ugging O to -(a designated place), # P-ch’j’ dishjiid, to start to lug O to P. # P-ch’j’ détjid, to be going to lug O or be on the way to P (as a bale of hay to one’s horse), (10) dii-(O/O)(345): to start to lug O on one’s back. Diishjiid/diitjid (ndiishjiid:ndddiishjiid). SER. (G/B), Hidiishjiid/hidiitjid (ndhidiishjiid: nadhidiishjiid). In:

'a-(B/yi)(482): to carry, lug, pack O away out of sight on one’s back. 'lishjiid/'(fhid Canashjiid: ‘anddandashjiid), SER.(@/si)(64): to lug, pack, carry O away one after another on one’s back.

(375):

P-nd-(@/si)(228):

(9)

# ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishjiid, to lug O down from a height, bring O downstairs on one’s back, # Nahjj’ ‘iishjiid, to carry O to one side or out of the way, on one’s back, # Yah 'lishjiid, to carry, lug, pack O into an enclosure on one’s back, # Y66''lishjlid, to carry O away and disappear

2)

(6)

(8)

MOMENTANEOUS

’Ahishjiid/’ahétid

’atts’A’(a)-(ni/ni)(106): to separate from each other with packs on one’s back, to separate packing (unspecified O). ’Atts’A’niiljiid/

(7)

I, £-(tt):

(1)

(5)

SER.(@/si)

# Dah ndadi’yiishjid, they started back one after another with packs on their backs. (12) ha-(@/yi)(433): to lug O up out on one’s back (as a bag of potatoes from a root cellar), Haashjiid/haatjid (handshjiid:handandshijiid). SER.(@/si)(392): Hahashjiid/ hahatid

to lug O from a height on one’s back,

one after another - as crates of vegetables down into a cellar). ‘Adahashjiid/’adahatid (adandhashjiid;'adandadhashijiid),

270

JID

JID

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(handhashijiid:handadhashjiid). # P-yaad颒 haashjiid, to lug O out from under P (as bags of wool out from beneath a sheltering tarpaulin roof), ha-(@ or si/si)(433); to climb up with O on one’s back, to lug or pack O up on one’s back (as up a mountain, ladder or staircase), Haashijiid or hashishjiid/hashétjid (handshjiid:handanashjiid). SER.(@/si)(392). Hahashijiid/hahatjid (hanahashijiid:hanadhashijiid). # P-aah haashjiid (hashishjiid), to lug O up P on one’s back (as a bag of corn up a hillside), hadii-(@/@)(388); to lug O from one end to the other on one’s back (as a bag of corn from one end of a lane to the other), Hadiishjiid/hadiiljid (hdddiishjiid:handaddiishjiid). kfi-(@/@)(497): to lug O up an incline on one’s back (as up a hill or staircase). Kfishjiid/kfitjid (kinéishjiid: kinddanéishijiid). # P-aah Kfishjiid, to lug O up P (as upa hillside), kfii-(@/@)(494):; to climb up an incline with a pack on one’s back. Kf'iishjiid/kiiitjid (k(na'iishjiid:kfnaa‘iishjiid), # P-aah kiiishjiid, to pack up P, climb up P with a pack on one’s back (as up a mountainside), hdii-(@/@)(618): to pick O up, liftO on one’s

back, as a heavy burden,

destination). ni-(ni/ni)(650); to lug, pack, carry O as far asa

stopping point on one’s back, Ninishjiid/ninttjid (nindnfshjiid:ninddnfshjiid). SER.(@/si)(621). Neheshjiid/nihétjid (ninadhdshjiid:ninddahashjiid). # Hasht’e’ ninishjiid, to put O away, store O,(by packing O on one’s back to the storage place), # Ni’ ninishjiid, to set O down by getting it off one’s back. # Ts6’naa (~ ha'naa) ninishjiid, to lug O across (as across a road), (20) niki-(ni/ni)(636): to lug or pack O home on one’s back, to start home with O on one’s back, Nikinishjiid/nikinfjid. (21) tsfits'd-(ni/ni)(735): to carry, lug, pack O away from fire or water, on one’s back, to lug O ashore on one’s back. Tsitts’An(shjiid/tsitts’4nitjid (tsftts’&ndn(shjiid:tsits’Andan(shjiid). SER.(@/si)(735). Tsftts’dhdshjiid/tsits’Ah atid (tsitts ’Andhdshijiid:tsits’4ndanashjiid)

to carry, lug, pack O away

from danger on one’s back, rescue or save O

by carrying O to safety on one’s back.

Yisddshjiid/yisdaatjid (yisdandshjiid:yisdandanashjiid). SER.(@/si)(770). Yisdahashjiid/ yisdahatjid (yisdanahashjiid:yisdanaahashjiid). (23) (@/yi)(783): to lug, pack, carry O on one’s back (completive). Yishjiid/yitjid (nashjiid:nadanashjiid). SER.(@/si)(447). Hishjiid/hétjid (nahashjiid:nadahashijiid). # P-iih yishjiid, to lug O into P (as a bag of wool into a truck). # Kjjh yishjiid, to lug O into town on one’s back. # teeh yishjiid, to lug O into the ashes. # Nii’oh yishjiid, to lug O away to a place of concealment, on one’s back. # Taah yishjiid, to lug O to or into the water on one’s back.

I. L-(tt): (1)

hadfn{-(@/si)(382): to lug O too far on one’s back, carry O beyond the point where one should

have stopped. Had(nishjiid/hadinéshjid (handadinishjiid). (ni/ni)(762)(Simple Passive): O is brought, lugged, delivered (by being carried on someone's back). Yiljiid/yijid (naljiid: naanaljiid).

(2)

Ndiishjiid/ndiitjid

(ni{nddiishjiid:nindadiishjiid). (18) (ni/ni)(564-658): to go, come, arrive lugging O on one’s back, Nishjiid/nitjid (nanfshjiid: naanfshijiid). # P-aa nishjiid, to lug O to P on one’s back, take, bring or deliver O to P. # P-aa ndnfshjiid, to return O to P by lugging O back on one’s back. # -g66 nishjiid, to lug O to -- (a designated (19)

(22) yisdd-(@/yi)(770-773):;

# P-aa yiljiid, O is delivered to P, P receives

O.

B. CONTINUATIVE I. t-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(596): to lug, carry, pack O around about on one’s back, to go around with O on one’s back, to make a round trip lugging O (in the Perf.). Naashjid/nishétjid (nindandashjid).

# -g66 nishétjid, to have made a round trip lugging O on one’s back. na’a-(@/si)(551); to go about with a pack on one’s back, to be a hobo, to make a pack trip

(2)

(to a place and back - in the Perf.) Na’ashjid/ ni’shétjid. # -g66 ni’shétjid, to back-pack to -- (a designated place and return to the point of departure),

C.

CURSIVE

|, t-(tt): (1)

(yi)(783): to be lugging, packing or carrying O along on one’s back. Yishjit/deinfiljiid (nddshjitinddnddshjit).

JID

JIL

# Dah yishjit, to be halted with O (a burden) on one’s back, nahi-(yi)(534): to turn around and around with O on one’s back (as with a child or pack) Naheeshjit/ndahiiniiljiid. naana-(yi)(588): to be carrying O around here

Seriative

Il. @-(tt):

(1)

and there, to and fro, on one’s back, to lug O all

over on one’s back.

D. na’atjidi,

NOUN

nanéjih.

Naandashjit/naandeiniiljiid.

C.

DERIVATIVES

one who lugs something on his back). neitidi,

(1)

postman, letter carrier,

mailman (the one who carries letters on his back).

ee

(Uncertain, Perhaps PPA PA *dzhWagY [@]: claw.)

*gWa’g >

NAVAJO: Occurs, with @ (D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “grab with claws or fingers,

Il. D-(tr/tt):

scratch.”

(1)

US J/IT.

PERF.

FUT.

A.MOM. B.REP. C.SEM.

jiih

jih jih

jih

jh jh

ji’

i’ jih

jih

jih jih

D.NEUT.

ji’

.

-

=

OPT. (2)

A.

yii-(@/si)(800): to grab O, take hold of O (with claws or fingers). Yiishjih/shéjih (nddyiishjih), # P-tsiiyahdd6 yiishjih, to grab P by the nape of the neck (as a cat).

(2) ‘ii-(= ’a-yii-)(O/si)(482): to grab something unspecified. ‘lishjih/’ashéjih (nda’iishjih). In: # P-aa ’iishjih, to grab P by the genitals (as male cousins engaging in sex play).

Jl’

IMP.

SEMELFACTIVE

I, @-(tt):

hobo, bum, vagabond, back-packer (the

naaltsoos

nani-(@/si)(808): to claw at O, make a series of grabs at O with the claws or nails. Nanishjih/

jiih

(3)

jih jih

’ahidinii-(@/si)(56): to grab each other and hang on, to clinch (as two boxers). ’Ahidiniijih/ ‘ahidineejih. ’adii-(@/si)(32): to grab oneself. ’Adiishjih (’Andddiishjih). dinii-(@/si)(330): to grab O and hang on. Diniishjih/ dinéshjih (nddadiniishjih).

:

D. NEUTER

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti):

I, @-(tt):

(1) oe

di-(O/si)(335): to start to grab. (ndishjiih: ndddfshjiih). # P-ikadishjiih,

to makea

yini-(@-Imp.):

to have hold of it with one’s claws.

Yinishji’.

ees

Dishjiih/déji’

=aooooooo——sq"Chayananana_es_=y=—=—=—=—

(PPA *gWiH > PA *dzhWij: meaning uncertain. Perhaps “long object moves quickly,” hence [Alaskan] “paddle fast, stir.”)

grab for P

(something in the air, as a hat carried by

JIL

the wind). nahi-(@/si)(530): to snatch O up quickly, gather O up by snatching it with claws or fingers. Nahdashijiih. yinf-(O-Imp.)(767): to grab atO (repeatedly). Yinfshjiih. yinfi-(@/@)(769): to makea grab at O, grab at O. Yinfishjiih.

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning ap-

pears to be “a slender pointed object moves.” Occurs, with © classifier, as the theme in verb bases describing the quick movement of a pointed object, as a thorn or sliver and, perhaps by extension, the movement of a group of people, a shadow, or a prairie

dog’s head.

B.

REPETITIVE (Usitative)

|. @-(tt): (1)

A.MOM. B.CURS,

’adi-(@)(25): to bea scratcher, to be given to scratching (as a cat or a child). ’Adishjih.

CINEUTA

272

IMP._US/IT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

jit -

jit me

jij

ji

:

jit

jim

=

-

jil

-

:

-

-

JIL

JISHCHAA’

A. MOMENTANEOUS

C. NEUTER |. @-(ti):

|. @-(ti):

ha-(si-Perf.):

S is protruding, sticking up out. Haazhiil. # P-aah haazhijil, P owes (money) (lit. S - the debt protrudes alongside P). k’i-(si-Perf.)(511): to lie stiff and rigid, stick out straight. K’ishéjil. # P-ziz k’ézhjil, P has an erection.

’a-(O/yi)(474):

S sticks away out of sight, stabs into (as a thorn or needle). ‘lijf/’(jil Canajiit: ‘andanajiit). # P-aa ’iijiit, S sticks into P (as a needle or thorn into a person’s finger). ‘adi-(O-Imp.)(16): S is thorny, full of stickers (lit. S usually sticks). ’Adijit. P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): S pierces through P, sticks through P (as a nail through a tire). Bighdjfi/ bighanjjil (bighanajitbighanadnajif). P-gha’a-(ni/ni)(189): to get a puncture, be punctured (a tire - lit. something unspecified penetrates P). Bigha’jji/bigha’njjil (bighana’jjif-bighanda fit). P-ghada’a-(@/si)(186): d.p. unspecified S pierce P. Bighdda’ajiit/bighdada’azhjil (bighandaada’ajiit). In: # P-bid bighada’ajiit, P gets a stomach cramp (lit. d.p. S pierce P’s stomach). ch’i-(ni/ni)(292): S moves out (a mob of people, a gun or spear that sticks out as from a door or window, a shadow). Ch’éjif/ch infil (ch ’inajfit: ch indanajiit). # P-chaha’oh ch’é’étiindéé’ ch’injjil, P’s shadow came out of the doorway (as the shadow of a man). ha-(@/yi)(426): S emerges, sticks up out (as a pole, spear, prairie dog’s head). Haajfit/hadjil (hanajitt hanaanajift). # P-aah haajiit, P gets or has credit, incurs a debt or owes money (lit. it - the debt or credit account emerges alongside P).

(2) (3) (4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

D.

(corn’s

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning

uncertain.

Occurs with ’a-thematic

and L-classifier, as the theme ina

verb base meaning “lusty, libidinous.” Neuter Imperfective only.

|. £-(ti): ’a-(@)(127): to be lusty, libidinous, sexually promiscuous. ’Ashjit. # P-ch’j’ ’ashjit, to make love to P.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’atjitnii, promiscuous person, prostitute (lustpeople).

(2) (3)

’Aijitee, Lust Way Ceremony (Prostitution Way). ma’ii na’ootjit ’azee’, spin plant, prickled plant (Kentrophyta montana, Astragalus kentrophyta, and others)(medicine for lust caused by Coyote).

Stem noun: medicine bag or pouch; container for ceremonial JISH paraphernalia; ceremonial mask. # -chdshjish (-chash-?)(Pchashjish), diaphragm. # ldajish (la-, hand), mitten. # -ldjish (P-lajish), mittens.

outstretched stiffly.

# P-ziz k’éjift, P gets an erection.

Noun (derivation unknown):

CURSIVE

I. O-(ti): (1)

naadaa’ bidiijil, ears of corn, corn ears protrusions).

Jit

# P-ee p-aah haajiit, p gets P on credit (lit. S protrudes alongside p with P - the groceries obtained on credit). # P-tsiits’iin ’a’dddéé’ haajiit, P’s head emerges from the hole. k’i-(@/si)(503-505): to lie stiff (as an unconscious person or a sleeping dog), to stick out stiff. K’éshjiV/k ishéjil (k’indshjit:k’indanashjiq). # T’66 k’idaazhijil, he lay with his limbs

B.

DERIVATIVES

443

(1)

# P-aah hdajil, S owes P (the debt that protrudes on P).

(8)

NOUN

JISHC HAA’

(yi)(760): S (as a mob of people or a swarm of grass-hoppers) is (are) moving along ata leisurely rate. Yijit/defjit (nddjit:ndanadjit).

273

grave.

JJZH

-JIZE’

Noun (derivation unclear, Cf. 'azee’, medicine): medicine (Haile 1951:194 states that the form -jize’ [bijize") occurs in chants and prayers.)

JIZE’

B.

CONCLUSIVE

I, £-(tt): (O/si)(783):

(PA *dzh“en, day) Stem noun:

to crush, crumple, compress, smash, flatten O, to bale O (hay). Yishjjzh/shétjzh (naanashjjzh). 'a-(O/si)(127): to do the (hay) baling (lit. to repeatedly squeeze unspecified O). 'Ashjjzh/ ‘ashétjzh (nda’dshijjzh).

day,

daytime, (Cf. Ahtna DZAES: to Jf shine; DZAWEN: day. Kari: private communication.) # bijf (bi-, its), a one day ceremony, # difjf (dif, this), today, # j(honaa’é[~ j6honaa’él (jfho- < j{{go, during the day + -naa'é/, the one that moves about(?]), the sun, (Cf. t'éhonaa’é/,

C. REVERSATIVE |. D-(ti): nahi-(@/si)(530): to turn over onto one’s side (a reclining person or animal). Nahdshjjsh/ nahashijjsh (nindhdshjish:n(nddhdshijjsh). nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn over, roll over on one's side (a reclining person). Ndhideeshjjsh/ nahidéshjjsh (nindhideeshjish:nfnadhideesh-

the moon.)

# \{[daa’ (-d@d', past time), today (past part). # j{[go, during the day, t'adta'dojl (t'adta'-, one), in one day, ina single day,

(Cf. Sarci

-dzust:

things; Kutchin

jish).

trap between two

-dzo:

D.

JIZH

|. D-(ti): NAVAJO;

Underlying meaning ap-

pears to be “crush, compress,

(1)

smash," Occurs, with t-classifier, as the theme

in verbs meaning

“compress, crush,

nahi-(yi)(534): to be turning over and over, to be “tossing and turning” (a sleeping person).

Naheeshjish/ hdahiinfijjjsh.

8que6ze, dent,” and with D-classifier as the theme in verbs meaning “turn over on one’s side,”

E. NEUTER

Scns

IMP. US /IT, PERF. PROG, ed

FUT,

OPT.

AMOM

jiish — jjish

jizh

jish

jiish

B.CONCL,

jizh

jish

\izh

jish

jizh

C.REV

jish

— jjsh

jish

jish

jish

D.CURS

.

jish/

|. O-(ti): (1) (si-Perf.)(692): S is crushed, crumpled, smashed (a hat, tin can, paper box). Shijjzh. naani-(si-Perf.)(589): to lie on one’s side, to turn

:

over and lie on one’s side.

ilish LE NEUT

.

\jzh

A,

:

:

(2)

F.

MOMENTANEOUS

(4)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

bee ‘ajjzhi, a type of dipper made of bark or corn husk,

bee ‘aljjzhf, hay baler (the one with which

'a-(@/yi)(482):

to dent O, make a dentin O (lit. to crush O away outof sight), ‘lishjifsh/'fijjzh (andshjfish:'anddandshjjsh), P-('di-(@/si)(213); to start to squeeze P. Bidishjish/b('détjizh (binda'dishjffsh) (Lit. to Start to squeeze unspecified O against P), # T'aa’ bi'dishjfish, to start to force P back (as

compressing is done).

béégashii bee yiljjzhi, cattle squeezer (an apparatus used to hold cattle for vaccination or branding) (that with which a cow is squeezed), ch'il titsxoof bee yiljjzhf, orange juicer, orange squeezer (that with which an orange is squeezed), k'ishishjf/zh, poison ivy, poison oak (Toxicodendron rydbergii, Rhus toxicodendron). neeshjjzhii, corn that has been roasted and

from P's land or from a roadway)(by

(3)

Naanjishishjjzh.

.

1, t»(tt):

(1)

CURSIVE

trap [both 4}.)

applying pressure to P), P»'nil-(@/@)(219); to start to crush or smash P. Bi'niish|{/sh/bi'niitijzh, ha-P-('a-(Q/yi)(372): to squeeze P out, force P off

steamed in its husks (tee’ shibéézh), dried and shelled. tin bee yiljjzhf, ice crusher (that with which ice is crushed),

(from P's land), Habé'éshjfish/habliijjzh (habina‘ashjijsh:hab(nda 'ashjfsh),

274

JJZH

J{fD

(8)

toh bee yiljizhf, hay baler (that with which hay is compressed). (9) tsé bee ’aljjzhf, stone trap (designed to crush small game)(the stone with which crushing is done - crushing stone). (10) tsé bee yiljjzhf, rock crusher (that with which rocks are crushed), (11) ts’ititsxoof bee yiljjzhf (~ ch’il titsxoof bee yiljjzhf), orange squeezer, juicer (the one with which oranges are squeezed).

haunches,” and with t-causative in a transitive base meaning “plop O down on O’s buttocks.”

IMPaeUS

A.MOM.

if

B.REV.

jjfh — jh

c.cuRS, D.NEUT.

iffh

=: -

: -

A. (PPA

JJJD

*gWen

NAVAJO:

> PA *dzhWen:

day.)

The noun Jf, day, is the

A.MOM.

B.NEUT.

|

UST.

jijh — jjjh

:

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

jiid

jiit

jiih

:

:

:

I. t-(tt): O-ni-(@/yi)(240): to bring O (a ceremony) to its final day. Binishj{fh/bifjjid. # P-k’i binishjjfh, to bring a ceremony to its final day over P. T’ah doo bik’i binishjjjh da, | have not as yet performed any ceremony over him.

By

O-ni-(@/yi)(240):

a ceremony.

C. (1)

t’ddta’doj/,

to be performing the final day of

Binishif.

.

jet

iffd

-

jit = iit

iffd

jiifid -

2 -

MOMENTANEOUS

Il. ni-L-(ti):

DERIVATIVES

(1)

in one day, in a single day.

(Cf. Koyukon -dzid [I]: be curled up, huddle, and Carrier -dzid, -dzid [I]:

JffD

{fd

iff

another person “a cold shoulder.” nihi-(ni/ni)(629): to move as far as a stopping point on one’s buttocks. Nihinishjjfd/nihinishjfjd (nindhinishjjjd:ninadhinishjifd). # -jj’ nihinishjffd, to go as far as -- (a designated point, moving on buttocks). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nihinishjjjd, to go across.

NEUTER

ADVERBIAL

OPT

around squatting). Ndahdshjjjd/nahishishjijd (ninddhashijffd). # 1T’66 t’dajj’ nadhashjffd, to turn one’s back on another, ignore another person, give

I. L-(tt): (1)

IU

‘ahi-(O/yi)(63): to move away out of sight on one’s buttocks (moving in a series of forward impulses, involving hands, heels and buttocks), ’Ahishjjjd/’aheeshijjjd (‘andndshiffd: ’andanashiffd). # P-yaa ’ahishjjjd, to move in under P on one’s buttocks. # Yah ’ahishjffd, to move into an enclosure on one’s buttocks. ch’thi-(ni/ni)(284): to move out horizontally on one’s buttocks. Ch’thinishjjfd/ch’fhinishjfjd (ch’indhinishjjjd:ch inaahinishjffd). hi-(ni/ni)(445): to go, come, arrive moving on one’s buttocks. Hinishjjjd/hinishjjjd (nahinishjfid:nadhinishjffd). # P-aa hinishjffd, to go to P, moving on buttocks. nahi-(@/si)(530): to recoil, turn back (lit. to turn

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

Lito,

|. hi-L-(ti):

apparent source for JJJD and its stem variants. Occurs, with L-classifier, as the theme in a verb base with the meaning “carry a ceremony to its final day.”

IMP.

lige RERIE

dash, pounce.)

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning appears to be “squat, move squatting or on the buttocks .” Occurs (1) with hi-seriative and L-classifier in bases describing movement in which S reclines and propels self with hands, heels and buttocks; (2) with ni-thematic: terminative and Lclassifier in bases meaning “sit suddenly, jump, leap;” (3) with L-classifier in a Neuter base meaning “sit on

ni-(@/si)(658): to squat or sit down suddenly, leap, jump. Nishjjfd/néshjfjd (nanfshijjd: naanishjffd). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) nishijjjd, to jump down from a height. # ’Athdatis (~ ‘attis/’ahdatis) niiljffd, to play leapfrog (lit. we jump over each other). # P-it nishjjjd, to slip and fall with P (landing on one’s rump - as when one slips and falls on his rump while carrying something).

# P-ts’da’ nishjjjd,

to balk on P (by squatting

down and refusing to move - as a burro or a child who does not want to go where it or he is being taken). # P-it’athdadtis nishjjjd, to play leapfrog with P.

275

: =

J{fo

JOOL

# Dah nishjffd, to jump, leap, spring up (into the air). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) dah nishjjjd, to jump across (as across a brook).

(~ ch’ijjizh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a crushing-crumbling sound, as that made by a roller crushing rocks, or by one’s feet treading on eggshells.

JJJZH

# Lif P-it tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) dah niljjjd, P jumps across on horseback (lit. the horse jumps across with P - the rider). # Dah nanishijjjh (Iterative), to jump up and down, to play a jumping game.

Noun (derivation uncertain): bluejay.

crested

JOOGII

(1) O-ni-(@/si)(240): to plop or plunk O down (suddenly or roughly, as a recalcitrant child).

Binishjjfd/binétjfid

(nabinishjjjd:ndabinishjjd). (Probably from PA

*dzhighitt’:

ball.

V. Krauss- Leer 1981:108, 204.)

B.

REVERSATIVE

JOOL NAVAJO:

_ hi-L-(ti): naanahi-(O/si)(583): to turn around ina sitting position, wheel around (as a person ina swivel chair). Naanahashjjfh/naandhashijjd.

# P-ch’j’ naandahashijjfh, and face P.

C.

Cf. JOOL, ball (noun). Occurs in six disparate Active Semantic Themes: (1) with @-Classifier as the theme

in verb bases meaning “S (non-compact matter, as a tuft of wool or a loose wad of hay) moves through the air (flies, falls);” (2) with ’a-thematic and @-classifier in bases that describe the movement of substances such as smoke, dust, rain, a stench (3) with di-ni-thematic and ©-Classifier in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be spherical, ball-shaped, plump;” (4) with L-Classifier in a base meaning “huddle, be ina hunched or ball-like position,” and with ni-terminative, “assume a huddled position;” (5) with t-classifier in causative-transitive bases meaning “cause noncompact matter to move (either by continuing manual contact or as the result of propulsion),” and (6) with

to turn around (sitting)

CURSIVE

|. hi-L-(ti): hi-(yi)(438):

to go wiggling along on one’s

buttocks, move along in a sitting position, sidle (up to). Heeshjjft/ dahiiniiljjjd (nadheeshijjt: nadheeshijjt). # P-fighahjj’ heeshjjjt, to sidle up to P.

D.

ni-thematic: generic: relates to round shape, in bases

meaning "cause to become globular in shape.” A siPerfective Neuter describes a non-compact object (as a wig or ball of fuzz) as being in position (at a state of

NEUTER

rest). NCM

1, L-(ti): (si-Perf.)(693)(with prepounded dah):

= non-compact matter.

IMP.

to be

crouching down, sitting on one’s haunches,

A.MOM

# Dah shishjf{dgo nishdaah, to sit down ina

5 51es il Set

squatting. Dah shishjjjd.

B.CONT

-J{{ZH

joo

US /IT.

PERE.

i

.

D.CON.

E REP. |jcaumio!

crouched position, to be sitting on one’s

F SEM.

hauniches, Sara

HCURS@==

a

a

ee

F

EURO

te

jool

j

jot

jot

jot

jot

jot

4

jot

jot

G.REVee jotuku

ot :

joSlname: jot : jo/joot — -

jot ;

Noun stem in the constructions: ‘fshishjjizh (fshish-?) ~ k’fshishjjzh

(k’f- shish-?),

PROG.

eaaneeeae

squatting position.

# Dah shishijjjdgo séd4, to be sitting in a

RP

Underlying meaning

appears to be “ball-like or amorphous in shape and non-compact in texture.”

A.

poison ivy.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. -(ti): (1)

276

’a-(@/yi)(474):

S (loose tuft of wool or hay) moves (flies) away out of sight (through the air). ‘lijoot/'fijool (‘andjoot:’anddnajool).

JOOL

JOOL

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

# P-ii’déé’ haajoot, S falls out of P (as a wig from a box). # Handjoot, S comes back up, rises (as a

SER. (@/si)(59). ’Adahijoot/ ’adaheezhjool (‘andahajoot:’andaddahajoot). # ’ Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iijoot, S falls downward. # Nii’oh ’iijoot, S falls out of view. # Yah ’iijoot, S flies into an enclosure (as a tuft of wool into a hogan through an opening, as a doorway). # Y66’ ’iijoot, S flies away and disappears., gets lost. # P-ts’da’ ydd’ ’iijoot, P loses S (a wig). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(377): S falls downward from a height (as a fleece or a wig from a shelf). ’Adaajoot/’adddjool (’adandjoot:’adandanajoot). SER.(@/si)(374). ’Adadahajoot/’adadahaazhjool (’adandahajoot:’adandddahajooth). P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): S falls on P (as a wig onto the

(11)

(12)

table). Bik’iijoot/bikiijool (bik’inéijoot: bik’indanéijoot). P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): S separates from P, falls away

(13)

from or off of P (as a tuft of wool from a fleece).

(14)

Bits’djoot /bits’anfjool (bits ’anajoot: bits ’andandjoot). ch’f-(ni/ni)(274): S comes or goes flying out horizontally (as a wig out a door), Ch’éjoot/ ch’infjool (ch’indjoot:ch inddanajoot). SER. (@/si)(275). Ch’fdahajoot/ch idaheezhjool (ch’indahajoot:ch (ndddahajoot). ch’f-(@/yi)(279): S comes or goes flying out horizontally (completive). Ch’éjoot/ch’ééjool (ch’{ndjoot:ch’indanajoot). SER.(@/si)(275). Ch’fdahajoot/ch ’fdaheezhjool (ch’(ndahajoot: ch indddahajoot). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éjoot, S falls or flies over the edge and down. di-(@/si)(317): S starts to move (fly) along, starts to fall. Dijoot/deezhjool (fhdijoot:ndddjjoot). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dijoot, S starts to fall (as a wig from a shelf). dii-(O/O@)(341): S starts to move (fly) through the

(15)

(16)

air (wig, bundle of loose grass, tumbleweed).

Diijoot/diijool (fdiijoot:ndddiijoot). SER.(O/2) (442). Hidiijoot/hidiijool (nahidiijoot: naahidiijoot). # P-aa diijoot,

S falls off of P, P loses S (as

P’s wig or false whiskers). # Dah diijoot, S starts off (flying or moving through the air, as a cotton ball carried by the wind). (9) dzidza-(@/yi)(357): S falls into the fire (wool, bundle of loose grass). Dzidzaajoot/dzidzdajool (dzidzandjoot:dzidzandanajoot). SER. (@/si)(356). Dzidzadahajoot/dzidzadahaazhjool (dzidzandahajoot:dzidzanadadahajoot). (10) ha-(@/yi)(426): S falls out, up out (wig, loose rag or bundle of grass). Haajoot/hadjool (handjoot:handdandjoot). SER. (@/si)(390). Hadahajoot/hadahaazhjool (handahajoot: handddahajoot). # P-fldk’ee haajoot, S falls out of P’s hand, P drops S unintentionally.

(18)

(19)

(20)

277

sunken wig). S falls down from a height (as a wig from a roof), Naajoot/nddjool (nindjoot ninddndjoot). SER. (@/si)(526). Ndahahajoot/ ndahaazhjool (ninddahajootnindddahajoot). # P-ik’ijj’ naajoot, S falls down on top of P (as a loose fleece from a limb onto a dog). # P-k’i naajot, S falls off of P (as a wig offa tabletop). # Ni’jj’ naajoot, S falls on the ground or floor. naa’a-(@/yi)(579): S topples over (a baby described as though it were a non-compact mass). Naa’iijoot /naa’ifjool (naa’andjoot: naa’andandajoo}). naani-(ni/ni)(590): to tip over, fall over sideways (said of a baby). Naaniijoot/naaninfjool (naanindjoot naaninaanajoolh). (ni/ni)(760): S goes, comes, arrives (flying through the air). Yfjoot/nijool (najoot: naanajoot). # P-aa yfjoot, P receives S (as a wig or quilt that was ordered through the mail). # P-aa ndjoot, S gets S back (a lost wig), recovers S. # Hdddéésh nijool, where did it come from? ni-(ni/ni)(667): S moves as far as a stopping point. Niijoot/ninijool (nindjoot:ninddndajoot). # -jj’ niijoot, S flies as far as -- (a designated location (as a wig that goes flying as far as the shore, where it stops). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niijoot, S goes flying across (as a wig across a road or stream). ni-(@/@)(667): S moves terminatively. Niijoot/ niijool (nAniijoot:nadniijoot). (ni-terminal.) In: # ’Ahddh niijoot, S doubles, bends, gives way, buckles over (as a grass stem under the weight of a bird, a sapling under the weight of a climber, or one’s knee). n’dii-(@/@)(674): S breaks loose and falls away (a tuft of cotton on a pole, a toupee). N’diijoot/ n’diijool (nina’diijootninaa’diijoot). # Tsiighdshchiin P-ts’Aa’ n’diijoot, P’s toupee or wig comes loose and falls off. w6’a-(O/yi)(745): S falls over the edge (as a wad of paper from a table, a wig from an over full box). W6’ddjoot/w6’ddjool (w6’andjoot:wd’anddndjoot). SER. (@/si)(745). W6’adahajoot/ w6’adahaazhjool (w6’andahajootw6’andadahajool). yanda-(= yanayi-)(@/@)(750): S goes flying up into the air (as a tuft of cotton or a wig caught in an updraft). Yandajoot/yandajool (yanindajoot: yaninaandajoot). (G/yi)(760): S moves (flies through the air)(completive). Yijoot/yfjool (ndjoot:ndandjoot). SER.(@/si)(444). Dahijoot/daheezhjool (fidahajoot:ndddahajoo}).

na-(@/yi)(574):

JOOL

JOOL

SER.(@/si) (64). ’Ahishjoot/’ahdétjool (’anahdshjoot:’anadahashjoot). # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishjoot, to carry, toss or bring O down from a height (as a fleece downstairs), unload O. # P-ch’éahijj’ ‘iishjoot, to replace P with O, substitute O for P. # P-yaa ‘iishjoot, to put O under P. # Nahijj’ ‘lishjoot, to carry or toss O aside, out of the way. # Ni’jj’ ‘lishjoot, to toss O down on the ground or floor (as a blanket).

# P-iih yijoot, S lands in P (as a tuft of hair ina bucket).

# # # # #

(1)

teeh yijoot, S falls into the dirt or ashes. Nii’oh yijool, S falls out of view (as a wig). Taah yijoot, S falls into the water. Taah ndjoot, S falls back into the water. Tatt’dah yijoot, S sinks to the bottom of the water.

’a-(O/yi)(75): S drifts, wafts, floats (through the air - smoke, vapor, gas)(completive). ‘Ajoot/iijool (na’djool:nda’dajoot). SER.(@/si) (474). ‘lijoot/iizhjool. # P-iih ’ajoot, S drifts into P (smoke into a car), # P-(ndk’ee ‘ajoot (‘iijoot), S (as smoke) gets into P’s eyes (puff after puff).

# Nii’oh ‘iishjoot,

(2) ’a’a-(@/yi)(362): S drifts or billows away and disappears (smoke, mist, steam, vapor, a stench).

’E’ejoot/'i'ffjool (‘and’dajoot:’anda’djoot). # P-ch’ddh ’e’ejoot, S drifts in front of P, obstructing P (as a cloud that drifts over the sun, a stench that stops one in his tracks).

# P-ddtis g6’aa ’e’ejoot, S drifts away over P and disappears (as fog or smoke over a hill or mountain).

(3)

# Yah ’e’ejoot, S drifts into an enclosure (as smoke or a stench into a room). # Y66’’e’ejoot, S drifts away and disappears (as a fog bank). 'a-(ni/ni)(466): S goes, comes, arrives drifting (through the air)(as smoke, a cloud or rain-

storm).

‘fjoot/’anfjool (na’fjootnda’fjoot).

# P-aa

’jjoot, S reaches

P (as a rainstorm

that

reaches one’s place of residence), ’adi-(@/si)(14): S starts to move through the air (blow, drift, as smoke). ’Adijoot/’adeezhjool

colors of wool), put O together (as wool and

loose cotton). 'Ahfishjoot/'ahfitjool (‘ah{ndéishjoot:’ah(ndanéishjoot), ‘atna-(@/yi or ni/ni)(96); to switch or exchange the positions of O (as two piles of loose wool), ‘Aitnashjoot/'atndatjool (‘atnandshjoot:’atnandanashjoot) or ‘atndn(shjoot/'atnanfjool (‘atnddan(shjoot:'atnandan(shjoot). (Cf.A[IV] 6: ‘atnanashjoot.) 'attaana-(/si)(102); to mix O together (as wool of assorted colors), 'Alttaandshjool/‘altaanfshétjool (‘atta-nindandshjoot), ‘atts’A-(@/yi or ni/ni)(108); to divide O into two parts, separate O into halves (as a fleece), ‘Atts 'Ashjoot/'atts 'Adtjool (‘atts'dndshjoot: ‘atts'anddndshjoot) or ‘atts'an(shjool/‘alts'anitjool (‘atts'ddn{shjoot: ‘atts'Anddnfshjool), (Cf.C[l]2: 'atts'Adaashjoot.) # P-it’atts’An(shjoot, to share O with P. ‘ats’A-(ni/ni)(135):; to set O apart or aside, segregate O (as a quantity of good wool, for weaving). 'Ats'Anishjool/'ats’Aanitjool (‘ats 'Andn(shjoot'ats’anddn(shjool).

(n’dijoot:nda’difjoot). ‘adii-(O/O)28): S starts to drift, billow (as smoke, dust, pollen, steam). ’Adiijoot/’adiijool

(f’diijoot nda’diijoot). In: # Dah ’adiijoot, S starts off moving or drifting, S billows up (a cloud of smoke or dust),

ch’f’'a-(ni/ni)(277): S drifts out horizontally (as smoke or a cloud from a canyon or from a building). Ch’é’éjoot/ch’'f'nfjool (ch’{na’djoot: ch’(nda’djoot). ha’a-(@/yi)(40l): S comes out, drifts up, billows up, rises, appears (as smoke from a chimney or

volcano). Ha’ajoot/ha’fijool. # Ch’flayi’ gédei tid ha’ffjool, smoke billowed up from the chimney.

Ill. L-(tt): (1)

to carry O out of view,

conceal O, # Yah ‘iishjoot, to carry or bring O into an enclosure (as a fleece into a hogan), # Y66’ 'iishjoot, to take, toss or carry O away and get rid of it or disappear with it, lose O. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(379): to lower, carry, toss or drop O down from a height (as bunches of loose hay), to unload O (as wool from a wagon). 'Adaashjoot/’adaatjool (‘adanashjoot: ‘adanddnashjoot). SER.(O/si) (375). 'Adahashjoot/’adahatjool (‘adandhashjoot: ‘adanddhashjoot). ‘ahd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41): to divide O in two parts, divide O into halves (as a fleece or bundle of loose hay), ’Ahdshjoot/’ahdatjool (‘ahanashjoot:’ahaéndanashjoot) or ‘'ahanfshjoot/’ahanftjool (ahdandnfshjoot:'ahanaan(shjoot), ‘ah66-(= ’ahéna-)(ni/ni)(46): to carry O around and make a circuit with it. ‘Ahéén{shjoot/ ‘ahéénitjool (‘ahénindanfshjoot). (Also @-Imp. ‘ahénashjoot.) SER.(@/si)(48): to carry O around and around in circles. ‘'Aheéhéshjoot/'ahééhétjool (‘ahén{(nadhashjoot). ‘ahfi-(O/@)(70): to combine or mix O (as two

‘a-(@/yi)(482): to carry, toss O away out of sight. ‘lishjoot/ffjool (‘andshjoot:’anddnadshjooh).

278

JOOL

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

JOOL

P-a’-(ni/ni)(147): to lend O (as a wig) to P. Ba’nishjool/ba’nftjoo! (banaa'nfshjoo}), # ’Ak’égo P-a'nishjoot, to rent or lease O to P (lit. to lend O to P in exchange for something). P-A’di-(@/yi)(146): to give part of O (as a fleece) to P, share O with P. Ba'dishjoot/ba’diitjool (banda’dishjoot). (di-thematic: reduce, subtract from.) P-44’di-(@/yi)(150): to uncover P by removing O (as a blanket or rag), Bdd'dishjoot/baa'diitjool (baninadfshjoot: baninaa'd{shjooh). P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to cover, close or block P with O (as in stuffing paper into a bottle to cover or close the opening). Bidadinishjool/ bidadinftjool (bidandinishjoot:bidandddinishjoot). (di-thematic: cover, close.) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(172): close, plug or block P with unspecified O (loose material, as a wad of grass or arag). Bidadi'nishjoot/bidadi’nftjool (bidandi’nishjoot :bidandaadi'nishjoo}), (dithematic: cover, close.) P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to plug, close, cover or block P (as a hole or entrance) with O (loose matter, as a wad of grass), to shut P in with O (as a mouse in its den by plugging the exit with grass), Bidddinishjool/ bidadinijool (bidandinishjoot bidandddinishjoot) P-dadi'(a)-(ni/ni)(172):; to plug, block or stop up P (as a hole or exit) with unspecified O (as grass), to shut P in with unspecified O (as a mouse in its den, by plugging the exit with grass), Bidadi’nishjool/bidadi’nitjool (bidandi’nishjootbidanaadi’nishjoot). (di-thematic;

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21) (22)

P-k'idi-(@/yi)(204);

(24)

P-k'ii-(O/O)(210); to cover P with O, drop O down onto P (as watermelon with weeds or

brush), Bik‘lishjool/bik’lifool (bik’inéishjoot: bik'indandishjool), (25) P-'al-(= P-'a-yi-)(O/O)(211): to toss O (as a hank of yarn) over P (as over a chair back or limb where O remains). Bi'aishjoot/bi'aitjool

(bi'anéishjookbi'andanéishjoot), (26)

P-na-(O/si)(228); to carry O around P (as a fleece around a hogan), Bindshjool/binishétjoo|

(binindshjook:bininaanashjool), (27) P-t'a-(O/yi)(251); to put O (as a tuft of wool or hair) into the fold of one’s garment. Bit'aashjoot/bit'adljool (bit’'anashjootbit'anaanashjoot). (28) P-ts'a-(ni/ni)(256); to separate O from P (as black wool from white wool), to set O apart from P, Bits'anfshjoot /bits'aniijool (bits 'ananishjoot: bits'’andaanishjoo), (29) P-za-(O/yi)(262): to put O (as loose hay) into P's mouth, Bizaashjool/bizaaljool (bizanashjoot: bizandanashjoot), SER.(@/si)(260), Bizahashjool/bizahaljool (bizanahashjoot:bizanaanashjoo), (30) ch’f-(ni/ni)(293); to carry, take or toss O (asa fleece, wig) out horizontally (as out a door or window), Ch'inishjoot/ch'inftjool (ch’inanishjookch indanishjoot), SER.(O/si)(276). Ch'éhéshjoot/ch'éhétjool (ch'inahashjoot: ch'indanashjool), (31) ch'f-(@/yi)(279); to toss O out horizontally (completive). Ch’éshjool/ch'éétjool (ch'inashjookch'indanashjool), In: # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch'éshjoot, to toss O over the edge (as over a cliff). (32) di-(@/si)(335): to start to carry O along, to be going to carry O (in the Perf.), Dishjoot/détjool (fdishjoot:inaddishjool), SER.(@/si)(440); to move O one pile or part after another, in lieu of the entire amount (as of wool) at one time.

cover, close.)

(17)

(bik ’inashjootbik inaandashjool), to put O (as a wig) onto P. Bik‘idishjool/bik'idffjool (bik'indishjootbik'tnaddishjoot), (di-thematic: cover, close.)

(23)

P-di-(@/yi)(181): to pull off or remove some of O from P (as in pulling off a tuft of wool from a sheep). Bidishjoot/bidiftjool (binaddishjool), SER.(@/si)(195). Bihidishjoot/bihidétjool (binddhidishjoot), (di-thematic: reduce, subtract from.) # P-ts’Ad’ p-dishjoot, to pull off O from p against P’s wishes, take or remove part of p (as a fleece) without P’s permission, P-flak’e-(@/yi)(221): to hand O to P, put O into P’s hand (as a tuft of cotton), Bfak’eeshjool/ biak’éétjool (bfak’endshjoot:bilak’endanashjoot), SER.(@/si). Blak’eheshjoot/bilak’6hétjool (blak’endhashjoot: bflak’enddhashjool), P-néi-(= P-(na-yi)(@/@)(231): to add O back onto P (as new wool onto a dwindling supply of weaving wool). Binéishjool/binéitjool (binddnéishjoot). (Cf. #21 below: bfishjoot.) P-(nii-(@/@)(244): to lean O (as a bunch of flowers) against P (as against a wall), Biniishjool/biniitjool (bfndniishjoot;bindaaniishjoot). (niterminal.)

Hidishjoot/hidéljool (nahidishjoot; ndahidishjoot), # -g66 déljool, to be going to take O to = (a designated place), to be on one’s way

with O, taking O to -- (a designated place), (33) didi-(@/yi)(314); to put O (as a wig or fleece) into or near tho fire, Didishjoot/didiitjool (déédishjootdinaddishjoot), SER,(©/si)(317), Dihidishjool/dihidétjool (dindnidishjoot: dinddnidishjoot), (di-di-:thematic: into or near fire.) (34) dil-(@/@)(345); to start to move O, Diishjool/ diijool (hdiishjoot:ndaddiishjoot), SER.(@/), Hidiiljoot/hidiiljool (nahidiiljoot:naahidiiljoot) (we), # Dah diishjoot, to start off carrying O, set out with O (as carrying a fleece),

P-fi-(O/@): to add O to P (as white wool to black). Bfishjoot/biitjool (binéishjoot:binaanéishjoot), P-k’i-(@/yi)(202); to take O (as a wig) off of P, uncover P. Bik’eeshjoot/bik'’éétjool

279

JOOL

# Dah ndiishjoot,

JOOL

to start back with O, carrying

(42) kfi-(@/@)(497):

to carry O up an incline (as uphill, upstairs). KfishjooVkfitjool (kinéishjoot: kinddnéishjoot). (43) na-(@/yi)(596): to lower, drop, toss down, unload O (as hay, wool). Naashjoot/ndatjool (nindshjoot:nindandashjoot). SER.(@/si)(530). Nahashjoot/nahatjool (nindhdashjoot:ninddhdshjoot). # P-ch’j’ naashjoot, to lower O down to P, drop O down to P.

oO, # Dah dahidiiljool, one after another we started out carrying O (as fleeces). # P-aa diishjoot,

to take O off of P, remove

O

(as a wig off another person).

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

# P-ts’aa’ dah diishjoot, to make off with P’s O (as P’s wig - without P’s permission). dzidi-(@/si)(354): to let fly with O (as with a blanket). Dzidishjoot/dzidétjool (dzinddd{shjoot). In: # P-it dzidishjoot, to hit P with O (as with a blanket, wig, fleece), dzfdza-(@/yi)(358): to put O into the fire (as a wad of hair or grass, a rag). Dzidzaashjoot/ dzidzaatjool (dz(dzandashjoot:dz(dzandaanashjoot). SER.(@/si)(356). Dzfdzahashjoot/ dzidzahatjool (dzidzanahdashjoot: dzidzandaahashjooh). dzf{dzaji-(@/yi)(357); to toss roughly (as a wad of paper or grass) into the fire. Dzfdzajishjoot/ dzidzajiitjool (dzidzanjishjootdzfdzandajishjoot). # Tsiighashchfin bee dzidzajiftjool, | threw the wig roughly into the fire. ha-(@/yi)(433): to take, toss O up out, extract O, remove O (as a wig from a box, a fleece from a car or bag). Haashjoot/hdatjool (handshjoot: handadnashjoot). SER. (@/si) (392). Hahashjoot/hahatjool (hanahadshjoot: handdahadshjool). # P-ii’déé’ haashjoot, to take O outofP (asa wig out of a box, wool out of a sack). # P-flak’ee haashjoot, to take O out of P’s hand. # P-yaa haashjoot, to remove O from beneath P (as a bunch of fuzz from under a bed). # P-za’azisd颒 haashjoot, to take O out of P’s pocket (including one’s own pocket). ha-(© or si/si)(433): to climb up carrying O, to take O up (as upstairs, up a ladder or mountain) Haashjoot or hashishjoot/hashétool (hanashjoot:handanashjoot). SER.(@/si)(392). Hahashjoot/hahatjool (handhdshjoot: handdhashjoot). # P-aah haashjoot (hashishjoot), to climb up P’s side carrying S (as up a staircase or ladder with a fleece or bunch of loose hay or wool). # P-ch’j’ na’iini’ haashjoot, to propose a trade of O (as wool) with P. hadii-(0/O)(388): to carry O (as a bunch of hay) from one end to the other (as from one end of a field to the other). Hadiishjoot/hadiitjool (haddiishjoot: handddiishjoo}). hidii-(@/@)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (a wig or fleece). Dah hidiishjoot/ dah hidiitjool (dah na&hidiishjootddh ndadhidiishjoot). # P-aah dah hidiishjoot, to hang O up onP (as

# P-k’ijj’ naashjoot,

to toss, drop or lower O

down onto P. # P-yi’jj’ naashjoot, to toss, drop or lower O down into P. # Ni’jj’ naashjoot, to toss, drop or lower O down to the ground or floor. (44) nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over (as a pile of loose hay or wool). Nahideeshjoot/nahidéétjool (ninadhideeshjoot:ninadhideeshjoot), (45) naddii-(= nd-na-dii-)(@/O)574): to pick O back up, reclaim or repossess O. Ndaddiishjoot/ naddiitjool. (Reversionary corresponding to #47 below: ndiishjoot.) # P-aa or P-ts’Aa’ ndddiishjoot, to take O back (as a wig, from a person to whom it was loaned or sold), to reclaim or repossess

O (as a wig for which payment was not made). (46) ndinfi-(O/@)(611): to just get a good start carrying O, just get well under way with O (when something happens). Ndinfishjoot/ndinfitjool. (47) ndii-(O/O)(618): to pick O up, liftO, choose O, find O. Ndiishjoot/ndiitjool (ndddiishjootor ninddiishjoot ninaddiishjoot). (48) (ni/ni)(650): to go, come, arrive carrying O, to take or bring O, to give or deliver O. Nishjoot/ nitjool (nanishjoot:nddn{shjoot). # P-aa nishjoot,

to take, bring, carry, give,

deliver O to P (as loose hay, a wig).

# P-aa nanishjoot,

to give, take, bring O back

to, P, return O to P, deliver O to P.

# -g66 nishjoot, to carry or take O to -- (a designated place). (49) ni-(ni/ni)(650): to carry O as far as a stopping point, stop carrying O. Ninishjoot/ninfjool (ninanfshjoot:ninddnishjoot). SER.(@/si)(622). Neheshjoot/nehétjool (nindhashjoot:ninddhashjoot). # P-A ninishjoot, to feed O to P (as a bunch of loose hay to a horse). # Hasht’e’ ninishjoot, to put O away into storage, store O. # Ni’ ninishjoot, to set O down. # Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) ninishjoot, to carry O across, # Shéa’ ninishjoot, to set O in the sun, place O in a sunny place. (50) ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to set unspecified O down. Ni’nishjoot /ni’nitjool (nina’nishjoot:ninda’nfshjoot). # P-& ni’nishjoot, to feed P (by setting down an unspecified non-compact O for P - as a pile of loose hay for a horse).

on a nail or peg).

280

JOOL

JOOL

(51)

(5) ’atghda’(a)-(~ ‘ahda’-)(ni/ni)(89): to swap or trade

n’dii-(@/@)(676): to take O down (as a wig from a peg or shelf), to pick O (a boll of cotton).

O with each other (wool, wigs). ’Atghaa’niiljoot/ ‘atghda’niiljool (‘atghanina’niiljoot:’atghaninaa’niiljoot). # P-it ’atghda’nishjoot, to trade O with P. (6) ’atndnd-(@/yi)(96): to carry O to a point and back (as a fleece or wig to school and back home). ’Atnandshjoot/’atnanddshjool (’atnanindanashjoot). # -g66 ’atndndshjot (Usit.), to take O back and forth to --(a designated place - as a wig that one takes back and forth to school every day). ’At’a-(O/yi)(251): to put O (as a tuft of hair) into the fold in one’s own garment. ’At’aashjoot/ ’At’aashjool (’At’andshjoot:’at’andandshjoot). ’'Aza-(O/yi)(141): to put O (as hair, alfalfa sprouts) into one’s own mouth. ’Azaashjoot/’Azaashjool (’Azandshjoot: ’Azandandshjoot). SER.(@/si). *Azahashjoot/’azahdshjool (‘Aazandhashjoot: "Azandahashjooh). (9) P-a’-(ni/ni)(Simple Passive)(146): P borrows O (lit. O is loaned to P - as a wig). Ba’fjoot/ ba’fljool (banda’ijoot). (V. A[IlI]10 above: ba’nishjoot.) # ’Ak’égo P-a’iljoot, P rents or leases O (i.e. borrows O ata price). (10 — P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P by force (as a wig), to rob P of O (as P’s wool). Bighanishjoot/bighanishjool (bighandnishjoot: bighandanishjoot). (11 ~— dii-(@/@)(345) (with prepounded ’ddaa, off self): to take O off (from oneself - as a wig). ’Adaa diishjoot/’ddaa diishjool (ndiishjoot: naddiishjoot).

N’diishjoot/n’diitjool (nina’diishjoot:ninaa’diishjoot). SER.(@/@)(537). Nahi’diishjoot/nahi’diitjool (nindhi’diishjoot:nindahi’diishjoot). (52) (si/si)(693)(with prepounded dah, up): to set or place O (as a wig or fleece) in position where it remains static. Dah shishjoot/dah shétjool (dah nfshishjoot:dah nadashfshjoot). # Dah shishjoot, to put O up (as on a shelf or tabletop). # P-aah dah shishjoot, to hang O up (as a wig on a nail). (53) tsfits’a-(ni/ni)(736): to carry O away from fire or water, to carry O ashore. Tsitts’anishjoot/ tsitts’Anitjool (tsfits’andanishjoot:tsitts’anaanishjoot). SER.(@/si). Tsftts’ahdshjoot/tsits’ahatjool (tsftts’andhadshjoot: tsftts ’Anadhashjoot). (54) (O/yi)(783-570-41): to move O (completive). Yishjoot/yitjool (nashjoot:ndanashjoot). SER. (Q/si) (41). Hishjoot/hétjool (nahadshjoot:

naahashjoot). # P-iih yishjoot, to put O into P (as a wig into a sack or box, wool into a sack). # P-iih hishjoot, to put O one after another into

Ra # P-iih ndshjoot, to put O back into P. # Kjjh yishjoot, to carry or take O into town or to market (as a fleece). # teeh yishjoot, to bury O, put O into the dirt or ashes. # Nii’oh yishjoot, to take, toss O away out of view, conceal O. # Taah yishjoot, to put O into the water. # P-it ’attaa ndshjoot, to mix O with P (as red cotton with white cotton). (55) yisdd4-(@/yi)(7 70-773): to rescue O, carry O away from danger, save O. Yisddshjoot/yisdaatjool (yisdandshjoot:yisdanadnashjoot). SER.(O/si). Yisddhdshjoot /yisddhatjool (yisdanahashjoot: yisdanadahashjooh).

# ’Adaa fdiishjoot, to take O back off. (618)

(12) (13)

(14)

IV. L-(tt/tr/ti): (1)

’&dddi-(ni/ni)(173-297): to enclose oneself with non-compact matter (as by placing a bunch of

weeds over anentrance).

(2) (3)

(4)

*Addadinishjool. ’AdAdi’-(ni/ni)(297):

(15)

‘Adddinishjoot/

to enclose oneself by putting

unspecified non-compact matter (over the

(16)

entrance). ’Adddi’nishjoot/’ddddi’nishjool. ’ahda’(a)-(~ ’atghda’-)(ni/ni)(43): to swap or trade O with each other (as wool). ’Ahda’niiljoot/ ‘ahaa’niiljool (we). # P-it’ahda’nishjoot, to trade or swap O with P (as wool with one’s neighbor). ’Ak’idi-(@/yi)(81): to take off or put on O (asa wig). ’Ak’idishjoot/’ak’ideeshjool (’ak’indishjoot’Ak’inaddishjoot). (di-thematic: cover.)

hadin{-(@/si)(382): to carry O too far, carry O beyond the point where one should have stopped. Hadinishjoot/ hadinéshjool. ndi-(ni/ni)(609) (with prepounded hasht’e’, in readiness, prepared): to set O aside, store O up, place O in readiness for future need. Hasht’e’ ndinishjoot/hasht’e’ ndinishjool. (ni/ni)(650): O is brought, delivered. # P-aayiljool, O is delivered to P, P receives O (wig, loose hay). ni-(@/si)(659): to squat or kneel down, cower. Nishjoot/néshjool (ndnishjoot:ndanishjoot). (niterminal.) # P-ne’déé’ nishjoot, to squat down behind P (hiding - as behind a tree or rock). nikid{nfi-(@/@): to borrow O and keep it (as a wig, fleece). Nikidinfishjoot/nikidiniishjool.

B.

CONTINUATIVE

_ £-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(596):

to carry O around about here and

there (as a wig), to carry O to a location and back to the starting point (in the Perf.).

281

JOOL

Naashjoot/nishétjool

JOOL

(ninddnashjoot),

L-(tr):

# 'Atsé P-d4 naashjoot, to have O (as a wig) on loan from P, # Dah naashjoot, to hold O (as a wig) up and wave it,

(1)

’Atghaiiljot (we). # P-it ’atghaashjot, to fight over O with P (as over a wig, with another person), P-gha-(O-lmp.)(808): to try to get O away from P (as a wig or a bunch of hay). Bighaashjot.

ll, @-(ti): (1)

‘atgha-(O-Imp.)(88): to fight over O, try to getO away from each other, both claim O (as a wig).

na-(©/si)(576): S tumbles or drifts around (as a tuft of wool, a tumbleweed), Naajoot (ninaanajoot).

EE: . £-(tt):

Ill, 'a-@-(ti); (1)

P-{-(@/si)(156): to wipe P with O (as a window, with a rag), rub O on P. Béshjot/bishétjool (b/nddndashjo}). P-f'a-(@/si)(152): to dust P off, wipe or polish P (furniture, a car) with unspecified O (as a rag). wave Bé’éshjot/ bf shétjool (bindd’Ashjot).

na’a-(Q/si)(548): S drifts, floats or billows around (dust, vapor, fog, a cloud, smoke, a stench). Na'ajoot (ninda’ajoot),

IV.

L-(ti); na-(@/si)(596); to go about dejectedly, go around with one’s head hanging, sneak around. Naashjoot (nindanashjoot),

C,

pela (tie

’Adi-(@/si)(13): to dab or rub O against oneself (as a towel), to hug O to self, clasp O to self (as a pillow, towel). 'Adéshjot/’ddishishjool (‘Adindandashijot). # Bee ‘ddit’ood{ 'ddéshjot, to rub or dry oneself with a towel. ‘Adi’a-(@/si)(13): to rub oneself, dry oneself (lit. to rub unspecified O against oneself).

DISTRIBUTIVE

I t-(tt): ‘ahhada-(@/si)(36); to divide O up into d.p. parts (as a fleece or pile of loose hay), 'Ahddaash-

joot/ahadashétjool

’Adé’éshjot/’Ad/’shishjool.

(‘ahandaashjoot:’ahandaa-

daashjool), ‘alts'ada-(@/si)(104); to divide O up into d.p. parts (as a fleece), 'Atts'adaashjoot/'atts’a-

dashéljool

SREPETITIVE

F.

(‘atts 'Addaashjoot:'atts 'Anaa-

SEMELFACTIVE

Py tee( tt)

daashjool), P-taa-(@/si)(250): to distribute O to P, pass out O to P (as a wig to each recipient). Bitaashjoot/ bitaashétjool, nda-(@/si)(604); to set O about here and there (as d.p, bundles of loose hay). Ndaashjool/ ndashétjool (nindddaashjool),

nii-(O/si)(671): to crumple O up into a wad, wad O up, clench O (paper, a fist). Niishjot/nétjot

(ndniishjot: ndaniishjot).

(ni-thematic: generic

classifier: round shape.)

# Shia’ niishjot, | clench my fist.

G.

D, CONATIVE

REVERSATIVE

. £-(tt):

I te(tt):

nahi-(@/si)(530):

to turn O around or over (as a wig or fleece), Nahdashjot/nahatjool (nindhdashjot nindahadshjot).

P-éna-(@/si)(155); to dip O (asa rag) into P (as into water), Bénashjot/bééshétool (béninaanashjol), P-I-(O-Imp.)(156): to try to get P to take O, urge © on P, offer O to P (as a wig). Béshjot.

H.

CURSIVE

. 8-(ti): (yi)(760): S is flying along through the air (as a tuft of wool in the wind). Yijot/defjoot

282

JOOL

JOOL

P-k'idi-(yi): Bik'idéjool. S sits on and is attached to P. P-nahidi-(ni-Perf.)(225): S hangs over P (as loose wool over a limb). Binahidéjool. ch'fhi-(ni-Perf.)(284): S extends out horizontally (as loose hay or wool from a hole or doorway). Ch'thinfjool. di-(ni-Perf.)(308): S extends, hangs suspended, dangles (as a tail, scalp, crumpled bill), Déjool. # P-k'i déjool, S lies on P.

(nddjol naanddjol), # ‘Adah yijot, S is falling downward, # Haaddedeésh yijot, where did it come from (wool, a blanket)?

(2)

naand'a-(yi)(585):

S is drifting about here and

there (a smokecloud, steam, a stench),

Naana'oojol/ naanda'ijoot.

# P-tsiist'a déjool, S dangles from P’s belt, P

I, 'a-O-(tl): (1)

has S on him (in his possession - as a scalp). dini-(O-lmp.)(317): to be spherical, globular, ballshaped, round, plump, fat. Dinishjool. (dijool: 3rd pers.) hahfi-(yi-Perf.)(395): S sticks out, S hangs out, protrudes (as a bit of wool from a wool bag). Hahfijool, na-(si-Perf.)(602): S lie about here and there (as wigs, bunches of loose hay or wool). Naazhjool (ndaazhjool: d.p.) (ninaéanashjool - D-classifier), (Plural and distributive plural

‘a-(yi)(681): S is drifting along (fog, smoke, stoam, a cloudbank, a stench, a cloud of dust or pollon), 'Oojot (na'oojot:naa'oojol), # Dah ‘oojot, S hangs static (a fogbank,

smoke cloud), 'Ah{ dah ‘oojot, there is a fogbank. nahi-(yi)(S42): S turns over and over, revolves. Naéhoojot.

(2)

corresponding to shijool: # 1 above.)

Wl, L(tl): (1)

(10) nahff-(yi-Perf.)(539): S dangles or hangs downward (as hair, cobwebs). Nahiijool. (11) (ni-Perf.)(631): S lies (lie) in a line, row or series

(yi)(783); to go along dejectedly (as a beaten dog), to go along with one's body bent forward (as a person walking against the wind), slink or sneak along, Yishjot/deiniiljot (naashjot nadanadashjol),

(as bunches of grass, fleeces, wigs). Nijool. # 'Atkéé' nfjool, S lie one behind the other ina line,

I], L-(tt):

IV. Le(tt):

(1)

(1)

(yi)(783); to be carrying O along, to be going along carrying O (as a wig or a bunch of loose hay). Yishjot/dei(niiljot (nddshjohnadanadshjo}), # Dah yishjot, to be holding O up (as a wig), hi-(yi)(438); to be tugging O along by pulling first

(2)

Shétjool (nddshétjool),

Nl, L-(ti):

one ond and then another (as a pile of loose

hay). Heeshjol/ dahiinfiljot (naheeshjot nddheeshjol), nahi-(yi)(534); to be turning O over and over or

(3)

(1)

around and around (as a pile of loose hay),

(si-Perf.)(693): to sit hunched up into a ball (a person or an animal, in an attempt to make oneself inconspicuous), to sit or lie cowering

(as a dog after a scolding).

Naheeshjot/ ndahiinfiljot, naand-(yi)(588); to be carrying O here and there, to and fro, to be carrying O all over, Naanddshjot/naandoi{niiljoot.

(4)

(si-Perf.)(692): to keep O on hand, have O available (as a supply of weaving wool, a wig).

Also used with

reference to a corpse, in the sense of “there lies poor so and so," Shishjool.

# Beeldiéf bee shishjool, to lie huddled under a blanket.

|. NEUTER

J.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

1, O-(tl): (1)

‘abid dijoolf, duodenum (the stomach that is round like a ball)(P-bid dijoolf). ‘aghaa’ danfjool, wool tufts, uncarded wool (as it comes from the clipping shears)(the d.p. bunches of wool that lie in a line).

(si-Perf.)(692): S lies, sits, is (in position - ina stato of rest)(a wig, fleece, loose bunch of hay), Shijool (ndandshjool) (naazhjool: plural; ndaazhjool; d.p.).

'ajdidishjool, heart. ‘azoot dah dijoolfgif, larynx, Adam's apple (that which forms a round lump in the windpipe)(Pzoot dah dijooligff).

# Loe’ shijool, S lies buried in the ground, # Too’ (« tayi’) shijool, S lies immersed in water,

(2)

‘ahéd-(= 'ah(-nd-)(ni-Perf.)(51): S lie in a circle (as cotton balls, tufts of wool), ‘Ahéénijool.

283

JOOL

(10) (11)

(12) (13) (14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

KAD

bdadahaddzidii na’ajootigif, poison gas (the dangerous gaseous substance that drifts about).

déchid,

éljotf,

him). Functioning as a verb prefix -ka- often takes the form -ka-, asin: bjjh bikaashzheeh, |’m hunting for deer, deer-hunting / chidf ya’at’éehii bikanishta, |’m looking for a good car; or it reduces to ha- or ha-, as in: bjjh haashzheeh, |’m hunting deer ./ sitsilf hadinish’{f, I’m looking for my little brother (to find him) / shichidf hanishta, |’m looking for my car / gohwééh haséyd, | went after coffee. With “run” themes -ka- is used idiomatically to mean “help, aid” (lit. “run after’),

washcloth

(the one that is rubbed against

something). Jaa’ Yishjoolf, Droopy or Bent Ears (nickname). joot, ball (P-joot). k’iittsoii dijoolf, chamiza, chamise, rabbit brush (Chrysothamnus, Bigelovia graveolens)(round rabbit brush). latah ’adijoolf, flax (Linum rigidum)(the one with something ball-like at the tip). teets’aa’ béljotf, dish cloth, dishrag (the one that is rubbed against dishes). naadda’ dijoolf, round or spherical ear of corn lacking regular rows (corn that is round). Sdshdijool, Old Age Monster. Tdala Hodijool, a Navajo archaeological site near Ganado, Arizona, dating from the mid-I8th century (flat-topped round area). (The location has the form of a round, flat-topped mesa promontory, accessible from one side only. A masonry fortification prevents attack from the access path.) toh bee naaljootf, pitchfork, hay fork (the one with which hay is moved about). Tsé Dijoolf (lb. Tsé Si’ani), Lupton, Arizona(spherical rock) (the rock that sits in the fashion of a solid roundish object). tsin ndik’a’ bidtahgi dah naazhjooligif, cotton swab, Q-tip (stick at the end of which there is a cotton ball). yoo’ dijoolf, olivella shell (the spherical shell or bead), round bead.

K.

ADVERBIAL

(1) t’aata’f nfjooligo, singly, one ata reference egto

as:

ee

surface. Kaa’ digoni, smallpox (rough-surfaced one); -kagf< -k4a’, skin (surface one).

(PPA

*Kat’

> PA *Kat’ [4]: patch,

sew. Cognate with *Kat’ > *Kat’: KAD

spread out, fall, collapse.)

NAVAJO:

Cognate with KAAD.

Listed separately to avoid confusion of derived stem sets. Occurs, with t-classifier and, in some bases nd-thematic, as the theme in verb constructions meaning “sew.”

time (with ee

(Cf. verb root JOOL:

I’ll help you / chid/ sits’da’

Combining forms of -KAA’, ona

A.MOM. B.REP.

(PA *dzigh“it?, ball) Stem noun: ball.

nika ’adeeshwot,

k’é’élto’go shika ffnlwod, you helped me when my car broke down/ ’ahftka ’iijéé’, we helped each other/ aka (~ ’Adika) ’andshwo’, | help myself.

PHRASES

ware

| reached for the hat/ sitsilf bikadfnfsh’{f’, I’m

looking for my little brother (trying to catch sight of

be

IMP.

US /liteeeER

Raila

OPT:

kaad kad

ka’ ka’

kat kat

kaad kad

A.

JOOL a spherical or globular.)

kad kad

MOMENTANEOUS

I E(t):

(-j66zh) Stem noun:

JOOSH

vagina.

# J66sh Dithashii (dithash-, bites+ -ii, the one), a Biting Vagina (Vagina dentata) of mythology.

# -daj66zh (-da < -daa’, throat, mouth), epiglottis. SE ee

|

’ahidii-(O/D)(58): to sew O together (as pieces of cloth or hide). ’Ahidiishkaad/’ahidiitkad (ahindiishkaad:’ahindddiishkaad). P-{dii-(@/@)(184): to sew O to P, attach O to P (by sewing), patch P (by sewing O to it). Bidiishkaad/ bidiitkad (béédiishkaad: b(ndddiishkaad). dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297): to sew O shut (as a bag). Dadi’nishkaad/dddi’nftkad. (di-thematic: close.) ha’dii-(@/@)(405): to sew aseam. Ha’diishkaad/ ha’diitkad (handa’diishkaad). (hadi-thematic: from one end to the other, the full length of.) na-P-’nii-(@/@)(523): to start to sew P. Nabi’niishkaad/nabi’niitkad. (nd-thematic.)

lip,

(~ -ka-/hd-/ha-) (B) Stem postposition:

for, after (to get). Shizhé’é chizh yfka ‘ffya, my father went away after firewood / yiskdago niké ndeeshdaat, 1’ll return for you to-morrow / ch’ah bika4

284

KAI

KAD

(6)

# naayizi bikag/ (naayizi, squash), squash rind. # tiisbéf bikagi (viisbéf, aspen), aspen bark. # tPizikdgf(tVizi-, goat), goatskin, goathide.

na’i’nii-(O/O)(555): to commence sewing, start to sew (unspecified P). Na’i’niishkaad/na’i’niitkad (ninda’i’niiishkaad). (nad-thematic.) ndi’nfi-(O/O)(611): to just get a good start sewing, just get well under way sewing (when

(7)

something happens). B.

Ndi’nfishkaad/Adiniitkad.

(PPA *Kax > PA *KaghY [© or di]: pointed object pokes, pierces; [tcausative]: extended meaning: stomp, tramp, bound {from “poke feet”])

KAI

REPETITIVE Durative

|. nd-t-(tt):

(3)

NAVAJO: Primary Semantic Theme appears to be “pierce O with a pointed object (needle, spear, dart,

nd-(@/si)(570): to sew O, to be stitching O. Ndshkad/nisétkad (ninddndshkad). na’a-(@/si)(551): to sew, to be a seamstress, to do sewing (lit. to sew unspecified O). Na’dshkad/ni’sétkad (ninda’ashkad). nda-(@/si)(604): to sew distributive plural O.

arrow).” The underlying meaning has been extended to take the meaning “plural (3+) S walk, go.” Occurs:

(1) with t-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “stick (a spear or needle) into O, shoot O with an arrow;” and (2) with D-classifier as the theme in a full range of bases describing locomotion on the part of 3+ S. In a few extended bases the stem appears with L- and with t-causative as classifiers.

Ndaashkad/ndasétkad.

(cf. "AAZH: dual number: 2 S walk, go; and YA:

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

’asdzda na’dtkadi,

singular number: 1 S walks, goes.)

seamstress, dressmaker (the

IMP. A.MOM

PERF.

PRO Gra EUImeO

Rall

kaah_

ka’

kai

-

kah

kadah

kaah

kah

kai

-

kah

kadah

C.CONT.

kai

kah

kai

-

kah

kai

D.REP. E.SEM. EGON G.CURS

kah

kah

kah

-

kah

~kah

kah -

-

-

kah/ kaah

-

-

(1) B.MOM

(2)

(6) (7) tsah ’azis bee dadda’dilkadigif, sacking needle (8)

USJ/IT.

eee

woman who sews). bee na’alkadi, thread (that with which sewing is done). béésh na’atkadi, sewing machine (machine that sews). bit hda’alkadi, bias tape (the thing along with which something is sewn). ch’ah hadiilkadf, helmet, old fashioned worker’s cap (the headwear that is sewn all the way)(knit cap?) ha’diilkad, seam (sewn the full length). (the awl with which sacks are sewn closed). sewing needle (the awl with which sewing is done). (Ib. tsahts’és/.)

A.

tsah bee na’dlkadi,

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

I, £-(tt):

’ahi-(@/si)(63): to shoot one arrow after another into O. ’Ahishkdah/’ahétkai (’andahdshkaah). yinf-(O-Imp.)(767): to shoot O at (it), shoot at it with O (arrows - repetitive: a series of shots). Yinishkaah. # Ha’at’iish yinftkadh, what are you shooting at? yinfi-(@/@)(769): to take a shot at O (with an arrow). Yinfishkddah/yinfitkai (nadyinfishkaah).

Noun (-ka- < -kda’, on surface + -f, the one), skin, integument of a

human or an animal), rind (of melon or squash), bark (of certain trees, as

aspen), skin (of fruit, as apple, peach), peel (of apple, potato, banana)(lit. that which is on the surface). (V. -ZIS.)

(3)

# bééshkdgf (béésh-, metal), tin, flat piece of metal. # bilasdana bikdgi (bilasdana, apple), apple peel.

B.

# ch’ééh jiyddn bikag/, watermelon), watermelon rind. # deestsiin bikagf (deestsiin, pinyon), the white inner skin of the pinyon tree. # dilk’is bikdgf (dilk’is, juniper), the inner skin of the juniper tree. # hashk’aan bikdg/ (hashk’aan, banana),

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

|. D-(ti):

(1)

banana skin or peel.

285

’a-(@/yi)(474-483): to go away out of sight, leave. likadh/iikai (‘anéiikadh:’andanéiikaah). SER. (G/si) (11). ’Adahiikadh/’adaheekai (‘andahiikaah:’andddahiikaah).

KAI

KAI

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iikadh (’ahiikaah), to go down, descend from a height (one

(6)

to repeatedly come together, congregate. ’Ahanindhiikah. # P-it ’ahaninaéhdshkah, to meet repeatedly with P (1 S + 2+ people that S meets with). (7) ’ahéna-~ ’ahéé-)(G/yi or ni/ni)(46-54): to go around and complete a circuit, go in a circle. "Ahénéiikaah/’ahénéiikai (’ahénddnéiikadh) or ’ahééniikaah/’ahééniikai (’ahééniikadh: ‘ahénindaniikadh). SER.(@/si)(48): to go around and around in circles. ’Ahééhiikadh/ ‘ahééheekai. # P-it ’ahéndshkdah/’ahéénishkadh, to make a circuit in company with P, go with Pona circuit. # Bik’ee’aa ‘ahééniikadh, to detour around it, bypass it (as a quagmire). ‘ahidii-(O/@)(58): to meet, come together, rendezvous, join together, merge. ’Ahidiikadh/ ‘ahidiikai (‘ahéédiikaah:’ahindddiikaah). # P-it’ahidiishkaah, to meet with P, come together with P (1 S + 2+ companions). # P-it ’ahéédiishkddh, to reassemble with P, come back together with P. ‘ahfi-(0/O)(66-70): to unite, join together. ’Ahfikaah/’ahiikai (’ahinéiikaah: ‘ahinadanéiikaagh). # P-it’ahfishkaah, to unite with P, get together or join up with P (as when S joins a group). (10 ~— ’ala-(@/yi)(85): to take the lead, move to the forefront. ’Alaiikadh/‘aldiikai (’alanéiikadh: ’alandanéiikaah). (11 ~ ‘atghadi-(@/si)(88): to run a footrace. ’Atghadiikadh/’atghadeekai (’atghandddiikddh). (Ibid. ‘ahadiikadah: #4 above.) # P-it’atghadishkadah, to run a race with P (1 S + 2+ companions). (12 Se) ’atkétk’e-(@/yi)(90): to walk in one another’s

after another).

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-it ‘iishkadah, to accompany P down, descend along with P (singular S and 2+ companions).

# P-yaa ’iikaAdh, to go in under P (as under an awning or roof). # Ha’aa (~ ha’aa g6’aa/hana’aa) ’iikddh, to go over the hill and out of sight, to disappear over the hill. # Hootah ’iikaah, to go visiting, to go away to

make the rounds of the neighbours. # Hootah P-it ’iishkadh, to accompany P in making the rounds of the neighbours (singular

S + 2+ companions).

# Nahjj’ ’iikadh, to move aside, out of the way. # Yah ’likadh (‘adahiikadh), to enter, come or go into an enclosure (one after another). # P-ityah ‘iishkaah, to accompany P in, go in along with P (one S + 2+ companions). # Y606’ ’iikadh (’adahiikadh), to go away and disappear or get lost (one after another).

# P-it y66’ ’iishkaah,

to go away with P and

disappear or get lost.

(2)

‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(11-177): to go down from a height, descend, get down or dismount, go down a ladder or trail, get out or off of horses or a vehicle. ’Adeiikaah/’adeiikai (’adanéiikadh: ‘adandanéiikadh), SER.(@/ si)(9). "Adahiikadh/ ‘adaheekai (’adandahiikadh: ’adanddhiikdadh). # P-it ’adaashkdah, to go or come down in company with P, accompany P down (1 S + 2+ companions), (3) ’adini-(@/yi)(20): to go away out of sight and remain (absent). ’Adiniikadh/’adiniikai (andiniikadh:’andddiniikaah), # Yah ‘adiniikaah, to go inside and stay (as into a building). # P-ityah ’adinishkadh, to go into an enclosure with P and remain. # P-ts’dda’ yah ‘adiniikadh, to go into an enclosure and stay, leaving P outside. # Y66’ ’adiniikadh, to go away and remain (absent). # P-it y66’ ’adinishkadh, to go away with P and stay. (4) ‘ahadi-(@/si)(37): to run a footrace. ’Ahadiikadh/

‘ahadeekai

footprints.

(5)

to reach an

agreement or understanding with p about P (an issue). (13 wa ’atkétk’edi-(@/yi)(90): to start to walk in one another’s footprints. ’Atkétk’ediikadh/ 'atkétk’ediikai (’atketk’endddiikadh). # P-it ’atkétk’edishkddh, to come to an agreement or understanding with P. # P-ee p-it atkétk’edishkadh, to come to an agreement or understanding with p about P (an issue). (14 — ’atk 'fi-(O/O)(93): to crowd together, huddle or bunch up (as people under attack). ’Atk’fikadh/ atk ‘fikai (‘atk’inéiikadh:’atk’inddnéiikadh) (Cf. bfikadh: #22 below.) # P-it ’atk’fishkadh, to huddle together with P. (15 ~~ ’ainana-(@/yi)(95): to go to a location and back. ’Atnanéiikadh/’atndnéiikai .

to have another race

to gather, come

to be in agreement

# P-ee p-it ’atkétk’eeshkdadh,

(‘ahandddiikadh). (Ib. ’atghadii-

‘ahani-(ni/ni)(39):

’Atkétk’eiikadh/’atkétk’eilikai.

# P-it’atkétk’eeshkdah, with P.

kaah: #11 below.) # P-it’ahadishkadah, to run a footrace with P, have a race with P (1 S + 2+ companions).

# P-it ’ahandddishkddh, with P.

’ahanindhi-(O-lterative)(39):

together,

congregate, assemble. ’Ahaniniikadah/’ahaniniikai (‘ahanindniikadh:’ahaninddniikadh). # P-aa ’ahaniniikadh, to gather at P (an event), congregate at P (as people ata political speech).

# P-it ’atndandshkddh,

to accompany

location and back.

286

P toa

KAI # ’Atndnéiikah,

KAI

to go back and forth, commute

(26) P-k’fo-(@/si)(209): to go through P, use P all up, exhaust P, complete P. Bik’fookdah/bik’fisiikai

(Usitative).

(Irregular paradigm).

# -g66 P-it ’atndndashkah, to go back and forth to --(a designated location - as to

(16)

school) in company with P (1 S + 2+ companions). ’attaana-(@/si)(101): to mix together, mingle with one another. ’Attaandkdadah/’attaanaskai. In:

# P-it’attaandkdaah,

(17)

(18) (19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24) (25)

(27) P-nd-(@/si)(232): to go around P (persons around a building, planets around the sun). Binéiikadh/binisiikai (binfndanéiikaadh ).

SER.(@/si). Bindhiikadh/bindhaakai (bininddhiikaah),.

to get confused, to get “all

# P-it p-ndshkdadh, to accompany P around p. (28) P-nikda-(ni/ni)(236): to go through P (as through a gateway or window). Binfkaniikaah/binkkaniikai (binikananiikadh:binkkandaniikaah). SER.(@/si) (234). Binfkadahiikadh/binfkadaheekai (binikandahiikadh:binikanaahiikaah).

mixed up” (lit. they - ideas, facts, sheep - intermingle with P). ’atts’d-(ni/ni)(109): to separate from one another.

"Atts’Aniikadh/’atts’aniikai (‘atts’Andniikadh: ‘atts ’anddniikadh). SER.(@/si)(104): to separate from one another, part ways with one another (each going his own way - one after another). ’Atts’adahiikaah/’atts ’adaheekai (‘atts ’Andahiikadh:’atts’andddahiikaah). # ’Atts’dndaniikddh, to disband, break back up.

# P-it p-nikanishkaah,

to go through p in

company with P. (29) P-niitt’a-(@/si)(243): to come to a barrier, to get blocked (as by an avalanche or flood). Biniitt’eiikadh/biniitt’asiikai (biniitt’anéiikadh: biniitt’'anadanéiikadh). # P-it p-niitt’aashkadh, to come to a barrier in company with P. (30) P-ts’d-(ni/ni)(257-255): to leave P, separate from P, abandon P. Bits’dniikadh/bits Aniikai (bits’andniikadh:bits ’anadaniik’adh). SER.(@/si)(253): to leave P one after another. Bits ’adahiikadh/bits’adaheekai (bits’andahiikadh: bits’anadhiikaah). # P-it p-ts’anishkaah, to separate from pin company with P. (31) ch’f-(ni/ni)(293): to go out horizontally, to exit, to leave, to come into view. Ch’iniikaah/ch ‘iniikai (ch’indniikadh:ch’fndaniikadh). SER.(O/si) (284). Ch’fdahiikadh/ch ’fdaheekai (ch’fnahiikaah:ch (naahiikaah). # P-it ch’inishkaah, to accompany P out, go out along with P.

P-badi-(@/yi)(168): to go through P, use P all up, exhaust P, complete P. Bibadookdaah/ bibadeekai (we - irregular paradigm). P-dii-(@/O)(183): to join P, become a member of P (as a church, political party)(lit. add self to P).

Bidiikadh/ bidiikai (béédiikadh:binaddiikadah). # Béédiikaah, to rejoin it (as a church). # P-it bidiishkadh, to join it along with P. # ’Ahidiikaadh, to merge together, join together. # P-it ’ahidiishkaah, to merge with P. P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): to go through P (as through a fence or smokecloud). Bighdniikadh/bighdaniikai (bighananiikadh:bighanadniikaah). SER.(@/si)(188). Bighdadahiikadh/bighadaheekai (bighandahiikadh:bighanaddaniikaah). # P-it bighdnishkaah, to go through it in company with P, accompany P through it. P-fnd-(@/si)(154): to get P on selves, contract P (a disease). Bénéiikadh/béésiikai (béninadanéiikadh). # Honeeni bénéiikadh, to have fun, to have a good time (lit. to get fun on selves). P-fi-(@/@)(265): to join P, become members of P (as a club, church, political party). Bfikaah/ bfikai (binéiikddh:bindanéiikadh). (Cf. ’atk’fikadh: #14 above.) # Bénéiikaah, to rejoin it (as a church). # P-it p-fishkddh, to join p in company with P. P-k’f-(ni/ni)(209): to come upon P, find P, discover P (2+ companions). Bik’{niikadah/bik ’iniikai (bik ’(ndniikadh:bik’indaniikaah). # P-it p-k’infshkddh, to be in company with P and find or discover p. P-k’idi-(@/si)(204): to quit P, give up P (asa habit or task). Bik’idiikadh/bik’ideekai (bik’indadiikadh). P-k’ina-(@/yi)(208): to get down off P, dismount from P, get out of P (a vehicle). Bik’ineiikaah/ bik’ineiikai (bik’ininéiikadh:bik’ininddnéiikaadh). SER.(@/si). Bik’indahiikadh/bik’indaheekai (bik’inindhiikadh:bik’ininddhiikadh) # P-it p-k’inaashkadah, to get down off p, get out of P in company with P.

# P-fighahg66 ch’iniikadh, to go past P (a stationary object).

# Tt’66’g66 ch’iniikadh,

to go outdoors.

(32) ch’f-(@/yi)(295): to go horizontally outward (completive). Ch’fikadh/ch’fikai (ch’inéiikaah: ch’(nddnéiikadh). SER.(@/si) (284). Ch’idahiikadh/ch’(daheekai (ch’indaniikadh:ch indadahiikaah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’fikaah (ch’idahiikadh), to go over the edge and down (as from a canyon rim (one after another).

# ’Adah P-it ch’éshkadah,

to go over the edge

in company with P. (33) denda-(@/si)(309): S (as d.p. wet shoes) turn up at the toes (as when they are placed near the fire), S (as boards) warp out of shape, S shrink

and curl up (as d.p. pieces of cooking meat). Dendaakadh/dendaaskai (deninddaakadh: denindddaakaah). (34) di-(@/yi): to seek refuge, seek aid. Diikaah/ dookai (3rd person). # ’At’4ah dookai, they moved in (with another group).. (E.g. Diné t’66 ’at’dah dookai

287

KAI

KAI

(dzidzandahiikaah:dzidzanddadahiikaah). (40) ha-(@/yi)(398-433): to get out, go or come up out (as from a hole, cage, mud, snow). Haiikaah/ haiikai (hanéiikadh:handdanéiikadh). SER. (@/si)(395). Hadahiikadh/hadaheekai (handahiikadh:handadahiikadh). # P-ii’déé’ haiikadh (hadahiikadh), to emerge from P, come up out of P (one after another). # P-flak’ee haiikadh (hadahiikaah), to get away from P, escape from P (one after another). # P-flak’ee p-ithaashkadh, to get away from P in company with p.

léi’ nihaa yikai, some people who had just moved in came to see us.) # Héteelgo n’diikadh, they spread out (a group of people).

(35) di-(ni/ni)(328): to arrive on a borrowing mission. Diniikai (Perf. only.):deekai (38rd person) (dithematic: aid.) # Yah diniikai, to come or arrive on a borrow-

ing mission. (36) di-(@/si)(336-341): to start to go, to be underway going (in the Perf.). Diikaah/deekai (~ disiikai)

(ndiikadh:naadiikadh). # ’Adah diikadh, to start down, start to descend. # ’Adah ndiikaah, to start back down from a height. # P-k’i diikadh, to quit P (work, a task), to give P up (a habit, as cigarets). # P-itdishkadh, to start in company with P. # P-it disiskai, to be going to go or be on the way in company with P. # P-it hdishkadh, to start back with P. # P-ts’4a’ dah diikadh, to start off against P’s will (against P’s prohibition).

# P-ithaashkadah, to get out along with P. # P-yaadéé’ haiikadh (hadahiikaah), to come out from under P (one after another). (41) ha-(©@ or si/si)(433): to climb up, ascend (a staircase, mountain). Haiikaah or hasiikaah/ hasiikai (hanéiikadh:handanéiikaah). SER.(@/si)(395). Hadahiikaadh/hadaheekai (handahiikaah:handdadahiikadh). # P-aah haiikadah/hasiikaah (hadahiikadh), to climb P (one after another), climb the side of P. # P-kda’jj’ (or P-ghda’jj’) hasiikaah (hadasiikadh), to climb to the top (one after another) (of a hill, roof, mountain). # P-k’ee’aa haiikadh (hadahiikadh), to go

# Ch’aa diikaah, to start ona trip. # P-it ch’aa dishkadh, to start on a trip with P (2+ companions).

# Ch’ééh diikadh, to get tired. # Ch’ééh deekai, to be tired. # Hootah diikadh, to go visiting with friends and neighbors. # Nadas diikadh,

around P, detour around P (as around a

to make progress, advance,

get ahead. (37) dini-(@/yi)(328): to go and remain, go and get stuck (completive). Diniikaah/diniikai (fdinii-

kadh:naddiniikadh) # P-itp-iih dinishkaadh,

(42) to get stuck in p with P.

# P-iih diniikaah, to get into P and stay, to get stuck in P (as in a car, box, pipe). # Taah diniikaah, to get into the water and stay.

(43)

# Tatt’dah diniikddh, to go to the bottom of the water and stay, to get stuck on the bottom. (38) dii-(@/O)(341-345-616):

to start going, leave. Diikaah/ diikai (ndiikadh:ndddiikaah). SER. (@/@). Dahidiikadh/dahidiikai (fdahidiikadh: naddahidiikadh). # Ch’aa diikadh, to start on a journey. # Dah diikaah (dahidiikadh), to start out, leave, set out, start off (one after another). # Dah ndiikadh, to start back. # P-it dah diishkadh, to start out with P, leave

(44)

with P. # P-itdah ndiishkadh, to start back with P. # T’da ’atkéé’ dah dahidiikadh, to leave,

(45)

depart, start off, one after another. (39) dzidza-(@/yi)(357): to go into the fire (insects,

animals). Dzfdzeiikdah/dzidzeiikai (dzidzanéiikadh:dzidzandanéiikadh). SER.(Q/si)(357). Dzidzadahiikadh/ dz(dzadaheekai

288

puddle)(one after another). # P-it haashkaah/hashishkaah, to climb up in company with P, accompany P up. # P-aah p-ithashishkaah, to climb P (asa mountain) in company with P. ha-(si-Perf.)(415): to have made a round trip after (something, to get it), to have gone after (something) and now be home. Hasiikai. # P-ithashishkai, to have accompanied P ona round trip after (something). ha-(ni/ni)(415-416): to go, come, arrive after (something, to get it). Haniikadh/hdniikai (hananiikaah:handanikaadh). # P-it hanishkadh, to come or go after (something) along with P, to accompany P after (something). ha’a-(O/yi)(406): to go away after (something to get it). Ha’iikadh/ha’iikai (ha’anéiikadh: ha’andanéiikadh). # P-itha’iishkaah, to go away in company with P after (something - as after water or food). # P-ithd’eeshkai, to have gone away after (something in company with P, and still be gone). hadi-(O/si)(385-386): to start after (something, to get it), to have started to go after (something -in the Perf.). Hadiikaah/hddeekai (hdnddiikadh:handddiikaah) # P-it hadishkaah, to start after (something) in in company with P.

KAI

KAI

# P-it haddéshkai, to have started to go along with P after (something - as after

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(53)

firewood). hadii-(@/@)(386): to walk or go the entire length (as the entire length of a hall or train). Hadiikaah/hadiikai (hdddiikadh:handddiikaah). # P-ithadiishkaah, to go the entire length in company with P. hoota-(@/si)(461): to go from hogan to hogan visiting, to make the rounds. Hootaiikaah/ hootaasiikai (hootandanéiikaah). # P-it hootaashkdaah (hootaasiskai), to go from hogan to hogan visiting, in company with

(54)

(55)

active, too much “on the go.” Ndinfikaah/ ndinéekai. a good start (when one is recalled or something

happens).

Ndinfikadh/ndiniikai.

# P-aa ndinifikadh, to keep on doing something one has begun. # P-it ndinfishkadh, to just get well underway

(57)

to climb up in company with

in company with P. ndii-(@/O@)(616): to start up, get up (from a

kneeling or reclining position). Ndiikaah/ndiikai (ndadiikaah:nindddiikaah). (Homophonous with Reversionary ndiikadah, start back [V. diikaah: #38], but n- = na-, up from a surface in #57

while n- = na-, returning back, in #38.) # P-aa ndiikadh, to start to do P, startonP (a task, activity, undertaking).

# Baa’ baa ndiikadh, to enter a war, go off to war. # H6dteelgo ndiikadh, to spread out (as a herd

# P-ik’i neiikadh, to get down off of P or out of P, to dismount from P (as from plane or bus).

of sheep). (58) (ni/ni)(564-659-667):

to go, come, arrive.

Niikadh/niikai (naniikadh:ndaniikaah). # ’Atdaah niikaah, to meet up, come together

to get down,

descend, get out (of a vehicle) one after

(51)

to go and get stranded

with P (a companion). ndini-(@/si)(611): to get tired from being over-

(56) ndinfi-(@/@)(611): to get well underway, just get

2. na-(@/yi)(624): to get down, dismount, descend, get out (of avehicle). Neiikadh/neiikai (ninéikadh:ninddanéiikadh). SER.(@/si)(529). Ndahiikaah/ndahisiikai (ninddahiikaah: ninadddahiikaah).

# T’da ’atkéé’ ndahiikaah,

sentinels). ndini-(ni/ni)(611): to get stranded, go and get stranded or stuck in a location (as a person left without transportation in town). Ndininiikadh/ ndininiikai (nindddininiikadh).

# P-it ndininishkaah,

# P-aah kiikai, to climb up P (as a hillside). # P-aah hddda’aldahigif baah kfikadh, to climb a flight of stairs, climb the stairs.

(50)

Ndiikadh./ ndeekai.

# ’Adah ndiikadh, to start back down (froma height). # Ndiikadh (Iter.), to pace back and forth (as

idii-(O/O)(465): to become members, take out membership (in something unspecified, as a political party or club). ‘Idiikaah/’idiikai (‘indadiikaah). (di-thematic: add to.) (Cf. bidiikaah: #19 above.) # P-it ‘idiishkaah, to join or take out membership in company with P. kfi-(@/@)(496): to go up an incline, go upstairs, climb a hill. Kfikaah/kiikai (kineiikadh:kinaanéiikadh).

# P-itkfishkadah,

follow one another around the corner or bend. ndi-(@/si)(614): to start back, start to return.

(3+ persons).

another. nahi-(@/si)(539): to turn around, wheel around (as people who hear their names called). Nahiikadh/nahiikai (ninddhiikaah). (Note: Imperfective nadhiikaah is homophonous with

# P-aa niikaah, to come or go to P. # P-it nishkadh, to come or go in company with P. # P-it ndnishkaah, to return in company with P, to come or go back with P, accompany P back. # P-it p-aa nishkaah, to accompany P and go to see p (another person).

nahiikaah: we return, get back one after another, as in ’66h nahiikaah, one after another we get back into our clothes.) (52) naand-(@/si)(589): to turn around or make a turn while walking, to walk to a place, turn around and walk back, to execute a “to the rear

# P-tah niikadh, to go in among P, merge or mingle with P.

march.” Naanéiikadh/naanisiikai (naaninaanéiikadh). SER.(@/si). Naanddahiikaah/ naandadahisiikai.

# P-it p-ddah nishkadh, to go along with P to meet p (as a person returning from a

# Bizdndghahjigo naanéiikaah,

# P-ddah niikaah,

to turn the

to go to meet P.

trip). # P-it’atdddh nishkadh, to meet up with P (as 3+ people who chance to meet in town, but with focus on the first person

corner, go around the bend.

# Nishttajigo naanéiikadh, to turn to the left, go to the left. # Nish’ndajigo naanéiikadh, to make a right turn, to go to the right, go right around the bend. # T’da ’atkéé’ bizandghahjigo naanddahiikaah,

singular). # -g66 niikadh, to go to -- (a designated destination). # -g66 P-itnishkadh, to accompany 2+ P to -(a designated destination).

to turn the corner one after another,

289

KAI

KAI

# Nadniikadh, to return, come or go back. # P-it ndnfshkaah, to return, come or go back with P, accompany P back. # Ndds niikadh, to make progress, get ahead. # Sd baa niikaah, to get old, reach old age. (59)

ni-(ni/ni)(651-653):

to go as far as a stopping point. Niniikadh/niniikai (nindniikadh:nindaniikaah). SER.(@/si)(629): to go one after

another as far as a stopping point, to go, come,

arrive (at a location) one after another.

Ndahiikadh/ndaheekai (nindadahiikadh:ninddadahiikaah). # P-aah niniikadh, to get tired of (doing) P (as tired of weaving). # P-ch’ddh niniikadh, to block P, stand in P’s way, intercept P. # P-itninishkaah,

(60

~—

to accompany P as farasa destination (as children to school). # P-it nindhashkah, to return with P repeatedly, time after time (as with a group of companions or playmates). # -jj’ niniikaah, to go as far as --(a designated location or point - as to a wall). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niniikaadh, to go across. nihi-(ni/ni)(628): to lie in ambush, waylay, place a bet or wager. Nihiniikadh/nihiniikai. # P-aa nihiniikadh, to waylay or ambush P. # P-ee nihiniikadh,

(61

~—

to bet on P, place a wager

onP. niki-(ni/ni)(635-636): to start to go along (toward a destination). Nikiniikadh/nikiniikai (nikéénii-

kaah:nikindaniikadh). # Kéyahg66 nikiniikadh, to start for home. # Kéyahg66 nikééniikadh, to start back home. # Kéyahg66 P-it nikinishkadh, to start for home in company with P (2+ companions).

# Kintahjigo nikiniikadh, to start for town. (62

~—

nikidii-(@/@)(633):

to start to walk (babies), to stir

(livestock, cattle). Nikidiikaah/nikidiikai (nikindddiikaah). # P-it nikidiishkadh, to start to go around with P, take up with P (companions, a gang or group).

everything in sight). Tsi’diikadh/tsi’deekai (tsi’naddiikadh). (68) tsitts’a-(ni/ni)(735-736): to go away from fire or water, to go ashore, get out of the water. Tsitts ’Aniikadh /tsitts’Aniikai (tsfts’andniikadah: tsiits’anddniikaah). SER.(O/si)(735). Tsftts’adahiikdah/tsitts adahaakai (tsitts’dndahiikadh: tsitts ’andddahiikaah). # P-it tsftts’anishkaah, to go ashore in company with P. (69) tsistt'a-(@/si)(739): to get cornered, get into a blind canyon or cul-de-sac. Tsisttaiikaah/ tsistVasiikai (tsistVPanéiikadah:tsistPandanéiikadh). SER.(O@/si). Tsist¥adahiikadh/ts/stt’adahaakai (tsistlandaniikaah: tsistt’andadahiikadh). # P-it tsist?aashkadh, to get cornered along with P. (70) w6’a-(@/si)(745): to go over the edge, out of bounds, off course or into a ditch one after

another. W6’ahiikaah/ w6’aheekai. (71) (G/yi)(795-539-570-624): to go (completive). Yiikaah/ yiikai (néiikAdh:ndanéiikadh ). SER. (G/si)(449). Dahiikadh/daheekai (ndahiikaah: nadadahiikaah). # P-aatiih yiikadh, to tackle P, take on P (asa task or undertaking). # P-iih yiikadh (dahiikaah), to get into P, enter P, board P (as a plane, bus)(one after another). # P-itp-iih yishkaah, to get into p in company with P, board p with P.

# P-iih néiikaadh, to get back in, re-board P. # P-iih nahiikadh, to get back into P, re-board P, one after another. # T’da ’atkéé’ P-iih nahiikadh, to follow one another back into P. # P-t’ddh yiikadh,

#

#

n’dii-(@/O)(674): to break loose and escape or get away (tethered animals, chained prisoners).

(64)

(65 —

N’diikaah/n’diikai (nina’diikadh:ninda’diikadh). SER .(@/@)(537). Ndahi’diikaadh/ndahi’diikai (nindddahi’diikaah). n’dii-(O/O)(616): a Night Chant ceremony (TH'é6’jf, Y6’ii Bicheii) starts. N’diikadh/n’diikai (ninda’diikaah). (Cf. na’akai: C[l]2.) tadi-(@/yi)(698-699): to wander about, go around here and there, go about from place to place. Tadiikadh/tadiikai (tandddiikadh). # P-it tadishkadh, to wander around in company with P.

(66)

(67

~~

tdo-(= ta-yi-)(@/si)(702): to scatter or disperse in groups (as people leaving a meeting or show). Taookddh/taisiikai (tandookadh:tandanaookaah). tsi’di-(@/si)(734): to get drunk, start to zig-zag, go wild (shopping or eating - wanting

# # # #

#

to move in close to P, take up residence with (in the midst of) P. ’E6’ biih (~ ’66h) yiikddh (dahiikadh), to get into one’s clothing, dress (one after another). ’E6’ biih (~ 66h) néiikddh (nddahiikddh), to get back into one’s clothing, dress (one after another). Kjjh yiikaah, to go into town, go to market. P-itkjjh yishkaah, to go into town with P, go to market with P. Nii’oh yiikaadh (dahiikaah), to go away out of view (one after another). Sih yiikadh (dahiikaah), to come (one after another) seeking refuge. Tattddh yiikaadh (dahiikadh ), to go to the bottom of the water - to the ocean floor (one after another), sink to the bottom.

# Taah yiikadh (dahiikadh), to getinto the water (one after another). # P-it taah yishkaah, to get into the water with P (72) yisda-(O/yi)(771-774):

to escape from danger, reach safety or shelter. Yisdéiikadh/yisdéiikai

KAI

KAI

(yisdanéiikadh: yisdanddanéiikadh). SER.(@/si) (770). Yisdadahiikadh/yisdadahaakai (yisdandahiikadh:yisdandddahiikaah). # P-it yisdashkdadh,

# Ka neiikai, to be sickly, chronically ill, invalids. # Tayi’ neiikai, to go wading, to wade around in the water. # Tayi’ P-it naashkai, to go wading in company with P. # Tayi’ P-it nisiskai, to have gone wading in company with P. # T’dd bita’dg66 neiikai, to be homeless, orphans, outcasts. # Yiniit neiikai, to be worried, “blue,” in mourning. na’a-(O/si)(548): a Night Chant (Tt’ééjf, Yé’ii Bicheii) ceremony is going on. Na’akai/ na’askai (nindda’dkai). (Cf. n’diikai: a Night Chant starts: A[I]64 above.)

to escape in company with

2. (73) yii-(@/@) (with prepounded P-fyah, underneath P supporting): to shoulder P, carry P on one’s shoulder (a heavy burden). Biyah yiikaah/biyah yiikai.

Il. £-(tt): (2) (1)

P-f-(ni/ni)(242): to overtake P, catch up with P (while walking). Biniilkaah/biniilkai (binaniilkadh:béndaniilkaah). (2) nina-O-dii-(@/@)(644): to put O back on (their) feet, help O get back up (as children who have fallen). Nindbidiishkaah/ninabidiitkai. (Causative-transitive corresponding to ndiikadh: #57 above.)

# P-k’i na’akai,

(3)

(4)

C. CONTINUATIVE-DIVERSATIVE I. D-(ti): (1)

(5)

na-(@/si)(597-623-624):

to walk about, go about,

wander about, live, reside, come

P-na-(@/si)(232):

from (a

to be in charge of P. Bineiikai/

binisiikai. P-ta-(~ P-taa-)(@/si)(247): to go among P, to go to see P. Bitaiikai/bitaasiikai (bitaanéiikai: bitaanadnéiikai). # P-it p-taashkai, to go among p in company with P, accompany P among p. ntsi-(ni/ni)(680): to be(come) emotionally disturbed, distraught. Ntsiikai/ntsiniikai.

locality), be (in a locality), make a round trip (in the Perf.). Neiikai/nisiikai (nindanéiikai).

# ’Adaa neiikai, to masturbate (females). baa neiikai, to go to war, be involved in a war. # P-aa neiikai, to do P, be busy with P (a task), to have or hold P (a ceremony, prayer meeting). # P-ch’ddh neiikai, to protect P, shield P from harm. # P-it naashkai, to go around in company with

P is having a Night Chant, a

Night Chant is being held over P (the patient). nahodi-(@-Imp.)(541): to forage, scrounge, scavenge for food. Nahodiikai. (di-thematic: aid.) ’ak’indi-(@/si)(83): to be self-supporting, to be on one’s own (3+ S). ’Ak’indiikai/’ak’indeekai (‘ak’inindddiikai). ’atk’ina-(@/si)(92): to trample one another, walk all over one another, be crowded. ’Atk’ineiikai/ ’atk’inisiikai .

# Baa’

(8)

# P-a ntsiikai,

to have misgivings about P, be

apprehensive about P, worried over P. # P-k’ee ntsiikai, to be “fed up” with P, “sick of” (doing) P (as hauling water every day).

P, to be P’s companion.

# P-ittsi’ neiikai, to waste or neglect P, let P fall into disrepair, place a low value on P (house, property, religion, institution of government). # P-ts’aa neiikai, to avoid P, elude P, stay out of P’s way. # Ch’aa neiikai, to go visiting or traveling, to be or go on a trip or tour. # P-it ch’aa naashkai, to go visiting or traveling in company with P. # -déé’ neiikai, to be from -- (a designated location.) (E.g. T6 Naneesdizidéé’ neiikai, we’re from Tuba City.) # -di naakai (ndaakai), they (d.p.) are in --(a designated place. E.g. T6 Naneesdizidi naakai, they’re in Tuba City.) # -g66 nisiikai, to have made a round trip to (a designated place). # -g66 P-it nisiskai, to have accompanied P on a round trip to --(a designated place).

I. t-(tt): na-O-ii-(= na-O-hi-)(@/yi)(525): to walk O around (as small children, drunks).

(2)

(3)

Nabiishkai/nabiyétkai (ninadabiishkai). na-P-{-(@/si)(525): to destroy P, annihilate or wipe out P (lit. to trample about on P)(as enemies, rodents). Nabfilkai/nabfsiilkai (nabinéiilkai:nabinadnéiilkai). na-P-k’{-(@/si)(523): to go prospecting for P, seek P, inspect P (as minerals, oil, land).

Nabik ’filkai/nabik {siilkai. # P-it nabik’isétkai, to have gone prospecting for itin company with P.

291

KAI

KAI

Il. L-(ti):

+

#

(1) na’ahodii-(= na’ahodihi-)(@/si)(548): to loiter

around, tarry on the way. Na’dhodiyiilkai/ na’ahodiyeelkai (nindda’ahodiyiilkai). (Cf. G[ll]1.) # P-it na’ahodiishkai, to loiter around, hang around, (in company) with P.

# #

#

P-aa yiikah, to be active at P (as at drinking, smoking, eating). P-ika yiikah, to be going along after P (to get it). P-ittsi’ yiikah, to be wasting P, neglecting or squandering P (one’s resources). P-ityishkah, to be going along in company with P. P-kéé’ yiikah, yo be following along behind P

D.

REPETITIVE

# P-ee dah yiikah,

Seriative

we have an association concerned with Re # Génaa yiikah, to be going across (as across a field). # Génaa P-ityishkah, to be going across with IP. # Naas yiikah, to be getting ahead, making progress.

I. £-(tt): (1)

ndani-(@/si)(563): to shoota series of arrows or stick a series of spears into O. Nanishkah/ nanétkai.

# Sih bika yiikah,

Il. L-(tr):

(2) (1)

na’Adini-(@/si)(545): to stick a series of thorns or pins into oneself. Na’adinishkah/ na’ddinéshkai

(3) E.

SEMELFACTIVE

|. £-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(800): to shoot O with an arrow, putan arrow into O, spear O, stick a pin, needle or other pointed object into O. Yiishkah/sétkah

(naayiishkah). # Tsah bee yiishkah,

P, to accompany

to stick O with a needle.

’Adii-(@/si)(31): to shoot an arrow into oneself, to stick a sharp object into oneself. ’Adiishkah/ ’Adishishkah (~ ’Adéshkah) (‘Andddiishkah).

(5) F.

CONATIVE

|. D-(ti): (1)

’atk’i-(@): S (3+) huddle together (lit. try to get onto one another). ’Atk’fikah (we)(’atk’ékah, they).

G.

(6)

CURSIVE

1. D-(ti):

(1)

to be looking for a place of

refuge - a safe haven. ’atna-(yi)(98): to alternate, take turns. ’Atnadhiikah. # P-it ’atnddheeshkah, to alternate with P, take turns with P (1 S + 2+ companions). P-na-(yi)(232): to go around P (as satellites around a planet, people or animals around a hill), to walk around P, to stay close to P (as in tending a sick person). Binéiikah (binindanéiikah). # P-it p-nddshkah, to go around p along with P around p.

(4) def-(= dayi-)(ni-Ilmp./Prog.)(308): to be going along, walking along (d.p. S - moving ina scattered group). Deinfikaah (ndefniikaah: naadeinfikaah ). # P-itdefnishkaah, to be walking along in

I]. L-(tr): (1)

we are united or organized,

(yi)(784-795): to be walking along, going along (3+ Sin a compact group). Yiikah (néiikah: naanéiikah). (Cf. defnfikadh: #4 below.)

(7)

292

company with P (sgl S + pl companions). # P-ee dah deinfikadh, to make one’s living by means of P (as livestock, job work). # Ndds deiniikaadh, to advance, move forward, progress. di-(yi)(311-341)(with prepounded yah): to be

going along on a borrowing mission. Yah diikah. # P-it yah deeshkah, to be going along in company with P on a borrowing mission. (di-thematic: aid.) ha-(yi)(398-433): to be going along on the way after (something - to get it - as firewood, groceries). Hdiikah (moving in a compact group)/hadeinfikaah (d.p.S, moving ina scattered group where each S is considered individually). # P-it hddshkah/hadeinishkaah, to be going along after (something) in company with hi-(yi)(448):

to shuffle along, step along. (nahiikah:nadhiikah).

Hiikah

KA

KAI (6)

# Hazhd66’d6go naas hiikah, to advance slowly, stealthily. # Naas hiikah, to advance, step forward. # Sih hiikah, to go along seeking refuge. # T’dajigo hiikah, to be walking along backwards. (8) na-(yi)(596-623): to be returning, to be walking along back. Néiikah/ndeinfikadh (nindanéiikah). (Reversionary corresponding to G[l]1: yiikah.) # P-itnddshkah, to be coming or going back in company with P, to be accompaning P back, returning with P. (9) ndahi-(yi)(539): to be turning around and around. Nahiikah/ndahiinfikadh. (10) ndni-(yi)(566): to be returning exhausted (as from an all night dance), to be going along back barely able to walk (as wounded soldiers, invalids). Naniikah (ninddaniikah).(ni-thematic:terminal?) # P-it ndneeshkah, to be returning in company with P, barely able to walk. (11) naanad-(yi)(589): to be walking or going about all over, to and fro. Naanéiikah/naandeinfikaah). # P-itnaandashkah, to be going around all over in company with P. (12) ni-(yi)(566-678): to be going along barely able to walk, to be struggling along (as people suffering from fatigue or exhaustion, wounded soldiers, invalids). Niikah (ndniikah). (nithematic:terminal?) # P-itneeshkah, to be struggling along in company with P.

(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

(14) (15)

(16)

-KAI

land, country),

(1)

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

Mexico.

# Naakaii Bito’ -to’ < t6, water, spring), Mexican Spring, New Mexico. # Naakaii Ch’ah (ch’ah, hat), Mexican Hat, Utah. # Naakaiitbdhi(+tbda, gray + -i, the one), Spaniard (lit. gray Mexican).

‘ahodiyi-(= ’ahodihi-)(yi)(71): to be dilly-dallying along, going along lackadaisically. ’Ahodiyiilkah (na’Ahodiyiilkah:nda’dhodiyiilkah). (Cf. C[Ill]}1.) # P-it ’Ahodiyeeshkah, to be dilly-dallying along in company with P.

H. NOUN

(Derivation uncertain) Stem for the noun Naakaii, Mexican. (Cf. naakai, they go about; naakaii [< naakai + -ii, the ones), the ones who go about.) # Naakaii Bikéyah (-kéyah,

compound

Il. L-(ti): (1)

Naakaii, Mexican (those thatgo about?). Naakaii Bikéyah, Mexico (the Mexican’s country). Naakaiitahdi, in Mexico (among the Mexicans). Naakaiik’ehji, in Spanish (language). Naakaiitbahf, Spaniard (gray Mexican). Naakaii tizhinii, Black, negro (black Mexican). Naakaii bitédithit, tequila (Mexican’s liquor). Naakaii Bito’, Mexican Spring, New Mexico (Mexican’s spring or water). Naakaii Ch’ah, Mexican Hat, Utah. Naakaiit6, Mexican Water, Arizona. sildo ’atiin yaah ndadikahigff, highway patrol, traffic police (the ones who go to and fro along the highway). sildog66 ndaaskaii, veterans (those who went to the armed forces and came back). tsinaa’eet tattt’dahdi ndaakaaigif, submarine (ships that go around at the bottom of the water). yah ’andajikah/, toilet, latrine, privy, outhouse (the one into which people repeatedly go out of sight).

# Naakaiitahdi (-tah-,

among

+ -di, at), in

Mexico, among the Mexicans. # Naakaiité (-t6, water, spring), Mexican Water, Arizona.

DERIVATIVES

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning uncertain. May be related to KAI: shoot with an arrow, in the sense that

’aah hadaaz’a yiniiyé ndaakaii, bill collectors (the ones who go about for the purpose of debts). Bdada’élta’f Yee Dah Yikahigif, Teachers’ Association. ch’aa ndaakaajgff, tourists, travelers (those that go visiting). diné t’66 tadadikahigif, tourists, travelers, vagabonds (the people who merely wander around), na’akai, Night Chant (Tt’éé’jf) (unspecified S go about).

a shot is missed. Occurs, with nithematic and L-classifier, as the

theme in a single verb base with the meaning “fail.” |. ni-L-(tt): (1)

293

dini-(si-Perf.)(322): to fail at O, fail to obtain the desired result. Dinéshkaf.

KA

KATH A.

Noun stem (with ’a- or yi-thematic): ‘akath ~ yikdfh,

KATH

# 'akdth ~ yikath, dawn,

yini-@-(tt):

# 'akd(sdahf{~ yika(sdahf (-sda< -sidd-[7], he sits + hf, the one), The Milky

(1) yini-(“ woo-)(@/si)(767); to hire O, retain O fora fee to perform a service (as a doctor, medicine man, lawyer), Yinishkaah or wooshkaah/ yisékan.

Way,

# yikafhdad’ (-déd’, pasttime),

MOMENTANEOUS

dawn.

at dawn,

yini-t-(tt): NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning

uncertain. Possibly related to KAAL. KALI

(1) P-[-'00-(= P-[-'a-yini-)(O-Imp.)(269): to offer P for

Occurs, with ni-thematic and t-classi-

sale, advertise P for sale (lit. implore someone

fier in a Neuter Imperfective base, where it represents emphatic agreemont with a statement made by

into contact with P), Bé’ooshkaah (b(nd4’ooshkaah),

another speaker.

na-yini-D -(tt):

I. nf-te-(ti): nao-(@/si)(567): (1)

‘Akénf-(@-Imp.)(78):; sure is, etc,

to implore, beseech, beg O.

Ndoshkaah/ néisiskan,

| sure am, you sure are, he

na'oo-(@/si)(560); to beg, plead (for something unspecified), Ndé’ooshkaah/na'iisiskan,

(E.g. Dif’ashkii ’aydo bit hédyéé’,

this boy is awfully lazy. ‘Eli ga’ ’Akdénftkatf, he sure isl. T'Ad blyé njééhkatla, you're a bit deaf, 'Eli ga’ 'Akénishkat, | sure am!)

B, NOUN Noun stem (with thematized ’a-): ‘akat (-o'kal), leather. (Combining form -kat.)

“KAL

# ‘akat 'aghddat, leather rattle. #

‘akat bistlee’li (bisttee’,

his

stockings or leggings. V. yistt6), cowboy (lit. the one with leather leggings - i.e, the one who wears “chaparojos [chaps],”)

(3)

# 'akati (-ll, the one), cowboy (lit. the one who is distinguished by loather [chaparejos].) # kékat (ké-,

foot),

shoe sole, sole leather,

DERIVATIVES

’6’oolkaah, advertisement (something is offered for sale), ‘6'oolkaah bee dah na'azta, billboard (flat stiff things stand about offering things for sale). ‘Atiing66 '6’oolkaah bee dah na’azta, roadside billboards, ‘6'oolkaah bee dah na'‘astsooz, advertisoment pinned to a bulletin board (flat flexible things are put up atan elevation advertising things for sale). ‘ookaahiil (Ib. jish haaghali), sponsor of a ceremony (usually a close relative of the patient, who initiates the ceremony and assumes responsibility for payment of fees, The sponsor

cowhide used for moccasin soles.

carries out necessary negotiations with the medicine man.)

(PA *KanY [] [with *u-directive: implore.])

KAN Stem

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning “implore, beseech.” Occurs: (1) with yini-directive and ©-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “retain for a service fee, hire;" (2) with yini-directive and t-classifier in a base meaning “offer for sale, advertise (i.e. cause to be sought) ;" and (3) with na-thematic + yini-directive and D-classifier in bases meaning “implore, beseech,

-KAZ

noun:

stem, stalk, cane,

# da’Akaz (da- < -dad’, food, corn + [a]kaz, stalk), cornstalk, cane.

# -t'dkaz (-t'A-PA

*Kat’ [@]: be

spread out, fall scattered, collapse

a

KAAD

causative];

[f-

[O]: slap, clap. Succes-

sive *Kat’ > *Kat’ [1]: patch, sew.)

couple of days ago. # Tda’ yiskanidda’, three days ago.

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning

appears to be “flatness, expansiveness’” - an abstract

I]. NOUN (1)

(2) (3)

(4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)

(9)

DERIVATIVES

‘abe’ yistinf bee naakaahigff, ice cream cone (that with which ice cream is carried around). ’anda’dkddh géne’, oven (something in an open container is repeatedly placed inside). ’Asaa’ t6 bee naakdhf, bucket, pail (the potin which water is carried about.) ’Asaa’ ts’iilzéf biih dahakaahigff, garbage can, trash container (the pot into which trash is put time after time). ’Ashjjh tikan bee naakahf, sugar bowl (the one with which sugar is carried about). ’azee’ hdékanii ~ ’azee‘ hdkaniitsoh, slender goosegrass, slender five fingers, slender cinquefoil, cirsium (Potentilla gracilis) or plumed thistle, yellow spined thistle (Ochocentrus) (medicine plant whose stems rise in tiers), bee hahwiikaahf, scraper (that with which the scooping out of an area is done). bee ’ana’akdhi, baking pan (the one with which something is repeatedly put away out of sight). bee ha’iikaahf, ladle (that with which something

concept that serves as the foundation for a wide range of seemingly disparate Semantic Themes, including: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in bases meaning “slap, clap, pat (with the open hand) ,”, “sway, flap, move through the air (liquid, the contents of an open container, a mass that falls scattered - as seeds, marbles, pebbles) ,” and with ni-thematic in bases meaning “sway, collapse, fallin a heap, topple over

(something that scatters upon landing on a surface, as a masonry wall, a felled tree);” (2) with L-causative in transitive bases wherein an agent causes the spreading, scattering movement of liquid or a mass of objects (by dropping or tossing them), and with ni-thematic in bases in which an agent causes the object to topple and fragment into scattered pieces (as a stack of dishes or a brick wall), or in which the agent causes a mass of plural objects to move spreading and scattered over a surface (as a herd of sheep that is driven or herded); and (3)ina variety of Imperfective and Perfective Neuter bases describing flatness of form or a state of rest on the part of a flat, expansive subject or object. A cognate stem with the meaning “sew” is separately listed under KAD, to prevent confusion. a stack of dishes,

is scooped out in a succession of scoops). (10) bee ’iih na’akahf, funnel (that with which something is repeatedly poured into

something). (11) bee na’akdhf, serving tray (that with which something is carried around - i.e. the open container with which things are carried about). (12) bi’dizhchinéejj’ ’anayfftka, (his, her) birthday (dawns have regressed back to the time of [his, her] birth). (Shi’dizhchinéejj’ ’anayiftkd, my birthday. T’ddtsoh ndizidigff tseebiits’dadahgd6 yootkdatgo shi’dizhchingejj’ ’aninéflkadh, my birthday, falls on the 18th of May - lit. on May 18th dawns customarily regress to the time of my birth.) (13) bii’ nd’&kdhf, oven (that into which something in an open container is repeatedly put). (14) chidf bitoo’ ’iih nayiikaahf, gasoline station attendant (the one who puts successive quantities of gasoline in). (15) ch’ah dah ’azkdn/, sombrero, large hat.

IMPs

US Hiieete EAereene

kaad_

ka’

kaad

-

kat

kaad

ka’

ka’

kaad

-

kat

ka’

kad

ka’

kaad

-

kat

kad

E.SEM.

kad

ka’

kad

-

kat

kad

F.CONCL. G.CURS.

kad

ka’ -

kad -

kat -

kad -

H.NEUT.

kad

-

kaad

A.MOM. Trans.

et © Gamat

emer

B.CONT. CREP:

(1) DIRE:

(2) kat/ kaad

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(ti/tt): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(478): S falls away out of sight. ‘likaad/’ifkaad (’andkaad:’anddndkaad).

KAAD

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

KAAD

’iikaad,

# P-ndghahdéé’ p-it dzidishkaad,

S falls down

from a height (as a stack of dishes from

(12

(2)

(3) (4)

(5)

’likaad, S falls into an enclosure or hole.

‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(O/yi)(377):

S falls down from a height (a glass of water, stack of dishes from a tabletop). "Adaakaad/’adddkaad (adanakaad:’adanddndkaad). SER.(Q/si)(374). ’‘Adahakaad/’adahaazkaad (’adandhdkaad: ’adanddahadkaad). ‘adi’nii-(@/O): to start to play cards. ’Adi’niishkaad/ ’adi’niikaad. (Cf. C[l}1.) ‘ahani-P-fzh-(ni/ni)(39): to throw P together hurriedly, “slap” O together, toss O together (as one’s clothing in a suitcase). ’Ahanibizhnishkaad/’ahanibiznikaad (’ahanindabizhnishkaad:’ahaninaabizhnishkaad). aji-(O/yi)(75): to let fly a slap, to slap. ’Ajishkaad/’adziikaad (’anddajishkaad). SER.(@/si) (75):

to let fly a series of slaps, to spank,

whack. ’Ajiishkaad/’adziyékaad (‘anddjiishkaad). # P-ndghah ’ajishkaad, to give P a slap on the back. # P-ndghah ’ajiishkaad, to slap P on the back (3+ times). # P-tt’aa’ ’ajishkaad, to give P a whack on the rump. # P-taa’ ’ajiishkaad, to give P a spanking (3+ whacks on the rump).

# P-jaat’ah ’ajishkaad, to box P’s ears, give P a whack on the ear. P-ghd-(ni/ni)(189): to break through (as ice ona pond, under a person’s weight). Bighadkaad/ bighdnikaad (bighdndkaad:bighandandkaad). # P-it bighdkaad, S breaks through with P (as with a person). P-{-(@/yi)(151): S becomes chipped (as enamelware). Békaad/béékaad (bindkaad: binddndkaad) (Cf.béshkaad, to chip O: A[IV]3.) P-za-(@/yi)(262): S falls into P’s mouth. Bizaakaad/bizadkaad (bizanddndkaad). ch’i-(ni/ni)(274): S (as a dish of food) comes flying horizontally out (as out a window). Ch’ékaad/ch’infkkaad (ch’indkaad:ch’indanakaad). SER.(@/si)(275). Ch’éhékaad/ch’heezkaad (ch’indahdkaad:ch indddahdkaad), (10)

di-(@/si)(317-335): S starts to move along through the air (as a quantity of liquid from a

basin).

Dikaad/deezkaad

(ndddikaad).

Dishkaad/dékaad, to play O (a particular card transitive). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dikaad, S starts to fall downward (as a quantity of liquid).

# ’Aas dékaad, (11) dzidi-(@/si)(354):

into space).

| played the ace. to let fly a slap (lit. to slap out

Dzidishkaad/dzidékaad

(dzind4-

~~

w6’ddkaad (w6’andkaad:w6’anddndkaad). SER.(@/si). W6’ahakaad/w6’ahaazkaad (w6’andhdkaad:w6’anddahdkaad).

dishkaad). # P-it dzidishkaad,

Pa

dzidza-(@/yi)(357): S falls into the fire (as the contents of a cooking pot). Dzfdzaakaad/ dzidzaakaad (dzidzandkaad:dzidzanddanakaad). SER.(@/si)(356): S (as the contents of 3+ kettles) fall into the fire one after another. Dzidzahakaad/dzidzahaazkaad (dzidzanahakaad:dzidzandahdkaad). (13 wa ha-(@/yi)(399): S gets chipped (as the surface of a cup that falls). Hakaad/hddkaad (nddahakaad). (14 ete ha-(@/yi) (426): S falls out, drops (the contents of a dish, a mass of objects from one’s hand). Haakaad/hadkaad (handkaad:handdandkaad). # P-flak’ee haakaad, S fall(s) out of P’s hand (as seeds, marbles), P drops S (unintentionally). # P-ii’déé’ haakaad, S fall out of P (a container). (15) na-(O/yi)(594): S fall(s) downward (a quantity of liquid, a mass of plural objects). Naakaad/nddkaad (nindkaad:ninddndkaad). SER.(@/si)(526). Nahakaad/nahaazkaad (nindhakaad:nindahdkaad). # P-k’i naakaad, S falls off of P. # P-k’ijj’ naakaad, S falls down onto P. # Ni’jj’ naakaad, S falls on the ground or floor. (16 eee) naha-(@/yi)(526): “things,” impersonal it, fall(s) downward. Nahakaad/nahddkaad (nindahdkaad). In: # P-aah nahakaad, P is disappointed, dismayed, chagrined (lit. “things” fall down alongside P),. (17 ~~ naa’a-(O/yi)(579): S tips over, falls over, topples over (as a glass of water, stack of dishes). Naa’iikaad/naa’iikaad (naa’andkaad: naa’andandakaad), (18 wa naa’a-P-idzi-(@/yi)(577): to slap P down, knock P over with a slap (lit. to slap away into space over against P). Naa’abjijishkaad/ naa’ab/dziikaad. (19 wa naani-(ni/ni)(590): S tips over sideways (as a container and its contents). Naaniikaad/ naaninikaad (naanindkaad:naaninddndkaad). (20 — ndii-(9/O)(618): to give O a slap, slap O (one time). (A type of Semelfactive based on the Momentaneous stem set.) Ndiishkaad/ ndifkaad (nindddiishkaad). (21) n’dii-(O/O)(676): S breaks loose and falls away (as a bucket of water hung up ona nail). N’diikaad/n’diikaad (ninda’diikaad). SER.(@/@)(537). Nahi’diikaad/ nahi’diikaad (ninadhi’diikaad). (22) w6’a-(G/yi)(745): S falls off an edge (as a dish of food from an overloaded tray). W6’aakaad/

a table). # Yah

to give

slap on the back.

to give P a slap.

(23) yaa-P-fjii-(O/O(752): to slap P up into the air (with the open hand, as a toy balloon).

302

KAAD

KAAD

# Y66’ ‘iishkaad, to throw O away, get rid of O, lose O.

Y aabfjiishkaad/yaabidziikaad (yaninadabjjiishkaad). (lit. to slap away into space time after time against P.) (24) (G/yi)(760): S falls (completive). Yikaad/yikaad (naékaad:ndaandkaad). SER.(@/si)(444). Hikaad/heezkaad (nadhdkaad:nddhdkaad). # P-iih yikaad, S fall(s) into P (as a container and its contents into a hat, marbles into a box). # teeh yikaad, S falls into the dirt or ashes. # Taah yikaad, S fall(s) into the water. (25) yini-(O/-lmp.)(767): to slap at O (multiple slaps). Yinfshkaad. (26) yinfi-(O/O)(769): to take a slap at O. Yinfishkaad/ yinfikaad.

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(380): to toss or drop O down from a height. 'Adaashkaad/’adaalkaad (‘adandashkaad:’adanadanashkaad).

SER.(@/si)(375). 'Ahishkaad/'ahétkaad (‘adanahashkaad:'’adanadhashkaad). P-(-(@/yi)(173): to chip P (as enamelware),. Béshkaad /béétkaad (b{(nddnashkaad). (Cf. békaad, S becomes chipped: A[I]7 above.) P-k’f-(O/si)(200): to splash or toss O (as water) on P. Bik’éshkaad/bik 'isétkaad (bik'inadandshkaad). SER. (@/si). Bik’éhéshkaad/bik 'ihétkaad (bik'fnddhdashkaad). P-k’ii-(@/O@)(210): to cover P with O (as a child with a blanket), drop O onto P. Bik’iishkaad/ bik'iikaad (bik'inéishkaad:bik ‘inddanéishkaad), P-'ai-(@/O)(211): to toss O over P (where O remains in place - as a long rope, full of loops, or a blanket, over a limb). Bi’aishkaad/ bi’aitkaad (bi’anéishkaad: bi’anddanéishkaad), P-za-(@/yi)(380 - like ’'adaashkaad): to toss or drop O into P’s mouth (as a glass of water, a handful of sugar cubes). Bizaashkaad/bizaatkaad (bizandandshkaad). SER.(O/si)(260). Bizahashkaad/bizahatkaad (bizanaahashkaad). ch’i-(ni/ni)(293): to toss O out horizontally (as a glass of water or a handful of gravel outa door). Ch'infshkaad/ ch’inftkaad (ch'inanishkaad:ch'(ndanishkaad). SER. (@/si)(275). Ch’éhéshkaad/ch'ihétkaad (ch’fnahashkaad:ch'inaahdashkaadg). ch'{-(@/yi)(279): to toss O out horizontally

Il. D-(tt/tr): (1)

’ahiin{-(= ’ahi-yini-)(O-Ilmp.)(68):

to have a

slapping match, slap repeatedly at each other.

’Ahiinfikaad.

(Cf. yinishkaad: A[I]25 above.)

# P-it ’ahfinishkaad,

to have a slapping match

with P.

Ill. ni-B-(ti): (1) (2)

(3)

‘ani-(@/yi)(121): S falls overin a heap, collapses (a brick wall, an old shed). ’Anikaad/’aniikaad (andanikaad) naa’ani-(@/yi)(578): S falls or topples over (and fragments - as a brick wall, a felled tree). Naa’anikaad/naa’anfikaad (naa’andanikaad). yanii-(0/O)(751): S tips over (spilling its contents, as a bucket of water, a dish of food). Yaniikaad/yaniikaad (yanddniikaad).

(completive).

IV. £-(tt): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(482): to toss or drop O away out of sight (as grain, liquid, pebbles). ‘lishkaad/’fftkaad (‘andshkaad:’andaanashkaad). SER.(O/si)(64): to toss O away one quantity or container full after another. ’Ahishkaad/’ahétkaad (andahashkaad:’andaahashkaad). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishkaad, to toss O down from a height (as a glass of water or a handful of pebbles from a rooftop). # P-a ’ahishkaad, to feed P (as chickens - lit. to toss or scatter O [as grain] for P). # P-yaa ’iishkaad, to toss O in under P. # Nahjj’ ’iishkaad, to toss O aside (asa

handful of grain). # Ni'jj’ ‘iishkaad,

to toss O down on the

ground or floor (as eggs). # Tsé’naa ’iishkaad, to toss O across (as dirt across a road with a shovel) # Yah ’iishkaad,

Ch’éshkaad/ch'éétkaad

(ch'inadshkaad:ch indandashkaad), # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch'’éshkaad, to toss O over the edge (as over a cliff). (10) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to toss O into the fire (as a glass of water), Dzidzaashkaad/dzidzaatkaad (dzidzanashkaad:dzidzanaanashkaad), SER. (O/si)(356). Dzidzahashkaad/dzidzahatkaad (dzidzanahashkaad:dzidzanaahashkaad), (11) ha-(@/yi)(430): to dip or scoop O up out (tossing O into the air - as water, sand). Haashkaad/ hddtkaad (handshkaad:hanadanashkaad), SER.(@/si)(392): to shovel, scoop O out, one quantity or shovelful after another - as dirt from a truck bed), Hahashkaad/hahatkaad (hanahashkaad:handahashkaadg). (12) na-(@/yi)(597): to drop O, Knock O off (as an open container and its contents from a tabletop). Naashkaad /naéatkaad (ninashkaad: nindandshkaad), SER.(Q@/si) (529). Nahashkaad/nahatkaad (nindhdshkaad:ninaahashkaad). # P-ch’'j’ naashkaad, to toss or drop O down eee

# P-k’ijj’ naashkaad, onP. # P-yi'jj’ naashkaad, into P.

to toss or drop O into an

enclosure (as into a hole or into a room).

303

to toss or drop P down to toss or drop O down

KAAD

KAAD

# Ni’jj’ naashkaad, to toss or drop O down on the ground or floor. (13) naa’a-(@/yi)(580): to knock or topple O over (a shed, brick wall, stack of dishes). Naa’iishkaad/naa’fftkaad (naa’andshkaad:naa’andandashkaad). (14) (ni/ni)(659): to toss O (to a goal or destination). Nishkaad/nftkaad (ndanishkaad:ndanfshkaad), # P-jddtah nishkaad,

VI. ni-t-(tt):

(1)

to trip P with O, toss O

between P’s legs (entangling them as in (15)

the loops of a rope). ni-(ni/ni)(650): to spread or toss O down (as a

blanket, onto the ground). Ninishkaad/ ninftkaad (ninanfshkaad:ninddnishkaad). SER.(@/si)(621). Neheshkaad /nihétkaad (ninahashkaad:ninddhdashkaad). # Ni’gd66 (or ni’gi) ninishkaad, to spread O on the ground or floor (as a blanket). # P-ityaa ninishkaad, to drop or toss O down so that it spreads over P (as a blanket or cradle cover over a baby). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishkaad, to toss O across, spread O across.

(16)

nikihi-(@/si)(631): to spread (successive quantities of) O over a surface (as manure, seeds, water). Nikeheshkaad/nikihétkaad (nikinddhashkaad). nikii(@/O)(637): to scatter, strew, sprinkle O onto

a surface (as handbills from a plane, grain for chickens, water on a floor to hold down the dust). Nikiishkaad/ nikiitkaad (nikindanéishkaad). yaa-(= ya-yi-)(@/@)(755): to toss O into the air (as water from a wash

Yaashkaad/yaatkaad (G/yi)(784):

basin, grain from a can).

(yanddndashkaad).

(7)

to toss or drop O (matter contained

in an open contianer, including one’s hand)

(completive). Yishkaad/yftkaad. # P-iih yishkaad, to toss or drop O into P (as

powder into a muzzle-loading gun, or grain into a jar). # Nii’oh yishkaad, to toss O away out of view. # Taah yishkaad, to toss O into the water (a handful of pebbles).

V. L-(tr):

‘adani-(~ bidani-/hadani-)(@/yi)(377):

to drive or herd O down from a height (as a herd of sheep down from the mountains). “Adanishkaad/ ‘adaniftkaad (’adandnishkaad:’adandanish-

kaad). ’adini-(si-Perf.)(19): to be going to go out herding, be on the way driving a (unspecified) herd. ’Adinétkaad (n’dinétkaad: naa’dinétkaad). ‘adinfi-(@/@)(330)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off with a herd (lit. to start off driving unspecified O). Dah ’adinfishkaad/dah ‘adinfitkaad (dah ndfnfishkaad:dah ndddi’nfishkaad). ‘ahani-(ni/ni)(40): to drive O together, concentrate O, round O up (sheep, cattle - by driving them together in one place). ’Ahaninishkaad/ ‘ahaninftkaad (’ahaninanishkaad:’ahaninaanishkaad). atnaa-(@/yi)(99): to herd O to a location and back (as sheep from the corral to the waterhole and back to the corral). ’Aindanishkaad/ ‘ainddniftkaad (’atnadninddnishkaad). # -g66 ’atnddnishka’ (Usit.), to customarily drive O (as sheep) to -- (a designated location) and back (as to water). ’atnaa’(a)-(O/yi)(99): to herd to a location and back, drive (unspecified O) to a location and back (as sheep, from the corral to the waterhole and back to the corral). ’Ainda’nishkaad/ ‘ainda’niftkaad (’atndninda’nishkaad). # -g66 ’atndaa’nishka’ (Usit.), to customarily drive a herd to a location and back. ‘ani-(@/yi)(118): to bring O tumbling down (as a brick wall), to raze O (an old building, by toppling it). “Anishkaad/’aniftkaad (’andnishkaad:’andanishkaad). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’anishkaad, to herd O down from a height (as sheep froma mountainside). # Nahg66 (~ nahjj’) ’anishkaad, to drive O aside, out of the way (as a herd of sheep). # Yah ’anishkaad, to drive O into an enclosure (as sheep into a corral).

# Y66’ ’anishkaad, ’Ak’i-(@/si)(81):

to splash O (mud, water) on

oneself. 'Ak’éshkaad/'dk’fsiskaad (’Ak’(nddnashkaad). SER. (@/si). ’Ak’éhéshkaad/ ‘ak’éhéshkaad "Aza-(@/yi)(141):

(8)

(’Ak’fnddhdshkaad). to toss O into one’s own mouth

(as a handful of small candies). "Azaashkaad/ ‘A€zaashkaad (’dzanddndshkaad). SER.(@/si)

(139). ’Azahashkaad/ '4zahdshkaad (‘Azanddhashkaad).

304

to drive O away and get rid

of them. ‘ani-(O/yi)(659 - nishkaad): to drive O (unspecified herd) (completive). ’Anishkaad/ ‘aniitkaad (na’nishkaad: nda’niitkaad). # P-iih ’anishkaad, to drive an (unspecified) herd into P (as into a truck, into mud. # Kjjh ’anishkaad, to drive a (unspecified) herd to market. # Nii’oh ’anishkaad, to conceal a herd (by driving it out of view). # Taah ’anishkaad, to drive a (unspecified) herd to water.

(9)

KAAD

KAAD

P-dini-(@/yi)(179): to cut O out, take O out (by

(22) hani-(@/yi)(413): to drive O up out (as from a pit, from mud or snow). Hanishkaad/ haniitkaad (handnishkaad:handanishkaad).

driving - as several animals out of a herd), to

drive out part of O (part of a herd).

(10)

bighdninftkaad

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

# P-ii’déé’ hanishkaad,

Bidinishkaad/bidiniftkaad (bindinishkaad:bindadinishkaad). (di-thematic: reduce, subtract.) P-ghani-(ni/ni): to drive or herd O through P (as sheep through a fence). Bighdninishkaad/

(23)

(bighdndninishkaad: bighadnaa-

# P-aah hanishkaad, to drive O up the side of P (as up a mountainside).

ninishkaad). P-ndni-(@/si)(228): to drive or herd O around P (as around a hill). Binanishkaad/bindnétkaad (binfndnishkaad:binindanishkaad). P-na’ni-(@/si)(228): to herd around P, drive a (unspecified) herd around P (as around a hill). Bina’nishkaad/bina’nétkaad (binina’nishkaad/ binfnda’nfshkaad). P-nikani-(ni/ni)(650): to drive O (a herd) through P (as through a gate). Binikaninishkaad/ binfkaninftkaad (binikandninishkaad:binkandaaninishkaad). P-nikani’-(ni/ni)(650): to herd through P, drive a (unspecified) herd through P (as through a

(24)

ha’ni-(@/si)(415): to drive or herd up (an unspecified herd of sheep up a mountainside). Ha’nishkaad/ha’nétkaad (hana’nfshkaad: £ handa’nishkaad). (25) ’i’ni-(O/yi): to herd away out of sight, drive a (unspecified) herd away out of sight.

‘l’nishkaad/i’niftkaad (’ana’nishkaad: ’anaa’nishkaad). # Yah ’i’nishkaad, to herd into an enclosure, drive a (unspecified) herd inside (as into a corral). (26) naa’ani-(@/yi)(579): to push O over, send O crashing down, topple or fell O (a tree, rock pile, tower, building, wall). Naa’anishkaad/ naa’aniftkaad (naa’anddanishkaad). SER. (@/si)(578): to push or tip O over one after another, fell O (trees) one after another). Naa’ahinishkaad/naa’ahinétkaad (naa’andhinishkaad:naa’anadhinishkaad). ni-(ni/ni)(650): to go, come, arrive driving or (27) herding O, to drive O (a herd - to a destination). Ninishkaad/ ninftkaad (ndaninishkaad: ndaninishkaad). # ’Aha ninishkaad, to drive O together, round O up (as cattle). # P-aa ninishkaad, to drive O to P (as a herd to a buyer).

gate). Binikani’nishkaad.binkkdani’niftkaad (binfkanani’nishkaad:binikandani’nishkaad).

(15) (16)

(17)

P-ts’ani-(ni/ni): to drive O (a herd) away from P. Bits’dninishkaad/bits’aninitkaad (bits’ananinishkaad :bits’andadaninishkaad). P-ts’ani’-(ni/ni): to drive a (unspecified) herd away from P. Bits’ani’nishkaad/bits’ani’nitkaad (bits’andani’nishkaad:bits’anaani’nish-

kaad). ch’fni-(ni/ni)(290): to drive or herd O out horizontally (as sheep from a corral or pasture, a gang of children from a house). Ch’ininishkaad/ch’fninitkaad (ch’indninishkaad:ch’indaninishkaad).

# P-fighahgd66 ch’fninishkaad,

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

# -g66 ninishkaad, to drive O to --(a designated destination).

to herd O past

P (as sheep pasta field). ch’ini-(@/yi): to herd or drive O out horizontally (completive). Ch’inishkaad/ch’iniitkaad (ch’inanishkaad:ch ’inddanishkaad). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’inishkaad, to drive O over the edge (as a herd of sheep over a Cliff). ch ’ini’-(ni/ni)(290): to drive a (unspecified) herd out, to herd out (as out from a corral or canyon). Ch’fni’nishkaad/ch fni’nftkaad (ch’{nina’nishkaad:ch ’ininda’nishkaad). dini-(@/si)(326): to start to drive O along, to be on the way driving O (a herd)(in the Perf.). Dinishkaad/dinétkaad (ndinishkaad:ndaadinfshkaad).

# -g66 dinétkaad,

to drive O out of P.

hani-(@/si)(415): to drive O (a herd) up (as upa mountain). Hanishkaad/hanétkaad (handnishkaad:handdnishkaad).

(28) ni-(@/yi)(659): to drive O (completive). Nishkaad/niftkaad (ndnishkaad:nadanishkaad). # P-iih nishkaad, to drive O into P (as sheep into a truck). # Kjjh nishkaad, to drive O into town, drive O to market. # Nii’oh nishkaad, to drive a herd out of sight (as to conceal it).

(29)

(30)

to be going to drive O to --(a

designated place), to be on the way driving O to (a place). dinfi-(@/@)(330)(with prepounded dah, off): to

# Taah (or t66g66) nishkaad, to drive O to or into the water. ndi’nfi-(@/@)(611): to just get well on the way driving a herd, just get a good start with a herd (when something happens). Nd(nfishkaad/ ndfniitkaad. nikini-(ni/ni): to start to drive O (to a destination). Nikininishkaad/nikininfkaad (nikindninishkaad:nikindaninishkaad). Peer

start off driving O (a herd). Dinfishkaad/ dinfitkaad (ndinfishkaad:ndddinfishkaad). # Dah dinfishkaad, to start off driving O (a

(31)

herd, a group of prisoners), to start off with O.

305

aoe Cae

drive O back toward home. nikini’-(ni/ni): to start for home with a (unspecified) herd. Nikini’nishkaad/ nikini’nitkaad (nikééni’nishkaad: nikindani’nishkaad).

KAAD

(32)

nini-(ni/ni)(647): to drive or herd O as farasa stopping point. Nininishkaad/nininftkaad

Il. ni-t-(tt):

(1)

(ninaninishkaad:nindaninishkaad). # -jj’ nininishkaad, to drive O as far as --(a designated place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha'naa) nininishkaad, to drive or herd O across (as across a road). nini’-(ni/ni)(647): to drive a (unspecified) herd as far as (a stopping point), to herd as far as, or up to (a stopping point). Nini’nishkaad/ nini’nfkaad (nindni’nishkaad:ninaani'nishkaad). # -jj’ nini’nishkaad, to drive a herd as far as -(a place)(as dzittsjjjj’ nini’nftkaad, | herded as far as the foot of the mountain). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’nishkaad, to drive a herd across (as across a road or field). tadini-(O/yi)(697): to herd O around here and there, wander around with O (a herd that S drives), Tadinfshkaad/tadiniftkaad (tandddinishkaad). tadini-(O/yi)(697): to wander around herding, to wander about with a herd (of unspecified O). Tadinishkaad/tadi'niitkaad (tandddi’nishkaad). tsftts’ani-(ni/ni): to drive O away from fire or water, drive O ashore (as a herd from a ship). Tsfits ’aninishkaad /tsftts ’aninitkaad (tsfits’andninishkaad:tsitts 'anaaninishkaadg). tsfsttani-(@/si)(739): to drive O into a corner, cul-de-sac, blind canyon (as a herd of antelope), to stump, baffle or confound O (asa classroom of children with a question they cannot answer). Tsistt’anishkaad/tsistt’anétkaad (tsfstt'andnishkaad:tsistanddnishkaad).

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

Vil.

(1)

KAAD

nani-(@/si)(564): to herd O, drive O about here and there (as sheep), to have driven O (a herd)

to a location and back, making a round trip (in the Perf.). Nanishkaad/nanétkaad (ninaddnishkaad). # -g66 nanétkaad, to have driven O to --(a designated place and back to the point

of departure).

# T66g66 nanétkaad, to have driven O to water and back (to the starting point).

(2)

na’ni-(@/si)(558): to herd (unspecified O), to have made a round trip with the (unspecified) herd (in the Perf.). Na’nishkaad/na’nétkaad (ninda’nishkaad).

# T66g66 na’nétkaad, to have driven the herd to water and back (to the starting point). # P-a& na’nishkaad, to do the herding for P, to be P’s herder.

Gea

REREmViERG Durative

|. di-O-(tt): (1)

’adi-(@/yi)(25): to play cards, gamble with cards. ’‘Adishka’/’adfikaad. (Cf. dishkaad: A[I]10.) # ’Atah ’adishka’,

to be in a card game, join in

a card game. # P-aa ’adishka’, to gamble for P (the stake). # Ha’ii’nitf bee ’adishka’, to play monte. # Neeznaa dahijihgo bee ’adishka’, to play ten card cooncan.

ni-L-(tr): (1)

t'azhdi-(O-Imp.): S beats or flutters its wings (as a bird). T’azhditka’. (Ib. t’diditta’.)

(1)

naanidin{-(@-lmp.)(589):

’Ak’ini-(@/yi)(83): to drive O off of oneself (as a pack of attacking dogs). ’Ak’inishkaad/ ’Ak'ineeshkaad (’dk’indnishkaad:’ak’indanishkaaq).

B. CONTINUATIVE

(as a drunk person).

to sway back and forth Naanidinishka’.

|. @-(ti): De (1)

na-(@/si)(591): S spreads around (as a spreading plant). Naakaad.

Durative

|. O-(ti/tt):

# Dah naakaad, S hangs flapping or waving (as a flag on a flagpole).

(1)

(1)

REREniiiViEN2)

(G/yi)(784): to slap, flap, beat O (with the flat of the hand - as a dusty hat, a wedding basket

used as adrum). Yishkad/yikaad. # P-aah yishkad, to slap O (as dust) off of P (as off one’s hat). # Shidaa’ yishkad, | let out war whoops (lit. | pat my lips - place my hand intermittently over my mouth).

nani-(@/si)(564): to sway one’s body back and forth (as a person falling asleep ina sitting position). Nanishkaad/nanékaad (nindanfshkaad).

306

KAAD

(2)

KAAD

’ahf-(@/si)(46): to clap hands, applaud. *Ahéshkad/’ahisékad (’ah(ndandshkad). ’ahfbi’nii-(@/@)(55): to start to clap hands, start to applaud. ’Ahfbi’niishkad/’ahfbi’niikaad.

(3)

# Dah yikat, S hangs stationary (a layer of dust or smoke in the air, a layer of scum on the surface of the water).

Il, ni-@-(ti):

Il. D-(tr): (1) (1)

naandni-(yi)(585):

(@/yi)(784): to slap O (in a reflexive context). Yishkad/ yishkaad.

# teezh ’ddaah yishkad, off oneself.

to be swaying or staggering

about, to sit or stand swaying from side to side

(as a drunk person, a person listening to music, or a person suffering from drowsiness). Naandneeshkat/ naandeinfikaad. ni-(yi)(625): to go swaying along. Neeshkat/ danfikaad (ndneeshkat: nddneeshka?).

to be slapping dust

(2) Seriative

Ill. ni-L-(tt): Ill. @-(tt):

(1) (1)

ndadni-(@/si)(564): to pat, pet, caress, paddle, spank O (lit. to give O a series of slaps or pats). Nanishkad/nanékaad (nindanfshkad). na’ddini-(@/si)(545): to pat oneself (as in self-

(2)

(2)

congratulation). Na’ddinishkad/na’ddinéshkaad (nfnda’ddinishkad).

E.

H.

SEMELFACTIVE

(1)

’ahfi-(@/si)(807): to clap one’s hands together one time, clap once. ’Ahfishkad/’ahisékad

ll. B-(ti):

F. CONCLUSIVE I.t-(tt):

(1) (si-Perf)(686): S sits, spreads, lies, is (in position) (a bushy tree or shrub, clump of vegetation,

cloud of smoke or fog, cloth or blanket spread on a surface, sheet of ice or water, ocean). Sikaad (nddndskaad - D-classifier). (Cf. naazkaad:#5 below) P-ndha-(si-Perf.)(225): P is surrounded by S (as an island, by water). Bindhaazkaad. di-(yi)(308): S hangs (something flat and flexible, as a skirt). Dékaad.

P-k’{-@/si)(201): to throw O (as water) on P (from one’s cupped hands, or from a container). Bik’éshkad/ bik’isétkaad (bik’(ndd-ndshkad).

Il. ni-t.-(tt): P-fni-(@-Imp.)(240): to chase or drive O to P (as children to school), to compel or make O (by

# P-k’i dékaad,

O] to it: CHAA’s: ALII]4.)

(1)

P has S on (as a skirt - lit. S

hangs on P). dzidza-(yi-Perf.)(358): S extends into the fire (as a blanket or other flat flexible object). Dzidzddkaad. na-(si-Perf.)(601): S lie about (spreading, expansive objects, as rugs, bushy trees and shrubs, blankets spread on the ground). Naazkaad (ndaazkaad: d.p.)(ndadndskaad: some more S lie about - D-classifier). (Plural corresponding to sikaad: #1.) nahi-(yi-Perf.)(539): S hangs or dangles downward (as a blanket or tarpaulin). Nahfikaad.

driving O to P). Binfshkad (bfnanishkad: bindanishkad). (Cf. binfshchééh: drive O [one

|. O-(ti):

di-(O-lmp.)(317): S is flat and thin (as the lid from a tin can) (with prepounded dah, up). Dah

dikad.

(ahinéishkad:’ahinddnéishkad).

(1)

NEUTER

|. di-@-(ti):

|. O-(ti): (1)

’ani-(yi)(115): to be moving along with a (unspecified) herd, to be driving unspecified O along. ’Aneeshkat/da’niilkaad (na’neeshkat: nda’neeshkat). ni-(yi)(626): to be driving O along (as a herd of sheep). Neeshkat/danfilkaad (nadneeshkat: nddneeshkat).

G. CURSIVE

(yi)(760): S is moving along (a layer of dust or smoke, in the air). Yikat.

307

KAA op)

KAAD

(7)

ndhodi-(yi-Perf.)(540): there is a flat open space or area. Ndhodékaad.

(1)

(si-Perf.)(685): to keep O, have O (in position available, as a house plant, tree, bush, rug).

Sétkaad (nddasétkaad).

H. (1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’adika’f, gambler, card player (the one who plays card games). (Adika’f, usually in combination with an adjectival enclitic, serves as a surname.

(20) ndneeskaadi, tortilla, griddle bread (the one that was patted). (21) naazkaadii, prostrate amaranth, spreading pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides)(the one that spreads about). (22) ni’g66 naazkaadf, rugs, carpets (the ones that lie spread out on the floor). (23) ni’g66 naazkaadi dichxoshigff, shag rug (shaggy rug). (24) nindlka’f, cloth spread on the ground for eating (the one that is repeatedly spread down). (25) tatkda’ dah yikat, alpine watercress, alpine nasturtium (Nasturtium obtusum or alpinum)(it spreads on top of the water, it lies in a layer on the surface of the water). (26) tatkdd’ sikaad, field mouse ear, mouse ear chickweed, powder horn, starry glasswort

Itis found, in anglicized form, as Adikai,

Addikai.) Yazhf,

’Adika’ftsoh,

Big Gambler.

’Adika’f

Little Gambler.

(2) bddh da’dka’f,

(3)

(4)

(5)

crackers (square breads). bee'eldggh biih nalka’f, muzzle-loading shotgun, musket (the one into which a mass of plural objects are repeatedly dropped). beehaz’danii bik’ehgo na’nilkaadigff, grazing regulations (the law in conformity with which herding is done). bik’ehgo na’nilkaadf, grazing permit (that in conformity with which herding is done). (Ib.

(6)

naaltsoos dah tichfigff, paper with the red seal.) ch’il naaskaadii, creeping or spreading plant (the plant that spreads about).

(7) (8)

ddgha sikaad, tufted mustache. da’dka’, playing card, deck of cards.

(9)

Jaa’ Dah Dikadf, nickname).

Flap-Ears (thin ears)(personal

(10) kin bikAddéé’ naazkaadigif, roofing paper (the flat flexible things that lie spread on top ofa house).

(11) kin géne’ naazkaadigif, rugs, carpets (those things that lie spread out inside a house), (12) kin géne’ ni’g66 naazkaadigif, rugs, carpets (those things that lie spread on the floor inside

(Cerastium arvense) (it lies spread on the surface of the water). (27) TeetSikaad, Gallegos Canyon, New Mexico (east of Farmington)(clump of cattails, cattail patch).

(28) téhoniba’deezkad,

patient walks four times around the fire. (29) T’iistsoh Sikaad, Burnham, New Mexico (big cottonwood tree stands spreading).

(30) tsédda’ sikaad, woodland star, star flower (Tellima tenella)(it spreads or clumps on the edge of the rock). (31) ts’aa’ bee yikad, basket (drum) beater (made of rolls of yucca leaves, and used in certain

ceremonies as a “drumstick” for use in beating on a wedding basket.)(basket/drum is beat with it). (32) Tsé tichi? Sikaadf (Ib "Addagii), Atarque, New Mexico (flat red rock spreads). (33) tsé sikaad, pavement (of stone), masonry ground cover (flat rock lies spreading). (34) Tsin Sikaad,

NAVAJO:

mi KAA’4

(14) kin géne’ wédahdé@’ bii’ sikaadigif, ceiling (that

which dirt is scooped up one time or quantity

a location northeast of Chinle,

Arizona (tree clump, grove of trees).

a house), (13) kin géne’ sikaadfgff, carpet, rug (that which lies spread out inside a house).

which spreads out flat up above inside of a house). (15) L6k’aa’ Sikaad, Lokasakad, Arizona (a clump of reeds sits, there is a clump of reeds). (15) teezh bee hahalkaad/, shovel, scoop (that with

the ritual of asperging with

chant lotion at the first streak of dawn, as the

Possibly the postpositional

stem KAA’: on, on the surface of, above, used as a verb stem. Occurs, with L-classifier, in a single construction.

(1)

P-f-(= P-f-yf-)(ni-lmp.)(267): to “go easy on” P, be considerate of P, avoid imposing on P (lit. act on the surface of P?). Bifnishkdaa’.

after another). (17)

ndhodékaad,

clearing. (18) na’nitkaad/, herding). who herds (19) na’nilkaad, herded),

flat open space, living space,

herder, shepherd (one who does Sha na’nitkaad{, my herder (the one for me). (sheep)herding (something is

.

KAA’o

(PA *-Ke [-K’td]: tracks, trail. Denominal verb PA *Ke > *Kek’ track. Navajo and Sarci vowel irregular.) NAVAJO:

Primary meaning “track,

trail.” Extended meanings include “convict (a felon),

[ft]:

KAA’

KAA’

#

investigate, analyze, study (a subject or subject field) .” Occurs, with t-classifier, and a full range of directional prefixes. INES

/itmeP ERE

A.MOM.

kadh_

= kah

kaa’

B.CONT C.CURS.

kaah_kah -

kaa’ -

A.

ROG

kah/ kaah

reEUl

(9)

haatkaa’ (handshkadh:handadndshkaah). (10) ha-(@ or si/si)(433): to climb up on O’s trail, track O up (as up a mountain). Haashkadh

OPT:

kah

kadh

kah

kaah -

(11)

MOMENTANEOUS

I. £-(tt): (1)

Dah diishkadh , to start off on O’s trail, set out tracking O. ha-(@/yi)(433): to track O up out. Haashkddah/

(12)

’a-(@/yi)(483): to follow O’s trail away out of sight, go away tracking O (as a quarry). ‘lishkaah/iitkaa’ (‘andshkaah:’andanashkaah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishkaah, to track O down from a height, come down on O’s trail (as from a mountain).

stopping point, trail O to (a location).

# P-yaa g6ne’ ’iishkadh, to track O in under P. # Yah ’iishkaah, to track O into an enclosure, follow O’s trail inside (as into a cave,

hole, building).

(14)

# Y66’ ’iishkaah, to go away and disappear tracking O. ’ada-(bida-/hada-)(11): to follow O’s trail down

(3)

(4)

(5)

(15)

from a height, descend tracking O (as from a mountain). ’Adaashkadh/’adaatkaa’ (’adandshkaah: ’adanddndshkaah). ’ahéé-(ni/ni)(53): to goina circle or makea circuit (loop) tracking O. "Ahéénfshkaah/ ahéénitkaa’ (’ahénindnishkadh:’ahénindanishkaah). SER.(@/si)(48): to go around in circles tracking O. ’Ahééhéshkaah/ ‘ahééhétkaa’. P-ind-(@/si)(228): to track O around P (as a bear around a hill). Bindshkaah/binisétkaa’ (binfndshkaah:binindandshkdaah). P-(-(ni/ni)(155-165-240): to track P down, to

(16)

(8)

go everywhere tracking O. Tadishkaah/ tadiitkda’. ta’di-(@/yi)(698): to follow tracks here and there, go here and there tracking. Ta’dishkaah/ ta’diitkaa’. (G/yi)(784): to track O (completive). Yishkadh/ yitkad’ (ndshkddh:ndandshkaah). # P-iih yishkaah, to track O into P (as a horse into a pasture). # Kjjh yishkaah, to track O into town. # Taah yishkaah, to track O to or into the water.

I. £-(tt):

him). Béshkaah or binishkaah/binftkaa’ (béénishkadh:bénindanishkaah). # Béénishkadh (béénitkada’), to convict O (a

(7)

Ninishkaah/ninitkdd’ (nindnishkadh:ninddanishkaah). # -jj’ ninishkadh, to trail O to (a designated stopping point - as to a river). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishkaah, to follow O’s trail across, track O across (as across a plain). tadi-(@/yi)(698): to track O about here and there,

B. CONTINUATIVE

overtake P by tracking, catch up with P by tracking, apprehend P (a criminal - by catching

(6)

or hashishkaah/ hasétkaa’ (handshkdah: handanashkaah). # P-aah haashkdaah/hashishkaah, to track O up P’s side (as a mountainside). hadii-(O/@)(388): to track O from one end to the other, follow O’s trail the entire length of (as the entire length of a canyon). Hadiishkaah/ hadiitkaa’ (haddiishkaah: handddiishkaah). (ni/ni) (659): to go, come, arrive tracking O. Nishkaah/ niftkéa’ (nanishkadh:ndanishkaah). # -di nishkdadah, to trail O to --(a designated location). ni-(ni/ni)(651): to follow O’s trail as far as a

(1)

criminal), to run O down (an accounting error) (lit. to catch back up with O by tracking). ch’{-(ni/ni)(293): to track O out horizontally (as from a cave, canyon). Ch’inishkaah/ch’initkaa’ (ch’fnanishkaah:ch (ndanishkaah). di-(@/si)(336): to start to follow O’s trail, start to track O along, be on the way tracking O (in the

(2)

Perf.). Dishkaah/détkaa’ (ndishkaah: naadishkaah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dishkaah, to start to follow O’s trail down from a height. dii-(@/@)(345): to start to track O. Diishkadh/ diitkad’ (ndiishkadh:ndddiishkadh). In:

na-(@/si)(551): to follow O’s trail around, to track O about, to investigate, study, analyze O, do research on O, check O out (to ascertain its veracity). Naashkaah/ nisétkaa’ (nindanashkaah). # Ch’ééh naashkaah, to track, study, investigate O without success. na’a-(@/si)(551): to check on things, to do tracking (following an unspecified trail), to carry on an investigation. Na’ashkaah/ ni’sétkaa’ (ninda’dshkaah).

C.

CURSIVE

I. £-(tt): (1)

(yi)(774):

to be going along on O’s trail, to be

tracking O along. Yishkah/deinfilkaah

309

KAAL4

KAA’

(ndashkah:nadandashkah). # Gé6naa yishkah, to be tracking O across (as across a field).

A.MOM. (1)

D.

NOUN

BMOM.

DERIVATIVES

’ajidldago hayol bee naalkaahii,

US JIT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

kdéh

kédh

dd’

~—kddt

iAH

kééh

kédh

kai

kah

kddh

breathalyzer

A.

machine (the one that tracks down the breath of a person who is drinking). ) bélkaa’, diagnosis (tracking it down). ch’osh doo yit’finii naalkaah, bacteriology, microbiology (bacteria are studied).

MOMENTANEOUS

|. 'ii-@-(ti):

(1)

ch’osh doo yit’finii ndeitkaahigif, bacteriologist(s), microbiologist(s) (those who study bacteria). na’alkaah, trial (at law), investigation, study (something is tracked). ni’ bit?adahdi ’aAhoot’éii naalkaah, geology (the study of conditions at the bottom of the earth). ni’ bitPaahdi ’ahoot’éii ndeitkaahigii, geologist(s) (those who study conditions at the bottom of the earth). ni’ bitPaahdi hdélénigif naalkaah,

IMP.

‘ii-(O/si)(483): to make a sandpainting. ‘lishkaah (not used). ’lisékaa’/iisékai (Perf.)(uncommon) # ’likadh ’Ash’j, to do sandpainting.

B.

NOUNS

‘jikaah, sandpainting. ‘iikaah biyazhi, minor sandpainting.

(A) Stem postposition:

minerology,

on, on top of,

on the surface of, onto (a surface), off

geology (the study of the things that exist at the bottom of the earth). ni’ bitPaahdi hdldonii ndeitkaahigif, minerologist(s) geologist(s) (those who study the things that exist at the bottom of the earth). saad naalkaah, linguistics (the study of language).

(from a surface), above, over.

Mésf

tsdsk’eh yikda’gi dah sitj, the cat is lying on the bed / chid/ bikda’jj’ yas ndatdaaz, snow fell down onto the car /kin bikaa’déé’ yas nadatdadz,

snow fell off of the

house roof / chidf naat’a’f shikaa’g66 naandat’ah,

an

airplane is flying around above me/ ’azee’ ’adittohf

saad ndeitkaahigif (saad neitkaahii), linguist(s) (those who study languages). so’ naalkaah, astronomy (the study of the stars). 13) so’ ndeitkaahigif~ so neilkaahii), astronomer(s) (those who study the stars).

’atkaa’ (~ ’ahitkaa’) bisiittéé’, we rubbed liniment on each other/ ’azee’ ’ddittohi ’Akaa’ (~ adikaa’ biséttéé’), | rubbed liniment on myself. -kaa’ joins directly with certain stem nouns, without a pronoun

tatkaa’ (+ ta- < t6, water + -kaa’),

Shash Na’atkaahf, the Tracking Bear (one of the mythological monsters). tsé naalkaah, petro-geology (the study of rocks). tsé ndeitkaahigif, petro-geologist(s) (those who

prefix, as:

on the water/

yaskaa’ (yas, snow + -kaa’), on the snow/ tsfidkaa’ (tsifd, coals, embers + -kaa’), over the coals, on the embers.

study rocks).

Waashindoon bisildo nda’atkaahigif, Federal Bureau of Investigation (Washington’s police of the type that track things / investigate things).

(Cf. Ahtna Tanaina

KAAL4/ KAL

-Kat, -Katt’: -Kut,

NAVAJO:

-Kutt’:

chop; sting.)

Underlying meaning

appears to be “execute a chopping

Ds

KAA’3

motion (with a rigid object).” with ©, D, t and L-classifiers theme in a variety of verb bases with a wide meanings, including “bat (a ball), play shinny

Occurs, as the range of or golf, hammer, chop, chip, bump, graze or wound (with a projectile), grind coarsely.” The Perfective stem takes two shapes in the Momentaneous Aspect: KAAL/KAL.

NAVAJO: Hoijer (A Navajo Lexicon: 1974) suggests possible derivation of

the verb from a noun ’iikadh, sandpainting. Some speakers relate “make a sandpainting” to KAI: shoot with an arrow, 3+ S go, while others

employ a distinctive stem set. In either instance, the

IMPAP

theme includes a compound thematic prefix ’ii-(= ’ayi?) and a @-classifier.

A.MOM(1) Trans. | kaat B.MOM(2) kaat C.CONT. kal DERERE kat E.SEM. kat

310

US Tlie

PERE

EO

© Pile

kat kat kat kat kat

kaal

kat

kaat

kal kal kal kat

kat kat kat kat

kaat kal kat kat

KAAL4

KAAL4

A. MOMENTANEOUS (1)

(13) tao-(= ta-yi-)(@/si)(702):

. £-(tt):

(1)

(2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7)

to grind corn coarsely,

to crack corn (the first grinding - subsequent grindings follow to make the cornmeal finer.). Taoshkaat/taisétkaal.

’a-(O/yi)(483): to drive O away out of sight (by striking O a chopping blow - as a nail, peg). ‘lishkaatiftkaal (’‘andshkaat’anddndshkaat}). # P-aa ’iishkaat, to drive O into P (as a nail into a board). # P-it ‘iishkaat, to nail O to P (as a board toa rafter). ’a’a-(O/yi)(364); to strike or drive something unspecified away out of sight (by striking it a chopping blow). ’E’eshkaat/’i’jitkaal (’ana’dshkaat’anda’ashkaat) # P-it ’e’eshkaat, to nail P down, attach P with a nail. ’atk’(nii-(O/O)(93): to split O with a chopping blow (as with an axe). ’Atk’iniishkaat/’atk ’fniitkaal (atk inddniishkaat). ’ahidi-(@/yi)(56): to chop O apart, chop O up (as kindling). ’Ahidishkaat/’ahidiitkaal (’ahindadishkaat). ‘ahi’di-(@/yi)(59): to chop wood, do the wood chopping (i.e. to chop unspecified O apart). ’Ahi’dishkaat /’ahi’diftkaal (‘ahinda’dishkaat). ’attanii-(O/@)(101): to chop O apart lengthwise, to split O lengthwise (as chunks of firewood by striking a chopping blow, as with an axe). ’Attaniishkaat/’attaniitkaal . P-a’di-(@/yi)(146): to chop or chip a piece off of P (as a tree trunk - with a chopping blow). Ba’dishkaat/ba’diit-kaal (banda’dishkaat). (di-

(1)

’Adadi’-(ni/ni)(173-297): to shut oneself in (by closing a door), lock self in. ’Adadi’nishkaat/ ’Adadi’nishkaal.

B. MOMENTANEOUS (2) |. @-(tt):

(2)

(3)

’ahdé-(= ’ahi-yini-)(O-lmperfective)(766): S bump against each other. ’Ahdkaat. (A yiniRepetitive.) # P-jddd ’ahdékaat, P’s legs bump together, P is knock-kneed. ha-(@/yi)(433): to graze or wound O (with a bullet, arrow, spear or other projectile). Haashkaat/hadkal (handdndshkaat). k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to chop O in two, to lop O off (as a chicken’s head, with a blow from an axe).

K’inishkaat /k’inikal (k’indanishkaat). # P-k’os k’inishkaat, to lop off P’s head, chop off P’s head (lit. to chop P’s neck in two).

(4)

thematic: reduce, subtract.)

(8)

P-dadi’-(ni/ni)(172): to lock Pin, close the door on P (thus blocking P’s exit)(lit. to move an unspecified rigid object to block P). Bidadi’nishkaat/bidadi’nftkaal. (9) dadi’-(ni/ni)(297): to close a door, lock up a home (lit. move a rigid object into a blocking position by means of a chopping motion). Dadi’nishkaat/dadi’nitkaal (daddi’nishkaat: ee a 6 danadadi’nishkaa}). (10) ha-(@/yi or si)(433): to chop O out (as a chip from a tree trunk). Haashkaat/hddtkaal or hasétkaal (handdndashkaat). (11) hada-(@/si)(380): to mark d.p. O (trees)(by chopping out a chip on each one. Hadaashkaat/hadasétkaal (handddaashkaat). (Distributive aspectival construction. Cf. hahashkaat - #12 below.) (12) hahi-(@/si)(392): to chop, chip, chisel O out (as in mark-ing a tree to indicate the roadway, or in forming a sculptured figure in wood). HahashkaalW/hahatkaal (hanahdashkaat: handadhashkaab). # P-aah hahashkaat, to chop, chisel or chip O out one after another from its side (as from a tree trunk). # Hayiiskaal, they were marked by chipping (as trees to mark a road)(Simple Passive).

n’dii-(0/O@)(676): to chop O off, lop O off (as a chicken’s head (lit. to take O down by chopping it.). N’diishkaat/ n’diikal (ninda’diishkaat). yaa'ii-(O/O)(754): to bata flyball (bat something up into the air). Yada’iishkaat/yaa ‘iikal (yaninda’iishkaat). # P-ch’j’ yaa’iishkaat, to bata fly to P.

ll. D-(Passive):

ha-O-’di-(@/yi)(372)(Agentive Passive): to be wounded (by a projectile, as an arrow, bullet, spear), to be grazed (by a projectile). Habi’dikaat/habi’dookal (handabi’dikaat). (V. B[l]2 above.) k’/-(ni/ni)(Simple Passive)(503): to be severed, chopped in two, whacked or shot off. K’ékaat/k’ékal . (V. B[I]3 above.)

I. L-(tt):

C. CONTINUATIVE

ndi-(@/si)(673): to hit a shinny ball around, to play golf. Ndishkal/ndéshkal. n'di-(@/si)(673): to play shinny or golf (lit. to go about hitting unspecified O with chopping blows). N’dishkal/ n’déshkal.

311

KAALy D.

KAAL A.

REPETITIVE

MOMENTANEOUS

Seriative

I. ni-L-(ti): Il. O-(tt): (1) nani-(@/si)(563): to hit O with repeated blows (a shinny or golf ball), to hit many O (shinny or

golf balls).

Nanfshkat/nanékal

holding up a beam). Bfyah niishkaat/bfyah niishkaal (bfyah naaniishkaat). (ni-terminal.)

(nfnddanishkal).

E. SEMELFACTIVE

lI. di-L-(ti):

|, @-(tt): (1) yii-(O@/si)(800): to strike O (a match, flint igniter), to bat O (a ball). Yiishkat/sékat (nadayiishkat). ii-(O/si)(482): to bata flyball, strike (in baseball), come to bat. ‘lishkal/’asékat (nda’iishkat).

F.

NOUN

P-dii-(@-Perf.)(184): to lean on P, exert pressure on P, nag at P, keep at P (a task). Bidiishkaal.

B.

DERIVATIVES (2)

‘antt’i’ bit ’adaalkaat{, staple (for nailing wire) (that with which a fence is nailed).

bee ’akalf, baseball bat (that with which swatting is done). bee ’akatf, baseball bat (that with which a swat is given). bee ‘iikaatf,

nii-(@/@)(671)(with prepounded P-fyah, underneath and against P): to brace P up, support P by exerting pressure on its underside (as in

(~ ch’ikaal) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a ticking sound, as that made by a revolving roulette wheel.

KAAL

you’re deaf)(P’s ears are closed). daddilkat, door (it is repeatedly moved into a closed position). (7) ‘it 'adaalkaatf, nail(s) (those that are driven in in company with something). (fee) ké bit ’adaalkaatf, shoe nails, cobbler’s nails (those that are driven into a shoe). (9) jadd ’ahdkaatf, knock-kneed person (the one whose legs bump together). (10) jootyikal/, baseball (the ball that is batted). (11) ndilkal, wild gourd (Cucurbita perennis, Cucurbita foetidissima) (it is batted about).

n’dilkal, shinny game, golf (something is swatted about with a chopping motion).

(14)

tsjjtkaati, woodpecker (the one that chips or chops on trees).

(PPA *Kat > PA *Kal [It]: spread out, stretch out. [t-causative].)

a2 KAAL

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning

appears to be “stretch out, spread.”

Occurs: (1) with ni-thematic and tcausative as theme in bases meaning “set O (elongated objects, as posts, fringes) in series, and (2) with L-classifier in Neuter Perfectives with the meaning “be outstretched, lie in series (as posts, fringes, icicles).” Hoijer (A Navajo Lexicon) identifies several stems

(12) ndilkal ’aghdat, wild gourd rattle. (13)

DERIVATIVES

bfyah daniilkaalfgif, support posts, stilts (those things that brace it up). kin tsin bfyah daniilkaaligff, house built on stilts (house under which there are supporting posts),

cold chisel (that with which some-

thing is cut into by chopping blows). P-jééhkat, deaf (shijééhkat, |’m deaf; nijééhkat,

NOUN

sharing the shape KAAL, one of which (S 326) is defined as “move a postlike object.”

(15) taaskaal, cracked

oatmeal, gruel, coarsely ground corn, corn (from the first grinding).

NAVAJO: Similarinshape to KAALY

ARON chRae samba C.NEUT.

KAALa

but apparently distinct semantically. Occurs, with L-classifier and ni-/di-

IMP.

US /IT.

kaala

thematic in a few bases with the meaning “apply pressure.”

PERF.

PROG.

(cur ise kAAl

A.

FUT.

OPT.

ise gael

Li

F

MOMENTANEOUS ;

I. ni-t-(tt):

IMP__US/IT._PERF._FUT.__OPT.

(1) 'ahééni-(ni/ni/)(53); to setO around in a circle (as posts, pickets, stones).

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

kaat_

kat

kaal

kat

kaat

kaal

:

-

‘ahééninfkadl

312

’Ahééninishkaat/

(’‘ahéninddninishkaat).

-

KAAD

KAAL # P-naag66 ’ahééninishkdat,

to place O ina

D.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

circle around P (as rocks around a tree).

(2)

‘ahééni’-(ni/ni) (51): to set unspecified O ina circle. ’Ahééni’nishkdal/’ahééni’nitkaal. # P-aah ’ahééni’nishkaat, to puta fringe around P (as around a blanket’s edge).

(1) (2)

(3)

# P-naag66 ’ahééni’nishkaat,

(3)

(4) (5)

to build a picket fence around P (as around a house). P-ndni-(@/si)(228): to set O around P, encircle P with O (as a field with a picket fence or palisade). Bindnishkdat/bindnétkdal (bininddanishkdat). nani-(@/si)(564): to set O ina circle (posts, stones). Nanishkadat/nanétkaal (nindanishkaat). nini-(ni/ni)(647): to setO in a line as farasa stopping point. Nininishkaat/nininftkaal (ninddninishkaat). # -jj’, nininishkadt, to set O ina line as far as -(a designated stopping point - as a line of posts as far as the base ofa cliff). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nininishkddt, to set Oina line across (as a row of rocks across a road).

B.

Stem -KAAZ

throat),

(PA *KanY good.)

ni-(yi)(626): to be setting O along in a line or series (posts, rocks). Neeshkaat (nadneeshkaat nddneeshkdaat).

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

SV

PER ae aUile

ORI

kaah kan

kaah -

kaad -

kaat .

kaat -

A. MOMENTANEOUS I. £-(tt):

ni-(ni-Perf.)(625): S extend in a line, row or series (as posts). Neelkddl. (Cf. nf'a, S extends ina line) din{-(si-Perf.): a row of S (as posts) extends (out to a point). Dinéeskdal. (Cf. deez’d, ridge extends.) nani-(yi-Perf.)(567): S hang down in a row (as a row of icicles along a roof, or fringes from a blanket). Nanoolkdaal.

’a-(O/yi)(127): to make a puberty cake (corncake) (lit. to cause unspecified O to become

sweet). ’Ashkaah/iitkaad (naa’ashkaah). hodi- (yi-Perf.)(452)(used only in a negative frame: doo --- da): to get quite good at (a skill), become quite adept at (something - as at typing, writing, speaking a language), Doo

(3)

. L-(ti):

(2)

IMP2U

O ina

_ ni-L-(ti);

yaa-(= ya-yi-) (O-lmp)(754): S sticks air (as the tail of a cat or horse), S into the air in a steady column (as water from a fountain). Yaalkaal. yini-(ni-lmp)(767): to lie outstretched log). Yinfshkaal.

[li]: be sweet, taste

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning “sweet.” Occurs (1) with t-causative as the theme in bases meaning “sweeten” and, by extension “make a puberty (corn) cake;” (2) with ho-di-thematic and t- classifier in a base with the extended meaning “be(come) quite skilled at (something);” and (3) with ti-ni-thematic, ina Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be sweet, taste good.”

CaaNEVUNER

(3)

tonsil.

KAAD

CURSIVE

# Tabaahg66 neeshkaat, to be setting line along the shore

noun: gland, tonsil. # -lizh bikaaz (-lizh, possessed form of tizh, urine),

prostate gland. # -yaayaahkaaz (-yaaydaah-,

. ni-t-(tt): (1)

’abaah neelkaal, border yarn or fringe ona blanket or shawl. dibé bighan ndneeskdligif, picket type sheep corral. tsinaabaas bijddd bindneeskdligif, wagon wheel spokes (those things that stretch in a series around a wagon wheel),

(4) up into the shoots up a spout of

hodiftkaad da, | got quite good at (a skill). (O/yi)(784): to sweeten O (as coffee). Yishkaah/ yitkaad (ndandshkaah). (Replaced by the much more common expression “tikango ’Ashtééh,” to make O sweet.) ’i’nii--(O/O)(469): to start to make a puberty cake. l’niishkaah/i’niitkaad.

B. NEUTER

(a person, a

I, £-(ti): (1)

313

hodi-(ni-Imp.)(451)(used only with a negative

frame doo --- da): to be quite good at (a skill -

z

KAAD

KE

as typing, speaking a language, cooking). hodishkan da.

Doo

(~ ts’ikaag) Onomatopoetic. a loud snoring sound.

Imitates

Il. ti-ni-@-(ti): (1)

tini-(O-Ilmp.)(518):

to be sweet, nice.

tinishkan.

(tikan, it is sweet, good, tasty. daalkan: d.p.

(PPA

they are sweet, tasty). # P-ittikan, P likes S (lit. S is sweet with P - as a food item that a person likes because it tastes good).

*Kew

> PA *Ke

[Q]: several

sit.)

NAVAJO:

Used for dual number “two

animate beings sit.” Occurs:

C. (1) (2)

NOUN

(1) with

@-classifier and ni-thematic, as the theme in active verb bases meaning “two animate beings sit down, take a seat;” (2) with L-causative and ni-thematic in bases meaning “seat O;” and (3) with ©-classifier in Neuter Perfective bases meaning “two animate beings sit, are in sitting position.” (V. DA: one animate being sits; BIN/TA: 3+ animate beings

DERIVATIVES

’attaaskddan (Ib. naaskadn), sweet stuffs, different kinds of sweet stuffs. ’Ashijh tikan, cane sugar (sweet salt). ’Ashijh

tikan yishttizhigif, brown sugar. ’Ashijjh tikan dibahf, powdered sugar. ’akaz tikani, sugar cane (Ib. da’dkaz tikanj) (sweet stalk). (4) ’azee’ tikanf, narrow-leaf rubber plant (Actinella scaposa) (sweet medicine plant). (5) bdaah tikanigii, cookie, cake, sweet roll (the bread that is sweet). (6) badah da’aka7itikanigif, cookies (sweet crackers). (7) ch’il bits ’24d66 tikani, the perfume of flowers (that which is sweet from a plant). (Note high tone: tikan/.) (8) ch’il fitsooftikanigif, orange (Citrus aurantium) (yellow sweet plant). (9) da’akaz tikani, sugar cane (sweet cornstalk). (10) gah bittikanf, three-toothed sagebrush, Rocky Mountain sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) (the plant that rabbits like). (11) zh ’Ashjjh tikan t’éiya, glycosuria (urine has excessive sugar). (12) naaskdan (Ib. ’attaaskddn), sweet stuffs.

sit.)

(3)

Trans.

keeh

keeh

ké

B.CONT.| C.DIST.

ke’

keeh

ké

D.TRANS.

keeh

keeh

ke’

E.CURS.

ké

A.

ROGHeEUie

ORT:

-

keet

keeh

keet

ke’

keet

keeh

keet

-

-

-

MOMENTANEOUS

I. @-(ti):

tasting liquid). (16) tsétkanii, yellow mahogany, fendlera wood (sweet stone?) (17) yas tikanf (Ib. ’abe’ yistini), ice cream (sweet snow). Yas tikanf biih nattoh{ heets’6zigif, ice cream cone (the cone-shaped thing into which ice cream is repeatedly put). (18) té tikdnfhalchinigif, perfume (sweet smelling liquid). (Note high tone: tikanf.)

(1) (2)

-

F.NEUT.

edulis) (large sweet potato). (14) T6 tikan, Sweetwater, Arizona (sweet water - i.e good tasting water). (15) t6 tikanf (lb. waan), wine (sweet liquid, good-

ADVERBIAL

ERE

A. MOM.

(1)

di-(@/si)(341)(with prepounded ch’ééh, in vain): to get tired of sitting (as ata meeting). Ch’ééh diikeeh/ch’ééh deeké. (Cf. ch’ééh dishda’, | get tired of sitting).

(1)

P-fnii-(@/@)(241): to sitdown and lean against P (as against a tree or wall). Biniikeeh/biniiké (binaniikeeh:binddniikeeh). # P-it biniishkeeh, to sit down with P (another animate being) and lean against it. kfnii-(@/B)(495): to sit down in a leaning position. Kiniikeeh/kiniiké (kinaniikeeh: kinadniikeeh). # P-itkiniishkeeh, to sit down in company with P in a leaning position. # P-nahjj’ kiniikeeh, to sit down against P (as against a rock). ni-(@/si)(659-667): to sit down, take a seat, be seated, Niikeeh/neeké (naniikeeh: ndaniikeeh). # P-itnishkeeh, to sit down with P (as with another person).

(13) nimasiitsoh tikanigiff, field morning glory (Batalis

D.

IMPaeeUSViieer

(2)

(3)

PHRASES

doo hoditkangé6, quite well, quite expertly. tikanfhalchingo, perfumy, good smelling.

314

KE # P-k’i dah niikeeh,

KE # K6nighdnigo yiikeet, to go along sitting down

to sit down on P (a sofa).

# P-tsék’eegi niikeeh, to sit down in P’s lap. # Chaha’ohg66 niikeeh, to sit down in the shade.

every so Often.

F. NEUTER

I. ni-t-(tt): (1)

I. O-(ti):

O-ni-(@/si)(240): to seat O (as theater patrons), to sitO down (as two children). Binishkeeh/ binétké (nabinishkeeh:nddbinishkeeh). # P-itbinishkeeh,

(2) (3)

(1)

position. Siiké D-classifier).

to seat O with P.

P-k’i dah siiké, we are sitting on top of it. P-tsék’eegi siiké, to be sitting in P’s lap. Hooghandi siiké, to be at home. +e +H +H Hook’ee siiké, to be at home (guarding the place). # Hook’ee P-itséké, to be at home with P (guarding the place). # Ni’gi (~ ni’dd6) siiké, to be sitting on the ground or floor. ’ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(54): to sit in pairs in a circle. "Ahééniiké.

against P. Bibiniishkeeh/bibiniitké (binabiniishkeeh). Ki-O-nii-(@/@)(495): to sitO down in a leaning position. Kibiniishkeeh/kibiniitké (kinabiniishkeeh).

CONTINUATIVE

(2)

. @-(ti):

(3)

na-(@/si)(591): Neiike’.

C.

na-(si-Perf.)(601-686): to sit aboutin pairs, couples sit about. Nisiiké (ndasiiké: d.p.).

to sit around here and there.

# P-aah dah naazké (ndaazké), they are sitting on P in pairs (as birds ona telephone line or limb). (ni-Perf.)(627): to sitin pairs in a line, row or series. Niiké (we); niké (they). # ’Atkee’ niiké, to sit in a row one pair behind the other.

(4)

DISTRIBUTIVE

. £-(tt):

(1)

nda-O-(@/si)(604): to seat (sit) O about in pairs (one pair here, one pair there - dolls, babies). Ndabishke ’/ndabisétke’.

ll. L-(ti): (1)

D.

’ah{-(si-Perf.)(62): to sit together, live together (as husband and wife), be married. ’Ahisiilké.

# P-it ’ahfsiské, to live with P, be married to P. P-f-(si-Perf.)(245): to sit guarding P, to sit waiting for P. Bisiilké. # P-it bisiské, to sit guarding it in company with P.

TRANSITIONAL (2)

. @-(ti): (1)

yii-(O/B)(795): to stay behind (when others leave). Yiikeeh/yiike’ (ndayiikeeh).

Ill. df-D-(ti):

_ t-(tt):

(1)

(1)

to sit, to be in a sitting (nddndské: another pair sits -

# Beeldléfbee siiké, to sit with a blanket on. # P-itséké, to be sitting with P (as with another person).

# P-kda’ dah binishkeeh, to sit them down on P, seat them on P, have them take a seat on P. P-{-O-nii-(@/O)(244: to sitO down leaning

B.

(1)

(si-Perf.)(684-686-689):

dée-(si-Perf.)(310)(with prepounded yah, into an

'

O-ii-(O/O)(268): to leave O (two persons) behind (as to guard the property). Biishkeeh/biitke’ (ndabiishkeeh).

enclosure): to sit inside waiting for aid. Yah déeké. (Yah déeské: 3rd person.)

IV. ni-(@-Perf.)(241): E.

CURSIVE (1)

. B-(ti): (yi)(809): to go along sitting down periodically. Yiikeet.

(2)

315

P-fnii-(@-Perf.)(241): to sit leaning against P. Biniiké. # P-it biniishké, to sit leaning against it with P (another person). hinfi-(@-Perf.)(446): to be sitting in ambush. Hinfiké. (hi-thematic: ambush, wager.)

KEED,

KE

bikétV’66l ~ bihétt’6dl,

# P-aa hinfiké, to be sitting in ambush for P (as for an enemy or game animal),

(3)

k(nii-(O-Perf.)(495);

to be seated

tree root; ch’il

bikétV’66l ~ bihét’d66l,

root of a plant. # kééh (ké+ -iih, in), into shoes (as in stepping in or putting on), # kéé’ (ké+ -ii’, in), in shoes (as in having them on).

ina leaning

position, sitleaning. Kfniiké, # P-inahjj’ kfnliké, to sit leaning against P. # P-it p-inahjj’ k{niiké, to sit leaning against p with P (another person),

Combining forms of -KEE’, foot. V. (1)

hi-yf-nf-(ti):

KE-/ fear

hffnf-(yi-Perf.)(449); to sit partly in, partly out. Hfinfiké. # Taah hffnfiké, to sit partly in, partly out of the water,

G, ‘ahé'éské,

NOUN

DERIVATIVES i KEY AH

matrimony, marriage (two unspecified

S sit together or live together), ‘ah(dz{(skéii,

married couple (two persons who

live together), Ma'li Dah Sikéhé, Angel Peak, New Mexico (where two coyotes are sitting up at an elevation), naaltsoos bik’ehgo 'ahé’éskéhigif, marriage

(pl Kédaayah) Noun (derivation uncertain: ké-, foot [?] + -yah, under [?]): land, real estate, country, nation, homeland.. (Cf. Carrier keyoh - keyah at Takla Lake: village, open country.) # Diné Bikéyah (Diné, Navajo), Navajo Country, Navajoland.

# Naakaii Bikéyah (Naakaii, Mexico.

Mexican),

license, marriage certificate (the paper in

(PPA *Ke’d > PA *Kéd [Q] [with *udirective]: ask for, buy. Kid [possibly with unidentified suffix. Cf. Eyak Ke’dx]. [1] [with *u-directive and *dithematic]: ask a question.)

conformity with which there is living together/marriage). naaltsoos

t’Ad gééd 'ahé’éské,

common

KEED4/

law

KID4

marriage (two unspecified persons sit / live together without a paper / certificate).

(-kee')

Stem noun:

NAVAJO: The Momentaneous aspectival stem takes the form of a doublet, derived

shoe, footwear,

from a common root, one of which occurs with yinf-

(V. -KEE’, foot.) # Kéchogii (-chog-: onomatopoetic, imitating the “chugging” sound of a person wearing galoshes), galoshes, overshoes. # kéhoshch’|’ (-hoshch’|',

reversed),

directive and ©- classifier as the theme in verb bases

with the meaning “ask for, request, beg for O,” and the other of which occurs, with t-classifier and di-

thematic, as the theme in bases meaning “ask a question, inquire.”

reversed (i.e, on the wrong foot). # kéjeeh{ (-jeeh-, gum, pitch + -f, the ones),

IMPAAe

tennis shoes, rubber soled shoes, # kékat (-kat< ’akal, leather), shoe sole, sole leather, cowhide used for moccasin

A.MOM.(1)

B.MOM.(2)/_ CONCL. C.DUR. D REP:

solos, # kélch((-Ich{, red), moccasin. # Késhjéé' (-j66', plural lie < shijéé’), the Moccasin Game, W két'Adz (-t'Adz, cut), counter used in the Moccasin Game, # kétl'aah (-t’dah,

bottom),

The doublets are listed together,

but distinguished as Momentaneous

shoes

ERE

RUT

O Buln

keed — ki’ kfid ki’

keed kid

kit kit

keed kfid

kid kid

kid kid

kit kit

kid kid

A.

sole of a shoe or

USIP

(1) and (2).

ki’ ki’

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

|, O-(tt):

of the foot. # Kétt'ah(~ Naakét’'ahf (naa-, enemy + -f, the one), Pima Indian (reference is to the traditional Pima moccasin or sandal), W -kKdtl'd6dl ~ hét'Gdl (-tH661, possessed form of tt'661, cord), shoe string, shoelace, root

(1)

(2)

of a tree, hobble for a horse. 'Abanf k6t'66l, buckskin shoelace; tsin

316

P-ffnf-(= P-f-yinf-)(@/yi)(267): to ask P for O, request O from P (as in asking a person to give one something). Biinfshkeed/biikeed (bf{nddniin(shkeed), y(n{-(@/yi)(768): to ask for O, request O, petition forO, Yfnishkeed/yfkeed (nddyinfshkeed),.

KEED,

KEEH

. di-O-(ti): (1)

(2)

theme in an active verb base meaning “scold, berate

’adiin{-(= ’adi-yinf-)(30): to beg, be a beggar, ask for things. ’Adiinishkeed/’adiikeed. (di-thematic: aid.) P-fdiini-(= P-Padi-yini-)(214): to make a request of P, “put the bee on P,” “hit P up,” petition P. Brdiinish-keed/bfdiikeed. (di-thematic: aid.)

B.

MOMENTANEOUS

IMERanUS A.MOM. B.NEUT.

keeh ké

A.

(2)

keeh -

na ‘id? nfi-(@/O)(554)(with prepounded P-k’i, over P): to commence a diagnostic ceremony over P (a patient) (by Hand Trembling)(lit. to start asking questions over P). Na’fdi’nfishkifd/ na’idf nfitkid.

C.

CONCLUSIVE

. £-(ti): P-ika’a-(@/si)(197): to fish for P (information about P), nose around after P (information), pump (someone) in a quest for information (as a gossip). Bika’ashkid/bika’sétkid (bikanaa’ashkid).

IEE NWA

. di-L-(ti): (1 ~~ na-P-fdi-(@/yi)(522): to direct an inquiry to P, ask P a question, inquire of P. Nabjdishkid/ nabidéétkid (ninddb/idishkid). (2 ~— na ‘idi-(@/yi)(554): to make inquiry, ask a question (of someone unspecified). Na’fdishkid/na’idéétkid (ninaa’fdishkid). # P-k’i na’idishkid, to be making a diagnosis (by Hand Trembling over P - the patient).

D.

(2) (3)

ORin

keed -

ke’ -

keet -

P-ch’ahoshi-(~ -hashi-)(@/yi)(458): to scold P, berate P. Bich’ahoshishkeeh or bich’ahashishkeeh/ bich’ahoshiishkeed (bich’andahoshishkeeh).

’adékeedi,

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

beggar, mendicant (the one who begs

for help). na’idikid, question.

hoshi-(~ hashi-)(@-Imp.)(458): to be mean, fierce, angry (as a mean dog, a fierce warrior). Hoshishké (~ hashishké).

C.

NOUN

NAVAJO: certain.

Underlying meaning unOccurs, with O-classifier and

ha-(ho-)-thematic (3s subject pronoun), as the theme ina single base meaning “be(come) confused, befuddled.”

(Possibly cognate with *sh(#)-ke, child. Cf. Navajo ’ashkii, boy.) KEEDo

Wiles.

Underlying meaning

with postpositional P-ch’a- (meaning unknown), as the

to

roundup, and who carefully tended his flocks in the belief that the People would one day return from exile, with a need for help in reestablishing themselves. When they did, in fact, return, following the Treaty of 1868, Hashké Neiniihii distributed breeding stock to them, insisting that they accept his largesse. A mesa in the Monument Valley bears his name: Hoskeninni Mesa.)

KEEH

NAVAJO:

First Angry (First Scolder) (myth-

be mean, fierce (as a tiger or a warrior). hashkénii, outlaw, villain (mean people). Hashkééjf Naat’aah, War Chief (he speaks on the side of meanness). Hashké Neiniihii, Hoskeninni (the one who distributes them with angry insistence). (The name of aman who escaped the Fort Sumner

questioner, interrogator (one who asks a

appears to be “mean, fierce.” Occurs with D-classifier and ho-shi-thematic ,

DERIVATIVES

ology, reference is to Coyote.) hashké, warrior, meanness. Hashkénfsdzin,

na’fditkidii, diagnostician (by Hand Trembling), question).

NEUTER

. ho-shi-@-(ti):

’Atsé Hashké, By,

(1)

PRERRe EUTe

MOMENTANEOUS

B.

(1)

li

|. ho-shi-O-(ti):

. di-t-(ti): (1)

P,” and in a Neuter Imperfective with the meaning “mean, fierce, angry.”

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

kééh_ -

WSWANTG sePRleleles kééh -

kééh

tear

OPT:

kééh -

kééh -

KEEH A.

-KEE’

MOMENTANEOUS

# kék’ehhashchiin (-shchiin, small replica or facsimile), small replica or copy ofa footprint. (In Blessing Way [Hézh¢¢jf] footprints are made with cornmeal and each family member steps into them.) kék’osh (-k’g9sh < verb stem: K’DSH: be[come] sour, spoiled), foot odor. kélanf ~ -kélddd (-lanf~ -lddd, tip, end, extremity), tiptoes, on tiptoes, tips of the toes. kélatah ~-kélatah (-ldtah, tip end, extremity), tip of the toes, tip end of the foot, or of a shoe or moccasin. kéleezh ~ -kéleezh (-leezh, possessed form of teezh, dirt, soil), dirt or soil from a footprint. "Ayani bikéleezh, dirt froma buffalo’s footprint (used ceremonially). -kéniid (-niid, slope), ball of the foot. kénii’ (-nii’, middle), arch of the foot, instep. késdzis ~ -késdzis (-dzis, furrow, hollow), hollow footprint (as those left in snow or thick mud). késhgaan ~ -késhgaan-~ -késhgaa (-gaan < GAN: dried up. -gaan = nominalized -gan), toenail (of a human, talon (of a bird of prey), hoof or claw on the hind foot of a quadruped (cf. -lash-gaan, hoof or claw on the front foot). Késhgaan ‘aghaat~ ’akéshgaan ’aghdat, hoof rattle. késhgaat’ah ~ -késhgaat’ah (-t’ah, pocket, niche, the pocket or recess beneath the toenail. késhgol (-gol ?), club-footed, having overgrown hoofs (a horse). Késhgolii (-ii, the one), Club-Foot (personal nickname). -késhii (-shii ?), a ceremonial term for the penis (Haile 1951:218). kétal ~ -kétal (-tal, butt end), heel, calcaneous, butt end (of an object). Naadda’ bikétal, butt end of a corncob. kétiil (-tiil = nominalized form of the verb root TIL: be matted [?]), foot cover (ofa

|. ha-O-(ti): (1)

ha-(@-Ilmp.)(399)(with prepounded t’66 P-it): P becomes confused, disoriented, befuddled.

T'66 bit hakééh (nddhdkééh).

B.

NEUTER

|. ha-@-(ti): (1)

ha-(si-Perf.)(399)(with prepounded t’66 P-it): P is confused, disoriented, befuddled. hazkééh.

iets

T’66 P-it

NAVAJO: The noun stem -KEE’: foot, is used as a verb stem in Neuter Imperfective and Perfective bases

relating to the foot. Occurs with yi- or ’4a-thematic and L-classifier. (1)

‘aydf’ad-(yi-Perf.)(2): to be big-footed, to have big feet. ’Aydf ’adshkee’, (‘aydi ’adlkee’: 3rd

(2)

yini-(O-lmp.)(767): to have feet like ---, to have feet that resemble ---. Yinishkee’. (yilkee’:; 3rd pers.) (E.g. dif télii bjjh yilkee’, this burro’s feet look like those of a deer - this burro has feet like a deer.)

pers.)

Stem noun: foot, feet, shoe, tire. (Combining forms: ké-, kee-.) (Cf.

“KEE”

KE, shoe, footwear; -KEE’, footprint, track, trail, following, after, behind. V.

also KE.)

# chidf bikee’ (chidf, car), automobile tire. # dzi'izfbikee’ (dzi’iz/, bicycle), bicycle tire. * kébaah ~ -kébaah (-baah, edge, border), side of the foot. # kégiizh ~ -kégiizh (-giizh, gap, intervening space), space between the toes. Kégiizhf (-f, the ones), Papago Indian (an oblique reference to the traditional sandal with a thong that passes between the toes.) # -kégod ~ -hégod (-god, short, abbreviated), stump. Tsehégod (tse- < tsin, tree),

type used in former times, before the

tree stump.

# ké’iil ~ -ké’iil (-iil, bristles.

V. IL, conifer

needle, and verb stem ‘IL ~ ’ILf; be bristly.), fetlock of a horse or buffalo. ‘Ayan biké’iil, buffalo fetlock. # kék’eh ~ -kék’eh (-k’eh, place), footprint, track. -kék’ehgd6, following in (one’s) footprints or tracks, repeating after (one) - as a prayer spoken by the medicine man and repeated after him by the

*

patient.

318

advent of commercial socks and stockings. A piece of hide or cloth was folded over the feet before putting on the moccasins, This custom continued into recent times with the use of a piece of burlap, especially during the wintertime.) kéttoh (-tloh < -TLEE’: moisten), an infusion of herbs and water used ceremonially (it is imbibed by the patient and put on the patient’s body, starting with the feet and legs). -kétt’aah (-tt’a4dh, bottom), soles of the feet or those of a shoe or moccasin. kétt’ddl ~ -kétt’6l ~ -hét’ddl (-tP’d6l, possessed form of t’66t, cord), root (of a tree or plant),

-KEE’

shoelace.

KEE’

Ch’il bikét?66l ~bihétl’ddl,

plant root; tsin bikétt’66l ~ bihétV66l, root

(4)

tree

# kétsfin ~-kétsiin (-tsiin ~ -ts{f, base), ankle. kétsoh (-tsoh, big), big toe.

t+

# -kéts’id (-ts’id, sinew, tendon),

tendon of the

foot. # kéts’in ~-kéts’in (=-ts’in or nominalized form ts’iin,

bone),

foot or anle bone, ankle

joint, tarsus. Kéts’iinf (-f, the one), oxford (shoe). # -kéts’iil (-ts’iil,, fragments. Cf. TS’IL:

shatter), bones of the upper foot, tarsals. # kéwos ~ -kéwos (-wos, shoulder), upper joint of the big toe, bunion.

# -keek’is (-k’is, one missing), one-footed, lacking or missing one foot or one shoe. Kék’is{ (-f, the one), One-Foot (personal nickname).

# naa’ot bikégod ~ bihégod (bikégod, stump), lima bean (Phaseolus limenus). # né’éshjaa’ yilkee’é, owl’s claw, South American rubber palnt (Dugaldea hoopesii) (the one that resembles an owl’s foot).

NAVAJO: The nominal/postpositional -stem -KEE’: footstep, track, trail/ KEE’ behind, following, also functions as a verb stem, combining with @-classifier and directional prefixes to describe the trail or line of footprints left by an animate subject. Lexical forms are entered below with 3rd person bi-, his, her, its and, parenthetically, with -’a-, something’s. Entries with bi- are translatable as “his, her, its footprints or trail (leads),” while those with ’a- are translatable as “there is a line of footprints or a trail(leading) .” (E.g. Yah ’abikéé’, its trail leads into an enclosure / yah ’e’ekéé’, there is a line of footprints or a trail leading into an enclosure.) (1)

(2)

(3)

’abikéé’, its trail leads away out of sight (e’ekéé’). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadan) ’abikéé’, its trail leads down from a height (as into a canyon), # ’Andbikéé’, its trail leads back away (ana’akéé’). # “Anddbikéé’, some more of its tracks lead away (’anda’akéé’). # Yah ‘abikéé’, its trail leads into an enclosure (as into a burrow or cave) (yah ’e’ekéé’), # Y66’ ’abikéé’, its trail leads away and disappears) (y6d’ ’e’ekéé’). ’adabikéé’ (~ bidabikéé ’/hadabikéé’), its trail

leads downward from a height (as into a canyon) (’ada’akéé’). ’ahéébikéé’, its trail leads around ina circle (‘ahéé’ékéé’),

’ahibidiikéé’, their trails converge, come together (as the lines of footprints left by two bears) (’ahi’diikéé’). (5) ’atnaébfkéé’, their trails criss-cross (’atnd’akéé’). (6) ‘atts’abikéé’, their trails diverge, go in opposite direction from each other (’atts’a’akéé’). (7) bideekéé’, it left a broken trail (’'adeekéé’). (8) bighdbikéé’, its trail goes through it (as through a fence) (bigha’akéé’). (9) bikéé’, its trail extends (’akéé’). (E.g. Shitélii tabaahg66 bikéé’, my burro’s trail extends along the shore.) (10) bindbikéé’, its trail goes around it (as around a rock, hill, hogan) (bina’akéé’). (11) binikabikéé’, its trail goes through it (as through a gate) (binfka’akéé’). (12) ch’fbikéé’, its trail extends (comes, goes) out horizontally (as from a canyon or doorway)

(ch’é’6kéé’). (13) — dah bidiikéé’, its trail leads off (dah ‘adiikéé’.) (14) dah nabidiikéé’, its trail leads off back(dah n’diikéé’). (15) habikéé’, its trail leads up (ha’akéé’). # Baah ha’akéé’, there is a trail or line of tracks leading up its side (as up a

mountainside). (16) nabikéé’, its trailleads around here and there (na’akéé’). (17) nabfkéé’, its trail leads back (returning)

(18

(na’akéé’) 4

nibikéé’,

its trail ends (ne’ekéé’).

# -jj’ nibikéé’, its trail goes as far as --(a designated place. (E.g. Tsékoohdaahjj’ nibikéé’, its trail ends at the canyon’s brink.) # Tsé’naa (ha’naa) nibikéé’, its trail goes across. (19) tadifkéé’, its trail wanders about here and there. (ta’diikéé’)

NOUN (1)

’ada’akéé’,

DERIVATIVES

footprints leading downward from a

height, downward

trail.

(2) ’adeekéé’, broken trail. (3) ’ahéé’ékéé’, footprints leading around in a circle, circular trail. (4)

‘ahi’diikéé’,

converging lines of footprints,

converging trails. (5)

’atna’akéé’,

criss-crossing lines of footprints,

criss-crossing trails. (6) ’atts’a’akéé’, diverging or separating lines on footprints, divergent trails. (7) ’ana’akéé’, footprints leading back away. (8) ch’é’6kéé’, footprints leading outward, trail out. (9) dah ’adiikéé’, lead-off point of a trail. (10) ’e’ekéé’, footprints leading away out of sight. # yah ’e’ekéé’, footprints leading in (to an enclosure, as a hole, cave).

# yd0’ ’e’ekéé’, footprints leading away. (11) ha’akéé’, ascending line of footprints, ascending trail.

KEE’ (12) (13)

na’akéé’, ne’ekéé’,

KEEZ

line of footprints leading around about. end of a trail or line of foot prints.

# tsé’naa ne’ekéé’,

trail leading across.

#

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

B.CONCL.| C.CONT.

kees

kos

ké6z

kos

kees

D.SEM. E.REP.

kos kos

kos .

kos -

kos -

kos -

Trans.

Noun: footprints, tracks, trail, and (in certain contexts) behind, following.

#

US.//IT.

A.MOM.

(14) ta’difkéé’, meandering line of footprints or meandering train.

# #

IMP,

(Combining form: ké-.)(V. Kék’eh.) # ’akéédé’igif (-igif, the one), the last one, the last straggler. ’akéédéé’ (-déé’, from), next, from behind. ‘’akée’di, last, final, bringing up the rear (in time or series). ’akée'di yéedda’ (yéeddd’, past time), the last time, the last one. -késhdéé@’ (in songs and prayers = -kéédéé’), behind.. E.g. Nikéshdéé’ hézhdéo doo, there will be peace and harmony behind you.

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|, di-L-(ti/tt): ha-P-fdi-(@/si)(330):

to cough up P (as phlegm) (lit. cough up out against P). Habfdiskees/ hab{déskééz. hadi-(@/yi)(384): to cough, start coughing. Hadiskees/hadeeskééz (handdd{skees). hahidi-(O-Imp.)(394): to cough up O (as phlegm, blood) time after time. Hahidiskees. # Dit shiyi’d颒 hahidiskees, | cough up blood.

Il. tsf-O-(ti): (A) Stem postpositional: behind, following. She’esdzdan shikéé’ yigaat, my wife is following along behind me / shi’éé’ shikéédéé’ hahifttsooz, my shirt tail is hanging out behind me / ’dlta’ gone’ 'atkéé’ niida,

’ats(-(@/yi)(134): to decide to go, have it in mind to go (somewhere, as to town). ’Atséskees/ ’atsééké6z (‘ats(nddndskees). (E.g. Kintahgdéd ’atséékééz, | decided to go to town). nts{-(ni/ni)(680): to reach a decision (lit. to think terminatively, stop thinking). Nts{nfskees/ nts(nfkééz (nts{nddnfskees). # P-ee hasht’e’ ntsinfskees, to reacha

at school we sit one behind the other - in a row.

-kéé’, in the sense of “bringing up the rear” functions adverbially with the meaning “last,” as in shizhé’é ‘akée’di nfyd, my father arrived last. (Cf. verb root KEE’: leave footprints.) (Also -kék’eh, footprints, functioning adverbially in: ‘anaa’ t’66 bikék’eh nahodiilzhfishgo baa na’aldeeh, wars are repeated over and over, wars follow one another endlessly.)

KEEZ

decision on P, make up one’s mind

(3)

about P (a question or issue). Ats{dii-(@/@)(679): to start to think, think up, wonder. Nts{diiskees/nts{diikééz (fts(ndddiiskees). (Cf. ndiishyeed, to start up running, spring up; ndiish’aah, to pick O [SRO] up.) # P-aa ntsfdiiskees, to start to think about P, think P up (an idea, invention), wonder about P.

(PPA uncertain. PA *Kus-X [with unidentified suffix lt]: cough. V.

KEEZ.)

NAVAJO:

B. CONCLUSIVE I. tsf-O-(ti):

Occurs:(1) with di-thematic:

oral noise, and L-classifier as the

theme in verb bases meaning “cough;” and (2) with ts//'ats{-/ntsi-thematic and @ (D-) or t-classifier in bases

(1)

meaning “decide, think, ponder.” See also KEEZ: slender stiff object moves independently, flies through the air. Some speakers use KEEZ in lieu of KEEZ in themes relating to “think, ponder.” It is probable that

ntsi-(@/si)(679):

to think, ponder, cogitate, hold an opinion. Ntséskees/ntsiséké6z (ntsfndskees:nts(nddndskees) # ’Aheett’éego P-aa ntsfikees, we think alike about P, we hold the same

opinion on P,

are in agreement about P. # Bfighahdgi ntséskees, to think hard about it, put one’s mind to it (as in seeking a way out of a quandary). # P-it ’aheett’6ego p-aa ntséskees, | have the same opinion about p as P has, I’min agreement with P on p.

confusion has arisen between KEEZ/KEEZ in many

themes, and that KEEZ is properly the stem in themes

that have to do with “cough,’ while KEEZ has the

extended meanings “think, ponder.”

320

KEEZ

KEEZ

Il. ts/-D-(ti):

# P-aa ntséskees, to be thinking about P, pondering P. # P-A p-aa ntséskees, to advise or counsel P about p (i.e. to be thinking about p (as a problem) on P’s behalf (on behalf of another person). # Nahdigo P-aa ntséskees, to look down on P,

(1)

na-P-k’itstha-(-ho-)(@/si)(523): P is taken under consideration. (Lit. 3s ha-/ho- considers P.) Nabik’itsahakees/nabik ’itsahaskééz (nabik’its(nadahakees).

discriminate against P, hold P in low

(2)

D. SEMELFACTIVE

esteem, disdain P, consider P an inferior. # T’dd ’a’ohgo P-aa ntséskees, to consider P an inferior, discriminate against or disdain P (lit. to consider P as being less). nts{na-(@/si)(680): to think back, think over, reminisce. (Reversionary corresponding to #1 above.) Ntsindskees/ntsinisékééz. # Nat’da’ ntsindskees, to reminisce, think back in time. # Nat’dd’ P-aa ntsindskees, to reminisce

|. di-L-(ti): (1)

dii-(@/si)(343): to cough once, let go a cough. Diiskos/ déskos (ndaddiiskos).

E.

REPETITIVE Durative

I. di-L-(ti):

about P, rethink P, think P back over.

(3)

tsfdi-(@/si)(733): to think, entertain thoughts, have thoughts. Tsidiskees/tsidékééz (tsindddiskees). # P-aah tsidiskees, to have thoughts about P

di-(@-Imp.)(331): to have a cough, cough repeatedly, have a cold. Diskos.

’andi-(O-lter.)(114): to have whooping cough, have a terrible cough (lit. to repeatedly cough away out of sight -- i.e. have repeated protracted coughing spells). ’Andiskos.

(as an absent person, about home and family). # 1T’66 ’a’ahigo P-aah tsidiskees, to pity P, feel sorry for P (as a terminally ill person).

F.

# T’66 P-aa hojooba’igo P-aah tsidiskees, to pity P, feel sorry for P. (E.g. T’66 shaa hojooba’fgo shaah tsidikees, you feel

(1) (2)

dikos,

Il. ts/-D-(ti): (1)

DERIVATIVES

cough.

dikos ’azee’,

ntsékees,

sorry for me.)

NOUN

G.

cough medicine.

thought.

ADVERBIAL

PHRASES

t’'dadoo hazho’6 baa ntsdhdskézi,

ntsf-ha-(-ho-)(@/si)(679): there is thought, thinking takes place, thought is given. (Lit. 3s ha-/ ho- thinks.) Ntsdhdkees/ntsdhaskééz

on impulse,

without giving it careful thought.

(ntsinddhdkees) # P-aa ntsdhdkees, P is receiving thought, P

is getting consideration, an opinion is held regarding P. # Nahdigo (t’da ’a’ohgo) P-aa ntsdhdkees, P is discriminated against, held in low

KEEZ

esteem, disdained, considered an

(PPA

*KWets’

stem

*KWits’ > *Kds-] [@]: sticklike

> PA *Kets’

[suffixed

object moves independently, falls; [#]: enclosed object moves independently, falls.)

inferior. NAVAJO: Describes the independent movement of a slender stiff (sticklike) or thin rigid object, falling or

flying through the air. V. KEEZ. Occurs, with @-

C. CONTINUATIVE

classifier and the full gamut of directional prefixes as the theme in verb bases that describe the free, inde-

I. tsi-t-(ti): (1)

pendent movement of objects such as a pole, rifle, wedding basket, tin sheet, false teeth, pencil, bracelet.

na-P-ik’fts{-(O/si)(523): to consider P, give consideration to P, think P over. Nabik’{tséskees/nabik ‘itsisétkééz (nabik itsindandskees).

321

KEEZ

iIMP-CUSTTT PERES

A.MOM. | kees

kos

kééz

KEEZ

PROGw

FUT

=OPRt.

:

kos

kees

(6)

Se

B.REP.

7} kos

:

(7)

Dur. |

C.SEM. D.CURS.

kgs -

kos -

kos -

= kos/

kos

kos -

kees

A.

’a-(@/yi)(474):

(8)

S flies or falls away out of sight.

‘likees/ ‘iikééz (‘andkees:’anddndkees). SER.(@/si)(59): S fall or fly through the air one after another (as sticks, rifles, boards, poles,

pencils). “Adahakees/’adahazkééz (andahakees:’andddahakees). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iikees, S falls down from a height. # P-ts’Aa’ yd0’ ’iikees, P loses S. # Tséde 'iikees, S falls over backwards (as a

(9)

ladder).

# Tséde P-it ‘iikees, S falls over backwards with P. # Tsé’yaa ’iikees, S falls over forward (as a

(10)

ladder).

# Tsé’yaa P-it ‘iikees, S falls over forward with (11)

# Yah ’likees, S falls or comes flying into an enclosure (as a pencil that falls into a hole). te Y66’ ’iikees, S falls away and gets lost, disappears.

(2)

S comes flying through P (as a pole through a window). Binikakees/binikdnikééz (binikandkees:binikkandandkees). SER. (O//si). Binfkadahakees/binkkadaheezkééz (binfkandahakees:binikandddahakees). P-ts’d-(ni/ni)(253): to fall away from P, S falls off of P. Bits’akees/bits’Anikééz (bits’andkees: bits’andandakees). SER.(@/si). Bits’ddahakees/bits ’adaheezkééz (bits’andahakees: bits’ andadahakees). # P-bit (or bit, sleep) p-ts’d4kees,

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti): (1)

P-nika-(ni/ni)(236):

’a-(@/si)(123)(with prepounded bik’i dah, “on-it up” + a number): to be acertain hour, become

(12)

o’clock (lit. something sticklike = the big hand of the clock moved up onit = the hour). Bik’i dah ’akees/bik’i dah ’azkééz (bik’i dah naa’akees). # Hastdadi bik’i dah ’azkééz, it’s six o’clock. K’ad yee’ hastdadi bik’i dah ’ékees, | wish it were six o’clock right now. T’ah yee’ doo hastdadi bik’i dah ’akees da, it’s not yet six o’clock. Hastdadi bik’i dah ’akgsgo ndiish’nah, | always get up at six. (3) ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(377): S falls or comes flying down from a height (as a pole from a canyon’s edge). ’Adaakees/’addakééz (’adanakees: adanddandkees). SER.(Q/si)(374). ‘Adadahakees/’adadahaazkééz (adardahakees:’adandddahakeés). (4) ’ahééhi-(@/si)(48): S goes around in circles (minute hand on a watch). ’Ahééhékees/ ‘ahééheezkééz. (5) P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): S (log, pole, girder) falls onP . Bik’iikees/bik’iikééz (bik’inéikees:bik’indanéikees).

(13)

(14)

p becomes

sleepless, insomniac, P cannot go to sleep (lit. P’s sleep - or simply sleep falls or flies away from p). ch’i-(ni/ni)((274): S goes flying out horizontally S falls out (as a pole from a wagon). Ch’ékees/ ch'inké¢éz (ch’indkees:ch’inddndkees). SER. (G/si)(275): S fall out one after another (as planks from a wagon). Ch ’idahakees/ch ‘idahaazkééz (ch’indahakees:ch indddahakees). ch’f-(O/yi)(279): S goes flying out horizontally (completive). Ch’ékees/ch’éékééz (ch’(ndkees:ch ’indandkees). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’ékees, S falls or goes flying over the edge (as a pole over the edge of a canyon). di-(@/si)(317): S starts to move along through the air, S starts flying along or falling. Dikees/deezkééz (ndikees:ndddikees). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dikees, S starts to fall downward (as a rifle). di-(ni/ni)(310)(with prepounded ’aa, open): S comes open (as a car door). ‘Aa deekees/’aa dinikééz (’aa ndeekees:’aa ndddeekees). (dithematic: open.) # P-it’aa deekees, S comes open on one (as one’s car door). dii-(@/O)(341): S starts to fall. Diikees/diikééz (ndiikees:nddadiikees). # Baa diikees, S falls off of P (as a bracelet). dzidza-(@/yi) (357): S falls into the fire (as a rifle or pencil). Dzidzaakees/dzidzaakééz (dzidzanakees:dzidzandandkees). SER.(@/si) (356). Dzidzadahakees/dzidzadahaazkééz (dzidzandahakees:dzidzandddahakees). ha-(@/yi)(426):

S falls out (from an enclosed

space, as from a sack, box, hand).

Haakees/

hadkééz (handkees:handdndkees). SER. (@/si)(390). Hadahakees/hadahaazkééz (hdddahakees:handddahakees). # P-flak’ee haakees, S falls out of P’s hand (as a pencil, cigaret), (unintentionally).

P drops S

# P-ii’'déé’ haakees, S falls out of P. # P-za’azis haakees, S falls out of P’s pocket. (15) hand-(@/si)(411): S comes back up (as a pole thrown into the water - it is submerged, but returns to the surface). Handkees/hanazkééz (hanfnadndkees). (16)

na-(O/yi)(576):

S falls downward

(a pole, rifle).

Naakees/ndakééz (nindkees:ninddndkees). SER.(@/si) (526). Ndahakees/ndahaazkééz

322

KEEZ

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(ninddahakees: nindddahakees). # P-k’ijj’ naakees, S falls down onto P. # P-k’i naakees, S falls off P (as a pencil offa tabletop). na-(@/yi)(544): S comes flying back, returns, comes back (as a lost rifle). Nakees/nankééz (nindandkees.) (Reversionary corresponding to yikees: #30 below.) # P-aa ndkees, P recovers S, gets S back (as a lost rifle, pencil). na-(@/si)(568)(with prepounded dah, up.): S falls and gets snagged (as a pole that falls from a ledge and gets caught by a bush). Dah nakees/dah nazkééz (dah nindkees:dah nindanakees). # P-aah dah nakees, S falls and gets snagged up onP. nahi-(@/si)(527): S (as a pole) turns over or around, S makes a revolution. Nahdkees/ nahaazkééz (nindhdkees:ninddhakees). naa’a-(O@/yi)(579): S topples over (a ladder or post). Naa’iikees/naa’iikééz (naa’andkees: naa’andandkees). SER.(Q@/si) Naa’adahakees/naa’adahaazkééz (naa’andahakees: naa’andddahakees). naani-(ni/ni)(590): S tips over, topples over sideways, falls over sideways (as a pole, tree trunk). Naaniikees/naaninkkééz (naanindanakées). (ni/ni)(760): S arrives or comes flying through the air. Yikees/nikééz (ndkees:nddndkees). # P-aa yikees, P receives S (as a rifle). # Haddéésh nikééz, where did it come from? ni-(ni/ni)(667): S falls terminatively, S falls and lies, S lands, S flies as far as a stopping point. Niikees/ninikééz (nindkees:nindandkees). SER.(@/si)(621). Ndahakees/ndahaazkééz (ninddahakees:nindddahakees). # Ni’ niikees, S falls on the ground. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niikees, S falls or flies across (as a tree across a road.) niki-(@/si)(631): S falls and lands on a surface (as on the ground, floor). Nikékees/nikézkééz. # Ni’jj’ nikézkééz, S fell to earth, crashed down. # P-kda’jj’ nikézkééz, S fell down on top of P (as a log onto a cartop). ni’a-(ni/ni) (638): unspecified S falls down, lands. Ni’kees/ni’nikééz (ninda’fkees). # P-ch’ijfni’fkees, P has a streak of luck, it’s P’s lucky day (lit. something sticklike falls on P’s side). # P-kda’ (or P-k’i) ni’ikees, P gets a scab or crust on it (as a wound or sore). # P-ts’aajf ni’ikees, P has a streak of bad luck, it’s P’s unlucky day (lit. something sticklike falls away from P). # Yaskda’ ni’kkees, the snow becomes crusted. n’dii-(@/@)(674): S breaks loose and falls away (as a rifle hung on the wall). N’diikees/ n’diikééz (nina’diikees:ninaa’diikees).

KEEZ # Chidf baah dah sitani n’diikees,

a car license

plate falls off.

(27) (@/si)(775)(with prepounded P-k’i dah, on P up): to fallon P (as alog ona person). Yik’i dah

yikees/yik’i dah yizkééz. (28) w6’a-(G/yi)(745): S falls off an edge (as a pencil from a table). W6’aakees/w6’dakééz (wd’anad-

kees:w6’andandkees). (29) yanda-(= yanda-yi-)(@/O)(750):

S bounces up into

the air (as a pencil dropped on the floor).

Yandakees/yandakééz yaninddndakees).

(yaninddkees:

(30) (@/yi)(760): S flies through the air, falls

(completive). Yikees/yikééz (ndkeés:nddanakees). SER.(@/si)(444). Dahikees/daheezkééz (ndahakegs:ndddahakees). (V. #17 above.) # P-iih yikees, S falls into P (as a pencil into # # # #

the stew or into the mud). teeh yikees, S falls into the dirt or ashes. Nii’oh yikees, S falls out of view. Taah yikees, S falls into the water. Tattddh yikees, S sinks to the bottom of the water.

B.

REPETITIVE Durative

|. @-(ti): (1)

nikfdi-(@)(633): S (SSO) bounces repeatedly on a surface (as a pencil that falls on the floor). Nikidikgs.

C.

SEMELFACTIVE

I, O-(ti): (1)

_nikfdii-(@/si)(634): S (SSO) bounces one time on a surface (as a pencil that falls on the floor).

Nikidiikgs/nikfdeezkos.

D. CURSIVE |. @-(ti): (1)

(yi)(761):

S is sailing through the air (as a flying

arrow). Yikos/deikees (nddkos:nadanddkgs). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yikos, S is tumbling downward (as a falling rifle). # Hdaddéésh yikos, where did it come from? (2)

ndahi-(yi)(642):

revolves.

E. (1)

S turns around and around, S

Ndhookgs.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

ndhookgs, north, Big Dipper, swastika (rug design) (it revolves - reference is to the Big Dipper).

KIDo

KEEZ (2)

ndhookgs ba’dadii,

part of Cassiopeia (the

female of the north - female of the Big Dipper?)

(3)

ndhookgs bika’ii, Ursa Major (including the Polar Star)(the male of the north - male of the Big

(4)

wonikgsf,

Dipper?)

walking stick, falling stick insect,

mantis, all eculd larvae, asilid pupa exuvia.

the meaning “slide, move in a dragging manner.” Extended meanings include “slip out of joint or out of gear, move (the hands of a clock), rise or go down (temperature as measured by a thermometer, prices, the indicator on a pressure valve, disease incidence), and eat (a roundish or chunky object, as an apple, melon, biscuit, berry, cherry, olive, chunk of cheese,

boiled egg, a fried bread, hamburger sandwich, sheephead, heart).” (Cf. KIDy under KEED}.)

D.

ADVERBIAL

PHRASES

(1)

ndhookgsjf,

(2)

ndhookgsdéé’,

(3)

ndahookgsjigo, northward, (motion) in a northerly direction. ndahookgs biyaadi, in the far north (lit. under the north). ndhookgs dd6 ’e’e’aah bita’ji, on the northwest, to the northwest (static). ndahookgs dé6 ’e’e’aah bita’jigo, northwestward, (motion toward the northwest). ndahookgs dé6é ha’a’aah bita’jf, on the northeast, to the northeast (static). ndhookgs d66 ha’a’aah bita’jigo, northeastward, (motion) toward the northeast.

(4)

(5)

(6) (7) (8)

Kl

IMPS

°USTITAS

PERF’

from the north.

keed

ki’

kid

-

kit

keed

B.DUR. C.CONT. D.CURS.

kid =

ki’ -

kid -

kit -

kid -

E.NEUT.

-

-

kid

kit/ keed -

-

-

A.MOM.)

A.

(1)

’a-(@/yi)(483): to slip O away out of sight, take O’s picture, shift gears (in a car), move O into

gear or into joint. ’lishkeed/’fftkid

(’andshkeed:

’anddanashkeed). # Bee na’agizhi ’iishkeed, to shift gears. # Nat’da’jigo yee ndzit’if géne’ ’iishkeed, shift into reverse.

to

# Niydago ’anjiitkid, | took your picture eating. # Yee naaldzilf géne’ ’iishkeed, to shift into

(2)

there are 3+ pairs of us; ndaaki,

there are 3+ pairs of them.) (V. Grammatical Section of THE NAVAJO LANGUAGE, p. 12.)

MOMENTANEOUS

I, £-(tt):

The final syllable of the numeral naaki, two, is treated as a Neuter verb stem, with na- ~ n- as the prefix in the inflected forms of the numeral. (More commonly as in T’E’4 [XII]1.)

na-(@-lmp.): to be in pairs. Naniiki (we area pair, there are two of us). (Ib. ndiniilt’é.) (Ndaniiki,

*FUTISIOET

Trans.

|. O-(ti): (1)

“PROG

on the north, to the north (static).

(3)

low. # Y66’ ’iishkeed, to slip away and disappear. ‘atts’a-(@/yi)(111): to disjoint O, slip O apart (as a stovepipe). ’Atts’dshkeed/atts’aatkid (‘atts’anashkeed: atts ’anaddandshkeed). ch’ii-(= ch Pahi-)(@/si)(287): to show O (movies or slides) (lit. to move unspecified O - the picture frames - out horizontally, one after

Noun stem (derivation uncertain) in: nakid, syphilis, chancre.

KID

(4)

(5)

another). Ch’’iishkeed/ ch’Piyétkid (ch’inaa’iishkeed). (Ib. ‘i’iishkeed: #8 below.) daddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297): to close a sliding door or window. Dadi’nishkeed/dadi’nitkid (dandi’nishkeed:dandadi’nishkeed). (di-thematic: open, close.) di-(@/si)(336):

to cause O to move, slide O (asa

clock hand, an object over a surface).

Dishkeed/détkid (ndishkeed:ndddishkeed). # Nadas dishkeed, to set O ahead (a clock). # T’da’ dishkeed, to set O back (a clock). # P-ch’j’ dishkeed, to slide O to P (as a dish to

(PPA *Kit’ > PA *Kit’ [li]: slip, slide, move against resistance; [t-causa-

KIDo

tive]; extended meaning: swallow, eat with difficulty [e.g. a chunky object].)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “slide, glide, move ina dragging manner (as an object pushed over a surface).” Occurs: (1) with t-classifier as the theme in transitive bases meaning “cause O to slide or move in

a dragging manner,” and by extension “show movies or slides, shift gears in a car, take a picture;” and (2) with L-classifier in passive and intransitive bases with

someone,

(6)

(7)

at the table).

di-(ni/ni)(326)(with prepounded ’aa, open): to slide O open (as a sliding door or window). ’Aa dinishkeed/’aa dinitkid (aa ndinishkeed:aa ndddinishkeed). (di-thematic: open, close.) ha-(@/yi)(430): to slip O out of joint or out of gear. Haashkeed/haatkid (handshkeed:handanashkeed).

KIDo

KIDo

(8)

’i’ii-(= ’a’ahi-)(@/si)(468): to show O (movies or Slides) (lit. to move unspecified O - the picture frames - away out of sight one after another). Viishkeed/’i’iyétkid (’anda’iishkeed), (9) (ni/ni)(762): to slide O (arriving). Nishkeed/nitkid (nanishkeed:ndanishkeed). # P-aa nishkeed, to slide C to P. (10) ni-(ni/ni)(651): to slide O as farasa stopping point, to adjust or set O (as the sights on a rifle, the timer on a car, an alarm clock). Ninishkeed/ninitkid (nindnishkeed:nindanishkeed). # Tsé’naa ninishkeed, to inch O across. # TsésQ’ deg (~ de) ninishkeed, to opena sliding window (by sliding it up). # TsésoQ’ yaa ninishkeed, to close a sliding window (by sliding it down). (11) (G/yi)(784): to move O by inching O along (as a huge rock, a heavy log)(completive). Yishkeed/ yftkid (ndshkeed:nddndshkeed). # P-iih yishkeed, to inch O into P (by sliding O over a surface - as a huge rock into a truck). # Taah yishkeed, to inch O into the water (by sliding O - as a huge log into the water).

(6) (7)

(8)

hand of a clock, the needle of a speedometer

or thermometer). Dilkeed/deeskid (fdilkeed: naddilkeed), # De dilkeed, S rises, moves upward (temperature, prices, cost of living).

# T’Aa’ ndilkeed,

(2)

(3)

# De/yaa ndilkeed, S goes back up/down. # Na’oolkitf deeskid, the clock started to run. # Yaa dilkeed, S goes down (temperature, (9)

prices). ha-(G/yi)(427): S slips out of joint or out of gear, S becomes dislocated (as one’s hip).

Haalkeed/haalkid

(handalkeed:handdnalkeed).

# P-k’ai’ haalkid, P’s hip went out ofjoint, P dislocated his hip.

’a-(@/yi)(475): S slides away out of sight, slips into jointor gear. ‘lilkeed/’eelkid (’andlkeed: ’anddnalkeed), # Dikwiidi miflgd6 ’iilkeed, they mount into the thousands (as casualties, victims of a disaster). ’a’a-(@/yi)(363): unspecified S moves away out of sight, something slides away, time (by the clock) passes. ’E’elkeed/’o’oolkid (’ana’dlkeed:’anda’dlkeed). # P-lddhg66 ’e’elkeed, to be late for P, not be on time for P (lit. unspecified S - the hour hand on the clock - moves away beyond P). (E.g. Bildahgd6 ’o’oolkidgo ‘nda naashnishidi nfyd, | was late to work.) "ahéé’(a)-(ni/ni)(50): unspecified S slides around in a circle (as the hour hand of a clock), an hour passes. ’Ahéé’ilkeed/’ahéé'ikid (‘ahénina’ikeed:’ahéninda’ilkeed). SER.(@/si)(50): S moves around and around in circles. ’Ahéé’iilkeed/’ahéé ‘iishkid. # -go ’ahéé’ikid, to spend hours doing -- ( it

(10)

ii-(= ’a’ahi-)(O/si)(468): there is a movie or slide show (lit. unspecified S - the picture frames - are caused to move away out of sight one after another). ’l’iilkeed/ ’i’iiskid (’anda’dalkeed). (Ib. ch’fiilkeed: #7 above. Cf. viishkeed: A[I]8.) (11 mee ’i’nii--(O/O)(470): to start to eat (an unspecified chunky or roundish object, as an apple, melon). ’Pniishkeed /’i’niishkid. (12) nd-(@/yi)(582): S moves back, declines, goes back down (as a death rate). Ndalkeed/ndalkid (nindanalkeed). (Reversionary corresponding to yilkeed: #20 below.) # T’da’ ndlkeed, S declines, goes back down ( as a disease rate). # De ndlkeed, S rises back up, increases back to a previous level. (13) nani-(si-Perf.)(560): to have eaten too much (melon, sheephead, bread). Nanéshkid. (14) na’ni-(si-Perf.)(557): to have eaten too much (unspecified chunky object). Na’néshkid. (15) ndi-(@/si) (606): S starts to slide slowly back (to a previous level or state - as a death rate).

took a certain number of hours to do).

Ndilkeed/ndeeskid

(E.g. Yootédg66 shit ’oolwotgo tdadi ‘ahéé’flkid, it took me three hours to drive to Santa Fe; Naana’eeshkéoigo

# T’da’ ndilkeed, S starts to decline, go back

naakidi ’ahéé’fkid,

| swam

hooghandi naniit’aazh,

(nindddilkeed).

down (prices, one’s income, incidence of disease).

around for

(16) ndini-(@/si)(608):

two hours; Tdadi ’ahéé’ikidgo ’inda

(4)

S goes back to its previous

level (temperature, prices, living costs).

Il. L-(ti): (1)

‘ana-(@/yi)(113): S goes back into joint or gear (as one’s ankle or shoulder). ’Andlkeed/ ’anaalkid (’aninddndlkeed) (Reversionary corresponding to ’iilkeed: #1 above.) P-’nii-(@/@)(219): to start to eat O (apple, melon), Bi’niishkeed/bi’niishkid. ch’Pii-(= ch Pahi-)(@/si)(287): there is a movie or slide show (lit. unspecified O is moved out horizontally one after another - reference is to the picture frames). Ch’fiilkeed/ch’fiiskid (ch’inda’iilkeed) (Cf. ch’fiishkeed: A[I]3 above. Ib. ’Viilkeed: #10 below.) di-(@/si)(319): S starts to slide along (as the hour

to eat too much, overeat on O

(as melon). Ndinishkeed/ndinéshkid.

it took us three

(17) (ni/ni)(762): S arrives sliding, reaches a destination (as the hour hand ona clock that reaches a specific hour). Yilkeed/yikid ae aera (nalkeed:nddndlkeed).

hours to get back home.) ’atts’d-(G/yi)(106): S slips apart (a stovepipe). ’Atts’alkeed/’atts’aalkid (‘atts’dndlkeed: ’atts’anddndlkeed).

325

KID2

KIDo

# P-aa yilkeed,

D. CURSIVE

S has arrived at P. (E.g.

Na’oolkitf ’ashdla’agff baa yflkid, the (18)

I. £-(tt):

hour hand has reached five.) ni-(ni/ni)(670): S slides slowly as far as a

stopping point; to finish eating O (as a melon, sheephead). Niilkeed/niilkid (nindlkeed);ni iishkeed/ninishkid (ninddnishkeed). (19)

(20)

(1)

(yi)(784): to be inching O along (as in sliding a very heavy object along by inches - as a huge rock, log, adjusting a control). Yishkit/defnifilkeed (ndashkit:ndandashkit). # Gédnaa yishkit, to be inching O (along) across. # Nitch’f naalkidf bee ndaalkidigff ndds yishkit, to turn (adjust) the controls ona television set.

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niilkid, S moves across. ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to finish eating (as an unspecified sheephead). Ni’nishkeed/ ni’nishkid. (G/yi)(762): S slides (completive). Yilkeed/yilkid. In:

# Tsiih yilkeed,

S gets skinned (as one’s knee,

in a fall).

I]. L-(ti): B.

DURATIVE

(1)

(yi)(762): S is sliding along (as the hour hand on a clock). Yilkit (ndalkit:ndandalkit). # ’Akéédéé@’ yilkit, S (a clock) runs slow, loses time (lit. it slides along behind). # ’Aldajj’ yilkit, S (a clock) runs fast, gains time (lit. it slides along ahead), # Deg yilkit, S is mounting, on the increase (as

iee(tt): (1)

(S/yi)(784): to be eating O (a roundish or chunky O - as an apple, berry, melon). Yishkeed/

yishkid #

(nddndshkeed).

'Ade yishkeed,

to overeat on O, eat too

temperature, incidence of disease,

many O. ’a-(O/yi)(127): to be eating (an unspecified roundish or chunky O). ’Ashkeed/’eeshkid (nda’dshkeed).

# ’Ade ’ashkeed, to overeat (on roundish or chunky O (as berries, melons).

C.

CONTINUATIVE

(2)

I. £-(tt): na-(@/si)(597): to move O about ina sliding manner (the pointer on an ouija board, one’s

shoulder), Naashkid/ nisétkid (nindandshkid). # Shiwos dah naashkid, | move my shoulder up and down, hunch my shoulder (as when it hurts - lit. |hold my shoulder up and wave it by sliding it up and down). na’a-(@/si)(552): to have a temperature (from fever), to be feverish (lit. to cause unspecified O - the mercury in the clinical thermometer) to

fluctuate.

Na’ashkid/ ni’sétkid

income). Génaa yilkit, S is slowly sliding across. # Naas yilkit, S is rising, advancing (as cost of living, prices). # T’66 P-it ndds yilkit, P keeps procrastinating on S, keeps putting S off (as a chore or duty). # Yaayilkit, Sis declining, dropping (as temperature, incidence of disease, income), ’a-(yi)(582): unspecified S is sliding along (the hour hand of a clock), time is passing (by the clock). ’Oolkit (na’oolkit:nda’oolkit). # Dikwiigdésh ’oolkit, what time is it? # Df'fgi (or dif’g66) ’oolkit, it’s four o’clock. na-(yi)(582): S is moving back to a previous level +

(3

~—

or state (as temperature, disease rate, cost of

living, income).

Nadlkit. (Reversionary

corresponding to yilkit: #1 above.)

# T’Ad’ naalkit, S is diminishing, declining, falling off again, dropping back (to its previous level). na’(a)-(yi)(559): unspecified S slides aroundina

(ninda’dshkid).

circle (the hour hand of a clock). Na’oolkit.

| na-(@/si)(582): S slides about, moves (as one’s eyes in reading). Naalkid/naaskid (nindanalkid). # T’66 P-nda’ naalkid, P’s eyes move about, P shifts (his) eyes about (without moving his head).

=O a |

. £-(tt/ti): (1)

(2)

326

(si-Perf.)(685): to hold O stationary (a fluctuating or sliding O - as a gauge, speedometer), to keep O in adjustment (scale, gunsight). Sétkid. (si-Perf.)(687): Sis set, adjusted (a gunsight, alarm clock), S is holding steady (as the mercury column on a thermometer, the needle ona speedometer). Sitkid.

KIDo F. (1)

(2)

KIN

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(2)

’ahdndalki’, joint, juncture (it repeatedly doubles, flexes). ’Ahandalki’ génaa, at a joint (e.g. shigaan ’ahandalki’ g6naa k’éch’iizh, my arm was sawed off at a joint.) ’Aznftdads neitkidigif, scale (for weighing people exclusively)(the one in which a person’s weight causes it - the needle - to move about). (Cf. (nitdaas neitkidigil: #8 below. The subject of

(4)

"Aznitdaas is -z- = ji-, the 3a pronoun, which can refer only to a person. The subject of

(3) (4)

(5)

’nftddas, on the other hand, is 3i ’a-, something, someone.) bee 'i’iilkeedi, projector (for movies or slides) (a movie or slide show is shown with it). chidi ninaddaabasgi béeso biih yi’nfitgo ’ahilkeedigff, parking meter (the thing that measures an hour when coins are inserted in it at the place where cars are parked). dit na’atkidgi, blood pressure (where blood causes something to fluctuate or slide about reference is to the mercury column on the

(5)

-di ’ahénina’alki’ bik’ehgo, at intervals of --(so many) hours, every --(so many)hours. (E.g. tdadi ’ahénina’alki’ bik’ehgo, every three hours). -go -di ’ahééfikid, for --(so many) hours. (E.g. Naashnishgo naakidi ’ahéé’fkid, | worked for two hours. Na’ashk¢o’go t’aédtahddi ’ahéé’ilkid, | swam around for an hour.) -di ’ahéé’lkidgedda’, --(so many) hours ago. (E.g. Naakidi ’ahéé fkidgedda’, two hours ago. T’datahadi ‘ahéé’ilkidéedda’ nfya, | arrived an hour ago.) -di ’dola -- dah ’alzhin bee bild’ooskidgo, --(so many) hours --(so many)minutes beyond = so many minutes after the hour. (E.g. Tdadi ’dola neeznda dah ’alzhin bee bild’ooskidgo nanisdza, | got back at ten minutes past three o'clock.) t’dadoo dikwii da dah ’alzhin ni’fkeedf, ina matter of minutes, in a few minutes. (E.g. T’dadoo dikwii da dah ’alzhin ni’lkeed/ ’attso ’Alyaa, it was all done in a matter of minutes).

apparatus used to measure blood pressure).

(6) (7) (8)

(9) (10)

(11)

(12) (13) (14)

(15)

Wédahgo dit na’atkid, high blood pressure (wddahgo, being above, high up). Wéyahgo dit na’atkid, low blood pressure (wéyahgo, being down below). T’da ’akohgo dit na’atkid, normal blood pressure (t’da ’Akohgo, being just right). hado d66 hak’az neitkidigif, outdoor thermometer (that which heat and cold cause to fluctuate). hado neitkidigif, outdoor or indoor thermometer (the one that heat causes to fluctuate), nfidaas neitkidigif, spring scale (for weighing anything) (the one that something’s weight causes to fluctuate). (Cf. ’aznitddds neitkidigif: #2.) na’alkid, temperature (by thermometer), time (by the clock) (there is a sliding movement about a fluctuation). na’alkidf, movie (the one in which something slides about). na’oolkitf, clock, watch, timepiece (something slides around in a circle - the hour hand) (P-na’oolkit). Na’oolkitf halatsiin naaz’anigif, wristwatch (the watches that lie on a person’s wrist). Na’oolkiti ndiits jhigif, alarm clock (the clock that makes a noise). nftch’i naalkid/, television, television set (air movie). nitch’i naalkidi bee ndaalkidigff, controls ona television set. tséso’ bich’adh ninalki’, window lock (the thing that is repeatedly slid into place obstructing a window). ts’in hasht’e’ nindlkeed, bone setting.

G. (1)

“4

ADVERBIAL

ahénina’alki’ bik’ehgo, of pay).

KIN

NAVAJO: KIN, house (Pueblo or nonNavajo type) appears to be the source of the stem KIN, used with @-classifier in a Neuter Imperfective with the meaning “honey-combed.”

l. di-O-(ti): (1)

di-(@-Imp.): S is honey-combed (in appearance or texture). Dikin.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘abid dikinf, duodenum (P-bid dikin#).

Stem

noun:

(honey-comb stomach)

house, Pueblo or other

non-Navajo type building. KIN # ’Ayahkin (‘ayah-, under, underground), Sichomovi (a Hopi village. # ’Ayahkinii (-nii, people), Hopi Indian, resident of Sichomovi. # kinsda’ (-saa’, old, abandoned, deserted), old ruin or abandoned building. # kintah (-tah, among), town, city, city street. (Kintah g6yaa, down the street;

kintahg66,

to town; kintahdi,

in town.)

# kits’iil (ki- < kin + -ts’iil, fragment), fallendown house or building, Anasazi ruin.

# Kits’iilf(-f, the one, the place), Keet Seel (an Anasazi ruin in Navajo National Monument); Giant’s Chair, Arizona (and other archaeological sites). # kijh (ki[n]- + -iih, into), into town.

PHRASES

per hour, hourly (as rate

327

Kj

KIIZH

# Nadhwiitbjihf Bikin (nddhwiitbjjhf, name of the mythological Gambler), Pueblo Alto (a ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New

# Bit P-ts’akeeh,

P becomes sleepless,

insomniac, unable to go to sleep (lit. sleep glides away from P).

Mexico).

NAVAJO:

J K}4

(Cf. Chipewyan P-kjné; Koyukon Ka; Ahtna -Ke: living on P.)

Occurs, with di-ni-(~ dee-)

KIIN

thematic and ©-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective base

NAVAJO: With @-classifier this stem forms the theme for a defective verb

meaning “narrow, pointed, askew.”

base meaning “be( come) the source |. di-ni-O-(ti):

of sustenance.”

(1)

di-ni-(~ dee-)(ni-lmp.)(310):

(2)

(as cowboy boots). Deek/. hodi-ni-(~ hodee-)(ni-lmp.)(450): crooked. Hodeekj. # P-z66’ hodeekj,

S narrows to a point

(1)

(2) (3)

P’s mouth is askew,

A.MOM. — (kjih) B.NEUT. _ kiin

ORI

—kjjh_ 3

iin :

kjjt :

kjit :

|. O-(ti):

Crooked Mouth (personal nickname), naadeek{, parallelogram. yoo’ nitchinf ndddeekfhigif, parallelogram-shaped buttons.

(1)

bi-(yi-Perf.)(199):

S becomes the source of

sustenance. Biikiin. (E.g. Naadda’ ’asdijdgo naa’ot t’éiya biikiin, when the corn supply ran out beans became the only source of sustenance.)

B. NEUTER

(PPA *Ke > PA *Ke- [n¥][ QJ]: go by boat.)

|. @-(ti):

Klo NAVAJO: Edward Sapir (American Anthropologist 38:224-235) pointed to

(1)

bi-(O-lmp.)(199):

S is the source of sustenance.

Bikiin. # Dibé bitsj’ t’éiya bikiin naasha, the only thing | have to live on is mutton. # Ha’at’fisha’ bikiin nanina, what do you live on? # Shidibé toh t’éiya yikiin ndaakai, the only thing my sheep have to live on is grass.

this stem, in its Navajo form, as

evidence of a northern origin for the Navajo. The underlying meaning appears to be “slip or glide (go) by boat,”

PERE wen UNE

A. MOMENTANEOUS

DERIVATIVES

Zéé’ Hodikinf,

j

UST

area is askew,

crooked (as that of a person who has suffered a stroke).

NOUN

IMP.

butin Navajo it occurs, with O-classifier, as the

theme in a base that describes the passage of a season (as the melon season, fly season, etc.), and in a base representing sleep as gliding away from a person - an insomniac.

IMP.

USPS

PEREMEEUIE

GRin

keeh

kééh

kj

keet

C. (1)

A.MOM.

A.

keet

MOMENTANEOUS

(Uncertain.

‘and-(@/yi)(112): the season (for something - as the melon season, fly season, green corn season) comes to an end (lit. it glides or

paddles back away). (2)

DERIVATIVES

Tséiikiin, El Morro National Monument, New Mexico (refuge rock - i.e. rock where there is food and water for sustenance).

|. O-(ti): (1)

NOUN

'Andkeeh/'andakj

(‘anfnddndkeeh), P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(253): S glides or paddles away from P. Bits 'akeeh/bits’anik{ (bits'dndkeeh: bits’anddandkeeh).

KIIZH

Perhaps

PA *Kétsh’, but

cf. Hupa xidzh [I]: be spotted, speckled, dappled.)

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with Oclassifier in active and Neuter verb bases meaning “be(come) spotted, dappled,” and (2) with t-causative in active bases meaning “make spotted.” The Neuter theme includes ti-thematic.

KIIZH

MPaeUSTITRY A.TRANS. kffsh B.NEUT. _ kizh

kish -

KO

PERF Me FUT:

OPT.

kiizh kizh

kifsh =

kish

C.

rash (spots appear on something or someone).

‘atsatkizhii, yellow-tailed hawk. ’aydashitkizh (= ’ayddsh tikizh), small speckled bird. ‘lich’ahii tikizhigif, spotted moth (moth that is spotted). ‘lich’ahiitsoh tibdiitkizhigif (= tibdii tikizhigif), big spotted gray moth (the big moth that is gray

|. B-(ti): yii-(@/O)(795): S becomes spotted or dappled, spots (blotches, hives, rash) appear on S.

and spotted). k’aaldgii tikizhi, spotted butterfly. k’ineedlfshii tikizhi, spotted urine-squirter (beetle) tééchaatkiizh, Dalmatian, spotted dog. tftkiizh (~ 4jftkizhi), paint pony, dappled or spotted horse (P-Ijftkiizh). nahachagiitkizhi, spotted grasshopper. na’az¢ozii tikizhigif, spotted velvet ant. nashdditsoh tikizhf (~ ndshdditkiizh) leopard, jaguar (spotted wildcat or panther). naadatkiizh, spotted corn. nittsdgo’ tikizhigif, spotted rain beetle, spotted horn beetle. tPézhii tikizhigif, spotted horsefly. trizfkizhf, spotted goat. Ttoh tikizhf, Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico (spotted grass). tsidiitkizhigif, speckled bird. tsidiitts oiitkizhigif (= tsidii titsoii tikizhigif), Baird sparrow (the yellow bird that is speckled). wode ’etchihi tikizhigif (~ y6dee’é tikizhi), spotted red-horned beetle.

Yiikifsh/yiikiizh (naayiikifsh). # P-kaa’ yiikifsh, P breaks out in spots (hives, blemishes) (lit. spots appear on P).

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

yii-(@/O)(800): to put spots on O, make spots on O (as spots of paint or white clay). Yiishkiish/ yiitkiizh (naayiishkiish). ‘ii-(O/@)(479): to make dots, to dot (unspecified O). ‘lishkiish/’iitkiizh.

Il. L-(tr): (1)

’Adii-(@/@)(31): to make spots on oneself (as with dabs of paint). ’Adiishkifsh/’adiishkiizh (Anadadiishkiish).

B. NEUTER

wode’etchiihii tikizhigif,

spotted stink bug. wo6seek’idii tikizhigii, spotted humped insect.

|. -(ti): (1)

(2)

woddneeshch ‘jjdii tikizhi, spotted cicada.

tini-(O-lmp.)(518): to be spotted, dappled, covered with dots. Linishkizh (1st. pers. sgl.), tikizh (3rd pers. sgl.), daalkizh (3rd pers. d.p.). # Halkizh, an area is spotted, there are spots over an area. (yi-Perf.): there is a spotty patch. Yikizh.

(PPA *-K’iw

*k’u: emphatic

KO NAVAJO: Particle used as a verb stem. Cf. ko’Anisnééz, |’m this tall (one demonstrates); ’ako, then. Also, k6-, thus, this way. Occurs, with ’a-thematic and ©classifier, as the theme in a verb base meaning “be(come) agreeable.” V. also KWII.

ha-(yi-Perf)(426): there are scattered patches or blotches of it, there is a scattered stand of them (trees). Haakizh (hadaashkizh: d.p.).

A.MOM.

Ill. £-(tt): (1)

> PA

enclitic.)

ll. D-(ti): (1)

DERIVATIVES

’akaa’ yiikiizh, skin blotches, breaking-out, hives,

A. TRANSITIONAL

(1)

NOUN

B.NEUT.

P-taaho-(si-Perf.)(248): to know a smattering of P (as a smattering of Spanish) (lit. to cause spots to appear among P - as in knowing a word here and there), to be acquainted with a few of P (as a few of the people living in a locality). Bitaahoshétkizh.

INPRSUS ATE" PERF

weer

OPT,

=

_ ko A.

ko

ko

ko

ko

-

-

:

:

MOMENTANEOUS

|. O-(ti):

(1)

329

P-it t’ad (yi-Perf.)(77): S is agreeable to one, “okay” with P. Bit t’aa ’iiko, it became agreeable with P, P agreed to it.

KO

KO’

B. NEUTER

# tsékg’ (tsé6-, rock), coal, black ochre.

1, @-(ti): (1)

P-it t’aa ’A-(O-Imp.)(77):

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “smooth.” Occurs: (1) with di-thematic and LKO’ classifier as the theme in intransitive bases meaning “be(come) smooth,” and (2) with t-causative in causative-transitive bases with the meaning “make smooth.” Extended meanings include “cover with a layer (as a smooth layer of silt or water),” “iron

it’s agreeable with P, P

is agreeable to it, it’s okay with P. Bit t’4a ’dko,

(Cf. PPA *Kin’ and Ahtna -Kon’

> PA *Kun’: [I]: be hot.)

fire,

NAVAJO; Noun stem KQ’: fire. KON occurs, with ti-thematic and Oclassifier, as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective base with the meaning “be flammable, combustible.”

clothing,” “clear one’s throat,” “be bald.”

|.4-O-(ti): (1 ~— tini-(@-Ilmp.)(518): Sis flammable, combustible. Likon (daalkon: d.p.).

NOUN ) ) ) )

MUS

elslsles

Aswhy

Pei

A.TRANS.

kogh

kooh

ko’

koot

kogh/ koot

B.NEUT.

__kooh

-

-

-

I. di-L-(ti/tt): P-k’idii-(@/@)(205): P is covered by a layer or sheet of S, S covers P over, P comes to be covered with S (as a field with a layer of silt or mud, or with a sheet of water). Bik’idiilkogh/ bik’idiilko’ (bik’indiilkogh:bik’indddiilkggh). hahodii-(= hahodihi-)(@/si)(397)(with prepounded ’Adii’, inside self): to huck, clear one’s throat (lit. to smooth out an area inside oneself one time after another). ’Adii’ hahodiishkggh/’ddii’ hahodiyéshkg’ (’ddii’ handdhodiishkggh).

DERIVATIVES

’azee’tikonf, alcohol (the flammable medicine). béésh tikonf, magnesium (the flammable metal). doo tikonf, asbestos (the non-flammable thing). nftch’i tikonf, natural gas, propane (the combustible air). t6 tikonf, alcohol (the flammable liquid).

-KOS

Wen

Noun stem: (with di-): cough, cold. (verb-derived. V. KEEZ. Cf. dilkos, he coughs repeatedly.)

P-k’idii-(@/O)(204): to cover P with a layer of O (as sand, dirt or other matter that can be smoothed to form a layer). Bik’idiishkogh/

bik’idiitkg’ (bik’indiishkogh: bik’indddiishkggh). dii-(O/@)(346):

(PA *kwin’, *kttn’,

fire) Stem

to make O smooth, plane or iron O flat and smooth, smooth O out. Diishkggh/ diitko’ (fAdiishkogh:ndddfishkggh). hodii-(@/@): to smooth out or level off an area, Hodiishkggh/hodiitke’ (ndhodiishkgoh: naahodiishkggh). ndii-(@/O)(618): to iron O smooth (as a shirt)/(lit. to smooth O back to its original state). Ndiishkgoh/ ndiitko’ (Reversionary corresponding to diishkggh: #2 above.) n’dii-(@/@)(676): to do the ironing (lit. to return unspecified O to its previous smooth state), N’'diishkogh/n'diitko’ (n{nda’diishkgoh).

noun:

fire. (Combining forms: ko-, ho-.) KO’

#

’ak’ahko’ (’ak’ah,

fat, oil),

petroleum, oil, kero-

sene. # bee’eldogoh biko’ (bee’eldoeh, gun), gunpowder. # béésh bii’ ko’f(béésh, metal, apparatus + bil’, inside of it + ko’ + -f, the one), stove.

# biko’, its/their light (the quality added to the stars to produce their light). # jilgish bikg’ (jilgish, flash lightning), an unidentified star located in the southwestern sky. # konibaah ~ honibaah (-baah, edge, border), fireside. # konishgish ~ honishgish (-gish, cane, walking

B. NEUTER |. di-L-(ti): di-(@-Imp.)(319): bald. Dilkogh.

stick), poker. ko’k’eh (-k’eh, place),

+

fireplace, hearth. téko’'f (t6-, water, liquid + -f, the one), petroleum, kerosene, oil.

330

S is smooth, smooth-surfaced,

KOO’

KO’

(2)

# P-tsiits’iin dilkggh, P is bald, bald-headed (lit. P’s head is smooth). hodi-(O-Imp.): the area is smooth, level. Hodilkgoh.

# bikoohdaa’ (-dda’, rim, edge), # Tdtché’ékooh

fichi?, red + -f, the one), Tolcheco, Arizona. # T6 Nts’ésikooh (t6, water + nts’és/, slender),

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) (2)

(4)

# tsékoohdaa’, Chézhin Dilkgghi, Dilcon, Arizona (smooth lava, smooth traprock). (~ Tsézhin Dilkgghi) gish dilkgghif ba’dadii, Female Smooth Cane gish dilkgghf bika’f, Male Smooth Cane (ceremonial object.) k’ineedlishii dilkgghf, smooth-surfaced urineTsézhin Dilkggh (~ Chézhin Dilkgghi, Tsézhin Dilkgghf), Dilcon, Arizona (smooth lava or traprock).

(6)

tsin bee dadiilkgghi,

wood plane (that with which

A.MOM.|

wood is made smooth). (d.p. wood = boards)

(7) (8)

(1)

B.CONT. C.DIV. DCURS.

ké¢h

kd¢’

kdd’/

ké¢h

k6¢’/

-kwoh,

river.)

OPT.

-

kddt

kddt

-

koot

kd’

koot -

ko’ -

ko’

k6¢é’

kooh -

ko’ .

kO¢t/ kd66h

MOMENTANEOUS

swim to a destination. ’Anishké¢h/’anitkdd’ (na’nishkdgh:nda’nishkd¢h). # P-aa ’anishkd¢h, to swim to P. # -g66 ‘anishkd¢gh, to swim to --(a designated location). ’a’a-(O/yi)(364): to swim away out of sight.

together, join.

"E’eshkd¢h/'i (f#k6d’ (‘and’ashk¢¢h: ‘anaa’ashk¢¢h). # P-ts’dd’ 'e’eshkédgh, to swim away and leave P behind. # -g66 ’e’eshkddgh, to swim away toward --(a

two canyons diverge, fork.

bikooh, there is a canyon (also functionally a noun).

a canyon emerges (as from the base

of a mountain.

destination), to swim off for --(a place). # Nahji’ e’eshkaah, to swim to one side, out of the way. # Tatt’ddh gdyaa 'e’eshkdgh, to swim to the bottom. # Yah ’e’eshké¢h, to swim into an enclosure (as into an area bounded by nets or

Noun stem (usually with thematized bi-, or with ts6é-, rock) in: bikooh: arroyo, ravine, gully, canyon; tsékooh:

rock canyon. river.)

FUT.

’a-(O/yi)(127): to swim (completive). ’Ashk¢g¢h/ (Akdd’ (na’ashkggh:naa’Ashk¢G¢h). # P-iih ’ashké¢éh, to swim into P (moss, reeds, net). # P-k’adh ’ashkd¢h, to swim into P (something one collides with, as a rock). # Tatt'ddah ’ashké¢6h, to swim to the bottom. ’a-(ni/ni)(118): to come, go, arrive swimming,

‘abikooh, a canyon extends away (out of sight). ’ahéébikooh, a canyon forms a circle. ‘ahibidiikooh, two canyons (or washes) converge,

’atts’abikooh,

PROG.

|. ’a-L-(ti):

|. bi-O-(ti):

-KOOH

ké¢h

A.

NAVAJO: Noun stem -KOOH: canyon, occurs with bi-thematic and ©classifier and directional prefixes to describe the shape of a canyon.

ch’fbikooh,

PERF.

ko’

bareback (on a horse ).

(Cf. Carrier

come

US./IT.

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

t’da dilkgghgo,

KOOH

IMP.

Trans.

tsin bee dilkgghi, wood plane (that with which wood is made smooth). yoo’ nitchinf dilkgghigif, smooth silver button, common button (the kind of button that is smooth).

D.

rock canyon edge.

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning uncertain. Possibly cognate with or related to KO’: smooth. Occurs, with ’a-thematic (the 3i object pronoun?) and t-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “swim.”

squirter beetle.

(5)

Mancos Creek, Colorado,

Mancos Canyon, Colorado.

(ceremonial object).

(3)

canyon edge.

(t6-, water + tché’é- = tchi’- =

(Cf. Carrier -kwoh,

walls, into a tunnel).

# bikooh hatsoh (hatsoh, big area), big canyon. # bikooh hats’6zi (hats’6z/, narrow area), narrow canyon or fissure.

# Y66’’e’eshkd¢h, appear.

(4)

331

to swim away and dis-

’adi-(@/si)(23): to start to swim along, to be going to swim, on the way swimming (in the Perf.).

KOO"

KOO’

# 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’é’éshkd¢h,

‘Adishkddgh/'adétkd¢’ (n’dishkd¢h: nda’dishkd¢h), # P-ch’j’ ’adishkd¢h, to start swimming toward P, # -g66 ’adetkd¢’, to be on the way swimming, to have started swimming designated place).

(16

oil fire). Dzfdza’ashké¢h/dzidza’iitkd¢’ naa’Ashkd¢h).

to --(a

(17 ~— ha’a-(@/yi)(403):

(an enclosed space).

swimmer from the bottom of the water, a salmon up a waterfall). Ha’ashkd¢h/ha’sétkdd’ (hana’ashké¢éh:hanaa’ashkd¢h). # Haa’sétkéd’, | swam back up. (E.g. Tattl’ddh yishnddd dé66 haa’sétkd¢’, | dived to the bottom and swam back up.) ha’a-(si-Perf.)(408): to have swum after (something, to get it) and now be back, to have made a swim after (something). Ha’sétkdd . ha’a-(ni/ni) (408): to go, come, arrive swimming after (something, to get it). Ha’nishké¢h/ ha’ntkd¢’ (hana’nishkddh:handa’nishkg¢gh). ha’dii-(@/@)(388): to swim from one end to the

’Ainad’ashkd¢gh/'atnaa’iitkd6d’ (‘atndn{ndda’dshk6¢h) or 'atnda’nishkddh/'atnda’nitkdd’ (alnandan(naa’nishkd¢h. # -g66 'atnda’ashkd¢h (Usit.), to swim back and forth to --(a designated place - as to

other, to swim the entire length (as the full

length of a swimming pool). Ha’diishké¢h/ ha’diitk颒 (haa’diishké¢éh:handa’diishkd¢h).

an island and back every day). ‘atts’A’(a)-(@/si)(106): to swim apart, separate

ha’di-(@/si)(404): to start to swim after (something, to getit), to be going to swim after (something), to be on the way swimming after (something)(in the Perf.). Ha’dishkg¢h/

swim away and leave each other,

'Atts’a’iilkGgh/'alts’A’siilkdd’ (‘atts’Ana’iilké¢h: ‘alts’anda’iilkd¢h). P-éna’a-(O/si)(154): to swim into P and get (it) on oneself (as into an oil slick), Béna’ashkdgh/ béé’sétkdd’ (bénindd’dshkdodh), ) P-na’a-(@/si)(226):

ha’détk6¢’

(23)

to swim around P (as around

a rock or anisland), Bind’ashkd¢gh/bini’sétkdd’ (binina’ashk¢¢h: binfnda’ashkd¢h). ) P-niitt’a’a-(@/si)(242):

(24 —

to come to a barrier while

swimming (as adam). Biniitt’a’ashkd¢h/ biniitt’'a’s6tkd¢’ (biniitt’anda’aAshkddh:biniitt'anda'ashkd¢h). ) P-ta’dii-(@/O)(246); to miss P, swim past P without seeing P (as pasta raft). Bita’diishkd¢gh/bita’diilkkdd’ (bitanda’diishkd¢gh). ) P-ts’A’(a)-(ni/ni)(254); to swim away from P, separate from P while swimming, swim away and leave or abandon P, Bits’a’nishkd¢éh/ bits’a’nitkd¢’ (bits’anda’nishkd¢h:bits’anaa’nishkddh). ) ch’f'(a)-(ni/ni)(288); to swim out horizontally (as from a tunnel), to come

(25

—

into view swimming.

(26

~—

(27)

(as under a boat), ch'f’a-(@/yi); to swim out horizontally (comple-

tive). Ch'é’éshkégh/ch''ftkd" ké¢éh). In:

(han'dishkédgh:handa’dishkd¢h).

na’a-(O/si)(568)(with prepounded dah, up): to get snagged, caught up, while swimming (as on a submerged limb). Dah na’ashkdé¢gh/dah nf’sétk6¢é’ (dah ninda’ashkd¢h) naana’a-(@/si)(584): to turn around, make a turn, while swimming. Naana’ashk¢¢h/

naan('sétkd¢’ (naanina’ashkddgh:naaninaa’ ashk6¢h). # Bizandghahjigo naana'dshk¢¢h, to turna corner swimming. # Nish’ndajigo naana’ashk¢¢h, to take a turn to the right swimming. # Nishtajigo naana’ashkdé¢h, to take a turn to the left swimming. nd/’nfi-(O/@)(607): to just get a good start swimming, just get well under way (when

something happens). Ndi’nfishkégh/

Ch'fnishkd¢dh/ch'f'nAtkdd’ (ch'ind'nfshk¢g¢h: ch'(nda'nishkddh), # P-fighah ch'i’nishké¢h, to pass up P (another swimmer) while swimming. # P-fighahgd6 ch'('nishkdéh, to swim past P (a stationary object, as a boat or raft), # P-yaa géne'ch'i'nishké¢éh, to swim under P

(15 )

to start to swim, to swim up out

(18) ha’a-(@/si):; to swim up, ascend swimming (as a

location, make a swim between two points.

swimming,

(dzidza-

(as from a trap). Ha’ashkédh/ha’fitkdd’ (hana’ashkd¢gh:handa’ashkdoh). # P-ii’déé’ ha’ashké¢éh, to swim up out of P

# -g66 n’détkd¢’, to be on the way swimming back to --(a designated location). ‘adii-(@/@)(28); to start to swim. ’Adiishkddh/ ‘adiitkd¢’ (n’diishk6¢h:naa’diishkd¢h). In: # Dah ‘adiishké¢h, to start off swimming, set out swimming. ‘ahéé’(a)-(ni/ni)(51): to make a circuit swimming, to swim around ina circle. ’Ahéé’nishkd¢dh/ ‘ahéé’nitkdd’ (‘ahénina'nishkddh:’ahéninda'nishkd¢dh). SER.(@/si) (50): to swim around and around in circles. ’Ahéé’lishké¢h/ ‘ahdéd'iydtkdd’, ‘atnaa’a-(@/yi or ni/ni)(98): to swim to and from a

(7)

—

to

swim over the edge (as over a waterfall). dzidza’a-(@/yi): to swim into the fire (as into an

(28

(ch'inda’4sh-

332

—

nd(niitkdd’. (E.g. ndi'nfitkde’go shich’ozh dah diik’aad, | just got a good start swimming when | got a cramp in my leg.). niki’(a)-(ni/ni)(636): to start swimming, start to swim to (a destination). Niki’nishké¢h/ niki’ nAkéd’ (nikinda'nishkg¢h). niki’dii-(@/@)(634): to start to swim (as a child). Niki’diishkd¢h/niki'diitkd¢’. (E.g. ’ashdla’ shinaahaigo niki'diilkg¢’, | started swimming at the age of five.) ; ni'(a)-(ni/ni)(636); to swim as far as a stopping point, swim up to (something). Ni’nishk¢¢h/ ni'ntkdd’ (nina’nishkd¢gh:ninda'nishkdoh).

KOO"

(29)

(30)

(32) (33)

D. CURSIVE

# -jj’ ni’nishkd¢gh, to swim as far as --(a designated location). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’nishké¢h, to swim across (a lake or stream). A’dii-(@/B)(675): to start swimming. N’diishk$¢h/n'diitk6¢’ (nind’diishk¢¢oh: ninda’diishk¢¢h). (E.g. tsinaa’eet shit nahidéélts’idgo tabaahjigo n'diitkd¢’ [or niki'nitkd¢’}, when the boat overturned with me | started swimming for shore.) ta’di-(@/yi)(700):

I. 'a-t-(ti): (1)

'a-(yi)(367);

tsftts’A’(a)-(ni/ni) (735):

to be swimming along,

'Eeshkddl

da'finfilkd¢h (na'eeshkddtindd'eeshkddl), # P-kéé' 'eeshkd¢l, to be swimming along behind (following) P. # Dah ‘eeshkd¢l, to be treading water (lit, swimming stationary),

to swim around here and there,

wander about swimming. ta’diftkdd’.

(31)

KWI

# Gonaa 'eeshkddl,

Ta’dishkd¢h/

to be swimming across,

ha'a-(yi)(406): to be swimming along after (something, to get it), Ha’eeshkddl/hada'finfl

to swim to shore, to swim

away from fire or water. Tsitts’a’nishké¢h/ tsfts’A’nitkd¢’ (tsiits’ana’nishké¢h:tsitts’dnaa’nishkégh). SER.(@/si). Tsitts’a’iyiilk6gh/ tsitts’a’iyeelkd¢’ (we). ts{stt’a’a-((@/si)(739): to swim into a cul-de-sac, get cornered while swimming. Ts/stt'a’ashké¢h /tsist¥’a’sétk6¢’ (tsist?anda’dshk¢¢h). yisda’a-(Q/yi) (772): to swim out of danger, swim to safety, escape from danger swimming. Yisda’Ashk¢¢h/ yisda'(tk6¢’ (yisddnda’dshkO¢h: yisdanda’ashk¢¢h). SER.(Osi) Yisda’iyiilkg¢h/ yisda’iyeelkd¢’ (we).

(3)

k6¢h (hand’eeshkddtihandd'eeshkdel) naana’a-(yi)(584); to be swimming about to and fro, to be swimming around, swimming in circles or circuits, Naand'’eeshkdel/ naanda 'finfilk¢¢h),

E,

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘Atsé Dah Nalko"l, First Floating One (firat one to get snagged up while swimming?)(mytholoqgy), ch'osh na’altko'l, swimming bug, waterbug, naashk¢é¢t (~ naashk6¢’), raft, boat (an obsolete noun, now replaced by tsinaa'eel, boat), na‘atko'f, swimmer.

Il. ’a-L-(ti): (1) hadf’nf-(@/si)(382):

(PPA *KWix > PA > Kuy: vomit.)

to swim and swim, swim too

long. Hadfnishké¢gh/hadi’néshk¢¢’.

*KughY or *K™iy

KWI

B.

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “vomit, nausea,” Occurs: (1) with O-classi

CONTINUATIVE

fier as the theme in verb bases meaning “vomit, regurgitate,” including an unidentified

I. ’a-t-(ti):

na-prefix in one base;

(1)

na’a-(@/si)(552-642): to swim, swim around about, go swimming, swim to a location and back to the starting point (in the Perf.). Na’ashk¢@’ or na’ashko’/ni’sétk颒 (ninda’Ashk$¢’/-kg’). # Dah na’ashk¢¢’ /na’ashkg’, to swim in one

(2) with P-é-thematic and D

classifier in a base with the meaning “vomit up P (as a baby vomits up milk)"; (3) with L-(L-) classifier and a yi-prefix in bases with the extended meaning “deni grate, say nasty things about O," and (4) with @classifier in a si-Perfective Neuter construction meaning “feel nauseated,”

place, tread water.

# -g66 ni’sétkdd’, to have swum to --(a designated location and back - as to an island and back),

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’sétk6¢’,

A.MOM.

to have swum

IMP.

USAT,

PERF,

FUT,

OPT.

ké66h_

koh

kwi

koh

ké66h

kwi

koh

kwi kwil

koh

kwi -

Trans.

across and back (as across a stream

B.CONCL. C.NEUT.

and back. Cf. tsé’naa ni’nitk颒, | swam across - arrived across swimming.)

A.

C. DIVERSATIVE

|, @-(ti):

|. ’a-L-(ti): (1)

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

P-taa’a-(@/si)(808): to swim among P (as among a school of fish or a crowd of swimmers).

Bitaa’ashkd¢/bitaa’sétkdd’.

di-(@/si)(330): to start to vomit. (nda-dishkd6h),

Dishkééh/dékwi

I. (tt):

(1) P-f-di-(@/si)(181); to vomit P (as blood).

333

KAI’

KWI

Bidfshkd6d6h/bidétkwi # Dit bidfshkédéh,

NEUTER

(bindddishkdéh).

IMPERFECTIVE

to vomit blood.

|. ’A-ni-O-(ti): (1)

doo ’dni-(@) da (118):

to feel sad, blue, ill,

depressed, be “under the weather.”

(1)

yii-(@/@)(800):

to denigrate O, say nasty things

aboutO. Yiishkddh/yiitkwi

(ndayiishkdoh),.

IV. yi-L-(tr): -K’AH (1)

doo ’Adii-(O) da (32): to be egotistical, selfcentered, a braggard (lit. one does not disparage self, one says nothing nasty about

oneself).

Doo ‘ddiishkdéoh da.

B.

# ’ak’ahko’ (-ko’,

CONCLUSIVE

((PA *k’ay’. willow) Stem noun: willow. (Cf. verb root K’Al’: be

K’AI’

P-énd-(@/si)(154):

forked.

# k’ai’ bisii (bis: onomatopoetic + -ii, the one = the one that says “bis-bis” in the willows), willow thrush, willow bird. # k’ai’ bicho’ (bicho’, testicles, external male genitals), catkins, pussy-willows.

to vomit P up, regurgitate P.

Bénashkwi/béésiskwi.

C. NEUTER

#

|, @-(ti): (1)

fire), kerosene, oil, oil lamp.

na-(@/si)(570): to vomit, regurgitate. Nashkwi/nfsékwi (nfndandshkwi).

Il,P-6-nd-D-(tt): (1)

Stem noun: fat, oil, grease, tallow, lard, vaseline. # ’ak’ah, fat, lard, tallow, grease. # ’ak’ah bizis (-zis, container, sack), lard pail.

# ’ak’ahkg’ bibéeso (bibéeso, its money), oil money, oil income. # -k‘ahtdn{ (+dnf, much. V. verb root LAAD), large sheet of fatty tissue surrounding the stomach of ruminants. # eee 166’ bik’ahee (166’, nie codliver oil. ee

|, na-@-(ti):

(1)

Doo

’An(shkwii da.

K’ai’ Bii’ Té (bii’, in them

+ t6, water, spring),

Kaibetoh, Arizona (lit. spring in the willows).

(si-Perf.)(685): to feel nauseated, feel like vomiting, feel sick at one’s stomach. Sékwii. Stem noun: hip, hipbone, pelvis. # -k’aishjaa’ ~ k’aashjaa’ (-

-K’AI’

D. (1) (2)

NOUN

Stem noun:

vomit.

# -k’aisht’ah ~ -k’aasht’ah (-t'ah,

pocket, recess),

area below the

an at the juncture of the leg and the lower abdomen; the pocket or recess between the inner surface of the thigh

(Cf. verb root

vomit.)

and the scrotum or vulva; inguinal area.

-KWI

# Bs -k’aiyi’ BeMA AS

K’AI’

KWII

they lie

(?]), hips, Upper crest of the hipbone,iliac crest.

’akwih, vomit (P-kwih). ‘iitkédéh, emetic (it causes vomiting).

KWI:

shjaa’ < shijaa’,

DERIVATIVES

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with KO. Used, with ’a-thematic and @-classifier, in a negative frame, with the meaning “be not right.”

in), Nabi in thecht pelvic lait area. halt

(PA *-K’ay’: crotch; *K’ay’ [©]: spread apart [especially of legs]; [tcausative] V.Leer K’Al’ 1979:60,85.)

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning “crotch, fork.” Cf. k’ai’, willow, Occurs: (1) with O-classifier as the theme |in verb bases meaning “spread the legs apart, move with legs spread;” (2) with t-causative in bases meaning “separate or spread legs;” (3) with ’a-thematic (3i

object pronoun) and t-classifier in bases meaning

334

K’AL’

K’AI’

B. CONTINUATIVE

“move, walk spread-legged or bowlegged;” and (4) with @-classifior in Neuter bases meaning “have the legs spread apart.” IMP.

US JIT,

PERF.

k’'aff

k'aih

k'ai’

B.CONT. C.CURS.

ki'ai'

k'aih -

k'ai’

D.REV.

k'aih

~~ k’aih

k'aih

A.MOM.|

PROG,

FUT.

k'aih

|. @-(ti): (1)

OPT;

— k'Aff

na-(@/si)(591);

to throw one’s legs about. Naashk’ai’/ nisék’ai’. # Dah naashk’ai’, to wave one’s legs.

Trans,

k'aih_ — k’ai’

Il, ’a-t-(ti):

k'aih/

k'Alf k'aih

(1)

— k’aih

horse for the first time). (ninda’ashk’ai’).

k'ai’

A.

(2)

C. CURSIVE I. O-(ti):

‘a-(@/yi)(483); to spread the legs, move with legs spread. ‘lishk’Aafi/'ifk’al’ (‘andshk’a(f:’andanashk'alf). # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishk’aff, to fall with legs spread (as from a bucking horse), ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to fall out horizontally, with legs spread (as from a wagon). Ch’{(nishk’ali/ ch'ink'al’, naani(ni/ni)(589); to fall down sideways, with legs spread. Naaninishk’dff/naanintk’ai’.

(1)

Il. ’a-t-(ti): ’a'a-(O/yi)(364): to walk away out of sight, spreadlegged or bowlegged, to waddle away,

(2)

E’eshk’al/i'(fk’ai’ (‘and’ashk’all.’anda’dshk’alf), #t ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’'e’eshk’aif, to descend, come

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(yi)(785): to be in the process of falling spreadeagled - with legs spread. Yishk’aih. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishk’aih, to be falling downward with legs spread (as a person falling from a roof or tree).

Il. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

(1)

Na’ashk’ai’/ni’sék’ai’

MOMENTANEOUS

I], @-(ti): (1)

to walk about bowlegged or with

legs spread (as a person who has riddena

E.SEM. F.NEUT,

na’a-(@/si)(552):

’a-(yi)(367): to be walking along bowlegged or with the legs spread apart (as a person with

sore genitals). ’Eeshk’aih/da’finfilk’aff (na’eeshk’aih:nda’eeshk’aih). naana’a-(yi)(584): to be walking around to and fro bow-legged. Naanda’eeshk’aih/naanda ‘finiilk’ aff.

down (as downstairs)

D. REVERSATIVE

walking spread-legged or bowlegged, to come waddling down. ‘ahéé’ii-(= 'ahéé’ahi-)(@/si)(50): to walk around in circles bowlegged or with the legs spread, to go waddling around in circles, "'Ahéd'iishk'Aff/'ahéé'iyétk’al’ P-nd'a-(@/si)(226): to walk around P bowlegged or with legs spread, to go waddling around P (as around the hogan). Binda’dashk’ali/ bin(’sétk’al’. ch'f'(a)-(ni/ni)(288): to walk out bowlegged or with legs spread, go waddling out (horizontally). Ch'f'nfshk’Af/ ch’’nftk’al’ (ch’{na’nfshk’ all. ch'(nda'nf(shk’aff). ta'di-(@/yi)(700); to wander about here and there, walking bowlegged or with legs spread, Ta'dishk’ali/ ta’diffk’ai’.

|. @-(ti): (1) (2)

P-na-(@/si)(229): to straddle P, put one’s legs around P (as around a log). Bindshk’aih/ binfsék’aih (binfndshk’aih:binfnddnashk’aih). P-zénd-(@/si)(262): to put one’s legs around P’s neck, get a scissors hold on P (in wrestling). Bizéndshk’aih/bizéésék’aih (bizéninaa-

nashk’aih).

Il. D-(tr):

(1)

335

’Azénd-(O/si): to put one’s legs around one’s own neck (as a contortionist). "Azénashk’aih/ ’azéésisk’aih (’Azénindshk’aih:’Azénindandashk’aih),

K’Al’

K’All

E. SEMELFACTIVE

IMP.

|. @-(ti): (1)

US/IT.

A.MOM. | k’aah_k’ah

yii-(@/si)(800):

one’s legs.

B.CONCL. C.CURS.

k’ah :

k’ah -

k’ah -

D.NEUT.

k’aii

-

-

A.

yii-(O/si)(800): to spread O’s legs, open O’s legs, break O’s legs apart (as those of a rabbit).

NEUTER

to be spread-legged, to have one’s legs open. Sék’ai’.

-

P starts to gain weight, P starts

I. ni-L-(tt): ni-(O/si)(659): to fatten O, make O fat (lit. cause O to become ball-shaped). Nishk’ah/nétk’ah (nanishk’ah:nddanishk’ah)

DERIVATIVES

hip, pelvis (P-k’ai’).

‘ak’ai’ binanf’a’, pubic bone (P-k’ai’ binani’a’). k’ai’, willow (Salix).

C. CURSIVE

K’ai’ Bii’ T6, Kaibeto, Arizona (spring in the

I. ni-L-(ti):

willows, spring in the willow patch). willow thrush, willow bird (the one that

ni-(yi)(626): to be getting fatter and fatter, to be progressively gaining weight. Neeshk’ah/ daniinfilk’ah (nadneeshk’ah:nddneeshk’ah).

says “bis-bis” in the willows). Hastiin Sik’ai’f, a large irregular square in the constellation Corvus (the spread-legged or bowlegged man). Naatooh

k’ah__k’ah -

ni-(@/si)(659): to get fat, put on weight (lit. become ball-shaped). Nishk’ah/néshk’ah (ndnfshk’ah:ndanisk’ah).

(si-Perf.)(684):

k’ai’bisii,

k’ah/ k’aah -

|. ni-L-(ti):

Il. @-(ti):

’ak’ai’,

k’dadh

B. CONCLUSIVE

to have one’s legs thrown

apart, lie with legs open. Ndinfshk’ai’ ~ hdésh-

NOUN

k’ah_

to get fat. Bi’niilk’adh/bi’niilk’aii (shi’niilk’aah,| start to gain weight, ni’niilk’dah, you ---, etc.)

k’ai’ (Cf. k’{dinfs’eez ~ k’idés’eez: have one’s legs outstretched.)

G.

OPT.

|. L-(ti):

(ndayiishk’aih).,

ndin{-(~ hdé-)(si-Perf.):

-

FUT.

MOMENTANEOUS

P-’nii-(@/@)(217):

Fae

k’aii

PROG.

Trans.

to spread one’s legs apart, open Yiishk’aih/sék’aih (nadayiishk’aih).

Yiishk’aih/ sétk’aih

PERF.

Sik’ai’f,

Grants, New Mexico (the fork-

D. NEUTER

legged Isletan. Named for an Isleta prostitute who allegedly operated in Grants during its

I. tini-O-(ti):

early days.)

(1) (PPA *K’ax: [li]: be fat.)

fat. *K’a’x

tini-(O-lmp.)(518): to be fat, obese. Linishk’aii (tik’aii: 3rd pers: sgl., daalk’aii: 3rd pers. d.p.)

> *K’agh

E.

K’AI| NAVAJO: Noun stem -k’ah: fat, grease, oil. Occurs: (1) with L-classi-

‘ak’ah,

DERIVATIVES

fat, lard, tallow, grease, oil, vaseline (P-

k’ah/P-’ek’ah). ’ak’ah bizis, lard bucket, lard can (lard’s container).

fier and ni-thematic: roundish shape,

as the theme in verb bases with the meaning “become fat;” (2) with ni-thematic and t-classifier in bases

meaning “fatten,” and

NOUN

’ak’ahkg’, kerosene, petroleum, oil (fire-grease). ’ak’ahtanf, a large sheet of fatty tissue that surrounds the stomach of sheep, goats, horses,

(3) with fini-thematic and O-

classifier in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be

fat.”

336

-

K’Ac

K’All

cattle, deer and other ruminants) (much or many fat[s]).

(5) (6)

(~ ch’ik’azh)

Doo ’Alk’aii (Ib: Niinah Nizaad), Fruitland, New Mexico (no fat - no fatness[?]). 1466’ bik’ah, cod liver oil (fish’s fat).

NAVAJO:

Onomatopoetic.

a metallic sound, as that made

K’AZH

Imitates by two

stones rubbed together, or a grinding sound as that made by a grindstone sharpening a blade.

Meaning uncertain.

Occurs in a single expression, in

K’AL

(PPA uncertain.

which the verb appears to be a yiPerfective Neuter.

(1)

Doo P-fik’al da, S is terrible,

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “grind.” Occurs, with O-classifier, as the theme in verb bases meaning “grind

fierce, unbearable (as thirst, pain, hunger).

(E:g: Dichin bik’ee doo shifk’al da, my thirst is fierce:

Sa bik’ee doo biik’al da, he has “had it”

(grain, meat, minerals),”

from old age - i.e. he’s near the end.)

Stem noun:

and with t-classifier “grind

coarsely (as coffee), thresh (grain):” IMP.

US

k’aah k’a

ip

eeEREee Olle

OPT.

k’aah

k’a

k’aat

k’dat

k’aah

k’A

k’dat

k’dat

notch (as that at the butt

end of an arrow), crotch (as that between tree limbs, or betweena person’s legs, gap (as that left by a missing tooth). # k’aa’ bik’al, arrow notch (for the bowstring). # tsék’aal (tsé, rock), rock trap (a fissure ina rock that can be closed to catch a quarry). # tsin bik’al (tsin, tree), crotch in a tree. # -wéshk’al (w6-< -woo’, tooth), tooth gap, space left by a missing tooth.

A.MOM.)

K’AL/ K’AAL

K’AL

PA *K’a [-nY] [O):

grind, file.)

Trans.

B.REP.

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(tt):

(1)

P-’nii-(O/O)(219):

to start to grind O.

Bi’niishk’aah/bi’niik’a.

(~ ts’ikat) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the slopping-sloshing sound made by a person walking with water in his boots.

(2)

hahi-(@/si)(393):

(3)

quantity after another). Hahashk’aah/hahak’a (handahashk’aah): ndinfi-(@/@)(611): to get a good start grinding O

to thresh O out (as wheat)(one

(as corn)(when something happens).

Ndinfishk’Adh/ndinfik’é.

(4)

nd? nfi-(@/@(611): to just get a good start on the grinding (when something happens).

Ndf’nfishk’Adh/Ad? nfik’d.

a

I. t-(tt): (Possessed form of K’AA’,

arrow.

(1)

Ib.

-K’AA’.)

ch’i-(ni/ni)(293): to grind O (as coffee, corn). Ch ’inishk’aah/ch’initk’a (ch’inddnfshk’aah).

-K’A’

B.

REPETITIVE Durative

|. @-(tt): Stem noun:

mother's sister (maternal

(O/yi)(785): to minerals into Yishk’a/yik’a ’a-(@/yi)(127): (unspecified)

aunt), mother’s sister’s brother’s

daughter, mother’s mother's sister's daughter, mother’s father’s brother’s daughter, mother’s father’s sister‘s daughter.

C.

(1)

337

grind O (as grain into flour, powder, meat into hamburger). (ndandshk’é). to do the grinding, grind the meal. ’Ashk’a/’ifk’A (nda’Ashk’d).

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘abe’ yik’dnigif (Ib. ‘abe’ dibahf), (ground up milk):

powdered milk

K’A (2)

(3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7) (8)

(9) (10) (11)

(12) (13) (14)

‘ak’adn,

K’AAZ

flour (something was ground up) (P-

Noun (derivation unknown):

‘ak'dadn). ‘atsj’ yik’anf, ground meat, hamburger (meat that was ground up) (P-’etsj’ yik’anf): ‘atsj’ yik’Anigff, ground meat, hamburger (P-’etsj’ yik'an(gff). ‘ayeezhii yik’anigff, powdered eggs (eggs that were ground up) (P-’ayeezhii yik’anigi). bee 'ak’ahi,

spirit,

soul. (Cf. K’7AASDA ~ K’AASDA’: arrow poison.) -K’AASDA’

food grater, grinder, pestle (that with

which something is ground), béégashii bitsj’ yik’Anigff, ground beef, hamburger (cow meat that was ground): béésh bee ’ak’ah{, mill, grinder (the apparatus with which something is ground), bisdodi bits)’ yik’anigff, ground pork, bulk pork sausage (pig meat that was ground). bii’ak’ah{, mortar (that thing inside of which grinding is done), gohwééh bee yik’ahf, coffee grinder (that with which coffee is ground), naaddd’ ’ak'ddn, cornmeal, cornstarch (ground corn). naa’ahddhai yee 'ak'dhigif, chicken gizzard (that with which chickens grind things). tsé yik'’ddn (~ tséik’dan, tsé yik’Anf), powdered

(PPA *K’ats’ > PA *K’ats’ [Q]: be cold; transitional *K’a’dz > *K’adz; [1]: cold wind blows; [li]: lie cold [?].)

K’AAZ

NAVAJO: Coldness, with reference to weather and cold drafts, is conceived as an entity that moves. The stem occurs: (1) with tclassifier as the theme in verb bases that describe the movement of cold weather or a draft of cold air (cf. English “a cold wave is coming”); (2) with ni-thematic and ©-(D-) classifier in bases meaning “be(come) cold (weather, space, thing), cool off (become refreshed - a person) ;” and (3) with @-classifier in Neuter Perfective bases meaning “be cold (an object, space, area, weather).”

minerals used for sand painting (the rock that

was ground),

IMPS

a

ae Pe (-k’aa’~ k'a’)

ase

Stem noun: cruel

arrow.

imines Rede ae ae Daan,

K’AA

alongside it [?] + l6k’aa +-f, place), Balukai

}

# k’aabéésh ©

(-béésh,

flint, metal),

-k’

3 Bint acecs ask apeoe \(\ duet ee

_ik’as

k’das

B.CONT.

k’aas_

k’aaz_—ik'ass

k’aas

‘

A.

k’as x

ae k’A2i

i

E

MOMENTANEOUS

I. t-(ti):

arrowhead,

)s cates

?

(1)

poison, toxin, toxemia, blood poisoning.

'a-(@/yij)(476):

coldness moves away out of sight, i

a cold wave moves away. 'litk’dds/"(ftk’aaz (‘anatk’dds:'andanatk’das).

pack), quiver for arrows. # k’aazis (-zis, bag, scabbard), arrow bag, container for arrows.

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iitk’&4s, a cold wave or draft comes down (as from a mountain). # Yah ‘iitk’dds, a cold draft comes into an enclosure (as into a house). # Y66’ ’iitk’dds, a cold wave ends (moves away and disappears), (2) ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): a cold draft comes down (as from a smokehole or attic). ’Adaatk’ads/'addatk'aaz (’adanddndtk’das). (3) P-ghda-(ni-Perf.)(190): a cold draft comes through P (as through a window). Bighdnftk’aaz (bighandanftk’aaz), (4) P-inika-(ni-Perf.)(236): a cold draft comes though P (as through an open window). Binfkdnftk’aaz (binfkandanitk’aaz). (5) ch’f-(ni-Perf.)(292): acold draft comes out horizontally (as from a canyon or from the open door of a refrigerated room). Ch’inftk’aaz.

l6k’aa’ (I6-, meaning?), reed, cattail, rush. I6k’aak’aa’, reed arrow, I6k’aatsoh (-tsoh, big), bamboo, cane,

tiishk’aa’ (tHiish-, snake), racer (a type of snake capable of swift movement). # tsik’aa’ (tsi- < tsin, wood, stick, pole), arrow shaft. a

Noun (derivation uncertain):

ORIe

k’aaz

Fe

it k'aay6ét (-k’aay6él)(-y66t~ héét, load,

; K’AALOGII

SEUiE

k’dds_k’as

C.NEUT

Mesa, Arizona,

PERF) eee

A.MOM. Trans.

# bee’eldogh bik'a’ (bee’eldgooh, gun + bik’a’, its arrow), bullet. ‘ag

USi=

Saale

butterfly,

# k’aaldégiidda’ (-dad’, food), fleabane (Erigeron flagellarus), # K’aaldglidziil (-dziil < dzit, mountain), Suanee, New Mexico (a location also known as Los Cerros and as Correo),

—-==K=[—_[l[[["[{=[{_z_=_z_z_z_EEEE

338

K’AAZH,

K’AAZ

(3)

(6)

di-(@/si)(321): the weather starts to get cold, coldness starts to move, the weather is cold (in the Perf). Ditk’dds/deesk’aaz (nditk’dds: nddditk’daas). # Deesk’aaz, itis cold (weather). (7) ha-(@/yi)(430): a cold draft comes up (as from a cellar or hole in the ground). Haatk’dds/ haatk’aaz. (8) (ni/ni)(654): cold weather comes, arrives. Yitk’dds/nitk’aaz (ndtk’dds:nddndatk’dds). (9) ni-(ni/ni)(648): coldness moves to a stopping point, moves terminatively. Niitk’ads/ninitk’aaz (nindtk’aas). # P-it niitk’dds, P is overcome by cold (lit. cold moves terminativelv with P): (10) tddi-(@/yi)(698): cold weather moves about here and there. Taditk’dds/tddiitk’aaz. (11) (@/yi)(764): coldness or a cold draft moves (completive): Yitk’aas/yitk’aaz (natk’dds: ndanatk’aas). # P-dah yitk’aas, P gets chilled (lit: a cold draft moves past P). # P-iih yitk’aas, P catches cold (lit. a cold draft moves into P). # P-iih natk’dds, P cools back off, becomes refreshed (lit. coldness moves back into

ho-(si-Perf.)(462): space or area is cold (asa room). Hoozk’az. # P-ii’ hoozk’az, S is cold inside (as a

refrigerator).

Il. ni-O-(ti): (1) (2) (3)

ni-(si-Perf.): S (an object ) is (has turned) cold. Neezk’az. honi-(si-Perf.)(455): space, area, weather is (has turned) cold. Honeezk’az: honi-(si-Perf.)(455): space, area, weather is (has turned) sort of cold, chilly.

ED

Honeezk’az/.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1)

’ajéf yilzdlii biih yftk’aaz, pneumonia (a cold draft moved into the lungs - the lungs caught cold).

(2)

’azee’

sik’azi, butterfly weed, valet weed (Gaura

parviflora) (the cool medicine plant).

(3)

’azoot biih yitk’aaz, bronchitis (cold moves into the windpipe). (Sizoot biih yitk’aaz, | contracted bronchitis.)

(4)

bee ’azk’azi,

refrigerator (the one with which

there is coldness):

(5)

bii’azk’azi, refrigerator, icebox (the one inside of which there is coldness). (6) chidf biddahgi nddbatgo t6 yineesk’azigif, car fan (the thing that whirls in front of a car and cools the water). (7) hak’az, coldness (impersonal it is cold). (8) Hak’az Dine’é, Eskimo (coldness people): (9) nddbatgo nitch’i yisotgo wéne’é bee dah honeezk’azigif, electric ventilating fan (the thing that whirls blowing the air inside an enclosure with which the space is cool). (10) té yineesk’azi, fan (on a car) (the thing that cools the water).

Il. ni-O-(ti): (1) (2)

nii-(@/@)(670): S (an object) becomes cold. Niik’aas/niik’aaz (ndniik’dds:ndanéik’aas): honii-(@/@)(457): the weather, space, area (as a room) becomes cold. Honiik’ads/honiik’aaz (nahoniik’aas:naahoniik’aas).

Il. ni-D-(ti): (1)

nadnii-(@/@)(567):

(a person).

to cool (back) off, get refreshed Naniisk’dds/ndniisk’aaz.

B. CONTINUATIVE

K’AAZH,

I. t-(ti): (1)

-k’os,

-k’oz

[-k’ots’-]:

file,

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning appears to be “produce friction (by rubbing action).” Occurs: (1) with O-

na-(@/si)(594): coldness moves about here and there. Naatk’aas/naask’aaz.

|. @-(ti):

(Cf. Sarci saw:)

classifier in verb bases meaning “grind,”

with exten-

ded meanings “sing in a high falsetto voice, sharpen, move with halting steps (as a person or animal in pain);” (2) with t-(L-) classifier in a few bases with the meaning “rub (with grinding motion),” with exten-

C. NEUTER

ded meaning “sprain;” (3) with t-classifier in a Neuter Perfective base describing a mass of plural objects (including animate) that are heaped together.

(si-Perf:)(686): S is cold (an object, as iron, water, acorpse). Sik’az. (si-Perf.)(686): S is cool, sort of cold (an object, as water, a skillet). Sik’azi.

K’AAZHj, K’AAZHo and K’AAZH are probably related stems.

339

K’AAZH IN PSUS

K’AAZH,

PERE or RhOG.

SEU tre

be singing in a high falsetto voice.

Opie

A.MOM. Trans.

B.DUR. C.CONT.

k’aash

k’ash

k’aazh

k’ash__—k’aash

D.CURS.

k’ash/

Il. @-(ti):

k’aash

EeRERe

k’ash_

k’ash

k’aazh

k’ash_

F.SEM.

k’ash_

k’ash

k’ash

k’ash__k’ash

G.NEUT.

k’aazh

k’ash

(1)

-

|. D-(tt/ti): ’ahéé’ii-(= ’ahéé’ahi-)(50):

C. CONTINUATIVE

na’a-(@/si)(552): to walk about with slow halting steps (as a person or animal in pain), to make a

round trip, walking with slow halting steps (as to the hospital and back home - in the Perf.). Na’ashk’aash/ni’shék’aazh (ninda’a&shk’aash). # -g66 ni’shék’aazh, to go to --(a designated location)and back to the starting point, walking with slow halting steps.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

Yishk’aash/

yik’aazh (nddndshk’aash). # ’Atah yishk’aash, to sing in the chorus (of singers singing falsetto).

to walk around in

circles, with slow halting steps (as a person in

pain)(lit. to go around and around in circles grinding something). ’Ahéé’iishk’aash/ ‘ahéé’iyék’aazh. (2) ’a’a-(O/yi)(364): to go away out of sight, walking with slow halting steps (as a person in pain)(lit. to go away out of sight grinding something). ’E’eshk’aash/'i’f(k’aazh (’ana’dshk’aash: ’anda’dshk’aash), # ’Adah (bidah/hadah) ’e’eshk’aash, to descend, get down (from a height) haltingly. # Yah ’e’eshk’aash, to enter an enclosure with slow halting steps (as a sick person entering a hospital). # Y66’’e’eshk’aash, to go away and disappear (walking with slow halting steps). (3) P-’nii-(O/O)(219): to start to grind O, sharpen O, start to sing in a high falsetto voice. Bi’niishk’aash/bi’niik’aazh, (4) ch’f’(a)-(ni/ni)(288): to emerge, walk out horizontally, with slow halting steps (as a patient just released from the hospital). Ch’f’nfshk’aash/ ch’?nik’aazh (ch’inda’nfshk’aash:ch’(nda’nishk’aash) (lit. to come out grinding something). (5) haahi-(= handhi-)(@/si)(424): to sharpen (grind, whittle) O to a point (as a pencil, wooden stake). Hadahdshk’aash/hddhdk’aazh (hdnindhdshk’aash:haninddndshk’aash). (6) ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to walk as far as a stopping

D. CURSIVE |. @-(ti): ’a -(yi)(367): to be walking along with slow halting steps (as a person in pain)(lit. to be going along grinding something). ’Eeshk’ash/da’iinfik’aash. naana’a-(yé)(584): to be walking around with slow halting steps. Naand’eeshk’ash/ naanda’finfik’aash.

E.

Durative

|. £-(tt): (1)

’ah{di-(@)(56-57): to rub O together (as two stones, to gnash O (teeth), grind O (teeth) together. ’Ahidishk’ash (’ahindddishk’ash).

F. SEMELFACTIVE I. L-(ti): ‘ahii-(@/si)(67): to get sprained (as an ankle. Lit. they grind or are ground together. The term reflects the traditional Navajo concept of a sprain as two bones that grate together.). ‘Ahiilk’ash/’ahishk’ash (nda’ahiilk’ash).

point, moving with slow halting steps.

Ni’nishk’aash/ni’nfk’aazh (nina’nishk’aash: ninda’nishk’aash). # -jj’ ni’nishk’aash, to go as far as -- (a designated location) with slow halting steps. # Tsé’naa (ha’naa) ni’nishk’aash, to go across (as across the road) walking haltingly.

G.

NEUTER

I. £-(ti): (1)

|. G-(tt):

REPETITIVE

B. DURATIVE

(si)(692): S lie in a heap (as a heap of logs, bricks, stones in an arroyo bed, people lying with feet pointing in the same direction).

Shitk’aazh (ndandshk’aazh). (1)

(@/yi)(785): to grind O (as a knife or axe), to grind O up (very finely, as meal, minerals), to

340

K’AAZH y H.

(9)

NOUN

K’AAD cc

DERIVATIVES

(2)

atti? jik’aash/, (plant) (bow smoother)(Equisetum kansanum), ’akat bee ’ak’aashi, strop, razor strop (leather with which something is ground or sharpened). ’acha’Ashk’azhi(~ ’atsa’dshk’azhi), kidney (meaning uncertain) (P-cha’ashk’azhi). "Attij Jik’aashf, middle crossing in Navajo Canyon, Arizona (southeast of the junction of the Colorado and San Juan Rivers) (bow smoother: name of a jointed shrub - Equisetum kansanum). ‘ats’oos ’ahishk’ash, strain (two blood vessels grated together). bee hadahak’aashf, grindstone (that with which it is ground to an edge or point - sharpened). béésh bee yik’aashi, whetstone, knife sharpener (that with which a knife is ground). tsé bee ’ak’aashi, grindstone, whetstone (the stone with which something is ground or sharpened). tsé béésh bee daak’aashigif, carborundum stone, hone, whetstone (the stone with which knives are ground or sharpened).

(PPA *K’a’sh > PA *K’azh become stiff, immobile.)

nda-(@/si)(603-604): to become (be) cramped (as from sitting too long in the same position). Ndaashk’aash/ ndashishk’aazh.

C. NEUTER I. L-(ti): (1)

nda-(si-Perf.)(603):

to be cramped, have cramps (as from sitting too long). Ndashishk’aazh. # ’Ahaa ndashiilk’aazh, we are standing bunched together and motionless. # Ndahashk’aazh, area is stiff. P-tah ndahashk’aazh, P-’s body is stiff.

D. (1)

na’alk’aash,

(2)

A.MOM. B.CONT. C.NEUT.

FUT.

OPT.

k’adsh_ k’aash_ -

k’ash k’ash -

k’aazh_ k’aazh_ k’aazh

k’ash_ k’ash_ -

k’dadsh k’aash -

grinding sound (as that made by rubbing two rocks together). Occurs with L-classifier and di-thematic: oral or stomach noise, as the theme in an expression describing a squeaking sound that occurs inside of one’s throat - probably produced by stomach

gas. The squeak is considered an evil omen - warning of possible harm - and a person planning a trip or an activity may think better of it, putting it off for another day. Cf. K’AAZH4.

IMP.

A.MOM. A.

Nda’alk’aazh géne’,

NAVAJO. Cf. K’AZH/CH’IK’AZH: onomatopoetic - imitates a grating or

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “stiff, immobile.” Occurs, with L-classifier, in bases meaning “be( come) stiff,” and by extension “cramped, paralyzed, hibernating.” Cf. K’AAZH and K’AAZH.

PERF.

hibernation.

hibernation den). niilk’aazh, paralysis (it became stiff and immobile).

K’AAZHo

US/IT.

DERIVATIVES

place where hibernation took place (bear’s

[li]:

IMP.

NOUN

USP

k’ddsh_k’ash

REREaRUie

_ k’aazh__

k’ash

ORI

k’aash

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-L-(ti): I. L-(ti):

(1) (1)

ni-(ni/ni)(651): to “freeze,” become motionless, become stiff or paralyzed. Ninishk’ddsh/ ninishk’aazh (nindnishk’dash:ninddanish-

k’aash). # P-it ninishk’dash,

(PA *K’anY [di]: slant, slope.)

to “freeze” with P (as with

rifle in hand, upon seeing a deer). # Niilk’adsh, S becomes stiff or paralyzed (as a leg or arm) - incapable of movement.

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning “form an angle, tilt, slant.” Occurs: ina variety of Semantic Themes: (1) with di-thematic and @-classifier as the theme in bases meaning “become angular, tilted, slanted,” and by extension “have a (stomach) cramp, get homesick.,” (2) with di-thematic and t-classifier in bases meaning “set on edge, slant O;” (3) with hathematic and t-classifier, in a Progressive construction, “be humped;” (4) with @-classifier in Neuter

B. CONTINUATIVE I. L-(ti): (1)

P-ii’di-(@/yi)(265): P has a squeaking sound in the throat (lit. there is a squeak inside of P). Bii’dilk’aAdsh/ bii’doolk’aazh (bii’ nda’dilk’adsh).

na’a-(O-lmp.)(549): S is hibernating, hibernation is underway. Na’alk’aash.

341

K’AAD

K’AAD

bases meaning “tilt, slant;” and (5) with t-classifier in a Neuter base meaning “be ridged (as a cantelope), hexagonal (as a rifle barrel).” IMPS A.TRANS. k’aah_ B.CONT. _ k’a’ C.CURS. D.NEUT. _k’

UST.

PERE]

k'aah k’aah

k’aad k’aad

k’

A.

PROGSI

FUT.

TORT:

k’aat k’aat

k’aah k’aat

k’aat =

sway toward each other in company with

C. CURSIVE |. ha-O-(ti): (1)

=

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-O-(ti): dii-(O/O)(346)(with prepounded dah, up): to have a (stomach) cramp (i.e. assume an angular position, as a person doubled with pain), S

ll. ha-t-(ti): ha’a-(yi)(405):

becomes tilted or turned on edge (as a box), Dah diishk’aah/dah diik’aad (dah ndiishk’aah: dah naddiishk’aah). Dah diik’aah/dah diik’aad (3rd pers.sgl.) # Shijadd dah diik’aad, | got a cramp in my leg. dii-(O/O)(346)(with prepounded ’atch’j’, toward each other):

ha-(yi)(426): S is hunched, humped. Haak’aat. # P-fchjjfh haak’aat, P has a humped (Roman) nose. # P-fighddn haak’aat, P is hunchbacked. # Shfighddn haak’aatgo séda4, | sit hunched over.

to be pregnant (lit. to go along

humped or with a hump).

Ha’eeshk’aat.

D. NEUTER |.di-O-(ti):

to square off, prepare to fight.

(1)

"Atchj’ diik’aah/’atchj’ diik’aad. hodii-(@/@)(453)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to become homesick, lonesome

(lit. impersonal it or “things” turn on edge with P). Bit hodiik’aah/bit hodiik’aad. (V. D[I]2.)

di-(O-Imp.)(317):

S is square, right-angled.

Dik’a. # Dik’Aé nahalingo hahasht’eezh, S is checkered. # Dik’a nahalingo yisttin, S is polka-dotted. # Dik’a nahalingo heeneez, S is rectangular in shape.

# Baah tikanfdik’fago,

(2)

hodi-(@-Imp.)(450):

is (are) slanted, tilted, on edge. Hodik’é. # P-it hodik’Aé, P is lonesome, homesick (lit.“things” are tilted on edge with P). (V. A(l]2.)

‘adii-(O/@)(32)(with prepounded dah, up): to

open the warp in weaving (by turning the batten stick on edge). Dah ‘adiishk’aah/dah ‘adiitk’aad (dah n’diishk’aah:dah nda’diishk’aah) (lit. to turn something unspecified on edge). dii-(O/O)(346): to tip, tilt, set O on edge, raise O to a slanting position (as a box set on one edge). Diishk’aah/ diitk’aad (ndiishk’aah: naadiishk’aah).

ll. @-(ti): ho-(ni-Perf.)(301)(with prepounded dah, up): S has the form of a square (as a square design

onarug).

Dah honik’d.

(yi-Perf.)(775): B.

square piece of cake.

area, impersonal it, “things”

S extends with a narrow (up-

turned) edge (as a hogback rock formation), S forms a hogback). Yik’d.

REPETITIVE Durative

na-(yi-Imp.)(594): S tilts or slants downward (as a

|. di-O-(ti):

rock or ridge). ta-(yi-lmp.)(703):

_—ond~~

ndi-(@)(605-614):

S slants or tilts down into the

water (as a rock, log). Taak’d.

to rock or tip from side to side

(as a boat in rough water), to stand on edge and tip or tilt back and forth. Ndik’a’ (nindadik’a’). Also used figuratively in other persons. Ndishk’a’. # P-it ndik’a’,

Naak’d.

lll. D-(ti): (1)

it rocks or tips with P (as a boat

with a passenger).

# P-it 'atch’j' ndishk’a’, to be on bad terms with P (lit. to stand on edge and rock or

342

(yi-lmp.)(775): S slants or tilts (completive). Yik’a. # P-iih yik’é S slants into P (as into snow, water).

IV. £-(ti): (1)

(PA *K’an [@] [with di-thematic] [continuative]: burn; [stative] *K’an’: be burning, be on fire; [transitional] *K’an: catch fire, ignite [t-causative].)

P-fdazni-(si-Perf.)(175): S has joining (adjacent) ridges, multiple surfaces (as a cantelope), S is ridged, polygonal (as a rifle barrel).

Bidazneesk’d.

E. (1) (2)

(3) (4)

NOUN

NAVAJO: Describes the movement or progression of a fire or conflagration - “burn.” Occurs: (1) with di-thematic: fire, and O-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “burn, move burning;” (2) with di-thematic and t-causative in bases meaning “cause O to burn;” (3) with yini-directive and t-classifier in a base meaning “make fire with a firedrill;” and (4) with di-thematic and ©-classifier in Neuter Imperfective bases meaning “be flammable.”

DERIVATIVES

’Adaa’ Dik’, Roof Butte, Arizona (slanted rim). ’adoh dah diik’aad, muscle cramp (muscle turned on edge). bee ’ach’iishf bidazneesk’dnigif, three-cornered file (ridged file). béésh tigaii dadik’dnigif, silver slug(s) (the square

IMP.

US.AIT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

k’ddh_

k’ddh

k’da’

-

k’Aat

k’aa’/

-

k’Aat

silver - reference is to the silver squares in

which raw silver is obtained by silversmiths). (5)

(6) (7)

(8)

A.MOM.|

hashtVish tsé nddleehé dadik’anigif, concrete blocks, cement blocks (the squares of concrete).

(1) Trans.

B.MOM.

k’ineedlishii dik’anf, square urine-squirter beetle. ta’neesk’dnf, muskmelon, cantelope (the one that has ridges). Tsé ’Atch’j’ Naak’ani, Gallup Hogback (a forma-

k’aah__k’dah

(2)

k’a

C.CURS.

tion located a short distance east of Gallup,

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

’adadi-(@/yi):

fire descends, burning downward

from a height. ’Adadik’ddah/’adaditk’da’ (’adandadik’adh). # ’Adahodik’dadh, fire burning on an area descends from a height (as a forest fire

Lake, near Ganado, Arizona

(2)

on a mountain). ’adi-(@/yi)(16): fire spreads, moves away out of

sight, S burns up. ’Adik’aah/’adiik’aa’ (’andadik’aah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’adik’aah, fire burns down from a height (as a descending forest fire).

wooden blocks, toy blocks

# P-ts Aa’ ’adik’dadh,

S burns up to P’s disadvantage. (E.g. shiyéél ’attso sits’da’ ’adifk’Aa’, my possessions all burned up in the fire.) # P-yaa ’adik’adah, fire burns under P (asa grass fire that moves burning under a

(square wood).

(A) Stem postposition:

k’Aat

|, di-O-(ti):

(rock ledge that slants into deep water). (12) tsé yik’aan (~ tséik’4an), hogback (rock formation), volcanic dyke (rock edge extends ina line). (13) Tsé Yik’Aan, Marsh Pass, Arizona. (14) tsin dadik’anigff,

-

A.

New Mexico. Also known as ’Atnaashii Haalin/, springs on opposite sides)(rocks descend and converge). (9) Tsétaak’a, Hogback, New Mexico (rock ledge slants into water). (10) Tsétaak’dan, Hogback near Fruitland, New Mexico (the rock ledge or hogback that slants down into water -- i.e. into the San Juan River). (11) Tsé Tééh Yik’dn/, name of a diversion dam above Ganado

-

against,

colliding with, into (bumping), striking. Chahatheetgo biniinaa t6shjeeh bik’adh yishwod, | ran (bumped) into the barrel because of the darkness/ chid/ tsé yik’adh shit yilwod, the car ran into a rock with me / tsé bik’aah deestdal, | stubbed my toe on (against) a rock / chidf ’atk’adh (~ ’ahitk’adh) yilwod, the cars ran into each other / tsin léi’ ’Adik’ddh (~ ’Ak’ddh) yishgeed, | jabbed myself with a stick (that | was holding). (Cf. PA

*K’#ts’ [li]: crack,

click, pop off.)

the road at the top of the hill as one

K’IZ/

approaches Toreva). wédseek’idii, hawk moth, sphinx moth,

KHZ

NAVAJO:

Primary meaning “crack,

pop.” Occurs, with L-classifier, as the theme in verb bases that describe the

caterpillar (the humped insect). Yaaniilk’id, Cedar Ridge, Arizona (hill slopes down).

formation of a thin line crack, as in glass or porcelain and, with t-causative, in themes meaning “cause O to crack.” With di-thematic and Lclassifier a derived verb describes the crackling, popping noise made by burning juniper wood, and the ringing or high pitched squeaking sound that sometimes occurs in a person’s ears. Cf. k’iz-k’iz, imitating

(12) yilk’id, hill (it is humped).

350

K’}

K'lZ

a high pitched squeaking sound.

E.

The Perfective stem

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

has the shape K’{{Z in themes that relate to a high ’aw6k’iz, crevice or narrow space between the teeth. dilk’is, juniper wood.

pitched sound, and K’lZ in those describing the formation of a crack.

IMP.

STi

EH Gee Ue

(2) (3) nahak’izii, cricket (the one that goes about

O Rr

chirping or making a k’iz-k’fz sound),

A.MOM. _ k’fis/ k’éés B.SEM. k’is CARERS kis D.CONT. k’iz A.

k’is

kK’iz/ k’fiz_

kis

k’is -

k’is -

Kis :

tsék’iz,

crevice or pocket within or between rocks (rock-crack). Tsék’iz T6h/, Cubero, New Mexico (spring in the rock crevice).

k’ffs/ k’éés k’is . -

MOMENTANEOUS

(~ ts’ik’(z) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the high-pitched squeaking or buzzing sound of a mosquito or gnat.

K’IZ

|. di-L-(ti): (1)

’ahihidi-(@/si): S cracks (forming a number of converging lines, as a windshield struck by a rock). ’Ahihidilk’éés/ahihideesk’iz (~ -k’ifs) (‘ahinddhidilk’éés). di-(@/yi)(319)(with prepounded P-jeeh): Phas a ringing sound in (his) ears (considered a warning of impending danger). Bijeeh dilk’éés (~ dilk’ifs)/bijeeh doolk’ fiz.

(2)

B.

(Cf. Ahtna -q’e-s, -q’e’y’, and Koyukon -q’ax, both with I-classifier,

K’}

NAVAJO: Occurs, with L-classifier, in verb bases meaning “glide, soar, fall (by sliding, as down a steep or slippery roof).”

SEMELFACTIVE

1. L-(ti):

(1)

A.MOM. B.CONT. CcUnS.

yii-(@/si)(796): S becomes cracked, a hairline crack appears on S (as on acup, glass pane, eggshell). Yiilk’is/yisk’is (naayiilk’is).

I. L-(ti):

I. L-(tt):

(1)

yii-(@/si)(797):

(1)

to crack O, cause O to develop a

hairline crack.

C.

Yiisk’is/sétk’is.

REPETITIVE Durative

|. di-L-(ti): (1)

di-(@)(319): S crackles, pops (as burning juniper wood). Dilk’is.

D.

CONTINUATIVE

(3) I, O-(ti): (1)

glide, soar.)

naha-(@)(528): S goes about chirping (making a high pitched squeaky sound - a cricket).

(4)

Nahak’iz.

(5)

351

IMP.

_US/IT.

PERF.

k’ééh_ k’j =

k’jh k’jh :

ki kj :

PROG. : k’jh/ k’ééh

FUT.

OPT.

kih kh :

k’ééh kj :

A. MOMENTANEOUS

’a-(O/yi)(478):

to glide away out of sight (as a person ona hang-glider, an eagle). ‘lishk’é¢éh/ ’eeshk’j (’andshk’ééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishk’ééh, to glide down from a height, slide and fall downward from a height. # Yah ’iilk’ééh, S glides into an enclosure (as a swallow into a hole or birdhouse). # Y66’ ’iilk’ééh, S glides away and disappears (as an eagle). ’ada (~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): to glide, slide or fall downward from a height (person on steep roof, eagle downa slope). ’Adaashk’é¢h/ ‘adaashk’j (~ bidaashk’é¢éh/hadaashk’¢¢éh). ’ahénd-(ni/ni)(46): to glide around in a circle (a person on a hang-glider, an eagle). "Ahénadshk’ééh or ’ahénishk’eeh/’ahéénishk’}. SER.(@/si)(48): to glide around in circles. ’Ahééhéshk’ééh/’ahééhéshk’j. ’atts’4-(ni/ni)(107): to glide apart, separate gliding (as two eagles). ’Atts’alk’ééh/’atts’alk’j (‘atts ’Andlk’ééh:’atts ’Andanalk’é¢h). P-ghd-(ni/ni)(191): S glides through P (an eagle

K'}Hy

K’) or glider through a cloud). bighdnfshk’j.

C. CURSIVE

Bighanishk’¢éh/

I. L-(ti):

P-nd-(@/si)(228):

S goes gliding around P (hangglider or eagle around mountaintop). Bindshk’ééh/binis{sk’j (bininddndshk’géh). P-n{ka-(ni/ni)(236): S glides through P (as a bird through an open window). Yintkalk’é¢éh/ yinikalk’j.

(6)

P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256):

(1)

to glide away from P, separate

(2)

gliding from P. Bits’anishk’ééh/bits’Anishk’| (bits ’ananfshk’ééh) ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): S comes or goes gliding out

(9)

horizontally (as an eagle from a canyon).

(3)

Ch’élk’ééh/ch’élk’j (ch’fndlk’ééh: ch’inddndlk’ééh). # P-k4d’g66 ch’élk’ééh (ch’inishk’ééh), eagle (or hang-glider) glides over P (as over a house).

(4)

# P-fighahg66 ch’élk’ééh (ch’inishk’ééh), eagle or hang-glider glides by it (as by a rock (10)

spire). di-(@/si)(330): to start to glide along.

(11)

dii-(@/@)(343)(with prepounded dah):

(yi)(774):

about to and fro (making loops and circles, asa

hang-glider or a buzzard). Naanda’oolk’jh/ naanda’ilk’ééh. # P-it naand’oolk’jh, P soars about on a hangglider (making loops and circles).

Dishk’é¢h/

déshk’j (fdilk’ééh:ndddilk’ééh). to start gliding along, to take off on ahang-glider. Dah diishk’é¢h/dah diishk’j (dah naddiishk’¢éh). (12) (ni/ni)(656): to go, come, arrive gliding. Nishk’ééh/nishk’j (nanishk’é¢h). (13) ni-(ni/ni)(648): to glide as far as a stopping point, glide up to (a point of termination). Ninishk’ééh/ninishk’j (ninddnfshk’ééh). # -jj’ ninishk’ééh, glide as far as a point and

D.

NOUN

(1)

bee na’alk’jhf,

(2)

naalk’jhf,

DERIVATIVES

hang-glider (the vehicle). hang-glider (the person who glides).

(Perhaps from

PA *K’ty: birch. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:89-91. Cf. also

stop.

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishk’ééh,

to glide K’JH4

across (as across a canyon or river).

into a cloud).

# P-k’ddh yishk’ééh, to glide into P (hit against P, as a hang-glider who hits a cliffside).

dodalK’ixY: tK’y:

it is layered; itis shingled with

NAVAJO:

Underlying meaning is apparently

“overlap.”

Occurs, with D-classifier, as the theme in

Neuter perfective bases meaning “layered, stratified, The root has the single stem form K’JH. over-lapping (as rock layers).”

yisdd-(@/yi)(773): to glide out of danger, escape from danger by gliding (a hang-glider or eagle).

Yisddshk’ééh/yisdadshk’j

Koyukon

and Tanaina bark.)

(14) (G/yi)(775): to glide (completively). Yilk’ééh/ yilk’j (ndlk’ééh:ndandalk’géh). # P-iih yilk’ééh, S glides into P (as an eagle

(15)

to glide along (an eagle or a hang-

glider). Yishk’jh/de(nfilk’ééh (naashk’jh: naandaashk’jh) # P-ityilk’jn, P glides along on it (on a hangglider). ’a-(yi)(681): unspecified S glides along. ’Oolk’jh/ da’flk’ééh (nd’oolk’jh:ndana’oolk’jh). # P-it’oolk’jh, P is riding along on a hangglider. naand-(yi)(587): to glide or soar about to and fro (making loops and circles, as a hang-glider or a buzzard). Naanddshk’jh / naandeiniilk’ééh. # P-it naandalk’jh, P soars about to and fro on it (on a hang-glider). naand’a-(yi)(584): unspecified S soars or glides

(yisddndshk’¢géh).

NEUTER PERFECTIVE |. D-(ti):

B.

CONTINUATIVE ’atk’idi-(yi)(92): S overlap (as thin layers of rock, playing cards, shingles). ‘Atk’idook’jh. hadi-(yi)(389): S lie in ascending strata (as

|. L-(ti): (1)

na-(@/si)(582):

overlapping layers of rock). Hadook’jh. there are ascending steps (as those on a rock face), Hadeesk’jh.

to glide about, soar (an eagle ora

hadi-(si)(729):

hang-glider). Naashk’j/nisisk’j (ninddnashk’)).

(2)

# P-it naalk’j, P soars on it (a hang-glider). na’a-(@/si)(550): unspecified S glides or soars

about. Na’alk’j/na’ask’| (nindd’alk’)). # P-it na’alk’j, P goes hang-glider riding.

NOUN Tsé Hadeesk’jh,

DERIVATIVES

Stepped Rock Trail (on the north side of Canyon del Muerto, Canyon de Chelley area, Arizona).

352

K’JH2

K’OL

(PPA *-K’its’4+ > PA *K’its’+: side. Navajo -k’iiz < *k’iz < *K’izt )

NAVAJO: Occurs, with ni-thematic: generic classifier: roundness(?) and L-

K’|H2

KINZ

classifier, as the theme in verb bases

NAVAJO: The noun stem -K’IIZ, side (of an animal, person, carcass) is used as the theme of a Neuter

meaning “curdle, clot, coagulate (as blood, milk, cold grease).

The under-

lying meaning of the stem is not clear.

Imperfective verb construction, in combination with ’a-

iMReeS

A.MOM._kijh

li

_k’jh

PERE

FUT.

OPT.

k’jh

kjh

_kjh

ni-thematic and t-classifier.

|. ’a-ni-t-(ti): (1)

A. MOMENTANEOUS I. ni-L-(ti); (1)

(1)

(2)

(3) (4)

naalyéhé ba hooghan ’atts’aa’ ’atk’iiz, the

ni-(@/si)(625-642): S curdles, coagulates, clots (blood, milk), S hardens or congeals (grease). Nilk’jh/ neesk’jh (nanilk’jh:naanilk’jh).

B.

trader owns this trading post jointly with his son - i.e. each has a side.)

Stem noun:

NOUN DERIVATIVES

the one),

# k’jjshzhinf (-zhin-,

Prunus demissa). # tsétsohk’jj’ (tsétsoh, big rock), mock orange, syringa (Philadelphus microphyllus). Also snowberry, Indian currant, coralberry, stag-berry, waxberry, wolfberry (Symphoricarpus vulgaris).

with -aat-/-dhat- prefix): (extending or progressing) alongside, running along parallel with. ’Atiin badtk’iis ~ bahatk’iis nt’i’, itextends alongside it, parallels it / shadtk’iis ~ shahatk’iis

NAVAJO: Underlying meaning “undulate.” Occurs: (1) with L-classifier as the theme in verb bases that K’OL describe the movement of a wave (in water, or a heat wave in air), as well as in themes that describe the sloshing and gurgling of liquid in a container and the lapping of water against an object; (2) with nithematic and L-classifier in bases meaning “blink (the eyes);” and (3) with di-thematic and L-classifier in a Neuter Perfective base meaning “wavy, rugose, corrugated, having folds (as a Rambouillet sheep)

yilwot, he‘s running along beside me (as | move along - as a dog) / ’athdatk’iis yiit’ash, we two are walking along side by side. (Cf. noun stem -K’llZ: side of the body.)(Ibid. ooshk’iizh, as shilééch’aa’f shooshk’iizh yilwot, my dog is running along beside me. Cf. noun -ooshk’iizh, side of the body.)

Stem noun: side of a person or animal; half a carcass (split in two from neck to rump - as half a beef, mutton or venison). # -dhatk’iis, alongside, beside, parallel with. # ’ak’iiz, a half carcass (lit.

something’s side). # -ddtk’iiz = -ddtk’iis,

IMP.

US./IT.

PERF:

k’oot

k’ot

k’ol

B.CONT. C.CuURS:

k’ol -

-

-

D.REP. E.SEM. F.NEUT.

k’ot k’ot .

_k’ot .

A.MOM.|

side of the body, along-

side (as alongside a wagon). # dibé bits)’ ’ak’iizgo (dibé bitsj’, mutton),

rabbit brush

(Chrysthamus graveolens). black + -f, the one),

western chokeberry (Prunus virginiana,

(A) Functional postposition (occurs

-K’NZ/ K’IZH

aromatic sumac.

(Combining forms: k’jj-, k’jjsh-, — k’ii-.) # k’iittsoii (-tso-, yellow + -ii,

K's)’

‘abe’ neesk’jhigif, clabber, curdled milk, cottage cheese (milk that has curdled). ditnilk’jh, blood clotting. dit neesk’jhigif, bloodclot, clotted blood. ata seel bee nilk’jhigif, blood platelet (the cell with which clotting occurs).

-K’IIS

’ani-(@-lmp.)(116)(with prepounded P-it ’atts’éa’): to own (something) jointly with P, have a share in something jointly with P. Bit ’atts’4a’ ’anisk’iiz. (E.g. Naalyéhé ya sidahf biye’ yit dif

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

-

kot

k’oot

k’ot/

-

Trans.

half

a mutton. # -niik’iiz (-nii- < -nii’, face), side of the face. # -ooshk’iizh, side of the body, flank, alongside.

k’oot

353

k’ot k’ool

: -

k’ot -

K’OL

K’OL

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

. L-(ti): ’a-(O/yi)(478):

S (a wave, ripple) rolls away out of

sight.

‘lilk'oot/'eelk’ol

k’oot),

SER.(@/si) (63): waves

(‘andlk’oot:'andanalroll away out of

sight one after another. 'Ahilk’oot/’aheesk’ol (‘andahalk’oot:'andddahalk’oot). # Yah ‘iilk’oot, a wave rolls into an enclosure (as into a grotto, cave, roped off area). # YOO’ 'iillk’oot, a wave rolls away and

D.

. L-(ti): P-i-(O-lmp.)(153): S (water, waves) lap(s) against P (as against a boat or arock). Bélk’ot. P-fdi-(@-Imp.)(178): S (water, waves) lap (hit repeatedly) (audibly) against P (as against a boat). Bfdflk’ot.

Ch’élk’oot/ch’élk’ol (ch’(ndanalk’oot). SER. (@/si)(275): wave after wave comes rolling out. Ch'thélk’oot/ch'fheesk’ol (ch'{ndanalk’oot), di-(@/si)(319): a wave starts to roll along. Dilk’oot/deesk’ol (ndddilk’oot), # ‘Aa dilk’oot, waves or ripples start to spread

ni-(O-Imp.)(659): to blink (the eyes) repeatedly (lit. move the eyelids terminatively, in an undulating fashion). Nishk’ot. (ni-thematic: terminal.)

(as when a stone is dropped into the

water). dii-(@/O@)(343): a wave starts to roll. Diilk’oot/diilk’ol (naadiilk’oot). In: # Dah diilk’oot, a wave starts off rolling. # 16 P-it dah diilk’oot, P (a surf-board rider) starts off on a wave. (ni/ni)(654): a wave arrives, comes rolling. Yilk’oot/yfk’ol (naanalk’oot), a wave

REPETITIVE Durative

disappears (as a tidal wave). P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): a wave rolls away from P. Bits Alk’oot/bits'Alk’ol (bits’Andandalk’oot). ch'f-(ni/ni)(762): a wave rolls horizontally out (as from a canyon), a wave rolls into view.

# P-aa yilk’oot,

# 16 P-ityilk’ot, P is riding along on a wave (a surf-boarder). da-(yi)(307): d.p. waves move undulating. Deflk’oot. # Hado deflk’oot, heat waves are rising.

E.

SEMELFACTIVE

. ni-L-(ti): nii-(@/si)(671): to blink (one time). Niishk’ot/ néshk’ot (nddniishk’ot). (ni-thematic: terminal.)

rolls to P, reaches P

(as a boat). # T6 P-it yilk’oot,

P comes, goes, arrives riding

Fees

a wave (a surf-boarder), ni-(ni/ni)(648): a wave rolls as far as a stopping point. Niilk’oot/niilk’ol (nindlk’oot:nindanalk’oot). # -jj’ niilk’oot, a wave or ripple rolls up to -- (a designated location or thing). # Tsé’naa (ha’naa) niilk’oot, a wave rolls across (as across a river or lake),

B.

. di-L-(ti): di-(yi-Perf.)(351):

S is wavy, rugose, corrugated, undulating. Doolk’ool. hodi-(yi-Perf.)(454): area is undulating, rolling. Hodoolk’ool.

G.

CONTINUATIVE

na-(©-Imp.)(582): S gurgles, sloshes about (as water in a jug that is being carried). Naalk’ol. # Dah naalk’ol,

S waves about (as a piece of

jello held in a spoon).

C.

CURSIVE

L-(ti): —=~

)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

‘Alak’ool, major lines of the palm (of the hand) (hand-waves)(P-lak’ool). béésh doolk’oolf, corrugated metal (as that used in culverts and in galvanized roofing)(wavy metal). Béésh doolk’oolf ’atiin t6 ba bighddaaz’dhigff, metal culvert(s) (the wavy metal that extends through a road for water). Béésh doolk’oolf kin bik’fdaasti’(gff, galvanized tin roofing (the wavy metal that covers a building). chatchaa’ bidee’ doolk’oolfgif, wavy horned rock beaver (beetle). dibé doolk’oolf, Rambouillet or Merino sheep (undulating or wavy sheep, Both breeds are so named because of the heavy folds in their hide.)

L-(ti): a" (1)

Ess ithert

(yi)(761); a wave is rolling along (as surf). Yilk’ot/deflk’oot (ndandalk’ot),

354

K’OSH

K’OL

(PPA uncertain.

PA perhaps *K’utsh’ [©] [with di-thematic):

naaltsoos doolk’ooligif, corrugated paper (wavy

paper)

K’OSH

béésh doolk’ooligif, corrugated metal. k’ineedlishii doolk’ooligif, wavy urine-squirter

red.

K’OL

In the Alaskan languages a stem

of shape:

(beetle). yilk’ootigif, wave, swell (on a body of water).

be

rancid, be the color of rancid oil, be

*K’izh WJ - and same

meaning is perhaps derived from *Kish{]: alder. Cf. Navajo k’ish, alder.)

NAVAJO: the theme (as meat, extension

(~ ts’ik’ol) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the glugging sound made by liquid in a partially filled bottle when it is moved, the murmuring-gurgling sound of a small brook, the plunking sound

Occurs, with di-thematic and @-classifier as in verb bases meaning “be(come) spoiled milk), “be sour (as a lemon), salty,” and by “be(come) sullen, bitter.”

IMP.

of a pebble dropped into the water, or

US/iT

PeEREee

FU

ORT.

the sound of waves lapping against a shore.

Stem noun:

A.MOM. B.CONT. C.NEUT.

cloud.

# k’osfshchiin (-shchiin,

facsimile, small copy), small fleecy cumulus cloud, cloud figure in a sandpainting.

K’OS

# k’ost’a’(-t’a’f,

k’osh_ = k’gsh_~—sik’gsh_~——sik’gsh__ik’gsh k’ggsh k’gsh_ k’égzh_ k’gsh k’ggsh k’66zh -

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-O-(ti):

thin), a thin, high cloud.

di-(@/yi)(317-342): S turns sour (milk), S spoils (meat). Dik’gsh/diik’gsh (ndddik’gsh). (dithematic: stomach, mouth.)

Stem noun: neck. # -k’os biniit’aa ~ k’os bindniid, side of the neck.

B. CONTINUATIVE

# k’os doolwélf (doolwélf ?), atlas vertebra or bone.

|. di-O-(ti):

# -k’ostsj’ (-tsj’, flesh), fleshy area of the neck, neck meat. # -k’osts’in (-ts’in, bone), neck bone.

nahodi-(@/si)(541)(with prepounded P-ii’, inside of

(1)

sullen, bitter, “mad at the world.”

P): to become

Bii’ nahodik’ggsh/bii’ nahodeezhk’¢¢zh.

(lit.

“things,” area, space inside of him becomes sour). NAVAJO: The noun -K’OS: neck, is used as a Neuter verb stem in

K’OS

C. NEUTER

combination with yini-thematic and Lclassifier. The resulting theme has the meaning “have a neck like (something to which S is compared).”

|. di-O-(ti): (1)

|. yini-L-(ti): (1)

yini-(@-lmp.)(767):

di-(ni-Perf.)(317):

S is sour, salty, bitter, spoiled.

Dik’66zh.

S has a neck like --.

Yinisk’os. (E.g. Naghaf ’at’ééd naal’eet yilk’os, that girl has a neck like a duck.)

D.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

Be’ek’id Hodik’ézhf, Costa Lake, New Mexico (bitter lake, salty lake). ch’il titsoof dik’ézhigif, lemon (Citrus limonium)

K’O

(~ ts’ik’9’) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the dry gurgling sound made bya waterbag when shaken, or by a running stud horse.

(the sour yellow plant). didzé dik’$zhif chokecherry, wild plum (the sour berry). (Ib. didzé ndaashjin bididze’). diik’osh, yeast (it got sour). k’6¢zh, body odor, BO, the odor of perspiration. kék’gsh, foot odor. tsé dik’§6zh, alum, impure alum (sour rock). tsin bineest’a’ dadik’zhigiff, citrus fruit (the sour tree fruit).

355

LA

K'OO" (9)

Stem noun (Cf. verb root K’'OOZH:

ts'il titsoof dik’ézhigff (~ ch'il titsoof dik'¢ézhigff),

be-[come] sour):

lemon. (V.#2 above.)

NAVAJO:

body odor, B.O.

-K'OOZH Underlying meaning Occurs, with

appears to be “bruise.”

t-classifier, as the theme in transitive

verb bases meaning “injure O (by rough handling)” and, perhaps by extension “exhaust, use up (a supply

of something).” LA

IMP.

_USJIT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

k’66h_ k’6éh

k’66h_—ik’'90’—s«K’'SGE_sCK'SGH k’66h_ —k'66H_——iK'SSt_K’6GH

(PPA *t-hay > PA ‘la [ablauting: le]. Classificatory stem for discrete plural objects or for a ropelike object. Original t-classifier appears as PA stem initial

AMOM. B.SEM.

> “ti-yay t-a, f-ya.)

NAVAJO:

A. MOMENTANEOUS

‘a-(O/yi)(478):

classifier was voiced and reinterpreted as the stem

to drink up all of O (as one’s water

initial consonant (PA stem initial *I-), producing the stem shape “la (ablauting to *le-). Navajo themes

supply), to use O all up (as a car that uses up

all of its fuel). k’ddh).

‘lishk’é¢h/'iftk’99’

The root appears as LA/YA in the Perfec-

tive, ablauting (to té-, te- / yé-, ye-) in other modalaspectival stem derivatives. As Krauss-Leer point out, the PPA root had the shape *-hay. A preceding t-

I. £-(tt): (1)

*l-. With D-effect, *ti-hay

> “*l-ya, as also with Eyak

(‘anddnash-

based on the I-initial stems are treated as ©-class,

taking a D-classifier in the reversionary and semeliterative, and in the Iterative Mode.

B.

SEMELFACTIVE

T, tect): (1)

K'0O"

Yiishk’ééh/sétk’99’

in the

DLA/LYA.

yii-(@/si)(797): to hurt O (as a baby, by rough handling, or one’s back by lifting a heavy

object),

However,

Passive and in reflexive constructions an L-classifier is required, resulting in re-emergence of the pre-historic stem initial, voiced to produce stem initial y-. The (Perfective) stem thus takes three shapes: OLA/ LA is a classificatory stem describing: (1) the handling of a single slender flexible object (SFO) such as a length of rope or string, a chain, belt, supple branch, string of beads, intestine, snake, lightning, (2) objects that come in pairs, such as a pair of shoes, socks (or one sock, since it is slender and flexible), boots, gloves, scissors, pliers, legs (as in crossing them); and (3) amass or conglomeration of plural objects such as a variety of foods, constellations, corn kernels, the words that constitute a language, a bunch

(ndayiishk’d¢h).

(~ ts’ik’99’) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the sound produced by one’s stomach when it “growls,” or the sound of a choking person.

of feathers, a tangled mass of fried onions, a set of tools or paraphernalia. By extension LA can apply to

a person suffering from hunger, thirst, a hangover; planting, adultery, making payment (as salary, rent, fees, fines). It has a respectful connotation in contexts

Stem noun: seed (of a melon, squash, apple, orange, avocado, peach). # didzétsoh bik’$6’ (didzétsoh, peach), peach seed.

relating to death (e.g. she’awéé’ nt’éé’ ’azee’al’fidi ‘Adingo ’azee’iitinf t’66 shaa néfdla, when my baby died in the hospital the doctor simply gave it back to

me; she’esdzdan nt’é6é’ ’awéé’ t’Adta’{ shaa yinfldago sits’aa’ ndddiilya, my wife gave me one child and then she died). It can be used in reference to objects of unknown class, including the objects of robbery or burglary.

356

LA IMP, A.MOM. | |é Trans. | yé

USVTe

rene

16éh/ diééh yééh/

\A/la’

LA

PROG -

—-ya/ya’

FUT

OPT.

\éét

léét

yéét

yéét

leet

léét

yeel

yéét

(4) ’ahd-(O/yi or ni/ni)(36): to divide O in two parts, share O (as a length of rope). ’Ahashté/’ahdala (‘ahdndshdlé: ’ahdnddndshdlé) or ’ahanishté/ ‘ahdnilaé (’ahdndnishdlé:’ahdnadanishdlé). ’ahé6-(= ’ahénd-)(ni/ni)(53): to carry O around in

(5)

a circle, make a circuit carrying O. ’Ahéénishté/’ahéénia (’ahénindnishdlé:’ahé ninaanishdlé). SER.(@/si)(48): to carry O around and around in circles. ’Ahééhéshté/ ’ahé6héla (’ahéninddhashdlé). ’ahfi-(@/@)(70): to combine or mix O together, put

yééh

B.CONT.

16

yeeh/ dleeh yeeh/

yé

1a

-

ya’

yeeh

C.CON. D.DIST.

[ééh yééh le’ ye’

E.REV.

66h yééh

-

la

leeh/ dleeh yeeh/ yeeh

(lééh/ dlééh yééh/-s yééh

ya’

la

Q.NEUT.

-

A.

-

ya

F.CURS -

-

iE

(6)

leet

le’

yeet

yeet

\6ét

léét

yéét

yéét

O together (as belts, pairs of shoes, white and

green spaghetti).

(‘ahinéish-

"Atndshté/’ainadla (’atndndshdlé:atnanaandshdlé) or ’atndnishté/’atnanila (‘atndanishdié:’atnadanddnishdlé). (Also with L-classifier and y-initial stem, as: ’atndndshyé/’atndanishyé: ’atndnddndshyé/’atnandadnishyé). ’atts’A-(@/yi or ni/ni)(108): to divide O into two parts, separate O (by taking it apart, share O (as a length of rope or chain). ’Atts’ashté/ ’atts’Adl4 (’alts’Andshdleé: ’atts’anddndshdlé) or ’atts’Anishté/’atts’anild (‘atts’andnishdleé: ’atts’Anddn(shdlé). (Also optionally with Lclassifier as ’atts’Andshyé/’atts’andanishyé: ’atts’Anddndshyé/’atts ’anddnishyé).

I66t/lé yéét/yé :

MOMENTANEOUS

1, @-(tt): ’a-(@/yi)(484): to move (carry) O away out of sight. ’lishté/’M4 (’andshdlé:’andandshdlé). SER.(@/si)(5). ’Ahishté/’ahéla (’andhashdlé: ’anddhashdleé). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishté, to bring or carry O (as a chain) down from a height, to unload O. # P-ch’dahjj’ ’andshdlé (or ’iishté), to replace P (as an old belt) with O (as a new belt), substitute O for P. # P-yaa ‘iishté, to put O in under P (as slippers under the bed). # Nahjj’ ’iishté, to remove O, move O aside (as a length of barbed wire from the road). # Nii’oh ’iishté, to carry O (as a snake) away out of view, conceal O. # Yah ’iishté, to bring or carry O into an enclosure (as a pair of galoshes into the house), # Y66’ ’iishté, to carry O away and disappear with O or get rid of O. (2) ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(380): to lower or take O down from a height (as a string of beads ora pair of moccasins from the wall or a shelf), unload O, ’Adaashté/’adddla (’adandshdlé: ’adandanadshdlé). SER.(@/si) (375). ’Adahashté/’adahdld (’adandhashdlé:’adandahashdlé). (3) ’adii-(@/@)(32)(with prepounded dah): to tool up, get equipped, acquire the necessary tools for a job or the paraphernalia for a ceremony. Dah ’adiishté/dah ’adiild (dah n’diishdlé:dah ndéa’diishdlé).

’Ahfishté/’ahfila

dié:’ahinddnéishdlé). (Cf. P-fishté, add O to P: #15 below.) ’atnd-(O/yi or ni/ni)(97): to switch or exchange the position of two O (as a chain and a rope).

(1)

# P-it’atts’Anfshté, to share O with P. ’ats’A-(ni/ni)(135): to separate or segregate O (as a chain that one sets apart or aside from a pile). ’Ats’&n(shté/’ats’anila (’ats’dnanishdle: ’ats’anddanishdleé). P-a’-(ni/ni)(148): to lend O to P (as a belt ora pair of slippers). Ba’nishté/ba’nila (banda’nfshdlé).

(10)

(11

~—

(12)

(13

~~

(14 a

(15)

# ’Ak’égo P-a’nishté, to lease or rent O to P (i.e. to lend O to P in exchange for something - as a string of beads). P-aa’di-(@/yi): to commit adultery against P (P is the spouse of the person with whom sexual relations took place), to cuckold P. Baa’dishté/

baa’difla’ (baa nda’dishdlé). P-6n4-(@/si)(154): to soak O in P (by dunking or submerging O - as a Strip of leather in water), dip O in P. Béndshté/bééséla (binindanashdilé). (Conative?) P-fldk’e-(/yi)(221): to hand O to P, place O in P’s hand. Bildk’eeshté/bildk’ééla (bilak’endshdié:bilak’enddnashdlé). SER.(@/si). Bilak’eheshié/bildk’ehéla (bildk’endhdshdlé/bilak’enadhashdleé). P-inéi-(@/O)(231): to add an additional O to P (as an additional string of beads to a jewelry collection). Binéishdlé/binéishdla (binindanéishdlé). (Reversionary corresponding to bfishté: #15 below.) P-fi-(@/@)(265): to add O to P (as green spaghetti to white). Biishté/bfila (binéishdleé:

LA

LA

binddanéishdlé). (Cf. ’ahfishté, mix O together:

# P-aadiishté, to take O off of P (belt, necktie, pair of shoes), remove O from P. (26) dzidza-(@/yi)(359): to put O into the fire. Dzidzaashté/ dzidz4ala (dzidzandshdlé: dzidzandanashdlé). SER.(@/si)(355). Dzidzahashté/dzidzahala (dzidzandahashdleé: dzidzandahashdlé). (27) ha-(@/yi)(434): to take O out, extract O (as a belt from a box). Haashté/haala (handshdlé:hanéanashdlé). SER. (@/si)(393). Hahashté/ hahala (handhdshdlé:handaahdashdle). # Handshdlé, to redeem O (a pawned item). ; P-aah hanashdlé, to redeem O from P (a pawned item). # P-ch’j’ na’iini’ haashté, to propose a trade of O with P. # P-ilak’ee haashté, to take O out of P’s hand. # P-ii’déé’ haashté, to take O out of P (outofa

#6 above.)

(16) P-’ai-(G/O)(211): to drape O over P, put O over P (rope over limb where it remains). Bi’aishté/ bi’aila. (17) P-nd-(@/si)(228): to carry O around P (asa

chain around a hogan). Bindshté/biniséla (bininashdlé: binfnddndshdlé). (18) P-t’a-(@/yi)(251): to put O into P (into the fold in one’s garment, or into bed with one - as a belt or necklace). Bit’aashté/bitadla (bit’andshdlé: bit’andanashdlé). (19) P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): to separate O from P, set O apart from P. Bits’anfshté/bits’anila (bits’ananishdlé:bits’anddanfshdlé). (20) P-za-(@/yi)(262): to put O (as a hair, spaghetti) into P’s mouth. Bizaashté/bizaala (bizandshdlé:bizandanashdlé). SER.(@/si)(260): to put O (as spaghetti one after another into P’s mouth (as in feeding a small child). Bizahashté/bizahdla (bizanahdshdlé:bizandaahashdlé). # --- bizaad bizaashté, to teach (his) language (E.g. Sitsilf Bilagaana bizaad bizaala, | taught my younger brother English - i.e. | put English words into my younger brother’s mouth.) (21) ch’f-(ni/ni)(293): to carry, take, bring O out horizontally (as a pair of shoes from a storeroom). Ch’inishté/ ch’infla (ch’fndnishdlé:ch ’indanishdlé). SER.(@/si) (276). Ch’éhéshté/ch’éhéla (ch ’inadhashdlé:ch indahashdlé). (22) di-(O/yi)(336)(with prepounded teeh, into the ground): to bury O (as a leather strip, pair of moccasins in order to make O flexible). Leeh dishté/Heeh difla (teeh ndishdlé:teeh ndddishdlé) (23) di-(@/si)(336-758): to start to carry O, to be on the way carrying O (in the Perf.). Dishté/déla (ndishdlé: naddishdlé). SER.(@/si)(442)(with prepounded naas, on forward): to lengthen O (as the sleeves of a shirt or the legs of a pair of trousers). Nadas hidishté/ndds hidéla (ndds naahidishdlé). # P-ch’j’ déla, to have started to carry O to P, to be on the way taking O to P. # P-a yidilé, P gets a hangover (lit. S starts to carry O for P). # Dichin P-a yidilé, P gets terribly hungry. # Dibda’ P-d yideezla, P got terribly thirsty. (24) didi-(@/yi)(314): to put O (as a pair of wet shoes, a sapling) near or into the fire. Didishté/didiila (déédishdlé: dindddishdlé). SER.(@/si)(317). Dihidishté/dihidéla (dindhidishdlé:dinadhidishdlé). (di-thematic: fire.) (25) dii-(@/@)(346): to start to move O. Diishté/diila (ndiish-dlé:naddiishdlé),

box, out of mud or snow), remove O.

# P-yaadéé’ haashté,

to take.O out from

beneath P (as a pair of slippers from under the bed).

# P-za’azisdéé’ haashté, to take O out of P’s pocket. (Siza’azisdéé’ handshdleé, | take

(28)

(29)

O back out of my pocket.) ha-(@ or si/si)(434): to carry O up, climb up carrying O (as up a ladder carrying a chain). Haashté or hashishté//haséla (handashdlé: handdandashdle). # P-aah hashishté, to climb up P carrying O (as up a cliff). hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry O the entire length (as a pair of shoes the entire length of a hallway). Hadiishté/hadiila (haddiishdlé:handddiishdlé). (hadi-thematic: entire, complete, all the way.)

(30)

(31

~—

(32)

(33) (34)

# Dah diishté, to start off carrying O, to lift or raise O up.

(35)

# P-ts’da’ dah diishté, to make off with P’s O (as P’s belt, taken without P’s permission).

358

hidi-(@/si)(441): to move or tug O ina series or succession of actions (as a heavy chain). Hidishté/hidéla (nahidishdlé:nadahidishdlé). (Seriative corresponding to dishté: #23 above.) # Nahjj’ hidishté, to move or tug O aside (as a heavy chain) by pulling first one end and then the other). hidii-(@/@)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (as a belt on a nail or peg). Dah hidiishté/dah hidiila (dah nahidiishdlé:dah naahidiishdlé). # P-aah dah hidiishté, to hang Oup onP (asa rope on the wall). kfi-(@/@)(494): to carry O up an incline (as upa staircase, up a hill). Kfishté/kiila (kinéishdlé: kindanéishdlé). k’idi-(@/yi)(506): to plant O (a seed, crop). K’idishté/k’idila (k’indddishdlé). (k’idithematic.). k’i’di-(@/yi)(506): to do the planting, carry on or practice agriculture, farm, do farming (lit. to plant unspecified O). K’i’dishté/k’i’dila (k’inda’dishdlé). na-(@/yi)(598): to lower, unload O, knock O down. Naashté/naala (nindshdlé:nindandshdlé). SER.(@/si) (532). Nahashté/nahala (nindhdashdlé:nindahashdlé).

LA # P-ts’4a’ naashié,

LA

to knock down P’s O (as a

pair of P’s shoes). (36) na’-(ni/ni)(558): to make payment, pay. Na’nishté/na’nila (nina’nishdlé:ninda’nishdle). SER.(@/si)(640): to make a series of payments, buy on time (on the installment plan). Ni’iishté/ni'iyéla’. (The Seriative takes the stem form -la’ in the Perfective.) # P-k’é na’nishté, to make a payment for P, pay the rent on P. # P-k’é p-ch’j’ na’nishié, to pay p for P (as in paying a vendor for an object purchased, or a person for a service rendered). # T’dd ’atké6é’ P-k’6é ni’iishté, | make a series of payments for P, one following the other, | buy P on time (or by installments). (37) nahi-(@/si)(531): to turn O around or over. Nahashté/nahala (ninahdshdlé:nindéhashdle), (Also with a special Reversative stem in the Imperfective: ndhashtééh. V. Reversative.) (38) nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over (as a belt). Nadhideeshté/nahidééla (nindhideeshdlé:

(39)

ninddhideeshdle).

naa’a-(@/yi)(581): to faint, keel over, pass out (a slang term. Lit. S falls over like a a SFO). Naa’iishté/naa’ilaé_ (naa’andshdlé:naa’andénashdlé). (40) Ndii-(@/B)(619): to pick O up, lift, choose, find O. Ndiishté/ndiild (ninddiishdié :nindddiishdlé), (41) (ni/ni)(564-660): to go, come, arrive carrying O, to take or bring O (to a destination). Nishté/nila (ndnishdlé:nddnfshdleé). # P-aa nishté, to take, bring, give or deliver O to P (belt, pair of shoes, dead child with a connotation of sympathy). # P-aa ndnfshdlé, to bring, take, give O back to P, return O to P.

# -g66 nishié, to take or bring O to --(a location). (42) ni-(ni/ni)(652): to take or carry O as farasa stopping point. Ninishté/ninld (nindnishdlé: nindanishdlé). SER.(@/si)(622): to carry O one after another as far as a stopping point. Neheshté/nihéld.

Niishté/niild (naniishdlé:néAniishdlé). thematic.)

# "Aha@h niishté, to fold O, double O over (as a blanket, sheet of paper). (44) n’dii-(@/@)(676): to take O down from a shelf or

peg (as a belt, pair of gloves). N’diishté/n’diild (nina’diishté:ninda’diishté). SER .(@/@)(537): to take down O one after another from a shelf or pegs (as strings of beads, moccasins). Nahi’diishté/nahi’diil4 (nindhi’diishdlé: ninaahi’diishdlé).

(45) (si/si)(693):

tabletop).

# P-aah dah shishté, peg,nail).

horseback). # Shijddd ’atk’i dah shishté, | cross my legs. (46) tsfts’d-(ni/ni)(736): to take O away from the fire or water, carry O ashore. Tsitts’anishté/tsitts’4nila (tsits ’andnishdlé:tsitts ’Andanishdle). SER.(@/si). Tsfits’ahéshté/tsitts ’aha4la (tsfts’andhdshdle: tsfts’andahdshdle). (47) (G/yi)(787): to move O (completive). Yishté/yila (ndshdlé:ndandshdlé). SER.(@/si). Hishté/héla (nahashdlé:ndahdshdle). # P-iih yishté, to put O into P (asa string of beads into a box). # Diih yishté, to roll a cigaret. # Kijh yishté, to take O into town or to market. # teeh yishté, to bury O, put O into the ashes. # Nii’oh yishté, to take O away out of view, hide O, store O in a hidden location. # Taah yishté, to put O into the water. (48) yisd&-(O/yi)(771): to rescue O, salvage O, carry O away from danger. Yisddshté/yisdddla (yisdandshdlé: yisddndandshdle), SER.(@/si) (773): to rescue O one after another. Yisdahdshté/yisdahalé (yisddndhdshdlé:yisdanaahashdleé).

Il. D-(tt): (1)

’a-(O/yi)(478): to put O away out of sight (in a reflexive context). ‘lishdlé/’eeshdl4 (’andshdlé: ’‘andandashdlé). In:

(2)

’ahda’(a)-(~ ’atghda’[a})-(ni/ni)(43)(with prepounded P-it): to exchange trade, swap O with P. Bit ’ahda’nishdlé/bit ’ahda’ nishdla (bit ‘ahanina’nishdlé:bit ’ahdninda’nishdlé) or bit ‘atghda’nishdlé/bit ’atghda’nishdla (bit ’atghanina’nishdlé:bit ’atghaninda’nishdié). (This base also occurs with L-classifier: ’‘ahaa’nishyé/ ‘ahda’nishya or ’atghdd’nishyé/ ’atghda’nishya).

to make a series of

payments on P (as rent payments,

# -jj’ ninishté,

to hang O up on P (on

# P-ch’j’ dah yishté, to throw oneself at O (as a rodeo performer at a steer, from

installment payments). # Hasht’e’ ninishté,

to set or place O (in position, where

itremains). Shishté/sél4 (nishishté:nddshish16:) # Dah shishté, to set O up (on shelf or

# ’Aah ninishté, to pawn O. # P-aah ninishté, to pawn O to P (as a belt to a trader). # P-k’é neheshté,

(ni-

In:

to putO away, store O.

to carry O up to --(a specified

location or stopping point- as up toa

fence).

# Ni’ ninishté, to set O down, stop carrying O. # Shd@d@’ ninishté, to set O in the sun (ina sunny place). # Tsé’naa ninishté, to carry O across. (43) nii-(@/@)(671): to move O terminatively.

359

# ’Ayaa ’iishdlé, to put O under oneself.

LA

LA

# ’Ayaa ndinishdlé, to set O out (to eat - as an

‘atnana-(O/yi)(95): to carry O to a location and back, take O to a location (as to school) and back (home). ‘Atnandshdlé/'atnandashdla. (Ib. ‘atndanishdlé.) # 'Atnandshdlééh, to carry O back and forth (17 4

customarily (as a lariat, to school and

back). ‘atts 'a'di-(O/yi)(105)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to share O with P (pairs of

shoes, socks, gloves, shoe laces). Bit ‘atts 'a'dishdlé/bit 'dtts’a’deeshdla. ‘anadee-(@/yi)(111): to sling O (as a chain, rope) over one’s back and shoulder, 'Anadeeshdlé/ ‘anadeeshdla (‘anandeeshdlé:’anandddeeshdlé). ‘at'a-(O/yi): to put O (as a string of beads) into the fold of one’s garment. ‘At’aashdlé/ ‘at'aashdla (‘at'andshdlé:’ at’anddndashdleé). ‘aza-(©/yi)(140): to put O into one’s own mouth

(as a spaghetti),

(18)

(19

(20)

'Azaashdlé/'azaashdla

# ’Ak’é nindnishdlé, to pay O (an amount) as a fine (lit. to pay O in exchange for

(‘azanashdlé: 'azanddnashdlé). SER.(O/si) (140): to put O into one’s own mouth one after

another (as spaghetti).

‘Azahashdlé/’4zahdsh-

dla (‘azandahashdlé:'Azanddhashdlé).

(21)

‘Azéédée-(O/yi)(142): to put O (as a strand of beads) around one’s own neck, to puton O (a

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13

—

(14)

(15 —

(16)

~—

intestine). # Hasht’e’ ndinishdlé, to set O aside, store O, place O in readiness, pick O out for purchase. ndii-(@/O)(617)(with prepounded dah, off): to start to carry O back, start back carrying O. Dah ndiishdlé/dah nhdiishdla. (Reversionary corresponding to dah diishté: A[I]25.) ndii-(@/O)(617)(with prepounded ’ddaa, from self): to take O back off oneself (necktie, brassiere, string of beads, socks, gloves). 'Adaa ndiishdlé/’d4daa ndiishdld. (Reversionary corresponding to ’adaa diishdlé: #11 above.) nikidfnfi-(@/O)(632): to keep O (as a borrowed belt or pair of gloves), to borrow O and fail to return it. Nikidfnfishdlé/nikidinfishdld. nina-(ni/ni)(646): to pay O back (an amount of money). Ninanishdlé/ninanishdla.

oneself). # P-ch’j’ nindnishdlé, to pay O (an amount) back to P. nina’(a)-(ni/ni)(645): to make restitution or repayment. Nina’nishdlé/nina’nishdla.

# ’Ak’é nind’nishdlé, to pay a fine (lit. to make

necklace), 'Azéédéeshdlé/'azéédéeshdla (‘azéninadéeshdlé:’azénindddéeshdlé). P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P by force, to rob P of O (as a person robbed of his belt), Bighanishdlé/bighanishdla (bighandnishdlée:bighanadnishdleé). P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to rob P (take objects of unspecified or mixed class from P by force). Bigha'nishdlé/bigha’nishdla (bighandaa’nishdle), dii-(©/O)(345)(with prepounded 'ddaa, from self): to take O off (from oneself - necktie, brassiere, belt, gloves, socks). 'Adaa diishdlé/'adaa diishdla (ndiishdlé: naddiishdlé). hadini-(©/si)(382); to carry O too far (beyond the point where one should have stopped). Hadinishdlé/hadinéshdla (handadinishdlé). hadii-(O/O)(386): to take O off (necktie, belt, garters, gloves, shoes, socks, galoshes), Hadiishdlé/hadiishdla (haddiishdlé:handadiishdlé), na-(@/yi)(569): to put O back. Nashdlé/ nadshdla. (Completive - Reversionary corresponding to yishté: A[1]47.) # P-iih nashdlé, to put O back into P (asa necklace back into a jewel box). # Taah nashdlé, to put O back into the water. naddii-(O/O)(574): to pick O back up, reclaim O, repossess O, take O back. Naddiishdlé/ naddiishdla. (Reversionary corresponding to ndiishté: A[I]40.) # P-aa or P-ts'aa’ ndddiishdlé, to reclaim or repossess O from P (as a belt that P failed to pay for). ndi-(ni/ni)(609):; to set O aside, place O. Ndinishdlé/ndinishdla.

repayment in exchange for oneself). # P-ch’j’ nina’nfshdlé, to pay P back, remunerate P, repay or reimburse P.

L-(tt): (Passive/reflexive.)

’a-(O/yi)(476)(Simple Passive): O is carried away out of sight, O is served (food at a ceremony). ‘lilyé/'eelya (‘andlyé:’anddndlyé). # P-ts’da’ y60’ ’iilyé, O is stolen from P. # Ch’iydan P-ityah ’iilyé, food is served to P. # Yah ’iilyé, O (as food) is brought into an enclosure (as food into a room). ’adi-(O/yi)(18)(with prepounded P-aa-): to be cuckolded, to be the victim of adultery.

Baa’dilyé/baa’doolya. (Simple Passive corresponding to baa’dishté, commit adultery: A[l]11 above.) ’Adina-(@/si)(19): to put O (as a belt, sash) around oneself (to ward off evil). ’Adindshyé/ ‘Adinisisya. ‘ahaa’(a)- (~ 'atghaa’[a]-)(ni/ni)(90)(with prepounded P-it): to exchange, trade or swap O with P (as belts, gloves). Bit ’ahda’nishyé/bit ‘ahaa’nilya or bit ’atghda’nishyé/bit ’atghda’niya. (Occurs also with D-classifier in lieu of L-.) ’ahaa’a- (~ ’atghda’a-)(ni/ni)(42)(Simple Passive) (with prepounded P-it): to be exchanged, swapped or traded with P. Bit ’ahda’ilyé/bit

‘ahda’fya

(6)

360

or bit ’atghdda’iyé/bit ’atghda’yd.

’ahfi-(O/@)(67)(Simple Passive): to be combined, mixed together (as coral and beads). ‘Ahiilyé/ 'ahiilya (‘ahinéilyé:’ahindanéilyé). (Cf. ’ahfishte: A[I]6 above.)

LA (7)

(8)

(9)

LA

‘atgha-(ni/ni)(89): to take a pair of O away from each other, to play tug-of-war (i.e, take a rope away from each other), ‘Atghaniilyé/‘atghanillya (atghandniilyé:'atghanaaniilyé), # P-it ‘atghanishyé, to play tug-of-war with P. ‘atnd-(O/yi)(94)(Simple Passive): to be switched in position, exchanged or traded, 'Atnalyé/ ‘atnddlya, (Cf. ‘atndashte: A[l]7 above.) ‘atnddnd-(O/yi)(95)(Simple Passive); to be returned multiple times, carried back and forth

War Dance).

(21

~—

(22

~—

(as an appliance to a repair shop),

(10) (11)

(12)

(13)

‘Atnddndlyé/‘atnadnadalya, (Cf. 'atndndshdlé/ ‘atnddnishdle; A[ll]3 above.) ‘ait’'a-(O/yi)(Simple Passive); O are placed together, mated. ‘Ait'aalyé/‘att'aalya (‘alt'adaasya': d.p.). ‘atts'a-(O/yi)(106)(Simple Passive); O are separated, divided in half, shared (as one's medicine paraphernalia, as devised by one's last will), ‘Atts'dlyé/ atts'adlya (‘atts'andlyo; ‘atts 'dnddnalyé). (Cf. A[l]8 above) ‘ats 'd-(ni/ni)(135)(Simple Passive); O is set apart, segregated, separated, ‘Ats'dlyé/ ‘ats'dlya (‘ats‘andlye;'ats'anaanalye), (Cf. ‘ats'anishte: A[l]9) 'Az6édé6e-(O/yi)(142); to putO around one's

(25)

(26)

pounded dah, up): O (as a belt) is hung up (as

ona nail), Dah hidillyé/dah hidiilya. (Cf. A[I]31

neck, to put on O (strand of beads),

‘Azdédéeshyé/'azdédéeshya

(14)

(15)

(16)

Bich’|' da'iilyé/bich’j’ da'niilya, O starts to be carried along. Dilyé/deesya or deehya’ (ndilyé:ndaddilyé), (Cf. dishté: A[I]23 above.) di-(@/yi)(319)(Simple Passive); O (pair of moccasins, piece of leather) is placed. Dilyé/ doolya (ndflyé:ndadflyé), (Cf. dishte: A[l]22 above.) # teeh dilyé, Ois buried in the ground (to make it flexible or pliable), didi-(@/yi)(313)(Simple Passive); O is placed near the fire. Didilyé/didoolya (déédilyé: dindadilyé), (Cf. didishte: A[I]24 above.) dzidza-(@/yi)(358)(Simple Passive): O is put into the fire, Dz(dzaalyé/dz(dzaalya. (Cf. dzidzaashté: A[!]26.) SER.(@/si)(355)(Simple Passive), Dz{dzahaly6/ dzidzahaasya (Cf. dzidzahashteé: A[l]26 above.) ha-(@/yi)(428)(Simple Passive): O is taken out (from an enclosed space, as from a box or basket). Haalyé/haalyé. SER.(Q/si). Hahalyé/ hahaasya, (Cf. haashté/ hahashté: A[l]27 above.) hidii-(@/O)(442)(Simple Passive)(with pre-

di-(Q/si)(319)(Simple Passive):

(27)

(‘azéninddéeshyé:'azénindddéeshys), (Ib. ‘Azdédéeshdld; A[II]8 above.) P-a'-(ni/ni)(146)(Simple Passive); O is loaned to P, Ois borrowed by P. Ba'ilyé/ba'ilya (banda'ilyé). (Cf, P-a'nishte; A[I]10 above.) # 'Ak’égo P-a'ilyé, O is rented or leased to P

(28

(lit. O is loaned to P for compensation), P-gha'‘a-(ni/ni)(189)(Simple Passive); P is robbed, P is a robbery victim (lit, something unspecified is taken from P by force), Bigha'lyé/bigha'lya (bighanda'ilys), (Cf. P-gha'nishdlé; A[II]9 above.) P-(néi-(0/O)(231)(Simple Passive); O is added

~—

(29)

above.) k'idi-(@/yi)(506)(Simple Passive);

O is planted

(as corn, squash, melons), K’idilyé/k'(doolya or k'(deehya’ (k'indddilyé). (Cf. k’idishté: A[I}33 above.) (k’idi-thematic.) k'i'di-(@/yi)(508)(Simple Passive); planting is done, agriculture is carried on, there is farming (lit, something unspecified is planted). K'i'dilyé/k'i'doolya, (Cf. k’i’dishté: A[I]34 above.) na-(@/yi)(583)(Simple Passive); O is lowered down, taken down (as a telephone line from a

pole), Naalyé/naalyaé (nindlyé:nindandalyé). SER.(@/si), Nahalyé/nahaasya, (30) na'‘a-(ni/ni)(555)(Simple Passive); payment is made, Na'flyé/na'flya (nina’lyé:ninaa’flye), (Cf. na'’nishte; A[I]36 above.) # P-ch’'j' na‘ilyé, P receives payment, P is

back to P, Binéilyé/bindilya. (Cf. binéishte; A[l]14 above) (17) P-ts'a-(ni/ni)(254)(Simple Passive); O is set apart or separated from P, Bits'’dlyé/bits'Aélya (bits ‘Andlyé:bits 'andanalyé), (Cf, P-ts'anishte: A[I]}19 above.) (18) P-za-(O/yi)(262)(Simplo Passive); O is put into P's mouth (hair, string, the words of a lang: uage), Bizaalyé/bizaalya, # Diné bizaad P-zaalyé, P is taught Navajo, P learns the Navajo language, (19) ch'f-(ni/ni)(278)(Simple Passive); O is carried out horizontally (belt, pair of gloves, O of unknown physical characteristics), Ch'élyé/ch'élya (ch'indlyé: ch'indanalyé), SER (O/si)(275) (Simple Passive); O are carried out one after another. Ch'éhélyé/ch'heesya or ch'iheehya’ (ch'indhalyé:ch ‘inaahalys), (20) da'(a)-(ni/ni)(303)(with prepounded P-ch’'j’, to or toward P), to make delivery of unspecified food items to P (to the receiver of the rattle, in the

paid, remunerated. # P-ch’'|' nind'flyé, P is repaid, paid back, (31 ~— nahi-(@/si)(527)(Simple Passive); a series of payments of O (money, salary) are made. Nahalyé/nahaasya’, # P-ch'|' nahalyé, P receives or is paid O (an amount) time after time as salary, fees, rental, P receives (an amount as) income, (Converges in form with P-ch’j’ nahalyé, O [as telephone lines] are lowered down to P one after another. V. #29 above.) (32) nahidee-(O/yi)(535)(Simple Passive); O is turned over (chain, pair of shoes), Ndahideelyé/ nahidéélya (n{nddhideelyé), (Cf. nahideeshté: A[|]38 above.)

361

LA

—© ee)—

LA

néddii-(@/@)(574)(Simple Passive): O is picked back up (with special reference to a person who dies and who “is picked back up and taken

back to heaven”), Ndddiilyé/ndddiilya (Cf. ndiishté: A[l]40 above.) # P-aa or P-ts’Ad’ ndddiilyé, O is repossessed from P (as a string of beads, for non(34)

payment). ndii-(@/B)(616)(Simple

Passive):

# ’Adiih yishyé, to pick O up (a language, or songs that one hears and memorizes) (lit. to put O into oneself). (43) yisda-(@/yi)(772)(Simple Passive): O (a belt, pair of gloves, a few animate or inanimate O of any object class) is saved. Yisdalyé/yisdaalya (yisdandlye:yisdandanalyé).

O is picked up,

lifted, chosen, found. Ndiilyé/ndiilya. (Cf.

B. CONTINUATIVE

ndiishté: A[1]40 above.)

# P-ts’Aa’ ndiilyé, O (including O of unknown characteristics) is taken or stolen from P. (35) (ni/ni)(763)(Simple Passive): O is brought, delivered, given. Yflyé/yfya (ndlyé:nddndlyé). (Cf. nishté: A[l]41 above.) # P-aa yflyé6, P receives O, O is delivered, brought or given to P. (36) ni-(ni/ni)(668)(Simple Passive): O is set down, placed, created, provided (as the stars, moon, sun, game animals, at creation). Niilyé/niilya. (Cf. ninishté: A[l]42 above.) # P-Anillyda, they were created for P, provided for P. (37 ~— nii-(O/@)(668)(Simple Passive): O is moved terminatively. Niilyé/niilyd. (ni-thematic: terminal.) # 'Ahddh niilyé, O is doubled, folded (as a blanket or a folding bed). (Cf. ’ahadh niishté: A[l]43 above.) Lee)@ n'dii-(@/@)(674)(Simple Passive): O is taken down from a shelf or peg (as a string of beads, belt, pair of moccasins). N’diilyé/n’diilya (ninddiilyé:nindddiilyé). (Cf. n’diishté: A[l]44 above.) SER, (@/@)(537)(Simple Passive). Nahi’diilyé/nahi'diilya (nindhi’diilyé:nindahi'diilyé).(Cf. nahi'diishté: A[I]44.) (39 — (@/si)(763)(Simple Passive)(with prepounded dah, up): O is (are) placed up on a shelf, or as a support over a doorway). Dah yilyé/dah yisya, (Cf. dah shishté: A[|]45 above.) (40 — tsftts’A-(ni/ni)(735)(Simple Passive): O is removed from the fire or taken from the water. Tsitts 'Alyé/tsits’dly4 (tsitts’Andlyé:tsitts’andanalyé). (Cf. tsftts’Anfshté: A[I]46). (41) (@/yi)(763)(Simple Passive): O is moved (completive), Yilyé/yilya (ndlyé:nddndlyé). SER.(@/si)(437), Heelyé/heesya’ (nahdlyé:ndahalyé). (Cf. yishté/hishté: A[I]47.) # P-iih yilye, O (as a pair of shoes) is put into P (as into a box), # Diih yilyé, a cigaretis rolled or prepared (especially for ceremonial use). # teeh yilyé O is placed in the ground, buried. # Nahaghd P-iih heelyé, Pis givena succession of ceremonies. # Nii’oh yilyé, O is hidden from view, concealed, # Taah yilyé, O is put into the water. (42) (@/yi)(792); to put O (words, songs -ina reflexive context), Yishyé/yishya. In:

|. B-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(598-623): to carry O around about here and there, to make a round trip carrying O (in

the Perf.). Naashté/niséla

(ninddndashdlé).

# 'Atsé P-4 naashté, to have O (belt, string of beads, pair of moccasins) on loan from

P; # P-d4 naashté,

to “get after” P, upbraid or

scold P, “give P hell.” # P-a neilé, P has a hangover. # Dah naashté, to hold O up and wave it.

# Dichin P-4 neilé, P is suffering from hunger, starving. # Dibda’ P-d neilé,

P is suffering from thirst.

# Dikos P-4 neilé, P is sick with a cough. (2)

P-nahi-(@/si)(224):

to use a weapon on P, to go for P with O (a weapon: rock, hatchet, gun, knife, fly spray). Binahashté/binahala’ (bininddhdshdlé) or binahashte’/binahdala’ (bininddhdshdle’). # Shi’iinfziin P-nahashté, | use my witchcraft as a weapon onP.

Il. L-(tt): (Passive) (1)

(2)

na-(@/si)(583)(Simple Passive): O (as a belt or pair of moccasins, or plural objects of diverse kinds) is (are) carried about. Naalyé/naahya’. P-nahi-(@/si)(225)(Simple Passive): P is attacked with a weapon, P has O (a weapon) used on him. Binahaalyé or binahaalye’/binahoohya’.

C.

CONATIVE

I, O-(tt): (1)

(2)

P-f-(O-lmp.)(156):

to try to get P to accept O (as a pair of gloves or a belt), offer O to P. Béshtééh. na’adi-(@/si)(555): to try to take a pair of O down or off. Na’iidilééh. In: # Bijaa’ na’iidilééh, S (as a burro) wiggles its ears (lit. S tries to take off its ears).

LA

LA

Il. D-(tt):

F.

(1) "Adi-(@/si)(14): to hug O, clasp O to self (pair of

I, @-(tt):

shoes, snake), 'Adéshdlééh/'ddisisdla. ‘atgha-(@-Imp.)(88):; to fight over O, try to take O away from each other (as a necklace). "Atghaiidlééh. # P-it 'atghaashdlééh, to fight over O with P. P-gha-(O-Imp.)(807): to try to take O away from P. Bighaashdlééh,

(2)

(3)

CURSIVE

(yi)(788):

to be carrying O along (as a chain).

Yishtéét /doefnfidlé (nddshdiéét:nddandashdléét). # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishtéét, to be carrying O down from a height. # Bee ‘lind dah yishtéét, to make a living by means of it, to get one’s livelihood from it (as from a job). # Dah yishtéét, to hold O up in the air (as a

Il, L-(tt):

chain)

(2) (1)

‘a-(yi)(367)(with prepounded dah, up); to be equipped (with paraphernalia, tools or instruments necessary for an undertaking, ceremony or job). Dah 'eeshtéét/da'finfidlé. hi-(yi)(439); to be tugging O along by pulling first on one end and then on the other (as a heavy chain). Heeshtéét/dahiinfidlé (ndheeshdléét: ndaheeshdldét). nahi-(yi)(534); to be turning O around and around or over and over. Naheeshtéét/ndahiinidlé. naana-(yi)(588): to go about here and there to and fro carrying O. Naanddshtéét/ naandefniidlé,

‘atgha-(@-lmp.)(88): to fight over O, try to get O away from each other. ‘Atghaiilyééh or ‘atghaiilyé.

D. DISTRIBUTIVE |. @-(tt): P-taa-(@/si)(250): to pass out O among P, distribute O among P (as gloves, chains, necklaces). Bitaashte’/ bitaaséla (bitaandanashdle’). nda-(@/si)(604): to set O about here and there (as branches, shoes), Ndaashte'/ndaséla # P-ch’ddh ndaashte’, to set O (as branches) in P’s way (to obstruct P’s passage).

(2)

ll, L-(tt):

(1)

(1)

da'ay/n{-(303): d.p. S are carrying a variety of (unspecified) foodstuffs along. Da'finfilyé (we).

# 'Aadé¢é' da'ilyé, here comes the food! nahi-(yi)(543)(Simple Passive); O (chain, pair of gloves, flat object as a board) is being turned over and over. Nadhoolyéét.

(2)

Il. L-(tt): (Passive) nda-(@/si)(604)(Simpte Passive); O are set about here and there (branches, pairs of shoes), Ndaalye’/ ndaasya’. # P-ch’Adh ndaalye’, O (as branches) are placed in P’s way (impede or obstruct P’s passage).

G.

REVERSATIVE

1, @-(tt): (1) nahi-(@/si)(532); to turn O around (as a pair of shoes, drying before the fire), to turn O

over, Ndhdshtééh or ndhashté/nahala (nfndhdashdlééh ~ -dlé; nfnddhashdlééh ~ -dlé), (Some speakers employ the Momentaneous stem in the Imperfective.)

(2)

Il, L-(tt): (Passive)

(1)

NEUTER

I, O-(ti); (1)

E,

(Passive)

(3)

nahi-(@/si)(Simple Passive)(529); O is turned around or over. Nahdlyééh or nahalyé/ ndhaasy4,

(4)

363

(si)(687): S lie, S is (are) in position (a chain, pair of gloves, snake or a drunk person). Sila

(ndéanasdla), # 'Atk'i dah sila, S (as one’s legs) are crossed, S lie one on top of the other, (Shijaad ‘atk'i dah sildago séda, I'm sitting with my legs crossed.) # tee’ sila, S lies buried in the ground, # Naa sila, S lies (lie) crosswise or on its side. # Too’ (~ tayi’) sila, S lies immersed in water. # T'66 sila, the poor guy is just lying there (as a drunk, or a person with a terrible hangover), ‘ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(52): S lie in a circle (pairs of shoes, branches), 'Ahéénila, ‘ahf-(yi-Perf.)(67): S forms an arch (as a rainbow), 'Ahfla. P-ndha-(si-Perf.)(225): P is surrounded by S (by a rainbow or a ring of people). Bindhaazla.

LA

LA

P-nahidi-(ni-Perf.)(225): S (as a pair of gloves or a length of rope) hangs over P (as over a limb or over the back ofa chair). Binahidéla. P-zéédée-(yi-Perf.)(263): S encircles P's neck, P

(8) ‘ayeel (~ yeel), fee, payment for services (as toa medicine man, doctor, lawyer), sacrifice,

has S on (as a string of beads). Bizéédéeld, ch’thi-(yi-Perf.):

(9)

S dangles out horizontally.

Ch’thidéla. di-(ni-Perf.)(308): S hangs or dangles. Déla. # P-tsiist'a déla, S (as a piece of rope ora pair of gloves) hang from P's belt. hahI-(yi-Perf.)(396): S (a rainbow) arches up, S (as a necktie, pair of socks) hang out (as from a closed suitcase or from one’s pocket.) Hahfild. # P-za’azisdéé’ hahiila, itis hanging out of P's

(10) ‘aah 'azla, pawn (unspecified S lie alongside unspecified person) (shaah sila, my pawn, they are pawned to me). (11) béeso bizis 'ahaah hdaniilyéhigff, billfold

(folding-money bag). (12) ch’6’étiin silaf (lb. sahdii); doorposts of a hogan (the pair that stand at the exit). (13) dah hdiilyééh, Blessing Way Pouch (it is repeatedly held up). (14) dagha dah sildf, thin mustache. (15) deezla, protective device (ceremonial or other), weapon (with which to protect oneself). (P-deezla’), Deezlak'ehgo Hatdal, Protection Way Chant. (16) Dilyéhé, Pleiades, Seven Sisters (constellation used to measure the passage of time during the night, in the conduct of ceremonials). Dilyéhé nfzaagéé dah diikai, the Pleiades are pretty well up toward the zenith. Dilyéhé wok’dad@’ haaskai, the Pleiades are at the zenith. Dilyéhé yaa deeskai, the Pleiades are setting (going down toward the horizon). Dilyéhé 'eekai, the Pleiades have set (disappeared over the horizon). (17 — haza’aleehtsoh, purple wild cherry, Indian parsnip (Cymopterus purpureus) (the big thing thatis put into a person's mouth), (18 — ‘it daddinila, seal made of evergreen branches (said to be placed by a hibernating bear at the opening of its winter quarters, to seal it off)(evergreen branches are placed to seal off an opening). (19 — ‘lina ba sildii, resources for living (those things that lie for life). (20 — ké sila (Ib. 'adées’eez), feet (in measurement. (E.g. dif tiish neeznda dé6 nda’dtnii'jj’ ké sildagi 'Anftnééz, this snake is ten and a half feet long.) (21 — k'é6é6'didléhé, farmer, planter (one who plants or practices agriculture), (V. k’i’dishté: A[I]34. K’éé'dishdlééh = the Iterative Mode corresponding to k’i’dishté.) (22 ~— k'66'dilyééh, agriculture, farming (planting is repeatedly done). (V. k’i’dilyé: A[II]28. K'é6é'dishdlééh = Iterative mode: | repeatedly plant. K’éé'dilyééh = the corresponding Iterative Simple Passive: planting is repeatedly done.) (23 — k’eelyél, seeds (of cultivated plants, such as corn, grain, garden crops) (those things that are planted) tatt!’dah néidiéhigif, sinker ~— 166’ bee hahadleehé (a weight used to carry the baited hook down in fishing) (that which repeatedly takes the fishline to the bottom of the water).

pocket.

(10)

hi-(ni-Perf.)(445): to live, exist. Hiniidla (we) (hinfla: they.) # Hoodzo tt’6o0'di hiniidla, we live outside the Reservation. k'thoni-(si-Perf.)(508): there is a level area (of land). K’fhoneezla. na-(si-Perf.)(601): S (chains, belts, pairs of shoes) lie about here and there. Naazla. (ndaazla: d.p.) (ninddndsdla), nahi-(yi-Perf.)(539): S (as a rope or chain) hangs or dangles down (as from a tree limb). Nahfila. (ni-Perf.)(91-576-642):

S sit orlie in a line, row

or series (branches, belts, pairs of shoes). Nila.

# T’aata’{ nilahdgo, one or one pair ata time. # ’Atkéé’ nila, they lie in a row one behind the other. # Naaki nflaago, S are in pairs.

Il. -£-(tt); (1)

(si-Perf.)(685):

to have or keep O (in position - as

a belt, chain, pair of pliers or scissors),

(ndaséta).

Séta

(E.g. bee'étsag/ chidf bil’ séta,

|

keep a pair of pliers in the car.)

# 'Atk’i dah séta, to lie with one leg drawn back and the other draped over the knee. (Cf. ‘atk’i dah shishté: A[I]45.)

H.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘Ach’agh naalyéii, shield, ceremonial object designed to ward off evil (lit. the one that is carried in front of oneself). ’adinadlyéét, a ceremonial object used to fend off evil (lit. itis passed around oneself. V. ‘Adinashyé: A[III]3.) (P-’adinddlyéé}). ‘adilyé, adultery. (V. baa’adishté: A[I]11.) ‘agddstsiin ‘atch’j’ nihinfldagi, between the shoulder blades (of a person or animal), withers (of a horse) (P-géastsiin 'atch’j’ nihinfldagi). 'agdastsiin ‘atch’j' nahilaéhé, spinal area between

(24

the scapulae.

‘agha’flyé,

offering (as to medicine plants or salt taken for ceremonial use) (P-yeel). ‘azéédéelahi, bolo tie, pendant (the one that hangs around a neck) (P-zéédéelahf),

robbery (unspecified O are taken from

someone by force). (V. P-gha'nishdlé: A[II]10.) 'atsanlaf (~ ’atsd sildi), vital organs, innards, guts (those that lie in the belly) (P-tsdanlaf.

364

LA

LA’

(25) naalyé (~ naalyéhé), property, belongings, merchandise (they - objects of unspecified class - are carried about) (P-naalye’ ~ P-naalye’é). (26) naalyéhé bd hooghan, store, trading post (home for mer-chandise). (27) naalyéhé ya sidahi, trader, storekeeper (the one who sits for merchandise) (naalyéhé ya naazdahf, d.p.) (28) Naak’a’ K’éédilyéhé, Moencopi Wash, Arizona (southwest of Tuba City and south of Moencopi village) (where cotton is raised). (29) sin ba sildii, the essential elements of a song or chant. (Ib. sin bikét?66l ~ sin behétt’ddl.) (30) So’ Sil4, Sonsola Buttes (northwest of Crystal, New Mexico)(a pair of stars sit). (31) tattt’ddh ’aleeh, blue heron (it goes to the bottom of the water). (32) tiniéf(~ tina, tinlé/, tinlaf), Gila Monster. (33) t’dadoo le’é k’éédadilyéehii, agricultural produce (those things that are repeatedly planted). (34) t’66t’atghaalyé, tug-o-war (game)(an attempt is made to get a rope away from each other). (V. ’atghaiilyé: C[III}1.) (35) yat’ah naazldii, the things that exist in the Sky World. (36) yeel (~ ‘ayeel), fee, payment for services (as rendered by a medicine man, doctor, lawyer), offering (made to a medicine plant or to salt taken for ceremonial use). (37) zéédéelah/, bolo tie, pendant (the one that dangles at the throat). Zéédéelahi bit dah sitani, tie pin, tie clasp, tie tack (the slender stiff object that sits up with the tie). (38) zéédéelyééh, neckband (a ceremonial object, made of otter or beaver skin, obtained from the Utes) (it hangs at the neck).

NEUTER IMPERFECTIVE I. ni-t-(ti): (1)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES (1) (2)

(3)

t’ad 'Atahjj, (~ atahjj’, t'aa 'Atajj’), always. t’d&d 'Atahdjj’, always, constantly. (E.g. T’aa ’Atahajj’ diniih, it hurts constantly.)

mother’s sister’s daughter (male speaking), father’s brother’s son or mother’s sister’s son (female speaking). (Cf. K’IS: sibling of the same sex.)

necessities).”

IMERUS A.MOM.

laah_

B.NEUT.

la

ie RE Rien:

laah/ dlaah

la’

laat

Gris la’

-

A, MOMENTANEOUS I. D-(tr):

pairs.) t’&& ndbindzldago, openly, openly and publicly, candidly, overtly (with pairs of eyes surrounding

LAH

NAVAJO: Stem meaning uncertain. May be cognate with YA: one animate S walks, goes. LA’ occurs, with Dclassifier, as the theme in a reflexive verb base meaning “acquire/have plenty (of food/ money and other

LA’

naaki fldago, in pairs (animate or inanimate O are by two’s). (E.g. béégashii naaki nldago dayfaash, the cows are going along in pairs.

it). t’ddta’i niladhdgo, one or one pair ata

(pl -lahké) Stem noun: sibling of the opposite sex: brother (female speaking), sister (male speaking); father’s brother’s daughter or

-LAH

Ké naaki nldago ndahiilniih, we buy shoes in (2)

both of S, both of S together.

T’da ’Anfidlah, both of us (t’aa 'atah, both of them).

|. ADVERBIAL PHRASES (1)

t’dd ’Ani-(O)(#20):

(1)

time.

’&k’i-(@/si)(79)(with prepounded P-ee, with P, by means of P); to acquire an ample supply of P, get plenty of P (food, money). Bee ’4k’eeshdlaah/bee ‘ak’isisdla’.

B.

NAVAJO: Cf. LAH, once, one time, LA’, one, a, some. LAH occurs, with ’4-ni-thematic and t-classifier, as the

theme in a Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “both, both together, both of S.”

(1)

365

NEUTER

’Ak’i-(@-Imp.)(79)(with prepounded P-ee, with P, by means of P): to have an ample supply of P, to have plenty of P (as food, money). Bee ’ak’eeshdla.

=LA’

-LAAH

Stem noun: hand, finger (of a primate or human), forefoot (of a quadruped).

=—LA’

(Cf. yla, hand - yfla bee, by hand, manually.) (Combining forms: l4-, Ala-.)

# #

# bfla’ashdla’ii (-’ashdla’-,

five

+ -f, the one), human being (lit. the one with five fingers).

bfla’dj'f~ bfla’df'ii (-df’- < dif’, four + -ii/=f, the one), >=

four pronged fork.

bfla’ta’f ~bla’tda’ii (-ta’- < t4d’, three + -(/-ii, the one), three pronged form, fork generally (irrespective of the number of prongs). -la’ata’{ (-'ata’,

between + -f, the one),

the hand, palm of the hand.

(Shfldk’ee

si’A, it’s lying in my hand.) -ldlanf(-lanf, tip end), tip end of the hand (from mid-palm to fingertips),

-ldlédd (-lddd,

tip end),

tip end of the hand

(from mid-palm to fingertips), -ldlatah (-lAtah, tip end, point), fingertips.

-lashgaan ~ -l4shgaa- (-shgaan ~ shgaa- < dried up, dessiccated, with

nominalized stem form -gaan = -ganj), fingernail (of a human or other primate), claw or hoof (on the forefoot of quadrupeds), claws or talons (ona bird), # dzilf blashgaan (dzilf, hawk), hawk’s claw, # 'atsa bil4shgaan (+'atsd, eagle), eagle's talon, # shash bflashgaan (shash, bear), bear's claw. -l4shgaat’ah

(-t’ah,

pocket, recess),

# # #

the

middle or ring finger (next to the little finger). -la’ nahast'éligff (ndhast’é/-, nine + -(gff, the one), the ring finger (lit. the ninth finger counting across both hands, starting from the little finger). -la’ tsosts'idf (tsosts'id, seven + -f, the one), the index finger (lit. the seventh finger, counting across both hands, starting with the little finger), lajish (-lAjish)(-jish, pouch), mitten, glove. -lak’ee ~ -ldk’e (-k'e0 ~ -k'e < -k’eh, place),

sigan,

# #

# lAtsfin nind’nitf (nina’nit, they are placed +-f, the ones), handcuffs (lit. those that are placed on the wrist). —latsoh (-tsoh, big), thumb. —ldts’id (-ts’id, tendon, sinew), tendon of the hand. —ldts’in (-ts’in, bone), bone(s) of the hand. —lats’iil (-ts’iil, fragments - cf. TS’IL: shatter), carpals, bones of the upper hand. -ld4wos (-wos, shoulder), thumb joint. —ldydazh (-yaazh, little), little finger. —lA4zhoozh (-zhoozh: verb stem ZHOOZH: slender rigid objects lie side by side), fingers, metacarpals and phalanges.

Noun: tip, end, point, extremity. (Some-times occurs as ta-.) (Cf. =

~LATAH/ -LATAH

LA~=LA’, hand, finger.) # 'Aldtah (’4-, something unspecified),

tip,

end.

# -be’ldtah (-be’-, breast), nipple of the teat. # ch’il bflatah ~ ch’il bldtahf~ ch’ildtah (ch’il, plant), tip end of a stem, top of a plant.

# dzit bilatah ~ dzit bilatahi ~dzitlatah (dzit, mountain), mountaintop, mountain peak. # kélatah (-ké-, foot), toetip, tiptoes. # -ldldtah (-l4-, hand, finger), fingertip. # ta’aghdlii (-’aghdl- < 'aghddt, rattle + -ii, the one),

rattilepod, locoweed.

# ta’aghdliits’66z (-ts’66z, slender), Thompson locoweed (Astragalus thompsonae). # tPohchin bflatahf (t?ohchin,

onion),

oniontop.

NAVAJO: Suppletive Perfective stem. t-causative of YAA: do, make. PPA

LAA

*t-ha’G or “t-ha’x. PA‘*IA4G

‘lax. V.

YAA: do, make.

the

pocket or niche under the free tip of the

=> >

fingernail, -ldtal (-tal, heel, butt end), heel of the palm of the hand. =ldt'aah (-tl’4ah, bottom), palm of the hand. =latsiin ~ ldts{{- ~ latsifn (-tsffn ~ -ts{{-, stem, handle), wrist, # béésh tichfi'll lAts(nf (béé6sh tichi'ii, copper),

copper, bracelet.

# béésh tigaii lAts{n{ (béésh tigai, silver), silver bracelet, # latsin{ (latsfin + -{, the one), bracelet. # ldtsin{ binda’ (-nda’, eye, set), set (as turquoise) in a bracelet.

(~ -la-) (B) Stem postposition: beyond, more than, surpassing,

-LAAH

better, greater. Dif '66’ shilddh

‘Anfttso, this shirt is too big for me (lit. it is comparatively big beyond me)/ shinaaf nildah ’Abdodziil, my big brother is stronger than you (lit. he is comparatively strong beyond you) / shf shida’ak’eh nihigff naakidi biladh 'ahonfttso, my cornfield is twice as big as yours / shf shida’ak’eh ‘aldahdi '4honfitso, my field is the biggest (lit. it is big at a point beyond)/ nihitsiits’iin bilaahdi dah didoot’éés, lift your feet up above your heads / shidibé 'atnif’ bildahgo ’attso nahatnii’, | sold more than half of my sheep. -laédh, with the shape -la-

LAA’,

LAA’

functions as a verb prefix in ‘alddyd,

B.

| came out in

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

lead position, | was the survivor.

(1) (2)

(Cf. Hupa le#k’t-O-liw: gather O together, collect O. Perhaps from

PPA *tha’G

LAA’,

béésh na’iilahf, magnet (metal or instruments that gather[s] things up). 4ééchaa’( nayiilahf, dog-catcher (the one who collects dogs).

> PA *laG: make. V.

YAA.) NAVAJO: Occurs with hi-seriative and @-classifier as the theme in verb bases, the meanings of which include “gather, collect, pick out,

LAA’o

(Uncertain. Perhaps PPA “tay > PA ‘la [O] [with *tsh “V#, bad, and/or *u-directive]. Apparently originally two

choose O, pick (cotton, pinyon nuts),” and by exten-

themes: “hate” and “bother,” which

sion “withhold, deduct O.” (V. LA.)

have been influenced one by the other. Perhaps ultimately connected

IMP.

A.MOM._

WiSSe/ lene rscoiements Oils

laah

lah

laa’/la’

lah

with

OPT.

aah

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with ji-thematic and yi-nidirective and t-classifier in themes meaning “loathe, hate;” and (2) with ’A4-di-reflexive and L-classifier in bases meaning “be(come) tired or bored with (an activity or circumstance).”

A. MOMENTANEOUS |, O-(tt): (1)

P-ts’ahi-(@/si)(252): to pick O (as trash, burrs) out of P (as from a fleece, a pile of pinyon nuts), Bits’Ahdshtadhbits ’Ahdlaa’ (bits’Andhashdladh: bits’Andahdashdlaah). P-ts’a’ahi-(O/si)(253): to “gyp” P, fleece P (out of money or valuables)(lit. to collect unspecified O from P, one after another). Bits’a’iishtadh/ bits’a’iyéla’ (bits’Anda’iishdlaah) nd-P-’nii-(@/O)(524): to start to gather P, start to pick P, start to collect P. Nabi’niishtaah/ nabi’niilaa’. ndahi-(@/si)(531): to gather, collect, pick, choose O, Ndhdshtédh/néhalda’ (nindhdashtadh:nindahashtadh or nindhdshdladh:ninddhashdlaah). (With D-classifier.) # P-zaad ndhashtadh, to pick up P’s language, learn P’s language (lit. gather up P’s words).

(2)

(3)

(4)

# Ndik’a’ ndhdshtadh,

IMB, A.MOM,

laah_

B.NEUT.

la laah

A.

SUSWliMPRERFee EUIT dlaah

-

\aa’

-

laat

-

PT |Aa’

--

MOMENTANEOUS

|. jiini-(~ joo-)-t-(tt): (1)

jiini-(~ joo-)(@/si)(491); to develop a loathing for O, come to hate O. Jiinishtaah or jooshtaah/

jiis6taa’ ~ dziisétaa’ (nadjooshtaah). # 1T’'66 dziisétaa’, | got tired of (something monotonous - as working, herding, commuting, eating the same thing).

to pick cotton.

# Neeshch’f? ndhdshtadh, to pick pinyon nuts. nad’dhi-(@/si)(556): to go pinyon picking, gather pinyon nuts (lit. to collect or gather unspecified O one after another). Na’iishtadh/na’iyélaa’ (ninda’iishdlaah).

(5)

“t-hay > ‘la, classificatory stem for discreet

plural objects. V. LA. Ablaut also attested in Hupa tsWin#O-o-w-let [progressive neuter]: bother O.)

Il. jiini-(~ joo-)-D-(tt): (1)

‘ahijiini-(~ ’ahijoo-)(@/si)(59):

to develop a mutual loath-ng for each other, “get it in for” each other, come to hate each other. Bit

ll. D-(Passive); (we),

(1)

ndhi-(@/si)(526)(Simple Passive):

O are

gathered, collected, deducted, withheld.

Ill. ’A-di-D-(tr):

Ndhddlddh/ndhaasdlaa’ (nfndhddiaah:ninaahadladh). # P-ts’4a’ ndhddlaah, O is deducted from P, withheld from P (as money from one’s salary check),

(1)

'Adahodi-(@/si)(9):

S becomes a bore, S gets

tiresome (as a tedious job), ‘Adahodeedld/ 'Adahodeesdlaa’.

367

LAAD 4

LAA’

IV. ’A-di-L-(tr): (1)

D.

(1) t’4a ’Adfldahee, in an annoying manner, in an

’Adadi-(@/si)(7):

to get tired of doing (an activity), get bored with (an activity, job). ‘Adadeeshtaah/"a4dadéshtaa’ ('Addndddeeshtaah). "Adahodi-(@/si)(9): to get bored (with “things” in

extreme way. (E.g. Tt’éédda’ t’dd ’Adildahee nahdétta’, last night the rain came down in torrents. ’Ashkii léi’ t'aa ’Adflaahee shich’j’ haadzi?’, some boy came up and spoke to me in a brazen impolite manner. Dfi hastiin t’aa ’Adildahee naalnish, this man is a rotten

general). ’Adahodeeshtaah/’4dahodéshtaa’ (~ ’Adahodéshixaa’)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

(’Adanddhodeeshtaah).

worker - careless, slovenly.)

B:

NEUTER Stem noun: poison from a sting, sting (Hoijer 1974:281).

|, jiini-(~ joo-)-t-(tt):

-LAA’ (1)

jiini-(~ joo-)(@-Ilmp.)(491):

to hate O, “have it in”

for O, be “fed up” with O. Jiinishta ~ jooshtad. # ’Aydo O-joota, S (4s a food item) doesn’t agree with O (lit. S really hates O). (E.g. Naa’ot{ ‘aydo shijoota, beans don’t agree with me, | can’t eat beans. Lit. beans really hate me.)

(A) Functions postpositionally in combination with enclitic -jj’, up to, as far as, with the meaning “ahead of, in

/ -LAA-

front of.” (Cf. noun stem -LAAD: Il. jiini-(~ joo-)-D-(tt): (1)

extremity, tip, as in kéladd, tip of the toes.) Shilééchaa’f shildajj’ yigdat, my dog is walking along ahead of me / ttizi ’aldaijj’ t66g66 yilwot, the goat is running in the lead to water/ dif hastiin niha ’aldajj’ sizj, this man is our leader (i.e. he stands foremost for us).

ae other, have a mutual dislike for each other.

’Ahijiiniidla. # P-it ’ahijiinishdla ~ ’ahijooshdla,

| hate P and

P hates me, have a mutual hatred for P.

(PPA *tanY > PA *lanY Ill. ’a-di-D-(tr):

LAAD4 (1)

[di] [with *u-

directive and sometimes *di-thematic]:

believe [with *tsh’“V#] sometimes

’adahodi-(@-Imp.)(9): Sisa bore, S is tiresome (as a tedious, routine job). ‘Adahodeedla.

lacking in sister languages:

dis-

believe, doubt.)

NAVAJO: Occurs with yini-(~ woo-)-directive and Dclassifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “believe

IV. ’A-di-L-(tr):

Ou

(1)

’Adahodi-(@-Imp.)(9):

“things” in general). deeshtxa).

to be “fed up,” bored (with

’Adahodeeshta (~ ’ddaho-

V. ’a-di-L-(tr): (1)

P-’Adi-(O-lmp.)(18):

IMP.

US lines BER Gee Ulli

© Pale

A.MOM.

laah

dlaah_

B.NEUT

aaa

A.

P is mischievous, full of

mischief, naughty. Be’ddildah. (’adilaah is functionally a noun, and is inflected for person by altering the pronoun prefix: she’Adildah, I’m mischievous, ne’ddiladh, you’re mischievous, etc.)

NOUN

aad

laat

‘id

:

:

:

MOMENTANEOUS

I. yini-(~ -oo-)-D-(tt):

(1)

(2) C.

:

DERIVATIVE

(1) ’Adflaah (’e’ddilddh), mischief.

368

’lini-(--’00-)(@/si)(682): to become a believer, come to believe (unspecified O). ‘linishdlaah or ‘ooshdlaah/ ’iisisdlaad. yini-(~ woo-)(747): to come to believe O, come to believe in O (a proposition, religion). Yinishdlaah or wooshdlaah/yisisdlaad.

LAAD4 c

B.

(ndanashtaah). # Ts’iilzéfyishtaah, to make a mess, make a litter (as children at play) (lit. to produce a quantity of trash). P-’nii-(@/@)(220): to start to increase P (as one’s herd), start to build a collection of P (as cups). Bi’niishtaah/bi’niitaad.

NEUTER

|. yini-(~ -oo-)-D-(tt): (1)

yini-(~ -woo-)(@-Imp.)(747-767): to believe O (a proposition or another person), believe in O (as ina religion). Yinishdla or wooshdld. ’iini-(-- ’00-)(O-Imp.)(477-682): to be a believer, to believe (unspecified O). ‘linishdla or ’oosh-

(2)

(2)

B. CURSIVE

dl.

|. @-(ti): C.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES (1)

(1) (2)

’oodld, belief, creed (P-’oodla’). ’oodldanii, believer (one who believes something unspecified). Christ dayoodldanii, Christians (those who believe in Christ). doo da’oodldanii, unbelievers, heretics, infidels (those who do not believe).

(3) (4)

(yi)(774):

dlaat)

# T6 yilaat, water is rising, a flood is growing.

I. t-(tt): (1)

(yi)(774): to be increasing or multiplying O, to be producing quantities of O. Yishtaat/deinfidljaah

(*PPA *tanY > PA *lanY [@]: be many. Transitional *tanY’ > *lanY’: become many.)

LAADo

(nddnaashtaat).

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with O-classifier as the theme in active verb bases meaning “become many, much, increase, multiply, expand, rise (as flood water),” (2) with L-causative in transitive bases meaning “cause to increase, expand, multiply;” and (3) with O-classifier and various thematic prefixes in Neuter Imperfective and Neuter

CyyNEUTER |. ni-@-(ti):

Il. ni-O-(ti) (Perfective)

i iIMP2

US ize PERES

A.TRANS. B.CURS.

laah

C.NEUT.__la’f

laah --

laad

:

Iga’

PROGHeSEUIesORTs:

SS

laat/ laah :

laat

(1)

laah -

:

# Haa ’Anfidldd’, how many of us are there.? # ’Aghd ’anfidlda’, we are in the majority. (2)

yiidlaad (nddnéiidlaah) (we). # Toéyilaah, water rises, a flood comes (lit. (2)

water becomes much). P-’nii-(@/@)(220): S (P) starts to increase in number. Bi’niilaah/bi’niilaad.

(3) (4) (5)

(@/yi)(787): to increase O, cause O to increase or become numerous, produce a large number of O (as children). Yishtaah/yflaad

pers. dpl). ’Akdnf-(yi-Perf.)(78): to be that many. "Akénifidlaa’ (1st pers. dpl) (’Ak6néelda’: 3rd pers. dpl). k6nf-(yi-Perf.)(498): to be this many. K6nfidlaa’ (1st pers. dpl) (kénéelda’ 3rd pers. dpl). doo shéni-(yi-Perf.) da (695)(used only in the negative frame doo -- da): there’s an awful lot

of them (as dogs, children, flies). Doo shdénéelaa’ da.

Il. £-(tt): (1)

’aheen/-(yi-Perf.)(51): to be equal in number, to be the same in number or quantity.

’Aheenfidlaa’ (1st pers. dpl) ('aheenéelda’: 3rd

1. -(ti): (@/yi)(795): to increase in number or quantity, multiply, become much or many. Yiidlaah/

’Ani-(yi-Perf.)(120): to be numerous, many. ’Aniidl4a’ (1st pers. dpl: there are many of us) (‘Anéelda’: 3rd pers. dpl: there are many of them.)

=

A. TRANSITIONAL

(1)

(Imperfective)

ni-(@-Imp.)(666): to be many, many of (us, you, them). Niidla’f (1st pers. dpl) (la’f 3rd pers. dpl.) Also as 44, tani, lani, halanf: many.)

(1)

Perfective bases meaning “be numerous, be many.”

Adjectivals meaning “many” inctude +4, tani, lan/, halani.

=————OoOO——X—X—X——

to be increasing in number or quantity,

to be multiplying. Yiidlaat/defnfidlaah (1st pers. dpl) (yilaat/deflaah: 3rd pers. dpl) (naanéii-

D. (1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’Adah Hosh tani, Meteor Crater, Arizona (many cacti descending).

LAAD2

LID

(2) ‘ade ‘Anéeldda’, excess (it exceeds in quantity or

Occurs: (1) with di-thematic: fire, and @- (D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “smoke, burn;” (2) with di-thematic and t-causative in transitive bases meaning “cause to burn” (but causative passive and reflexive bases take D-classifier, and Deffect in 1st person dpl forms produces D- in transitive bases, rather than L-); and (3) with yi-thematic, yidirective (= -oo-) and D-classifier in reversionary bases meaning “melt back off, melt and run back off (snow and ice).” (4) Neuter Imperfective and Perfec-

number).

(3) ’ Aghaataé,

El Capitan (~ Agathla Peak), Arizona (a

volcanic core in the Monument Valley, north of Kayenta, Arizona) (much fur).

(4) ‘ak’ah tanf, the large sheet of fatty tissue that

(5)

surrounds the stomach (especially that of sheep, goats, cattle and other ruminants). (many fats). Da’ak’eh Haldnf, Many Farms, Arizona (many

fields). Haaz’af tani, Many Ladders (a location in Canyon del Muerto, Arizona). (7) jadd tanii (~ jaadtanii, j|Adtanf), centipede, millipede (the one with many legs). Jadd tdnii doott’izh/, blue centipede. Jddd tanii nood@zigif, striped centipede. jadd tdnii yazhi, small millipede. Jadd taniitsoh, big centipede or millipede. (8) kin tanf, town, city (many buildings). (9) Kintanf, Flagstaff, Arizona; Durango, Colorado. (10) K’aatanf, China Springs, New Mexico (a location and former trading post about 5 miles north of Gallup) (many arrows or reeds). (11) Naatani, Comanche; Sioux (many enemies). (12 ~~ niteel bit’aa’ tanigif, western wild iris, western blue flag, fleur de lis (Iris missouriensis)(manyleaved wide plant). teet bit’aa’ tanigif, bulrush (many-leaved rush). T6 tanf, Laguna, New Mexico; Tolani Lakes, Arizona (many waters, many bodies of water). T6 tanf Biyéazh, Acomita, New Mexico (child of Many Waters). Tsé Lanf, Salina, Arizona (many rocks). zahalanii, mocking bird (the one of many words, the wordy or talkative one).

tive bases have the meaning “be lustrous, shiny,

(6)

D. (1)

hastéagi, many).

ADVERBIAL

A.MOM. Trans. B.DUR. C.REP. D.NEUT. _

la’igo, many of them, lots of them. la’fdi, many times.

(4)

t’ad 144966, many things, many places. (E.g. T’dd t44g66 tddifyd, | visited many places. T’dd 144966 ’fhoot’da’, | learned many things.)

lifd

li’

lid

lit

lifd

lid li’ lid

li’ -

lid lifd

lit -

lid -

|. @/(ti): (1)

P-’nii-(@/O)(217): bi’niilid.

S starts to burn.

Bi’niilifd/

Il. di-@-(ti):

(1)

(1)

(2) (3)

P-idii-(@/@)(182-183): S (as burned food) sticks to P (as to an overheated skillet). Bidiilifd/ bidiilid.

P-fdii-(@/O)(214):

to brand P (as a calf), to place a brand on P (lit. to cause something unspecified to burn against P). Bi'diishtfd/bidiitid (binda’diishtiid). P-’nii-(@/O(217): to start to burn O. Bi’niishtifd/ bi’niitid. ‘fdii-(@/B)(467): to do the branding (brand unspecified P). ‘I’diishtid/diitid. (’(nda’diishtid).

tip, end, extreme.

# -(flddd (-ii-?), tip or end of the penis. # kélddd (ké-, foot), tips of the toes, on tiptoes. # —ldladd (-la-, hand, finger), fingertip, end of the hand.

IV. di-D-(tt - Passive):

(1)

(2)

(PPA *H#d, smoke. As verb PA ‘lid [9]: smoke, burn. PPA *td > PA “lid [©] [with *u-directive and sometimes “ghi-thematic]: melt.) NAVAJO:

OPT.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

in public, publicly (where there are

Stem noun:

FUT.

Ill. di-t-(tt):

(2)

LID

IMP. US./IT. PERF. ee

PHRASES

(3)

-LAAD

bright.”

Noun

tiD:

P-fdii-(@/O)(214): P is branded, a brand is put on P. Brdiidliid/bidiidlid. ’fdii-(O/O)(467): the branding is done. ’{’diidlfid/ Pdiidlid (‘inda’diidlifd).

V. yi-yi-(= -oo-)-D-(ti): (1)

na’oo-(@/si)(559): there is a thaw (unspecified S - snow, ice - melts and runs back off).

Na’oodlfid/na’oosdlid

smoke.

370

(ninda’oodifid).

LI’

LID

(2)

(3)

ndo-(~ ndoo-)(@/si)(567): S (snow, ice) melts back off (as from a mountaintop). Ndodlifd/ ndoosdlid (ninddndodifid). # Yas ndodiiid, the snow is melting off.

(4) (5)

’azee’ 'aditid/, tincture of iodine (the medicine that burns). Badah Diflid, Fruitland, New Mexico (burnt bread). bee ’adiidlfid, branding iron (the one with which

burning is done). bee f'diidliid, brand, brand mark (that with which branding is done)(P-bee’fdiidliid). (7) béésh bee ‘fda’diidlid/, branding iron (iron with which unspecified things are branded). (8) béésh bee ‘Pdiidlidi, branding iron (iron or tool with which something is branded). (9) bii’ tid’, stovepipe, chimney, smokestack, exhaust pipe (of a car or engine)(the one with smoke inside) (10) chidf bilid, exhaust gas or smoke from a car (car’s smoke). (11) Dook’o’oostiid, San Francisco Peak, Arizona (it has never thawed on top). Also known as Gha’nitts jjlii, Faultless Mountain, and Diichitf Dziil, Abalone Shell Mountain. (12) jeetid, soot (resin-smoke/smoke-resin). (13) tid, smoke (P-lid). (Daatid: d.p. smokes.) (14) Naadda’ Diflid, Burnt Corn (a Puebloan ruin and wash located in the Pinon, Arizona area). (15) ndats’fflid, rainbow. (16) ndats’fflid bichaan (-chaan < chaa’, excrement), stone resin (mythological). (17) ndiidlidii, mountain rice. (18) nitch’i dilidigif, carbon dioxide (the air that has burned), (19) tsédiflid, burnt limestone.

(6)

B. DURATIVE |. di-O-(ti): di-(@/yi)(319): S is burning, smouldering. Dilid/diflid (naddidlid). hodi-(@/yi)(450): S (area, space) is burning. Hodilid/hodiilid. # P-yi’ hodilid, P has heartburn (lit. the space inside P is burning).

I. di-t-(tt): (1)

di-(@/yi)(337): to be burning O. Dishtid/diitid (naadishtid). hodi-(@/yi)(450): to be burning an area. Hodishtid/hodiftid.

(2)

Ill. di-D-(tt/tr - Passive): (1)

di-(@/yi)(Simple Passive): O is being burned. Didlid/doodilid. (2) P-’di-(@/yi)(Agentive Passive): P (a person) is being burned. Bi’didlid/bi’doodlid. (3) ’ahidi-(@/yi): to be burning each other. ’Ahidiidlid/’ahidiidlid (1st pers. dpl). (4) ’Adi-(@/yi)(25): to be burning oneself. ’Adishdlid/ "Adéshdlid.

LVL’ (NI’/NiI’)

danger, trouble, be suspicious, wary

Cree Ex iily ie Durative

or fearful. V. also NIID : relates to the mind. V.Krauss-Leer 1981: 143.)

|. di-L-(tt): (1)

bik’éézdii-(O-Imp.)(202): light). Bik’éézdiit’.

(PPA *t-ni > PA “li~ “ni. [Glottalized perfective ‘li’ -- *ni’] [with *udirective]: expect. With unspecified object the meaning is often expect

NAVAjO: N-initial stem with a @-initial allomorph. Historic t-classifier voiced and reinterpreted as the stem-initial but, in the presence of L-classifier, the n-

S flashes, blinks (a

Underlying root meaning (1) with jithematic: possibly meaning “good” (Leer), and ©classifier (D- in reflexive bases), and with L-classifier in Passive bases, as a theme meaning “trust, have faith or confidence (lit. perhaps “expect good” - Leer); (2) with *y/-(nf)-: directive and O- (D-/L-) classifier in bases meaning “expect, anticipate,” with extended meanings “rely on, depend on, be able to withstand adversity, be handsome;” and with ’ayahoyi- (~ ‘ayahoo-) thematic and @-(L-) classifier as the theme in bases meaning “suspect.” In the latter ’aya- may be postpositional in origin: -yaa/-yah, underneath, and the literal meaning may conceivably be “expect things underneath.”

initial stem re-emerges.

appears to be “expect.”

D.

NEUTER

|. di-@-(ti): (1) (2)

bizdi-(O-Imp.)(262): S is glossy, lustrous, shiny, polished. Bizdilid. P-ts’Adi’-(ni-Perf.)(252): S reflects light, S is bright, shiny, S glares. Bits’Aadi’nliid.

E. (1) (2)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’aditid{, acid (the one that burns things). ’ayi’ hodilid, heartburn (area burns inside).

371

The stem occurs:

LI’

Jel}

IMP.

US JIT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT,

resent P, become emotionally upset about P. Bee or bik’ee ’4k’e’sisdli’. (V. Neuter ’Ak’e’esh-

A.MOM.

liih

liih/ dliih

li’/ Ur

liit

liih

dif.)

niih

niih

ni/ ni’ — niit

niih

B.CONT.

If

liih/ dliih

lif’

liit

if’

nf

niih

nie’

niit

nie’

-

-

-

C.NEUT.

If

B. I, yf-(nf-)-O-(tt):

(1)

neini-( nayin{-)(@/si)(623): to be expecting O (to say, do something, arrive)(lit. go about expecting). Nefnfsht/ nefséli’ (ninddnéinfshdif). # P-it nefnisht, to suspect P (of having or doing something). na’iin{-( na’ay{nf-)(@/si)(556): to be expectant, be expecting (something unspecified). Na’finfsht/ na’fisélit’.

nf

D.NEUT,

li

2

ni

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. jiini-(- joo-)-O-(ti): (1)

jiini-( joo-)(@-Imp. not used/si)(491)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to place one’s trust in P, come

to have faith or confidence

inP.

II. yf-(nf-)-D-

Baa

jiinishtiih* (~ jooshtih*) (Imp. not used)/baa jliséli’ or dziiséli’,

na’ddiini-( na’ddiyini-)(O-Imp.)(544): to lose hope, give up, expect to die (lit. have expectations regarding oneself). Na’ddfinishdlf. na’fin{-( na’ay/nf-)(@/si)(556)(with prepounded ’Ach’j’, toward self): to get a premonition or

Il. jiini-(~ joo-)-D-(tr): (1)

foreboding, expect something to happen to

jlini-(- joo-)(@/si)(490)(with prepounded

about self): to gain or become confident (lit. have faith in oneself). ‘Adaa jooshdliih/’A4daa

’d4daa, gather self-confidence, to come to place trust or ’Adaa jiinishdliih or jiisisdli’ or dziisisdli’,

oneself.

’Ach’j’ na’finfshdli/ ’ach’j’ na’iisisdl(’.

Ill, yf-(nf-)-L-(Passive):

(1) Ill. jiini-(~ joo-)-L-(Passive):; (1)

CONTINUATIVE

jiini-(- joo-)(O-Imp. not used/si)(491)(with prepounded P-aa, about P):; P comes to be trusted. Baa dzoosni’.

nad-( nay{nf-)(@/si)(567):

O is expected, anticipated. Nadini/naosnif’ (Corresponds to B[I}1 above: nefnishtt. # P-itnadlinf, P is suspected (of having or doing something).

C. NEUTER (1) IV.

(1)

’ayahoyi-(~ ’ayahoo-)-O-(tt):

I. jfinf-(- j6-)-O-(ti):

‘ayahoo-(O-Imp. not used/si)(138)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to become suspicious about P, come to suspect P (of saying or doing something). Baa ’ayahooshtiih* (Imp. not used)/baa ’ayahwiisélf’,

(1)

jffnf-(~ j6-)(@-Imp.)(491)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to trust P, have faith or confidence in P. Baa jfinishti~joshti.

IN. jffnf-(~ j6-)-D-(tr): V. (1)

'ayahoyi-(~ ’ayahoo-)-L-(Passive):

(1)

‘ayahoo-(@-Imp. not used/si)(138)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): P comes under suspicion, P becomes suspect, Baa ‘ayahoosni(’.

jffnf-(~ j6-)(@-Imp.)(491)(with prepounded ’ddaa, about self): to be self-confident, feel confident or sure, think that one is adept (at something).

’Adaajinfshdif ~jéshdlf. Ill. jifnf-(- j6-)-L-(Passive);

VI.

D-(tr);

(1) (1)

‘dk’e’a-(O-Imp, not used/si)(80)(with prepounded P-ee,

with P, or P-k’ee,

on account of FP) to

372

j6-(- dz6-)(O-Imp.)(361-491)(with prepounded Paa, about P)(Simple Passive): P is (thought of

LIN

LP

as) handsome, good-looking, attractive. dzoinf.

shot without aiming. T’66 dzdInfigd6 yishaat, I’m walking along aimlessly.)

Baa

IV. yinf-O-(tt): (1)

P-a’finf-(~ P-a’ayini-)(O-Imp.)(147):

LIN/ NIN

to rely on P,

depend on P, count on P. Ba’finfshtf. # Doo P-a’jéolff ’at’ée da, P is unreliable, undependable, untrustworthy. (The only Momentaneous

interchangeable and optional and perhaps dialectic alternants. Occurs, with ni-thematic, as the theme in a variety of Neuter Perfective and

construction correspon-

ding to Neuter ba’finisht.

Ba’jdolif:

Imperfective verb bases meaning “resemble, look like,

Optative, that one might rely on him.)

seem, appear.” Possibly related to Lf: be (V. L{f’/LJJD.) J. ni-@-/ ni-L- (ti):

V. D-(tr): (1)

(1)

’dk’e’a-(S-Imp.)(80)(with prepounded P-ee, with P, or P-k’ee, on account of P): to be emotionally upset over P, to be “burned up” about P, resent P (as an insult, a tongue-lashing). Bee

or bik’ee ’&k’e’eshdif.

(V. A[VI]1 above.)

# ’Ay6o ’4k’e’eshdli,

to be a perpetual “griper.”

(2)

VI. yinf-L-(ti): (1)

NAVAJO: The stem NIN has a ©initial allomorph GIN. The stem shape LIN = L-classifier + @IN, in which L- has been reinterpreted as the stem-initial consonant. V. KraussLeer 1981: 143. @-LIN/L-NIN are

ha’finf-(~ ha’ayini-)(407): to be patient, to have stamina, to be able to withstand adversity (hunger, cold, thirst). Ha’finfshnf (ha’dInf. 3rd pers. dpl). # P-ch’j’ ha’finfshn{, to be able to withstand P

(3) (4)

(cold, hunger, thirst) (lit. to be patient toward P). # P-ee ha’finfshni, to fall back on P (a reserve resource, as one’s farmland when one loses a job), to depend on P, count on

’ahini-(yi-Perf.)(61-62): to look alike, resemble each other. ’Ahiniidlin ~ ’ahiniilnin (’ahinoolin ~ ’ahinoolnin: 3rd pers. dp). # P-it ’ahineeshtin ~ ’ahineeshnin, to look like P, resemble P (S looks like P and P like S). ’Ani-(yi-Perf.)(115): to have a relative or comparative appearance. ’Aneeshtin ~ ’Aneeshnin (’Anoolin ~ ’Anoolnin: 3rd pers. dpl). # ’Ay6f ’Aneeshtin ~ ’dneeshnin, to be handsome, attractive, good-looking, pretty. P-ni-(yi-Perf.)(233): to look like P, resemble P. Bineeshtin ~ bineeshnin (yinoolin ~ yinoolnin: 3rd pers. dpl). kdni-(yi-Perf.)(498): to look like this (as one’s childhood photo). Kdéneeshtin ~ kéneeshnin (k6noolin ~ k6noolnin: 3rd pers. dpl). nahoni-(@-Imp.)(542): to look like, resemble, seem, appear.

Nahonishtin ~ nahonishnin

(nahalin ~ nahalnin: 3rd pers. dpl). (E.g.

ma’ii nahalin ~ nahalnin, Shilééchaa’{

D.

NEUTER (2)

|. ’ayahoyi-(~ ’ayahoo-)-@-(tt):

(6)

’ayahoo-(O-Imp.)(138)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to be suspicious of P, suspect P. Baa ’ayahooshti (baa ’ayanaahooshdli).

(1)

# Haa noolin~ noolnin,

(1)

what does it look like?

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’akAg{ ’Andolingi (~ ’Andolningi),

’ayahoo-(O-Imp.)(138)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): P is suspect, under suspicion. Baa ‘ayahoolni (baa ’ayanddhoolni).

E.

Nahodoottfft t'66 nahalin ~ nahalnin, it looks like rain.) ni-(yi-Perf.)(626): to look like, have an appearance. Neeshtin ~ neeshnin (noolin ~ noolnin: 3rd pers. dpl).

Il. ’ayahoyi-(~ ’ayahoo-)-L-(Passive): (1)

my dog

looks like a coyote.) # T’66 nahalin ~ nahalnin, it looks like. (E.g.

complexion,

appearance of the skin. ’atk’ésdis{ ndik’a’ ndahalinigif, cotton candy (candies that look like cotton).

bee ‘adit’fh{ nahalinigif, diamond-shaped thing (the one that resembles a sling). t’dadoo le’é da’dishah ndahalinigff, sore points,

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

thorny issues, bone of contention that seem snaggy).

t’66 dzdInffg66, aimlessly, at random, without destination. (E.g. T’66 dzdIniig66 ’adiftdon, |

373

(those things

LIN

(5)

toh waa'l nahalinigif,

LIZH

common

P-tazhdii-(@/@)(247):

white clover

(Trifollum repens)(the one that resembles alfalfa),

to graze or miss P witha

stream of urine or a jet of water from a hose, to

alr from a punctured tire)," and with t-classifier and

graze or miss P with a stream of musk (a skunk). Bitazhdiishtifsh/bitazhdiilizh (bitanaazhdiishdifish). ch’f'a-(ni/ni)(278): to urinate out horizontally (as out a door or window), Ch’nfshtiish/ch’?nflizh. dz{dzaji-(@/yi)(357): to urinate into the fire, direct a stream of water from a hose into the fire. Dzidzajishtifsh/dz(dzajMizh (dz(dzandaj(shdifish). (7) ha’a-(@/yi)(402); S squirts, gushes, flows out, S leaks out (blood from a cut, water from a punctured bucket, air from a punctured tire). Ha’alfish/ha’Mizh (hana’alffsh: handa’alffsh). ‘I’nli-(Q/@)(470); to start to urinate. ’I’niishtifsh/ Tniilizh Cinda'niishdlfsh). ji-(@/yi)(490): to urinate away into space (completive). Jishtifsh/dziMizh. # P-iih jishtiish, to urinate into P (as into a jar, into the snow), # Taah jishtish, to urinate into the water. ta’di-(Q/yi)(700); to wander around urinating (as a drunk), Ta'dishtiish/ta’dilizh. (1 —— yaaji-i-(O/@)(754): to urinate up into the air, throw musk into the air (a skunk). Yadjiishtfsh/

the postpositional prefix P-i- in a functionally transitive base meaning “urinate P (as blood),"

(12

(6)

yoo’ nitehin{ da’aka’ nahalinigif, square bead, card-shaped bead (bead thatresembles a playing card),

ADVERBIAL (1)

DERIVATIVES

Uaa konighant nahalingo, often, frequently (seeming near), (E.g, T’aa kKénighani nahalingo ‘akOd ‘alnanashdaah, | go there often, | go back and forth to that place often.)

(PPA

*tig’ >

PA

*hdzh™

[Q):

urinate.)

LIZH NAVAJO; tIZH = noun: urine, The stem occurs, with @-(D-) classifier, sometimes in combination with 'athematic or with ji: away into space, as the theme in verb bases

meaning “urinate”

and, by extension,

“gush, squirt (blood from an artery, water from a hose,

Patt

—

yaa'ii-(Q/@)(754):

to squirt urine or water into the

air, to squirt musk up into the air (a skunk),

Yaa'iishtiish/yaa‘iilizh. IMP,

US J/IT.

PERF.

FUT,

OPT.

| liish

lish

lizh

lish

lfish

lizh |

lish/ dlish

lizh

lish

lizh

D.REP

lish

lish/

lizh

lish

lish

E.SEM,

lish

lish

lish

lish

A.MOM

B. CONCLUSIVE

Trans

B.CONCL,]

| 'a-O-(ti): ‘a-(O/si)(129):

to be urinating, to urinate. ‘Ashtizh/'ashélizh (naa’dshdlizh). P-(-(Q/si)(156); to urinate P (as blood). Béshtifsh/ bi(shélizh (b(nddandshtifsh).

C.CONT, dlish

lish/

# Dityéshtizh,

dlish

he urinated blood, passed

blood in his urine.

A. |, O-(ti):

MOMENTANEOUS

C, CONTINUATIVE

Casthematic in some bases.)

|. 'a-O-(ti):

‘adaji-(» bidaji-/hadaji-)(490); to urinate downward from a height (as from a rooftop), 'Adajishtiish/ ‘adadziilizh (adanaajishdiiish), ‘a’a-(O/yi)(964); to urinate or squirt away out of sight, “E’eshtiish/‘i'ilizh, # ‘Adah (» bidah/hadah) 'e’eshtiish, to urinate or squirt down from a height (as froma

na’a-(Q/si)(550). to go about urinating, to urinate around here and there. Na’ashtizh/ni’shélizh.

ll, D-(tr):

rooftop),

# Yah ‘e’eshtiish,

‘ak'ina-(@/si)(83):

to urinate into an enclosure

to urinate on oneself, to wet

one’s pants or diaper, 'Ak’inaashdlizh/

(as into a hole),

‘ak'inishishdlizh,

P-aa'di-(O/yi)(1$0); to wash away the cover from P with a stream of urine or a jet of water froma hose (as a covering of sand or mud on a coin

or rock), Baa'dishtish/bdd'diflizh (banina'dishdllish:baninaa'dishdli(sh),

374

Lf

LIZH

D.

1, @-(ti):

REPETITIVE Durative

(1)

|. @-(ti):

’a-(yi-Perf.)(475):

# ’Adah ’iilj, S flows down from a height (as a water-fall).

P-k’f-(@/si)(201): to urinate on P (as ona rock). Bik’éshtish/bik’ishélizh (bik’(ndandshdlish). di-(O-Imp.)(337): to urinate in spurts (as a dog). Dishtish (dilish: 3rd pers. dpl). # P-k’ijj’ dishtish, to urinate against P in spurts (as a dog against a tree).

# Yah ’flj, S flows into an enclosure (as a stream of water into a hole). # Y66’ ’iij, S flows away and disappears (as a river).

’adahii-(bidahii-/hadahii-)(@-Perf.)(9-174-376): S flows downward from a height in a succession of quantities,

E.

river around a mesa). ’ahidii-(@-Perf.)(57): S converge, flow together, are confluent (as two rivers). ’Ahidiilf.

’ii-( < ’ayi-)(@/si)(479): to pass a single spurt of urine. ‘lishtish/’ashélish.

F.

NOUN

’atts’A-(ni-Perf.)(104-106): S diverge, fork, separate, flow in opposite directions from each other (as two rivers). ’Atts’anil{ (atts’ddaazij: d.p.) (6) P-dii-(@-Perf.)(183): S joins P, S is a tributary of P (lit. flows to join P) (as one river that joins another). Bidiilf. (7) P-ghad-(ni-Perf.)(192): S flows through P (as water through a pipe, liquid through a sieve). Bighanl{ (bighddaazij: d.p.). # P-chaan bighdnlj, P has diarrhea (lit. P’s fecal matter flows through). # tizh bighdnilj, P wets the bed, P is incontinent (lit. urine flows through P). (8) P-nadi-(ni-Perf.)(224): S surrounds P (as flood water that surrounds a house). Binadélf. (9) P-nd-(si-Perf.)(230): S flows around P (as a river around a rock or island). Bindazlf (binfdaazlj: d.p.) (10) P-ts’4-(ni-Perf.)(255): S flows away from P, S separates from P (as a creek from a river). Bits’Anil{ (bits’adaazlj: d.p.) # Dit P-ts’Anilj, P is bleeding, blood is flowing from P (as from a cut, wound, one’s arm). (11) P-za-(yi-Perf.)(262): S is flowing into P’s mouth (as water into a fish’s mouth). Bizaalj. (12) ch’i-(ni-Perf.)(290): S flows out horizontally (as a stream or river from a canyon). Ch’ini[ (ch’idaazlj: d.p.). (13) ch’f-(yi-Perf.): S flows out horizontally (completive). Ch’éélj. In: # ’Adah (bidah/hadah) ch’éélj, S flows over the edge (as water over a cliff). (14) di-(si-Perf.)(312): S flows along, S forms an extension flowing (as a stream). Deezlj. (15) ha-(yi-Perf.)(427): S flows up out, spouts up (as a spring or artesian well). Haalj (handanddij). # P-ii’déé’ haalj, S flows out of P.

DERIVATIVES

(1)

’adlizh, urination. ’alizh bizis, bladder (urine’s sack)(P-lizh bizis). ’alizh bikaédz, prostate gland (urine’s gland) (Plizh bikaaz). (4) bee ’ajilizhidgéé’, urinary meatus (from the place with which one urinates). (5) bii’adlizhf, urinal, night jar (the one into which urinating is done). (6) bii’ da’jilizhf, urinal, night jar (the one into which people urinate). (7) bii’ da}jilizhigif, urinal, night jar (the one into which people urinate). (8) gélizhii, skunk (the one that squirts up into the air). (9) k’{needlishii, urine squirter beetle, stink bug, darkling beetle (beetle). (10) tizh, urine (P-lizh). tizh bee dah siyinigif, bladder, urinary bladder (that with which urine is contained). tizh ’Ashjjh tikan t’éiya, glycosuria, excess sugar in the urine. (11) maiiilizh, coyote urine (plant) (Senecio filifolius)

(2) (3)

(PPA *t-hinY > PA *linY: flow.)

Lf

NAVAJO:

t-classifier has been

voiced and reinterpreted as the steminitial consonant, producing the stem

Lf: flow. Occurs with @-(D-) classifier in Neuter Perfective intransitives,

S cascades down (as water ina

waterfall). ’Adahiilf (~ bidahiilf/hadahiil. ’ahé6-(= ’ahind-)(ni-Perf.)(51): S flows around in a circle (a stream, river). ’Ahéénilj. # P-naago ‘ahéénilj, S flows around P (as a

SEMELFACTIVE

I, ’a-O-(ti): (1)

S flows away out of sight (as a

stream of water). ’{i{ (’adaazlf: d.p.)

and with t-causa-

tive in transitives meaning “cause to flow (a stream of water).”. The stem occurs almost exclusively in the form of Neuter Lf, with the single exception of a Usita-

tive (Repetitive) L{f/H ina placename, T6 Nehelfh,

# P-né’éshtit hddlj, P’s nose is running. # DitP-aah haalj, P is bleeding,

meaning “water customarily flows one time after another to a stopping point (where it collects).”

hemmorhaging (lit. blood is flowing out alongside P).

375

L

Lf

ch'f-(ni-Perf.)(290); to make O flow out horizontally, to drain O out (as an accumulation of water in a corral, by digging a drainage ditch), Ch'init{, ha-(yi-Perf.)(428); to make O flow up out, to make O flow out (from a container - as water from a reservoir), Haal), # P-ii'dee’ haalj, to make O flow out of P (as

(16) hadadii-(O-Perf.)(374): S (as streams, rivulets) flow the entire length - from one end to the (17

~—

(18

—

(19)

naana-(si-Perf.)(587)

S makes a turn or bend (a river), there is an elbow in S (a river), Naanazlj. nda-(si-Perf.)(604): S flow about here and there (as d.p. rivulets or streams of water), Ndaazlj (nindddaasdl)). (ni-Perf.)(642): S flows along (ina line -as a river, stream of water). Nfj (dani: d.p.). # P-ii’ nif, S flows along inside of P (as water inside a pipe), ni-(ni-Perf.)(647): S flows as far as a stopping point, S stops flowing (a stream), Nini.

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23 (24

(6)

# -jj, niniij, to make O flow to --(as far as a designated location), # Ts6'naa (ha'naa) ninfl{, to make O flow across. yi-(ni-Perf.)(768); to make O flow along in a line (a stream of water). Yinishtj,

~—

B.

nihi-(si-Perf.)(622): S flow to a stopping point and collect (as several streams of water that end in apond). Neheezlj (ndahaazlj: d.p.). w0’a-(yi-Perf.)(745): S overflows, runs over (as water in an over-filled glass), W6'dal/. yanaa-(= yanayi-)(O-Perf.)(750): S flows (gushes) up into the air (and makes a bend as

‘Adahiilinf,

Baah Haalj, Bread Spring, New Mexico (bread flows up out),

béésh to bighadaazlinigil, culverts, drainage pipes (iron through which water flows), béésh fichi’ii ‘atsinilttish bil’ danlinigii, copper wire, electric conduit made of copper. béésh to bil’ Alinigif, waterpipe (the one inside of which water flows), bidahiilini, waterfall, cascade,

S converge.. flow together, join

Chiinif,

’Ahidiidl{ (ahidadiidlj: d.p.). (Ib. [I]4 above.) nfdao-(si-Perf.)(567): S swirls, eddies (as water in hollows formed along a riverbank). Ndaosdl. (Cf. ndo-O'dad, untie, untwist; ndottadd, unroll, undo.)

’a-(yi-Perf.)(478):

dit ‘ats ‘listaazlini,

to make O flow away out of

# Yah 'fi{, to make O flow into a hole or enclosure (as a stream of water into a corral),

# P-yaa 'fit{, to make O flow in under P (as a

(3)

circulation of the blood,

circulatory system (the flowing of blood within the body), hadahiilinf, waterfall, cascade, Hanaadlj, Carson's, New Mexico (it flows back out), Also the name for Huérfano, New Mexico, ‘idiidlj, tributary (itis confluent), jeeh dighazii to bil’ danilinigii, hose, garden hose (the rubber inside of which water flows), Kinteel Ch'inilini, Pueblo Pintado, New Mexico (wide house where the straam flows out), Kinyaa T6 Deezlini, Manuelito Canyon (where water flows beneath the house - describes a

sight (a stream of water). ‘it.

(2)

Chinle, Arizona (it flows out horizontally

- reference is to the location where the Chinle Wash flows out of Canyon de Chelley),

Ill. t-(tt): (1)

Falls, Arizona (a waterfall in the

River, near Loupp)(waterfall),

east of Gallup, New Mexico)(where it flows up out on opposite sides = springs on opposite sides),

(two streams or rivers), S are confluent.

(2)

DERIVATIVES

‘ak'ahko' haalinigil, oil well (oil flows up out). ‘Ak'ahko’ hadaazlinigif, d.p. oil wells, ‘Atnaashil Haalini, Gallup Hogback (a spiny ridge

(yi-Perf.)(762); S flows (completive). Yflf. In: # P-iih yil{, S flows into P (as a stream of water into a barrel).

‘ahidii-(O-Perf.):

Grand

Little Colorado

it starts down, as water from a geyser or fountain). Yandalf. a

NOUN

‘adahiilini, waterfall, cascade,

# Tsééh yil{, S flows into a rock canyon (as a stream of water).

(1)

water from a tank), ni-(ni-Perf.)(647); to make O flow as faras a stopping point, make O stop flowing, Ninilj.

# Tsé'naa (~ ha'naa) ninij, S flows across, ~—

(25)

(26

other (as the entire length of a field . Hadadiil/. S flows downward from a height, flows down. Naalf. na-(si-Perf.)(572): S makes a turn, flows ina circle (as a river), S makes a bend (a stream). Nazlj (ndaazlj: d.p.) na-(yi-Perf.)(594):

stream of water under a rock). ‘ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(53): to make O flow around ina circle (as a stream of water). 'Ahéénishif. # P-naago ‘ahéénishi{, to make O flow around P (as a stream of water around a plant). P-na-(si-Perf.)(238): to make O flow around P (as a stream of water around a tree), Biniséty.

ruin on a ledge, beneath which a stream

of

water flows),

tizh ‘aghanll (ftizh bighanling, polyuria, incontinence, bed-wetting (urine flows through), L66' Haalj, Lohali Point, Arizona (fish flow up outor spring where there are fish),

376

Li

-Lfft L-classifier in Passive bases meaning “have a taste, taste like.” LJH/LJJH and alternant NIIH are treated together under the I-initial stem form.

(20) Nazlinf, Nazlini, Arizona (the place where it makes a turn or bend - a stream). (21) Nihodeeshgiizh (~ Nahodeeshgiizh) Ch’fnilin/, Pueblo Pintado School, New Mexico (where a stream flows out at the end of a gap). (22) T6 ’Aheedlj, Thohedlih, New Mexico (confluence of the San Juan and Los Pinos - some say the Navajo - rivers. Mentioned in mythology.) (waters converge)

IMReUS

ASEM. B.DIST. C.NEUT.

(23) T6 ’Aheedliinii, the Converging Waters Clan. (24) téchx¢’f bii’ nilinf, sewage pipe (that through which filthy water flows). (25) T6 Dithit Biih Yilf, Snowflake, Arizona (where it flows into the dark water). (26) T6 Haal{f, Toadlena, New Mexico (water flows up out, there is a spring). (27) T6 tigaaf Hadlini, Tolakai, New Mexico (where white water flows up out). (28) Té Ndalfnf, Lybrooks, New Mexico (water flows downward) (29) T6 Neheljfh, Tonalea, Arizona (water customarily flows to a stopping point and collects). (30) T6 Sik’az Hadlini, Cold Spring, Arizona (cold water flows up out). (31) tooh Alfnigif, river, stream (the body of water that flows). (32 ~— T’iis Ntsaa Ch’éélj, Bluewater, New Mexico (it flows out at the big cottonwood). (33) tsédahiilinigif, waterfall, cascade (it flows over the edge of the rock). (34) Tséhootsoof Ch’inilj, mouth of Canyon Bonito (behind Fort Defiance, Arizona)(it flows out of the meadow between rocks). (35) Tsézhjjh Deezl{ (~ Chézhjjh Deezi{), Black Rock, New Mexico (it flows into the black rock). (36) Tsééhi{ (~ Tsééh Yi), Tsaile, Arizona (it flows into the rock canyon).

C.

ADVERBIAL

(1)

B.

NIH

(1)

DISTRIBUTIVE

P-taa’a-(@/si)(249): to sample P by tasting, go about tasting things (lit. to taste unspecified O among P - P represents various food items). Bitaa’ashtijh/bitaa’séljh (bitaanda’ashtijh).

C. NEUTER |. @-(tt): (1)

(@-Imp.)(775): to have the taste of O in one’s mouth (something that one ate and continues to taste, as onions). Yishtjjh. ’a-(@-lmp.)(123): to have a sense of taste, be able to taste (lit. to have the taste of unspecified O). ’Ashtjh.

(2)

PHRASES

lI. L-(ti):

> PA *HxY-X (with

have (such a) taste, be tasty.

\ih \ijh :

|. @-(tt):

S has a relative or compara-

(1)

’aéha-(O-Imp.)(38):

(2)

# ’Ay6o ’ahdlniih, it tastes delicious. ha-(@-lmp.)(410): S has the taste of, S tastes like. Halniih.

tive taste. ’Ahdlniih.

# Doo halniih da, it’s tasteless, insipid, uninteresting, a bore (as a movie that

unidentified suffix): taste; nixY-X [lt]: LJH/

\jh \jh :

yii-(@/si)(801): to taste O, take a taste of O. Yiishtjh/séljh (naayiishth).

t6é Aljjjigo, downstream, with the current.

“*t-nik’-X

OPT.

|. O-(tt):

current.

(PPA

\ih/ dijh jh ih \ih : :

RETa

A. SEMELFACTIVE

(1) nlffgéddeg, upstream. (2) nljigdyaa, downstream. (3) t6 fAlinigif biddahjigo, upstream, against the (4)

|jh jh [jh niih

ity PERR

Krauss-

one does not enjoy).

Leer 1981:143, describe LJH as one of

nl Oo————_—_— PA *le-nY [@]: be

nihonijjdjj’,

(MPa

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

was uninteresting.)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

LIJD3

itis interesting.

C.DIV. D.TRANS. E.CURS.

©PRIE

leeh/

le’/

dleeh

_Ijjd

leeh -

le’ -

leeh -

RROG.

EUT:

OPT.

-

leet

le

-

leet

le

leet

leet -

le -

/leeh

A.MOM.

(fijh)*

dljjh_

—_—ijid A. MOMENTANEOUS

* Imperfective not used in Mom. aspect.

A.

|. @-(ti):

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

P-fhoni-(yi-/si-Perf.)(196):

(nashdleeh:naanashdleeh).

# ’Atah yiidleeh, to assemble, congregate, convene, meet together (lit. to become together)(1st pers. dpl)(’atah daaleeh: 3rd pers. d.p.). ’Aadi yishteeh, to become menstruant, get one’s period. Bidin yishteeh, to get a craving for it, develop a need for it.

it became interesting.

Bihonéédlijd or bhhoneesdiijd.

B. NEUTER

P-ee ’atah yishteeh, to become involved in P, become a participantin P, join P (as a

|. P-f-ni-D-(ti): (1)

to become, come to be.

# ‘Adin yileeh, S vanishes, goes away.

P-ini-(yi-Perf.)(232): to (have) become interested in P. Binééshdijjd.

(2)

(@/si)(762-787):

Yishteeh/séljf’

|. P-f-ni-D-(ti):

P-fni-(O-lmp.)(232): Bineeshdlj.

dance or choral group).

to be interested in P.

379

uff

Lif

# P-ee tA’fyiidleeh, to unite on P, presenta united front on P (as in promoting an

# T’66 ts’ffd yishteeh (or ndshdleeh), to improve, get better (a sick person). # Ya’at’ééh nashdleeh, to recover, get well (from an illness).

interest). (E.g. Thoo’aah bee 14’ siidl{f, we united on education.) # P-ch’ijfyishteeh, to side with P, take P’s side (in an issue or controversy).

# P-ts’Ad’ t’dd 'Adzaagd6 yileeh,

# Yaa’ t’éiya yishteeh,

to get lousy, become infested with lice. # Yisdah yishteeh, to get out of breath, become breathless (from exertion).

P loses the

benefits of S (as a program or resource

because of failure to act in a timely manner).

Il. D-(ti):

# Chin yileeh, S becomes dirty, filthy, soiled (as a garment). # Chooyin yishteeh, to become menstruant, get one’s period. # Dibda’ yishteeh, to become thirsty. # Dichin yishteeh, to get hungry. # Dinishttid yishteeh, to get the shakes, become palsied. # Doo 'at'infsilff, it got tame. (Doo ’ddaat’inf daazijf’, they got tame.) # Dlddd yileeh, S gets moldy (as cheese), P-

(1)

’atidini-(@/si)(131): to be overcome with joy or emotion, to go into mourning. ’Atidinishdleeh/ 'atidinéshdljf’ (‘atindddinishdleeh). (’ati-them-

(2)

P-k’ehdi-(@/si)(199): to overcome P, defeat P, lick P (in a fight). Bik’ehdishdleeh/

atic: harm, emotion).

bik’ehdéshdljf’ (bik’ehndddishdleeh). dini-(@/si)(322): to become and remain (lit. to become prolongedly). Dinishdleeh/dinéshdljf’

ts’Aa’ dladd yileeh, S gets moldy on P

(fdinishdleeh: naddinishdleeh). # ’Akéédéé’ dinishdleeh, to get behind, fall behind (in progress, work).

(to P’s detriment). # Hadjisha’ silff, what became of S (lit. toward what direction did S become?)? # Haat’i’ yileeh, S begins, is introduced or initiated (war, an institution). # La’fyiidleeh, to unite, become united, form a union (lit, to become one)(1st pers. dpl). # t6déd yileeh,

appears,

# P-fni’ dinidleeh,

na-(@/si)(569):

a sore, lesion, ulcer forms or

P-aah tood yileeh,

to revert, return to a previous

state or condition. Nashdleeh/nisisdljj’. (Reversionary corresponding to yishteeh: A[I]l above.)

P gets a

sore, lesion or ulcer, a sore appears on

# ’Adit ndshdleeh (569), to regain one’s self

P, # (Number) géne’ P-ee 'atah yishteeh, to come to rank (number so many) in P (as in scholastic achievement, crime, population growth), (E.g. Neeznda géne’ bee 'atah siidl{f, we came to rank tenth in it.) # Shanah yishteeh, to get well (a person who was never previously well). # Shdnah nashdleeh, to get well, recover

esteem, recover one’s self-respect (as a former alcoholic).

# ’Ahdlyd nddleeh, feeling returns (to a limb that was numb) (lit. it regains awareness). # Doottizh nddleeh, S “greens back up” (as grass after a rain).

# Shdnah ndshdleeh,

to regain one’s health,

recover (from an illness).

one’s health (a person who was pre-

# Ya’dt’ééh ndshdleeh, (from an illness).

viously well, but who became sick).

# Shaa hojooba’/yishteeh,

to have a constant desire or

craving for P (as for a cigaret, after having given up smoking)(lit. P’s mind becomes stuck).

to get well, recover

| become a

pauper, get poor, become

poverty-

stricken. (Baa hojooba’/yileeh, he becomes a pauper.) # T’Ad 'aanifyileeh, S comes true, becomes reality, comes about, comes to pass. # T’dadoo 'At’éhé da yileeh, S goes away, becomes inactive, ceases to hurt (as a headache), # T’dadoo le’é yishteeh, to become men-

(1)

’a-(@/si)(86): unspecified S becomes. 'aziff (na’adleeh:naa’ddleeh). # ’Atah ’aleeh,

’Aleeh/

there is a meeting, a meeting

takes place (lit. unspecified S become together). # Bddh ’aleeh, it acquires a value, it costs. (E.g. Dikwfisha’ baah ’azlif’, how much did it cost? Cf. Neuter Imperfective ‘fj: badh ’iij, its value is, it costs, its price is.) # Bee ld ’aleeh, it is approved, endorsed (a law or proposition) (lit. yes comes to be with it).

struant, to get one’s menstrual period (a

circumlocution. Lit. to become something.) # T6’é'{yishteeh, to become a pauper, get poor, become poverty stricken.

# T’'66 P-k’éd{ yishteeh, to take pity on P, become distressed about P (as a suffering animal or person, an accident victim).

380

Lif

Lif’ # Bit tdadi ’aleeh,

itis the third time for it (an

*

event or circumstance) (lit. it becomes three times with it).

replace bows),

Dikwiidisha’ ’azl{f’, what time is it?

# P-ee haleeh, P acquires S, P comes

Késhmish ’aleeh, Christmas comes. + +Naa’ahdéhai 'adooleet, there willbe a

(2)

rodeo. # (Number)-di ’aleehgo, on the (number) try or attempt. (E.g. Dfi’di ’aleehgo, on the fourth try.) # (Number)-di daméo ’aleehgo, in (number) weeks. (E.g. Tdadi damédo ’aleehgo, in three weeks. Lit. when it becomes Sunday three times.) # (Number)-di ’dola ‘aleeh, it becomes (number) o’clock. (E.g. Dfj’di ’dola 'azi(f’, itis (became) four o’clock.) ’a-(yi-Perf. [Imp. not used])(471)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to become grateful, appreciative, thankful. Bit ’ffljjid. (Cf. Neuter Imperfective ’fij: P-it fj, P is thankful.)

#

#

#

# # #

’a-(@/si)(128): to bring (an event or circumstance) about, put on (a party or event), establish a value or price. ’Ashteeh/’aséti’ (na’Ashdleeh:nda’ashdleeh). # P-ddh ’ashteeh, to seta price on P (asona rug or bracelet) (bddah ’asét{f’: Perf.). to approve P, agree to P, endorse P (a contract, proposal, legislative bill). # P-ee wehee ’ashteeh, to approve P, endorse P, agree to P (a contract, proposal, bill). # Daméo ’ashteeh, to have a (good/bad)

into

possession of S. (E.g. té’éyazhf shee hazijf’, | acquired a pony.) P-it ch’aa haleeh, P loses consciousness, becomes comatose, goes under (anesthetic). P-ityéé’ haleeh, P is scared out, bluffed out, P becomes terrified. P-fni’ haleeh, P gets old enough to remember things (lit. P’s mind comes into being). P-kda’jj’ haleeh, P has aclose call, P has a narrow escape. P-nda’ haleeh, S (a plant) goes to seed. (lit. P’s eyes [= seeds] come into being). P-tsiitaa’aba’ (or P-tsiiba’) haleeh, P gets dandruff.

# P-yaa haleeh, P grows up (lit. space comes

IV. ’a-t-(tt): (1)

P-ch’Aahjj’ haleeh, S replaces P, S takes P's place (as in trucks replace wagons, guns

# P-ee ld ’ashteeh,

(2)

weekend, (E.g. Ya’at’éehgo daméo 'asiidlf?, we had a nice weekend.) # Késhmish ’ashteeh, to “throw a” Christmas

into being beneath P - as P’s growth carries P farther from the ground). # P-zéé6’ haleeh, P dies, passes away (lit. P’s death takes place). # Hoséljf’, | was born, | came into being. # K’os haleeh, it clouds up, clouds appear. # Naanish haleeh, there is work (to be done). # Naanish bita’ haleeh, there is a let-up in the work, there is a breathing spell (lit. space comes to exist between jobs). # T’da P-idin haleeh, P is left out on things, deprived, passed over. # 16 P-aah haleeh, P breaks out in perspiration, P sweats (lit. water appears alongside P). # T’66 P-aa’ih haleeh, P becomes dirty, filthy. haha-(haho-)(@/yi)(390): S originates, starts to come into being, takes shape, begins exist-

ence. Hahaleeh/hahddlijid (hanahddieeh:hanaahaddleeh) # P-ts’fad66 hahaleeh, S comes from, derives

party, to have a (good/bad) Christmas.

(E.g. Ya’at’6ehgo Késhmish ’asétj’, |

from, is acquired from P. (E.g. Naa-

had a nice Christmas.

beeh6o bilfj’ t/'igff Naakaii bits’a4ad66 hahddljjd jinf, Navajo horses are said to have been acquired originally from the

Haa yit’éego

Késhmish ’asinit{f’, what kind of Christmas did you have?) # Naa’ahddhai ’ashteeh, to put on a rodeo.

Spanish.

Dif nahasdzdan

nihit dah

si’Anigff la’f nddhaifddd’ hahddiijd, this world of ours originated many years V. ha-/ho-@-(ti): (3) (1)

ha-(ho-)(@/si)(410-417-575): to come into being, come to exist, come up (a plant), be born (a person). Hashteeh/hoséljf’ (ndhashdleeh: nddahashdleeh). # ’Anaa’ haleeh, war breaks out, war is

declared. # ’Aydazh haleeh, young corn forms (on the corn plants). # P-aa saad haleeh, a complaint arises about Ee

(4)

(5)

ago.) hodi-(@/si)(450): S starts to come into being, S begins its existence, S start to come up (plants). Hodileeh/hodeezljf’ or hodeezljjd or hodideezljjid (ndhodidleeh:nadhodidleeh). (E.g. Ch’il t’'ah doo hodileeh da, plants haven't yet started to come up.) niho-(ni-Perf.)(functions semantically as a Neuter Per-fective): allof S. Nihoniidlijdjj’, all of us, every one of us (nihonoolijjdjj’, all of you; nihonfijdjj’, all of them; nihozhnfljjdjj’, all of them). nihwii-(= nihohi-)(@/si)(602-630): S come into being one time after another, or one after

Lif’

Ly another, Nihwiileeh/nihwiizli’ (ninahwiidleeh: ninaahwiidieeh), (E.g. Daago tiis bit'aa’ ninadahwiidleeh, the cottonwoods get their leaves back every spring, Daago bijh biyazhi ndahwiileeh, the deer have their young in the spring -

progressively farther up from the

ground).

B.

CONTINUATIVE - DIVERSATIVE

time after time.) # P-yaa ndahwiileeh,

or genera‘Atk'‘idaa’ biyaa ndachildren were

raised long ago.)

Vi,

|, O-(ti):

they are raised, reared,

brought up (child after child tion after generation), (E.g. (aad ‘Akot'dego niha'‘atchini hwiizlj, thatis the way our

(1)

(2)

ha-/ho-D-(ti):

(3)

(1)

P-k’ehodi-(O/si)(200-692); overcome,

P is defeated,

licked (in a fight),

kK‘énaha-(kK'enaho-)(Q/si)($04): are restored, peace

here and there, wander or roam about here and there. Tahodishte’/

tahodiile’ or tahodiiljjd.

C.

(1)

returns, war ends,

K'enahadleeh/ k'enahasdli/’ (kK’enindahadleeh), naha-(naho-)(O/si)($26); S (conditions, “things”) revert to a previous state of being, S (conditions, “things”) are replenished, restored, Nahadleeh/nahasdli’ (ninaahadieeh). (Reverslonary corresponding to haleeh: A[V]}1 above.) # P-ini’ nahadleeh, P regains consciousness, P comes to, nahodi-(O/si)(S40); S starts to regenerate, S starts to come back into being, Nahodileeh/

CURSIVE

|, O-(ti): (1)

(yi)(788):

to be in the process of becoming.

Yishteet/ deinfidleeh (nddshdleet:ndandashdleet). # Dibaa’ yishteet, to be getting thirsty. # Dichin yishteet, to be getting hungry. # Doo ‘adiists’a’ da yishteet, to be losing my hearing, I’m getting deaf. # Doo 'eesh’jj da yishteet, |’m losing my eyesight, I’m going blind. # S@ yishteet, I’m getting old, I’m aging. = Ya'at'ééh yishteet, I'm getting well. # Ya'at’ééh nddshdleet, |’m recovering (from anillness).

the weat, itis said.)

(1)

hoo-(= hoyi-)(@/@)(460): S (a misfortune, catastrophe, disease) appears. Hooleeh/hoole’ (naahoodleeh). # P-k'i hooleeh, P is stricken with S (as a disease). (E.g. Tahoniigaah wolyéii nihik’i hoole’, we were stricken with a “flu” epidemic.)

D.

leeh),

Vil,

TRANSITIONAL

I, ho-@-(ti):

friendly relations

nahodeesdli/’ or nahodideesdlij’ (ninaahodi(Reversionary corresponding to hodileeh; A[V]3 above.) (E.g. 'E’e’aah biyaaj/ Diné nahodideesdli’ jini, the Navajos regenerated in

nahoséle’ or nahosélijd (ninaddhdshdle’). d.p.S become. Ndahaleeh. (E.g. 'Aak’eego t’iisbaf daaltsxo ndahaleeh, in the fall the aspens become yellow [around about)). tahodi-(O/yi)(698): to turn up here and there, put ndaha-(Usit.)(602):

in an appearance

Bik’ehodidleeh/

bik'ehodeesdli/’ (bik'ehnaahodidleeh), (Cf. bik’ehdishdleeh; A[Il]2.) hodini-(Q/si)(4$1); a prolonged period of time begins (as along period of warfare, a long drouth or rainy season), Hodinidleeh/hodineesdij’ (naahodinidleeh), # ‘Ana hodinidleeh, a long period of wartare begins

naha-(naho-)(@/si)(532): to roam around, wander about, travel, “bum around.” Nahashte’/

hae/hoet«(tt):

ha-(ho-)(O/si)(418);

to cause (a state, condition), to generate, bring into being, cause to exist. Hashteeh/ hoset’ (nahashteeh:nadahashteeh). # P-aa saad hashteeh, to register a complaint about P,

# P-it'atch’|’ saad hashteeh,

to quarrel with P,

E. NEUTER

have words with P, have a dispute with

P (lit, to bring words into being toward each other with P,) # P-it‘anaa’ hosiidlj/’, we declared war on P. # P-yaa hashteeh, to bring P up, rear P, raise P (a child, Lit. to cause space to appear

beneath P - as P grows and becomes

I, 'a-ni-O-(ti): (1)

‘ani-(O-lmp.)(119-471-303): to be of value, to be worthy of respect, count, be fair. "Anisht (‘1f: 3rd pers., da'ilf: 3rd pers. d.p.). (E.g.Doo ‘anisht{ig66 shaa ntsahakees, I'm considered unworthy.)

Lif’

Lf} ‘Ayoo ‘if, itis very valuable or expensive,

# P-ch’'j' ni’ nisht,

P-a ‘fj, to command or get a good price for P (as for produce),

=

P-agah ‘fj, P is worth (an amount), it costs, Dikwiish baah ‘fj, how much is it? How much does it cost? Tad’ béeso bagh ‘ij, it costs three dollars, P-it ‘ij, P is grateful, appreciative, thankful, P-zaad doo ‘fj da, P’s word is not valid, P's

# P-(din nishtj{, to need, crave, want P. # P-it nisht{, to be respected by P, P likes me, looks up to me, respects me. # P-fni' nilf, P is determined, has (his) mind set on (doing),

# P-ts’ddjf nisht{, to oppose P, be against P

word or ideas carry no force (no one pays any attention to them),

(as against liquor). # Chooyin nisht{f, to be menstruating, to be

Doo ‘fijj da, it's worthless, cheap, of no value, Doo baa@h ‘fini da, it's worthless, it isn’t

having one’s menstrual period, Dibaa’ nisht{, to be thirsty. Dichin nisht{, to be hungry. Diigis nisht{, to be crazy, to be “nuts.” K’eh nisht{, to be grouchy, grumpy, tired and Rs in a bad humor. # ta'(niidl{, we are united, we are of one mind, # Naakifniidl{f, we’re twins. # Shanah nishtj, to be healthy, in good physical condition. # T’'66 P-aa ‘atta’ nishtj{, to be undecided about P, confused or in doubt regarding

worth anything. Doo chohoo'{jg66 ‘ilf (da‘il/), it’s too expensive, its (their) price is sky high.

Il, "a-ni-t-(tt): (1) ‘ani-(O-lmp.)(118);

to seta high price on O,

‘Anisht{ (‘Af: 3rd pers, sgl/dpl). (Also as ‘linishtj,) # ‘Aydo ‘anishtj, | have a high price set on O, (E.g. Shinaaly6hé bahooghandi ‘ats’ ‘aydo ‘anishtj, | have a high price on

P (as a person who cannot decide which church or political party to join. Lit. “to merely be between each other about

meat at my trading post.)

(2)

it Bagh ‘anishi{, to have a high price set on O, ‘finf-(O-Imp.)(119): to have a high price set on O,

P.") # T’'66 P-k’édi nisht{, to pity P (as an accident victim), be sorry about P (as about an accident in which S injures someone or something), regret P, be chagrined or distressed about P. # Ts{ftnisht{, to be in a hurry,

‘finishif (‘ff: 3rd pers, sgl/dpl), (Ib. ‘anishif.)

Ill, ni-O-(ti):

(1)

ni-(O-Imp.)(660); to be, Nishtj (nilj 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). (Nishi) and ‘anisht’é both translate “to

# Yisdah nisht{, to be out of breath, breath-

less,

be.” Usage dictates the choice in given contexts, with 'at’é most common in describing the inherent qualities of inanimate subjects [as "it is a rock"], while nilf applies most commonly to humans [in describing them as members of a

IV. ni-D-(ti): (1)

clan, tribe or nation, or as teachers, lawyers,

etc.]. In some contexts nisht{ and ‘anisht’e are interchangeable, ) H ‘Atah niidl{, we are assembled, gathered, convened (in a meeting). # ‘Atch’ijf niidlf, we support each other, we're teammates. # ‘Atah nishtj, to be involved, pant,

F.

DERIVATIVES

under TA-: water.)

a roli-gion), (Number) géne’ P-ee ‘atah nishtj, to rank number --- in P, to rank in (number) place in P. (E.g, Tada’ gone’ bee ‘atah nishi{, | rank in 3rd place in P,) P-ee 14 niidl{, to be united on P, to comprise an association or union concerned with P (as with livestock),

P-ch'ij(nishi{,

NOUN

‘Adit 'fdl{, self respect (V. ‘adit nishdlf: E[IV]1.) 'ajd( yilzdlii bik’ésti'(gif tazit silff’, pleurisy (the covering of the lungs became “tazit” - V. tazit,

parti-cipant in P (as in a political party or

=

ni-(@-Imp.)(658): to be (in a reflexive context). Nishdlj. In: # ‘Adit nishdl{, to have self-respect, selfesteem, a good self-image.

to be a partici-

P-ee ‘atah nishi{, to be involved in P, to be a

>

to be hesitant, backward,

shy toward P (as a person dazzled by a celebrity or a person in high office, Lit. to be halted toward P.)

‘Alah 'aleeh, meeting, convention, conference, assembly, congregation, get-together (there is coming together). ‘Atah na'ddleehdi, meeting place, Chapter House (where people come together repeatedly). ‘atch 'ijf danil(nigif, team mates (those who are on the same side). ‘Asdzda Nddleehé (‘asdzaa, woman + nddleeh-, she repeatedly changes + 6 = -f, the one),

to be on P's side, to be a

supporter of P.

383

Uff"

LO (19) kin bii' 'atah na’adleehé, meeting house, Chapter House (the building in which people

Changing Woman (An important figure in Navajo religion, the child of Hayootkaat Hastiin [Dawn Man] and Chahatheet 'Asdzdan [Darkness Woman]. She was found and reared by ‘Atsé Hastiin [First Man] who, with 'Atsé 'Asdzdan [First Woman], gave her the namo ‘Asdzaa Nddleehé, She became the wife of the Sun and went to live in the west where the Diyin Dine’é[ Holy People] of the cardinal points had prepared a house for her. She visited the various compartments in the East, South, West and North, reappearing each time dressed

the colors assigned to these directions.

meet repeatedly). (20) ta'i 'Idlf, union, cooperation (being one),

(21) nddleeh, transvestite, homosexual (he repeatedly changes), (22) t‘aadoo lo'é neest'{f’ danlfinii, stolen property (things that are stolen). (23) ts6 nddleehé (~ hashtl'ish tsé nadleehs), concrete (that which repeatedly turns to stone). (24) Tsd6{ Nadleehé, Changing (Hermaphroditic) Grandchild (mythology). (25) ya'at’66h naddleetii, convalescent, patient (the one who is getting well, the one who is recovering).

in

When

she returned from the Eastern Compartment

she was dressed in Yootgaii [white shell], whence the name Yootgaii 'Asdzaan [White Shell Woman], by which she is also known, The creation of various Nihookaa’ Dine’é [Earth People] is credited to 'Asdzda Nadleehé. V. An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navajo Language [Franciscan Fathers: 1910]. A comparable personnage is known as 'Isdzanadleeshn by the Mescalero Apaches. V. Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts [Hoijer:; 1938], David

G.

dam6o naa’asdl{j'go,

valuably), (E.g. Dahiistt’6 doo hézhé¢ "Nijg66 nihaa nahaaznii’, we sold our rug cheaply. Naanish doo hézh@ 'fi{jgd6 bik’é nishishnish,

F. Aberle, who called attention to the Chiri-

Bada’élta'f Yee ta’f Nilinigff,

(8)

(9)

(10) (11) (12)

‘il{k’ehgo, with respect, respectfully (being in accordance with value). (E.g. Naabeeho binahagha’ 'ii{k’ehgo baa ntséskees, | treat Navajo religion with respect.) naakidi daméo ni‘iileehgo, every two weeks, at two week intervals, (Ib. naakidi damdéo na'adleehgo.) (E.g. Naakidi dam6o ni’iileehgo shich'j’ niviilyé, | get paid every two weeks.) t'aa damoo 'ooleetgo, weekly. Uaadoo baahilinigdd, free of charge, at no cost, gratis (without its having a cost or value). t'aadoo haada dooniit "lini, with no thought for the consequences, impulsively (without thinking

Teachers’ Associa-

tion or Union (that by means of which teachers are united). bee 'ak’ihata’ nilfinii, recreational activities (those things with which a person entertains himself). Béégashii Bee La’f 'idifnigif, Cattle Association (that with which there is unitedness regarding cattle). --- bee {a’f ‘idlinfgff, --- association, --- union (that with which there is unitedness regarding ---). béésh tigaii ‘alaahdi ‘ffinii, platinum (the most valuable kind of silver), binaadé¢' danilfinii, outsiders (those who are from around it - i.e. around but outside the

what will happen).

taadoo kot'é "lini, suddenly and without warning, unexpectedly, catching one unguarded, t'daatahadi dam6o na'ddleehjj’, per week, weekly. (E.g. T’adtahadi dam6o na'adleehjj’ dizdiin ‘ahee'ikid bliighahgo ninadaalnish, they work forty hours a week.) (10) t'aataha dam6o na'adleehgo, every week, weokly, (E.g. T'aattha damdéo na’ddleehgo shima sani bich'j’ ‘atnanashdaah, | visit my

Reservation),

(15

—

(16) (17)

(18

—

into a Bear (a mythological figure). ch'il teeyi’ Adahadleehigfi (Ib. ch'il daadanigii), vegetables (plants that repeatedly regenerate in the ground), hashtlish ts6 nddleehé (or ndddleetf), cement, concrete (mud that repeatedly turns into stone), haadaanf nishtinii,

|

worked for little pay.)

(13) Ch'iké@h Shash Nadleehi, Maiden that Changes (14)

next week (when it has

become Sunday again). doo hézh¢ ‘ilifg66, cheaply, for little pay (not very

cahua and Mescalero names, associates them with the rite, in the Navajo Puberty Ceremony, in which the nubile girl daubs participants with white paint.)

(7)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

grandmother every week.)

father-in-law, wife’s brother's

child, wife’s mother, wife's sister's child (the one whose --- | am). hayé nishtfinii, husband's brother (brother-inlaw), husband's sister (sister-in-law), wife's brother (brother-in-law), wife's sister (sister-inlaw (the one whose -- | am), hazha'add nishtiinii, husband's sister's child, husband's brother's child, husband's mother, husband's father (the one whose --- | am).

Noun stem: nilé ~ nid, ‘ald, Id: hail, hailstone, (Cf. Hare lu, ice;

LO

Chipewyan yaéluu, hail.)

# ‘aldjél (-jéf, heart), hailstone heart (a ceremonial term), # ‘aldkaa’ (-kad', ona surface), crusted snow, snowcrust.

# nlé yazhi (yazhi, little), sleet.

384

LO’

-LOHK’E’

A. MOMENTANEOUS

# Nidee ~ Nidhee ~ Nidyee, Hail Chant (ceremony).

1, O-(tt): (1)

Noun (derivation unknown): pancreas, fatty tumor.

'a-(@/yi)(123): to drive unspecified O (completive). 'Ashteeh/'iflo’. # P-iih 'ashteeh, to drive into P (as into fog,

mud - with a guided vehicle), # Kjjh 'ashteeh, to drive into town,

-LOHK’E’

# Kjjh P-it 'ashteeh, to drive into town with P, take P to town (a passenger).

(PPA

uncertain.

Perhaps

(2)

“tuk’ >

PA *lukY’: handle a ropelike object, LO?

snare.) NAVAJO:

(Cf. stem noun LOH,

loop,

noose.) Occurs with O-(D-) classifier as the theme in a wide variety of derived verb bases, including many with disparate extended meanings: (1) act with a loop or noose (including a bent wire or hook) in bases with the meaning lasso, snare, snag, trap, catch (fish), hang (a criminal); (2) act by means of a looped handle in the “handling ” (movement, transportation) of an object of the type purse, suitcase, bucket. The Semantic Theme described in (1) above is extended in bases meaning cheat, trick, swindle, and that described under (2) is extended in bases that

# -di'anishteeh,

(3)

describe: weigh (applied to the ancient balance in

which the object to be weighed and the counterfrom an arm resting on a central point - and now extended to the act of weighing by means of any type of scale); drive a guided vehicle (originally a wagon, in which the driver controlled the team by means of

# P-ts’Ad’ ydo’ ‘iishteeh,

PERF.

leeh_

loh/

lo’

PROG.

FUT,

OPT.

-

loh

leeh

lo’

-

loh

lo’

to carry off P’s O (as

P's suitcase or purse - to P's detriment, or without P’s permission), to drive away in P’s O without his permission,

harness lines - since extended for application to any type of guided conveyance, including a car, motorboat, bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle, snowmobile, although looped lines are no longer involved); brake, apply a brake (originally applied to the primitive wagon brake which the driver applied by pulling on a rope to bring the brake shoe into contact with the rim of the wagon wheel - since applied to any kind of mechanical braking device).

US /IT.

to drive to (a designated

location), arrive in (a place), # -g66 ‘anishteeh, to drive to -- (a designated location), ‘a-(@/yi)(484): to carry O away out of sight by means of an attached cord or handle, to drive O away out of sight (car, wagon). ‘lishteeh/‘iilo’ (‘andshdleeh:'anadnashdleeh), SER.(O/si) (63), 'Ahishteeh/'ahélo' (‘anahashdleeh:'anaahashdleeh), # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishteeh, to carry or lower O down from a height (by means of a cord or handle), to drive O (a vehicle) down,

weights were placed in pans suspended by a cord

IMP.

# P-k'adah 'ashteeh, to hit (collide with) P while driving a guided vehicle, # Nii’oh 'ashteeh, to drive out of view. ’a-(ni/ni)(118):; to go, come, arrive driving an unspecified guided vehicle. ‘Anishteeh/‘anilo’ (na'nishdleeh:naa'nishdleeh), # P-aa ‘anishteeh, to drive to P. # P-it'anishteeh, to take P (by guided vehicle),

# Ha’aa ‘iishteeh,

to drive O (guided vehicle)

over the hill and disappear, carry O over the hill and disappear with it,

# Nahjj’ ‘iishteeh, to carry O aside, out of the way (as a bucket of water), drive O aside, # Nii’oh ‘iishteeh, to carry or drive O away out of view, conceal O. # Yah ‘iishteeh, to carry O into an enclosure (as a bucket of water into the house), to

drive O inside (as a car into a garage). # Y66' ‘iishteeh, to carry or drive O away and dis-appear with it.

A.MOM.

(4) 'a’a-(~’e’e-/'i'i-)(@/yi)(364); to drive away out of sight (in an unspecified guided vehicle). 'E’eshteeh/'i'(lo’ (‘and'ashdleeh;'anaa’ashdleeh). # -g66 'e'eshteeh, to drive away to -- (a designated place). # -g66 P-it'e’eshteeh, to drive away with or take P to -- (a designated place). # Ha’aa ‘e’eshteeh, to drive away over the hill and disappear, # Nahjj’ ’e’eshteeh, to drive to one side.

dloh Trans.

B.CONT.

lo’

loh/ dioh

C.REP.

lo’

-

-

-

-

-

D.SEM.

loh

loh/

loh

-

loh

loh

dioh E.CURS.

-

-

-

RaNEUT:

:

-

lo’

loh/leeh_

-

-

385

LO’

LO’

# Yah 'e’eshteeh, to drive inside (as inside a garage). # Y66''s'eshteeh, to drive away and

(15

disappear or get lost,

(5)

‘ada-(~ bida-/nada-)(@/yi)(380): O down

from a height (a bucket, suitcase), to

drive O down (as into a wash). 'Adaashteeh/ ‘addadlo’ (‘adandshdieeh:’adand4nashdleeh),

(6)

SER .(@/si)(8). 'Adahashdleesh/ ’adahdlo’ (‘adanéhdshdleeh:'adandahdashdleeh), ‘ada'a-(~ bida’a-/hada’a-)(B/yi): to drive down from a height (in an unspecified guided vehicle), 'Ada’ashtesh/'ada’filo’ (’adand’Ashdleeh), # P-u’ada’ashtesh,

(dah n’diishdleeh:dah

to set out in company with P, start off with (taking) P (ina

guided vehicle), ‘ahéna-(B/yi or ni/nij(45); to make a circuit driving O, drive O in acircle, 'Ahéndshteeh/ ‘ahéndadlo’ or "ahéénilo’ (ahén(nddnashdieeh), , to take P on a circuit (as

in taking P - 4 passenger - onan inspection tour to a distant pasture),

(10)

(11)

‘anééhi-(B/si)(48): to carry or drive O around and around in circles, 'Ahééhéshteeh/'ahdéhélo’ (‘ahén{n4d4hashdleeh)., 'ANGG'li-(m 'ah66’ahil-)(B/si)(50); to drive around and around in circles (in an unspecified guided vahicle), 'Ahéé'iishteeh/'ahdééd'lydlo’ (‘ahdénfnaa'iishdiesh), # P-lt ’ahéé'lishtoeh, to drive (ride) P around and around in circles, ‘ahihi-(@/s\) (58); to catch O one after another © one after another, 'Ahiheshteeh/'ahihélo’ (‘ahindahdashdieeh), ‘ainana-(O-Imp/Usit,)(98): to drive O back and forth (as in commuting), 'Atndndashdioh, # -g66 'alndndshdioh, to drive O (as a car) back and forth to (a designated location, as to school), ‘ainda'a-(O-lmp./Usit.)(98): to drive back and forth (in an Unspecified guided vehicle « as in commuting), 'Aindd’4shdloh,

# -g66 'atndé'dshdioh,

(bifnd’nfshdleeh).

to trick, cheat, swindle, defraud

dleeh), ch'f-(ni/ni)(293): to carry or drive O out horizontally (a suitcase from a house, a car from a garage). Ch’fn{shteeh/ch’inflo’ (ch’inanfshdleeh:ch'indanishdleeh), SER.(@/si)(275).

(as fish or animals in a trap), to lasso or snare

(14)

P-f'(a)-(ni/ni)(216): to overtake P, catch up with P (driving an unspecified guided vehicle).

P. Bi’dishteeh/bi’délo’ (binda’dishdleeh). # Doo P-zh'ddleeh 'at’de da, P is sly, cagy, quick-witted, hard to trick or outwit. (19) P-nd-(@/si)(229): to drive or carry O around P, to detour around P. Bindshteeh/binfsélo’ (binfnashdleeh: binfnddnashdleeh). # P-it bindshteeh, to drive O around it with P (a passenger), to take P around it in O (as in a car), P-nd’a-(@/si)(228): to drive around P (in an unspecified guided vehicle - as around a building in a car), Bind’ashteeh/binl’sélo’ (binfnd’Ashdleeh::binfnda’ashdleeh). # P-it bind’dshteeh, to drive (take, accompany) P around it. P-niitt’a’(a)-(@/si)(242): to come to a barrier or obstacle (as a snowdrift) while driving (an unspecified guided vehicle). Biniitt’a’ashteeh/ biniitt’a’sélo’. P-ta'dii-(O/O)(246): to drive past P without seeing it (in an unspecified guided vehicle), Bita’diishteeh/bita’diilo’. P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to carry or drive O away from P (as away from a burning house). Bits’anishfeeh/bits’anflo’ (bits’aAndnfshdleeh). P-ts'A’(a)-(ni/ni)(254): to drive away from P (as away from a conflagration - in an unspecified guided vehicle). Bits'A’nishteeh/bits’A’nflo’ (bits’And’nf{shdleeh). # P-it bits’A’nfshteeh, to take P (a passenger) away from it, drive P away from it. P-z4k '(dii-(O/@)(261); to strangle P with O (a cord, garrote), to throttle P with O. Bizak 'idiishteeh/bizak 'fdiilo’ (bizak'fndddiish-

n4a4'diishdiesh), # P-itdah 'adiishtosh,

# P-’ahéndshtech

(17)

Bi'nishteeh/bi'nflo’

to drive down with P,

‘adiilo’

P-f'dii-(O/O)(185): to apply a brake, putona brake. Bidiishteeh/bi'diilo’ (b{nda’diishdleeh:

(18 — P-'di-(@/si)(213):

bring P (a passenger) down, ‘adi-(@/si)(26); to start to drive along (in an unspecified guided vehicle), 'Adishteeh/’adélo’ (f'dishdlaeh: n4a'dishdlesh), # -g66 'adélo’ to be on the way driving to (a desig-nated destination), to be going to drive to -# -g66 P-it’adélo’, to be on the way with P (taking P) to -- (a designated location), (& ) ‘adii-(2/D)(32)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off (driving an Unspecified guided vehicle), Dah ‘adiishteeh/dah

(16)

binda’diishdleeh).

(7)

(9)

—

to carry or lower

# -g66 P-it’atnda’dshdloh, to drive P back and forth to (a designated location, as in driving one’s child to school), P-{dii-(O/B)(185): to apply the brake to P, brake P, put on P’s brake (car, wagon). Bidiishteeh/ bfdiilo’ (bfidiishdleeh:b(ndddiishdleeh)

Ch'éhéshteeh/ch'thélo’ (ch'{ndhdshdleeh: ch'inddhashdleeh). # P-fighah ch’infshteeh, to pass P up (another moving object), # P-fighahgdé ch’infshteeh, to drive O past P (as a car past a hogan), # P-k'ich’{nfshteeh,

to drive back and forth

to drive O over P, run

over P (as a dog) with O.

to (a designated location),

386

LO?

LO’

# P-yaa haashteeh, to pull or take O out from under P (as a suitcase from under a bed - by its handle).

(27) ch'f'a-(ni/ni): to drive out (horizontally, as from a garage or tunnel, in an unspecified guided vehicle), Ch'(nishteeh/ch''nilo’ (ch'ina'nishdleeh:ch'{nda'nishdleeh). # P-fighah ch'(nishteeh, to pass P up (another moving vehicle), # P-fighahg66 ch'i'nishteeh, to drive past P (a stationary object). # P-fighahg6o p-it ch'Tnishteeh, to drive past P with p (as passenger), to take p past P. # P-k'ich'(nishteeh, to run over P (ass a snake - driving an unspecified guided vehicle). (28) ch'f-(O/yi)(279): to drive O out horizontally (completive). Ch'éshteeh/ch'délo’ (ch'inashdleeh:ch'indanashdleeh), In: # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch'éshteeh, to drive O over the edge (as a car over a cliff), (29) ch'f'a-(O/yi): to drive out horizontally (in an unspecified guided vehicle)(completive), Ch'é'éshteeh/ch Tilo’ (ch'ina'ashdleeh;ch'nda'dshdleeh), In: # ‘Adah (* bidah/hadah) ch'é'éshteeh, to drive over the edge (as over a cliff). (30) di-(@/si)(337); to start to carry O along (by its handle), to start to drive O along (a guided vehicle), Dishteeh/délo’ (ndishdleeh:naadishdleeh) # ‘Atch'j' dishteeh, to buckle O (as a belt), # P-ch'j' dishteeh, to steer or drive O toward Pi # P-itdishteeh, to lace O up, rough-stitch O, # De dishteeh, to pull O up, draw O up (as a bucket of water from a well). # -g66 délo', to be on the way driving O to --(a designated place), (31) dii-(@/O)(346)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off carrying O by its handle, to start off driving O (a guided vehicle), Diishteeh/diilo’ (ndiishdleeh:ndddiishdleeh), # P-aa diishteeh, to pass P up driving O.

# P-ts'’éa' dah diishteeh,

# P-za'azisdé¢é' haashteeh, to take O out of P's pocket (as a bag of tobacco, grasped by the drawstring). # £66’ haashteeh, to catch a fish (on a line). £66’ hahashteeh, to catch fish one after another. (33) ha'a-(@/yi)(403): to drive up out (unspecified O). Ha'ashteeh/ha’iilo’ (hana’dshdleeh:handa’ashdleeh).

# P-ii'déé’ ha’ashteeh, to drive out of P (as out of the mud or snow). (34) ha-(© or si/si)(434): to climb up carrying O, to drive O up (as a car up a mountain). Haashteeh or hashishteeh/hasélo’ (hanashdleeh:hanaanashdleeh), SER. (@/si)(393). Hahashteeh/hahdalo’ (handhdshdleeh). # P-aah haashteeh, to carry O up P (asa suitcase up a flight of stairs), to drive O up P (as a car up a mountainside). (Ib. P-aah hashishteeh.) # P-k’ee'aa haashteeh, to carry or drive O around P (detouring around P - as around an obstacle), (35) ha'a-(@/si)(403): to drive up, climb up driving (an unspecified guided vehicle),

Ha’ashteeh/

ha'sélo’ (hana'ashdleeh:hanaa’ashdleeh). # P-aah ha'ashteeh, to drive up P (as up a mountainside).

# P-it p-aah ha'ashteeh,

to take P (a

passenger) up p.

# P-k’ee'aa ha'ashteeh, to detour around P (a grave, obstacle), (36) ha-(ni/ni)(414): to come/go after (something, to get it) driving O (as a car or truck). Hanfshteeh/ hanilo’. (37) ha'a-(ni/ni)(408): to drive an unspecified guided vehicle to a destination after (to get) something.

Ha'nishteeh/ ha'nflo’. (E.g. kintahgé6 ch'iyaan ha'nilo’, | drove to town for groceries.) # P-ithda’nfshteeh,

to make off with O

against P's will, or to his detriment (as P's car or suitcase), # Dah Adiishdleeh, to start back driving O (as a car), (32) ha-(@/yi)(434); to take O out (as a purse or suitcase from a car), to drive O out (as out of the mud), to catch O (as a fish), Haashteeh/ hddlo’ (handshdleeh: handdandshdieeh), SER. (Osi)(393); to pull up O one after another (as buckets of water from a well), take O out one after another (as suitcases from a car) to catch O one after another (as fish), Hahashteeh/ hahdlo’ (handhdshdleeh:handaahashdleeh), # P-fldk'oe haashteeh, to take O out of P's hand (as a purse), # P-li'dé¢' haashteeh, to take O outof P (asa purse from a car or box), # P-k’eo'aa haashtoeh, to detour around O driving (car), to carry O (suitcase),

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

to take P after (something to get it, as food). ha'(a)-(si)(409): to have gone after (something, to get it - driving an unspecified guided vehicle). Ha'sélo’, hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry or drive O the entire length, carry or drive O from one end to the other (as a suitcase the length of a train, a car from one end of a field to the other). Hadiishteeh/hadiilo’ (hdddiishdieeh:hanaadiishdleeh). ha'dii-(@/@)(388): to drive from one end to the other (in an unspecified guided vehicle). Ha'diishteeh/ha'diilo’ (haa’diishdleeh:handaa’diishdleeh). # P-itha'diishteeh, to take P (a passenger) on a drive from one end to the other. ha’atnda'(a)-(O/yi)(402): to make a trip toa location and back after (something, to get it - in an unspecified guided vehicle), Ha’atnda’dsh-

feeh/ha'atnaa’iilo’.

387

EO:

EOs

# -g00 ha’atnda’ashtoh (or ha’atnda'dshdloh),

(42)

to make trips back and forth to and from a location after (something, to get it). ha'di-(@/si)(404): to start after (something, to get

it) driving an unspecified guided vehicle. Ha'dishteeh/ha'délo’. (43) hidii-(@/)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up by its handle or suspended by a criminal), to weigh O (on a scales - originally had reference to a balance type scales in which two pans were suspended, one for the weights, the other for the object being weighed). Dah

hidiishteeh/dah hidiilo’ (dah nahidiishdleeh:dah naahidiishdleeh),

# P-aah dah hidiishteeh, to hang or suspend O on P (as a bucket ona nail, a criminal on a tree), ‘Idii-(Q/@)(465); to put on the brake, apply the

brake (to something unspecified).

(45)

(47)

'{diishteeh/

‘idiilo’ (ina’diishdleeh: 'inda'diishdleeh), ‘i'di-(@/si)(467); to cheat, gyp, practice fraud, be a swindler (lit. to dangle an unspecified stringlike O at an unspecified person), ’I’dishteeh/ ‘'délo’ (‘inaa’dishdleeh) .

(46) jidizhni-(O-lmp,)(489):

to be an expert roper, to

to turn around, make a U-

nanishteeh). (59) w6’a-(G/yi)(745):

turn, make a turn (driving an unspecified guided vehicle), Naana’ashteeh/naani’sélo’ (naanina’ashdleeh:naan(nda’dshdleeh) # Bizanaghahjigo naand’dshteeh, to turn the corner (driving an unspecified guided

low (60) w6’a’a-(/yi):

(51)

to go into the ditch (driving an

unspecified guided vehicle). w6'a’iilo’.

to make a left

W6’a’ashteeh/

(61) (O/yi)(775): to put (carry) O by its handle (asa purse), to drive O (a guided vehicle)(comple-

turn,

# Nish'naajigo naana’ashteeh,

to go into the ditch driving O (a

guided vehicle, as a car). W6’aashteeh/wo’44-

vehicle),

# Nishttajigo naand’dshteeh,

to drive

across. # Tsé’naa P-it ni’nishteeh, to drive across with P, take P across. (54 == nikidii-(@/O)(634): to start to (learn to) drive O (as a car, motorcycle). Nikidiishteeh/nikidiilo’, (55) niki'dii-(O/O(636): to start to (learn to) drive (as a car). Niki’diishteeh/niki’diilo’. (56 wa tadi-(@/yi)(698): to carry O about here and there (as a suitcase), drive O about here and there, go all over driving O (a guided vehicle). Tadishteeh/tadio’. # P-it tadishteeh, to take P (a passenger) everywhere in O (as in a car). (57) ta’di-(@/yi)(700): to drive around here and there (in an unspecified guided vehicle). Ta’dishteeh/ ta’diflo’. # P-it ta’dishteeh, to take P (a passenger) here and there, travel around here and there with P in a guided vehicle. (58) taits’a-(ni/ni): to take O out of the water by its handle. Tatts’anishteeh/tdits’anflo’ (tdtts’d-

excel at roping (Intransitive). Jidizhnishteeh. kli-(@/@)(497); to carry O up an incline (as a bucket up a hill), to drive O up (as a car up a hill), Kfishteeh/kiilo’.

naana’a-(Q/si)(584):

to drive O (toa designated

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’nishteeh,

# Niinahdg@’ kfishteeh, to drive O uphill, carry O uphill. (48) ki'li-(O/O)(494); to drive up an incline (as up a hill), K?lishteeh/kPiilo’, # Niinahdéé’ k’iishteeh, to drive uphill. (49) naana-(@/si)(587): to turn O around, make a turn with O (a guided vehicle, as a car), Naanashteeh/naanisélo’ (naan{ndshdleeh: naaninaanashdleeh), # Bizanaghahjigo naandshteeh, to turn the corner with (driving) O (as a car). # Nish’naajigo naandshteeh, to make a right turn with (driving) O. # Nishttajigo naandshteeh, to make a left turn with (driving) O. (50)

# -g66 nishteeh, location).

(52) ni-(ni/ni)(652): to carry or drive O as farasa stopping point, to park O (as a car). Ninishteeh/ninilo’ (nindnishdleeh:ninddnishdleeh). SER.(@/si)(621). Neheshteeh/nehélo’ (ninahashdleeh:ninddhdshdleeh). # -jj’ ninishteeh, to carry or drive O as far as or up to -- (a designated stopping point). # Ni’ ninishteeh, to set O down (as a bucket of water), make a halt while driving O. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishteeh, to drive or carry O across. (53) ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to drive as far as a stopping point (in an unspecified guided vehicle). Ni’nishteeh/ni’nflo’ (nina’nishdleeh:ninda’nishdleeh). # P-itni’nishteeh, to take P as far as -- (a point). # -jj’ ni’nishteeh, to drive as far as -- (a designated stopping point).

cord (as a shopping bag, purse), to hang O (a

(44)

# -di nishteeh, to drive O to (a designated destination).

to make a right

tive). Yishteeh/ yilo’ (ndshdleeh:ndandshdleeh). # P-iih yishteeh, to O into P (as a purse into a drawer). i# P-k’Aah yishteeh, to hit P with O (as a tree with a car). # Kijh yishteeh, to drive or carry O into town.

turn, (ni/ni)(660); to take or bring O (as a suitcase), to

go, come, arrive driving O (as acar). Nishteeh/ nilo’ (nanishdleeh:nddnishdleeh). # P-aa nishteeh, to take or bring O to P (carrying it by a cord or handle), to drive O (as a car) to P,

388

LO’

LO’

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

# Nii’oh yishteeh, to carry O out of view, conceal O (as a suitcase). # Taah yishteeh, to put O into the water (by its handle). yisda-(@/yi)(773): to carry or drive O to safety (as a suitcase from a burning house, a car from a burning garage), to escape from danger in O (a car that one drives). Yisdashteeh/yisdaalo’ (yisddndshdleeh:yisdandandashdleeh). yisda’a-(@/yi)(772): to drive to safety, escape from danger by driving (an unspecified guided vehicle). Yisda’dshteeh/yisda’ilo’ (yisdana’dshdleeh:yisdanaa’dshdleeh). # P-it yisda’dshteeh, to take (drive) P (a passenger) to safety. yini-(O-lmp.)(768): to throw loops or lines at O (repetitive: multiple loops or lines). Yinishteeh. # £606’ yinishteeh, to be fishing (i.e. throwing lines or loops at fish - in an effort to snare them). yinfi-(@/O)(769): to throw a (single) loop at O (as in an attempt to lasso O), Yinfishteeh/yiniilo’ (yini-directive.)

# -g66 nisélo’,

to have made a round trip to -(a designated location driving O (as a

Car). na’a-(@/si)(552):

(2)

to (in an unspecified made a round trip Na’ashto’/ni’sélo’

drive around here and there

# P-it na’ashto’,

to drive P around, ride P

guided vehicle), to have (driving unspecified O). (ninda’adshdlo’)

around.

# -g66 ni’sélo’, to have made a round trip (driving an unspecified guided vehicle to a designated place). # -g66 P-it ni’sélo’, to drive (take) P to (a designated destination) and back (making a round trip). P-na’a-(@/si): to swindle, cheat, trick, defraud P. Bina’ashto’/bini’sélo’ (bininda’dshdlo’). # ’Aydo bina’adlo’, he’s very tricky.

(3)

C.

REPETITIVE Durative

I. D-(ti): Il. D-(tr/Passive): (1)

(1)

’a-(@-Imp.)(300)(with prepounded dah): S twitches (as one’s eyelid or finger). Dah ’adlo’.

’Adi’di-(@/si)(17): to “get taken,” allow oneself to be tricked, cheated, swindled or gyped (lit. to

trick oneself). ‘Adi’dishdleeh/’ddi’déshdlo’ (Adinda’dishdleeh). (2)

’Adii-(@/@)(31)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang oneself, to step on a scale and weigh

oneself. Dah ‘ddiishdleeh/dah ’adiishdlo’ (dah ’Andaaddiishdleeh). ’atndnd-(@-Usit.)(13): to carry O back and forth (by its handle, drive O back and forth (as a car). *Atnandashdloh. # P-it ’atndndshdioh, to take P back and forth

(3)

in O (a passenger). # -g66 ‘atndndshdloh, to carry or drive O back

(4)

(5)

and forth to (a destination and back - as to the store and back repeatedly). ’atndd’a-(O-Usit.)(14): to drive back and forth (as in commuting). ’Atnaa’ashdloh. # -g66 P-it ’atndda’dshdloh, to drive P back and forth to (a destination - as a child back and forth to school). P-’di-(@/@)(213)(with prepounded dah, up): to be hung (a criminal). Dah bi’diidleeh/dah bi’diidlo’.

B. CONTINUATIVE |, O-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(598): to carry O around here and there (by its handle, as a purse), to drive O around here and there (a guided vehicle), Naashto’/ nisélo’ (nindanashdlo’). # Dah naashto’, to swing O (a loop, as a lariat) around or up and down in the air.

D. SEMELFACTIVE |. @-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(801):

to lasso O, rope O, snare, catch or trap O (a fish, an animal). Yiishtoh/séloh (ndayiishdloh).

Il. D-(ti): (1)

’ii-(@/si)(with prepounded dah):

S twitches one time, S gives with a twitch (as one’s eyelid or finger). Dah ’iidloh/dah ’asdloh.

E. CURSIVE |. @-(tt): (1)

(yi)(788): to be carrying or driving O along (as a bucket of water or a guided vehicle). Yishtoh/

deinfidleeh (nddshdloh:nadnadshdloh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishtoh, to be carrying O down from a height (as down a ladder). # Dah yishtoh,

to be holding O up (as a purse

by its handle, an object suspended on a cord). # De yishtoh, to be pulling O up (as a gun, dangling from a cord). # Génaa yishtoh, to be carrying O across (as a suitcase across a parking lot).

LO’

‘a-(yi)(368);

hf

to be driving along (in an unspecified

guided vehicle, as a car, boat).

(3)

woédleehl, mouse trap. Ts{dii bee wédleehf, bird snare, (8) bee na'adlo'f, steering wheel (that with which steering is done), (9) béégashil yaazh bijAdd wodleehigif, calf roping contest (the calf's legs are lassoed or snared), (10) bich{fh yee ‘adilohii, elephant (the one that snares or lassoes things with its nose), (11) chaa’ bee wédleehf, beaver trap (the one with which beavers are caught), (12 — chidf bee bindiidioh{, car brake (that with which a car is braked). (13) chidf bee na'‘adlo'f, steering wheel or tie rods of a car (that with which a car is steered), (14 ~— chidf bee dah hdiidlohf, car jack (that with which a car is raised up), chjfh yee ‘adilohii, elephant (the one that snares or lassoes things with the nose), Chifh Yee 'Adilohiijf, Republican, Republican Party (on the side of the elephant). dah ‘adiidloh, weight, pound (something is suspended by a cord), daddilkat dah neilo'igif, hinge, door hinge (that which holds up a door suspended), iif’ bikaa'dd6 ‘adidlohigif, roping horse (horse from upon which roping is done), ) toh, noose, loop (P-loh). ) 166’ bee hahadleehf, fishing rod (that with which fish are pulled out one after another by means of a loop or cord). 166' bee hahadleeh/ bitt’6dl, fishline (the line of the fishing rod)(P466' bee hahadleeh/ bitt'ddl), ma'li bee wédleehé, coyote trap (that with which coyotes are caught). na'adlo’, trick, scam, fraud, swindle. na'alo'(gff, pilot, driver (the one who steers something about), na’asts’9gsf bee wédleehé, mouse trap (the one with which mice are caught). naadlo'f, pail, bucket (the one that is carried

'Eeshtoh/

da'iiniidleeh (nd'eeshdloh:nda'eeshdloh), # Dah 'eeshtoh, to be doing the folding (an unspecified O suspended by a cord, as a rabbit that someone is skinning). naana-(yi)(588); to be carrying or driving O around to and fro. Naanddshtoh/naando/niidleeh, Also with D-classifier; Naanddshdloh/ naandeiniidleeh, naana’a-(yi)(588); to be driving around to and fro. Naana'eeshtoh or naanaa'eeshdloh/naanda'finiidlech, # P-it naanda’eeshtoh, to ride P around to and fro,

F,

NEUTER

; ta(th)s P-(ni-Perf.)(238): S is P's drawback, S holds P back (as lack of education or job skills), Binflo’, P-(diin{-(si-Perf.)(183): to hold the brake on, keep the brake on, keep one's foot on the brake.

Bidiinishto’. P-zak'idfini-(si-Perf.)(261); to have a stranglehold on P's neck (with a cord or garrote), Bizak'fdfinito’,

. D-(ti):

hidf-(ni-Perf.)(440)(with prepounded dah); to weigh (a certain number of pounds) (lit. to be dangling from a cord), Dah hid{nfshdlo' (dah hidédlo’; 3rd pers. sgl/dpl),

G.

NOUN

‘achxoshtt’6dl

DERIVATIVES

‘atch’|' didloh,

about suspended handle),

cinch, saddle girth

strap (strap buckled at the belly). ‘ana’adlo’ (~ 'ina'adlo', na’adlo'), trick, scam,

swindle, fraud, bee ‘atch’|’ didloh,

nlyol t6 hayiileehé,

(Bina'adlo’, he's tricky.)

(29) nftch'(té hayiileehigif, windmill (the one in which

buckle (cord or strap is drawn

the air draws up water).

(30) t6 hahadleeh, water well (water is drawn up out

(31) (32)

reference is to the old-fashioned brake applied by means of a rope), bee dah n'diidlohf, scales (for weighing)(that with

which something is suspended - reference is to

(33)

the old balance type scale with a pan for the weights and another for the object weighed),

brake (that with which something

is repeatedly braked),

bee 'ddleehi with which Chaa’ bee wodleehf,

windmill (the one in which the

wind draws up water).

together with it). bee bindiidloh{ (~ bee bin'diidlohf), its brake, Tsinaabaas bee bindiidloh{, wagon brake, Chid{ bee bindiidlohf, car brake (that with which itis pulled against it with a cord -

bee 'indiidlohl,

- the one carried by a looped

(~ bee 'ddleehé), trap, snare (that something is caught or snared), wédleehl, beaver trap. Ma'ii bee coyote trap. Na'ats’pos{ bee

(34)

390

by means of a cord one quantity after another. Reference is to the noria type well in which a bucket is lowered on a rope). T6 Hahadleech, Indian Wells, Arizona, TO Hajiileehé, Canoncito, New Mexico (where people draw up water by means of a cord or rope one quantity after another). T6 Hajiiloh, Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico (people customarily draw up water by means of a cord or rope - from a well). T6é Hajiilohnii, Santo Domingo Indian, people of Santo Domingo Pueblo, tsits’'aa’ naadlo'l, suitcase (box that is carried about suspended - carried by a looped handle).

LOOZ

LOGL

# Yah ’iist6ds, to lead O into an enclosure (as

NAVAJO: Variant of YOL/ZOL: blow. Occurs, with di-thematic: oral noise, and t-classifier in a verb base

LOGOL

a horse into a corral, a blind person into

meaning “whistle, play a flute.”

A.DUR.

IMP.

US AT.

PERE:

FUT.

OPT.

1661

166t

1661

1664

1d ot

A.

DURATIVE (3)

|, di-t-(tt): (1)

(2)

’adi-(@/yi)(26):

to blow a whistle, make a

whistling sound, play a flute. ’Adishtddl. # P-ee ’adishi66l, to play P (a flute), blow P (a whistle).

(5)

(PPA *t-hiwis > PA “luz: pull [especially by a ropelike object], drag,

LO6z

(4)

stretch. V. ZOOZ. V. also Leer

(6)

1979:83, and Krauss-Leer 1981:112.) NAVAJO: Occurs with @-(D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “lead an animate O (as a horse, blind person).”

(7)

a building). # Y66’ ’iisté6éds, to lead O away and disappear or get rid of O. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(378): to lead O down from a height (as down a mountain). ’‘Adaast66s/’adddl66z (’adandsdléés:’adanaandsdléés). SER.(@/si)(374). ’Adahastéés/ ’adahdl66z (’adandhdsdldés:’adandahasdildés). ’ahénd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(45); to make a circuit leading O, lead O around in a circle. ’Ahénastdés or ’ahéénistdds/’ahééniddz (’ahénindnisdidds:’ahénindanisdldés). ’ahééhi-(@/si)(48): to lead O around and around inacircle. ‘Ahéhéstdds/'ahééhélddz. ’atndd-(ni/ni)(100): to lead O to a location and back. ’Atndanistéé6s/’atndanild6z. # ’Atndndsdldéés, to lead O back and forth between two locations customarily. ’atts’d-(@/yi or ni/ni)(109): to lead O apart, separate O (as two dogs on leashes). *Atts ’Ast66s/’atts’Adlddz (‘atts ’anasdldds: ’atts’Anddndsdld6dés) or ’atts’anistdd6s/ ’atts’Anild6z (‘atts’Andnisdldds:’atts ’andanisdidéés). P-ghd-(ni/ni)(190): to lead O through P (smoke, a

fence). iIMP2US A.MOM.

l66s_

Ai.

166s/

PERE.

PROG

EUR.

ORT

166z

-

ld6s

ld6s

166z

-

dds

ld6s

-

60s

-

-

didos Trans.

B.CONT.

166z

C.CURS.

:

\66s/ dildos -

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(tt): (1)

’a-(G/yi)(479): to lead O away out of sight. ‘list66s/'N66z (’andsdiddés:’anddnasdldés). SER.(@/si)(41). ’Ahist6ds/’'ahél66z (’anahasdiddés:’anddhasdldés). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iistéds, to lead O down from a height # P-ts’dd’ y60’ 'iist66s, to make off with P’s O (as P’s horse - by leading O away against P’s will or without P’s permission). # P-yaa ’iistéds, to lead O in under P (as a blind person in under a roof or overhanging rock).

# -g66 'iist6ds, to go away leading O to --(a designated place). # Ha’aa ’iisl66s, to lead O over the hill and disappear.

# Nahjj’~ nahg66) ‘iistéds, to lead O off to one side, lead O out of the way.

Bighdnist6ds/bighanilé6z.

(8)

P-nd-(@/si)(229): to lead O around P (as a horse around a corral). Bindst6dés/binisél66z (binindsdldés: binindandsdldds). (9) P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to lead O through P (an opening). Binikanist6ds/binkkanflooz. SER. (O/si). Binfkahastéd6s/binikahaldééz. (10) P-niitt’a-(@/si)(242): to come to a barrier while

leading O. Biniitt’aast6ds/biniitt’asél60z. P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to lead O away from P. Bits’Anist6ds/ bits’anil66z (bits’Andnisdldds: bits’andadnisdidés). SER.(@/si)(253). Bits ’dhdstdds/bits’aAhald6z (bits’anahasdldés; bits’andadhdasdldés). (12 ~— ch'f-(ni/ni)(291): to lead O out horizontally (as a horse from a barn). Ch’inistddés/ch ’'inl66z (ch’indnisdldés: ch’indanisdidds). SER.(O/si) (276). Ch’éhéstdds/ ch’hél66z (ch’indhasdidés:ch’inddhasdldés). # P-fighahg66 ch’inist6dés, to lead O past P (a stationary object). (13) ch’i-(@/yi)(279): to lead O out horizontally (completive). Ch’éstdds/ch’éél66z (ch’inasdiddés:ch inddndasdldés). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éstdds, to lead O

(11

~—

over the edge (as over a precipice). (14 ~— di-(@/si)(331): to start to lead O along, to be going to lead O, to have started to lead O along (in the Perf.). Dist6ds/dél66z (ndisdidés:ndadisdléds) # P-ch’j’ distéds, to take (lead) O to P (as a horse to the veterinarian). # -go6 dél66z, to be going to lead O to ---, to be on the way leading O to ---(a designated place).

LOOZ

LOZ

(15) dii-(O/O) (343)(with prepounded dah, off): to set out with O (leading O), to start off leading O.

Dah diist6és/dah diil66z

Tsist'aastéds/tsistt'as6l66z (ts(stt'anddndsdiddés), (26) (O/yi)(775): to lead O (completive). Yist6ds/ yl66z (ndsdidés:nédndsdléés), SER.(@/si)

(dah fAdiisdidés:dah

ndddiisdldés)

(16) ha-(O/yi)((430): to lead O out (as a horse out of the mud). Haast66s/hadl66z (handsdldés: handanasdldés), SER.(O/si)(391). Hahastéds/ hahalodz (handhdsdlédés:handdhdsdldds), # P-ii'déé' haastédés, to lead O out of P. # P-yaadé@' haas{dds, to lead O out from under P, (17) ha-(© or si/si)(430): to lead O up, climb up leading O (as up from a wash, up a mountain), Haastods or hasist66s/hasél66z (handsdldds: hanaandsdldés), SER. (O/si), Hahastéés/ hahald6z (handhdsdldds:handadhasdldds), # P-aah haastéds, to lead O up P (asupa flight of stairs,

# P-k’ee'aa haast6ds,

(446). Histdds /h6l66z didés).

# P-iih yistoos, to lead O into P (a horse into a truck or into the mud),

# Kjjh yist6és, to lead O to town, lead O to market. # Nii’oh yistédés, to lead O out of view, conceal O (by leading). # Taah yistéés, to lead O to or into water. (27) yisda-(O/yi)(770-772); to lead O to safety, to rescue O from danger by leading. Yisddstéd6s/ yisdaal66z (yisdandsdldés:yisdanddndsdldés), SER.(O/si)(770). Yisdahdstéds/yisda4hal66z (yisdanahasdldds:yisddnddhdsdldés),

up a mountainside),

to lead O around P,

detour around P while leading O (as around an obstacle), (18) naanda-(O/si)(586): to turn O around while leading O, to make a turn while leading O, Naanastds/naanisél66z (naaninddndsdldds), # Bizanaghahjigo naandstdés, to go around the corner leading O, lead O around the corner, # Nish'ndajigo naandstdds, to make a right turn leading O, lead O to the right. # Nishtt'ajigo naandstoos, to make a left turn leading O, lead O to the left. (19) (ni/ni)(562-656): to go, come, arrive leading O, to take or bring O (by leading). Nistédés/nilédz (nanisdl6ds:nadnisdidéds). # P-aa nist6ds, to lead O to P. # -g00 nistdds, to lead O to -- (a designated location), (20) ni-(ni/ni)(648); to lead O as farasa stopping point, to stop leading O. Ninistéds/ninflééz (ninanisdldds:ninddnisdi6és), SER.(Q/si)(621). Nehestdds/nehél66z (nindhdsdiddés:ninddhasdiddés), # -jj' ninist6dés, to lead O up to (as far as) -(a designated place - as up to the riverbank), # Ni’ ninist6d6s, to stop leading O, # Tsé'naa (~ha'naa) ninistéds, to lead O across, (21 ~— niki-(ni/ni)(636): to start to lead O along, start home leading O. Nikinistéds/nikinilééz. (22) tadi-(O/yi)(698): to wander around leading O, to lead O about here and there. Tddistidés/ tadilddz. (23 ~— tatts'A-(ni/ni): to lead O out of or away from the water, Talts’anistdds/tatts 'anid6z. (24) tsitts 'a-(ni/ni)(736): to lead O away from fire or water, to lead O ashore. Tsiits 'Ani(stéds/tsiits'dnid6oz (tsitts 'ananisdidds:tsitts 'anddnisdldds). SER.(O/si). Tsftts'&hdstéds/tsitts 'hhdlddz (tsftts ‘andhasdldds:tsitts'anddhdsdldds),

(25)

(ndhdsdlédés:nddhas-

lI, D-(tt): 'atnana-(Q/yi)(95): to lead O to a location and back (as a horse to the waterhole).

’Atnandsdldés/'atnanddsdld6z. # -g66 'atndndsdldéés, to lead O to -- (a designated location) and back, lead O between two locations.

# T66g66 'atndndsdldéés, to lead O back and forth to water (as a horse), nikidinfi-(O/O)(632): to keep O (as a borrowed horse -- lit. to prolongedly start to lead O, start leading O and continue indefinitely). Nikidinfisdl6ds/nikidinfisdl66z.

B.

CONTINUATIVE

|, O-(tt):

na-(O/si)(592): to lead O about, go about leading O, to have made a round trip leading O (in the Perf.). Naastd6z/nisél66z (ninddndsdidéz), # -g06 nisélooz, to have made a round trip to - (a designated place) and back (to the point of departure), # T'ddta'{ naast66z, to have or keep one (as a riding horse. E.g. tif’ t'ddta’f naasto6z, | keep a horse.)

C.

CURSIVE

I, O-(tt):

(1)

tsistt'a-(O/si)(739): to lead O into a corner or culde-sac, lead O into a blind canyon,

(yi)(775): to be leading O along, to be going along leading O. Yist6ds/de(niidlédés (nadsdl6ds:ndanddsdldds). # Dah yist6és, to be holding O (an animal one is leading). # Gonaa yist6ds, to be leading O across. # 166966 yistéds, to be leading O to water.

eal

392

LOOZH

LOOZH

1 e74a

(~ ch’iloozh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the sound made by a small stream of liquid, as that of water poured froma bottle, or a stream of urine.

Noun stem (?): ‘atsateeh (derivation uncertain), first or opening songs ofa ceremony; the First Dancers in the Night Chant (Tréé’7j). (Atsateeh songs are used both to open and close Holy Way [Diyink’ehgo]

-LEEH

ceremonies.) # ‘atsdteehts’dsi (-ts’6s/, slender, minor),

Noun:

(as an adjective).

tAA’II/

eooooeasaeseaeaeaeOcOasSS$—“»—oo

(Combining forms:

t’ddtah-, fa’-) # ta’ts’dadah (-ts’dadah = English -teen), eleven. # t’ddtahddi (-di, times), one time, once. T’ddtahddi neeznddiin (neenddiin, hundred), one hundred. T’ddtahddi mil (mil < Span. mil, thousand), one thousand.

LA’

# te’aze’~ tee’azee’ (-’aze‘~ ’azee’, medicine, medicine plant), cinquefoil, five fingers

(Erigogonum alatum).

# ta’, a, some. again),

(-leezh) Stem noun: dirt, soil, ashes. (Combining forms: té-, tee-.) # -kéleezh (-ké-, foot), soil or dirt from a footprint. ’Ayanf bikéleezh, dirt from a buffalo’s footprint.

PeEZe

tLa’ts’aadahdi, eleven times. # tah, once, once upon atime.

# nddndta’ (nddna-,

the

minor First Dancers.

one (in counting); t’aata’/, one

# teeh (tee + -iih, into), into dirt or ashes

another one,

(motion).

some more. # tee’

(tee- + -ii’, in), in the dirt or ashes

(static).

# teech’osh (-ch’osh, worm), earthworm. # teejin (-jin < ZHIJ’: black), coal.

Combining forms of LEEZH, dirt, soil. (E.g. teets’aa’ < tee- + -ts’aa’, basket LE-/

LEE-

= dish; teeyi’ < tee- + -yi’, inside = in

# teenoo’ (-noo’, cyst, storage pit), the under-

dug into = cellar, storage pit.)

# yee (-sis, belt), a Cat’s Cradle (game)

ground nest of a rodent.

the ground; te’oogeed < te- + ‘oogeed,

Stem noun:

igure. “e # tees’ddn (-s’ddn < si’d + -f, the one that sits), bread (of a type baked in the ashes or in an outdoor oven). # teeshch’ih (-leeshch’ih/+teeshch’ih)(-ch’ih < CH’l: blow), ashes. Leeshch’itah (-tah, among), ash heap, ash pile. teeshch’itahdi, in the ashes, on the ash heap. # teeshtah (-tah, among), dirt floor, ground.

sexual jealousy.

LE’

teeshtahg66, on the ground (e.g. feeshtahg66 sétj, I’m lying on the ground); teeshtahjj’, onto the ground (e.g. teeshtahjj’ haattizh,

(-I6’6-, -l66-) Combining forms of tif,

it [a newborn]

fell out onto the ground).

domesticated animal, horse. (E.g.

# teets’aa’ (teets’a’)(-ts’aa’,

{6’éyAzh{< t6’6- + -yazhf, little =

basket),

dish,

plate, pottery, chinaware. # Kiis’danii biteets’a’, Pueblo pottery.

pony; tééchaa’l < 1éé- + chaa’, excrement + -i, the one = dog.)

# Naakaii biteets’a’,

Mexican

earthenware. # teets’aa bighan (bighan, its home), cupboard, china cabinet. # teets’aatsoh (-tsoh, big), large bowl or dish, Noun (derivation unknown): (Ib. ts’9’asdnii.)

platter. # teets’aats’iil (-ts’iil, fragment < TS’IL: shatter), potsherd.

tadpole.

LE’ESANII

# teeyddn (-yddn < YA: eat+-f, the one), alkali (lit. that which eats the soil). # teeyi’ (-yi’, inside), within the soil, in the

ground, underground. # teeyi’td (-t6, water, spring), Arizona,

393

Klagetoh,

LEEZH

t60D

# teeyi’ Kin (kin, house), Leyit Kin (a Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. # teeyin ~ teeyin{ (-yin < YIN: be oily), oil seep, outcropping of oil. # W4aéshindoon Bileezh (W4ashindoon, Washington, Federal Government), Public Domain, Federal land. —eVeeoC0—Ooooaoaeaeaeaeeee

# tf’ biyéél (-yéél, pack, burden, load), saddle, # 4{'chilf (-chil-, dwarfed, runty, little), shetland pony. # 4f{’chogil (I{{chogii)(-chog- ~ -cho’, testicles, male genitalia), studhorse., # t{'déa’ (-dé4’, food), false mallow, wild hollyhock (Sida malvaeflora). # 4{'ghaa’ (-ghaa’, wool, fur), horsehair (added to the seam of a mask to represent nitsé naajiin - black descending rain). # H{''ka'ii ~ tf’ bika’ii (-ka’, male + -ii, the one), gelding. # t{{’shchifn (-shchifn, small image or copy), horse fetish. # t{'taakda’'ii (-t'aa-, rump + -k4d4’, on + -ii,

(-lid) Stem noun: smoke. (Cf. verb root LID: burn) LID # chidfbilid (chidf, automobile), exhaust gas, smoke or fumes from a Car, # daatid (daa- < da-, distributive plural marker), distributive plural smokes (from 3+ scattered fires), # jeetid (jee- < -jeeh, gum, resin, pitch), soot.

the one), Appaloosa horse (lit. the onthe-rump-one - reference is to the spot on the rump that characterizes this

=

breed),

# tf'tsa'ii (-I{{tsa’ii)(-tsa’ii, reproducing female),

(-lizh) Stem noun: urine, (Cf. verb root -LIZH: urinate). LIZH # fizh bikadz (-lizh bikddz)(kd4dz, gland), prostate gland. # fizh bizis (-lizh bizis)(-zis, bag, container), urinary bladder. # -lizhk’ee (-k’ee- té6chaayazhl(-l6échaayazhl)(-yazhl, little), puppy. > i'igif (t(’- < Lf’ + -Igif, the one, the kind), queen (at cards - a direct translation of

——————OOOO

(lif) (PA “tin (-k'V), dog)

Lf’

Stem

noun:

Spanish caballo, horse = queen at

pet, domesticated animal, horse, livestock, queen (in cards, where it represents a direct translation of Spanish caballo, horse = queen in

cards),

cards), # dibé -\{’ (dibé, sheep), sheep, livestock of the sheep class (E.g, dibé shilff’, my sheep, my sheep holdings.)

if

(Combining forms: 16’6-, 16é6-,

# Af’ |) Ninish'nééeh, to crawl to (a desiqnated stopping point, aa to a wall), crawl aa far aa, Taé'naa (* ha'naa) niniah'nééh, to crawl or Oreep across

#

on S (a truck, tractor), kfi-(@/@)(496); to crawl up an incline (as up a steep slope), Kfish’nééh/kfish'na’ (kinéish'’nééh:kinddnéish'nééh), # P-it kfi’nééh, P rides up an incline (hill) on S (a tractor), k’f-(@/si)(505); to keep right on crawling (after an interruption). K’ésh'nééh/k'isis'na’, na-(@/yi)(594): to crawl down, get down (off something) by crawling. Naash'nééh/naash'na (nindsh'nééh:ninddndsh'nééh), # P-k’i naash’nééh, to get down off of P by crawling, crawl down off of P (as off a pile of wool sacks), na-(@/si)(568)(with prepounded dah, up): to get snagged up while crawling (as when one's shirt catches on a protruding branch), Dah ndsh’nééh/dah nis{s'na’. hdinfi-(@/@)(611): to just get well under way crawling (when something happens - as a

(As Across

T8é'naa Peil nil’nééh, tractor),

a road)

P rides across on S (a

(60)

nikie(ni/ni)(696); to start Nikinish 'nééh/nikiniah # Pech’ nikee'na’, it started to crawl # -jigo nikinish'nééh,

(61)

nikidii-(/O)(695); to atart to creep (as a baby that reaches the creeping ataqe) Nikidiish néeh/nikidiiah na’, n'dii-(/9)(676); to break loose and crawl away

(62

a

(63)

crawling along na’, (as a anake, baby) toward P to atart erawling toward

(a desiqnated object or place)

N'‘dilah'néeh/n'diish'na’ (nina'’diiah nééh ninaa diiah'neésh) tadi-((9/yi)(699); to crawl around here and there, wander about crawling (a8 4 baby) Tadish'nééh/tadeesh'na’ (tanaadish'nééh)

#

T'aa bi nizingdd tadi(nééh, here and there wherever

(64)

ndii-(@/@)(618): to get up, arise (from a sitting or reclining position), S raises its head to strike (a snake),. Ndiish’neeh/Adiish'na’ (ninadiish'’nééh:nindddiish'’nééh), SER (@/@)(536): (65)

Adahidii’na’ (ninddahidii'nééh:nindddahidii’nééh) (1st pers. pl), # P-A Adiish'’nééh, to vote for P (by standing up). # P-ee nhdiish'’nééh, to vote on P (a

S crawls around it pleases (as a

baby), tailta’a-(ni/ni)(796); to crawl away from fire or water, crawl to shore, Tallts’anish nééh/teitts A

nish'na’ (tails ananish'nééhitsilts anaa nish'néeh), SER (O/si), Tatlta'adahii'neéh/ tallla’‘Adahaa'na’ (tailts andahii nééhiteitts'A naddahiineeh), (lat pers, pl.) taistl’a-((/s8i)(740); to get cornered erawling, crawl or creep into a cul-de-sac, TalstVaash nééh/talatasis'na’ (teistl'a nash néshite(stanaandash n6sh), tt Pil tafstVaa'nééh, P rides in or on S and

(66 ~—

gets cornered (a8 4 person who rides a tractor into a blind canyon), wO6'a-(@/yi)(/45); to erawl off course, off the path,

(67)

over the edge, Wo'aash'nééh/wo'aash'na’ (wO'andsh 'nééh; wo'andadanash'néé6h), i P-itw6'aa'néeéh, S (as a@ tractor) goes into the diteh with P (4 rider), ((3/yi)(786); to crawl (completive), Yish'nééh/

proposition, by standing),

# Yika(fhdéa’ ndiish'nééh,

to erawl to

tractor,

crawl, Hadinish’nééh/hadinésh'na’, hadii-(@/@)(388):; to crawl from one end to the other, crawl the entire length of (as the entire length of a culvert or hallway). Hadiish'nééh/ hadiish’na’ (hdddiish'nééh:handddiish'nééh), # P-ithadii’nééh, P rides the entire length in or

to get up one after another, Ndahidii'nééh/

(57)

-gdo nish'nééh,

deatination),

person in acave), Nd(nfish’nééh/ndiniish'na’,

(56)

P arrives, goes, comes riding in

S (a alow moving vehicle)

to get up at dawn,

ndii-(O/@)(618)(with prepounded dah, off); to start off on the return trip, start back (Rever-

sionary corresponding to dah diish'néé6h; #40, above), Dah nhdiish’nééh/dah fdiish'na’, (58) (ni/ni)(660-761): to go, come, arrive crawling, Nish’néé6h/nish'na’ (nanish'nééh:ndaanish’nééh), # P-aa nish’nééh, to crawl to P (as a baby to its mother),

yish'na’ (nash'nééhinaanash'nééh), SER, (@/si)(449), Dahii’nééh/dahaa'na’ (hdahil’nééhinaadahii'nééh) (1st pers, pl), i P-dadtia yiah'nééh, to crawl up over P (as over another person, 4 log, pillow),

415

NA’,

NA'g

# Naadaa’ ch'idahinitnéeh,

# P-it p-iih yi’nééh, P rides into p on S (as into mud on a tractor), # P-iih yish'nééh,

(4)

to crawl into P (car, mud).

(doing something). Dinishnéeh/dinetna’ (ndadinishnééh). # P-aah dinishnééh, to become worn out because of P (as because of an activity). (5) nani-(Q/yi)(565):; to become tired out, fatigued, to wilt down, droop down. Nanishnééh/naniitna’, # P-aah nanishnééh, to become exhausted doing P (a task), (6) ni-(O/yi)(625): S lasts, endures (as a supply). Neetnééh/néétna’, # P-'oh neeineéh, S is insufficient for P (as the money supply that is insufficient to

# Nii'oh yish’nééh, to crawl away out of view, crawl away and hide. # Tachééh yish'nééh,

to get into a sweat-

house, to crawl into a sweathouse.

# Taah yish’nééh, to crawl to or into the water. (68) yisda-(O/yi)(771-773): to crawl to safety, escape

from danger by crawling. Yisdash'nééh/ yisdadash'na’ (yisdandash'nééh:yisdanaanash'nééh). SER.(O/si) (770). Yisdadahii'nééh/yisdadahaa'na’ (yisdandahii'nééh: yisdanaddahii'nééh) (1st pers. pl). # P-ityisda'nééh, P escapes in S (as a tank, tractor). # P-it yisda’a’nééh, P escapes (by tractor).

pay all the bills).

(7) nini-(ni/ni)(646): S lasts, endures (as food supply, water, shoes).

(8)

lll. £-D-(tt): (L-causative + thematized D-classifier).

to stand O up, stand O on end (as a fallen cornstalk, a log, a telephone pole). Nabidiish’nééh/nabidiit’na’ (ninabidiish'’nééh:ninaabidiish'nééh). (A transitivized base corresponding to ndiish’nééh: to arise, get up. Cf. A[II]56.)

penis droops or wilts).

B. CONATIVE

IV. di-L-(tt):

I. D-(ti): (1)

(1) P-iidi-(Q/yi)(264): S affects P. Biiditnééh/biidiitna’. # Bit P-iiditneeh, S makes P drowsy (affects P with drowsiness), (E.g. Bizhéé’ hdélénf yishdlfihgo bit shiiditnah, drinking beer makes me drowsy.) (2) P-'di-(@/yi)(213): to give a disease to P, infect P. Bi'dishnééh/bi'diitna’ (binda’dishnééh). (E.g.

(3)

Nineetnééh/nininitna’.

# P-aah nineetnéeh, P's supply lasts. nii-(O/O)(669): S wilts, withers (flowers, fruit), droops (a plant that lacks water), S subsides (an erection). Niitnééh/niitna’ (naniitnéésh: naaniitneéh), # P-ziz niitnééh, P's erection subsides (lit. P's

(1) na-O-dii-(O/O)(522):

Dikos shi'dfitna’,

corn is surplus to

need, corn is left over, dini-(O/si)(327): to become fatigued, worn out

(2)

P-6na-(O/si)(807): to crawl into P and get P on oneself (as mud). Béndash'nah/béésis'na’ (béninaanash'nah), P-j-(O/si)(155): to rub one's back against P (a person who rubs his back against a post to

relieve an itch, a cat that rubs against a person's leg, a cow that rubs against a post), Bésh'nah/bisis'na’ (b/fnadanash'nah),

| caught cold from him / he

infected me with a cold. Shindaat na’itt’ohgo shi’difnftna’, by smoking in my presence you got me started on the habit - you infected me with smoking.) ‘i'di-(O/yi)(467): to be infectious, a spreader of disease. 'I’dishnééh/'i'difina’ (lit. S infects someone unspecified).

C.

CONTINUATIVE

I. D-(ti):

(1)

na-(Q/si)(598);

to crawl around here and there, to

make a round trip crawling (in the Perf.),

Naash'na‘/nisis'na’ (ninddanash'na’). # P-ch'aédah naash'na’, to be bitterly to P (as to legalized liquor)(lit. around in P's way, obstructing # P-itnaa'na’, P is riding around on

V. ni-t-(ti):

(1)

(2)

(3)

‘ani-(@/yi)(115)(with prepounded P-’oh, less than P); P’s supply runs out, becomes exhausted. Bi’oh ‘aneetnééh/bi’oh ‘'anéétna’, ‘ani-(O/yi)(116)(with prepounded P-’oh, less than P): S becomes exhausted before P's turn is reached, P gets left out (because the supply is insufficient), Bi'oh 'anitnééh/bi’oh 'anéétna’. ch’thini-(@/si)(284): a series or succession of S are left over, surplus. Ch'fhinitnééh/ ch'fhineesna’. # Ch'iydan ch'fdahinitnééh, food is left over, there are leftovers (after a meal).

opposed to crawl P). S (a

tractor),

# P-it naas'na’, P rode around or made a round trip on S (a tractor), # -gd66 nisis'na’,

to have crawled to --(a

designated location and returned to the point of departure),

(2)

416

# Ni'g66 naash'na’, to crawl around on the ground or on the floor (as a baby), na'a-(O/si)(549): unspecified S crawls around, # P-itna'a'na’, P is riding around (ona tractor),

NA’4 # P-itna’as’na’,

-NANIID

P rode around or made a

E.

REPETITIVE

round trip (by tractor).

Durative

|,O-(ti):

D. CURSIVE

nikidi-(@)(633):

S (FFO) strikes repeatedly against a surface (as a blanket that flaps in the wind and strikes against the top of a rock). Nikidfnah.

|. @-(ti): (1)

(2)

(yi)(765): S (as a sheet of water) is flowing along, S (as a sheet of paper) is flying through the air. Yinah/defnééh (naddnah:nddnddnah). # ’Adah yinah, S is falling downward. # P-ityinah, P is riding along on§, S is flying along with P (as a passenger ona mythological flying carpet). # Haddéésh yinah, where did it come from (as a dollar bill or shirt that one spies). ’a-(yi)(367); unspecified S is flying along. ’Oonah. # P-it ’oonah, P is flying along (as ona mythological flying carpet).

F. |, O-(ti): (1)

‘adinéesna’,

(3) (4)

(1)

P-ityi’nah,

-NALI

S became

father’s father’s siblings, father’s

father’s sister’s children, father’s brother’s son’s children, father’s brother’s son’s son’s children, brother’s son’s children, son’s children (grandson/

granddaughter), sister’s son’s children, mother’s sister's son’s son’s children, mother’s sister’s son's daughter’s children. # shinaléii! (vocative: hey grandpa!). # naakidi nanalf (naakidi, twice + na-, back), paternal great grandparent (great grandfather or great grandmother). (Naakidi nash/nalf, my paternal great grandparent.)

-NANIID

S is lasting, enduring, holding out.

# Shiidda’dii nootnah,

fatigue (unspecified

(pl -naliké) Noun: paternal grandparent (grandfather or grandmother),

P is riding across on S

(as ona tractor across a field). ’a-(yi)(681): unspecified S is crawling along. "Oo’nah (na’oo’nah:naa’oo’nah). # P-it’oo’nah, P is riding along (in an unspecified slow moving vehicle). # P-itna’oo’nah, P is riding along on the way back (in a slow moving vehicle). # Géonaa P-it’oo’nah, P is riding across (as a road), P-na-(yi)(231): to be crawling around P. Binaash’nah. ha-(yi)(434): to be crawling along after (something, to get it). Haash’nah/hdde/nii’nééh. naana-(yi)(587): to crawl around to and fro, crawl allover. Naanddsh’nah.

ni-(yi)(625): Nootnah.

DERIVATIVES

tired). ‘achaan ‘aghddaana’igii, diarrhea (that in which fecal matter flows through). chidf naa’na’l, caterpillar tractor, army tank (the car or vehicle that crawls about). diyin naa’na’/, holy roller (a direct translation of the English term). dandinahf, heart valve (the flexible thing that repeatedly closes).

(yi)(761-786): to be crawling along. Yish’nah/defnii’nééh (nddsh'nah:ndanadsh’nah). # P-aa yish’nah, to be sneaking up on P (as a hunter on his quarry). # P-ityi’nah, P is riding along in or on S (as on a tractor or in a slow truck). # P-it nda’nah, P is returning by S (asa tractor). # Génaa yish’nah, to be crawling across (as a road), # Gonaa

(2)

nikidii-(@/si)(634): S (FFO) falls down against a surface (bounces one time)(as a sack, flag). Nikidiinah/nikideeznah.

G. NOUN

ll. D-(ti): (1)

SEMELFACTIVE

(-naniid)(derivation uncertain) Noun: slope, hillside, bank of an arroyo. # dzit bindniid (dzit, mountain), mountainside,

it’s lasting a long time

mountain

slope. Dzit bindniidgi (~ binaniigi), on the mountainside.

(as a water supply).

417

NAAD

NAS

(PA *dinizY, bearberry) Noun stem (with di-thematic): dinas, bearberry, kinnickinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi; Arctostaphylos pungens),.

NAS

i

(derivation unknown) wildcat, bobcat.

LT

A.MOM.}| Trans.}| B.DUR. C.REP. D.SEM.

home, den),

PERR SFU Th

ORI

naad/ nood nood nod nod

na’

nadd/__— nd6d6d ndodéd nddéd nod

nat

naad

not not nod

nood nod nod

no’ no’ no’

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. di-O-(ti):

Turley,

(1)

New Mexico (a location on the south bank of the San Juan River, near Blanco, New Mexico (wildcat’s den). # nashd6{ch’ah (ch'ah, hat), hat made of wildcat fur (a type of headgear formerly worn by warriors). # ndshdditsoh (-tsoh, big), cougar, mountain

hadi-(@/yi)(384): S (fire) flares up, bursts into flame, flames leap up (as when kerosene is

poured ona fire). Hadinaad/hadifnddd or hadinood/hadiindé6d. ndi-(ni/ni)(612)(with prepounded P-it, in company with): P is overcome (by heat, gas, smoke - as a person in a burning building). Bit ndinaad/bit ndinindad or bit ndinood/bit ndinfndéd. fdi-(Iter.)(612)(with prepounded dah, up): S (flames) dance, leap; S (heat waves) shimmer,

(2)

(3)

lion, puma.

# Nashddits’e’/ (-ts’e-, rennet, guts + -f, the place),

UST

Noun:

# Nashdéf Bighan (-ghan,

NASHDOI

IMP.

ee — ad ee —————————————————————————————————————————————

dance, rise. Dah Adina’ or dah dino’.

Wildcat Peak, Arizona,

I. t-(tt): (~ -na-/na-/ne-/ni-/n-)(B) Stem postposition: around about, in the vicinity

(1)

of, surrounding. Shighan binaag66 hézhoni, it’s pretty around my place / nashdditsoh dah yisk’id binaago ‘ahéénitkaa’, | tracked the mountain lion around the hill./ shichid/ binaashnishgo 'i’é, | spent the day working on my car/ ‘atchinf shindééjéé’, | was surrounded by children / da’ak’ehdi naagha, he's walking around in the field. (The Continuative Aspect is always marked by the postpositional verb

P-’nii-(@/@)(220): to start to lick O (as an ice cream cone, one’s lips). Bi’niishnaad/ bi’niitnaddd .

-NAA

prefix na-,

[eres (itt) (1)

(PA *nat’ [OQ] [with *dt-thematic]: flare up [fire], flash [light]; [1]: lick. V.

(@/yi)(788): to lick O (ice cream, one’s lips). Yishnaad/yiinaddd (naddndshnaad). # Sizdbaah yishnaad, |’m licking my lips.

Il. L-(tr):

also NOOD.)

(1)

’Adi-(O/yi)(26):

to lick oneself (person, animal).

’Adishnaad/’dédeeshnaad

NAVAJO: The stems NAAD/NOOD appear to have become

REPETITIVE Durative

around about.)

Ls NAAD 4/ NOOD

B.

(’andddishnaad).

confused,

_and are used interchangeably in some verb bases, NAADj, occurs, with thematized t-classifier in some bases meaning “lick,” and with di-thematic: relates to fire, and O-classifier in bases that describe the movement of flames and heat waves (“flare, "dance, shimmer”’), The latter meanings are also expressed by similar verb bases in which the

Seriative

Ill. @-(tt):

(1)

ndni-(@/si)(565): to give O a series of licks. Ndnfshnod/nanénodéd (nindanifshnod).

stem is NOOD. Likewise some of the bases meaning “lick” require NOOD rather than NAAD. NOOD is

D.

basically concerned with the quick movement of an elongated object (as a fish, lizard, diver, tongue). V.

SEMELFACTIVE

|, O-(tt):

NOOD,

(1)

418

yii-(@/si)(801):

to give O a lick (with the top of the

-NAA’

NAAD4

tongue, as a postage stamp). (ndayiishnod)

sha’shin nisin, in spite of my age | think that | can still hold my own in the old men’s race.)

Yiishnod/sénod

ee ——————————————— el

NAVAJO: Although NAAD, and NAADp exhibit similar stem form, -NAAT

there is no apparent semantic

NAAD»o

relationship. NAADo occurs, with ’aor ho-thematic and ©, t- or L- classifier, in a few verb bases with widely The stem apparently has to do

disparate meanings.

OOOO

with the passage of time and with lasting or endurance. It is unclear. IMP.

A.MOM,. B.CURS.

naad_ -

_US/IT.

PERF.

na’

nadd

PROG.

°

A.

nat

(PA *na-t[v], two. Cf. Carrier naad,

FUT.

OPT.

nat

naad

°

=

NAAKI

verbal construction naniiki, we are a pair, a couple.) # naadiin (-diin = English -ty), twenty. Naadjj naaki, twenty two. # naakits’dadah (-ts’dadah = English -teen), twelve. # naakidi (-di, times), two times, twice. Naadijjdi, twenty times. Naakits’adadahdi, twelve times. naakidi neeznddiin (neeznddiin, hundred), two hundred. Naakidi mifl (mil, thousand), two thousand.

MOMENTANEOUS

na’aha-(-~ ho-)(@/yi)(547):

along period of time

passes, S lasts for a long time.

twice; Navajo néa-, once again.) Noun/adjective: two. (Combining form naa-, ni-~ n-.) (Although naa-

appears to represent the stem for the numeral in most constructions, it functions as a prefix with KI as a stem in the Neuter

|. ’a-ha-/ho-O-(ti): (1)

(pl PA *nYeéz [O]: long, tall. [Comparative and adjectival

NEEZ/

NEEZ

*nYes.]}) (5)

NAVAJO: Stem shape (tone) distinguishes an absolute (adjectival) and a comparative Aspect. The absolute occurs with ni-thematic and O-classifier, and the comparative with nf-thematic (’anf- in some bases) and tclassifier, as the themes in (1) adjectival “be long, tall, high, tapering,” and (2) comparative “be a certain length or height, be as long or tall as (something or someone).”

(1)

‘Ani-(O-Ilmp.)(72-117):

# P-’oh ’dnisnééz, to be shorter than P (lit. tall less than P). # P-’oh ’dnitnééz, S (a garment, as a shirt) is too short for P (doesn’t fit P). # P-ladh ’Anfsnééz, to be taller than P (lit. tall beyond P). # P-lddh 'Anitnééz, S (a garment, as a shirt) is too long for P (doesn’t fit P).

IMP. A.NEUTER Absolute Comparative

neez/nééz (-nézhi) nééz

A.

to be comparatively long

or tall. ’Anisnééz.

(2) 'Shoni-(O-Imp.)(72): S (area) is long. ‘Ahonftnééz

NEUTER Absolute

(Ib. #1, but with 3s subject pronoun ho-, space, area.)

(3)

|. ni-O-(ti): ni-(O-lmp.)(647-656): to be tall, long (person, rope). Nisneez (nineez: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). di-(si)(311): extending longer or taller.

ko’ani-(O-Imp.)(498): to be this tall or long (S demons-trates). Ko’danisnééz.

IV. hadi-t-(386):

Deezneez. (E.g. shinaaft’dd deezneez, my older brother is taller; t’'4a deezneez séljj’go ‘6lta’gd6 dah diiya, when | gota bit taller |

(1)

started off to school). hdadhidee-(= hadhidini-)(O-Imp.)(425): S tapers to a point, S is sharp pointed (as a pencil). Hadhideeneez. hee-(= hi-ni)(O-lmp.)(437): S is tapered, conical, heart-shaped. Heeneez. # Yaago heeneez, S tapers downward, S is

hadii-(O-lmp.)(386): S (as a garment) is in one piece, S (as coveralls) extend from one extreme to the other - from head to toe).

Hadiitnééz.

C. ‘akénézhi,

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

long toe (P-kénézhi).

) ’Alanézhi, middle finger (long finger) (P-flanézhf). Be’ek’id Héneezi, Long Lake (south of Washington Pass, Chuska Mountains, New

heart-shaped.

hd-(= honi-)(O-Ilmp.)(654): S (area) is long (as a lake or valley). Héneez. yadii-(O-lmp.): S sticks up straight and slender (as a rabbit’s ears, Washington Monument). Yadiinééz. # P-jaa’ yadiinééz ‘ayiilaa, it perked up its

Mexico)(the lake that is long). bikaa'’dah'asdahi danineezigif, sofa, davenport (the chairs that are long). Bilagdana Nééz, Counselor’s, New Mexico (tall white man. The name given to James Counselor, longtime trader at the location in

ears.

reference.)

bee’eldggh nineezigii, rifle (the gun that is long). Bee’eldogh nineezigii bidazneesk'anigif, hexagonal rifle barrel. Chishi Nééz, Coolidge, New Mexico (tall Chiricahua). ch’at nineezi, bull frog, large frog (frog that is long). ch’osh bijadd nineezi, crane fly, tiger beetle (the bug that has long legs). (10) Daghanézi, Long Mustache (personal

Comparative

Il. nf--(ti): ‘aheenf-(O-Imp.)(52):

to be equally long, tall or high. ’Aheenfilnééz (1st pers. dpl)(’aheenftnééz: 3rd pers. dpl). # P-it’aheenisnééz, to be as tall as P. P-eenf- (O-Ilmp.) (164): to be as tall as P. Beenisnééz. kdn{-(O-Ilmp.)(498): to be this tall, long, high (S demon-strates). Kdénisnééz. nf-(O-Ilmp.)(656): to reach a certain height. Nisnééz.

nickname). (11) daa’ nineezi, mosquito (the one with a long beak). (~ts’i'ii nineezi.) (12) dzaanééz, donkey, mule (long ears). Dzaanééz yazhi, young mule or donkey.

430

-Ni

NEEZ (naakidi,

(13) ’66’ hadiitnézigif, one piece garment that reaches from head to toe, long nightgown, coveralls (the garment that extends from one

hundred thousand,

(15)

# neeznadadi (-di, times),

two

T'adtahadi mifl doo

ten times.

# neeznadnigil (-[n]igif, the one, the kind), ten spot in cards, ten dollar bill.

’ES’ neishoodii bi’éé’ danineezigif, Catholic

NAVAJO:

priest (the priest or missionary with the long

V.LIH: taste, NI/NITH:

have a taste.

garment). ’E6’ neishoodii bi’éé’ 'Adaatts 'fisiigi, Protestant minister or missionary (the priest with the little or short garment). janézhf, sash garter (a band about 2 inches wide

(16)

hundred

thousand),

ba’aa nahast’éidi neeznaddiin dd66 ba'aa tseebidiin dé6 ba’aa nahast’éi, 1989.

end to the other). '66’'n66z (~ ’66né6z), topcoat, overcoat (long garment). ’66’ neishoodii, priest, missionary (the one who drags a garment around - reference is to the long gown or frock worn by the Franciscans).

(14)

two times + neeznddijjdi,

times + mffl< Span. mil,

NI/ NIH

and 2 feet long used to fasten leggings).

(17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

(26) (27) (28) (29)

ké bikétal danineezigif, cowboy boots, highheeled shoes (footwear that has long or high heels). ké dego danineezi, high boots (footwear that reaches up high). ké ndoots’osii bikétal danineez/, cowboy boot type shoes (narrow pointed footwear with high heels). i hootch’thi), many-flowered aster nddiznéz(Ib. (Aster multiflora) (long eyelashes). nahak’(zii bitsee’neezf,

horned cricket

(PA *yen [Q] [always with “*di-thematic]; be sharp. V. Krauss-Leer

Ni

NAVAJO:

Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “be sharp (-edged or -pointed).”

(long -

(1)

dee-(O-lmp.)(310): S is sharp, sharp-edged or sharp-pointed (as a knife, needle, thorn).

Deen,

NOUN (1)

(2)

taakat nineezigif, long skirt (skirt that is long). ts’(ii danineezf, mosquito (long gnat). ts’Pii bijddd neezi, long-legged gnat. yoo’ nitchinf hadhideeneesigif, oval or elliptical buttons (buttons of the kind that taper to a point).

DERIVATIVES

‘atts'4a’ deenini, pick (tool) (the one that is sharp- pointed on both sides). 'alts’4a’ deenin( nteeligif, mattock (the one that has broad points on both sides). ch’il deenfnii, Russian thistle, tumbleweed (the plant that is sharp). Ch’il deeninii bich'osh, tumbleweed bug. ch’é deeninii, Douglas fir, blue spruce (the sharp spruce), i ——————————— ——oCCl=e=e—oomvmmVOvmmnRRa

ed w7iKe_aeN“(x=—=o=]h]—[—SSSS——————

ten. (Combining form:

Occurs with di-thematic

and @-classifier as the theme ina

tailed cricket). (Ib. nahak’izii bitsee’ hdélénigif.) na’ashjé’ii bijddd danineezi, grand-daddy longlegs (spider whose legs are long). ndzbasgo heeneez, ellipse (round and elongated). naal’eet{ bik’os nineezi, goose (long-necked duck). Naat’danii Nééz, Shiprock, New Mexico (the community; not Tsé Bit’a’f, Shiprock Pinnacle) (The Navajo name given to Superintendent William T. Shelton)(tall chieftain).

(Derivation unknown)

1981:25-26.)

(A) Stem postposition:

Noun/adjective:

period), during.

neezna-.)

in (a time Nftch'itsoh wolyéego

hdizidigff bini Késhmish

(Navajo employs a decimal system in which the suffix -diin is added to the numerals from naaki [two] through ndhast’é/ [nine], paralleling the -ty of English [as in twenty, thirty, forty].) # neeznddiin (-diin = English -ty), hundred. T’ddtahddi neeznddiin (t’Adtahddi, one time), one hundred. Naakidi neeznddiin (naakidi, two times), two hundred. Tdadi neeznddiin (tdadi, three times), three hundred, Tdadi neeznddiin déo

NEEZNAA

na'Adleeh,

Christmas comes in the month of December / T’datsoh bini gone’ naadéa’ k'fd(shdlééh, | plant corn in d —V0ReRel_leReaeeeee lele_OG0 2 OO OOOOOlle

(B) Stem postposition:

into (a surface without penetrating through or perforating). Tsineheeshji” bini'ti-Ni ch'iizh (~ bint ‘iich’iizh), | cut a groove in the board / bilasdana binfjifhazh (~ binfjffthazh), | bit into the apple / 'ashkii bil’ sitté'f yinfdoolchid (yin{ doolchid), the boy

ba’aa dizdiin (d66, and + ba’aa, beyond it + dizdiin, forty), three hundred and forty. Naakidi neeznadijdi mil

431

NIH

fyi’

A, DURATIVE

stuck his finger into the pie.

|. ha-/ho-B-(ti); (PA

*ni [with dé and *di-the matic):

thunder, groan. V. NII’/NI’.)

(1)

ha-(ho-)(Z/si/41S)(with prepounded Veaa, aout

P): to praise P, Baa hashniii/vae hasenih,

NIH4 NAVAJO: Occurs with di-thematic and D-classifier as the theme ina verb base meaning “thunder” and, with extended meaning, in a base meaning “blink at O

as a sign of disdain.”

V. cognate Ni{’3/NI’.

i. ha-s/ho-D-(fi);

(1)

ha-(ho-)(G/si/(418j(with prepounded '4daa, about

self): to brag (lit, to praise oneselt),

A.MOM. B.DUR, C.REP.

IMP.

UST,

PERF,

FUT,

OPT.

niih nf _niih

nih :

nih -

nih -

niih -

NAVAJO:

MOMENTANEOUS

theme in 4 verb base meaning “become suspicious af

‘adi-(@/si)(17):

(a person one thinks is flirting with his wife).”

there is a clap of thunder,

‘Adi’niih/’adees’nih (néa’dfniih). di-(~ O-di-)(@/si)(181-336); to blink at O (as a sign of disdain. (Equivalent to sticking out one’s tongue.) Dish’niih or bidish’niih/désh’nih (shidees’nih: she blinked at me - indicating that she doesn't like me),

(2)

AMOD.

USAT.

PERF.

Ful. 6

nifth

nih

nih

Ah

ih

I. yinf-Le(ti): (1)

| di-D-(ti): ‘adi-(O-Ilmp.)(17):

IMP.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

B. DURATIVE

(1)

Stem may be related ta

NiUO4g: actwith the mind. Oseurs with yin(-directive and L- classifier as the

|, di-D-(ti): (1)

(PA ‘ni, Stem uncertain (Kh) (With “Ue directive} be jealous of)

Niwa A.

‘Adaa

hash'niih/’a4daa hasis’nih,

thunderis rumbling.

P-ffine(= P-f-y{nl-)(@/sij/(267) ta become sus picious of P (suspicious thal F Js flirting with S's wife), Bifaishatth/bisisnih,

‘Adi’ni,

(4) Campaound posipasitianal: C,

REPETITIVE

-NIKA

Durative

|. di-D-(ti): (1)

through (an opening of aperture), OF, “GHA-. through (penetrating ar per forating), Many speakers use NIKA

and -GHA- interchangeably, Tsésg' binka désh'|f, lm locking thraugh the

‘aydo 'adi-(O-Ilmp.)(26): to be given to blinking in disdain (have a habit of doing so), ’Aydo ‘adish'niih.

window / ‘antl’ binkkan(sh'na’, | crawled through the fence / naalisoos bina dinishehid ( bighadinishehid),

| stuck my finger through the paper/ bee'eldggh bik'a’ shintkélwod (~ shighaélwad),

me /‘ahinka'iigeed, NAVAJO: Occurs with ha-/ho-thematic and @-(D-) classifier as the

NIHo

the bullet went tiraugh they fan each ather thraugh,

stabbed each other / ‘adinika'igeed, through, stabbed himself,

he ran himself

theme in verb bases with the meaning “praise (brag).”

Identification of the

stem is uncertain,

Cf. NE’,

(PA *nvin', land) Stem noun

earth,

world, ground, floor, sullace

(Combining farms: nad/nb/ity (MN also funotions adverbially in certaly IMP, A.DUR, — niih

US/AIT,

PERF.

FUT,

OPT.

nih

nih

nih

nih

verb bases whese il caries the connotations “stop, hallor downto a

surface,” asin: chidi ni’ ‘ashiaa, | slopped the ear nl’ nin(a, | setit dawn.) # nihaokaa' (-hao-, afea + kaa’, an surlaee), on earth, on the earth's surface,

NI'y

NI

Stem noun (with di-thematic): dint’, game, game animal, wild game (as

nihookda’ dine'é(dine’é, peoples), the earth’s people, the peoples on earth, humankind, mankind. nihookda’ ndaaldeehii (ndaaldeeh-, they live, go about + -ii, the ones), creatures that live on the earth’s surface, surface life. n(k’ashbaah (n/- < ni’, earth + -k’a[sh}- ~ k'i-, on+-baah, edge, border), horizon (on land), edge or end of the earth, Nik’ashbaah tsindikosf/ (tsindikgs, he customarily thinks + -f, the one), The Omniscient One, He Whose Thoughts Extend to the Horizons (or ends of the earth), ni’ hach’osh (-ch’osh, worm, bug), earthworm (lit. earth’s worm), ni’ hadlddd (-dla4dd, mold, lichen), ground lichen (lit. earth’s mold)(Permelia molliuscula), Ni’ Bit'dahdi (-t’'dah, bottom + -di, at), the Underworld, Bottom of the World (mythological location). ni’a’ddn (--'a’ddn, something's hole or burrow), hole or burrow in the gournd, ni’ch’osh (Ib. ni’ hach’osh), earthworm, ni’d颒 (-déé’, from), from the floor (as in

ni'déé’ hddtk’aaz,

deer, alk, buffalo, antelope « but not

amall game, as rabbits, prairie dogs), # Dini’ee, the Game Way Ceremony, tt dini’shehiin (-ahchiin,

replica),

Game

facsimile, small

Fetish,

NAVAJO:V, Lh

expect,

trust;

LIT’:

suspect,

NI’/

Nil’

(PA ‘ni [glottalized perfective ni} [OQ] [with postposition *P tsh'u+ (< Ptah'in’+u-? of Petsh'in’) : be on P's side, be P's helper], V. also NID): say and YAA; make, do.)

NI'y

NAVAJO: Occurs with @-(D-) classifier and P-ch’othematic (apparently a postposition; possibly cognate

a cold draft came up

with P-ch'j', toward P) as the theme in verb bases meaning “get to be/be on good terms with P, be(come)

from the floor).

ni’g66 (-g66, along), on the ground or floor (as in ni’gd6 sét{, I’m lying on the

P's friend, helper, team mate, ally, take/be on P’s

side, be P’s spouse,"

ground or floor). nif (-f, the one), a four-legged brush shelter. (Corn is sometimes placed on top to dry, and hay is stored out of reach of animals.) ni’ji’ (-ji’, to, as far as), on the ground or floor (as teets’aa’ ni’jj’ naalts’id, the dish fell on the floor).

IMP, A.MOM,

niih

B.NEUT,

nf

"nih

A,

Ni’tat’ah (-tat’ah, ledge, shelf), underground earth ledges or shelves (of mythology). Ni’tat’ah ndaaldeehii (ndaaldeeh-, they live, go about + -ii, the ones), burrowing creatures, animals and other life forms that live in the ground.

US /T_ PERE FUT OPT. ni’

niit

niih

MOMENTANEOUS

1, O-(ti):

(1)

niiyah ~ niyah (-yah, under), root cellar, storage pit (for vegetables, squash, melons), underground chamber, kiva. # Kiis’Aanii biniilyah (kiis’Aanii, Pueblo Indian), Pueblo kiva, # niiyahk’eed (-k’eed, deserted, abandoned), abandoned Kiva, kiva ruin.

P-ch’'o-(@*/si)(171); to take P's side, become P's helper, ally or toam mate, Bich'oséni’ (Imp, bich’ooshniih* is not used),

Il, D-(ti): (1)

Stem noun: mind, intellect. (Cf, also yinf, mind. =Nl’ is also usedina quasi-verbal sense “want to, let,” as in 'Ak66 shfni’, | want to go there; shini’ ‘(idéeshtah, | want to go to school.) Ib, P PA *taK’ [reduced from *taK’? [1] [with *u-directive]: count.)

TA’9

NAVAJO;

Primary meaning appears

to be “count.” Occurs with t-(L-) classifier and (in some bases) y/(n(-directive as the

theme in verb bases meaning “count” and, by extension “read,” A base with the meaning “point out (a fact or circumstance)" is also included under this entry, as an extended meaning. IMP, A.MOM., | tadah

US/IT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

tah

ta’

tah

tadah

tah

ta’

tah

ta’

C.

ta’

CONTINUATIVE

|. yini-L-(tt): (1)

Trans,

B.REP. C.CONT

to take census, be a census-

taker. # Tsosts'idigif ’attso yitta’, | finished 7th grade. ‘fini-(= ’a-yinf-)(@/yi)(477): to count, read, go to school (lit. count unspecified O). ‘{fnfshta’/’ifta’ (naa’finfshta’). # 'Atchin( bit 'finfshta’igif (or d.p. bit da’ffnishta’igif), my classmates, the children with whom | attend school. # 'Attso ’iftta’, to have finished school, graduated from school. # P-a ’finishta’/, my teacher (lit. the one for whom | go to school or read and count). # P-aa 'finishta’, to read ahout P. # P-it 'finfshta’, to count P in, include P.

472

nayfnf-(@/si)(572): to point O out, stress O (a fact or circumstance). Nay/nishta’/nefsétta’ (nindayinishta’). # P-ch’j’ nayinfshta’, to point O out to P. # P-it nayinishta’, to point O out to P.

TA’o

TAY

D. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(Reduced form of taéd’, three.

TAA’.)

‘atchinf da’6tta'igif, schoolchildren (the children who go to school), ‘Atchin{ 'inda hada’iista'igff, beginners, beginning children (in school)(the children who have just

V.

TA’s/ TAG-

started to go to school - seriative: one after another), ba’dlta’l, teacher, schoolteacher (the one for whom reading or counting takes place). béeso bik’é da’élta’igff, scholarship (the money in exchange for which d.p. people go to school). Béeso bik’é 'finfshta’igif, my scholarship (lit. the money in exchange for which | attend school), Béeso bik’é 'fidéeshtahigif, my future scholarship (lit. the money in exchange for which | will attend school). bit da'finfshta’igff, (my) classmates, schoolmates (the d.p. people with whom | go to school).

dit tich?igif wolta’, red blood (corpuscle) count (the red blood is counted). (7) dit tigaa(gif wdlta’, white blood (corpuscle) count (the white blood is counted). (8) ditwélta’, blood count (blood is counted), (9) diné wélta’, census (people are counted). (10) diné daydtta’l, census takers (those who count

ee (A) Stem postposition:

between.

Ndishchif bita’gi siz{, he’s standing -TA’

betwen two pine trees / Wdashindoon

bikéyah d66 béésh ht’i’ bikéyah ’atta’ (~ ‘ahitta’) nfnil, the public domain lands and the railroad lands are

interspersed. -TA’ often joins directly with a preceding noun, as dzitta’gi (= dzit bita’gi) shikéyah haz’4, my land lies between the mountains / Téta’ hoolyé, it (Farmington) is called “between rivers.”

patha

-TAL

people (11) Dzityi’ ’Olta’, Intermountain Indian School, in Brigham City, Utah (school inside the mountain.

ee led

ee li Ee

Stem noun: heel end, butt end. (Appears in combining form only.) # —ldtal (-l4-, hand), heel of the palm of the hand. # -kétal (-ké-, foot), heel of

bikétal,

the foot. Naadd@’ butt end of a corncob.

The name of the institution represents a mis-

hearing of inter, which was heard as “in the”. A more accurate translation would have been

(PA “tan [reduced stem *tin] [QO]: classi-ficatory stem for a long sticklike

Dzitta’ 'Olta’, school between the mountains.)

TAY

(12) ’66’ bee 'dlta’igif, school clothing (clothing with which school is attended), ’E6’ bee 'f(nishta’igif, my school clothing (the clothing with

its contents; [t] rain falls; [+] [with *nithematic]: instruct; [li]: boat and its occupants at rest on the water.)

which | will attend school). 'E6’ bee 'fidéesh-

(13) (14) (15) (16)

tahigff, my (future) school clothing (the clothing with which | will attend school). j('6lta’ (d.p. j{da’dlta’), day school (dayschools). naaltsoos wélta'(gff, story book, book for reading, novel (book that is read). '6tta’i (d.p. da’dtta’), student, pupil, schoolboy or schoolgirl (the one that goes to school). ’6lta’ (d.p. da’élta’), school (counting or reading

takes place),

NAVAJO: Classificatory stem for a slender stiff (sticklike) object, or a thin rigid object, but with many disparate extended meanings. Occurs: (1) with O(D-/L-) classifier as the Semantic Theme in a full range of derived verb bases describing the “handling” (movement, by continuing manual contact) of a slender stiff object (SSO)(including a stick, pole, bone, pencil,

'Olta’ Hétsaaf, High School,

cigaret, rifle, pipe, banana, string bean, stick of baloney, bow, bracelet, broom, candy bar, stick of gum, ear of corn, false teeth, fishhook, horse collar, ice

College (the big school).

(17) ‘6lta’ ndhadst’é(d66 naakits’dadahjj’ ni’iiltahigif,

(18)

object; [t]: classificatory stem for a deep receptacle such as a sack, and

secondary school, high school (the school that is attended from nine to twelve - i.e. 9th to 12th grade), ‘Olta’ t'Adta’(d66 tseebiij’ ni’iiltéhigif, elementary

cream cone, key, ladder, windpipe, needle, fried bread, potato chip, plank, saw, rigid sheet of metal,

playing card, skillet, wedding basket; (2) with Oclassifier in a Transitional base describing the state of “hanging in the air” (as a crescent moon or a humming bird); (3) with t-classifier in a Transitional base describing the appearance of a water blister; and (4) a full range of Neuter bases describing a SSO at rest. TA is also a component of themes meaning “plural S sit,” “rain falls,” “demonstrate (instruct),” all of which are listed separately below, under TAo, TA3

school, grade school (school that is attended

from one to eight - i.e. from 1st to 8th grade). —ooOooo—————————_—_—

and TA4,

473

TAY

TAY IMP,

_US/IT

PERF.

tijh

tifh

tin t)’ tifh t{fh _ tijh

t{jh tijh tifh tifh t{fh

A.MOM.

PROG,

FUT.

OPT.

ta

tift

tit

td tA tA tA tA

tit tijl tit tf tit

tad’ tad’ t(ft tft tift/

(ahinéishtijh:’ahinddnéishtijh). ’atnd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(97): to switch or exchange the positions of O (as two guns). ’Atndshtjjh/’ alndata (’atndndshtjjh) or ’atnanfshtjjh/ ‘atndnitd (’atnandshtjjh:’atndndanashtijjh). ’‘atnddda’(a)-(O-Imp./Usit.)(97): to carry the rattlestick to the recipient (in the War Dance) (who returns it). ’Atnddda’iitfh. (1st pers. dpl). ‘atts’d-(@/yi or ni/ni)(108-110): to divide O in two parts, share O (as a stick of candy). ’Atts’Ashtjjh or ‘atts ’Anishtjjh/’atts’Aanita

(7)

Trans.

B.CONT. C.DIST. D.CON. E.REV. F.TRANS.

(8)

(9)

tae’ G.CURS.

-

A.

t{f/ tjjh

-

(’atts’ananishtijh: atts ’andanishtijjh). # P-it’atts’anishtjjh, to share O with P.

(10)

MOMENTANEOUS

’ats’a-(ni/ni)(136): to set O apart or aside, segregate or separate O (as an ear of corn that

one sets apart). ’Ats’dnfshtijh/’ats’anita (‘ats’andnishtijh:’ats anaanishtijh).

|], O-(tt): (1)

’a- (@/yi)(485):

(11)

to carry O away out of sight.

‘lishtjjh/'fté (andshtijh:’andandshtjjh). SER. (@/si)(65). ’Ahishtjjh/’ahéta (‘andhashtijh: ‘andanashtijh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishtjjh, to bring or lower O (as a pole, rifle) down from a

P-a’-(ni/ni)(148):

(14)

(lit. to lend O to P for compensation). P-da’di-(@/yi)(150): to uncover P, open P (by removing a rigid flat cover, as a board, cellar door, cistern cover). Bdaa’dishtjjh/baa’diita (banina’dishtjjh:baninda’dishtijh). P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to cover or block P with O (as an opening or hole, with a pole, a rigid tin sheet, plywood). Bidadinishtijh/bidadinita (bidandinishtjjh:bidanaddinishtjjh). (di-thematic: open, close.) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(172): to cover or block P (with

(15)

tin). Bidadi’nishtjjh/bidadi’nita (bidandi’nishtijh:bidandaaddi’nishtijjh). P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to close off, block or plug P

(12

—

(13

~—

height, unload O.

# P-ch’ddhijj’ iishtijh (~ ’anashtjjh),

to replace

O with P, substitute O for P.

# P-yaa ’iishtjjh, to put O in under P (as a rifle under the bed). # Nahjj’ (nahgd6) ’iishtjjh, to carry O aside, out of the way (as a stick of wood). # Nii’oh ‘iishtjjh, to take O away out of view, conceal O. # Yah ’iishtjjh, to carry O into an enclosure, put O into an enclosure (as a rifle into the house). # Y66’ ’iishtjih, to carry O away and get rid of it. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(381): to lower O down from a

unspecified O - a board, sheet of plywood or

with O (as an entranceway, with a plank or

sheet of plywood). Bidddinishtjjh/bidadinita (bidandinishtjjh:bidandddinishtjjh).

(16)

height, unload O, take O down (as a rifle from a

roof, a post from a truck),

’Adaashtjjh/'addadata

(‘adandshtijh:’adanadanashtijjh). SER.(O/si) (376): to unload O (as a load of posts or poles

from a truck). ‘Adahashtjjh/’adahata hashtijh:’adanddhashtijh). ’adi-(@/si)(27):

(’adana-

# P-ts’da’ bidishtjjh, to take part of P’s O without P’s consent (as part of the cigarets or ears of corn belonging to

the War Dance (lit. to start to carry unspecified O along). ‘Adishtjjh/’adéta (n’dfshtijh: naa’dishtjjh). # ’Atah ’adishtjjh, to be a member of the party carrying the rattlestick.

‘ahéé-(ni/ni)(53):

another person). (18 — P-ilak’e-(@/yi)(221): to put O in P’s hand, hand

or

(19

(20) (21)

‘ahfi-(@/@)(70): to combine, mix, put O together (as white and yellow corn on the cob, different

colored pencils).

~—

to carry O around in a circle, to

make a circuit carrying O. ’Ahéénishtjjh/ ‘'ahéénita (’ahén{nanishtjjh:’ahéninddnishtijh). SER (@/si) (48): to carry O around and around in circles. ’Ahééhéshtijh/'ahééhéta ('ahénindahashtjjh).

(6)

O to P (as a pencil, cigaret). Bilak’eeshtijjh/ bfldk’éétd (bilak’endshtjjh:bak’enadnashtijh).

to divide O in half, share

O. 'Ahashtjjh/’ahadta (‘ahandandashtijjh) ‘ahanfshtijh/’ahanita (‘ahdndaanishtijh).

P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(172): to close off, block or plug P (with unspecified O - as with a board, sheet of plywood or tin). Bidddi’nishtjjh/bidadi’nita (bidandi’nishtjjh:bidanadadi’nishtjjh). P-di-(@/yi)(182): to remove part of P (as part of the cigarets from a package). Bidishtjjh/bidiita. (di-thematic: reduction, subtraction.)

to carry the rattlestick (wand) in

‘aha-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41):

to lend O to P (as a rifle).

Ba’nishtjjh/ ba’nité (banda’nishtijh). # ’Ak’égo ba’nishtjjh, to rent or lease O to P

(22)

’Ahfishtjjh/’ahfita

474

P-{nii-(@/@)(244): to lean O against P (as a rifle against a tree). Biniishtijh/biniitaé (bindniishtjjh: b(ndaniishtijh). P-fi-(@/@)(265): to add O to P (as an ear of corn to a pile of ears). Biishtjjh/bfita (binéishtijh: b/nadnéishtijh). P-k’i-(O/yi)(202): to take O off of P (as a stiffbrimmed hat). Bik’eeshtjjh/bik’ééta. P-k’idi-(@/yi)(14): to take O (SSO) off of P,

TAY

TAY

(23) (24)

(25)

(26) (27)

(28) (29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(dzidzanahashtijh:dzidzanaahashtijh).

uncover P (as by removing a board or piece of plywood). Bik’idishtjjh/bik’idifta (biki’indishtijh). P-nd-(@/si)(228): to carry O around P (as a pole around acorral). Bindshtijh/biniséta (bininadnashtijh). P-t’a-(O/yi)(251): to put O into the fold of one’s garment or under one’s covers (as a cigaret, pencil). Bit’aashtjjh/bit’aata (bit’andashtjjh:

(36) ha-(@/yi)(412-435): to carry, take, move O up out of P (as from an enclosed space), remove

O. Haashtjjh/hdata (handshtjjh:handanashtijjh). SER.(@/si)(393). Hahashtjjh/hahata (hanahashtjjh:handahashtijh). # 'Awoo’ 'azanatjhigif sizéé’ hanashtijjh, | take my false teeth back out. # Bilagdana bizaad bii’ haashtjjh, to become an expert speaker of English (lit. to remove the core of the English language).

bit’anddnashtijh). P-ts’d-(ni/ni)(257): to take O from, separate O from P (as a board from a lumber pile). Bits’Anishtijh/bits’anita (bits’Andnishtijjh: bits’anddn/shtijh). P-za-(@/yi)(262): to put O into P’s mouth (as a cigaret). Bizaashtjjh/bizaata (bizandshtjjh: bizandanashtijh). ch’f-(ni/ni)(294): to carry O out horizontally (as a rifle from a hogan). Ch’inishtijh/ch’inita (ch’fndnishtijh:ch’fndanishtjjh). SER.(@/si) (277). Ch’éhéshtjjh/ch’théta (ch’fndhashtijh: ch’inddahashtijh). da’(a)-(ni/ni)(304): to move with the rattlestick (on the second day of the War Dance). Da’niitjjh/da’niita (1st pers. d.p.) dddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(298): to close a gate (lit. to close off an entryway or exit with something rigid and flat). Dadi’nishtjjh/dadi’nita (dandi’nishtjjh: dandaadi’nishtjjh).

# P-aa haashtjjh,

pull O out of P one after another. # P-aa handashtjjh, to take O back out of P (as an arrow, thorn).

# P-aah handashtjjh,

to redeem O from P (a

pawn pledge).

# P-fldk’ee haashtijh,

to take O out of P’s

hand (as a cigaret, pencil).

# P-ii’ haashtjjh, to remove P’s core (as an apple) take O out of P (as a bracelet from a box). # P-ii’déé’ haashtjjh, to take O out of P (a bracelet from a box, a match from the snow).

# P-yaa haashtijh, to take O out from under P (as a rifle from beneath a bed). # P-za’azisdéé’ haashtjjh, to take O out of P’s pocket (a nail, match).

di-(@/si)(338):

to start to carry O along (as a rifle), to be on the way taking O (in the Perf.). Dishtijh/déta (ndishtijh:ndddishtjjh). SER. (G/si): to tug O. Hidishtijh/hidéta. # P-ch’j’ dishtjjh, to start to take O to P. # P-ch’j’ détd, to be going to take O to P, be on the way taking O to P. # Nahjj’ hidishtjjh, to tug O aside by pulling first on one end and then on another (as a log). di-(ni/ni)(327)(with prepounded ’aa, open, expansive): to open O (adoor). ‘Aa dinishtijh/’aa dinita (’aa ndinishtjjh:’aa naddinishtjjh). (di-

# Handshtjjh,

to take O back out, carry O back

out, redeem O (pawn). (37) ha-(@ or si/si)(435): to carry O up (as a rifle up a flight of stairs or a ladder), to climb up with O (as up a mountainside with a gun). Haashtijh or hashishtjjh/haséta (handshtijh:handaanashtjjh). SER.(@/si)(393). Hahashtijh/hahata

(handhashtijjh:handdhashtijh). # P-aah haashtijh or hashishtjjh, to climb up P (mountainside, ladder) carrying O (as a rifle) (38) hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry O the entire length, carry O from one end to the other (as a pole the entire length of a field). Hadiishtijh/hadiita (hdddiishtjjh:handddiishtjjh). (hadi-thematic: complete, entire, from end to end.) (39) hidi-(@/si)(441): to move or tug O along by pulling first on one end and then on the other (as a log). Hidishtjjh/hidété (nahidishtijh: ndadhidishtijh). (Seriative corresponding to dishtjjh: #30 above.) # Nahjj’ hidishtjjh, to move or tug O aside by pulling first on one end and then on the other (as a log in the road). (40) hidii-(@/O)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (as arifle, fishing rod), Dah hidiishtjjh/dah hidiité (dah ndhidiishtjfh:dah naahidiishtjjh). # P-aah dah hidiishtjjh, to hang O up on P (as a rifle, on a peg or hook).

thematic: relinquish, open, close.) didi-(@/yi)(315): to put O near or into the fire

(stick, bone, skillet). Didishtjjh/did{ita (déédishtjjh:dindddishtjjh). (di-di-thematic: fire). SER (@/si) (317). Dihidishtjjh/dihidéta (dindhidishtjjh:dinadhidishtijh). dii-(@/@) (347)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): to take O off of P (as a bracelet), remove O

from P. Baa diishtjjh/baa diita (fdiishtijh: ndddiishtijh). dii-(@/O)(347)(with prepounded dah, up, off): to start off carrying O (as a rifle, pole, shovel), to lift or raise O up (as a post). Dah diishtjjh/dah

diité (dah ndiishtijjh:dah naddiishtjjh). # P-ts’dd’ dah diishtjjh, to make off with O

(35)

to pull O (as a thorn, arrow)

out of P, extract O. P-aa hahashtijh, to

without P’s consent (as with P’s rifle), dzi{dza-(@/yi)(359): to put O into the fire (as a pole, stick of wood). Dzidzaashtjjh/dzidzaata (dzfdzanashtjjh:dzidzanadanashtijjh). SER. (@/si)(355). Dzfdzahashtjjh/dzidzahata

475

TAY

TAY

# Tsé’naa (ha’naa) ninishtjjh, to carry O across.

(41) k(nil-(@/@)(496):

to place O in a leaning position (as arifle). Kiniishtjjh/kfniitaé (kfndniishtijh: k(nddniishtjjh).

(52)

# P-nahjj’ kfniishtjjh, to set O leaning against P (as a rifle, leaning against a wall).

(42)

(43)

(44) (45)

(46)

kfi-(@/@B)(494):

to carry O up anincline (as a log

up a hill, a rifle upstairs).

Kfishtjjh/kfité

(kinéishtjjh:kindanéishtijh).

(53)

na-(@/yi)(599): to lower O down from a height, unload O, hand O down (as a timber). Naashtjjh/ndaté (nindshtjjh:ninddhashtijh). SER.(@/si)(533), Nahashtjjh/nahata (nindhashtjjh:nindandshtijh). # P-ts’Ad’ naashtjjh, to knock down P’s O. ndhi-(@/si)(533): to turn O around or over (as a log). Ndhdshtjjh/ndhata (nfnddhdshtijh). (~ nahasht{fh - Reversative.) nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over (a wedding basket, log). Ndhideeshtijh/nahidéétaé (ninahideeshtijh:n{ndahideeshtjjh). nahi’dii-(@/@)(537): to take O down one after

(54)

(55)

another (as pencils, poles, rifles, wedding

(56)

baskets from a shelf or wall hook), to pick O (as string beans, peas). Nahi’diishtjjh/nahi’diita (nindhi’diishtjjh:ninddhi’diishtjjh). (Seriative corresponding to ndiishtijh: #52 below.)

(57)

(47) ndddii-(@/B) (575): to pick O back up, take O back reclaim or reposses O (as something for

which paymentis in arrears), Ndddiishtjjh (nfndddiishtjjh). (Reversionary corresponding to ndiishtijh: #49 below.) # P-aa or P-ts’4d’ ndddiishtijh, to take O back from P, repossess O from P.

something happens). Nd{nfishtjjh/ndiniita (ninddinfishtjjh). (49) fidii-(@/@)(619): to pick O up, lift O, choose O, find O, Ndilishtjjh/ndiité (ndddiishtijh: n{ndddiishtjjh). (50) (ni/ni)(566-662): to go, come, arrive carrying O. Nishtijh/nita (ndnfshtijh:nddnfshtijh). to bring, take, give, deliver O

burning building). Yisddshtjjh/yisdaata (yisdanadshtjjh:yisdandanashtijh). SER.(O/si) (770). Yisddahdshtjjh/yisdahata (yisdanahdshtijh:yisdanddhashtjjh).

to bring, take, give O back

to P, return O to P.

(51)

ni-(ni/ni)(652):

to carry O as far as a stopping

point. Ninishtjjh/nin(té (nindn(shtjjh:nindanfshtjjh). SER. (@/si)(622). Neheshtjjh/nihéta (nindhdshtijjh:nindahashtijh). # ‘Aah ninishtjjh, to pawn O (as a bracelet -

Il. D-(tt): ’a-(O/yi)(478):

lit. to place O beside someone unspecified).

# P-aah ninishtijh, to pawn O down beside P), # Hasht’e’ ninishtijh, to put O # -jj’ ninishtjjh, to carry, take, --(a designated point or

to put O back into P.

# Kjjh yishtjjh, to take O into town or to market. # teeh yishtjjh, to bury O, install O (asa subterranean pipe). # Nii’oh yishtjjh, to take O away out of view, conceal O. # Taah yishtijh, to put O into the water (58) yisda-(@/yi)(771-773): to save O, rescue O from danger, carry O to safety (as a rifle froma

just get well under way carrying O (when

to P. # P-aa nanfshtjjh,

to take O down from a peg or shelf (as a rifle, fishing rod), to pick O (a banana from a bunch). N’diishtjjh/n’diita (nina’diishtjjh:ninda’diishtjjh). SER. (@/si)(537). Nahi’diishtjjh/nahi’diitaé (nindhi’diishtijh: nindadhi’diishtijh). (si/si)(694)(with prepounded dah, up): to set or place O (where it remains in position - as ona tabletop, shelf, rooftop). Dah shishtjjh/dah sété (dah nishishtjjh:dah naashishtjjh). # P-aah dah shishtjjh, to hang O on P (asa rifle on a wall, a license plate on a car). tadi-(@/yi)(698): to wander around carrying O, to carry O around about here and there (as a rifle). TAdifshtjjh/tadiita (tandadishtjjh). tsfits’A-(ni/ni)(736): to take O out of the fire or water, carry O ashore. Tsitts’Anishtijh/ tsfits’Anitd (tsftts’andn(shtijh:tsitts ’andanfshtijh). SER.(@/si)(734). Tsfts’ahdshtijh/tsits ’ahata (tsftts’Andhashtijh:tsfits’anddahashtjjh). w6’a-(@/yi)(745): to go off course while carrying O, go into the gutter or ditch while carrying O. W6’aashtijh/ wo’ddta (w6’andshtijh:w6’andanashtjjh). (G/yi)(790): to move O (completive). Yishtjjh/yita (ndshtjjh:nadanashtjjh). SER.(@/si)(448). Hishtjjh/héta (nadhdshtijh:ndahdshtijh). # P-iih yishtjjh, to put O into P (as a pencil into one’s pocket, bracelet into a box). # P-iih hishtjjh, to put O one after another into P (as hides into water, to soak). # P-iih ndshtjjh,

(48) fidinfi-(@/@(611): to get a good start carrying O,

# P-aa nishtjjh,

n’dii-(@/@)(676):

to put O away out of sight (ina

reflexive context). ‘andanashtijh).

to P (lit. to setO

‘lishtjjh/"eeshta

(’andshtjjh:

# 'Ayaa ’iishtjjh, to put O under oneself.

(2)

away, store O. bring O as far as place - as up to

the wall). # Ni’ ninishtjjh, to set O down on the floor or ground, # Sha’ ninishtjjh, to set O in the sun.

476

"AdAdi-(ni/ni)(173-297): to enclose self with a flat rigid object (a piece of tin or plywood, door or gate) barring the entrance. ’Adddinishtjih/ ‘Adaddinishta. *Adadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(173): to enclose self by barring the entrance with a flat te object, or by closing a door or gate. ’Adadi’nishtjjh/ ’Adddi’nishta.

TAY (4)

"Ak’idi-(@/yi)(82):

(5)

# ’Adaah dah yishtjjh (shishtijh), to strap O

to take O (SSO) off of self (as a

board or piece of plywood). ’Ak'ideeshta

TAY

’Ak’idishtjjh/

onto oneself (a long knife, pistol), to pin O on oneself.

(‘Ak’indishtjjh).

# ’Adit dah shishtjjh, to pin or attach O to

’atnand-(@/yi)(96): to carry O to a location and back (as a rifle to the trading post and back)

oneself (hairclip, ornate pin, pistol in holster).

'Ainanashtijh/ 'atndnddshta (once). ‘Atnanashtffh (back and forth),

(6) (7)

’Anadee-(M/yi)(111): to sling O over one’s back or shoulder (as a rifle). "Anadeeshtjjh/’ana-

Il. L-(tt):

deeshta (‘Anandeeshtijh:’danandddeeshtijh). ‘At’a-(O/yi)(251): to put O into the fold in one’s

(1)

‘ahda’-(~ ’atghaa’-)(ni/ni)(43)(with prepounded Pit, in company with P): to swap O with P, to exchange or trade O with P (as in swapping rifles with P). Bit ’ahdda’nishtijh/bit 'ahda’nishta (bit ’ahdnina’nishtijh:bit ’ahaninaa’nfshtijh) or bit ‘atghda’nishtijh/bit ’atghaa’nishta (bit ‘atghdnina’nishtijh:bit ’atghaninaa'nishtijh).

garment or under one’s (own) covers (as a

(8)

cigaret, pencil). 'At’aashtjjh/’at’aashtd (’dt’anashtijh:’at’anddnashtijh). ’Aza-(@/yi)(141): to put O into one’s (own) mouth

(cigaret, false teeth). ‘Azaashtjjh/’Azaashté (‘Azandshtjjh:’Azandanashtijh).

(9)

’Az66d6e-(O/yi)(142): to put O on, put O around one’s (own) neck (as a stiff collar).

'Az6ddéeshtijh/'Azéddeeshtd (’4zénind-

B.

CONTINUATIVE

déeshtijh:’Azénindddéeshtijh).

(10)

P-a’-(ni/ni)(146)(Simple Passive):

I, O-(tt):

P borrows or

leases O, O is loaned to P, P receives the

(11)

force (as a rifle from a drunk).

(12)

(13)

(1)

rattlestick (in the War Dance). Ba’itjjh/ba ita (banda’itijh). (V. ba’nishtijh: A[l]11 above.) # 'Ak’égo P-a’itijjh, P rents or leases O (lit. O is loaned to P for compensation.) P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P by

na-(@/si)(599): to carry O around about here and there, make a round trip carrying O (in the

Perf.). Naashtin/ niséta (nindandshtin).

# ’Atsé P-4 naashtin, to have O on loan from PR. # Dah naashtin, to hold O up and wave it. # -g66 nisétin, to have carried O to --(a desig-

Bighanishtjjh/

bighanishté (bighandnfshtijh:bighandaanishtijh). dii-(@/@)(347)(with prepounded 'ddaa, off of self): to take O off (of oneself - as a bracelet, stiff collar). ’Adaa diishtjjh/’Adaa diishté (’ddaa ndiishtijh:’'adaa ndddiishtijh). had(n{-(@/si)(383): to carry O too far (beyond the

nated place) and returned to the starting point. na’(a)-(si-Perf.)(642):

to have carried the rattlestick to a destination and back (in the War Dance) (lit. to have carried unspecified O to a location and returned to the point of departure). Ni’séta.

point where S should have stopped).

(14)

(15)

Hadinishtijh/hadinéshta (handddinishtijh). hadii-(@/@)(388): to take O off (bracelet, comb). Hadiishtjjh/hadiishté (hdddiishtijh:handadiishtjjh). (hadi-thematic: completely, entirely, the full length.) ndi-(ni/ni)(610): to place O. Ndinishtjjh/ndinishta (nindddinishtjjh). In:

C. I, O-(tt):

P-taa-(@/si)(250): to distribute O to (among) P, pass O out to P (one to each recipient - as pencils). Bitaashtin or bitaashtj’/bitaaséta

# ’Ayaa ndinishtijh, to set O out to eat (a

(16)

DISTRIBUTIVE

banana, ear of corn). (lit. to set O under self for a purpose.) # Hasht’e’ ndinishtjjh, to set O aside, store O, pick O out (for purchase - as a rifle, shovel). (ni/ni)(793)(Simple Passive): O is brought, given, carried to a destination. Yitjjh/yitaé (natjjh:

(bitaanddndashtin ~ -tj’). nda-(@/si)(604): to set O about here and there (as logs). Ndaashtj’/ndaséta (nindddaashtj’). # P-ch’dédh ndaashtj’, to set O around here and there in P’s way (to impede P).

(2)

naanatijh).

(17)

(18)

# P-aa yitjjh, O is delivered to P (as a rifle or pen that one orders from a catalog), P receives O. nikid(nfi-(@/@)(632): to borrow O and keep it (fail to return it). Nikidinfishtjjh/nikidinfishta. (@ or si/si)(694-790)(with prepounded dah, up): to place O in position (where it remains static in a reflexive context). Dah yishtjjh or dah shishtjjh/dah sista (dah nfsh{shtijh:dah

D. CONATIVE |. @-(tt): (1)

naash(shtijh).

477

P-(-(O-Imp.)(156): to try to get P to accept O (as a pencil, cigaret), to rub O against P (as a chapstick against one’s lips). Béshtjjh (bindandshtih).

TA, a

TAY (2)

P-(nd-(@/si)(154):

shovel). (3)

di-(@/yi)(338):

along carrying O (as a rifle). Yisht(f/defnfitijh (nddshtifr nddnddshtif). # Dah yishtfft, to be holding O up (a rifle,

to get O on P (as mud ona

Bindsht{fh/béésétd

(béninddnashtfh).

to move O for the purpose of

spear, ear of corn).

attempting (something)(?). Disht{fh/diita (ndishtjfh:naadishtfh). In: # K’aa’ bik’al dishtjh, to place the nock of the arrow on the bowstring. # teeh dishtjfh, to bury O in order to make O pliable (as a moccasin sole, bow, hide). n’di-(@/si)(673): to try to take down unspecified

(4)

(3)

O(?). N’disht{fh/n’déta. In: # P-ch’j’ shildtsoh (or shfla’) n’dishtjh, | wave my thumb (finger) at P (as at a group of children, to get their attention and make

’a-(yi)(368): to be carrying the rattlestick in the War Dance (lit. to be carrying unspecified O along). ’Eesht{f/da’finfitijh (nd’eeshtfft naa’eeshtift). # ’Atah ’eeshtijt, to be a member of the party that is carrying the rattlestick. hi-(yi)(439): to tug O along by pulling alternately on one end and then on the other (as a heavy

post). Heeshtjft/dahfiniitjh nadheeshtjft).

(4)

them quiet down),

nahi-(yi)(534):

(nadheesht(f:

to be turning O over and over or

around and around (as a wedding basket, rifle,

pencil).

Naheeshtjft/ndahfiniitjjh.

naana-(yi)(588):

to be carrying O around here

and there, to and fro. Naanddshtjfv/ naandeiniitijh.

(1) ’Ad{-(G/si): to hug O, clasp O to self. ’“Adéshtjfh/ ‘Adisista.

(2)

‘atgha-(@-Imp.)(88):

to fight over O (a rifle, shovel, wedding basket - both parties claiming O), to try to get O away from each other. ’Atghaiitjfh. # P-it’atghaashtjfh, to fight with P over O. P-gha-(@-Ilmp.)(808): to try to take O away from P. Bighaasht(h.

(3)

H.

NEUTER

. O-(ti):

(1)

(si-Perf.)(688): S sits, lies, is (in position or

location). d.p.)

Sita (nddndstd).(naazta/ndaazta:

# P-aah dah sitd, P has S on (lit. S lies up alongside P - as a pistol that P is

E. REVERSATIVE

carrying in a holster strapped to P’s

|, O-(tt):

body). # Dah sitd, S sits, lies, is (at a location above

ground level - as on a table). # Lee’ sitd, S lies buried in the ground. # Too’ (~ tayi’) sita, S lies immersed in water.

nahi-(@/si)(533): to turn O around or over (as a rifle, wedding basket). Ndahdshtjjh/ndahata (ninddhashtjh). (Some speakers employ the

(1)

Momentaneous

’a-(si-Perf.)(144):

unspecified SSO sits or lies. ’Azta. In: # P-ch’ijf’aztd, P is in luck, P is lucky (lit. unspecified SSO lies on P’s side). # P-ts’Adjf’aztd, P is out of luck, unlucky (lit.

Imperfective stem.)

F. TRANSITIONAL |. B/(ti): (1)

unspecified SSO lies apart from P). ’ahé6-(ni-Perf.)(52): S lie in a circle (as posts). "Ahéénita. P-ada’(a)-(si-Perf.)(145): d.p. S have delivered the rattlestick to P (the recipient -- in the War Dance). Bada’siita (1st pers. d.p.). P-k’idf-(ni-Perf.)(203): Sis sittingon P,P has S$ on (as a stiff-brimmed hat). Bik’idétd. P-nahidi-(ni-Perf.)(225): S hangs over P (as a crooked stick hanging over a limb). Binahidéta. ch’thi-(ni): S sticks out horizontally. Ch’fhidéta. dahidf-(= dah hidi-)(ni-Perf.)(300): S hangs dangling (as a backbone). Dahidétd. # P-nah dahidéta, S hangs dangling over P (as a backbone over a limb).

yii-(@/@)(802)(with prepounded dah, up): S hangs poised in mid-air (as a humming bird), there is a new moon, crescent moon. Dah

yiitijh/dah yiita. # ’Ooljéé’ dah yiitijjh, a crescent appears.

(1)

moon

t6’ii-(= t6’ayi-)(@/@)(707): a water blister appears. TO’iitijh/té ita (ténda’iittjh).

(9) di-(ni-Perf.)(310): S hangs or dangles. Détd. G.

# P-tsist’a détaé, S hangs dangling from P’s

CURSIVE

belt (as a pistol), 1, @-(tt):

(1)

(yi)(790):

to be carrying O along, to be going

478

P has S on (a pistol).

TAY

TAY (10) hahf-(yi-Perf.)(396): S protrudes, sticks out (from something - as a pencil from a pocket). Hahjita. (11) na-(si-Perf.)(601): S lie about (plural corresponding to sité). Naazta (ninddndstd).(ndaaztd: d.p.) (12) nahf-(yi-Perf.)(540): S dangles or hangs downward (a pole, rifle). Nahfita.

# P-aah nahiitaé, S hangs down alongside P (a saber, rifle). (13) naa-(si-Perf.)(592): S lies on its side, S lies sideways (as a tree). Naasita (Ib. naanii sitd.) (14) (ni-Perf.)(91): S lie in a line, row or series (as logs). Nita.

# ’Atkéé’ nitd, they form a row, lying one behind the other.

I. £-(tt): (1)

(si-Perf.)(685): to keep O (on hand, or in position as arifle). Séttd (nddséttd). (E.g. Bee’eldgoh hooghandi sétta, | keep a gun at home.)

|. NOUN (1)

(2) (3) (4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

DERIVATIVES

’Adah sitdé, upper crossbeam (of a loom)(it sits up at an elevation for something unspecified). ’addnditjhi, gate (in an irrigation canal)(the one that obstructs something). ’adeg sité, upper heald stick (on a loom)(it sits above). ’agaan bita’ sitanf, humerus, upper arm bone (the one that lies between in the arm)(P-gaan bita’ sitanf). ’agaants’in bita’ sitan/, humerus, upper arm bone (the bone that lies between in the arm)(P-

gaants’in bita’ sitan/). ’ajddd bita’ sitanf, femur, thigh bone (the one that lies between in the leg)(P-jadd bita’ sitan/). ‘ajdddts’in bita’ sitdnf (Ib.’ats’inita’é hajaddjiigif), middle bone in the leg, femur, upper leg bone)(P-jdddts’in bita’ sitan/). ’ajaat’d4stddn, mastoid process (P-jaat’ddstadn) (that which lies in the ear-pocket). ’Ajaat’Adstdan bitat’ah his, mastoid infection. ’Asitd, lower crossbeam (of a loom)(it lies for

unspecified P) (ba sita). (10) ’atiingi dah ’aztdnigff (Ib.atiingi ‘i’i'ahigif), road sign, sign post (’atiingi na’aztanigif: d.p. road signs)(the unspecified SSO that sits up ata road). (11) ’atsiiyasté4dn, muscle at the back of the neck (the one that lies at the base of the head)(Ptsiiyastadan). (12) ’awoo’ ’Azandatfhi (Ib.’awoo’ be’elyaa/gif), false teeth, dentures (the tooth-plate that is

repeatedly stuck into one’s own mouth), (13) ’azéédéetdni, stiff collar, horse collar (the SSO that extends around the neck). ’E6’ neishoodii bizéédéetdni, horse collar.

priest’s collar.

tf’ bizéédéetanf,

’azee’ bidddditijhh, medicine stopper laid across the top of the medicine and used to stir, taste, protect and medicines ceremonial). ‘aah dah sitan/, automobile license

(an object container sprinkle

plate (Ib. chidf baah dah sitdnf) (the one that lies up

alongside on a car). ba’fitdanii, conductor of the ceremony after the first day of the War Dance (the one to whom the rattlestick was brought). bee ’aa nditfhf, key (the one with which it is repeatedly opened). Bee ’aa ndit(hf ba ’ahoodzanf, keyhole (hole for the key). chidf baah dah sitanf, automobile license plate (the one that lies up alongside on a car). dah yiita (~ dahiita), crescent moon. — dah yiitfh/, hummingbird (the one that hovers or hangs in mid air). Dah yiitfhiddad, Indian Paintbrush (hummingbird food). dah yiit{fh yildaa’igif, cardinal flower, cardinal lobelia (Lobelia spendens)(the one that is like a hummingbird’s beak). dah yiitjhidda’, Mexican catchfly, Mexican Campion, Indian Paint Brush (Silene lacineata) (hummingbird food). danditjhi, gate (the one that repeatedly plugs an ~— entranceway). ddddilkat bit dah natjhi, door-latch (that which is repeatedly placed up with a door - holding it).

hane’ ba dah ’aztd, bulletin board (something rigid and flat is situated up at an elevation for news). haaz’a( dah ’aztd (Ib.haaz’af naanii dah ’aztani), rung of a ladder (those that lie crosswise on a ladder). it dah natfhf, pin (the one that is repeatedly ~~ placed up in company with something - to hold) (P-it dah natjhi). -j4dd bita’ sitanf, thigh bone (the one that lies between the legs). tf? bizéédéetan/, horse collar. ndstaan, log, tree trunk. naa dah sitdnigff, cross piece on a bowdrill (that which lies up crosswise). naaztani, honey locust, sweet locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) (those that lie about). ceremonial object: a broom or brush SS, Adiitifh, Se the wing feathers of an eagle, tied of made together at the quill end. The instrument is used to brush away evil. It is often used over a sick or moribund person, where the prac-

titioner places ashes on the broom and, from the east, south, west and north, sweeps through the air over the patient, and thence to the door where the evil is blown away. The practitioner begins at the back side of the hogan, brushing first on the north and then on the south side. The ceremony may be continued day and night in an effort to save a sick or dying person. (V. GHAAL: P-k’i na’ashhaat.) (34) ’6’oolkaah bee dah na’azté, billboard.

TA3 c

TAY

(yfnahdasta: 3rd pers. pl).

(35) ‘ooljéé’ dah yiita (~ dahiita), crescent moon. (36) tdd’astadn, part of the decoration ona ceremonial mask (set on the forehead). (37) t6 bédélté ceremonial plumes (held against water). (38) T6 Dah Da’aztani, Todastoni Wash, Arizona (water blisters here and there at am elevation). (39) td’iitta, water blister. (40) T’iis Sitanf, Cottonwood Tank, Arizona (a collecting basin located on the Jacob Hamblin Trail,

lll. hf-D-(ti): (1)

nahf-(si-Perf.)(539):

(44)

(44)

(45) (46) (47)

(48)

(1)

# P-k’i dah (or P-k4a’gi) nahisfita, to be sitting

miles south of The Gap, Arizona)(cottonwood tree lies). tsé ndstaédn, petrified wood (rock log). Tsé Nastdnii, Petrified Forest, Arizona (the stone logs). tseek’i ndstanii, gray ground squirrel (has a bushy tail)(the one with the tail that curves back over the rump). tsin sitd, mile, milepost (a wooden object (post) sits. Reference is to the mileposts of former times.) (tsin naazta: pl) tsiighd bit dah natjhi, hairpin (the one thatis set up with the hair - to hold it). tsiighd bit dah sitanf, hairpin (the SSO that sits up in company with the hair). tsii’ détadn, spear, lance (the one with a head attached?) zéédéela’/ bit dah sitanf, tie tack, tie clamps (to hold down a necktie) (the SSO that sits up in company with a necktie).

|.

ADVERBIAL

on (top of) P.

# Ni’gi nahisfitd, to be sitting on the ground or floor.

NOUN

(1)

Wéadshindoondi dah nahdaztdnigif,

NAVAJO: f

Stem cognate with TA.

bases) ha-/ho-thematic as the theme in verb bases meaning “rain, hail” and with ni-thematic and t-classifier in

bases describing a misty rain (including a Neuter base describing a cloud of mist, haze, pollution, dust hanging in the air).

IMP.

US/JIT.

PERF.

PROG?*

FUIRRORI:

tijh

tijfh

ta

-

tft

taa’

B.DUR.

tin

tijh

ta

-

tift

taa’/

C.CONCL. D.CURS. ENEUIn

tjjh -

tifh -

tin tin

tit -

tift -

PHRASES

;

NAVAJO: Presumably an extension of TA;. Functions as a suppletive

TAo

stem describing plural (3+) animate

A.MOM. Trans.

tit

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. ha-/ho-t-(ti): (1)

(2)

|. di-D-(ti): df-(si-Perf.)(311)(with prepounded yah): to sit waiting for aid. Yah déeta (1st pers. pl) (yah déesta: 3rd pers. pl).

(3) (4)

Il. hf-t-(ti): P-fnahf-(si-Perf.)(225):

Congress

Occurs with t-classifier and (in some

TA3

subjects at rest in a sitting position. V. BINo. Occurs also with d/-thematic: disablement, and D-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “sit and wait for aid;” with hi-thematic and D- classifier in a base meaning “sit waiting for P, sitand guard P;” and with hf-thematic and D-classifier in an irregular base meaning “sit, be at home.”

(1)

DERIVATIVES

(those who sit in Washington).

t’Adta’f nitanfgo, each, each one (E.g. Dif sighdala t’aata’/ nitanigo titso baahilj, these cigars are a nickel each.)

(1)

sitting

P (one subject with 2+ companions).

one mile - west of U.S. Highway 89, and three

(41) (42)

to sit, to be ina

position, be at home. Nahisfita ~ nahdata (1st pers. pl)(nahdaztd: 3rd pers. pl. With D-classifier nahdastd would be expected.) # P-it nahisistd, to be sitting in company with

to sit waiting for P, to sit

guarding P. Bfnahdalta (1st pers. pl)

480

’a-P-tha-(-ho-)(G/yi): the rainstorm drives P away (mosquitoes, gnats, livestock). ’Abfhattijh/

’abihodtta (‘abindhattijh: ’ab/ndahatijh). ’aha-(-ho-)(@/yi)(38): the rain moves away and disappears, the rain is over (it moves on). ’Ahattijh/’ahddtta (‘andhattijh:’andahattijh). # Y66’ ’ahattijh, it stops raining (the rain moves away out of sight and disappears). ’aho’nii-(O/@)(72): it starts to rain. “Aho’niittjjh/ ‘aho’niitta ('anddho’niittijh). haha-(haho-)(@/yi)(391): it starts to rain. Hahattjjh/hahddtta (hanadhattjh). # -d66 hahddtta, the rain originated in (from) (E.g. Tséhootsooid6dé hahddtta, the rain came in from Fort Defiance.)

tin -

a

TA4

TA3 c

C.

(5)

hahodjinf-(@/si)(383): to rain and rain, rain too much, Hahodinittijh/hahodinéesta. (6) hodi-(@/si)(452): it starts to rain, a rainstorm starts to move. Hodittijh/hodeesta (nddhodittijh). # Nihik’ijj’ hoditijjh, a rainstorm moves in on us, we Start to get rain, it starts to rain on us. (E.g. Dzitdéé’ nihik’ijj’ nahodittifh, our rains always come in on us from the mountains.) (7) hodii-(@/@)(with prepounded dah, off): a rainstorm starts to move, starts off. Dah hodiittjjh/ dah hodiitta. (8) niho-(ni/ni or @/yi)(630): it rains as faras a stopping point (as when a shower stops ata point that is visible on the highway). Nihoottjjh/ nihonfta or nihddtta (ninddhoottijh). # P-it nihoottjih, P is drowned out by rain (a car motor. Lit. it rains terminatively with P.) # -jj’ nihoottjjh, it rains as far as -- (a designated point, where it stops). (E.g. Shida’ak’ehjj’ nihddttd, it rained as far as my field.) # T’Aa P-ch’ijj’ nihoottijh, the rain stops short of P (as “short of my garden” - didn’t reach my garden). (9) nikidaha-(si-Perf.): rain began, originated, started, had its beginning. Nikidahasta. (E.g. hodeeydadaa’ nikidahasta jinf, it is said that rain was coeval with the beginning of time.) (10) nikiho-(ni/ni)(635): it starts to rain, the rainstorm begins. Nikihoottjjh/nikihonitté (nikinddhoottijh). # P-ee nikihoottiih, P gets caught in the rain, it starts to rain on P.

CONCLUSIVE

I. honi-t-(ti): (1)

’adahoni-(~ bidahoni-/hadahoni-)(@/si): rain falls, it mists.

a misty

’Adahonittjjh/’"adahoneestin

('andddahonittijh).

D. CURSIVE |. ho-t-(ti): (1)

ho-(yi)(461):

a rainstorm is moving along. Hoottft (nddhoottft). # ’Aadéé’ hooitft, here comes the rain! # Dzit bits{fg66 hoottjft, a shower is moving along the base of the mountain.

E. NEUTER I. ni-t-(ti): (1)

ni-(si-Perf.)(625): a cloud of mist (vapor, smoke, dust, gas, odor, aerial pollution) hangs in the air. Neestin. # Tdézhool P-k’ijj’ neestin, a cloud of mist or vapor (fog, dust, etc.) hangs over P (as over a mountain, city).

F. (1)

B. DURATIVE

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

(2)

da’di’nfigo nahattin, thunderstorm (it thunders as the rain falls). hadahoneestiin (~ ’adahoneestiin), heat waves,

(3)

mirage. honeestiin,

haze, pall of haze (as that caused by

dust, heat, smoke).

I. t-(ti): (1)

na-(@/yi)(583):

(4) (5) (6)

rain is falling (downward from a

height). Naattin/nddtta (ninddnattin). # P-ee naattin, P receives rain. # NI6 naattin,

# T6 naattin,

nahoneestiin, pall of haze (from heat, smoke, dust). neestiin, haze, aerial pollution. nahattin, rain, rainstorm.

it’s hailing, hailstones are falling.

NAVAJO:

it’s raining, water is falling.

Z

classifier as the theme in verb bases

TAg

with the extended meaning “guess, invent, discover; (2) with di-thematic and ©-classifier in a base meaning “comprehend, understand (with the mind);” and (3) with ni-thematic and @-/t-/or D-classifier in bases

Il. ha-/ho-t-(ti): (1)

Cognate with TAy. Occurs:

(1) with P-6+ di-thematic and O-

naha-(naho-)(@/yi)(527): it’s raining, there is a rainstorm or shower in progress. Nahattin/ nahddtta (ninddhattin). # P-ee nahattin, P is getting rained on. # Da’di’nfigo nahattin, there is a thunderstorm.

meaning “teach, instruct, show how.”

IMP.. tijh A.MOM.|_ Trans. tin B.CONT. CcCuURSI==.—

481

USWIT..

(PERF.

tjih

ta

tijh/tfh -

tad’ -

‘PROG. . tit

FUT.

OPT.

t{it

tii

tijv/tift -

tad’ -

TAs

TA4 A.

‘Adineeshtift.

MOMENTANEOUS

# P-ee 'Adineeshtijt, to be teaching oneself P (another language, a skill).

|. di-@-(tt): ’ak’i’dii-(@/@)(207):

to understand, comprehend, grasp with the mind. ’Ak’i’diishtjjh/’ak’i’diita (ak’inda’diishtjjh). P-éédi’(a)-(= P-é6-’a-di-)(ni/ni)(159): to guess, discover, strike upon, invent P. Béédi’nishtjjh/ béédi’nita (béninaddi’nishtijh). P-k’i’dii-(@/@)(207): to comprehend, understand P, grasp P with one’s mind. Bik’i’diishtjjh/ bik’i’diita (bik’inda’diishtjjh). ’éédi’(a)-(= ’a-66-’a-di-)(ni/ni)(365): to guess (right), hit on the answer, make a discovery or invention. ’Eédi’nishtjjh/’éédi'nitd (‘énindddi’nishtjjh).

(2)

(3)

(4)

lI. ni-t-(tt): (1)

P-fni-(yi): to be teaching P to O. Bineeshtift.

D.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

bee na’nitin, instructional material (teaching is done with it). ’66'deetijhii (Ib. ndilniihii, na’fditkidii), diagnostician (Ib. hand-trembler, interrogator)(the one who guesses things). na’nitin, teaching (bina’ntin: his teaching, his

(2) (3)

precepts).

B.

CONTINUATIVE E.

I. ni-O-(tt): (1)

nani-(@/si)(566):

doo bida’jitjihgd6, (in a) matchless, superior, superb (manner). (E.g. Shilff’ doo bida’jitiihgd6

to teach, coach or instruct O,

give instructions to O. Nanishtin/nanétaa’ (nindanishtin). (2)

na’ni-(@/si)(559):

coach.

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

dilwo’, my horse is a superior runner.)

to give instructions, teach, 4g)

vara)

Na’nishtin/na’nétaa’

(ninda’nishtin).

(PA *tanY [comparative *tanY’] [O]:

# ’Olta’ Hotsaafdi na’nishtin, I’m a High

be thick.)

School teacher.

NAVAJO: Occurs as a Neuter adjectival in two aspects: Absolute and

Il. ni-D-(tr):

Comparative, with the meaning “thick, deep (as a board, carpet, water).”

na’ddini-(@/si)(545): to teach oneself Na’ddinishtin/na’adinéshtda’ (ninaa’ddinishtin). # P-ee na’ddinishtin, to teach P (as another language) to oneself.

The Comparative stem also functions as an enclitic

meaning “stocky, corpulent, fat.”

IMP.

(1)

NEUTER Absolute

P-fna-O-ni-(@/si)(223): to show O to P (as an object to another person), to show O (as another person) how to do P (as how to drive a car), to teach P to O (by showing O how).

Binabinishtin/binabinéttaa’

(2)

Comparative

-

-

taa

43

NEUTER Absolute

(bfninddbinishtin).

|. di-O-(ti):

point P out to O (as the road to a destination).

(1)

Binanishtin/b/nanéttaa’ or binabinishtin/ binabinéttaa’ (bininddnishtin).

di-(@-Imp.)(339):

S is thick (a board, carpet, slice of bread), S is deep (water). Dita.

P-fna’ni-(@/si)(227): to give lessons in P (as in driving) (to unspecified person). Bfna’nishtin/

bina’néttdd’

ta

A.

P-fnani-(@/si)(227)(|b. #1 above): to teach P (as a skill) to O (another person), show P to O,

(3)

RERE:

Comparative

(bininda’nishtin).

Il. di-O-(ti): C.

CURSIVE

(1)

Sis thick, deep (board,

water). ‘Iidéetad’.

I. ni-D-(tr):

(1)

’ffdi-(yi-Perf.)(473):

# 'AyOot ’iidéetdd’, S is very thick, deep. # P-lddh ’fidéetda’, S is thicker or deeper than cap

’Adini-(yi)(19): to be teaching oneself (as teaching oneself another language).

482

TAs (2)

TA’ c

’aheedi-(yi-Perf.)(46): S are equally thick or deep (as two slices of bread or two rivers). "Aheedéetaa’.

# Shila’ ’ahdéta’,

| have my hands clasped

together (lit. my hands are holding onto each other). (But cf. ’ahitla’ yota’, they’re holding [each other’s] handshere reciprocal ’ahi- is prefixed to the

C. (1)

ENCLITIC

(2)

-tda’: thick, stocky, corpulent, fat. # ’Asdzddtda’, Stocky Woman (used as a nickname). # Hastjjtad’, Stocky Man (used as a nickname).

noun representing the direct O.) ’Azak’idiini-(= ’Azak’t-di-[y]in{- ~ -o-)(@-Ilmp.)(140): to hold onto one’s own throat, have hold of

one’s own throat. ’Azdk’idfinishta’ (’Azak’Tdéta’: 3rd pers. sgl/ dpl). (di-thematic: oral.)

Ill. yfinf-(~ -6-)-L-(tt):

D. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) (2)

(1)

’akétal dah ditanf, heel area of the foot sole (the thick part of the heel). ’Asaa’ ditanf, Dutch oven (deep vessel or pot).

(2)

(PA *tim’ [©] [with *u-directive]: hold.)

P-finf-(= P-f-[y]ini- ~ -6-)(@-lmp.)(267): to hold O against P (as one board against another). Biinishta’ (bindanéinishta’)(yiydtta’: 3rd pers. sgl/ dpl). # Shijéf bfinishta’, |’m holding O against my breast, I’m hugging O. ‘fini-(= ’a-f-[y]inf- ~ -6-)(@-lmp.)(477): to include O (in with something unspecified).

‘{infshta’

(fydtta’: 3rd pers. sgli/dpl). (E.g. Ba’finfilta’/ Diné bizaad wélta’gi fydtta’go yina’nittin, our teacher includes the reading of Navajo in his

TA’ NAVAJO: Occurs with y/ni-directive and ©-(D-) classifier as the theme in

instruction.)

verb bases meaning “hold, have hold

of, grasp;”

with yinf-directive and t-classifier in bases

meaning “cause by holding;” and yinf-directive with Lclassifier as the theme in bases meaning “be included or counted in with.” Yini-directive takes the alternant

IV. yini-(~ -o-)-L-(ti): (1)

shape -6- when positioned immediately before the classifier-stem.

NEUTER

(2) |. yinf-(~ -6-)-@-(tt):

(1)

(2)

’ahfini-(= ’ahi-[y]in{- ~ -6-)(@-Ilmp.)(69): to be included together, counted together. ’Ahfiniilta’ (1st pers. dpl)(’ahddlta’: 3rd pers. dpl). # P-it’ahiiniilta’, to be included together with P (as to form a group). P-fini-(= P-i-[y]ini- ~ -6-)(O-Imp.)(267): to be included with P, counted in with P. Biinfshta’

(bddlta’: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-ddlta’go, including P. (E.g. ’Ashiiké naaki shddlta’go ’Ak66 dah diikai, two other

yini-(~ -6-)(@-Imp.)(768): to hold O, hold onto O, have hold of O, have O in one’s grasp. Yinfshta’ (y6ta’: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-fla’ yinishta’, I’m holding P’s hand, | have hold of P by the hand. # P-éta’, S deters or holds P back, prevents P (from doing something). (E.g. Doo nich?’ désha’ ’at’ée da, shinaanish shéta’go biniinaa, | can’t go to see you because my work prevents me from doing so.) P-zdak’idiini-(= P-zak’i-di-[y]ini- ~ -6-)(}@-Imp.): to

—@

boys and | included started off for there.) ) t’éa ’finf-(= ’a-[y]ini- ~ -6-)(@-lmp.)(477): to be included as a member of a family or associa-

tion, to be included in (with something else - as overtime payment included with a salary check). T’da ‘finfshta’ (t’aa ’66lta’: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

NOUN DERIVATIVES

have hold of P by the throat, to have P by the

(1)

throat (as an adversary). Bizak’idifnishta’ (yizak’fd6éta’: 3rd pers. sgl) (bizak’indddiinishta’)

binddlta’l, interest on it (as on a loan) (that which is inclu-ed with it -- i.e. with the principal). ‘(nddlta’/, interest (that which is included).

(2) (3) kéyah ndhdsdzooigif Wadshindoon Il. yini-(~ -6-)-D-(tt - reciprocal/reflexive):

(1)

(4)

‘ahfini-(= ’ahi-[y]inf- ~ -6-)(O-Imp.)(67): to have hold of each other. ’Ahifnfita’ (’ahdta’: 3rd pers. dpl)

(5)

holds papers together).

483

ha yota’igiff,

trust allotment (land that is marked off and held for a person by the Federal Government -- i.e. title is held in trust by the Federal Government). Kéyah Waashindoon ’A Yota’,, trust allotment, trust land (land that the Federal Government holds for a person). naaltsoos ’ahiydétta’igif, paper clip (that which

TAZH

TA’

(6)

ADVERBIAL

(1)

slung at me with a stone). (A y{nf-Semelfactive based on the Momentaneous.)

naaltsoos bee ’atch’j’ wéta’f, paper clip (that with which papers are held together).

DERIVATIVE

PIRES t’'4a gééd, Tony interest keNay free.

- ylni-(+ -6-)-L -(tt - reciprocal): (y{nf-directive) ee

(1)

‘ahfin{-(= 'ah-[y]in{- ~ -6-)(O-lmp.)(68):

to have a

slingshot duel, sling at each other.

‘Ahiinfiltaéash (1st pers. dpl) (‘ahdltaash: 3rd Noun stem in: tazhii (-ii, the one),

turkey.

TAZH-

(Cf. verb root TAZH:

pers. dpl). # P-it ‘ahfinfshtadsh, with P.

tap,

peck.)

# tazhiits’os (-ts’os, down, light feather), turkey down (used to make the peak of a ceremonial

(PPA

to have a slingshot duel

B. CONTINUATIVE

mask).

|. di-t-(tt):

*tatsh’ > PA +tatsh’ [4]: poke

(1) n'di-(O/si)(673): to play marbles (lit. go about flicking unspecified O). N'dishtazh/n'déttazh.

with a sharp pointed object, tattoo.)

TAZH NAVAJO: Occurs with £-(L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases that describe sudden action performed with a pointed object, as pecking with a beak, rapping

C.,

Durative

L-(tt):

with fingers or stick, flicking with the fingers, and by further extension throwing by means ofa sling.

Wiles

US,

lelelale. | |W

OPik

A.MOM. | tddsh_

tash

tazh

tash

tddsh

Trans. B.CONT.

tazh

tash

tazh

tash

tazh

CARER. Dur. Ser.

tazh tash

tash

= tazh

tash

= tash

D.SEM.

tash

tash

tash

tash

tash

A.

REPETITIVE

(1)

(@/yi)(789): to peck on O, tap or rap on O (as on

(2)

a door or table). Yishtazh/yftazh (naédandashtazh). # 'Asaa’ yishtazh, to beat a drum lightly. ‘adi-(O-Imp.)(27): to be expert with a sling. ‘Adishtazh.

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

‘adf-(O-Imp.)(27): to be very particular about one’s appearance, to be fastidious in one's dress (lit. to repeatedly flick oneself).

'Adishtazh.

I. £-(tt): ’a-P-f-ji-(O/yi)(4): to flick O away out of sight (as when one flicks away a fly with one’s fingers).

D.

REPETITIVE Seriative

(lit. to flick against P away out of sight into space). ’Abjjishtadsh/’abjjiftazh. # Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’abjjfshtddsh, to flick O down from a surface (as a fly from a

Ill. £-(tt): (1)

tabletop).

yaa-P-f-jii-(@/@)(753): to flick P up into the air (as a toy balloon - lit. to flick against P away into space up into the air), Yadabjijiishtadsh/yaabidziittazh. yinf-(~ -6-)(@)(767): to sling, make repeated slings. Yinishtaédsh. (e.g. tsé yee shdttddsh, he’s slinging stones at me - lit. he’s slinging at me with stones). (A yini-Repetitive based on the Momentaneous.) yinfi-(@/@)(769): to sling once, make one sling. Yinfishtaéash/yinfittazh. (E.g. Tsé yee shfinfittazh, he slung a stone at me - lit. he

nani-(@/si)(565): to give O a series of pecks or taps, to Knock on O (as ona door).

Nanishtash/nanéttazh

E.

(ninddnishtash)

SEMELFACTIVE

I. £-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(801): to give O a peck, flick or tap, to flip O, flick O (as a particle of adhering matter or a fly), to shoot O (a marble), to hit O (another marble with a flip of one’s own marble),

Yiishtash/shéttash

484

(naayiishtash).

TAZH

“TAA'

# Bee 'adiltashf bee yiishtash, slingshot.

ll. t-(tt):

to hit O with a

(1)

‘ahd-(@/yi)(41):

to break O apart (as a peach),

"Ahashtaah/'ahdattaa’.

Il. L-(tr/reciprocal):

(1)

Wl. di-t-(tt):

‘ahii-(@/si): to give each other a flick. 'Ahiiltash/ ‘ahishiiltash (1st person dpl). "Adii-(@/si)(32): to give oneself a flick or a tap. ‘Adiishtash/’Adéshtash or 'ddishishtash

(2)

(1)

‘adii-(@/@)(32): to break (at pool - lit. to shatter unspecified O). 'Adiishtadh/'adiittaa’ (naa'diishtadh). dii-(@/@)(347): to shatter O, smash O to pieces, break O (as a window pane, bottle), blow O up (with explosives). Diishtadh/diittaa’ (ndéddiishtaah).

(‘andddiishtash).

(2) F.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘Asaa’ bee yiltazhf, drumstick (that with which a drum is tapped). bee ’adiltash/, slingshot (that with which flipping is done). béésh fichfi’ii néinittash(gif, percussion cap for a muzzle loading gun (the copper thing that is repeatedly tapped). chaattazhii, fledgling, baby bird (the one that pecks excrement - reflects the efforts of young birds to clean themselves by pecking the excrement from their bodies), daaltazhgo bee ndajinéhigif, guitar (the one that is played by pecking = picking). tazhii, turkey (the pecker). tazhiits’os, turkey down. tsits’aa’ yiltazhf, guitar (the one thatis pecked = picked),

(4)

(Cf. Koyukon

TAA’

NAVAJO:

IV. di-L-(tr): (1)

B.

Stem noun: father, father’s brother (paternal uncle).

-TAA’

Primary meaning “brittle Stem noun/adjective:

three. (Combining forms: ta-/taa-.) # tadiin (-diin = English -ty), TAA’ thirty. Tadiin déo ba’aa naaki, thirty two. #t tad’ts'dadah (-ts’dadah = English -teen), thirteen. #t tdadi (-di, times), three times, thrice. Tadijjdi, thirty times. Tda'ts’dadahdi, thirteen times. Tdadi neeznadiin (neeznadiin, hundred), three hundred, Taadi mffl(mffl, thousand), three thousand, # ta'{~ tagf (ta’- + -f, the ones), triplets. # tdgf(tdg-~ta’- + -f, the one), third. Tagfjif g6ne’, on the third day. # bfla’taa’ii ~ blla’ta’ii (bfla’-, its fingers, prongs), three-pronged fork or table fork in general (irrespective of the number of prongs).

WSh/ lien tenement

tddah

tah

taa’

UiTin tah

OPT, tdah

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-O-(ti): (1)

DERIVATIVES

taxdl: shatter.)

Meet

A.

NOUN

‘ii’ni’ tsin yidiittaa’ii, wood from a tree struck by lightning (used to make bullroarers),

object shatters as a result of concussion, bulky object breaks.” Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “break, shatter, disintegrate,” and with t-causative in causative-transitive themes .Some themes include a di-thematic prefix.

A.MOM.)| Trans,

’Adii-(O/@)(32): to blow oneself up (with explosives). 'Adiishtadh/'ddiishtaa’.

dii-(@/@)(348): S breaks up, shatters to pieces, disintegrates (a brittle or fragile object, as a dish). Diitéadh/ diitaa’ (ndddiitadh).

# Ni'jj’ diitéadh, to shatter on the floor or ground,

Stem noun: forehead (of a person), poll (of a sheep or other quadruped).

TAA’

485

(Combining form: =ta-.) # —tdgo’ (-go’ < GO”: fall ?), comb (as thatona

tAA’

TAAL4

furniture),

ohioken'’s head), wattle # reaa'ahiohal biiaqo’ (naa'ahddhal,

lariple hair, hair that harigs down over He forehead, bangs (on a parson),

abruptly out into space against P - as againsta rock or other obstruction). Bizhdeeshtaat b(zdééstaal (bindazhdeeshtaat). (Qn ) P-ntkazh-(ni/ni)(236): to kick a hole in P (lit. to let fly a kick into space through P). Binkkazhnishtaatbinkkazhnitaal (binkAndazhnishtaat).

forealook (on a horses) tAelil (aiil, steam, vapor, perspiration)), peraplration that forms on the forehead Idahta' (fah|is’ «16, water), perspiration that forma onthe forehead

f Ht

(6)

(PA

‘tall’,

[|

kink, aot abruptly with the foot; [li]

Successive

‘tat

(bindshtaat:

(> ) P-(zhdi-(B/yi)(263): to stub one’s toe against P, hit one’s foot against P (lit. to move the foot

ohisken), ohisken’s comb, -Wagl(-1aa' +f, the one = 141» PA *t’e [@]: be [thus]; [k] [With *ni-thematic]: be [so]

TEs

numerous.)

NAVAJO: Basic meaning appears to be “be(come) (qualitatively or in number)” but with numerous extended meanings. Occurs: (1) with L- classifier as the theme in verbs meaning “become a certain number;” (2) with di-

C. NEUTER

thematic: noise, and @-classifier “become quiet, calm;”

|. G-(ti):

(3) with ni-thematic and O/t- causative “lose/cause to

lose O (gambling);” (1)

(4) with shé-yini-(~ sh6-o-)-the-

matic and @-/t-classifier “acquire, get;” (5) in Neuter

(si-Perf.)(688): S is roasted, broiled, cooked, done, fired (pot). Sit’é.

bases with O-classifier “be” (qualitatively);

(6) with di(7) with ni-thematic and L- classifier “be (in number) ;” and (8) with t-classifier in Neuter Imperfective bases meaning “resemble, be like (in quality or appearance).” Neuters concerned with number distinguish thematic: noise and O-classifier “be calm, quiet;”

# Hazho’s sit’é, well done (meat). # T’dadoo yéigo sit’6hé, medium rare (meat), soft boiled (egg). # Yéigo sit’é6ego, well done (meat), hard boiled (egg).

two aspects: Absolute and Comparative.

536

hes

TEs

IMP.

US ieee eee

A.MOM. B.CURS.

teeh -

tteeh -

C.NEUT. Abs.

t’é t’é (t’éhé)

-

-

eet -

__t'e’

-

-

-

Comp.

©

t’e’

VI. shd-(-ini- ~ -o-)-t-(tt):

Gemeente teet -

(1)

t’eeh

shdisétt’e’ (shéndosht’eeh:shéndandosht’eeh). # Shdéndosht’eeh (Reversionary), to get O

-

back, reacquire O, retrieve O. -

VII. sh6-(-0-)-L-(tt-Passive): (1)

I. L-(ti): (si)(668): to become a certain number. Siilt’e’ (we became a certain number. E.g. Hastda siilt’e’, there came to be six of us; dif’ yist’e’, there came to be four of them; tseebii diilt’eet, there will be eight of us.) dikwi-(@/si)(318): how many of (us, you, them) are there (will there be, etc.), several of (us, you, them). Dikwiilt’eeh/dikwisiilt’e’.

(2)

# T’66 ’ahayd/diilt’eet,

sh6-O-’doo-(@/si)(695)(Agentive Passive): O is gotten, acquired (a person - as a wife for one’s son). Shdébi’doolt’eeh/shdébi’doost’e’ (shénabi’doolt’eeh:shéndabi’doolt’eeh).

B.

(1)

there'll be a lot of us.

hasht’ehodi-(@/yi)(452): S calms down, becomes peaceful and quiet (weather, conditions). Hasht’ehodit’eeh/hasht’ehodiit’e’ (hasht’endhodit’eeh:hasht’endahodit’eeh). hasht’ehodi-(@/yi)(452): to settle down (a person who becomes sedentary - quits running around, drinking etc.). Hasht’ehodisht’eeh/ hasht’ehodiit’e’ (hash’endhodisht’eeh:hasht’endaahodisht’eeh).

(2)

’A-(yi)(2): to be (in appearance and physical characteristics). ’Adsht’eet. (E.g. T’4a ‘AAsht’eetigi ’At’éego nashizhch’aa’, he painted a perfect likeness of me, he painted me just as | look.)

C.

(1)

ni-(O-Imp.)(662): to be (in health, condition). Nisht’é (yit’é: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). (E.g. Haa nit’é’, how are you? (as in inquiring after the health of a convalescent). Daala nit’é, what’s the matter with you: How are you anyway? Haala nit’éego doo yanitti’ da, how come you don’t say anything? How is it that you don’t

talk? Haald nisht’éego doo shinfnizin da, how come you turn me down (lit. how am | that you

P-ni-(G/si): to lose everything gambling, to “be cleaned out.” Bineelt’eeh/bineest’e’ (bindaneelt’eeh).

don’t want me? - as a rejected lover) ho-(ni-)(@-Imp.)(462): area, space, weather, conditions, “things” is/are (in a certain condition or state of being). Hoot’é. (E.g. ’Atiin haa dahoot’é k’ad, how are the roads now?

(2)

IV. ni-t-(tt): (1)

Tt’60’di haa hoot’é k’ad,

P-ni-(@/si)(239): to cause P to lose everything gambling, to “clean P out.” Binisht’eeh/ binétt’e’.

how’s the weather

outside now? Shighandidasha’ haa dahoot’é k’ad, | wonder how things are back home now? ((¢%)) hasht’e-(ni-)(@-Imp.): S is all ready (as one’s luggage). Hasht’eet’é.

V. shd-(-o-)-O-(tt-Passive): (1)

NEUTER

I. ni-O-(ti):

Ill. ni-L-(tt - Passive): (1)

CURSIVE

|, ’A-O-(ti):

Il. di--(ti): (1)

to get O, acquire O,

procure O. Shdinisht’eeh or shéosht’eeh/

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

shédini-(~ shdé0-)(O/si)(696):

sh6-(@/si)(696): O is acquired, procured, gotten; O is apprehended (a criminal or fugitive). Shdot’eeh/ shdozt’e’ (shdéndot’eeh:shéndandot’eeh).

Il. ’4-ni-O-(ti): (1)

’Ani-(O-Imp.)(78-119-122-713): to be (qualitatively, as in “itis a stone, boy, girl, my

father.”). 'Anisht’é (I am thus) (’At’é: 3rd pers. sgi/dpl;

537

FAV a


Ali]1.)

‘aha-(@/yi or ni/ni)(42):

(5)

(6)

S tears apart, comes

apart, tears in two after becoming tattered and worn (as an old rug or coat). 'Ahat’ood/ ‘ahdat’ddd or 'ahdnit’66d (’ahdnddnat’ood). ‘aha-(@/yi or ni/ni)(37): to pull O apart, tear O in two (dough, a rotten blanket). ’Ahdsht’ood/ ‘ahdat’d6d (‘ahdnddndsht’ood) or ’ahdnishtood/‘ahanit’66d ('ahdndadnisht’ood), ‘ahi-(@/si)(65):

'atts’A-(O/yi or ni/ni)(108):

(22)

to pull O apart easily one quantity

after another (with one’s teeth, as in eating tender meat off the bone). ’Ahisht’ood/’ahét'66d (‘andahdsht’ood). (Seriative corresponding to #2 above.) ‘atts’a-(ni/ni)(107): S pulls apart, comes apart (as an old rotten, tattered rug). ’Atts’at’ood/

# Kin géne’ hasht’ood, to mop the house. hi-(@/si)(448): to pull O apart (as dough, rotten cloth - by a series of effortless shredding or pulling actions). Hisht’ood/hét’66d (ndhdshtood:naahasht’ood). k’e’a-(/yi)(503): to wipe O off, wipe O clean (as in wiping mud from one’s shoes). K’e’esht’ood/ k’e’fit’66d (k’endd’dsht’ood). ni-(ni/ni)(672): S becomes tattered and torn, worn to shreds, S gets a hole in it, wears out (shoes, garments). Niit’0od/ninit’66d. # P-aah niit’ood, S wears out on P (as P’s shoes). nihi-(@/si)(621): S gets torn to shreds, shredded, torn to pieces (as paper, rotten cloth, a blanket). Nehet’ood/neheest’6dd. nihi-(@/si)(621): to shred O, tear O to shreds, tear O up (as newspaper). Nehesht’ood/ nehét’d6dd. ndi-(@/yi)(615): S becomes torn and tattered, S falls into tatters or shreds (as an old rotten rug or blanket). Ndit’ood/Adiit’6éd. (Cf. dit’od: T’ODo: A[l]1.) (@/yi)(791): to wipe O, clean O off (wipe away adhering matter). Yisht’ood/yit’66d (naddndsht’ood). # teezh P-aah yisht’ood, to wipe the dust or dirt off of P (as the dust from a car or from one’s shoes). # Tsiih yit’ood,

S gets skinned, suffers an

abrasion (as one’s knee after a fall).

558

T’OODs

T’OOD,

(6)

» £-(tt):

naaltsoos bee ’adit’ood/,

toilet tissue, kleenex,

paper towel (the paper with which a person

(1)

wipes himself).

hda’a-(~hana’a)(@/yi)(427)(with prepounded bii’, inside it): to clean O (a gun), swab the bore of O (a gun). Bii’ haa’asht’ood/bii’ haa’ fft’6d6d (bii’ haninda’dsht’ood).

(7)

tséso’ naat’oodi, flexible glass, celluloid, plastic sheeting. (8) tséso’ yit’oodi, windshield wiper (on a car)(the one that wipes the glass). (9) tsiih yit’66d, abrasion. (10) zabaah bee yit’oodf, napkin (that with which the periphery of the mouth is wiped).

Ill. D-(tr): (1)

’Adi-(@/yi)(27):

to wipe oneself (with a rag, towel,

toilet tissue). ’Adfsht’ood/’Adeesht’66d (PPA

(‘Andddésht’ood).

T’OODo2 B.

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “suck.” Occurs with t- (L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “suck,” and by extension “pump, siphon, nurse, suckle, inject (medicine),” and with di-thematic and @-classifier ina base meaning “stop nursing, wean.”

CONTINUATIVE

. G-(ti):

(1)

na-(O-Imp.)(601): S is limber, supple, flexible (as a limber sapling when one climbs it - lit. S moves about ina springy manner). Naat’ood.

C.

REPETITIVE Seriative

. O-(tt):

(1)

*t’ut’ [successive *t’ut’ > PA

*t’at’) [t]: suck.)

ndni-(@/si)(562): to give O a series of wipes or swipes (with a cloth). Nanisht’od/nanét’6dd. (Homophonous with nanfsht’ood: give a series

IMP-AUSTITAMPERFAORROG.

“FUT.

OPT.

A.MOM. BASE (2 C.REP.: Dur. Ser.

t’ood Lode

t’o’ Lo

t’66d t’od

-

t’ot t’ot

_t’ood _t’od

t’o’ tod

to; t’o’

t’66d t’66d

. .

ttot t’ot

_t’o’ t’od

D.SEM.

tod

t’od

t’od

-

t’od__—‘t’od

-

-

-

E.CURS,

classifier.)

A.

(1)

yii-(@/si)(797): to give O one swipe or wipe (with a rag). (Homophonous with yiisht’od: give O one suck, except that “suck” includes tclassifier.) Yiisht’od/sét’od (ndaayiisht’od).

’idi-(@/yi)(465): to stop nursing, to be weaned. ‘Idisht’ood/’idiit’66d. (‘i- = null postpositional object + di-thematic: oral, stomach, food.)

Il. £-(tt): (1)

E.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

bee ’ddit’ood/,

NOUN

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-O-(ti):

SEMELFACTIVE

. B-(tt): (1)

-

t’ood

of sucks except that “suck” includes t-

D.

t’ot/

’a-(@/yi)(486):

to suck, pump, siphon O away out

of sight. ‘lisht’ood/’ift’66d nadsht’ood).

DERIVATIVES

# Yah ’iisht’ood,

towel (that with which a person

wipes himself). bee ni’ hat’ood/, mop (that with which the floor area is wiped). chifh bee yit’ood{, kleenex tissue (that with which the nose is wiped). teets’aa’ bee yit’ood/, dish towel (that with which dishes are wiped). naaltsoos ’anda’ bee yit’ood/, paper eye-wiper (formerly provided to trachoma patients by the Health Service) (the paper with which the eyes are wiped).

(2)

(3)

(4)

559

(’andsht’ood:’anda-

to pump O into an enclosure (as water into a house or corral). # Y66’ ’iisht’?ood, to pump O away and get rid of it (as water from a flooded house interior.) P-ghd-(ni/ni)(191): to pump O through P (as water through a fence or pipe). Bighdnisht’ood/ bighdnitt’66d. P-nd-(@/si)(228): to pump O around P (as water around a corral or building). Bindsht’ood/ binisétt’d6d. P-nfkd-(ni/ni)(236): to pump O through P (as through a tunnel or opening). Binfkanfsht’ood/ binkanit’66d.

.

T’'OOD»

T'OODo

(5) P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to pump O away from P. Bits’anfsht’ood/bits’anft’66d t'ood:bits’anddanisht’ood).

(6)

(7)

an injection of O (as insulin). ‘Adiih yisht’6d6d.

(bits’andnish-

ch'f-(ni/ni)(294): to suck, pump, siphon O out horizontally (as water through a pipe).

B.

Ch’infsht’ood/ch’inftt’66d (ch’fndnisht’ood: ch’fndanfsht’ood). di-(@/si)(338): to start to suck, pump, siphon O

ASPECT?

O-dinii-(@/si)(759): S sucks prolongedly, S hangs onto the teat (and won't let go). Yidiniit’od/ yidineest’od.

a location). Disht’ood/désht’é6déd (fdfsht’ood: ndddisht’ood). # -g66 ch’ééh disht’ood, to be unable to get O started to --(a designated location - as to a field to which S is attempting to pump water).

ha-(@/yi)(436):

C.

Durative

(as liquid from a tank or barrel, soda pop from a

I. £-(tt): (Q/yi)(791): to suck on O, nurse on O, pump O. Yisht’o’/ yft’66d (nddndsht’o’),

# P-dithaasht’ood, to take a sample of P’s blood. # P-ii'déé’ haasht’ood, to suck, pump, siphon

# P-iih yisht’o’, to be pumping O into P. to nurse (lit. to suck unspecified O - as a baby). ’Asht’o’/'iit’66d (nda’dsht’o’). P-’ii-(= P-’ahi-)(Q@/yi)(215): to nurse P (a baby, lamb). Biiisht’o’/bi’iy(ft'66d (bindda’iisht’o’). ‘i’li-(= ’i’ahi-)(@/yi)(468): to nurse (unspecified P where P = ’i-], indefinite 3rd person null postposition.). ‘lViisht’o’/’i’iy(tt’66d (’inda’iisht’o’), ’a-(O/yi)(131):

O from (the interior of) P (as froma tank).

# P-ts’éda’ haasht’ood, to get O from P (as when one surreptitiously siphons P’s gasoline without P’s permission). ha-(@ or si/si)(430): to suck or pump O up (as water from the ground floor to the top floor of a building, liquid from a bottle, through a soda straw). Haasht’ood or hashisht’ood/hasétt’66d (handsht’ood:handdandsht’ood).

(10)

Seriative

# P-aah haasht’ood, to pump O up P (as up a hillside). ha’a-(@/yi)(403): to do the pumping out (as bilge

from a boat). Ha’asht’ood/ha’fitt’66d (hana’asht’ood:handa’dsht’ood). (Cf. T'OOD}: haa’Asht’ood [A[II]1.) (11)

(ni/ni)(654):

nadni-(@/si)(562): to give O a series of sucks. Nanisht’od/ nanétt’66d (ninddnisht’od).

to pump or siphon O to a destina-

tion. Nisht’ood/nitt’66d (ndnf{sht’ood:ndanfsht’ood). # P-aa nisht’ood, to pump or siphon O to P (as a supply of water to another person). (12) ni-(ni/ni)(653): to pump or siphon O as far as a

D. SEMELFACTIVE Il. £-(tt):

stopping point (as water, as far as the edge ofa

yii-(@/si)(797): to give O one suck. sétt’od (ndayiisht’od).

canyon). Ninisht’ood/ninitt’6éd (nindn{sht’ood: ninddnisht’ood). # -jj’ ninisht’ood, to pump or siphon O as far as --(a designated location). # Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) ninisht’ood, to pump or siphon O across (as across a road), (13) (@/yi)(791): to suck, pump or siphon O (completive). Yisht’ood/yft’66d (ndsht’ood: nddndsht’ood). # P-iih yisht’ood, to siphon or pump O into P (as water into a bucket), to give P an injection of O (as medicine).

E.

Yiisht’od/

CURSIVE

I. £-(tt):

(2)

(1)

REPETITIVE

to suck, pump, siphon O up out

glass (through a soda straw). Haasht’ood/ hadt’66d (handsht’ood: handdndsht’ood).

(9)

(PERSISTIVE?)

I. D-(tt):

along, to have started to pump O (as water, to

(8)

'Adiih yisht’ood/

(@/yi)(791): to pump O (completive)(with prepounded 'ddiih, into self): to give oneself

560

(yi)(791): to be sucking, pumping, siphoning O along (as liquid through a pipe or straw). Yisht’ot/defniilt’ood (nddsht’ot:nddndasht’ot). # Naas yisht’ot, to be pumping or siphoning O forward. ’a-(yi)(368): to be sucking along (as ona soda straw). ‘Eesht’ot/da’finfilt’ot (nd’eesht’ot:nda’eesht'’ot).

TLAH4

T'OODo F. (1)

(3)

(4) (5)

(6)

(5) (6) (7)

A. MOMENTANEOUS

DERIVATIVES

|. di-O-(ti):

‘ats’oos dootVizh{gff bil’ ‘alt'’ood, intravenous injection (something unspecified is injected into a blue vein). bee ’alt’o’f, nipple (on a nursing bottle)(the one by means of which sucking or nursing is done)(P-bee’alt’o’f). ch’ayft’igii ~ ch’iyft’ogil (derivation uncertain), kingbird. da’att’o’ii, mammalia, mammals (those that nurse), ‘iih ’alt’ood, injection (something is injected into someone). jitt’o’f, wild rhubard (the one people suck on), naaldeehii da’att’o’(gif, mammalia, mammals (the animals that nurse), t6 bee haalt’ood{, garden hose, water hose (that with which water is sucked or pumped out). t6 hayiitt’ood/, water pump (the one that sucks or pumps

(8)

NOUN

(1)

dii-(@/@)(347): to become hysterical, be overcome by emotion (as a person ata revival meeting, or one who is overcome emotionally by the beauty of a song or prayer, Lit. to catch on fire?) Diishttadd/diittah,

I, L-(ti) (1)

P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): to “jump at” a generous offer or opportunity (as at merchandise offered ata very low price, or at an invitation to do some-

thing interesting). (Ib. bik’iishttish, TLIZH: A(\6.) Bik’iishttadd/bik‘iishttah, (ni/ni)(663): mg. uncertain (arrive on fire?). Used in contexts meaning “go to make love, have a love affair going.” Nishttédd/nishttah. # P-aa nishttaédd, to go to make love to P.

(2)

water up out.

t6 bee hahalt’ood/, water pump (the one with which water is pumped up time after time). T6

(3)

ntsi-(ni/ni)(680): to become apprehensive, nervous, emotionally upset, “jumpy;” S beats

bee hahalt’ood/ yilwodigff, hand pump.

fast, palpitates (one’s heart). Ntsinishttadd/ ntsinishttah (ntsinddn(shttadd). # P-jéfntsindltti’,

P’s heart beats fast, P has tachycardia, palpitation of the heart.

Stem noun: covering, bark. (Cf. Chipewyan -t’uuz6, Carrier -t’uuz,

-T'OOZH_

| bark.) # P-kdsht’66zh ~ P-hdsht’66zh (-kd- ~ -hd- < -kda’, on surface), bark, tree

II. di-L-(ti/tt); (1)

bark, # cha’ot bikasht’66zh (cha’ot, pinyon), pinyon bark. # nAdishchi? bikasht’66zh (fdfshchf’, pinetree),

‘ahin{dii-(O/@)(61): to have a violent argument with each other (lit. to burn into each other’s surface), 'Ahinf(diilttadd/‘ahinidiilttah (‘ahinfndddiilttadd)(1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’ahin(diishttédd, to have a violent argument with P. P-n(dii-(@/@)(233): to become angry at P, “give P hell” (lit. to burn into P’s surface), Bin(diishtt44d/binfdiishttah (bin{ndddiishttadd). dii-(@/@)(342): S catches fire, blazes up. Diilttadd/diilttah (Adiilttadd:ndddiilttadd). hodii-(@/@)(453): area catches fire, blazes up; a prairie or forest fire starts. Hodiilttéad/hodiilttah (nddahodiilttaad),

pine bark.

# tsin bikAsht’66zh (tsin, tree) tree bark,

(PPA ‘tlixd> PA ‘tlaxd [PA momentaneous

imperfective: “ttad] [It]: [with “digender]: blaze up, catch fire. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:104.)

TLAH 4

spring, leap, jump up;

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with di-thematic: fire, and Lclassifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “catch fire, blaze up;” (2) with L-causative and di-thematic in bases meaning “set on fire, ignite O:” (3) with di-thematic and @-classifier in a base meaning “become hysterical, overcome by emotion;” and (4) several disparate extended meanings including “jump ata favorable opportunity, palpitate (the heart), have a love affair, have a heated argument, become apprehensive.” Cf. TLAH : stop, halt.

ee A.MOM. Trans. B.NEUT,

IMP ttAdd tti’

UST thi’ -

PERE. FUT tlah/tta — ttit -

-

IV. di-L-(tt): (1)

‘adii-(@/@)(32); to turn on a light, light a light, start a fire, ’Adiishttédd/‘adiitttah, dii-(@/@)(347): to light O, ignite O, set O on fire. Diishttadd/diittlah (fdiishttédd:ndddiishttadd).

(2)

B. NEUTER

OFT.

|. di-L-(ti):

ttAdd

(1)

-

561

di-(@-Imp.)(319):

Sis on fire, S is burning.

Diltti’,

TLAH3

TLAH4

(2)

hodi-(O-lmp.):

the area is on fire, the area is

burning, there is a forest or prairie fire.

C.

NOUN

# P-it ni’nishttédd, to make a stop (with) for P (as when a driver stops to allow a passenger to get out of the vehicle).

Hodiltti’,

DERIVATIVES

B.

'adiniitta (Ib. ‘iich’ah), hysteria, convulsion, fit. ‘ak’ah diltti'/, candle (the oil or tallow that burns), bee da’diltti’f, electric light switch (that with which the lights are turned on), bee da’diltti’(gff, electric light bulb (the ones with which there is a fire).

(1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

kg’ na’atbaasii ninddaaltti'igi,

depot, railroad

station (where the trains repeatedly stop).

(PPA *t#x > PA “*tlagh [t]: rub oil or grease on. Cf. TLEE’.)

TLAH3 NAVAJO: Noun stem TLAH: oil, salve, grease. Occurs with t-(L-)

NAVAJO: Occurs with L-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning

TLAHo

classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “smear with a greasy or mushy substance,

“stop, halt,” and with t-causative in

anoint.” V. TLEE’.

bases meaning “stop O.” Possibly cognate with TLAH above.

A.MOM._

IMP.

US Vite e ERE

Oie

ttédd

tti’

ttit

tlah

A.MOM. B.CONCL

IMP?

SrUSVIT@SPEREOREUT

OPT.

ttah

ttah

ttah

ttah

ttah

A. MOMENTANEOUS A.

I. L-(ti): (1)

I. £-(tt):

ni-(ni/ni)(653-668): to stop, halt, come toa stop, quit, stall (as acar). Ninishttédd/ninishttah

P-'nii-(O/O)(220):to start to put salve, creme,

(ninddnishttadd). # P-it ninishttaéad,

lotion or grease on P. Bi’niishttah/bi’niitttah.

to stop with P (as with a

passenger). # P-it niilttaéad, P stops (while riding) inS, S makes a stop with P (as a bus in which

B.

P is riding).

CONCLUSIVE

I. £-(tt):

# P-ts’éd’ niilttédd, S quits, stalls, stops on P (i.e. to P’s disadvantage - as a watch, car).

(2)

MOMENTANEOUS

(O/si)(791): to grease O (as acar, wagon), to smear or daub grease on O, anoint O, put salve

# Ch'jjdii P-it niilttadd, P is overcome by ghost power, ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(639): unspecified S stops, comes to a stop. Ni’fittaad/ni'ittah (ninda’iittddd). # P-it ni’flttaéad, P makes a stop (i.e.

onO. Yishttah/sétttah (ndshttah:nddndshttah). # Nashttah, to lubricate or grease (lit. regrease) O (as acar or a machine). ha-(@/si): to pave or coat an area (as with asphalt), Hashttah/hosétttah. na’a-(@/si)(553): to do a grease job (lit. to regrease unspecified O back). Na’ashttah/ nf'séttah (ninda’ashttah).

unspecified S stops with P)(a passenger in an unspecified conveyance, as a bus, train).

# T’'66 kénighdnij’ P-it ni’ttédd, P makes a brief stop (as a passenger in a plane, train or bus).

ll. L-(tr/Passive):

’Adi-(@/si)(27): to apply a greasy substance to oneself (as vaseline, cold cream, shaving soap, (1)

(2)

salve)

ni-O-(ni/ni)(627): to stop O, bring O to a stop (as a car, animal), to stop O, turn O off (a car

’Adishttah/’Adéshttah (‘Andaddishttah). to anoint oneself with P (as

# P-ee 'Adishttah,

with cold cream,

motor). Nibinishttédd/nibinfttah (ninddbinishttadd). ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(642): to stop unspecified O (as a car). Ni’nishttédd/ni’nitttah (ninda’nishttadd).

vaseline).

ha-(O/si)(410)(Simple Passive): area is paved (with a sticky substance, as tar or asphalt). Halttah/hasttah. na-(@/si)(560)(Simple Passive): O is greased

562

TLAH3

TLEE’ A.

(regreased - as acar). Nalttah/ndsttah, # P-d ndlttah, P gets a grease job on it (his car)

O-(tt):

(1) B. (1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

bee ‘Adilttahf,

cold cream, unguent, salve, lotion, ointment (that with which a person greases self). Bee ’Adilttahf tikanf dahalchinfgff,

(2) (3) (4)

(5)

MOMENTANEOUS

cold

cream (the sweet smelling ointment or lotion). Bee 'Adilttahf danittddligif, vaseline (the very clear ointment). nda’ bee yilttahi, eye ointment (that with which the eyes are anointed). tlah, salve, ointment (P-ttah). ttah sis?f, Vicks Vapo-Rub, mentholatum (the tingling lotion or ointment). tsiighd bee yilttahf, hair oil, hair dressing, hair tonic (that with which the hair is oiled),

’a-(O/yi)(486): to carry O away out of sight. ‘lishtteeh/'(itéé’ (‘andshtteeh:’anddndashtteeh). SER.(@/si)(66): to carry or take O away out of sight one after another (as feces), to eat mushy matter (as ice cream). ’Ahishtteeh/’ahéttéé’ (andhdashtleeh:’andaahdashtteeh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishtteeh, to bring or drop O down from a height. P-yaa ‘iishtteeh, to shove O in under P. to move or toss +H + Nahijj’ (~ nahg66) ’iishtteeh, O aside, take O out of the way (as a cow platter). # Nii’oh ’iishtteeh, to carry or toss O away out of view, conceal O. # Yah ’iishtteeh, to carry or toss O into an enclosure, put O in (as into a house, ina

hole).

Stem noun: salve, ointment, tallow, grease. (Cf. verb root TLAH3: smear, anoint.)

TLAH

(PPA

*tleK’

> *PA

# Y66’ ’iishtteeh, to carry O away and get rid of it (as fecal matter).

(2)

tteK’

[successive *ti#K’™ > *thiK’] [O]: TLEE’

classificatory stem for mushy mass.) NAVAJO:

Primary meaning “wet,

mushy (wetness/ mushiness),.” Classificatory stem for mushy matter (as wet plaster, butter, ice cream, dough, mush, brain, scrambled

eggs, gob of grease, honey, molasses, wet mud, peanut butter, soft pitch, fecal matter, wet rag, decrepit

old hat, slime). Occurs: (1) with @-(D-) classifier as the theme in a full range of bases that describe the “handling” or the “propulsion (toss, throw)” of mushy matter (MM); (2) with hi-thematic (seriative) and Dclassifier in bases describing the hopping movement of a frog or toad (a mushy mass moves seriatively); (3) with L-/L-causative in bases meaning “be(come) damp or wet/dampen, moisten, wet O;” and (4) with ni-thematic: terminative, and @-classifier “become a mushy mass.” IMP.

A.MOM. otras] tteeh

US./IT.

PERF,

_ttoh

uéé’

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

-

ttoh

tteeh

D.DIST.

tte’

ttoh

166’

-

ttoh

tte’

E.CONCL. F.REV. G.CON. H.CURS.

tleeh_ ttoh ttoh -

ttoh ttoh ttoh -

téé’ tté6’ 66’ -

ttoh/

ttoh ttoh ttoh -

tleeh ttoh ttoh -

LNEUT.

make a circuit carrying O. ’Ahéénishtteeh/ ’ahéénittéé’. SER. (@/si)(48): to carry O

(7)

C.CONT.

-

-

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(381): to bring, lower, drop O down from a height (as a gob of resin from a tree, mud from a rooftop). “Adaashtteeh/ 'addattéé’. SER.(O/si) (376). “Adahashtteeh/ ’adahattéé’ (’adandhdshtteeh:’adandahashtteeh). # P-ch’j’ ’adaashtteeh, to lower or drop O down to P as a ball of mud to a person below). ’adaji-(~ bidaji-/nadaji-)(@/yi)(490): to toss, throw mushy matter down (lit. make a downward toss with mushy matter into space). ’Adajishtteeh/ ’'adadziitéé’ (’adandajfshtteeh). # P-ee ’adajishtteeh, to toss or throw P down (lit. make a downward toss with P into space). (E.g. Kin bikaa’déé’ hashtrish bee ’adadziittéé’, | threw the mud down from the roof of the house). ’ahd-(O/yi or ni/ni)(41): to divide O in half (as a lump of butter). ’Ahdshtteeh/’ahdaattéeé’ (‘ahdnddndshtteeh) or ’ahdnishtteeh/’ahanitté6’ ('ahdnddnishtteeh). ’ahdda-(@/si)(37): to divide O up into d.p. parts or pieces (as ice cream, butter). “Ahdadaashtteeh/ ‘ahddaséttéé’ (’ahdndddaashtteeh). ’ahé6-(ni/ni)(46): to carry O around ina circle,

(8)

around and around and around in circles. ’"Ahééhéshtteeh/’ahééhéttéd’. ’ahfi-(@/O)(70): to combine, mix or put O

together. ’Ahfishtteeh/’ahiittéé’ (’ahinéishtteeh: ’ahindanéishtteeh). ’aji-(O/yi)(75): to throw mushy matter away out of sight. ’Ajishtteeh/'adziittéé’ (’anddjishtteeh). # P-ee ’ajishtteeh, to throw P away out of sight (as a handful of mud). # P-ee yah ‘ajishtteeh, to throw P into an enclosure (as a handful of mud into a hole).

TLEE’

TLEE’

‘atna-(@/yi or ni/ni)(97): to switch the position of O (as two portions of ice cream). ’Atndshtteeh/ ‘atndattéé’ (’atndndshtteeh:’atndnddnashtteeh)

(24) P-nd-(@/si)(228): to carry O around P (asa quantity of wet cement around a hogan). Bindshtleeh/biniséttéé’ (bininddndshtteeh). (25) P-t’a-(O/yi)(251): to put O (as a piece of dough) into the fold of one’s garment or under the covers. Bit’aashtteeh/bit’aattéé’ (bit’andshtleeh:bit’anddndshtteeh) (26) P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(257): to separate O from P, set O apart from P (as a serving of ice cream from a container full). Bits’anishtteeh/bits’anittéé’ (bits’ananishtteeh:bits’anddanishtteeh). (27) P-za-(@/@)(262): to put or toss O into P’s mouth (as ice cream into a child’s mouth). Bizaashtleeh/bizaattéé’ (bizanddndshtteeh). (28) P-zaji-(O/yi)(75): to toss or throw mushy matter into P’s mouth (lit. make a toss of mushy matter into P’s mouth). Bizajishtteeh/bizadz{(ttéé’. # P-ee p-zajishtteeh, to throw P into p’s mouth (lit. to throw with P into p’s mouth -asa gob of dog food into a dog’s mouth). (29 ~— ch’i-(ni/ni)(294): to take, toss or carry O out horizontally. Ch’infshtteeh/ch ’inittéé’ (ch’inanishtteeh:ch’indanishtleeh). SER.(Q/si)(277). Ch’éhéshtteeh/ch ’théttéé’ (ch’(ndhdshtteeh: ch’(nddhashtteeh) (30) ch’izh-(ni/ni): to throw mushy matter out horizontally (as out a window)(lit. to make a throw of mushy matter horizontally out into space). Ch’izhnishtteeh/ch ‘izhnittéé’ (ch indazhnishtteeh). # P-ee ch’izhnishtteeh, to throw a gob of P out (as ice cream out a window). (E.g. Bee tséso’déé’ ch’izhnittéé’, | threw it out the window.) (31 — di-(@/si)(338): to start to carry O along, to have started to carry O along (in the Perf.). Dishtleeh/déttéé’ (ndishtteeh:ndddishtteeh). SER.(@/si)(441): to move O by pushing first on one side and then on another or by moving O part at a time (as a pile of dough or other mushy substance). Hidishtteeh/hidéttéé’ (ndhidishtteeh:nddhidishtteeh). # -g66 déttéé’, to be on the way carrying O to -- (a designated place). # Nahijj’ hidéttéé’, to move or tug O aside by pushing first on one side and then on the other. (32 — didi-(@/yi)(315): to put O into or near the fire (as dough, mud). Didishtteeh/didfittéé’ (déédishtleeh:dinddadishtteeh). SER.(@/si)(317). Dihidishtleeh/dihidéttéé’ (dinddhidishtteeh). (33) dii-(@/)(347)(with prepounded dah, up): to start off carrying O, leave carrying O, pick up, lift or raise O up. Dah diishtteeh/dah diitléé’ (dah ndiishtteeh:dah ndddiishtteeh). (34) dzidi-(O/si)(354): to let fly O (as a soggy towel). Dzidishtteeh/dzidéttéé’, # P-it dzidishtteeh, to hit P with a soggy towel. (35) dzidza-(@/yi)(359): to toss or drop O into the fire in a leisurely manner (as a wad of gum). Dzidzaashtteeh/ dzidzdattéé’ (dzidzandshtleeh:dzidzandandshtteeh). SER.(@/si) (355): to put or drop O one after another into the fire

or ’atnadnishtteeh/’ atnanittéé’ (’atnddnishtteeh: ’atnanaanishtteeh). ‘atnana-(@/yi)(96): to carry O to a point and back. ’Atndndshtteeh/’atnandattéé’ or ’atnanaashttéé’ (with D-classifier). # -gd6 ‘atndndshttoh (Usitative), to carry O back and forth to --(a designated location - as mortar from a container to a construction site). (11 — ‘atts’a-(@/yi or ni/ni)(108): to divide O into two parts, share O (as a lump of butter). ‘Aits ’Ashtteeh/’atts aattéé’ (’atts’danddshtteeh) or ’atts’Anishtteeh/’atts’anittéé’ (‘atts’andanishtteeh). (12 ~— ’atts’Ada-(@/si)(104): to divide O up into d.p. parts or portions (as a quantity of ice cream). ’Atts’adaashtteeh/‘atts ’ddaséttéé’ (atts ’Andadaashtleeh). (13) ’ats’a-(ni/ni)(136): to separate or segregate O, set O aside (as a portion of ice cream set aside for an absent person). ’Ats’anfshtteeh/’ats’anitéé’ (’ats’Andnishtteeh or ’ats’ddnishtteeh: ‘ats ’anddanishtteeh). (14 ~~ P-a’-(ni/ni)(146): to lend O to P (as some butter), Ba’nishtteeh/ba’nittéé’ (banda ’nishtteeh). (15 ~~ P-a’di-(@/yi)(146): to give some of O to P (as some of the ice cream one is eating to a child). Ba’dishtteeh/ ba’diittéé’ (banda’dishtteeh). (dithematic: reduction, subtraction.) (16 wa P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to cover, block or stop P up with O (a gob of mud). Bidadinishtleeh/ bidadinittéé’. (17) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(172): to cover or block P over with mushy matter. Bidadi’nishtteeh/ bidadi’nittéé’. P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to plug or block P (as a hole) with O (as with a gob of mud or cement). Bidadinishtteeh/bidddinittéé’. (di-thematic: open, close.) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(173): to plug or block P with unspecified mushy matter, cement or plaster O

shut (as a hole). Bidddi’nishtteeh/bidddi’nittéé’, P-di-(@/yi)(182): to spoon or scoop out part of P (as a dipper of ice cream from a can full), to

remove O from P. Bidishtteeh/bid/ittéé’ (bindddishtteeh). (di-thematic: reduction, subtraction). # P-ts’Aa’ bidishtteeh, to take part of it without P’s consent (as part of P’s ice cream). (21 ~— P-flak’e-(@/yi)(222): to hand O to P, put O into P’s hand (as a ball of soft pitch). Bilak’eeshtleeh/bildk’ééttéé’ (bildk’endshtleeh: bilak’enddndshtteeh). (22 ~— P-fi-(@/@)(265-232): to add O to P (as butter to cake batter). Bfishtteeh/bfittéé’ (binéishtteeh: bindanéishtteeh). (23 ~~ P-k’f-(@/si)(201): to put or throw O (as mud) onto P (as onto another person). Bik’éshtteeh/ bik'iséttéé’: (bik’fnddndshtteeh).

564

TLEE’

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

TLEE’

(as balls of pitch). Dzidzahashtteeh/ dzidzahattéé’ (dzidzandhdshtteeh:dzidzanaahashtteeh). dzidzaji-(@/yi)(75): to toss or drop mushy matter into fire in a rough or forceful manner (lit. to make a rough toss of MM away into the fire). Dzidzajishtteeh/dzidzadzfittéé’ (dzidzandajishtleeh). # P-ee dzidzajishtteeh, to throw P into the fire (lit. to make a throw by means of P away into space into the fire). # Taosnii’ bee dzidzajishtteeh, to roughly throw dough into the fire (lit. |make a rough throw away into the fire with dough.) ha-(@/yi)(436): to take O out (as ice cream from a container), to carry O up (as from a cellar). Haashtteeh/ haattéé’ (handshtteeh:handdanashtleeh). SER.(@/si) (394). Hahashtteeh/hahattéé’ (handhdshtteeh:hanadahdashtleeh). # P-ii’déé’ haashtteeh, to take, scoop, dip O out of P (as mush out of a bowl). # P-fldk’ee haashtteeh, to take O out of P’s hand (as dough). # P-yaa haashtteeh, to take O out from beneath P (as a gob of mud from beneath a table). ha-(@ or si/si)(436): to carry O up, climb up carrying O (as wet plaster up a ladder). Haashtteeh or hashishtteeh/haséttéé’ (handshtteeh:handandshtteeh). # P-aah hashishtteeh, to carry O up P (as up a ladder). hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry O the full length, all the way (as wet plaster, the full length of a hallway). Hadiishtteeh/hadiittéé’ (haddiishtleeh:handddiishtteeh). (hadi-thematic: all the way.) hidii-(@/@)(444)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (a sopping wet mop or rag, an old decrepit hat). Dah hidiishtteeh/dah hidiittéé’ (dah nahidiishtteeh:dah nadhidiishtteeh). ji-(@/yi)(490): to throw mushy matter (as mud)(lit. to make a throw of mushy matter into space). Jishtteeh/dziittéé’ (ndajishtteeh). # P-ee jishtteeh, to throw P (throw with P - as

(44) nahi-(@/si)(533): to turn O around or over (as a cow platter). Nahdshtieeh/ndhiséttéé’ or nahatté6’ (nindhdshtteeh). (Also as Reversative: nahashttoh.) (45) nahidee-(@/yi)(536): to turn O over (a sopping wet rag, a cow platter). Nadhideeshtteeh/ nahidééttéé’ (nindhideeshtteeh:nindahideeshtleeh). (46) ndadii-(O/B)(575): to pick O back up (Reversionary corresponding to ndiishtteeh: #48 below.). Naddiishtteeh/nddadiitiéd’.

(47)

something happens). Ndinfishtteeh/Adiniittéé’.

(48) (49)

Naashtteeh/ndattéé’

to pick O up, lift, choose, find O. Ndiishtleeh/ndiittéé’ (ndddiishtteeh:nindadiishtteeh). (ni/ni)(566-663): to go, come, arrive carrying O. Nishtteeh/nittéé’ (ndnishtteeh:ndanishtteeh). to bring, take, give, deliver O

to P. # P-aa ndnishtteeh, to P.

to bring, take, give O back

# -g66 nishtteeh, to carry O to (a designated

(50)

destination). ni-(ni/ni)(653): to carry O as far as a stopping point, stop carrying O. Ninishtteeh/ninittéé’ (nindnishtteeh:ninddnfshtteeh). SER.(@/si) (622). Neheshtteeh/nihéttéé’ (nindhashtteeh: ninddhashtteeh). # Hasht’e’ ninishtteeh,

to store O away, save

O, put O away (as butter). # -jj’ ninishtteeh, to carry O as far as --(a designated point). # Ni’ ninishtteeh, to set O down on the ground or floor.

# Shda’ ninishtteeh, to set O in a sunny place. # Tsé’naa (ha’naa) ninishtleeh, to carry O across. (51) n’dii-(@/@)(676): to take O down (a lump of wet clay from a ledge, an old decrepit hat from a peg), to pick O (a gob of resin). N’diishtteeh/ n’diittéé’ (nind’diishtteeh:ninda’diishtteeh). SER.(@/@)(537). Nahi’diishtteeh/nahi’diittéé’ (nindhi’diishtteeh:ninadhi’diishtteeh). (52) (si/si)(694)(with prepounded dah, up): to put O up (as ona shelf, where it remains - as a gob of mud). Dah shishtteeh/dah shéttéé’ (dah nishishtteeh:dah nadshishtteeh). (53) tsftts’4-(ni/ni)(736): to take O away from fire or water, to carry O ashore. Tsitts’anishtteeh/

(ninddndsh-

tleeh). SER. (@/si) (533). Nahashtteeh/nahattéé’ (nindhashtteeh: ninddhashtteeh). # P-ch’j’ naashtteeh, to toss, drop or lower O down to P. # P-k’ijj’ naashtteeh, to drop O down onto P (as a gob of mud down onto another person). # P-yi’jj’ naashtteeh, to toss, drop or lower O down into P. # Ni’ji’ naashtteeh,

ndii-(@/O)(619):

# P-aa nishtleeh,

mud). (42) kfi-(@/@)(494): to carry O up an incline (as upstairs, up a hill). Kfishtteeh/kfittéé’ (kinéishtteeh:kindanéishtteeh). (43) na-(G/yi)(600): to lower, drop, put down O (from

a height).

# P-aa or P-ts’dda’ ndddiishtteeh, to take O back away from P (as ice cream with which a baby is making a mess). ndinfi-(O/O)(611): to get a good start carrying O, just get well under way carrying O (when

tsiits’anittéé’ (tsfts’Andnishtteeh:tsitts ’anaanfshtteeh). (54) (@/yi)(791):

to carry, move, put O (completive).

Yishtteeh/yittéé’ (ndshtteeh:nddndshtteeh). SER. (@/si)(448). Hishtteeh/héttéé’ (ndhdshtteeh:ndadhdshtteeh). # P-iih yishtteeh, to put O into P (as ice cream into a bowl).

to toss, drop or lower O

down onto the ground or floor.

565

TLEE’ # Kjjh yishtteeh, market.

TLEE’

to take O into town, to

(11)

# teeh yishtteeh, to bury O, put O into the ground (as wet cement).

’Azahashtleeh/’Azahdshtté6’ (’4zanda-

# Nii’oh yishtteeh, to hide O, conceal O. # Taah yishtteeh, to put O into the water. (55) yisda-(O/yi)(774): to rescue O, carry O away from danger, save O. Yisddshtteeh/yisdaattéé’ (yisdandshtteeh:yisdanddndshtleeh). (56) yini-(O-Ilmp.)(768): to throw mushy matter at O. Yinishtteeh (Repetitive). # P-ee yinishtteeh, to throw P (lit. with P) at O. (E.g. Hashtt’ish yee shdétteeh, he’s slinging mud at me.) (57) yinfi-(@/O)(769): to throw at O (one time) with MM. Yifnfishtteeh/yinfittéé’.

(12)

‘Aza’iishtteeh/’4za’iyéshtté6’

(1) ’a-(O/yi)(478): to put O away out of sight (in a reflexive context). ’lishtteeh/’eeshttéé’ (‘andshtteeh:’anddndshtteeh). # ’Ayaa ’iishtleeh, to put O under oneseif (as a sponge). (2) ’a&dadi-(ni/ni)(173-297): to enclose self by plugging the entrance with MM (as mud).

(4)

hdshtteeh), ’Aza’ii-(= ’Aza’ahi-)(O/si)(140): to eat mush (lit. to put unspecifed mushy matter into one’s own mouth one quantity after another).

('Azanda’iishtteeh). (13 ~— P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P by force (as P’s ice cream). Bighanishtteeh/ bighanishttéé’ (bighandnishtteeh:bighandanfshtteeh), (14) ha-(O/yi)(Simple Passive)(430): O is scooped out (as ice cream from a container). Haatteeh/ haattéé’ (handtteeh:handdndtleeh). SER. (O/si)(391): O is scooped out, one scoop full after another. Hahatteeh/hahaastté6’ (handhatteeh:handdhatteeh). # Naakidi haatiée’go, two scoops of O (as ice cream). (15 ma hadini-(@/si)(384): to carry O too far, beyond the point where one should have stopped. Hadinishtteeh/hadinishttéé’ (handddinishtteeh). (16 wa (ni/ni)(794)(Simple Passive): O is delivered, brought, given, served (as ice cream). Yitteeh/yittéé’ (ndtteeh: nddnatteeh). # P-aayitteeh, O is served, delivered, brought, given to P, P receives O.

ll. D-(tt/tr/Passive):

(3)

’Aza-(O/yi)(141): to put O into one’s own mouth. 'Azaashtteeh/’Azaashtt66’ (‘Azandshtteeh:’ Azanddnadshtleeh). SER.(@/si)(140).

‘Adddinishtteeh/"Adddinishttéé’.

‘adddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(173): to enclose self by plugging the entrance with unspecified MM (as mud). ‘Adadi’nishtteeh/’Adddi’nishtléé’. ‘ahaa’- (~ ’atghda’-)(ni/ni)(43-89)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to exchange, swap, trade O with P (as portions of ice cream). Bit ’‘ahda’nishtteeh/bit ‘ahda’nishttéé’ or bit ‘atghda’nishtteeh/bit ’atghaa’nishttéé’, ‘ahfini-(O-lmp.)(70): to have a (mud) slinging match, sling (mud) at each other. ’Ahiinfitteeh (1st pers. dpl).(Reciprocal corresponding to yinfshtteeh.) # Hashttish bee P-it ’ahfinishtteeh, to have a (mud) slinging match with P. &k’{-(@/si)(81): to put or throw O on oneself (as

Ill. ni-O-(ti): (1)

ni-(@/si)(663): to collapse, fall down in a heap (as a person), go flat (a tire), break down (a car). Nishtteeh/nétiéé’ (nanishtteeh:nddnfshtteeh). (ni-thematic: terminal.)

IV. hi-D-(ti): (1)

mud, butter). ’Ak’éshtteeh/’dk’fsistté6’

(’ak’fndshtteeh:’ak’inddndshtteeh). ‘Ak ’'idi-(O/yi)(82): to take O (MM - an old decrepit

hat) off. ’Ak’idishtteeh/’4k ideeshttéé’,

’atnana-(@/yi)(96): to carry O to a location and back. ’Atndndshtteeh/’atnanddshtéé’. # 'Atnanashttoh, to carry O back and forth (Usitative), 'alts’a’di-(@/yi)(105)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to share O with P (each taking a part). Bit ’atts’A’dishtteeh/bit ‘alts’A’deeshttéé’ (bit ’atts’Anda’dishtteeh). (dithematic: reduction, subtraction). (10) ’at’a-(O/yi) (251): to put O into the fold in one’s own garment, or under one’s own covers.

(2)

'At’aashtteeh/"at’aashtiéé’ (’At’andshtteeh:

’At’anddndshtleeh).

(3)

566

‘ahi-(@/yi)(42): to hop away out of sight (as a frog or toad). ’Ahatteeh/’ahoottéé’ (’andhdtteeh: ’anddhatteeh). # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘ahatteeh, to hop down from a height (as down a river bank). # P-yaa ‘ahatteeh, to hop in under P (as under a bed or chair). # Nahjj’ ’ahatteeh, to hop to one side, out of the way. # Yah ’ahatteeh, to hop into an enclosure (as into a room, hole). # Y66’ ‘ahatteeh, to hop away and disappear. ’adahi-(~ bidahi-/hadahi-)(@/yi)(375): S plops down from a height (as a frog , person plopping down a mountainside). ’Adahatteeh/ ‘adahootléé’ (’adandhatteeh:’adanddhatteeh). ’atts’ahi-(ni/ni)(445): S separate, hop apart, hop in opposite directions from each other (as two frogs or toads), ’Atts’dhaatteeh/atts ’dhaattéé’ (atts’andhaatteeh:’atts ’Anddhaatteeh).

TLEE’

(4) (5)

(6)

(7)

(8) (9)

TLEE’

P-ndhi-(@/si): S hops around P (as a frog around a rock). Yindhdatteeh/yindhaazttéé’. P-ts’ahi-(ni/ni)(445): S hops away from P (as a frog away from a snake). Yits’ahaatteeh/ yits’Ahaatiéé’ (yits’dndhaatteeh:yits’andaahaatteeh). P-nfkahi-(ni/ni)(445): S hops through P (as a frog through an opening). Yinikahaatteeh/yinikahaattéé’ (yinfkandhaatteeh:yinkanddhaatteeh). ch’hhi-(ni/ni)(284)-(@/yi)(275): S hops out horizontally. Ch’éheetteeh/ch’éheettéé’. (completive with O/yi: ch’éhétteeh/ ch’fhoottee’). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éhétteeh, S hops down (as a frog from a river bank). dzidzahi-(@/yi)(63): S hops into the fire (as a frog or toad). Dzidzahatteeh/dzidzahootiéé’. hahi-(@/yi) (63): S hops up out (as a frog from an enclosed space). Hahatteeh/hahoottéé’ (handhatteeh: handahatteeh).

B. . O-(ti):

ii-(O/D)(486)(with prepounded ’atsd, own belly): to turn

a somersault, turn a handspring, fall and

go head over heels. ’Ats4 ’iishtteeh/’dts4 iishttéé’: (Atsa nda’iishtteeh).

(2)

nahonii-(O/O)(542): area (as a field) regains its moisture (as a dry area following a rain).

Ndhoniitleeh/ndhoniittéé’.

. @-(tt): (1)

# P-flak’ee hahatteeh,

S hops out of P’s hand (as a frog). # P-ii’déé’ hahatteeh, S hops out of P (asa frog out of a box). # P-yaadéé’ hahatteeh, S jumps out from beneath P (as a frog from beneath a rock). (10) hi-(@/yi)(63): S hops (completive). Hitteeh/ hoottéé’ (ndhatteeh:nadhatteeh). # P-iih hitteeh, S hops into P (as a frog into a box). # Nii’oh hitteeh,

TRANSITIONAL

C.

(ni-thematic.)

CONTINUATIVE

na-(@/si)(600): to carry O around about here and there, make a round trip carrying O (in the Perf.). Naashtteeh/niséttéé’ (ninddnashtteeh). # Dah naashtteeh, to hold O up and wave it (as a handful of mud, a decrepit old hat). # -g66 nisétiéé’, to have carried O to --(a

designated location and back to the point of departure.)

_ hi-D-(ti): (1)

nahi-(@/si)(533): to go plopping about on the rump (as a baby), to go hopping about (as a

frog or toad). Nahashtteeh/nahisisttéé’.

S hops out of view.

# Taah hitteeh, S hops into the water (a frog). (11) hi-(ni/ni)(445):

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

S goes, comes, arrives hopping. Heetteeh/heettéé’ (ndhaatteeh:nddhaatteeh). # P-aa heetteeh, S hops to P (as a frog toa person). # -g66 heetteeh, S hops to -- (a designated place). hidi-(@/si)(442): S starts to hop along. Hiditteeh/ hideesttéé’ (ndhiditteeh:ndaahiditteeh). hidii-(@/@)(442)(with prepounded dah, off): S starts off hopping (as a frog). Dah hidiitleeh/ dah hidiittéé’ (dah nahidiitteeh:dah naahidiitteeh). nihi-(ni/ni)(629): S hops as far as a stopping point. Neheetteeh/neheettéé’ (nindhaatteeh: ninddhaatteeh),. # P-kda’jj’ dah nehetteeh, S hops up on top of P (as a frog onto a rock or lily pad). # -jj’ neheetteeh, S hops as far as --(a designated place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) neheetteeh, S hops across. tsftts’ahi-(ni/ni)(445): S hops out of or away from fire or water (as a frog), S hops ashore. Tsftts ’aheetteeh /tsitts’dheettéé’ (tsitts dandhaatteeh:tsitts’anddhaatteeh). yisddhi-(@/yi)(63): S hops to safety, S escapes from danger (as a frog). Yisddhdtteeh/yisda-

hoottéé’

D.

DISTRIBUTIVE

. O-(tt): P-taa-(@/si)(250): to distribute O to P, pass out O to P (as ice cream or butter to people).

Bitaashtte’/bitaaséttéé’ (bitaanddndshtte’). (Also as bitaashtteeh.) nda-(@/si)(604): to setd.p. O about (as cow platters, mud balls).

E.

Faas}

Ndaashtte’/ndaséttéé’.

CONCLUSIVE

_ L-(ti/tr): (1)

(2) (3)

.

567

P-nd’a-(si)(226): there is a ring around P (as a ring around the moon). Bind’asttéé’. # 'Ooljéé’ bind’dsttéé’, there is a ring around the moon, aring has formed around the moon (lit. there is wetness around the moon). na-(@/si)(571): to get wet (lit. to become rewetted). Ndshtteeh/niséttéé’ (ninddnashtteeh). na’ddi-(@/si)(546): to wet oneself (lit. wet oneself back). Nd’ddishtteeh/na’ddéshttéé’ (ninda’adishtteeh).

TLEE’

TLEE’

I. (tt): (1)

ll. hi-D-(ti):

na-(@/si)(571):

to moisten O, wet O down (lit. to

re-wet O). Nashtteeh/niséttéé’ (2)

tteeh). ndha-(~ ndho-)(@/si)(533): to wet an area down (as a floor, dooryard)(lit. to re-wet an area). Nahashtteeh/ ndhoséttéé6’ (ninddhdshtteeh).

I. O-(tt): (1)

(1)

(ninddndsh-

(2)

F. REVERSATIVE

|. NEUTER |. @-(ti):

nahi-(@/si)(529): to turn O over or around (as a cow platter). Nadhdshttoh or ndhdshtteeh/ nahiséttéé’.

(1)

as a frog, toad, drunken person).

|. O-(tt):

(2)

(1)

(2)

(2)

P-f-(O-Imp.)(156): to try to get P to accept O (as a mud ball, piece of butter or ice cream). Béshttoh. P-f-(@/si)(156): to rub O on P (cold cream on one’s face). Béshttoh/béséttéé’ (bindandshtloh).

(3)

‘’atgha-(O-lmp.)(88): to fight over O, to both claim O, to try to get O away from each other (as ice cream, butter). ’Atghaiittoh (1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’atghaashttoh, to fight over O with P (another person). P-gha-(@-Imp.)(808): to try to get O away from P, try to take O away from P (as ice cream,

butter).

(si-Perf.)(685-689): S sits, S is (in position)(an amorphous blob or gob of mushy matter, as mud, butter, ice cream; an animate subject that has the characteristics of an amorphous mass,

G. CONATIVE

(1)

hi-(yi)(439): to be hopping or flopping along (as a frog or toad), to be plopping along on one’s rump (as a baby). Heeshttoh/dahiiniitteeh. # Génaa hoottoh, S goes flopping across. P-ndhi-(yi)(225): S goes hopping or flopping around P (as a frog around a rock). Yindhoottoh.

(7) (8)

(9)

Bighaashttoh.

H. CURSIVE |. O-(tt): (1)

Sitléé’ (3rd pers. sgl)(ndandsttéé’). Sétté6’ (1st pers. sgl). ’ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(52): S lie in a circle (as a circle of cow platters). ’Ahéénittéé’. P-k’idi-(ni-Perf.)(203): S sits on top of P (as an old battered hat on a person = P has S on).

Bik’idéttéé’. P-nahidi-(ni-Perf.)(225): S hangs over P (as dough over the back of a chair). Binahidéttéé’. ch ’hi-(ni-Perf)(284): S (as a line of feces) extend horizontally outward from a hole (or doorway). Ch’hhinittéé’. dini-(O-lmp.)(327): to be wet. Dinishttéé’ (1st pers. sgl) (dittéé’: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). hodi(ni)-(O-Imp.): area is wet, damp, moist. Hodittéé’. na-(si-Perf.)(602): S lie about here and there (as lumps of dough, pieces of excrement). Naazttéé’ (ndaazttéé’: d.p.)(ninddndsttéé’), (ni-Perf.)(91-663): S sit or lie in a line, row or series (as a string of cow platters). Nittéé’ # ’Atkéé’ nittéé’, S lie in a row one behind the other. # T’Adta’{ nitté’égo, one ata time (as in picking them up one ata time).

I. t-(tt):

(yi)(792): to be carrying O along (a piece of dough). Yishttoh/defnfitteeh (nddshtteeh:nd4ndashtteeh). # P-ch’j’yishttoh, to be on the way taking O to Be (2) hi-(yi)(439): to be carrying O part at a time (as in moving a pile of mud), to move O along by pushing or tugging first on one side and then on the other. Heeshttoh/ dahfiniitteeh. (3) ndahi-(yi)(534): to be turning O around and around Or over and over (as a concrete mixer). Ndaheeshttoh/ndahfinfitteeh. (4) naand-(yi)(589): to be carrying O around here and there to and fro (a quantity of ice cream). Naandashttoh/naandeiniitteeh.

(1)

(si-Perf.)(685): to have O, keep O on hand (lit. to cause O to be in position)(as butter, ice cream that one keeps on hand). Sétttéé’ (nddséttéé’),

l. NOUN (1)

(2) (3)

568

DERIVATIVES

’awoo’ bee yich’iishf bik’i ndttohf, toothpaste (that which is smeared onto the toothbrush). ‘azee’éttoh(, liniment (the medicine that is rubbed on). ’azéé’ hahatteeh, trench mouth (slime comes out of the mouth),

TLEE’ (4) (5)

(6) (7) (8)

(9) (10)

TLIZH

bil’ sitlé’6, pie (the one that is wet inside), haattéé’, scoopful (as ice cream), Naakidi haattée’go, two scoopfuls, jéhonaa’é/ bind’dstté'(gif, the ring around the sun (that which is wet around the sun), ‘ooljéé6’ bind’dstté'igif, the ring around the moon (that which is wet around the moon), kéttoh, an infusion made with water and herbs, Used ceremonially, it is imbibed by the patient, and placed on the patient's body, with the feet and legs as the starting point. There are many kinds, corresponding to different ceremonials. (E.g. TH66'jf Kétloh, Night Chant Infusion, Chishfjf Kéttoh, Chiricahua Way Infusion, ete.). na’atteeh, impetigo (slimy). tsiighd béttoh/, hair oil, hair dressing (that which is rubbed onto the hair),

NAVAJO: Occurs with di-thematic and @-classifier as the theme in verb

TLID

NAVAJO: Basic meaning “single animate object moves or flies through TLIZH tho air (exclusive of flying creatures).” Occurs with ©@-classifior as the theme in a wide range of verb bases that describe the swift, independent movement of a single animate object through the air, Most such bases lie within the scope of English “fall,” Cf, onomatopoetic “thizh (or ch'ithizh)" imitating the crashing sound of falling timber.

IMP, _US,/IT,

PERF

PROGIe

FU.

OFT,

A.MOM. | ttish — tlsh

tlizh

-

tlish — tHish

B.MOM., — thish

tlizh

-

tlish — thish

C,CONT.

tlish

tlizh -

: tlish/ thish

A,

MOMENTANEOUS (1)

bases meaning “be (come) tremulous, shaky, quivery,” (Cf. Carrier thd: shake, tremble.)

|, @-(ti): IMP; A.MOM. _ tid B.NEUT. tid

US. /IT,

PERF

FUT,

OPT,

ti’ .

tlid -

tit :

tiiid -

(1)

(andahatiish:'andddahattish), tt 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishttish, to fall down from a height (as off a rooftop). # P-ts’Ad’ yd’ ‘iitlish, P loses S,

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. di-O-(ti): (1)

(2)

(3)

‘a-(@/yi)(486); to fall or fly away out of sight. ‘lishthish/iittizh Candshtiish:'andandshtlish), SER, (@/si). 'Adahattish/‘adahaazhttizh

# P-yaa ‘lishtlish,

’ahodi’nli-(@/@)(71): S starts to tremble or quake, ’Ahodi’niitt(d/’ahodi'niittid (‘anddhodi'niittifd). # P-tah ’ahodi’niittiid, P starts to tremble, shake, quiver (lit. P’s body starts to shake), P-di’nii-(@/O)692): P starts to tremble, shake, quiver (as from fear), Bidi'niitt(d/bidi'niittid (3rd pers. sgl/ dpl) (shidi’niittfd, 1st pers. sgl), hodii-(@/yi): area begins to quiver, tremble, shake. Hodiittfd/hodi{ttid (naddahodiittid), # P-tah hodiittifd, P starts to tremble (lit. P’s body begins to shake),

into an enclosure (as into a hole, into a

(2)

B. NEUTER |. di-(ni)-B-(ti):

to fall under P's control (as

under the control of a guardian or foreign power), # Tséde ‘ishttish, to fall over backwards, # Ts6'yaa ‘iishttish, to fall over forward, fall on ono's face, # Yah ‘iishttish, to fall into an enclosure, dart

(3)

hogan through the smokehole), # Y66'‘iishtiish, to fall away and disappear, got lost (as a child who falls from a moving truck), ‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(381):; to fall downward from a height (as from a cliff or rooftop). ‘Adaashttish/'adaattizh (‘adandshtiish:'adandanashttish). SER.(@/si) (9), ‘Adadahiittiish/ ‘adadahaattizh (‘adandahiitiiish: 'adandddahiittish) (1st pers, pl). 'a’@-(B/yi)(B4); to fallinto a hole, 'A'’ashttiish/

‘a’datlizh (‘a'andshtlishia'’anddandshtiiish). (1)

(2)

dini-(@-Imp.)(328-339): to be shaky, tremulous, nervous, Dinishttid (1st pers, sgl), Dittid (3rd pers, sgl/dpl). hodi(ni)-(@-lmp.): area is quivery, shaky,

trembling. Hodittid, # P-tah hodittid, P is trembling, shaky (lit. P’s body is shaky).

SER,(@/si),

‘A’adahiitlish/'a'adahaattizh

(‘a’Andahiittish;'a’andddahiittish), (4)

P-di-(@/yi)(182); S is lost from the group or herd (as a shoep that “falls” away [dies], thus

reducing or subtracting from the herd), Biditlish/bidfitizh (bindddittish). (di-thematic: reduction),

# P-ts'Ad’ bidittish, P (the owner) suffers the loss of S (as a sheep - from the herd),

TLIZH

TLIZH

—a22) )

Naashtitish/naattizh (nindandshttish). SER.(@/ si)(540). Ndahiittiish/ ndaheettizh. # P-aah naashttish, to fall offof P (asa ladder).

P-gha-(ni/ni)(193): S falls through P (as a parachutist through a cloud), S is born unexpectedly (as a baby that is born while the mother is enroute to the hospital - the baby

“falls through her”). Bighdnfshttish/bighdanittizh (1st pers. sgl), yighdttish/yighattizh (3rd pers. (6)

# P-ghda’déé’ naashttish,

sgl). P-k’ii-(@/@)(210):

to fall on P, fall on top of P (as a person chasing a lamb and falling on it), to “jump at” P (as at a generous opportunity to go somewhere, or to buy something cheaply - Ib.

(7)

(8)

bik’iishttadd). Bik’iishttiish/ bik’iittizh (bik’inéishttish:bik inddnéishttish). P-za-(@/yi)(262): to fall into P’s mouth (as into the mouth of a whale). Bizaashttish/bizaattizh. ch’f-(ni/ni)(294): to fall out horizontally (as from a window, or from a wagon), to come flying or hurtling out (as a person thrown out of a bar).

Ch’infshttish/ch’finfttizh (ch’{ndnfshttiish:ch’inaanishttiish). SER.(@/si)(277): S come flying out one after another, S are born (the members of a litter, as kittens, puppies). Ch ’idahattiish/ ch’idahaazhtizh. (3rd pers. pl.). (9) di-(@/si)(338); to start to fly or fall along through the air, to get a promotion (in one’s work). Dishttifsh/détizh (ndishttish:ndddishttish). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dishttifsh, to start to fall along downward from a height (as from a cliff). # Nadas dishttiish, to get promoted, to get ahead (in one’s work)(lit. to begin to fall or fly along forward). (10) dzfdza-(@/yi)(35g): to fall into the fire. Dzidzaashttish/ dzidzaattiizh SER.(@/si)(357). Dzfdzadahiittiish/ dzidzadahaattizh. (1st pers.

(15)

# Ni’jj’ naashttish, to fall on the ground or floor. na-(@/si)(600): to bounce up into the air (as a

(16)

person riding in a pickup that hits a chuckhole)(with prepounded dah, up). Dah naashttifsh/dah nishéttizh (dah nindaéndshttifsh). na-(O/yi)(572): to fall back (completive).

(17)

(18)

(19)

pl) (11) ha-(@/yi)(430-437): to fall out (from an enclosed space), to be born (as a lamb or colt). Haashttish/hdattizh (handshttish:handanashttiish). SER.(@/si)(394). Hadahattish/ hadahaazhttizh (handahattish:handddahattish) (3rd pers. pl). # P-flak’ee haattish, P drops S, S falls out of P’s hand (as a puppy). # P-ii’déé’ haattiish, S falls out of P (a container). # Haattish, S is born (a lamb, colt). # Hahattish, S are born one after another (the members of a litter, or lambs born within a herd at lambing time). (12) hidii-(O/@)(444)(with prepounded dah, up): to fall and hang (on something), fall and get hung up (as a person who falls from a tree and gets hung up ona protruding limb). Dah hidiishttish/dah hidiittizh (dah nddhidiishttish). (13) kfi-(@/@)(497): to dash up an incline (as up a tree to escape danger). Kfishttish/kfittizh (kinéishttish: kinddnéishttish).

Nashttish/ naattizh (nfnaddndshttish). (Reversionary corresponding to yishttiish: #26.). na-(ni/ni)(572): S comes back, returns (flying through the air, or by extraordinary means). Nathish/nanittizh (ninddnattiish). (Reversionary corresponding to nishttish: #19.). # P-aa nattiish, P gets S back,recovers S, S comes (“falls,” “flies”) back to P (asa lost horse). na-(@/si)(571)(with prepounded dah, up): to fall and get snagged or caught up (as a person who falls from a height and is caught by a tree limb or shrub). Dah ndashttiish/dah nishétizh (dah nfnddnashttish). (ni/ni)(794): S arrives, comes, goes (flying through the air - in either a literal or a figurative sense). Yittish/ yittizh (ndédndattiish), # P-aayittiish, P acquires or gets S (lit. S goes flying through the air to P). (E.g.

Lif ya’at’éehii shaa nittizh, | acquireda good horse.)

(20)

ni-(ni/ni)(653): to fall as far as a stopping point, land. Ninishttish/ninittizh (ninddnfshttish). # -jj’ ninishttish, to fall as far as -- (a designated point). # Tséde ninishttish, to slip and fall over backwards. # Tsé’yaa ninishttish, to slip and fall over on one’s face. (21) niki-(@ or ni/ni)(631): to fall (to a surface), to land on a surface (after falling). Nikinishttish or nikeeshtiish/ nikinittizh. # Ni’ nikeeshttish or nikinishttiish, to fall to earth, land on the ground. (22) n’dii-(O/@)(676): to break loose and fall away (a carcass from a hook, a person or animal that has been caught on something). N’diishttiish/ n’'diitizh (nina’diishttiish: ninda’diishttish). (23) tadi-(@/yi)(699): to go about here and there, to move about. Tadishttifsh/tadiittizh. In: # P-tah tadishttish, to hold offices or positions, serve in official capacities (P represents the jobs or offices - one moves about among them).

# Tsin baah kfishttiish, to dash or scramble up (14)

to fall off of P (asa

roof-top). # P-k’i nashttish, to fall off of P (as off a bed). # P-k’ijj’ naashttish, to fall down onto P (asa person who falls from a roof onto another person).

a tree. na-(@/yi)(600): to fall downward from a height, fall off (as from a rooftop or from a horse).

570

TLIZH (24) w6'a-(O/yi)(745):

TLIIZH

to fall off (as from a loaded

E,

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

wagon or pickup), fall over an edge.

W6’aashttish/wo'dattizh (w6’anddndshttish), (25) yanda-(= yandyi-)(O/O)(751): to go, fly, bounce up into the air (as a rider on a jumping horse), Yandashttish/yandatlizh (yan{nddndashtiish), (26) (Q/yi)(792):; to fly through the air, fall (completive). Yishttish/y(tizh (ndshttish:ndandshtlifsh). SER. (@/si)(450). Dahiittish/daheettizh (ndahiittish:ndddahiittish (1st pers. pl). # P-iih yishttish,

# # # #

(1)

(~ ts’itlxiih) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the hissing-sizzling sound of frying moat, or that of water dropped ona hot stove.

TLXIIH

to fall into P (as into the mud,

snow), to fall and land in P. teeh yishttish, to fall to earth (as from a cliff), fall into the dirt or ashes, Taah yishttfsh, to fall into the water (as from a bridge). Tattt'adh yishtiish, to fall into the water and go to the bottom. Yinfbiih yishttish, to become worried,

(Cf. Koyukon tls: become crushed, distorted; Sarci dlish: be spotted.)

TLIIZH NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with @classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “be(come) dark colored, stained,” and with t-causative “stain O brown or dark colored;” (2) with L-/t-classifier “become/cause to become bruised;” and (3) with nk’(’ni-thematic and t-

anxious, despondent (lit. to fall into worry).

B.

Ma’li Téé6h Yittizhi, Coyote Canyon, New Mexico (where the coyote fell into the deep water),

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

classifier in a base meaning “batten O down (the yarn in a rug in the loom), pack O down (as wool in a bag.)”

|, @-(ti): IMP. (1)

nina-(ni/ni)(646):; to fall back (to a stopping point). Ninan(shttiish/ninantttizh, # P-& nindnishttiish, to take responsibility for P (as for a loss or accident),

C,

A.TRANS. B.REP. C.SEM., D.NEUT,

ttfsh ttish ttish — ttish -

A.

CONTINUATIVE

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

tHliizh ttish

tlish ttish

tliish tlish

ttizh

TRANSITIONAL

|, @-(ti):

I. @-(ti): (1)

US /IT.

na-(@-lmp.)(600)(with be bouncing up and the back of a pickup naashtlizh. (Cf. dah once: A[l]15 above.)

prepounded down (as a over rough naashttish:

(1)

dah, up): to person riding in roads), Dah bounce up

yii-(@/@)(803): to turn dark in color, to become discolored, blotchy, spotted (with brown),

Yiittish/yiittiizh

(naayiittish).

(2) hoo-(= hoyi-)(@/@)462): area becomes dark. Hoottiish/hoothizh # Ni’ hoottfsh,

(nddhoottish),

darkness falls (lit. the earth

becomes dark-colored),

D.

CURSIVE

Il, L(t):

I, O-(ti): (1)

(1)

(yi)(792): to be falling or flying along through the air. Yishttish/defniittish (nddshttish:nddanddashttish). # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yishtlish, to be falling or plummeting downward, to be in a free fall (as a parachutist).

yii-(@/@)(802): to stain O brown, make O turn dark in color. Yiishttsh/ylittiizh (néishttish: nddylishttish),

B.

SEMELFACTIVE

|, L-(tt-Passive):

(2)

(1)

naand-(yi)(588); to be rushing about in a frenzy, to be “in a dither” (lit. to go falling around to and fro), Naandashttish (naandofniittish).

yii-(@/si)(Simple Passive)(796):

O gets bruised,

O gets black and blue (as one’s knee after a fall, or fruit that is handled roughly), O becomes discolored. Yiilttish/yishttish (ndaadyiilttish).

571

TLOO’

TLIIZH

Il, t-(tt): (1)

(~ ts’ittoog) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the pattering sound of rain on a roof.

yil-(@/si)(802):

TLOOG

to bruise O, make O black and

blue (one’s hand, fruit).

Yiishttish/shéttish

(naayiishttsh),

C.

REPETITIVE

(Cf. Sarci ttuzh, thidzh-a:

Durative

TLOO’

I, ntk'f’ni-L-(tt):

(1)

ntk'f'ni-(@/si)(637); to batten O down (by thumping on O - the yarn - with a batten stick, in weaving on a Navajo loom), to pack O down.

Nik'Tnishttish/nik'(néttish

D.

(nik'inda'nishttish).

NEUTER

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “relaxation, looseness.” Occurs with Oclassifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “be(come) loose, slack, relaxed;” with tcausative in bases meaning “loosen O, relieve O’s tension (as a tight wire);” and with ho-thematic and Lclassifier in reflexive verb bases with the extended meaning “relax, overcome anxiety or tension.”

|, @-(ti): (1)

(yi-Perf.):

(2)

landscape), Yfttizh. yi-(si-Perf.): S is dark-colored, bruised. Yishttizh.

there is a dark patch or blotch (on the

E,

NOUN

be soft,

yielding.)

A.MOM.

IMA

SSA lili

Re

se

OPRiTn

tt6dh

ttddh

tt6d’

ttodt

tt6dh

-

-

tt6d’

~

.

Trans.

B.NEUT,

A. MOMENTANEOUS

DERIVATIVES

(1)

‘atlish, pinyon nut butter (a food formerly made by crushing pinyon nuts), peanut butter.

(2)

‘Ashjjh tkan yishthzhigif,

(3)

that is dark-colored), bee nik'i'nittiish!, batten stick (that with which

brown sugar (the sugar

|, @-(ti): (1)

dinii-(@/@)(330): S loses its tension, becomes slack or loose, sags (as a taut wire, guitar string)(lit. S becomes prolongedly loose).

Diniitt6dh/diniitt6d’

battening down is done),

(Adiniitt6dh:ndddiniittédh).

(4) bikag{ yishtizhii (Ib, diné bikagf daashttizhii), Indian (the one or the people whose skin is (5)

brown). dilttish, sword, saber,

(6)

bitsj’ yishthzhil,

Indian (the one whose flesh is

Il. t-(tt): (1)

dark-colored),

O. Diniishtt6dh/diniittt6d6’ naadiniisht¥66h).

(7)

‘iich’ahii yishtiizhigif, mottled brown moth (the moth thatis blotchy with dark color), (8) tjshttzhii, brown horse (the horse that is brown). (9) nahachagii yishtizhigi, dark brown grasshopper. (10) ni’ hoothizh, dusk, nightfall (the earth became (11)

dark), yishtlizh,

(1)

bruise, blood-blister.

dinii-(@/@)(330): to relieve the tautness or tension of O (as a tight wire). slacken or loosen

( ch'ithizh)

Onomatopoetic, Imitates the crashing sound of falling timber.

(ndiniishttédh:

‘ahodidinii-(@/O)(71): to relax, overcome one’s anxiety or tension (lit. to slacken oneself). ‘Ahodidiniishtt6éh/ahodidiniisht¥66’ (’Andhodidiniisht¥66h:'andahodidiniishtt66h).

TLIIZH

B. NEUTER |, O-(ti): (1) (~ ts‘ittog) Onomatopoetic,

TLOG

Imitates

the plopping sound of boiling mush or falling mud,

(ni-Perf.)(663-678): S stretches or extends loosely, S sags (as a broken telephone line ora loose fence), Nitt6d’ ~ nttdd’.

Tt’A C. (1)

ADVERBIAL

Tt’A PHRASES

(5)

P-é6nd-(@/si)(154): to trot into P and get it on oneself (as a person or a chicken that trots into the mud). Béndshtt’é6éh/béésistt’a. (6) P-f-(ni/ni)(241): to overtake or catch up with P while trotting or jogging. Binisht?ééh/binishtt’a (bfnanisht!’ééh:binaanfshtt’6éh). (7) P-na-(@/si)(229): to trot or jog around P (as around a building or hill). Bindshtt’6éh/ binisfstt’a. (8) P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to go trotting or jogging away from P, separate from P while trotting. Bits ’anfsht’ééh/bits’dnisht!’a (bits’aAndnisht'ééh:bits’Anadn(sht’ééh). (9) ch'f-(ni/ni)(294); to come or go out horizontally while trotting or jogging, trot or jog out (as from a building, pasture). Ch’fnfshtt’ééh/ch’infshtt’a (ch’fnanisht?ééh:ch’fndanisht?ééh). SER. (Q/si)(275). Ch’fdahiiltt’66éh/ch ’fdahaaltt’a (ch’(ndahiilt?ééh:ch (ndddahiilt?ééh) (1st pers. pl). # P-itch’fnfsht’6é6h, to ride P out (as a jogger who trots out with a child on his back). # P-fighahg66 ch’fnisht’ééh, to trot or jog past P (a stationary object, as a house). # P-fighah ch’infsht?ééh, to pass P up trotting or jogging (as another jogger). (10) ch’f-(@/yi)(279): to trot or jog out horizontally (completive). Ch’ésht’ééh/ch’ééshtt’a (ch’indshtt’6é6h:ch 'inddndashtt’é66h).

t’&a honitt6o’go, in a leisurely manner, ata leisurely rate or pace, laxly.

(PPA “tay > PA “tt'a [ablauting to “t’e] [li]: trot, go in a herd.)

TA NAVAJO: Primary meaning “biped jogs or trots.” Occurs with L-classifier as the theme in a full range of verb bases meaning “jog, trot” (a biped as a person, chicken, ostrich, or an animal on two legs).

IMP.__US./IT. rien

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT. tU'dét

tééh

tA

téét

tteeh

tA

tteet

Trans.

oa

Be

C.DIV. D.CURS.

td

tH 66t/ t'6éh A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. L-(ti):

(1)

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshtt’6éh,

’a-(@/yi)(486): to trot away out of sight. ‘lisht?ééh/eeshttl’a (‘andshtl’ééh:’anddnasht-

(11)

66h). SER.(@/si) (67). 'Adahiilt’ééh/adaheeltt’a (‘andahiilt?ééh:’andddahiiltt’6éh), # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iisht?6é6h, to trot down from a height (as down an arroyo bank).

# Ha’aa ’iishtt’6é6h, to trot over the hill and disappear.

# Nahijj’ ‘iishtt’6éh, to trot to one side, out of the way. # Nii’oh ’iishtt’66éh,

# Yah ’iisht’é66h,

(12)

to trot away out of view. to trot into an enclosure (as

into a corral, pasture, house).

(2)

(3)

(4)

(13)

# Y66’’iisht’ééh, to trot away and disappear. ’ahéé-(= ’ahina-)(ni/ni)(53): to trot around ina circle, make a circuit trotting. ’Ahéénishtt’ééh/ 'ahéénisht’a ('ahéninddanéshtl’é66h), SER. (@/si)(48): to trot or jog around and around in circles. 'Ahééhéshtt’66éh/’ahééhéshtt'a. # P-naago ‘ahééhéshtl’ééh, to trot around P in a series of circles. ‘ahidii-(O@/@)(58): to meet or come together, converge trotting. ‘Ahidiilt’ééh/'ahidiiltt’a (ahindddiilt?66h) (1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’ahidiisht?ééh, to meet up with P (another jogger). (P-it ’ahidiishtt’a: Perf.). ’atts’A-(ni/ni)(109): to separate from each other trotting or jogging, trot or jog apart. ’Atts’Aniilt?66h/'atts’aniilt'a (‘atts ’Andniilt?ééh: ‘atts’Andadniilt’66éh) (1st pers. dpl) 'atts’Alt?'ééh: 3rd pers. dpl).

(14)

(15)

573

to go

trotting or jogging over the edge (as over the edge of a precipice). di-(@/si)(338): to start to trot or jog along, to be on the way trotting or jogging (in the Perf.). Dishtl’ééh/déshtt’a (ndisht’ééh:naddish66h). # P-ch’j’ disht?ééh, to start to trot along toward P. # -g66 déshtt’d, to have started to trot or jog to -- (a designated place). dii-(@/@)(347)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off trotting or jogging, to leave ata trot. Dah diisht?6éh/dah diishtt’a4 (dah ndiisht’ééh:dah naddiishtt’é6éh). ha-(@/yi)(436): to trot or jog up out. Haashtt’ééh/haashtl’4 (handshtt’ééh:handandsht’6é6h). SER.(Q@/si((391). Hadahiilt?'ééh/ hadahaaltt’é (hdddahiiltt’ééh:handadahiiltt’ééh) (1st pers. pl). # P-ii’déé’ haashtt’ééh, to trot (up) out from P (as out of the mud, or from a cellar). # P-yaad颒 haashtl’6éh, to come or go trotting out from under P (as from beneath a bridge). ha-(@ or si/si)(436): to trot up, climb up ata trot, go jogging up (as upstairs, up a hill or mountain). Haashtt’ééh or hashishtt’6éh/ hasist’A (handsht’ééh:handdnashtt’é6h). # P-aah hashisht’66h or haasht!’6éh, to go trotting up P (as up a mountainside). naand-(@/si)(587): to turn around or make a turn while trotting or jogging. Naandshtl’ééh/ naanisistt’é (naaninddnashtt’ééh).

TL'AH,

TL’A

P (as among the rocks). Bitaashtl’é/ bitaasist?a.

# Bizadndghahjigo naandsht’ééh, to turna corner while trotting or jogging, go trotting around the corner. # P-it naandlt’ééh, S makes a turn or turns around with P, P turns while riding on S (as a child on the shoulders of a jogger

D.

CURSIVE

who makes a turn).

|. L-(ti):

# P-it naandsht’ééh, to turn around or make a turn while trotting or jogging with P as a passenger (as a child on S’s shoulders). # Nish’ndajigo naandshttl’ééh, to make a right turn while jogging. # Nishttajigo naandsht’ééh, to make a left turn while jogging. (16) (ni/ni)(663): to go, come, arrive trotting or jogging. Nishtt’ééh/nisht?a (ndnfsht’ééh: ndanisht’ééh). # P-aa nishtt’ééh, to trot or jog to P (as to another person). # -gd66 nishtt’ééh, to trot or jog to -- (a designated place)) (-g66 nishtt’a: Perf.). (17)

ni-(ni/ni)(653):

(1)

(2) (3)

to trot or jog as far as a stopping

point, stop trotting or jogging. Ninishttééh/ ninisht’a (nindnisht’ééh:ninddnfshtrééh). # -jj’ ninisht?ééh, to trot or jog as far as -- (a designated stopping point or place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninisht’ééh, to trot or jog across (as a chicken across a road), (18) tadi-(@/yi)(698): to go trotting or jogging about here and there. Tadfshtt’ééh/tadeeshtt’4. (19) (@/yi)(792): to trot, jog (completive). Yishtrééh/ yisht?a (nadsht?ééh:nadndshtééh). SER. (@/si)(446). Dahiiltééh/daheeltt’a (nahiiltPééh:naahiilt?6éh). (1st pers. pl). # P-iih yisht?ééh, to go trotting into P (as into a bus,

TL'AH,

NAVAJO: Occurs with D-classifier as the theme in Neuter Imperfective verb

bases meaning “angular, having an inside corner, curve.”

I. D-(ti):

train, mud, snow).

# Kijjh yisht?ééh, to trot or jog into town. # Nii’oh yisht?ééh, to trot away out of view. # Taah yisht?ééh, to go trotting into the water (as a person who gets quickly into the water to escape danger).

(3) B.

(yi)(792): to be trotting or jogging along. YishtPéét/deiniilt’ééh (nddsht’éétndanadsht’éét). # Génaa yisht?éét, to be trotting across (as a field). P-nd-(yi)(231): to be trotting around P. BinddshtVéét. naand-(yi)(589): to be trotting or jogging around all over, to and fro. Naanddashtt’éét/ naandeiniilt?'ééh. # P-it naanddsht’éét, to be trotting around all over, to and fro with P (as with a child on one’s shoulders).

yi-(si-Perf.)(777): S is angular, has a recess or inside corner. Yistt’ah. # Dji’go yist?ah, S forms a rectangle or quadrangle (also applied to describe the zig-zag four-angled lightning figure in sandpaintings). # Tda’go yistt’ah, triangular. na-(si-Perf.)(569): S forms an inside corner or cove (lit. S curves around, makes a bend). Ndstt’ah (ninddndast?ah)(ndaastt’ah: d.p.). ntsi-(si-Perf.)(664-680): there is a cove or space (under the poles on the west side of a hogan).

NtsistVah.

CONTINUATIVE

1. L-(ti):

NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

na-(@/si)(591);

to go trotting or jogging about

’Achjjshtt’ah, the depression on the lower side of the nose (P-ichjjshttah)(nose-recess).

here and there, to have made a round trip

trotting or jogging (in the Perf.). Naashtt’é/ nisist’a (ninddndsht’é) # -g66 nisistt’a, to have jogged or trotted to --

’ajaashtt’ah, fold of the ear (P-jaashtt’ah)(ear recess). ’aw6shtt’ah ~ ’awooshtt’ah), the inner wall of the cheek or the point where the rows of teeth end

(a designated place) and now be back at the point of departure.

C. DIVERSATIVE

(4)

I. L-(ti): (1)

P-taa-(@/si)(249):

(5) to go trotting or jogging among

574

(P-woshtt’ah ~ P-wooshtt’ah)(mouth recess or inner corner). ‘awooshtt’dgi/, wisdom tooth (P-wooshtt’agf)(the corner tooth - so called because of its location). bahastt’ah, inside corner. (E.g. shibee’eldggh bahastt’agi kiniitsi, my gun is standing in the corner. BUT Bahastt’ah = Twin Lakes.)

TL’AH,

-TL’AH

(6)

Bahast?ah, Twin Lakes, New Mexico (inside corner, cove). (7) bee ndstt’ah, inside corner, recess, nook (with it it bends around to form an angle). (8) Chézhinf Yisttah (~ Tsézhinf Yistf'ah), Blackrock Cove or Cul-de-sac (a recess in the lava rock in the Canyon de Chelley area of Arizona). (9) dzitah, mountain recess, pocket in the mountain. Dzittahnii, the Mountain Recess People (a clan designation). (10) K’aabizhiit?ah, Cove, Arizona (the recess where a small stubby cactus with interlocking thorns is found). (11) ndhdstt’ah, inside corner area. (12) ndst?ah, cove, recess, inside corner. (Cf.

meaning “delay or hamper O.” A Neuter Imperfective base has the meanings “be left-handed, left side.”

IMP. A.MOM.

B.CONT. C.NEUT.

(14)

tsét?ah,

rock. (15) yistPah,

inside corner, nook or recess in the

(1)

room).

(2)

ndahastlahjigo, room)

in the corner (as in the corner of a

tah

tdah

; :

: 5‘

: :

nii-(@/si)(671): to be delayed, held back, placed ata disadvantage. Niishtt’dadh/nétlah

Il, ni-L-(tt): (1)

O-nii-(-- nii-)(@/si)(244-671): to delay, hamper, hinder, prevent O, hold O back. Biniisht?4ah/ binétt’ah (nddbiniishtt'aah) or niisht?aah/ néttPah (nddniishtaah).

B. CONTINUATIVE I. ni-O-(ti): (1)

nani-(O-lmp.)(566):

to be handicapped, disad-

(as by a lack of education). # P-it nanitt’ah, itis difficult for P (as a language that is difficult for a person).

outside corner, recess,

pocket. (Cf. verb root TL’AH4;: form a corner.) # -nachxooshtlah ~ nichxoosh-

# Nahonitt’ah,

ble, hard to reach (because of poor

+

roads or rough terrain).

-CHXOOSH-/-CHXOSH, belly of a quadruped), outside corner of the eye, out of the corner of the eye (as in: shinachxooshtt’ah bee néét’f/’, | looked at him out of the corner of my eye). (Cf. CHXOSHTA’, area between the belly and the crotch of a quadruped.)

# ftsistt’ah (ntsfs- ?), the space under the poles on the west side of a hogan, a corner space inside a hogan; in the Moccasin Game, the moccasin nearest the west side is called ntsistt’ahji ké silah(gff.)

(PA *tighixY:

NAVAJO:

left side.)

# Nanitt’ah,

theme in verb bases meaning “be disadvantaged, delayed, handicapped, held back,” and with ni-thematic and t-causative in bases

itis difficult, hard (to do).

NOMINAL - ADVERBIAL (1)

’aghd baa honittah,

DERIVATIVES

the chief difficulty,

the

greatest handicap or problem.

(2)

(2)

nishtt’a, left side. Nishttajf, on the left side, toward the left. Nishttajigo, to the left (as in turning left). Nisht?adéé’, from the left. Pnishttaji, on P’s left. Ttaaf, Left-handed Person (a personal nickname, commonly spelled Cly in anglicized form).

Primary meaning appears

to be "left side.” Occurs with nithematic and @-classifier as the

area or place is hard to reach.

Bich’j’ nahonitt’ah, the area is inaccessi-

tah (-nd- < -NAA’, eye

Tt’AHo

tah

vantaged, held back, troubled. Nanishtt’ah. # P-aa nanishtt’ah, to be handicapped by P

Stem noun:

-TL’AH

: :

OP ir

(ndaniishtt’4ah).

cul-de-sac, corner(ed).

fitsfstPahjigo, in the corner (as in the corner of a

tah tla

LeU)a.

I. ni-O-(ti):

ADVERBIAL PHRASES (1)

traddh ~— tah

ISlales

A. MOMENTANEOUS

naanaz’d, outside corner.) Ndaastt’ah, coves, nooks (d.p.).

(13) ftsfstt’ah, space or nook under the poles on the west side of the hogan. Ntsistl’ahjiké sildhigif, the moccasin nearest the west (in the Moccasin Game).

WISS/AN,

Stem noun: or head.

-Tt’AH

temple, side of the face

-Tt'AABAAH (A) A compound

-TL'EH NAVAJO:

postpositional:

Noun -TLt’AA’:

buttock,

rump. (Cf. -TL'AAH: bottom.) TL'AA’

shortly after, not long after. ‘I’(?'é -TL’AABAAH | bitt’aabdgh kintahgd6 dah diiyd4, he set out for town shortly after sunset / Yoot66g66 dah diiydago shff ba’dlta’/ shit'aabdahdi nlya shina ‘fditkidgo, the teacher came asking for me shortly after | had left

TL’AA’

for Santa Fe.

is used as a verb theme in a Neuter Perfective base composed of 'aathematic and L-classifier, meaning “be steatopygous, big-buttocked.,”

|. 'Ad-L-(ti):

(1) Stem noun:

bottom, underside,

‘'ayéf'da-(yi-Perf.)(2): to have a large rump, be big- buttocked, steatopygous. ‘Ayd/ 'ddshtt’aa’,

underneath.

# '&saa’ bit’4dh ('ASAA’, pot,

-TL’AAH

Stem noun:

kettle), bottom of a pot. # Bitt'ddh Bito’ (-to’, posses-

sed form of TO, water), Beclabito, Arizona.

-TL'AA’

(lit. garment that reaches as far as the rump). # ttaakat (-kat < ‘akat, rump-leather).

belly.

rump of a deer, near the tail; the

# KétPah{~ Naakét’dahf,

Pima Indian (the name derives from the type of sandal traditionally worn by the Pima). # kin bit'dadh (KIN, house), crawl space

rounded or protruding part of the rump on large quadrupeds. # -tl'aak'idtsoh (-tsoh, big), steatopy-

beneath a house, under a house. # tdtt’ddh ~ tattt’ddh (ta- ~ tat-, a combining

>

gous. -tt’aatsj’ (-tsj’, flesh), flesh of the rump or pelvic area, rump meat.

form of TO, water), bottom of the water.

# tl'aatsoo’ (-tsoo’, tongue), flesh that lies along the vertebra. # -tt'aayah (-yah, under), area under the buttocks, butt, arse, (as in: bitt'aayah ‘adziyétadl, | kicked his butt.)

# tAshjdnf (-shjanf, in evidence), grounds (of coffee or tea), dregs (of wine), mother (of vinegar), settlings, precipitate. (Cf. ffishjaa, evidently.) # gohwééh bitldashjanf (gohwééh, coffee), coffee grounds. # ch’il titsxoof bit?Ashjanf (ch’il titsxoof, orange), the settlings in orange juice. # ch’il na’atl’o’ii bitoo’ bit Ashjanf (chil na’att’o’ii bitoo’, grape juice, wine), wine dregs. # tsét’4dh ~ tsé bitt’4ah (TSE: rock), beneath

-TL’AAN

Stem noun (?): crescent shape, forming a crescent. # tsétt'ddn (tsé-, rock, cliff), a crescent on the cliff.

# Tsétddn Ndfshchit, Oak Spring

Canyon, Arizona (lit. where pinetrees form a crescent around

the rock, area under a rock, area under a cliff, talus.

the canyon's edge).

Stem noun: crotch of the legs, inguinal-genital area, # -teekddz (-kadz, gland), -Tt’EH inguinal glands, # -tt'eek’ah (-k’ah, fat), fatin the pubic area, # -tl'eek'id (-k'id, bulge, hill, promontory < K'ID form a hill), pubic mound, # -tl'eestsooz (-stsooz < sittsooz, FFO lies < TSOOZ: handle a FFO), breechcloth,

on the under-

side, underneath, at the bottom. tééchaa’l kin bit’aadh géyaa ‘athosh, the dog is sleeping under the house / tsé’naa na’n{(zhoozh bit'dahgi séda4, I’m sitting under the bridge. (Cf. stem

nouns -Tt’AAH:

skirt, dress (lit.

reaches to the shin). # -tPaak'id (-k'id, bulge, hill, promontory K’ID: form a hill), the fatty prominence on the

# kétt’ddh (-KE-, foot), sole or bottom of the foot.

(A) Stem postposition:

lether),

# ttaakat 'ajdstisgohigif (‘ajastis-, shin + go[h]-, being + -fgff, the kind), medium length skirt (lit. skirt that

# THéd'jf Hataal (-jf, on the side of + Hataal, sing, coremony), The Night Chant. # THéd'j[jish (jish, medicine bag, pouch), Night Chant Medicine Pouch.

NAVAJO:

Noun

pe es TL'EE"

igniter, flint (for making

interrelated, despite the semantic disparities.

MPD UST ePERE. a

night.

he BCONCL.

tin

C.CURS.

-

DNEUT.

-

th

RROGe

tin

r

-

-

.

thin

tt {f/ tin

?

FUT, AO I tat

;

Occurs as a verb stem in themes

TL'EE’

relating to nightfall and to the final

A.

night of a ceremony. Cf, YEEL: become dark, calm.

I, O-(tt):

1, t-(tt): (1)

(1)

P-(ni-lmp.?)(241): to be on the final night conducting a ceremony. Binishtt’6e'. eet

eene nena \ OF tal) bee Ojania\-os)regatu) (1)

(2)

a: ar aS an

(2)

chaha-(-ho-)(@/yi)(270); to become night, night falls, Chahatt'66'/chahddt'66' (chandahatt'’éd’), i Fr pign-garks Lg AG TAU AL

Brace

Se

gate Th

nT

(3)

tes

en

ae

MOMENTANEOUS

:

, ; 'a-(@/yi)(486); to pile O away out of sight (as rocks), ‘lishttin/(ftt'in (‘andshttin:’anddanashtin). # Yah ‘iishtt'in, to pile O (rocks) into an enclosure, ‘ahéé-(ni/ni)(53): to pile O around in a circle (as rocks, in making a circular masonry enclosure). ‘Ahéénishttin/‘ahéénit’in (‘ahénfndan(shttin). # P-naago ‘ahéénishtt'in, to pile O ina circle around P (as rocks around a tree), ‘ahéé'(a)-(ni/ni)(51): to build a circular masonry fence or enclosure (lit. to pile unspecified O in

a circle). 'Ahdéé'nishttin/‘ahdé'nittin (‘ahén-

tw ies

naa'nishttin). # P-naago 'ahéé'nishtt'in,

ADVERBIAL

(1) (2)

RABASES

t'ddta'att'’66’» t'ddta'dott'6d', in just one night, overnight. t'ddta'atl’é'é6go, fora single night, just one night.

(4)

a uuu

577

to encircle P with a masonry fence, (P-naago 'ahéé'nfttin: Perf.) ‘ahidii-(@/@)(58): to pile two converging lines of O (as rocks), pile O until O comes to a point. ‘Ahidiishttin/‘ahidiittin.

ORT: i tin

;

TEIN

TLINy (5)

(20) yadii-(@/@)(748): to pile O up, make a pile of O (as a pile of rocks). YadiishtVin/yadiit?in (yaddiishtVin:yandddiishtVin).

P-dddi-(ni/ni)(173): to block, seal or plug P (as an entranceway) with O (as with masonry or

blocks). Bidddinishttin/bidddinitVin (bidandinishtVin:bidandaddinishttin) -dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(173): to block, close or seal up P (as a hole or entranceway) with masonry, to dam up P (water). Bidddi’nishtt’in/bidddi’nit’in (bidandi’nishtVin:bidanddadi’nishttin). -66hi-(= P-éndhi-)(@/si)(160): to pile O onto P

’Adé6hi-(@/si)(14):

héshtVin (’Adénindhéshttin: ’Adéninaahéshtrin). ’Ad66’fi-(= ’Adéé’ahi-)(14): to put on clothing, deck oneself out (lit. to pile unspecified O onto oneself). ’Adéé’fishtlin/’Adéé’iyéshtt'in.

one item after another (as in loading up a pack

horse or burro), to pile items of clothing on P. Bééhéshttin/bééhéttin. # 'E6’ P-6éhéshtt’in, to pile clothing on P (as in dressing a child warmly during cold weather). -66'fi-(= P-66’ahi-)(@/si)(163): to deck P out (lit. to pile unspecified O onto P one after another, as fancy garments ona

B. CONCLUSIVE |. B-(tt):

child, fancy wheels on

acar). Béé’fishtVin/béé’iyéttin. (9) P -fi-(O/@)(268): to pile O against P (as firewood against a wall). BfishtVin/biit?in (binéishtVin: bindadnéishtt’in). (10) P-na-(@/si)(230): to pile O around P, encircle P with O (as a tree with rocks), to build a wall of

(G/si)(792): to pile O (as rocks), stack O (as logs, railroad ties, firewood). Yishttin/sétvin (ndsh-

tVin:nddndshtrin).

C.

O (rocks, blocks, bricks) around P (as around

(11) (12)

(17)

to dress oneself in O, pile O

onto oneself (garments). ’Adééhéshtlin/’Adéé-

CURSIVE

|, O-(tt):

one’s house). Bindshttin/binfséttin. P-na’a-(@/si)(226): to build a masonry wall around P (lit. to pile unspecified O around P), Bina’ashtVin/bin?séttin (binfnda’ashttin). dadi-(ni/ni)(298): to close, seal, block, dam up an opening with O (something piled as rocks). Dadinishttin/dadinitvin (dandinishtVin). dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(298): to build a dam, install a masonry seal (over an opening). Ddadi’nishtVin/ dadi’nittin (dandi’nishtVin). dii-(@/@)(343)(with prepounded dah, up): to pile O up, stack O (as logs, boards), to build a (stacked log) hogan. Dah diisht?in/dah diit?in. # Tsin dah diishtVin, to stack logs. ha-(@/yi or si)(430): to pile O up (as rocks, logs). Haashtlin/haattin or hasétVin (handshttin: handanashttin). ha’a-(@/yi or si)(403): to make a pile (as a pile of rocks), to start to pile things, start to build a hogan. Ha’ashttin/ha’iitVin or ha’séttin (hana’ashtVin:hanaa’ashtlin). na-(@/si)(568): to pile O around in a circle (as rocks), build an enclosing masonry wall with O (as with rocks, bricks). NashtPin/nisétVin.

(1)

(yi)(792):

to be piling O along in a line (as rocks).

Yisht?{Vdeiniit?in (nddndashtt fff).

D.

NEUTER

|. @-(ti): (Also D-classifier: Simple Passive.) yadii-(@-Perf.)(748): S is (are) piled up, there is a pile or stack of S (as rocks, logs). YadiitVin. ‘ahidii-(@-Perf.)(58): S (piles or lines of masonry) converge or meet, a pile comes to a point, forms a pyramid. ’Ahidiittin.

ll. D-(tt-Passive): ha-(si-Perf.): there is a pile of S, S are piled up. Haasttin. yi-(si-Perf.): S are piled (as books, logs). Yisttin.

E.

# P-naag66 nashtt’in, to pile O around Pina circle. (18) na’a-(@/si)(553): to build a circular masonry wall. Na’ashtlin/nfséttin. (19 ~— ni-(ni/ni)(653): to pile O as far as a stopping point. NinishtPin/ninittin (nindnfishtPin:nindanfshtVin). # -jj’ ninishttin, to pile O as far as --(a designated point). (-jj’ ninittin: Perf.). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishttin, to pile O across (as rocks across a road).

NOUN DERIVATIVES

chidf hahinidéhigff t’Aadoo le’é béédahdastrinigff, auto parts (those things that are piled onto cars that come off the production line). da’deestt’in, dam, reservoir (something is piled in

a line to plug an opening). 'é6héestlinigif, parts (of acar). Chidf bééhéestVinigif, car parts, the parts of a car. hooghan dah diitinf, stacked log hogan (polygonal in shape).

578

TEIN,

TL’INg # Tsé bee yinfishtlin, to sling a rock at O. (E.g. ’Ashkii léi’ tsé yee shifinfitrin, some boy slung a rock at me.)

(5)

naaltsoos bii’ yistinf, bookcase (where books are piled inside, the one inside of which books are piled). (6) t’dadoo le’é chidf yéédayiittinigif, automotive parts (the things that are piled onto a car). (7) tsé ndst’ingo hooghan, stone hogan (hogan made of rocks piled in a circle). (8) tsin bighda’ dét’in, wooden roof (wood is ina piled form on top of it). (9) tsin dah diit?ingo bee hooghan, piled or stacked log hogan (hogan made of stacked logs). (10) tsin dah diitVingo bee kin, log cabin (house made of stacked logs). (11) yadiit?in (tsé yadiitrin), tower (built with masonry.

(1)

’ahfinfi-(O-lmp.)(68): to sling at each other, have a duel with slings. ’Ahfinfittin. # P-it’ahfinishtin, to have a slingshot duel with P (another person).

B.

SEMELFACTIVE

I. @-(tt):

NAVAJO: Probably cognate (if not identical) with TL’IN;. Occurs with @-

TL’INo

(1)

yii-(@/si)(803): S splatters or splashes (as a car that splashes mud from a mudhole). YiitPijh/

classifier and dzi ~ (ji-): away into

yiztt{jh.

space, as the theme in verb bases

# Hashtrish yee yiitrjh, S (as a car) splatters mud.

meaning “sling, hurl,” and with yinidirective “sling, hurl at O”

IMP.

USAMerTPASies

A.MOM. t¥in B.SEM.__trjh

tijh tffh A.

ele iic

ORE

tit tit

tPin trijh

tPin trijh

C. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

bee ’adit?jfh, sling, slingshot (that with which slinging is done). bee ’attjhi(~ bee ’att{jh, bee ’aditt’{fh), sling (that with which something is slung).

(2)

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(ti): (1) (2)

’adi-(O-lmp./Usit.)(27): to use a slingshot, know how to use a slingshot. ’Adishttjjh. ’adzi-(@/yi)(33-75): to sling, hurl, perform a slinging or hurling action (away into space). ’AdzishtVin/adziitrin (andddzishtVin). # P-ee ’adzishttin, to sling (with) P. (E.g. Tsé bee ’adzishtt’in,

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

P-ghazh-(ni/ni)(193):

NAVAJO: Occurs with ni-thematic and ©-classifier as the theme ina verb base meaning “become firm,

TL’IN3

packed down (but not hard and dry).” Possibly cognate with TL’IN1.

(Mle.

WSJ

Pelee

LEW

(leah.

tin

trifh

tPin

tit

tPin

|’m slinging a rock.)

A.MOM.

to sling through P (as

through a windowpane), to break P with a slingshot. BighazhnishtVin/bighazhnitrin (bighanaazhnishttin) # Tsé bee bighazhnishtVin, to sling a rock through P (as through a windowpane). P-nfkazh-(ni/ni)(237): to sling through P (as through an open window), to break a hole in P with a slingshot (as a hole in a windowpane). BinikazhnishtVin/binkazhnittin (binfkandazhnishtVin). nizh-(ni/ni)(665)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to kill P with a slingshot (lit. to sling terminatively with P). Bit nizhnishttin/bit niznitPin. yini-(@-Imp.)(767): to sling at O (multiple slings), “shoot” at O (with a slingshot). YfinishtVin. (yinf-directive.) # Tsé bee yinishtt’in, to be slinging rocks at O. yinfi-(@/@)(769): to sling at O (one time)(as with a slingshot). Yfnfishttin/yinfitvin. (yinf-directive.)

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

|. ni-O-(ti): (1)

honi-(@/yi)(457):

S becomes firm, packed down

(as a new roadbed, spaded soil after a rain,

freshly poured concrete (firm but not yet hard),

to firm up. Honitin/ honiitvin

TEIN,

(naahonittin).

NAVAJO: Occurs with ni-thematic and @-classifier as the theme ina Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “gummy, adhering because of stickiness,”

and with ’/-postposi-

tional (“to or against something”) and t-classifier in a base meaning “adhering (as something gummy, or as seeds equipped with hooks).” May be cognate with TL’IN4.

579

TLS IMP. NEUTER

AMOM. tis B.NEUT,triz

tin

|. ni-O-(ti): ni-(@-Imp.):

tris _-

tis -

OPT.

— tt'is’_—tH'is : -

A. MOMENTANEOUS Sis gummy, sticky, adhering.

Ntlin.

I. O-(ti):

Il. t-(ti):

(1)

P-'’nii-(@/@)(216): to start to harden, begin to get hard (as concrete). Bi’niittis/bi’niitVis. ha-(ho-)(@/yi)(422): area becomes hard,

(2)

‘fi-(O-Imp./Usit.)(476): S sticks or adheres (to something unspecified - as a plant the seeds of which are sticky, gummy or equipped with

compacted, packed down.

NOUN

(3)

DERIVATIVES

(as a hide, dough), solidifies (as plaster, concrete), becomes brittle (as molten glass upon cooling). Yitlis/yitris. # P-chaan yit'is, P becomes constipated (lit. P’s excrement becomes hard).

’azee’ nttinf, scarlet false mallow, red false mallow (Sphaeralcea) (the gummy medicine plant - so named because of its gummy roots). fit fhii, desert blazing star (Bartonia multiflora, Mentzelia multiflora) (the one that sticks to things). ‘fitfhiits’66z, little blazing star, stick leaf (slender plant that sticks to things).

Il, t-(tt): (1)

(2) NAVAJO: Occurs with D-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Perfective verb

(3)

base meaning “be speckled, freckled.”

(4)

|. D-(ti):

yi-(si-Perf.)(777):

NOUN

S is speckled, freckled.

Yisttin.

DERIVATIVES

(1) (2) (3)

’AshkiistVinf, Freckled Boy (personal nickname). ’iich’ahii yistPinf, speckled moth. k’aaldgii yistVinf, speckled butterfly.

(4) (5) (6) (7)

4{stPinii, speckled horse (P-lffsttinii). nahachagii yistVinigif, speckled grasshopper. naadd’dsttinii, speckled corn. t¥{zistPinf, speckled goat.

Hatt'is/hddtt'is

(nahatris:nddhatris). # Hooghan géne’ hatt’is, the hogan floor gets packed down hard (lit. area inside the hogan packs down hard). (@/yi)(794): S becomes hard, hardens, gets stiff

hooks). ‘fit?{fh.

Tt’INs

_US/IT. PERF. FUT.

P-’nii-(@/@)(216):

to start to harden O (as snow, dirt). Bi’niistVis/bi’niittis. ha-(~ ho-)(@/yi or si)(417): to harden, pack down, compact an area (as a floor), Hastt'is/hddttlis or hoséttris (ndhastis:naahasttis). (si-Perf.)(777): to pack O hard (as a snowball). Séttris. (@/yi)(777): to harden, stiffen O (as dough, mud), to temper O (as steel), to pack O, compact O (as dirt, snow). Yisttis/yftVis (ndsttis:naanastris).

Il, L-(tr): (1)

‘Adi-(@/si)(23):

to harden oneself (by exercise),

to make oneself strong. ‘Adjstt’is/'Adéstt'is (‘AndistVis:’aAndadisttis).

(2) ‘Adi’nii-(O/@)(17): to start to harden oneself (by exer-cise).

‘Adi’niistl'is/'Adi'niistlis,

B. NEUTER (PPA

*trits’

> PA

|. ni-O-(ti):

‘tits’ [O]: be

solid, hard, strong.)

ni-(~ n-)(@-Imp.)(678): Sis hard, stiff, brittle. Nit#iz (~ ntt'iz). ho-(ni-)(@-Ilmp.)(458): areais hard, packed, compacted (as a dirt floor, crusted snow), S is crusted over, Hott'iz.

TLS NAVAJO: Basic meaning “hard, stiff.” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “become

hard (as plaster, mud) or stiff (as dough, a hide),” and (2) with t(L)-causative “harden, stiffen OZ

580

TLD

TLS

C.

NOUN

# tVizika’ (-ka’, male), billygoat, male goat. # t?{zitsa’ii (-tsa’ii, reproducing female), nanny goat, female goat.

DERIVATIVES

’Ashjjh ntVizf, rock salt (salt that is hard). badh tikanf danttizigff, cookie (the sweet breads that are hard). bdaah yazhf danttizigff, hard rolls (the little breads that are hard). béésh nttiz(gif, steel (the metal that is hard). chéch’il ntVizf (lb. chéch’il bika’i), scrub oak (Quercus undulata)(hard oak)(male oak). chéch’il ntViz/yilt’aa’f, Oregon grape (the one that has leaves that resemble those of the scrub oak). ch’ah danttizigff, helmet, hard hat (the hat that is hard). k’ineedlfshii ntiz(gff, hard urine-squirter (beetle). nat’oh ntVizigif, plug chewing tobacco (the tobacco that is hard).

(10)

naaltsoos ntt’iz/, cardboard, card (the paper that is hard).

(11)

ntviz, “hard goods” (property of the type “jewelry, turquoise, abalone”). t6 doo bidéétninf ntVizigif, formica (hard plastic). (V. NIIDs.) tsinttiz(~ tsitViz), ironwood (a bush from the wood of which weaving tools are made)(hard wood), wontVizi, sow bug, pill bug (hard insect). (The bug in reference lies motionless, feigning

(12) (13) (14)

death, when disturbed.

(15)

# tiiz,

pet goat or kid.

# tPis! tPis! (calling a pet goat).

Stem noun: bile, gall. (Cf. TL’IIZH: turn blue or green.) # ’atPizhtsé (tsé6, stone), gall -TL’IZH stone. # -tVizh bizis (-zis, sack, bag, container), gall-bladder. # tsis’nd bitlizh (tsis’nd, bee), honey.

(PPA “*trit’ [O]: liquid, granular substance or small pieces move freely, fall, splash, [t] causative; [©]: fart.)

TLD

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “plural objects move rapidly and freely through the air.” Occurs: (1) with O-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “spurt (liquid), fart;” (2) with dithematic: oral noise, and t-classifier “snort (a horse),” and with hi-thematic and t-classifier “toss, throw plural O (animate or inanimate).” Extended meanings include “rest up (after a long journey) or limber up (after exercise”), and “undress hurriedly (by jerking off one’s garments) .” Noun stem Tt’lD: fart.

When a child becomes

stubborn, the parents may admonish it not to be like “wént¥izi.”) w66 ntrizi, tiger beetle (the hard bug).

IMP, SUS A.MOM |

Noun stem in: chattish (cha- 7), phlegm.

tViid

tri’

t’iid

-

tit

tViid

.

-

-

tit/ tViid

.

-

Trans.

B.CONCL. C.CURS.

-TL’ISH

A. (~ ch’itvish) Onomatopoetic. a slapping sound.

Te PERRStPROGHEURSOPT.

MOMENTANEOUS

I, O-(ti):

Imitates

(1)

Tt’ISH

nind-(ni/ni)(646): to rest up, recuperate (as after a long tiresome journey), to limber up (after exercise), get over a case of sore muscles. NindshtViid/ninanit iid.

II. di-t-(ti:

Noun:

goat. # tl(zichogh (-chegh < CHON < CHAA’s: stink), TIZ1 billygoat. # tizikagf (-kagf, hide, skin), goatskin. # tVizikdg/ tsiizis (tsiizis, carrying basket or sack), goatskin carrying basket. # tViz{td’abid (té6’abid, waterbag), goatskin waterbag.

(1)

‘Pdi-(@/yi)(466): S snorts, lets out a snort (as a horse, deer). ‘{’dittPiid/’'diittifd (‘(nda’ditttiid). (di-thematic: oral noise.)

Il. hi-L-(tt): (1)

581

’ahi-(@/si)(66): to throw O away out of sight. ’Ahishttiid/ ’ahéttifd (’andhdshtriid: andahashtViid).

TLIZH4

TLD Cc.

tt ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

‘ahishttiid, to throw O down from a height. # Yah ‘ahishtViid, to throw O into an enclosure (as into a house). # Y66' ‘ahishttiid, to throw O away and get rid

I, @-(ti): (yi)(792):

to go along farting (as a horse),

Yisht?it /defniitriid (nddshtVit ndandadshtit). naana-(yi)(589): to be going around to and fro farting. NaanddashtVit/naandeiniitriid).

of them.

P-nikahi-(@/si)(234): to throw O through P (as a handful of stones in through a window). Binikahashtliid/binkkahéttiid (binfkanddhashtiid), ch'thi-(@/si)(277); to toss or throw O out

D.

horizontally (as out a door), Ch’éhéshtViid/ ch'éheétt'iid (ch’énahashtiid:ch indahashttiid). hi-(@/si)(446): to throw O (completive), jerk O off (garments). Hishttlid/héetPiid (nahashttiid:naahashtViid)

(4)

CURSIVE

(2) (3)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

feejin bitPid, coal gasification (coal’s fart). tid, fart. yitPitf, motorcycle (the one that goes farting along).

# P-lih hishtPiid,

to toss or throw O into P (as objects into a box).

ft Taah hishttiid,

to toss or throw O into the

(PA *-tPighish(“), eel, leech, snake)

water,

yaahil-(@/@)(755): to throw O up into the air. Yaahiishttiid/yaahiitttiid (yaninaahiishttiid).

TL’'llSH

Stem noun: snake, serpent. (Cf. verb root TL’IIZH: wriggle, be serpentine.) # chézhin tViish (chézhin, black lava, traprock),

IV. L(t):

traprock snake (ceremonial term).

(1)

# tdtViish (t6-, water), watersnake. # tPiish bichéhf (-ché-, maternal great grandmother + -/, the one), sidewinder

hahidil-(@/@)(394); to jerk O off (garments), undress hurriedly, Hahidiishttiid/hahidiishtiid (hanaahidiishttiid), (ha-di-thematic: all the way,

(rattlesnake). # tPiish bidee’ (-dee’, horns), a type of milkweed (lit. snake horns).

completely.)

B.

# tViish bitséghaal (-tsé-, combining form of -

CONCLUSIVE

tsee’, tail + -ghaal < ’aghaat, rattle on a rattlesnake’s tail.

|, @-(ti):

rattle),

# tPiishdaa’ (-daa’, food), wild tomato, three-

(

) ‘a-(@/si)(131):

2)

—

3)

ae

to break wind, fart, let a fart.

flowered nightshade (Solanum triflorum). # tiishk’aa’ (-k’aa’, arrow), racer (a type of snake capable of swift movement).

‘Ashttiid/'aséttiid (nda’ashttiid). ‘a-P-iji-Va-P-{dzi-)(@/yi)(4); to fart P away into space. 'Abjjishttiid/’ab/fdziitt'iid (‘ab{naajfshtHifd), Used in “slang”: # Y66’ ‘abfjishttlid, to squander P, fritter P away, waste P (one’s money, as in kintahdi shibéeso ‘attso y66’ ‘abidziittiid, | squandered all my money in town.) di-(@/si)(894)(with prepounded P-ch’daa@h, in front of and obstructing P): to fart in P’s presence. Bich'aah dishtViid/bich aah déttiid (bich’ adh naadishtt'lid). hahi-(@/si)(394); S spurts out (one quantity after another, as liquid soap from a soap dispenser). Hahatiid/hnahaaztt iid (hanaahattiid). hidi-(@/si)(441): to let a succession of farts, be flatulent, Hidishttiid/hidétt (id. ni'ii-(= na’ahi-)(@/si)(640); to go about farting, go about letting one fart after another. Niiishttiid/niviyét iid,

# tViish ’aghaat (’'aghdat), rattle), penstemon, beard tongue (lit. snake rattle).

NAVAJO: Noun stem TL’IISH: snake. Basic meaning appears to be TLIZH4 “zig-zag in shape.” Occurs: (1) with ni-thematic and L-classifier in a few verb bases meaning “move by writhing (as a snake), be serpentine or zigzag;” (2) with ni (sometimes ’ani-) thematic and tclassifier “wobble, weave, shimmy .” IMP. A.MOM. | tHiish B.CONT. C.CURS, D.NEUT.

582

USE tPish

RES

PROG.

tiizh

tPiizh

FUP

eSORT@

ttish — tPiish ttish /tPiish :

:

:

TRUZHy

TLNIZHy A. MOMENTANEOUS

(5)

tiish doo niniti'l,

(6)

tiish ‘aghdaat, penstemon, beard fongue (Pen stemon) (snake rattle) Wiish bichdhi, sidewinder rattlesnake (snake's great grandmother), tiish bidee’, a type of milkweed (snake's horn) tliish bidee 'ts'd6z, verticillate milkweed, silkweed (Asclepias verticillata)(slender snake's horn)

I. ni-L-(ti): (7) (1)

dini-(@/si)(323); S starts to wriggle along, starts to writhe (a snake). Dinilttiish/dinéeshttiizh (néddinittiish)

(8) (9) (10)

B.

CONTINUATIVE

I. ’a-ni-t-(ti): (1)

na’ni-(@/si)(559): to wobble, weave (as a drunk person), to shake and shimmy (as a poorly aligned car wheel), Na'nishttiish/na'nétiizh

(ninda'nfshtViish).

C,

tiishdada’,

wild tomato, three-flowered

night

(13) tiish yilwoo'l, snake tooth (plant)(the one (hat is like a snake's tooth), (14) tétiish, watersnake (water-snake) (15) tsin nooltViizhi, crooked (snake) sfiek (an object used ceremonially to symbolize a snake or the lightning supernaturals)

CURSIVE

‘ani-(yi)(115): to go wobbling, weaving or zigzagging along (as a drunk person). ’Aneeshtt'ish/da'niiltiish (na’neeshttish; naa'neeshttish). ni-(yi)(626-678); to go staggering along (as a drunk person), to go wriggling along (as a snake). Neesht'ish/danfiltlish (naneeshtPish:nddneeshttish). # P-it noolttish, P (a rider) is “snaking” along on S (as on a bicycle - avoiding obstacles).

(2)

snake (mythology)

shade (Sola-num triflorum)(snake food) (11) tViishk’aa’, racer (snake)(snake-arrow) (12) tiish nat’oh, four-o’eloek (Quamaclidon oxyba phoides)(snake tobacco),

(PPA “tHitsh’ s PA *titsh? [noun] gall bladder; [di- with “di-thematio] be

I, (‘a-)ni-L-(ti): (1)

the endless

D. NEUTER

THMZHo

blue-green,

[Transitional

“Widah

>

“Widzh),) NAVAJO: Stem noun TE'IZH) gall, (1) with O-(D-) classifier as the theme

bile, Occurs:

in Transitional (prolongative) bases meaning “become soaking wet;” (2) with L-(L-) causative “make © soaking wet;” (3) with di-thematie: relates fo color, and O-classifier in Transitional bases

meaning

“turn

blue-green;” (4) with di-thematie and L-(L-) causative “dye or color O blue- green,” and (5) with di-thematic

and D-classifier in Neuter bases meaning “be blue green,”

IMP,

US JIT, PERE,

EUT,

OPT,

(tish

tWiieh

I. ni-L-(ti): (1)

(2)

(3)

honi-(yi-Perf.)(458); place or area (a roadway, island) is full of sharp curves, serpentine, zigzag. Honoolttiizh. nani-(si-Perf.)(561); Sis serpentine, tortuous, winding, full of curves (a river or mountain road). Naneeshtliizh. ni-(yi-Perf.)(678): S is zig-zag (as a lightning design). Noolttiizh, # Nooltiizhgo haédhaashchii’, S is oblong in shape with wavy or zig-zag lines,

E.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

(1)

'atsinilttish, lightning, electricity, ‘AtsiniltVish '(inigff, electric generator. 'Atsinilttish bee ‘adinfdfin, electric light. (2) chézhin triish, black lava snake (ceremonial (3)

(4)

term). snake. triish ’A&n{nigff (~ triish ‘Adaaninigi), rattlesnake (the kind of snake that sounds or speaks). ttiish,

A.TRANS,

B.NEUT,

tliish

=

tish

Wiizh

With

A. TRANSITIONAL I. D-(ti): (1) dinii-(@/@)(330); to get soaking of sopping wel Diniishtfish/diniishtiizh (ndiniisht fish naa diniisht?fish)

I, Le(tt): (1)

dinii-(@/B)(330); to soak O, make O svaking of sopping wet. Diniishtfish/diniitlizh (ndiniish tiish:naddiniishttfish),

Wh, Le(tr): (1)

‘Adinii-(@/@)(545):

to soak oneself, make oneself

soaking or sopping wet,

‘Adiniishtl'ish/

TLllZHo

Tt’ IIZHo

‘Adiniishtiizh

(na’ddiniishttfish:ninaa’ddiniish-

tV((sh).

IV. di-O-(ti): (4) (1)

bflata’dii-(O/O)(222): or purple blossom

S blooms with a blue, green (as beeweed).

Bilata’diittish/biata’diitriizh

(bilatah nda’dii-

(5)

tVffsh)(lit.S turns blue, green or purple at its tip).

(2)

(3)

dii-(@/@)(348): to turn blue-green. Diishttfish/ diitPiizh (ndiishttiish:naddiishttiish). # Dah diittffish, S flashes blue-green (as a safety light, S turns (flashes) green (as a traffic stop light). hodii-(@/@)(453): area or place turns blue-green. (It is said that when lightning strikes the ground the area at the point of impact turns blue-green, and it is considered contaminated and in need of ceremonial purification.) Hodiittiish/hodiitPiizh (ndhodiittifsh:nddhodiitt’fish). # P-it hodiit’fish, area or place becomes contaminated after being struck by lightning.

V. di-L-(tt): (1)

(2)

’adii-(@/@)(32): to use blue dye, do blue dyeing (lit. to turn something blue-green). ‘Adiishttifsh/’adiittiizh (nda’diishttiish). dii-(O/@)(348): to dye O blue-green. DiishtPiish/diitViizh (fhdiishtViish:ndddiishttiish).

’Adidii-(@/O)(15):

’adi-(yi-Perf.)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a blue/ green speck, dot or spot.

(3)

Dah

‘adootrizh. bighddzidi-(ni-Perf.): S is transparentor translucent blue (as dilute blue ink, light blue glass). Bighddzideett’izh. di-(yi-Perf.)(352): S is blue/green as the sky, a green leaf). Doott’izh. (Blue, green and purple are not distinguished lexically. When distinction is required, itis accomplished by comparing the “blue/green” color of an object with something possessing the desired shade.) # P-kda’gi dah doott’izh, P has a bruise - a black and blue mark. # P-nak’ee dah doott’izh,

P has a black eye.

Dzitt’66 bi’oh dahodootlizhgo

hadaaz’a, it’s hazy between here and the mountains.) (7) k’(zhdi-(ni-Perf.): S is blue/green tipped, (as a bird’s wings ). K’izhdeettizh. (8) na-(si-Perf.)(571): there is a blue/green circle. Nashtrizh. (9) nahodi-(ni-Perf.): there’s a blue haze. Nahodeettiizh. (10) ndhodi-(si-Perf.): a blue haze encircles the horizon. Nahodeesht?izh. (11) na’a-(ni-Perf.)(555): a blue/green line extends across. Na’itVizh. (12) nihodi-(ni-Perf.): a blue/green line ends. Nihodeesht?iizh.

Il. L-(ti): dini-(yi-Perf.):

C. (1)

S is bluish/greenish.

NOUN

Dinoolttizh.

DERIVATIVES

’ach’i? dootPizhigif (~ ’ach’i? dootVizhf), small intestine (P-ch’i? doottizhf)(the blue intestine). ’adishtPish, azurite, malachite (a mineral used to

make blue paint for ceremonial purposes). ’aghaa’ dootizhf, blue wool. ’ak’ah dootVizhigif, Vicks Vapo-Rub (the blue grease). (5) ’atPizh, bile, gall (P-tPizh). Tsfs’na bit?izh, honey (bee’s bile). ’AtPizh tsé, gallstone. ’Attizh bizis, gallbladder (gall’s bag). (6) ’ats’oos doottizhigif, vein (P-ts’o0s doottizhigii) (the blue vein/artery). (7) ’azee’ dootVizh, watercress, berro (Rorippa obtusa) (blue medicine plant). (Also Ditaxus cyanophylla Woot). (8) ’azeedich’i? doottizhigif, green chile. (9) bee ’adiiltt’fsh{, indigo, blue dye (that with which blue dyeing is done). (10) bee na’adzoof doottizhigif, blue chalk, blue crayon (the blue thing with which marking is done). (11) béésh doottizh, steel (blue metal). Béésh doot?izh yitsid ba hooghan, blacksmith shop (where steel is pounded).

(3) (4)

|. D-(ti):

(2)

-as

(2)

B. NEUTER

there is a blue

haze, it’s hazy (between here and there

to color, paint or dye oneself

blue-green. ’Adidiishttifsh/’Adidiishtriizh (nda’ddidiishtt fish).

(1)

# T’66 bi’oh dahodoott’izh,

(1)

VI. di-L-(tr): (1)

(6)

# TatVid nahalingo dootizh, S is green (lit. S is “blue/green” like waterscum - algae). # Tsédidééh nahalingo doottlizh, S is purple (lit. S is “blue/green” like the wild fouro’clock). dzidi-(ni-Perf.)(354): a blue/green strip, streak or stripe extends away into the distance. DzideetVizh. hahodi-(si-Perf.): a blue/green strip extends up, there is an ascending blue/green strip. Hahodeeshttizh. hodi-(yi-Perf.): area is blue/green (as a lawn or pasture). Hodoottizh.

TUIZH

WEA)

(12)

(44) naa’olf dootVizhf, green bean, string bean (the bean that is green). (45) Ni’ Hodoot?izh, Blue World (mythology). (46) tadidifn doott’izh (Ib. k’ihooteelf), two color larkspur (Delphinium bicolor)(blue pollen). (47) ~— taniil’afdoottizh, blue dragonfly. (48) tashchozh doottizhf, purple marten (bird)(the marten that is blue). (49) — té hashtVishf, muddy water. (50) tPizfdoottizhf, blue goat. (51) tPohchin t’ahdii dootVizhigf, green onion (onion thatis still green).

Bikooh Hodoott’izh, Blue Canyon, Arizona (near Fort Defiance). (13) bildtah doottizh (Ib. ’atsa nat’oh), blue flowered gilia, lina (Cantua longiflora)(blue at the tip). (14) binii’ doottizhi, pigmy owl. (15) bis doot?izh, blue clay. (16) chifh dootrizh, hematite, iron ore (blue ochre). (17) dibé biya’ doottizh/, blue sheep tick. (18 ~~ dit dootVizhf, venous blood (blue blood). (19) diit?iizh, bruise, contusion (it turned blue). (20) doottizh, dime, ten cent piece. (During the 1860’s there was a shortage of coins, with the result that the Federal Government issued fractional paper money: a green bill worth a dime, and a yellow or brown bill worth five cents. V. titso, nickle.) (21) doottizhii, turquoise (the blue-green one). (22) Doottizhii Dziil, Turquoise Mountain (a ceremonial name for Tsoodzit: Mt. Taylor, New Mexico.)

(23) (24)

ginitsoh doottizhf, blue hawk. HahodeeshtVizhi, Satan’s Pass (north of Thoreau, New Mexico)(the place where a bluegreen streak extends up).

(25)

hashtVish,

(52) tsé bee diiltt'ish, blue ochre (rock with which it is

(53) (54)

(55) (56) (57) wdde’etchth{ doottizhf, blue red-horned insect, stink bug. (58) wdédéneeshch’jjdii binda’ doottizhf, blue-eyed locust. (59) woéseek’idii dootlizhigif, blue humped-insect.

mud. (Identified tentatively with

TL’llZH in the sense “soaking wet.”) HashtVishnii, Mud Clan.

Gohwééh

hashttishf, cocoa

(muddy coffee). T6 hashtVishf, muddy water. Hashttish t’éiya, muddy. Hashttish ’adee’, pottery spoon. Hashtl’ish teets’aa’, earthenware dish, china dish. ‘iich’ahii dootVizhigif, blue moth.

(26) (27)

jadd tanii doottizhi,

(28)

jadd neishoodf doott’izhigif, blue leg-dragger

(29) (30)

(wasp). jeeh doottizhi, blue gum (Ptiloria neomexicana). k’fneedlishii hashtVishf, muddy urine-squirter (beetle).

(31)

Kin DootVizhf,

(32) (33)

ko’ didit?ish, native sulfur. kg’ doottizhf, blow-torch, acetylene torch (for

(Possibly from PPA *t?ixw

> PA

“thux > “tugh: grass.)

Ee) NAVAJO: Cf. noun stem TL’OH: grass. Occurs with di-(ni-) thematic and @-classifier as the theme ina Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “hairy (with reference to animate beings), covered with grass or stubble (with reference to an area of land).”

blue centipede or millipede

(the many-legged one that is blue).

I. di-(ni-)-O-(ti):

Towaoc, Colorado (the blue-green

(1)

house or building).

(2)

welding) (the blue flame). (34) k’aaldgii doottizhigff, blue butterfly. (35) 4f doottizhii, blue-gray horse (the horse that is blue). (36) ma’ii dootVizhf, kitfox, blue fox. (37 ~~ nahachagii doottizhigff, blue grasshopper. (38) nahachagii hashttishf, muddy colored grasshopper. (39) nahodeettiizh, blue haze, horizon blue (the color assigned ceremonially to the south). Nahodeet?iizh Hastiin, Horizon Blue Man. Nahodeettiizh

dyed blue - a mineral that is used in combination with white clay to produce the blue coloring on the ceremonial masks). tsé doottizhii, peridot (the stone that is green). tsé’dst’éf doottizhigif, (~ tsé’ast’éf doottizhh), blue piki. tsé’éd¢’ii bit’aajj’ dootVizhf, blue-buttocked fly. tsis’na doottizhi, bluejacket (wasp), blue bee.

’Asdzaan,

di-(ni)-(@-Imp.)(339): S is hairy (as a dog, sheep, goat). Ditto. hodi-(ni-)-(O-Imp.): area is covered with hair, weeds, grass, stubble. Hoditt’o.

NOUN (1)

(2) (3)

Horizon Blue Woman

(4)

(mythological personages). na’ash@’ii dootVizhf, green lizard, mountain boomer (the reptile or lizard that is blue-green). (41 naadda’ doot’izh, blue corn. (42) naadad@’ t’dd dadoottizhigif, green corn. (43) naa’eet doottizhigif, blue wing teal, pintail duck (the blue kind of duck).

(40)

DERIVATIVES

’azee’ ditt’oof, New Mexico thistle, yellow thistle (Cnicus neomexicanus)(fuzzy or hairy medicine plant). bikétsffn ditt’oof, wooly rootstock (Actinea leptoclada)(fuzzy stemmed plant). Chézhin Ditt’oof(~Tsézhin DitPoof), Rocky Point, New Mexico (fuzzy or wooly traprock). ch’ah ditloof, fur cap. (Ch’ah Dittoof, spelled Chadicloi in anglicized form, occurs as a

(5)

nickname, and as a family surname.) ch’osh ditl’oof, caterpillar, wooly worm, Ch’osh ditt’oof tigaa(gif, white caterpillar. Ch’osh ditloof titsooigif, yellow caterpillar. Ch’osh

ditVoof tizhinigff, black caterpillar.

585

TL’O

TO

object pronoun “something unspecified,” representing the object knotted or tied) and @-classifier in bases meaning “grow, spread (a vine);” (3) with O-/Lclassifier, postpositional P-{-, to, against, the 3i indefinite object pronoun 'a- (something unspecified) and hi-seriative in bases meaning “tie O to P” Extended meanings include “develop (wells, dams, reservoirs and other natural resources for use), lace, spin a

na'az¢ezii ditt’oo(gif, fuzzy velvet ant. ndshdditsoh bitsiijj’ dadit?oolgff, African lion (the kind of mountain lion that is hairy up to the head).

TiH'égf, Zia Pueblo, New Mexico (hairy ones?)

tsé'é6d¢'il ditVoofgif,

fuzzy fly.

web, erect aloom.” Cf. noun stem Tt’OOL: rope,

(Cf, TL’O: be hairy; TL’OH: grass.) Noun: occurs as a component of:

TL'O

cord,

# -tdshtt'o ~ kdshtt’o (-ta[sh]- ~ ka[sh]- < kaa’, on surface + tl’o, hair,

IMP

Mak reoey. Nei remit ‘ Noun (derivation uncertain);

' Zia

SPERESS

PROG

t'6dh toh

"6

-

HOSE HOSE

B.CONCL. CrCONT D.DIST

tt’6 to.

tt’66h tPooh

tt’ td

-

trot toot

b

:

toy

i

hairy.)

. ;

# TH dégfdine’é,

Zia Indian, the

EUlMmORTs

A.MOM, ECURS

Pueblo, New Mexico. (Cf. TL’O: be

et TL'OGI

SUS

66h

E.NEUT

:

‘

tp

y

ri

people of Zia. A.

Stem noun: grass, hay.

ts Aa

# tt'oh ba hooghan (ba, for it +

TL'OH

heectinnhoie,

wheat tassel or head.

toh naadd@a’ bizhddl (-zhd66l, small

particles, crumbs), wheat chaff. # tohtsahii (-tsah-, awl + -ii, the one), awl grass. # toh waa'l (waa’-, beeweed + -f, the one), alfalfa. # tohzddl (-z66l, tassel, head), tassel or head on grass. (Ib. tt’oh biz6dl.) # yaatl’oh (yaa-, under), bedding.

TL'O

:

:

‘adi-)@/si)(23): to start to weave (along), start a

weaving process. 'Adishtt’66h/'adét’6 (n’disht’'66h:nda’dishtt’66h). ’adii-(O/@)(28)(with prepounded dah, off): to start (off) weaving, start to weave. Dah ’adiishtt’66h/ dah ‘adiitt’¢. P-’nii-(@/O)(220): to start to weave O (rug, belt). Bi'niishtt’6dh/bi'niitt’?d. 'i'nii-(©/O)(469): to start to weave, start weaving (with reference either to a specific activity or to the art of weaving). ’I’niisht?66h. ch ’f-(ni/ni)(288): to start to weave, to commence weaving. Ch’f’nisht?66h/ch Pnittd (ch'inda’nfshtt’66h). ha-(@/yi)(436): to start to weave O (rug, belt). Haashtt’66h/haatt’6 (handdndshtt’66h). ha'a-(@/yi)(404): to start to weave (unspecified O). Ha’asht’66h/ha'iitt’6 (handa’ashtt’66h). hadi’nf-(@/si)(382): to weave and weave, weave too long. Had/i'nisht’6éh/hadi’néshtt’6. ni-(ni/ni)(648): to stop weaving O, finish weaving O. Ninisht?’6d6h/ninitt’6 (nindanfshtt’66h). to stop weaving, finish — io)a ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(639); weaving (unspecified O). Ni’nishtt’66h/ni'nit?¢. (11 ~— ndi’nfi-(0/O)(611): to just get well started weaving, just get a good start weaving (when

# toh hosh (hosh, thorn, cactus), hedgehog grass. # toh naadaa’ (naadda’, corn, alien food), wheat. # tt'oh naaddaa’ bich’il (-ch’il, plant), wheat stalk. # toh naaddd’ biya’ (-ya’ < yaa’, louse), chinch bug. # tl'oh naadd@a’ bizddl (z6dl, tassel, head),

rR

(1)

shelter), hay barn, hay shed. # tt’oh bizddl (-zd6l, tassel), the head or tassel on grass.

=

MOMENTANEOUS

—

(PPA “tu or *tHiw > PA *tPu-ny [OQ]; tie, weave, knit, make net, set snare [with bound postpositional object such as *P+#: to P. t-

(12

classifier is required].)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “tie, weave.” Occurs: (1) with ©-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “weave (a rug, fabric), tie or knot;” (2) with ’a- (the 3i

something happens). ~—

Ndfnfisht?66h/Adfnfitt’¢.

n’dii-(©/@)(675): to start to play “cat’s cradle” [na’att'o’]; start to spin a web (a spider). N'diisht’66h/n'diit?’6 (A'diit6dh/n'diitl’6: 3rd person).

Il. ’a-@-(ti):

(1)

586

‘ada’a-(~ bida’a-/hada’a-)(O/yi):

S grows

tPddt toot

TiO

TL’O

downward from a height (as a vine downa canyon wall). ’Ada’att’66h/ ’ada’iitt’¢. ’adi-(@/si)(27): S starts to grow along (a vine). ‘Aditt’66h/ ‘adeeztt’6 (n’ditV66h:nda’ditt’66h) # P-ch’j’go ‘aditt’66h, S starts to grow toward PA ’a’a-(O/yi)(365): S grows away out of sight (a vine). ’E’et?d6h/i'it'd (‘and’at’ddh:’anda’att’66h). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’e’ett’66h, S grows downward from a height (as a vine down a canyon wall). # P-yaa ’e’ett’66h, S grows in under P (asa vine in under a house). # Yah ’e’ett’66h, S grows into an enclosure (as a vine into a garden or corral). P-gha’a-(ni/ni): S grows through P (as a vine through a fence). Yighda’at’66h/yigha’nitt’¢ (yighadndaa’att’66h). P-na’a-(@/si)(765): S grows around P (as a vine around a tree). Yind’att’66h/yina’aztt’¢. P-nfka’a-(ni/ni)(766): S grows through P (as a

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6)

Il. hi-O-(tt): (1)

hi-(@/si)(421)(with prepounded dah, up): to tie or

tether O (as a horse or dog). Dah hashtt’6/dah hat’6 (dah ndhdashtt’6:dah nddhashtt’s). # P-aah dah hashtt’6, to tie or tether O to P (as a dog to a post). (2)

’ii-(= ’ahi-)(469)(with prepounded dah, up): to put up a loom, erect a loom. Dah ’iishtt’6/dah ‘iyét’'6 (dah na’iishtt’6:dah nda’iishtt’s). PE eT eareery |RPT elyaa Pe Ill. £-(tt):

(1)

daddi-(@/si)(298): to tie O shut (a bag, sack, penis preparatory to taking a sweatbath), to cover O (a drum). Dddishtt’6/dadét’6 (dandishtt’6 or ddddisht’6:dandddfshtt’6). dddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(297): to tie O shut (as a door or gate). Dadi’nishtt’6/dadi’nftt’6 (dandi’nisht’6: dandddi’nisht’d). di-(@/si)(339): to lace O up (shoe, cradleboard),

(2)

(3)

vine through a window, a hole or culvert).

to bind the warp strands on a loom (with

Vinkka’atPddh/yinika’nit?d (yinkanda’atVdoh). ch’a-(ni/ni)(287): S grows out horizontally (as a vine from a garden or window). Ch’((t’66h/ ch’? nit’d (ch’inda’{t?66h). ha’a-(@/si)(404): S grows up, climbs (as a vine up a tree or wall). Ha’attd6d6h/ha’aztt’é (hana’at’66h:handa’att’66h). # P-aah ha’att’66h, S grows up the side of P. ni’a-(ni/ni)(639): S grows as far as a stopping point (as a vine that grows to a specific point where it stops). Ni’it?'6dh/ni’nit?'d (nina’ft?ddh: ninda’(tPd66h). # -jj’ ni’it?66h, S grows up to or as far as --(a designated place - as to a wall). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’it}66h, S grows across

(7)

(8)

(9)

prepounded P-it, in company with P). Bit disht?’6/bit détt’6 (bit hdishtt’d6:bit naddisht¥6). # ’Awéé’ bitééldéé’ bit dishtt’6, to lace a baby into a cradleboard. ve (iain dt Kaori el

IV. hi-t-(tt): (1)

’ahfhi-(@/si)(58): to tie O together, lash O together (as two ropes). ’Ahfhéshtt’d/’ahfhétt’ (‘ah(ndhdshtt’6:’ah(nddhdsht’6). P-fhi-(@/si)(194): to tie O to P, tether O to P (as a

(2)

bundle to a saddle, a horse to a post). Bhhéshtt’6/bihétt’é (bindhdshtt’6:binaahadshtt’). oe Bee. aes es

(as a vine across a road),

aA einai «remtarateel”. hee B.

V. hi-L-(tr):

CONCLUSIVE (1)

P-fddii-(= P-fAdihi-)(@/si)(211): to tie, lash or fasten oneself to P (as when one ties himself to

I, O-(tt):

a tree, or to acar in fastening the seat belt).

(1) (2)

(3)

Bi'Adiisht!’6/bi’'adiyésht’6 (bfandiishtt’d: bf’andddiishtt’6). a ae ee ae

(@/si)(792): to weave O, be weaving O (rug, belt). Yishtt’6/sét’9 (nddndshtt’6). ’a-(@/si)(131): to weave, do weaving, be a weaver, be weaving (unspecified O). ’Ashtt’6/ ‘'asét’6 (nda’dshtt’d). P-’a-(@/si)(153): to tie P, tie a knotin P, bale P (hay) (lit. to tie unspecified O on P). Be’eshtt’6’/be’sétt’'6 (bind’dshtt’6:binda’ashtd). # ’Atch’j’ be’eshtt’6, to tie P together ina bundle (as a pile of newspapers). # P-chxosh be’eshtt’6, to cinch P (lit. to tie P’s belly). # P-kéts{fn be’eshtt’6, to hobble P (lit. to tie P’s ankles - a horse), # Yistsgsgo be’eshtt’6, to tie a bowknot (lit. to knot P in a rugose or wrinkled manner).

C.

CONTINUATIVE

I. @-(tt):

(1)

587

na’a-(@/si)(553): to play the Cat’s Cradle game, to put up Christmas decorations (streamers of paper, ribbons), to tie up a package; S weaves a web (a spider), S grows and winds about here and there (a vine). Na’ashtt’o’/ni’sét’¢ (1st pers. sgl), na’att’o’ (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). ate ees aly wie es te:

TL’O

TL’O

D. DISTRIBUTIVE

(8)

applied to woodbine and the Virginia creeper.) ch’osh na’att’o’ii, weaving worm (worm that twines or weaves about), (10) dah ‘iistt’p, loom, rug (especially while still on the (9)

dahi-(@/si)(300)(with prepounded dah, up): to tie or tether d.p. O (as horses), to develop O (as a

series or group of wells, dams and reservoirs). Dah dahashtt’o’/dah dahatt’6 (dah ndddahashtt’6’). # Beehaz’danii dah dahaastt’é, the laws were suspended, placed in abeyance. # T6 dahatt’o’, a number of water developments are carried out (Simple Passive D-classifier). (Dah dahaastt’é: Perf.).

E.

loom) (P-dah ’iistt’6). Dah ’iist?'¢ ba "Wahl, upright pole of the loom.

(11) ’6élt'66h, tie-on (a chant token, serving to mark the patient in many ceremonies. A live eagle

CURSIVE (12) (13)

©-(tt):

(1) (2)

grape (the plant that grows

winding about). Ch’il na’att’o’ii bitoo’, grape juice, wine. (Ch’il na’a-tt’o’ii is the name also

hi-O-(tt): (1)

ch’il na’att’o’li,

(14)

(yi)(792): to be weaving along on O (as arug, belt). Yisht?édt/deinfit?66h (nddnddshtt’ddt). ’a-(yi)(8367-683): to be weaving along (on unspecified O), S is growing along (as a vine). ’Eesht’6dt/da’iinfitdoh (nda’eeshtt’66t); oot’ 6dt/da’it?66h (nda’oott’ddt) (3rd pers. sgl/dpl - a vine). # P-ch’j’ ’ootl’66t, S is growing toward P (a vine or tentacle).

F.

(15)

(16) (17)

(18) (19)

NEUTER (20)

D-(tt): (Actually, 3rd person si-Perfective Passives.)

(21)

plume is used in Life, Hail and Shooting Way Chants. The token for a male patient has a bit of turquoise and bluebird feathers attached to it, while that for a female has a bit of white shell bead and yellowbird feather)(lit. tied to something). hooghan yist'6nf, cribbed log hogan. ‘i'fimasgo yist’on{, blanket woven with diamonds or squares as the design. ké bit hdadiltt’6higff, lace shoes (the shoes that are laced up). K’ai’ Ch’ineelt’6, La Jara, New Mexico (tangle of willows extend out). ldjish yist?énfgff, knitted mitten or gloves. na’att’o’, cat’s cradle, string game (used in traditional times to teach children about the constellations). na’neest!’é, cage (woven ina circle). na’neestt’dogo tsidii yii’ naazdahigff, bird cage (the thing that is woven in a circle inside of which birds sit about). tl’oh bida’ast’6nigff, baled hay, hay bales (hay that is tied). tsa’dszi’ yistt’6nf (~ tsa’aszi’ yist’6), woven yucca mat.

(1) (2)

yi-(si-Perf.): S is woven. Yist’¢. dadi-(si-Perf.): S is tied shut (a sack or bag).

(3)

P-na’ni-(si-Perf.): P is enclosed in a woven circle (a bird ina cage). Bina’neestt’6. na’ni-(si-Perf.): S forms a woven enclosure (lit. something is woven around in a circle). Na’neestt’¢.

(4)

(22) tad’ be’estt’énf, a food item composed of stiff cornmeal mush, placed in corn husks. The latter are folded shut and tied to produce three

Dadeestt’¢.

lumpy segments, and then boiled. The name,

(23) (24)

G.

NOUN

‘achxosht?’66l yist’¢,

DERIVATIVES woven or braided cinch

(25) (26)

(P-

chxoshtt’d66l: P’s = the horse’s - cinch; P‘achxoshtt’66l: P’s = person’s horse-cinch). ’atné’éstt’6ni, double weave blanket (the one woven behind each other. ’Asaa’ dddeestt’6nigif, kettle drum (drum that is tied off - lit. tied off pot). ’att’6tsin, upper and lower loom poles (weavingwood), beeldléi yishbizhgo yistt’énf, blanket with diagonal weave. béésh yist’6nf, woven wire, wire mesh. bina’neestl’¢, its cage (it is woven around it). Tsidii bind’neestt’¢, the bird’s cage, bird cage.

(27) (28) (29)

588

meaning “tied in three bundles,” describes the manner of preparation. t’dadoo le’é 'atch’|’ be’estt’donii, bundle (that which comprises something tied together), toh ’atch’j’ be’estl’6nigif, bale of hay (hay that is tied together into a bundle)(tt’oh ‘atch’)’ bida’astl’6nigff: d.p. bales of hay, baled hay). tsidii bind’neestt’6, bird cage (of woven wire), tsiitt’6d6l ’éltt’6, ceremonial token tying (with reference to a female patient). yistté bee yitPdéhf, knitting needle (that with which stockings are woven). yistsosgo be’estt’6, bowknot (tied together in a rugose or wrinkled manner). yoo’ ’élt’6, ceremonial token tying (with reference to a male patient)(a bead is tied to something).

TL’OO’-

TSAH

Stem noun: outdoors, outside. (Always requires a postpositional enclitic.) TL’'O0’# tt’6o’di (-di, at), outside, outdoors (i.e. ata location outdoors). # t'66’d66 (-d66, from), from outdoors, from outside.

# t'66’'g66 (-gd6, to, toward), outdoors,

NAVAJO: Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Perfective verb

TSAG

base meaning “be fringed, serrated.” Cf. TSA’o.

1. @-(ti):

(1)

da’a-(yi-Perf.)(303): S is fringed (as a bucksin). Da’ftsag or da’itsa’.

outside (i.e. motion toward outdoors).

# tt'66'déé’ (-déé’, from), from outdoors. # tt’60’jj’ (-jj’, as far as), to outdoors, as far as outside. # t'66’jf (-jf, on the side of, in the direction of), on the outdoor side, toward or in the

Stem noun: fringe on a blanket or shawl. (Cf. TSAG: be fringed.) TSAG/ TSA’

direction of outdoors). # t’6o0’jigo (-jigo, -ward, toward), outdoorsward, (motion) toward outdoors.

(PA

(-t?'661) Stem noun: cord, string, rope, ray (of light), beam, tendril. (Cf.

TL’OOL

verb root Tt’OD:

TSAH

tie, weave.)

NAVAJO: (tsats’6sf,

# ’abanitt’ddt (-e’abanit’66l) (abanf-, buckskin),

# 4 biniit?'66l, horse’s bridle. Béésh tigaii ’aniit’66l, silver bridle. # ’azdat’i’( bit’d6dl (’azaat’i’i, bridle bit), rein. # jOhonaa’é/ bitt’6dl (j6honaa’é/, sun), #

# +

# #

sunbeam, sunray. kétt’6dt (-kétP66l) (ké-, Combining form of kee’, foot), shoelace, shoestring, root. # tsin bikétt’6dl ~ behétt’ddl (tsin, tree), tree root. na’ashjé’ii bitl’6dl ~ na’ashjé’iitt’6dl (na’ashjé’ii, spider), spider web. nittsdtV6dl (nittsd, rain), rain-ray. ’ooljéé’ bitt’6dl (‘ooljJé6’, moon), moonbeam. sha bitt’66l (sha, sun), sunbeam, sunray.

Noun stem in: ’atsd,

root TSA’:

-TSA

eagle.

eagle plant (Lupi-

needle),

Occurs also as a

’adi-(O-Imp.): S is sharp pointed, needle or awllike (used in certain plant names), ‘Aditsah, di-(ni-)(O@-lmp.): S is sharp pointed, awl-like. Ditsah (occurs in certain plant names).

NOUN bééshtsah,

DERIVATIVES

metal awl.

Bichjfhtsah, Pointed Nose, Needle Nose (nickname). hosh ’aditsahii, sahuaro cactus (Cereus giganteus) (the cactus with awl-like spines). hosh ’aditsahiitsoh, tree cactus, cane cactus, Indian fig, chandelier cactus (Opuntia

arborescens) (big cactus with awl-like spines). hosh ditsahii, a type of cactus with awl-like spines.

t’ohtsahii,

(V. verb

nus kingii). # ’atsdatsoh (-tsoh, big), golden eagle. # 'atsdzoot (-zoot, windpipe, trachea), whistle (made of the femur of a jackrabbit killed by an eagle. Used in the Bead Way and Eagle Way Chants).

Noun stem TSAH: awl

. di-O-(ti):

grasp with claws or beak.)

# ’atsdch’il,

awl.)

Neuter Imperfective verb theme with the meaning “sharp pointed.”

buckskin rope, goathide

lariat. # ‘alt{jtt’6dl (-e’attiftt’66l)(‘attf-. bow), bowstring. # bee’eldogh be’att{tt’66l (bee’eldggh, gun), trigger on a gun (obsolete term). # ‘aniit'6dl (-niitt’6dl, -e’aniit?'6dt)(-nii- < -nii’, face), bridle.

*tstx-t:

TSAH

awl grass.

Stem noun: awl. (Cf. verb root TSAH: be pointed.) # bééshtsah (béésh-, metal), metal awl.

# Bich{fhtsah (-ch{fh, nose), Pointed-Nose, Beak-

Nose, Needle-Nose (personal nickname). # tVohtsahii (toh,

grass + -ii, the one),

grass. # tsahgai (-gai, white), awl made of deer bone.

awl

TSA’

TSAII

ho-(yini-)(yi-Perf.)(461-766): area is dry, there is a drouth. Hddttsaii (~ hddttsai, hddttseili).

# tsahts’dsf(-ts’6sf, slender), needle. # ts’intsah (ts’in-, bone), bone awl.

(PPA uncertain.

Possibly PA *tsaghY C.

(t]: be dry).

NOUN DERIVATIVES

TSAIl|

NAVAJO:

'ajéf yilzdlii bik’ésti’igif naaltsaii, pleurisy (the covering of the pleura gets dry). bee na’altsdhf(~ ’66’ bee ndaaltsdahi), clothes dryer (that with which something is dried, that with which clothing is dried). tsiighd bee naltsahi(~ tsiigha bee ndaaltsahigif), hair dryer (that with which hair is dried).

Primary meaning “ary,

withered.” Occurs with t-(L-) classifier as the theme in transitive

verb bases meaning “cause O to dry up or wither,” and with L-classifier in intransitive bases meaning “become dried up, withered.”

A Neuter Perfective theme occurs, with t-classifier and yini-thematic. The

active bases require na-, the Reversionary prefix

(reverting to a previous state or condition) on the

premise perhaps that a “dry state” is normal anda

(PPA

“wet state” is transitory.

with teeth, by biting.)

The stem, here written TSAII,

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

US /IT.

tsdah__tsih

A.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

tsaii tsaii

tsih

tsaah -

and with t-classifier “transport by grasping with teeth or beak (as an eagle).” The stem appears often in intensive form as TSXA’.

MOMENTANEOUS

IMP.

na-(@/yi)(569): to dry up or dessicate O, cause O to dry (back) up or wither. Nastsdah/ndattsaii.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

A.MOM. tsééh_tsah B.CONT. _ tsa‘ tsah C.SEM. tsah tsah D.CURS. -

tsa tsa’ tsah -

tsah/ tsééh

tsah_ tsééh tsah__ tsa’ tsah__tsah -

ENEUis

tsa’

na’Adi-(@/yi)(546): to dry oneself (as with a “al js towel). Na’dadistsdah/na’ddeestsaii (ninda’adistsaah),

-

Ill. L-(ti):

P-di-(@/yi)(180):

to release P, let go of P (some-

(béédistsééh:bindddistsééh). oral.)

nad-(G/yi)(569): to get dry, to dry up, become withered or dehydrated (person, flowers, leaves). Nastsdah/ndattsaii (ninddndstsdaah). naha-(ndho-)(@/yi)(531): area dries up, becomes dry. Nahdltsaah/nahooltsaii (ninddhdltsaah). # P-zéé’ ndhaltsdah, P’s mouth becomes dry (as from thirst or fear).

Bidistsééh/bidiitsa’ (di-thematic:

Il. £-(tt): (1)

NEUTER

I, yinf-L-(ti): (1)

-

MOMENTANEOUS

thing held in teeth or beak).

B.

-

|. di-O-(tt):

(1)

(2)

US./IT.

-

A.

(1)

[©]: act

grasp, hold, release (acting with the teeth or beak),”

# Nd-O-fttsdah, S dehydrates O (as alcohol. E.g. Tédithit nashiittsaii, whiskey dehydrated me.)

(1)

*tsaG

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “bite down, grasp (with teeth or beak).” Occurs with ©-classifier and (in some bases) di-thematic: oral, with the meaning “clench,

My te-(th)

(1)

> PA

TSA’

is also heard as TSEIl. IMP.

*tstG

(2)

yfnf-(yi-Perf.)(766): to be dry, withered, dehydrated (a person or thing). Yinistsaii (~ yinistsai, y(nistseii) (yftsaii: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

590

’a-(G/yi)(478): S goes away out of sight with O in teeth or beak (an eagle with a rabbit). ’littsééh/ 'ayfittsa’ (‘anéfttsééh:’anddnéittsééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iittsééh, to descend from a height with O in teeth or beak. # Yah ’iittsééh, to go into an enclosure with O in teeth or beak, # Y66’ ’iittsééh, to go away and disappear with O in teeth or beak. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): S carries O down from a height (clamped in teeth or beak). ’Adeittsééh/’adayiittsa’ (’adanéittsééh:’adandanéfttsééh).

OPT.

-

TSA’

# P-kda'dé¢é’ 'adeiltsé6h,

TSA’

S carrias

O down

yiadaylitaa’ (yisdanéiltadéh yisdanaandittsesh), SER, (@/si)(770), (As a mother cat that carries her kittens to safety, one after another.) Visdayiittadeh/yisdayiistsa’ (yisdanayiittsééh: yiadanaayiiltsaaéh)

from on top of P,

# Tsékooh géyaa ‘adeiltsééh,

S carries O

down into the canyon,

(3)

(4)

‘ahéé-(ni/ni)(46): S carries O around ina circle, makes a circuit carrying O (in teeth or beak), ’Ahééylits6éh or ‘ahénéiits6éh/‘ahééyinittsa’, # P-naago ‘ahééyittsééh, S carries O around

‘ahéé6hi-(@/si)(48):

B,

S carries O around and

1, t=(tt):

around in circles (clamped in teeth or beak), ’Ahééyiittsééh/'ahééyiistsa’,

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

CONTINUATIVE

(1)

# P-naago ‘ahééyiittsé66éh, S carries O around and around P, P-nd-(@/si)(228): S carries O around P (in teeth or beak), Yinéfitsééh/yinéistsa’ (yin(nadanell tsééh), dil-(@/@)(243)(with prepounded dah, off); to start off with O (clamped in teeth or beak), Dah yidiittsééh/dah yidiittsa’ (dah néidiitts6eh;dah naayidiittsééh), ch'{-(ni/ni)(292): to carry O out horizontally (in teeth or beak), Ch'fittsééh/ch'finittsa’ (ch'inell tsééh:ch 'indanéitts6éh), # P-fighahg66 ch'iiflts6é6h, S carries O past P (held in teeth or beak),

na-(@/si)(691); S carries O around here and there (in teeth or beak), Neiltsa’

C,

SEMELFACTIVE

1], @-(tt):

(1)

yil-(@/si)(798); to clamp down on O (with teeth, beak, pliers), grasp O, Yiistsah/sétsah (naaylisteah),

I, die@-(ti): (1)

ha-(@/si)(430): S climbs up with O (clamped in teeth or beak), Hailtsééh/haistsa’ (hanéiitsééh:handandéits6éh), # P-aah haittséé6h, S carries O up the side of P (as up ahill), (P-aah haistsa’, Perf), nahi-(@/si)(529); S turns O around or over (clamped in teeth or beak), Nayiiltsééh/

dadii-(@/si)(298); to clamp the jaws shut, to get lockjaw (tetanus), Dadiistsxah/dadétsxah, (dithematic: oral),

Il, De(th);

(1) ‘ahidinii-(@/si)(56); S sink their teeth into each

naylistsa’. (10) ndhidee-(@/yi)(535); S turns O over (clamped in teeth or beak), Néidiyeeltsééh/néidiyéélisa’, (11) (ni/ni)(654): S arrives, goes, comes carrying O (clamped in teeth or beak), Yitts6éh/yinittsa’ (néittsééh:ndanéittsééh), # P-aa néfitsééh, S brings O back to P, # P-aa yiitsééh, S takes or brings O to P, # -g66 yiitsééh, S takes O to --(a designated place), (12) ni-(ni/ni)(648); S carries O as far as a stopping point (clamped in teeth or beak), Niyiltsééh/ niinfitsa’ (ninéftsééh:ninaayittsééh), # -jj’ niyfitsééh, S carries O as far as »-(a designated place), # Tsé'naa (~ ha'naa) niyftsé6h, S carries O across, (13) tsftts’a-(ni/ni)(736); S carries O away from fire or

other and hold on (as two dogs), ‘Ahidiniitsxah/ ‘ahidineestsxah, dinil-(@/si)(929); S grabs O with teeth or beak and hangs on, Yidiniitaxah/yidineestsxah,

(2)

D,

CURSIVE

1, te(tt);

(1)

(yi)(774): S goes along with O clamped in teeth or beak, Yoottsah (nayoottsah:naayoottsah),

E,

NEUTER

I, yirnf f(t);

water, S carries O ashore (clamped in teeth or

(14)

# Taah yiltsééh,

(15)

(1)

beak), Tsftts'éfitsééh/tsits'éinitsa’ (tsitts’Aandittsééh:tsits'Anddnéitsééh)(, (@/yi)(775): S carries O clamped in teeth or beak (completive), Yiltsééh/yitsa’ (néitsééh; ndanéiitsééh). # P-iih yittsééh, S puts O into P

yinf-(* -6-)(O-Imp,)(766); to have hold of O in teeth or beak, or with pliers), to have O clamped in the teeth or beak, Yinistsa’ (ydtsa’: 3rd pers, sgl/dpl),

F,

S puts O into the water,

yisdd4-(@/yi)(772): S carries O to safety, S carries O away from danger, S rescues O (by moving O clamped in teeth or beak), Yisdéfttsééh/

(1)

591

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘ated, eagle, ‘Atsda biyéazh, eaglet, February, ‘Atadtaoh, golden eagle, 'Atsashzhiin, black

ISXAS

TSA’

(2)

(3) (4)

eagle, ‘Atsagal, white eagle, ‘Atsatbal, gray eagle, prairie falcon, bee'détsag{ (~ bee’dtsa'l), pliers, pincers (that with which something is grasped as in the teeth or beak), da’dilttsxah, lockjaw, tetanus (it makes the jaws clamp shut), wédé'atsahil,

pinching ant,

Wdédé6’atsahilisoh,

large pinching ant, Wddé'atsahil bit'a’ hdlén (gif, winged pinching ant, Wédé6'atsahiitsoh naat’agl,

(2)

big flying pinching ant,

(9)

Wdédé6'atsa

hiitsoh fizhinigff, big black pinching ant,

(derivation unknown) Noun; yucca # tsa’Aszi' bitalawosh

TSA’ASZI'

(4)

(-taldwosh, suds, froth), yucca suds,

# tsa’Aszi' bidee'| (dee’-, horns + «f, the one), yucca, soapweed (Yucca bacata)(horned yucea),

Noun:

(5)

female animal capable of

reproduction,

-TSA'I

W bjjhtsa'li (bjjh-, deer), # dibétsa’li (dibé-,

doe,

sheep),

with P (ae with a chain, whip),

(6)

ndil-(@/yi)(616);

(7)

yink(@-Imp.)(767); to atrike or lash repeatedly at O, Yinlataxadas (ydéltaxada; 3rd pera, agl/dpl),

ewe, breeding ewe, ft 166chaatsa'll (l66chaae «

{é66chaa'l, dog), bitch, # djtsa’ll ({f- PA ‘tshWas [PA momentaneous imperlective *tshwal} (1): whip, V, Krauss-Leer 1981; 105 106),

NAVAJO; Occurs with L-(L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “act in a violent whipping-lashing manner, whip, strike with a slender

(1)

slamming down an object),” (2) US /T,

PERF

PROG

f UT

I Poe yiniataxaas, to atrike repeatedly atO with P (as with a whip, rope, chain, belt), yintl((9/45)(769); to lash at O one time, atrike out at O with @ lashing blow, Yintlataxads/ yinfiltaxas,

I. Le (A/At):

flexible object, slam (as in slamming a door, or

IMP

to strike O @ single lashing blow (as with a whip), Nalistaxads/ndiitaxas (ninade dilstaxaaa), Pee ndilstaxdas, to hitO with P (as with a whip, rope, chain, belt),

goat,

TSXAS

‘Ajiistaxaas/'adz(Maxas, SER (@/yi)(76), lash outone time after another, 'Adzilstexaas/ ‘adziyaltexas, |~ tazhadil-(/)(247); to graze P with a whiplash, strike at P and miss, Bitazhdiistaxaaa/ bitazdilltaxas (bitanaazhdiistaxaas), P-66 bilazhdiistaxaas, to graze itwith P (as with a whip, rope, chain), dzidi-(@/sl)(964); to let fly a whiplash, strike out or lash out (into space » as with a whip, rope), Dzidistaxaas/dzidéltaxas (dzindddistaxaas), ft P-6e poll dzidistaxaas, to hitp with P (as another person with a whip, rope, ehain), I P-idzidiataxada, to hit P (with a lashing motion), naa'aP(dzi-(@/yi)\(577); to Knock P over with a lashing blow (a8 with a whip, rope)(lit, to lash away down sideways Into apace against P), Naa‘abldzistaxaas/naa‘abldziitaxas, Pee naa‘abldzistaxads, to Knock It over with P (Whip, chain, rope), nizhe(ni/ni)(666)(with propounded Pil, in company with P): to whip P to death, beat P to death (with lashing blows), Bil nizhnistaxada/bil niznittexas, P-ee poll nizhnistaxada, to beat p to death

OPT

Jahiin-(@-Imp(67): to lash repeatedly at each other, have a whipping mateh or duel with each other, ‘Atiintiltaxaas, (Reciprocal correapone ding to yiniataxada: 7 above.) na‘adii-(Q/yl)(544); to atrike onesell a lashing blow, Na‘adilataxaaa/na'adeeataxas (ninaa'’a. Cilataxada),

A.MOM,

(sxdds_

{sxis

(sxas

"

(axis

taxdds

B.DIST,

(sxas

\sxis

(sxas

-

(axis

(sxXas

-

taxis

taxis

lexis

(exis

C.REP,

Isxis

tsxis

\sxas

D.SEM,

tsxis

\sxis

tsxis

'

-

.

.

tsxis/

E.CURS,

# P-ee na‘adilataxada,

8,

tsxdds

A. MOMENTANEOUS I, L-(ti/tt): (1)

‘adzi-(~ ‘aji-)(@/yi)(75); to lash out, strike Ina lashing manner (as with @ whip),

to hitoneaell with P (aa

with a chain, rope, belt),

DISTRIBUTIVE

I be(tl): (1)

Petaa'a-(@/al)(248); to lash among P, laah at P, fllek among P (aa with a rope or whip © aa in driving a herd of sheep), Bltaa'astaxas/ bitaa'aéitaxaa (bltaandd'dataxaa),

TSAZI

CG,

Il, Le(ti):

REPETITIVE Durative

(1)

naanda‘a-(yi)(584):

I be(ti/tt): (1)

Naana‘eestsxis/naanda

‘adi-(@-Imp,)(24): to make whipping lashing motions, flick, lash (a tail, as a Gow oF horse) ‘Adistexis, ‘ahidi-(@-Imp,.)(56): to strike of beat O together

(2)

(as two erasers, bottles, stones),

(9)

F,

NOUN

(1)

bee’atsxis,

DERIVATIVES

whip, quirt (whipping is done with it),

NAVAJO;

No doubt cognate with

ISAAZ; big, thick in diameter, but oceuring in themes with the opposite meaning “skinny, thin, emaciated,”

ISAZI

Seriative

PSAZI (intensive TSXAZI) appears

Il, te=(tt):

(1)

iiniiltsxaas,

‘Ahidistexis,

P-idi-(O-ImpJ(181); to atrike of beat O againat P (as a belt against a wall), Bidistexis, nikidi-(@-Imp.)(699); to beat O againata surface (as a chain against the ground), Nikidistexis

(4)

to lash or switch (something

unspecified) about (as 4 cow or horse switching its tall, of a person switching about with a rope),

with G@-classifier and the thematic ‘a-di-yi- as the theme in an Absolute

prefix complex (aspectival) Neuter adjectival meaning “skinny,

nani-(@/si)(569): to strike or lash O, whip ©, give O a connected series of lashing blows (as with a belt, rope, chain), Nanistexis/nanéttsxas

emaciated, thin, scrawny,” and with nf-thematic and L-

classifier in Comparative (aspectival) bases meaning “be comparatively skinny, thin,”

Wh, Le(tr): A,

|, ‘adiyi-@-(ti); (1)

‘adlyi(@-Imp.?)(27): to be very skinny, thin, emaciated, smallin diameter (animate or

inanimate), D,

SEMELFACTIVE

(3)

3rd

I, nifeLe(th); (1)

(2)

(4) E,

CURSIVE

(4)

I, nicbe(ti): (5)

(1)

(‘adiyootsazl;

Comparative

‘ahidii-(@/si)(57): to slam or bang O together (as xis, two rocks or bottles), ‘Ahidiistexis/‘ahidélts P-fdii-(@/si)(184); to slam or throw © violently against P (a person against a tree, a bottle against a wall), Hidiistexis/bidélts xis nikfdii-(@/si)(694); to slam O down on @ surface (as an angry person who slame his hat down on the floor), Nikidiistsxis/nikidéltsxis (nikinaa diistsxis),

(2)

‘Adiyeestsazi,

person.)

I, t=(tt): (1)

NEUTER Absolute

na‘Aadini-(@/si)(645); to flagellate oneself, whip oneself (with a connected series of lashing blows), Na‘Adinistsxis/na‘adinéstsxas, # P-ee naé‘Adinistsxis, to flagellate oneself with P (as with @ rope or chain)

(1)

Pefznie(yi)(269); to go along whipping P (as a person who goes along behind a burro whipping atit) (lit, to go lashing along inte space against P), Uizneestsxis/ bidazniillsxaas,

(6)

‘aheenl-(O-lmp,)(52); to be equally thin, skinny, serawny, ‘Aheeniiltsxazi (1st pers, dpl), # P-it ‘aheen(stsxazl, to be as skinny or thin as P, ‘ani-()(117): to be comparatively scrawny or emaciated, ‘Anistsxazl, (cf, ‘an(stsxaaz, be big, V, TSAAZ4,) P-eenl-(G-Imp.j)(165); to be as skinny, thin, scrawny of emaciated as P, Been(stsxaz/, kéni-(@-Imp,)(498): to be this skinny, to be real skinny, Kénistsxaz/, kdé’ant-(@-lmp,)(498); to be this skinny or emaciated, Kd'an(stsxazl, n(-(@-lmp,)(657); to have a certain degree of

skinniness, Nistsxazi, # Daa (« haa) nittsxaz(, how skinny is he? —————eee—e————

OS

TSAd

-TSA Stem

noun:

belly, abdomen.

verb root TSAAD:

-TSA

other. 'Ahiiltsééh/'ahiiltsa naa’ahiiltséé6h).

(Cf.

be[come] preg-

(na’ahiiltsééh:

# P-it ‘ahiistsééh, to meet up with P, come across P (a reciprocal action in which

nant.)

# -tsa'niil (-niil ?), up to the belly, belly high (as grass), # tsdstiin ~ 'atsdstiin (tsd-, belly + -stiin < sitf, it lies + -f, the one), fetus (lit. the one that lies in the belly).

both S and P catch sight of each other as two persons who come across each other in town, but with focus ona single S). (Bit ’ahiistsa: Perf.)

B. DISTRIBUTIVE Noun stem in: nfttsd, rain. (Cf. -tsa, belly.)

-TSA

Il.t-(tt):

# nfttsézhdol (-zhddl, small

(1)

fragments or particles), mistlike rain.

dei-(= da-yi-)(O/O@)(308): to see, catch sight of, contact d.p. O. Deistse’/deittsa (ndddeistse’). (E.g. 'Ahbinigo diné 'azee’ baah ’'ddaal’inigff deistse’ teh,

(PPA *tsanY [ablauting to *-tse-] [1]: :

catch sight of, see.)

TSAY

| see patients in the morning.

Doott'izhii ya’adaat’éhigif t'aa deistse’gd6 nahashniih, | buy good turquoise whenever | see it. 'Otta’i sAn{ deistse’ biniiyé tadfshaah, I'm going about for the purpose of contacting

NAVAJO: Occurs with thematized t(L)-classifier as the theme in verb

former students.)

# Na’akaidi Yé’ii dajiittse’, an initiation rite is taking place (lit. people are seeing the

bases meaning “catch sight of O, glimpse O, see O.”

Yé'ii. On the seventh night of the Night Chant the medicine man permits chil-

MPS

USM

PERE

rine

A.TRANS.

tsééh_

tsééh

tse’

tséé6h

tsa tsA

tséet

B.DIST.

A.

tséét

dren to look through the ceremonial masks, as part of their initiation.)

ORT. tsééh

tse’

(PPA

;

TRANSITIONAL

TSAp

(2)

yli-(O/O)(798):

to catch sight of O, glimpse O,

see O. Yiistsééh/yiittsa (néistsééh: ndanéistsééh or naayiistsééh). # P-a yiistsééh, to see P’s O (lit. to see O for P - something that P has lost. E.g. Shichidisha’ hdadi sha yinittsa, have you seen my car anywhere?) hwii-(= ho-yi-)(@/O): to see a place or area. Hwiistsééh/hwiittsa (nahwiistsééh:ndahwiistséeh). # T’ah doo hwiistséeh da,

*tsa-n¥

[@] [with

NAVAJO: Occurs with da-thematic (omitted in the inchoatives) and ©-(L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “be(come) sick” (in the Imperfective), “die” (in

|, £-(tt): (1)

*tsa > PA

*da# disjunct]: singular dies.)

other Modes), with reference to a single subject. NAgq: plural S die.

A.MOM.

IMP.

USHIPSPERR.

tsaah

tsaah__

tsa

Cf.

= BUN

OPik

tsaat

tsaat

B.CONCL.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

I’ve never been to

the place (lit. |'ve never seen the

|. O-(ti):

place)(E.g. Mexico t’ah doo hwiistséeh

(3)

da, |’ve never been to [seen] Mexico.) ‘ji-(= 'a-yi-)(Q/O)(480)(with prepounded P-aa, to or about P): to catch sight of P’s genitals, see

(1)

P-’nii-(@/O)(220): P gets sick, starts to die. Bi'niitsaah/bi'niitsa.

P’s genitals (lit. to see something unspecified about P). Baa ‘iistsééh/baa ’iittsa (baa naa’iistsééh).

B.

CONCLUSIVE

|. da-O-(ti): ll. L-(tt-reciprocal): (1) (1)

‘ahii-(= ’ahi-yi-)(@/@)(69): to see each other, catch sight of each other, come across each

da-(@/si)(306):

to be(come) sick (in the

Imperfective - lit. to be in the act of dying), to die (in other Modes). Daastsaah (I’m sick) /dasétsa (| died, I’m dead)(ta’ danaanastsa:

594

TSAo

another one died, there’s another dead one -

TSAAD

(2)

with D-classifier).

# P-ts’Ad’ daaztsd, S died on P, S lost P as the result of death (as when one’s pet or

(3)

spouse dies). # Jéhonaa’él/ 'ooljéé’ daaztsd, there’s an eclipse of the sun / moon, the sun / moon is in eclipse (lit. the sun / moon is dead), # T’d4 k’ad dasétsd, | fizzled out, failed (in an attempt to do something). T’ddsh k’ad dasinitsd, what's the matter with you?!

(4) (5)

bee ’ach’iishf biwoo’ dantsaaigff, rip saw, saw with large teeth (the saw that has big teeth). béésh tigaii sis ntsaa(gif, silver concho belt with large conchas. Binda’ 'Adaatts’6z/ Bikéyah Ntsaafgif, China. Dibé Ntsaa, La Plata Mountain, Colorado (big sheep). (Dibé Ntsaa is the sacred mountain of the north, and the legendary location of Hajffnaf, the Emergence

Mind,

(6)

Il, da-ho-L-(ti): (1)

da’d&hodi-(@/si)(301): to feign illness, pretend to be sick, malinger (in the Imperfective), pretend to be dead, feign death (in the Perfective). Da’dhodistsaah/da’dhodéstsé. (’A-di-: the reflexive pronoun prefix meaning “self.”)

B. (1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘asdzdnfbahastiin daaztsdanigff, widow (the woman whose husband is dead). da’astsd, death, demise (unspecified person died). (Ib. ’az66’, hazéé’.) da’atsaah, illness, sickness (someone is ill). Doodaatsaahii, Jesus Christ (the one who does not die, the immortal one). hastiin be’esdzd4an daaztsanigif, widower (the man whose wife is dead). jédhonaa’é(/ ’ooljéé’ daaztsé, solar / lunar eclipse.

(2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(PPA *kax™ > PA *kYagh [comTSAA

parative and adjectival *kax™ > *kYux or kugh]: big.)

NAVAJO: TSAA occurs with ni-thematic and @- classifier as the theme in a defective Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “big,” used only in 3rd person forms. Cf. cognate TSOH/TSO: big; TSAAZ/TSAAZ: big, thick. TSAA, TSOH, TSO, TSAAZ, TSAAZ often appear in intensive form as TSXAA, TSXOH, TSXO, TSXAAZ, TSXAAZ.

Hole, through which

the ancestral beings ascended from the under worlds, Dibé Ntsaa is also Known ceremonially as Dzit Bini’ Héldonii, The Mountain that Has a Baashzhinii Dziil,

Jet Mountain.)

Dzit Ntsaaf, Big Mountain (name of a mesa that fronts on the San Juan River west of the mouth

of Largo Canyon, in northern New Mexico). (7) j6honaa’é/ ntsaaigii, clock (large timepiece - lit. large sun), (8) ké ntsaaigif, high moccasins, moccasins with leggings (worn by women)(the big kind of footwear). (9) k’fneediishii bitsiits’iin ntsaaigif, large skulled urine squirter beetle. (10) k’fneedlfshii ntsaa(gif, large urine squirter beetle. (11) k’iittsoii ntsaa/gff (Ib. k’iittsoiitsoh), white stemmed rabbit bush, white stemmed golden bush (Chrysoma nauseosus) (big rabbit bush). (12) mffl ntsaaigif (Ib. mfiltsoh), million (the big thousand). T’datahddi mill ntsaaigif, one million. T’adtahddi mill ntsaaigfidi, one million times. (13) nffii’nit ntsaalgif, large flowered zinnia (Zinnia grandiflora)(big snuff). (14) ’dlta’ hdtsaa (~ dita’ hétsaaf, ‘dlta’ hdtsaa/gii), high school, college (the big school). (15) Tdala Hétsaa, Pescado, New Mexico (a Zuni farming village)(large flat-topped area). (16) Té Ntsaa, Tunicha Mountain, Arizona (big water).

(17) tt’'éé’ yiigdhi ntsaaigif, many-flowered fouro'clock (Quamoclidon multiflorum) (big night bloomer). (18) tsits’aa’ ntsaa(gif, trunk (for the storage of apparel)(big box or suitcase). (19) ts’ititsxoof (~ ch’il titsxoof), grapefruit (the large deep yellow fruit or plant).

(20) ts’ititsoof ntsaaigif (~ ch’il titsoof ntsaa/gif), grapefruit (the big kind of yellow plant).

(Cf. TSXAZI.)

(PPA *tsa'd > PA “*tsad (dior li): sit down, move sitting.)

NEUTER TSAAD

|. ni-O-(ti): (1)

NAVAJO: Occurs with hi-thematic (seriative) and L-classifier as the

ni-(~ n-)(@-Imp.)(679): (nitsxaa ~ ntsxaa),

S is big. Nitsaa ~ ntsaa

NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

bee 'Adit’ood{ ntsaa(gif, bath towel (big towel).

theme in verb bases meaning “move,

scoot - ina sitting position (as when one turns ina swivel chair or when one moves with hands and heels, raising the rump and setting it down in order to move along), hop (as a rabbit, bird or kangaroo).”

TSAAD

TSAAD

IMPS

UST

PERE

PROGH

FUT.

OPT.

tsddd

A.MOM. | tsddd_

tsi’

tsaad

tsit

B.CONT.

tsaad

tsi’

tsaad

tsit

tsaad

C.REV.

tsid

tsi’

tsaad

tsit

tsid

D.CURS.

-

tsi/

(9)

on the buttocks, go hopping outside.

-

# P-fighahg66 ch’fhinistsddd,

tsdad

A.

|. hi-L-(ti); ’adahi-(~ bidahi-/hadahi-)(@/yi)(63): to scoot down from a height on one’s rump, come hopping down (as a rabbit down an embankment). ‘Adahastsdad/’adahaastsaad or ’adahistsddad/ ‘adaheestsaad (’adandhdstsdad:’adandahdastsdad). ‘ahééhi-(ni/ni) (49): to scoot or hop around ina circle, make a circuit on one’s buttocks. "Ahééhinistsadad/ ’ahééhinistsaad.

to scoot around P

on the buttocks, hop around P.

‘ahi-(O/yi)(63): to scoot away out of sight on the buttocks, hop away. ’Ahistsddd/’ahaastsaad or ‘aheestsaad (’andhdastsdad:’andahastsaad). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’ahistsdad, to scoot or

# P-aahinistsddd,

hop down from a height (a person easing himself down a steep slope, a

# #

#

#

to go scooting on the rump

or hopping to P.

# -g66 hinistsddd, to scoot or go hopping to -(a designated destination).

rabbit down an embankment). -gd6 ’ahistsdad, to scoot or hop away to -(a designated destination). Nahjj’ (nahg66) ’ahistsadd, to scoot or hop aside, get out of the way (moving on buttocks). Yah ’ahistsdad, to scoot into an enclosure on one’s rump, hop in (as a rabbit into a hole). Y66’ ’ahistsadd, to scoot away on one’s

(13) hidi-(@/si)(440):

to start to scoot or hop along.

Hidistsdad/hidéstsaad (ndhidistsddd: nadhidistsdad). # P-ch’j’ hidistsaad, to scoot on the rump or hop toward P. # -g66 hidéstsaad, to be on the way scooting on the rump or hopping --(to a designated place). (14) hidii-(@/@)(443)(with prepounded dah, up, off):

rump and disappear, hop away and disappear (as a bird). ‘atts’ahi-(ni/ni): to separate, scoot apart on the

to scoot off on the rump, start off in a sitting

position, raise the rump (while sitting), hop off.

Dah hidiistsaad/dah hidiistsaad (dah nahidiistsddd:dah nadhidiistsaad). (15) nahi-(@/yi): to descend or get down from a height, moving on the buttocks, hop down (as a rabbit). Nahastsdad/ naheestsaad (nindhdstsddd:ninddhdastsaad). (16) ndahi-(@/si)(529): to turn around in a sitting position, turn around on one’s buttocks (a person in a swivel chair or sitting on the ground). Nahdstsddd/nahisistsaad (ninddhastsdad). (Also optionally as Reversative aspectival nahdastsid.) (17) nihi-(ni/ni)(628): to scoot on one’s buttocks a far as a stopping point. Nihinistsdad/nihinistsaad (ninahinistsaad:ninadhinistsdad). # -jj’ nihinistsAdd, to scoot on one’s buttocks as far as (up to) --(a designated place as up to the edge of a stream).

rump (as two babies), hop apart (two kangaroos). ’Atts’ahiniiltsaddd/’atts ’ahiniiltsaad (atts’andhiniiltsddd:’atts ’Anaahiniiltsddd).

(8)

to go scooting

past P, hop past P (a stationary object). (10) ch’fhi-(@/yi)(275): to scoot out horizontally on the rump, hop out (completive). Ch’éhéstsdad/ ch’éheestsaad or ch’jheestsaad. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éhéstsddad, to go scooting or hopping over the edge (as over a canyon). (11) hi-(@/yi)(445): to move scooting on the rump or hopping (completive). Histsdad/heestsaad (ndhastsddd:naahdastsaad). # P-iih histsaad, to scoot into P on the rump, hop into P (as a baby into mud, a rabbit into a box). # Dzidza histsddd (~ dzidzaastsdad), to scoot on the rump or go hopping into fire. # Nii’oh histsdad, to scoot out of view. # Taah histsddd, to scoot on the rump into water, go hopping into the water. (12) hi-(ni/ni)(445): to go, come, arrive scooting on the buttocks, or hopping (as a rabbit). Hinistsddd/hinistsaad (ndhinistsddd:nadhinistsddd).

MOMENTANEOUS

# P-naago ’ahééhinistsddd,

ch’fhi-(ni/ni)(284): to scoot out horizontally on the rump, hop out (as out a door). Ch’fhinistsaad/ ch’thinistsaad (ch’{ndhinistsaad:ch ’indahinistsdad). # Tt'66’g66 ch’hhinistsddd, to scoot outdoors

P-ghdhi-(ni/ni): to go scooting on the rump or hopping through P (as through a smokecloud). Bighdhinistsadd/bighdhinistsaad (bighandhinistsadd:bighanadhinistsaad). P-nahi-(@/si): to scoot or hop around P (as around the fire, around arock). Bindhdstsddad/ bindhisistsaad (or optionally Reversative binahastsid). P-nfkahi-(ni/ni): to scoot through or hop through P (through a gateway or culvert). Binikahinistsddd/binikahinistsaad (binfkandhinistsdad: binfkandahinistsdad). P-ts’ahi-(ni/ni): to scoot away from P on the rump, hop away from P. Bits’ahinistsadd/ bits 'ahinistsaad (bits’andhinistsddd:bits’anaahinistsaaq).

596

TSXAAZ4

TSAAD

# Honibaahgi nadheestsit, to sit and turn around and around before the fire (as a person drying his clothing before the fire).

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nihinists4dd, to scoot across (as across a road) on one’s

rump. (18) nikihidii-(@/@)(443): to start to scoot on one’s rump (as a rabbit). Nikihidiistsaad/nikihidiistsaad. (19) yisddhi-I@/yi): to scoot out of danger on one’s rump, escape from danger by scooting away on one’s buttocks. Yisdahdstsddd/yisddheestsaad or yisddhaastsaad.

(PPA *tsa’s > PA “tsaz [@]: big in diameter, thick.)

TSXAAZ4 NAVAJO: Primary meaning “big, thick (in diameter).” Occurs in two aspects: Absolute (adjectival) and Comparative. (1) Absolute with ni-thematic and @-classifier, and (2) Comparative with (’a-) ni-thematic and tclassifier, “be big, thick, wide / be comparatively big,

B. CONTINUATIVE

thick, wide.” Cf. TSAA, TSOH, TSO, TSAZI.

I. hi-L-(ti): (1)

nahi-(@/si)(528):

to go scooting about on one’s

IMP.

buttocks, to move about on one’s rump, move

about ina sitting position (as a baby), to hop around (as a kangaroo, rabbit, bird). Nahastsaad/nahisistsaad. # -g66 nahisistsaad, to make a round trip

NEUTER:

scooting to a designated destination. # Shda’jj’ nahastsaad, to be sunning oneself, to be sitting (about) in the sun. # T’66 nahastsaad, to be just sitting around doing nothing.

Absolute:

tsxaaz

Comparative:

tsxdaz NEUTER Absolute

I. ni-@-(ti):

(1)

C.

ni-(O-Imp.)(657-680):

REVERSATIVE

|. hi-L-(ti): (1)

Il. ('A-)nf-t-(ti): (1)

to be big, wide, corpulent.

# ’Ay6o ’Anistsxddaz, to be very big, huge. # P-gi ’Anistsxddz, to be the size of P. (E.g. Shinaaigi ’dnistsx4az, |’m my big brother’s size. Nigi ’anistsxaaz, |’m your size.) # P-’oh ’Anfstsx4az, to be less big (smaller than) P.

|. hi-L-(ti):

(2)

’Anf-(-Imp.)(117):

’Anistsx4az.

D. CURSIVE

(1)

Nistsxaaz.

Comparative

P-ndhi-(@/si): to scoot around P on one’s buttocks (as around the fire). Binahdstsid/ bindhisistsaad. (Also optionally Momentaneous bindhdstsdad.). ndahi-(@/si)(529): to turn around in a sitting position, turn around on one’s buttocks. Nahdstsid/ ndhisistsaad. (Also optionally as Momentaneous nahastsdadad.).

(2)

to be big, thick, wide,

corpulent, huge, fully grown.

(2)

hi-(yi)(438): to go scooting along on one’s buttocks (by propelling oneself with hands and heels, alternately raising and lowering the rump), go hopping along (as a kangaroo, rabbit, bird). Heestsit/dahiiniiltsdad (naheestsit: nddheestsit)(hooltsit: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-aah heestsit, to go scooting along on P on the buttocks (as on a log spanning a stream). # Génaa heestsit, to be scooting across on one’s rump. ndéhi-(yi)(534): to turn around and around on one’s rump (in a sitting position) (as a sunbather). Ndheestsit.

(3) (4)

# P-lddh ’Anistsxdaz, to be bigger than P. ’aheenf-(O-Imp.)(52): to be the same size, equally thick, big, huge. ’Aheenfiltsxaaz (1st pers. dpl) ’aheenfttsxdaz (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-it ’aheen(stsxdaz, to be as big, thick, husky, corpulent as P. P-eenf{-(O-lmp.)(165): to be as big, thick, husky, corpulent as P. Beenistsxdaz. nf-(O-Imp.)(656)(with daa ~ haa): serves to ask “how big or husky,”, as haa nfttsx4az, how big is he?

NOUN

DERIVATIVE

(1) jee’iighddh ntsaazigif,

597

large ear-traveler (beetle).

TSXAAZo NAVAJO: TSXAS.

TSXAAZo2

TSAA’ C.

Possibly cognate with

(1) chidf biyi’ nitch’i sik’azgo biyi’déé’ hdatsxaazigff, automobile air conditioner (that from within which cold air billows out in a car).

| the theme in verb bases that describe the drifting movement of (a cloud of) dust, smoke, pollen, odor, stench, heat, cold.

IMP.

A.MOM.

US. /IT.

tsxdds_

tsxas

PERF.

PROG.

tsxaaz

B.CURS.

FUT.

OPT.

tsxas

tsxdds

tsxas

A.

(PPA from *kan > PA *kYan: belly.

V. TSAA’/TSA: rain. V. Krauss-Leer

1981:140.)

-

NAVAJO. Noun stem -TSA: belly. Occurs with L- classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “be(come) pregnant.” Cf.

MOMENTANEOUS

cognate TSAA’: rain.

|, O-(ti):

(1) ’a-(O/yi)(487): S moves (drifts, billows) away out of sight (heat, cold, smoke, dust).

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

A.MOM. Trans. B.NEUT.

‘fitsxaaz (‘andtsxdds:’anddanatsxdas). # P-yaa ’iitsxads, S drifts in under P (as an odor under a house). # Yah ’iitsxadas, S drifts into an enclosure (cold, smoke, a stench or odor). # Y66’ ’iitsxdds, S drifts away and disappears. ch’{-(ni/ni)(280): S drifts out horizontally (as a stench from a room). Ch’étsxdadas/ch ’initsxaaz. di-(@/si)(339): S starts to drift along (smoke, dust. cloud, stench). Ditsxadas/deeztsxaaz. # P-aahdéé’ ditsxd4ds, a shower of S falls from (alongside) P (pollen from a plant when shaken, dust from a dog that shakes itself). ha-(@/yi)(437): S rises, billows up, comes (up) out (dust, smoke, vapor, stench, heat, cold). Haatsxads/hdatsxaaz (handadndatsxaas). # P-ii’déé’ haatsxdas, S billows or drifts up from within P (as steam from a cauldron of boiling water, smoke from a volcano). (ni-Perf. only)(664-680): S hangs in a cloud, there is a cloud of S (as smoke). Nitsxaaz. (The Perfective, indicating arrival, is translatable as a Present. Cf. niyol, it has arrived blowing = it is windy.) # Tdzhool P-k’ijj’ htsxaaz, a cloud of mist envelops P.

tsaah

tsaah

tsaah

.

-

tsaad _ tsaat

tsA

-

-

MOMENTANEOUS

|. L-(ti):

(1)

i’nii-(@/@)(469): to become pregnant (person or animal), to start to form ears (corn)(lit. start to become belly). ’l’niistsaah/’i’niistsaad (‘andaa’niistsaah). # P-a ’i’niistsaah, to become pregnant by P (lit. to get pregnant for P)(P-a ’i’niistsaad: Perf.)

B.

NEUTER

I. L-(ti): (1)

(2)

(yi-Perf.)(777):

to be pregnant (lit. to be belly). Yistsa (yiltsa4: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). ’a-(yi-Perf.): there is a pregnancy. ’Ootsa. # P-d ’ootsd, P is going to be a father (lit. there is a pregnancy for P).

NOUN DERIVATIVES

(1) ‘ootsd, pregnancy. (PPA *kan > PA *kYan []: rain.

(yi)(794): S is drifting or billowing along (as a cloud of dust, smoke, stench). Yitsxas (nddtsxas:ndandatsxas). naand-(yi)(588): S is moving about here and

Probably *kYan: belly. V. TSAAD.

V.

Krauss-Leer 1981:140.)

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier and ’a-thematic as the theme in verb bases meaning “raindrops fall, rain sprinkles (down).”

there, to and fro (as a dust devil, the funnel

cloud of a tornado).

OPRIr

A.

|. @-(ti):

(2)

IMPAUS* lee DER Eee Uile

‘litsxads/

B. CURSIVE

(1)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

Occurs with @-classifier as

Naandatsxas (Ib.

naana’oojot.)

The stem is cognate with TSAAD, and both are

cognate with -TSA: belly.

598

TSE

TSAA’ IMPaeeUSTii~e

PERE

SEUIMSORT:

A.MOM. B.DIST.

tsjjh_ ts}’

—tsjjh tsjjh

tsda’ tsda’/

_tsijt _tsijt

C.NEUT.

-

-

(4)

nfttsago’, June bug, prionid beetle, rain beetle. Nittsd-go’tsoh, big rain beetle, big horned beetle. Nittsdgo’ tibahigif, gray rain beetle or horned beetle. Nittsdgo’ tizhinfgfi, black horned or rain beetle. Nittsdgo’ tikizhigff,

(5) (6)

nittsd’éé6’, raincoat (rain-garment). nittsatV6dl, rain-ray (the perpendicular streaks of falling rain as sunlight passes through a distant

(7)

nftsazhool, spray, rain-mist (the misty droplets of water that hang in the air at the end ofa

tsda’ tsj’

tsj’

ts

-

spotted rain or horned beetle.

-

A. MOMENTANEOUS

shower). (V. Tt’OOt.)

I. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

P-k’i’di-(@/si)(207): S (a raindrop) lands on P,a drop of rain falls onto P. Bik’i’dittsjjh/bik i’deestsda’ (bik’inda’ditsjjh).

shower)(rain-mist or spray).

(-e'atsaa’), ribs. (Combining form tsd’-, with low tone possessive pronoun.) # —-tsdd'ts’in (-ts'in, bone), rib bone. # -tsd’niih (-niih, side, slope. Cf. ndniid, slope.), side of the rib cage. # tsinaabaas bitsda’ (tsinaabaas, wagon), the ribs that support the cover on a covered wagon.

B. DISTRIBUTIVE I. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

nikida’di-(@/si)(632): d.p. S (raindrops) fallona surface (the ground) distributively, drops of rain are falling, a light sprinkling of rain starts to fall.

Nikida’dittsj’/nikida’deestsda’ (nikinaada’dittsj’) # P-ee nikida’ditts]’, P gets a light rain, P gets a little shower. (E.g. Tt’ééddaa’ nihee nikida’dittsj’, we gota little sprinkling of rain last night.). n’di-(@/si)(627-672): itis sprinkling (rain), the first

(2)

(V. ZHOOL.)

TSE

(-tse’) Stem noun: rock, stone. (Takes the shape ché- by assimilation to a following -ch, -ch’, -j-, -zh.)

# 'asootse’ (’asoo- ?), a light weight, porous lava rock. (According to

raindrops of an impending shower begin to fall

down. N’dittsj’ or nda’dittsj’/ n’deestsaa’ or n’deests|’.

legend Coyote dropped

’asootse’

back

down into Hajiinaf [the Emergence Hole}

C.

to settle the question of whether there should be death: if it sank there would thereafter be death; if it floated, life would be eternal. It sank.) # chéch'il~ tséch’il (-ch’il, plant), oak

NEUTER

I. £-(ti): (1)

(ni-Perf.): there is rain, itis rainy. Nitsd. # Nittsd bee chahatheet, there is a heavy

(Quercus). # chéch’il binda’ (-ndaa’, eye, seed), acorn. # chéch’il bika’/ (-ka-, male + -f, the one), scrub oak. # chéch'il bichfh (-chfth, red ochre,

downpour of rain, there is a cloudburst

(lit. it is dark with rain). # Nittsd bee t’éé6’, there is a cloudburst, there is a torrential rainstorm (it is dark or

night with rain). # Nittsd dah ’oogoh, a big rain is in progress (lit. rain flows stationary). # Néttsd dah ’oojot, a rainstorm or shower is in progress (lit. rain hangs stationary).

E.

NOUN

rouge), oak powder, oak rouge. # chéch’iltah (-tah, among), oak thicket.

# nat’ostse ~ nat’ohtse’ (nat'oh,

# 'ostse’ (derivation unknown), tumble mustard (Norta altissima). # tsébaah ‘aghaa’igii (-baah, alongside it + ‘aghaa’-, fur, wool + -igff, the kind), rock moss (lit. the wool or fur on rocks, Formerly used on masks but later replaced with t{jghaa’, horsehair).

DERIVATIVES

(1)

nfttsd, rain, shower, rainfall.

(2)

nfttsd bi’ddd (~ nittsé ba’ddd),

gentle rain, gentle

shower (female rain).

(3)

tobacco),

stone tobacco pipe, clay pipe, tobacco pipe.

nfttsdé bika’ (~ nfttsd baka’), violent or torrential rainstorm (male rain).

599

TSE

TSE

# tsék'aal (-k'aal, notch, niche), rock trap (a fissure in a rock that can be closed to trap a quarry). # tsék’iz (-k'iz, crack, fissure. V. K'1IZ: forma

tsé bee kin (bee, with it + kin, house, building), stone house or building (lit. house made of stone).

ts6 bee hooghan (bee, with it + hooghan, hogan), stone hogan (lit. hogan made of

crack),

tsé bich’osh (-ch’osh, bug, worm, (also as tsétah ch’osh).

rock bug

crevice).

Tsé Binii'f(-nii’, face + -f, the one), Face Rock, Arizona (lit. the rock that has a face).

# Tsé'Asdzaan ('asdzddn, woman), Woman Rock, Arizona. # tsé’awozi (-Aw6z{?), pebbles, flint stones, flint. # Tsé'Awéé’ (‘awéé’, baby), Baby Rocks or Rock Babies, Arizona (a formation between Kayenta and Dennehotso, Arizona). # tsé'édzis (-dzis < DZIS: form a hollow or furrow)(pl. tséda'adzis), depression or bowl in the rock. # tsé'édd’ii (-d¢'ii, fly), common housefly (lit. rock fly).

Tsé Binii’tohf (-nii’-, face + -td6[h]-, water, spring + -f, the one, the place), Tsé Bonito (the name of a large boulder that formerly stood by the side of the road near Window Rock, Arizona, and of similar locations elsewhere in the Navajo Country. Binii’t6hf came to be identified with Spanish bonito, “pretty.”

However, the Navajo name describes a spring or seepage on the face of the rock.) i Tsé Bit’a’f(-t’a’-, place),

wing + -f, the one, the

# tsé’ddn (-'aan, hole), cavern in the rock, rock cave, den, lair. # tsénif (-nif PA

“*tsigh [0,1]: act

endwise with a sticklike object, point,

poke, drive in.)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “act with a rigid sticklike object.” Cf. TSAH: awl, needle.

log). Haastseet/hdatséél (handdnastseet). # P-ii’ haastseet, to chop O out of P (as wood out of a log, in making a trough). (11) ha’a-(@/yi or si)(403): to chip (chop) something unspecified out (as rock, wood). Ha’astseet/ ha’fitséél (handa’dstseet).

Occurs:

(1) with @-classifier as the

theme in a wide range of verb bases that share the general meaning “point, poke, prod (with a pointed object),” including such disparate extended meanings as “drift (snow), extend credit, inject medicine;” and (2) with t-classifier in a base meaning “peg down a

hide.”

604

TSI

TSI

IMPAeeUS

A.MOM.

ssBUT:

ORie

tsi

tsih

tsééh

tsih tsih

tsi tsi

tsih tsih

tsééh tsi

tsih

tsih

tsih

tsih

-

tsih

-

-

] tsé6h__tsih

Trans. BeDISite tsih C.CONT. - tsi

ie RERR

Aspect). Bindstsééh/ béésétsi (béninddndstsééh). (9) P-66’di-(= P-ifna’di-)(@/ni)(162): to enlarge P, expand P (by adding to P - as an additional room to a house, an additional piece of cloth to a garment that has become too small for its wearer). Béé’distsééh/béédi’nitsi (bénina’distsééh:béninda’distsééh) (di-thematic: adding to.). (10) P-ghd-(ni/ni)(191): to jab, stick, stab O through P (as a knife or finger through a screen).

D.SEM. Econct| tsih

Fulntaler G.NEUT.

A.

Bighdnistsééh/bighanitsi

MOMENTANEOUS

. G-(tt):

(1)

(2)

bigha’nitsi (bighdnda’nistsééh).

’a-(@/yi)(480): to point or stick O away out of sight, to set O (a post). ’listsééh/’fitsi (andstsééh:’anddnastsééh). # P-aa ’iistsééh, to stick O into P, stab P with O (a needle, knife). # P-yaa ’iistsééh, to stick O in under P (as a pry under a rock). # Yah ’iistsééh, to stick O into an enclosure (as a Stick into a hole). ’a’a-(@/yi)(363): to jab something unspecified away out of sight, give an injection. ’E’estsééh/

(12)

(13) P-’(a)-(ni/ni)(216):

a sheet of paper).

(6)

(7)

to point O (as a spear, rifle), to aim O (a gun). Distsééh/diitsi or détsi (ndddistsééh). (di-thematic: elongated object). # ’Athddh (~ ’ahddh) distsééh, to fasten O together (as two ladders).

(andistsé6h: ’andddistsééh). (di-thematic: generic classifier for an elongated object.) # ’Atch’j’ ’adistsééh, to lock forked poles, build a conical (forked stick) hogan, build a tipi. ’anii-(@/O)(121)(with prepounded P-fyah, under and against P - supporting P): to place a support under P (a slender rigid cbject, as a

# P-ch’j’ distsééh,

# P-ghddh distsééh,

to point O at p.

to attach O to P (asa

bayonet to a rifle, a leg to a chair)(détsi: Perf.). (18) didi-(@/yi)(314): to stick O (as a log) into the fire. Didistsééh/didiitsi (déédistsééh:dindadistsééh). (di-di-thematic: into or near fire). (19) ha-(@/yi)(431): to stick O up out (as a pole up a chimney or up out of a hole). Haastsééh/hdatsi (handstsééh: handanastsééh).

boulder, building). Biyah ’aniistsééh/bfyah ’aniitsi. (Cf. bfyah ’anii’a, there is a support under it.) (ni-thematic: terminal[?].) P-(ni/ni)(238): to prod, poke, jab, stick P with O (as a sleeping dog with a stick). Binistsééh/ binitsi (bindanistsééh). P-di-(ni/ni)(179): to poke P with O (as a sleeping dog with a stick). Bidinistsééh/bidinitsi (bindadinistsééh). (di-thematic: generic classifier elongated object). P-dii-(@/@)(184): to point O at P (as a spear,

# ’Aah haastsééh (hdatsi), to have creditors, be owed money (lit. to stick O up alongside someone unspecified). # P-aah haastsééh (hdatsi), to extend credit to P, S places P in debt (lit. S sticks O up alongside P.) (20) hada-(@/si)(378): to stick d.p. O up out (not used in its literal sense). Hadaastsééh/hadasétsi (hdddaastsééh: handddaastsééh). # P-aah hadaastsééh, to extend credit to d.p.

stick, rifle, at another person or thing), to touch

(8)

to jab or poke at P (with an

(17) di-(@/yi or si)(332):

’adi-(©@/si)(23): to stick or point a rigid object (as a pole) away into space. ’Adistsééh/’adétsi

beam or wall, to prevent P from falling - as a

(5)

to lean O against P (as a rifle

unspecified rigid O, as a stick). Bi’nistsééh/ bi’nitsi (binda’nistsééh). (14) P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to stick O through P (as a pole through a hole). Binikanistsééh/binikanitsi. (15) P-nika’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to punch a hole through P (lit. to stick unspecified O through P). Binka’nistsééh/binika’nitsi (binikanda’nistsééh). (16) P-za-(@/yi)(262): to stick O into P’s mouth (asa clinical thermometer, cigaret, toothpick). Bizaastsééh/bizdatsi (bizandstsééh:bizanaandastsééh).

# P-it p-aa ’e’estsééh, to give p an injection of P (medicine)(lit. to jab something away out of sight into p in company with P - P represents the medicine injected).

(4)

P-inii-(@/@)(243):

against a tree). Biniistsééh/biniitsi (bfndniistsééh:binddniistsééh). (ni-thematic: terminal[?].)

’iitsi ('and’dstsééh:’anda’dstsééh). # P-aa ’e’estsééh, to punch a hole in P (as in

(3)

(bighadnddnfstsééh).

(11) P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to puncture P, prick P (lit. to stick unspecified O through P - as in pricking a pimple, puncturing a tire). Bigha’nistsééh/

P with O (as an object with a pole), to give P an electric shock. Bidiistsééh/bidiitsi (binaddiistsééh). (di-thematic: generic classifier elongated object). P-éna-( P-66-)(@/si)(154): to dip O in P (as a pen in ink - lit. to try to get O on P: Conative

P, make loans to 3+ P (creditors).

(21) hatt’a’ii-(@/@)(422): to tumble, take a prat fall. Hatt’a’iistsééh/hatla’iitsi. # Tsédego hatt’a’iistsééh, to tumble over backward.

605

TSI

TSI

# P-aa ’adinistsééh,

(22) kfnii-(O/O)(495): to stand O up in a leaning position, lean O (as arifle). Kiniistsééh/kiniitsi

(23)

(24)

(25)

(2)

(kinaniistséé6h:kinddaniistsééh)., # P-nahjj’ kfniistsééh, to lean O up against P (as a ladder against a wall). k’f-(ni/ni)(509): to stick O straight out (as a pole, arm, finger). K’inistsééh/k’initsi (k’inanistsééh: k’fndanistsééh). ndii-(O/O)(616): to lean O, setor stand O ina leaning or upright position (as a pole, rifle)(lit. to stick or stand O pointing downward). Ndiistsééh/ndiitsi (nindddiistsééh). (di-thematic: elongated object).

(3)

(4)

‘Adidiistsé6h/’Adidiistsi (‘Adindddiistsééh). (dithematic: rigid elongated object.) ’Aza-(@/yi)(141): to stick O into one’s own mouth, put O into one’s own mouth (a rigid elongated O as acigaret, thermometer, toothpick). ’Azaastsé6h/’azaastsi (’Azandstséé6h:’Azandandstsééh). dini-(@/yi)(324): to stick O and get O stuck (completive), stick O prolongedly. Dinistsééh/ dineestsi (ndinistsééh;ndddinistsééh). # P-iih dinistsééh,

ni-(ni/ni)(664-649): to move O to a stopping point; S (as the wind) makes O drift (as snow,

obstruct P (as a line of dirt to hold back water).

B.

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninistsééh, to put O across (as a pole across a stream), to put a line of dirt across (to impede the flow of water). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niyitsééh, S (as niyol: the wind) drifts O (sand, snow) across (as

’ada-(G/si) : to set d.p. O (as posts). ’Adaastsih/ ‘adasétsi (’andddaastsih). # Hooghan bijddd ’adaastsih, to set d.p. hogan posts. ’ada’a-(@/si)(10): to set d.p. posts or pickets (lit. to set 3+ unspecified O), to punch d.p. holes (as with an awl). ’Ada’astsih/’ada’asétsi or ’ada’sétsi (‘anddda’astsih). # P-aa’ada’astsih, to punch d.p. holes in P (as in leather, with an awl). ‘aghdda-(@/si): to jab O through multiple times (as a needle). ‘Aghddaastsih/’aghddasétsi. (4) ’aghdda’a-(@/si)(186): to make stitches (with an awl or needle - lit. to jab something through something multiple times). ’Aghdda’astsih/ ’‘aghdda’sétsi. (5) P-ghdda’a-(@/si)(186): to make d.p. stitches in P (with awl or needle - lit. to jab something through P d.p. times). Bighdda’astsih/

across the road).

an erect posture.

Yandatsééh/yandatsi. yanda-(= ya-na-yi-)(@/O)(750): to pile O up, make a pile of O (as dirt, snow, books, coins). Yandastsééh/ yandatsi (yaninddndastsééh). # Yooch’iid P-k’i yandastsééh, to tell lies

bighdada’sétsi.

about P, pile lies on P.

(30 ~— yaa-(= ya-yi-)(O/O)(755):

to stick O up into the

air (a rigid O, as a tail, finger, ears, rump, neck,

C. CONTINUATIVE

gun). Yaastsééh/yaatsi (yaninddndastsééh). # Bijaa’ yayiitsééh, S pricks up its ears (as a dog that hears a sound). # Bik’os yayiitsééh, S sticks up its neck (as a duck or goose that hears a sound). # Bitaa’ yayiitsééh, S sticks its rump up into the air (as a beetle, when threatened), # Bitsee’ yayiitsééh, S sticks its tail in the air (as a startled deer). # Shigod yaastsééh, | pull up my knees.

|. O-(tt): na-(@/si)(591): to jab O about here and there, prod around with O (as a stick). Naastsi/ nisétsi. na’a-(@/si)(550): to poke around (with unspecified O. Na’astsi/ni’sétsi (ninda’astsi). # *Adayi’ na’astsi,

to swab one’s own throat

(lit. to poke a long rigid O around in one’s throat). # ’Adini(’ na’astsi, to swab out one’s own nostrils (lit. to poke around in one’s own nose).

Il. D-(tt/tr): (1)

DISTRIBUTIVE

. @-(tt):

(26 — nikidii-(@/@)(634): to lean O up (as a rifle). Nikidiistsééh/nikidiitsi (nikéédiistsééh:nikindadiistsééh). (di-thematic: elongated object). (2 ~~ nii-(O/O)(670): to set O, place O (as a post sticking in the ground). Niistsééh/niitsi (naniistsééh:naaniistsééh). # P-fyah niistsééh, to place O (a pole) under P (as under a sagging roof) to support P. (28) yanda-(= ya-na-yi-)(@/@)(751): S (as a pole)

(29)

to stick O into P and get it

stuck, stick O into P and be unable to get O back out (as a key in a lock, finger in a jar).

sand). Ninistsééh/ ninitsi (nindnistsééh:nindanistsééh). (niyitsééh/niinitsi: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-ch’dah ninistsééh, to put O down to

sticks or stands up, assumes

to stick O into P and get

O stuck (as a key). *Adidii-(@/@)(15): to point O at oneself (as a rifle.

’adini-(@/yi)(20): to stick O away out of sight and get it stuck (as a key in a keyhole). ‘Adinistsééh/’adineestsi (’andddinistsééh).

# ’Ajaayi’ na’astsi, to clean out one’s own ears (lit. to poke around in one’s own ears).

606

TSIDII

TSI

(2)

# Bee’eldggh bii’ na’astsi, to clean a gun, ram down the charge in a muzzle loader. # P-dayi’ na’astsi, to swab P’s throat (lit. to poke around in P’s throat). # P-itna’astsi, to stir P (as soup, coffee with sugar) (lit. to poke around in company with P - P = the sugar). # P-w6k’iz na’astsi,

(3)

(3) (4)

to pick one’s teeth.

# Dzidzi’ ( ~ tsédzi’) na’astsi, to poke the fire. n’di-(@/si)(673): to jab around with an unspecified long rigid object. N’distsi/n’détsi. # ’Ach’j’ n’distsi, to take advantage of an

long iron prize used by railroad gangs)(the iron

with which poking around under something is done)(P-béésh bee ’ayana’atsil).

(6)

opportunity (as an opportunity to eat or drink all one wants).

(7) D.

’awoo’ bita’ nda’atsifgif, bridge-work, dental bridge (the things that extend between teeth). ‘azandatsihi, clinical thermometer (that which is repeatedly stuck into a mouth)(P-’azanatsihi). bee’eldggh bee bii’ na’atsif, ramrod, cleaning rod for a gun (the one with which poking around is done inside of a gun). béésh bee ’ayana’atsi/, crowbar, pry-bar (as the

SEMELFACTIVE

. O-(tt):

didaditsi,

poker orientation (the arrangement of

the pokers in certain ceremonies - they are laid in a certain order toward the fire). haw6k’iz bee na’atsif (lb. ’awdk’iz bee na’atsil), toothpick (that with which poking is done between a person’s teeth). Haw6k’iz bee na’atsif bee sikanigff, receptacle for holding toothpicks, toothpick bowl.

haaz’éf ’ahddah ndaditsihigif, extension ladder

(1)

(the ladders that are repeatedly joined \ le rateer DegaeeeaiiR

yii-(@/si)(797): to give O a single poke or jab. Yiistsih/ sétsih (naayiistsih).

E.

_ t-(tt):

Combining form of tsin, wood, tree. V. TSIN. TSI-eri

CONCLUSIVE

*Ani’a-(@/si)(115):

to peg down hides (to dry).

’Ani’estsih/ ’Ani’séttsih. P-ini’a-(@/si)(237): to peg down O (a hide - to dry) (on the ground or nailed to a wall). Bini’estsih/bini’séttsih (bininda’astsih).

F.

-TSI-

REPETITIVE Seriative

. @-(tt): (1)

took the lead (lit. | placed myself ahead or foremost. Yoot6d6g66 aes ’Altsé hane’ ’dditsijj’ ’dyiilaa, when he was going to Santa Fe he first sent word ahead (of himself) / shit naa’aash bitsijj’ shi’dizhchj, | was born before my cousin.

nani-(@/si)(566): to give O a series of separate but connected pokes or jabs, give Oa prodding. Nanistsih/ nanétsih.

G.

(A) Stem postposition: ahead of, before (in space or time). Shilééchaa’i sitsijj’ yilwot, my dog is running along ahead of me / Shizhé’é t’aa sitsijj’ nfya, my father arrived ahead of (before) me / ’atsi ni’adinishtj, |

NEUTER Onomatopoetic. Imitates the chirping sound of a bird. (Cf. tsfdii, bird.)

. D-(tt):

TSID

’a-(si-Perf.)(124)(with prepounded dah, up, off): S stands pointing (a person or a road sign)(lit. S is in static position pointing. S is an unspecified subject). Dah ’astsih. (Cf. dah ’asé’é, | placed something up in position - a padlock.)

(2)

Noun: bird (lit. chirper). (Onomatopoetic: tsid imitates a chirping sound +

k’finf-(511): to be holding O straight out (arm, Vow finger, gun). K’finfstsih.

H.

NOUN

TS(DII

-ii, the one), # ts{dii bidaa’ (-daa’, lip, beak, bill), bird’s beak or bill.

DERIVATIVES

# tsidii bit’a’ (-t’a’, wing,

(1)

feather), bird’s wing or feather. # tsfdii bit’oh (-t’oh, nest) bird’s nest.

’aw6k’iz bee na’atsil, toothpick (that with which poking between the teeth is done)(P-w6k’iz bee

na’atsif).

607

TSIN

TSIDII

(pl. tsftkéf~ tsitkéy66) (derivation unknown) Noun: youth, adolescent,

# tsidiidda’ (-dda’, food), Douglas phlox (Phlox douglasii)(lit. bird food). (Ib. ’azeets’66z.) # Ts{diito’{ (-to’, possessed form of t6, water + -f, the one, the place), Bird Spring, Arizona (lit. bird’s water).

NAVAJO:

TSILKEEH | young man (aged 13-25 years). # -tsitke’, “kid” , boy (as shida’f bitsitke’ bit naashnish, | work with my uncle’s kid).

Possibly cognate with TSI.

Occurs with t-classifier as the theme

TSIH

Stem noun:

in a verb base meaning “cut green corn off the cob.”

TSIN

LNs ee

IMP.

SS Mion rASta es

lei

OPie

tsih

tsih

tsih

tsih

A.

tsih

wood, tree, pole, stick. (Combining form: tsi-.) # tsibaas (-baas, hoop), wooden hoop. # tsihat (-hat, club), wooden club.

tsiké(-ké,

shoe),

tsik’a’ (-k’a’ < k’aa’,

REPETITIVE (CONCLUSIVE) (Durative)

to cut green corn off the cob. Yistsih/yftsih or séttsih.

building),

wooden house or building, log

house, log cabin.

tsin biba’ (-ba’, dead limbs. Cf. BA’: be[come] gray), the dead or dried up

ing), father’s brother’s son’s daughter,

TS’)’MAH

wooden arrow

moss, lichen), tree lichen. tsin bee kin (bee, with it + kin, house,

daughter (man speak-

brother’s daughter (neice). # sitsioo! (vocative) daughter!

arrow),

tsin baah dildad (baah, alongside it + dladd,

(1) (Giyi ~ si)(777):

-TSI’

shoe, wooden

shaft. tsin ’adee’ (’adee’, spoon. V. -DEE’, horn), wooden spoon, wooden cup (made from a pine burl). (-tsin bizees)

Il. £-(tt);

Stem noun:

wooden

snowshoe.

limbs on a tree, limbs ona snag.

Hey

tsin bighda’ (-ghaa’, top, summit), treetop. tsin bijeeh (-jeeh, pitch, resin), tree pitch. tsin bitadidiin (-tadidifn, pollen), tree pollen. tsin bitoo’ (-too’, juice), tree sap. +H H HHH tsin biya’ (-ya’ < yaa’, louse), wood louse, wood tick, tree bug. (Ib. tsinch’osh, tsin bich’osh.) tsin bizees (-zees, wart. V. SEES, wart), tree wart, burl (formerly hollowed out and made into vessels).

Onomatopoetic. Imitates the grunting “oof” sound made by a person straining to lift a heavy object.

tsinch’osh ~ tsin bich’osh (-ch’osh,

bug),

tree louse, wood tick. (Ib. tsin biya’.)

Stem noun:

tsindladd ~ tsidladd (-dldad, moss, lichen), tree lichen or moss. (Ib. tsin baah dlaad.)

female genitalia, vulva.

tsinldtah (-latah,

tip, end, extreme),

treetop.

tsin téshjeeh (té6shjeeh, barrel), wooden barrel. tsinyaa~ tsiyaa (-yaa, under), under the

-TSXIL

trees.

# tsinyaa chéch’il ~ tsiyaa chéch’il, cockerell (Odostemon repens). (Ib. k’j’ titsoof.) Tsi’isdzaan (-’isdzaan ~ ’asdzadan, world, woman), The Forest World. (Cf. Dzitdz4an, The Mountain World, Nahasdzadn ~ Nihosdzdan, the Earth World, Téfsdzaan, The Water World.) tsitah ~ tsintah (-tah, among), forest (lit. among the trees).

"a -TSIL/

(pl. -tsilfké, -tsilkéy66) Noun: younger brother, mother’s sister’s son (first cousin), father’s brother’s son (first cousin). # sitsiléii! (vocative) Hey younger brother!

608

TSIN

TSIZ

Sinitséés or sinitseed/sinootsiz (nddsinitséés). # P-n(sinitséés, S sinks into (the surface of,

# tsitPét (-tPéti < tréét-, igniter + -f, the one), wooden match. # tsits’aa’ (-ts’aa’, basket), wooden box. # tsiyi’ (-yi’, inside of, within), woods, forest, in the woods or forest. # tsiyi’di (-di, at), in the woods or forest. # Tsiyi’tohf (-t6[h]-, water, spring + -f, the one), Segetoa Spring, Arizona (lit. spring in the forest).

but without penetrating through) P (as oil spilled on one’s shoe).

# teeh sinitséés, S sinks into the ground, soaks into the ground (as water on dry soil).

Il. ni-O-(ti):

(1)

(Derivation unknown) Noun: bee, wasp. # tsfs’na bighan (-ghan,

TS{S’NA

ni-(@/si)(664): S goes out (a fire, light), S dies (a car motor, fire). Nitséés ~ ntséés/neeztsiz

(nanitséés:ndanitséés). # P-itntséés,

home, shelter),

car motor died on me because the

gasoline ran out.)

(2)

# tsis’ndddd’ (-dda’, food), blanket flower (Gaillardia pinnatifida). # ts{s’nd bizooz (-z99z, stinger), bee’s stinger.

’a-ni-(@/si)(119):

the light goes out (lit. unspe-

cified S goes out). ’Anitséés/’aneeztsiz. (Da’neeztsiz: the lights went out.)

Il. ni-L-(tt):

(1) (Uncertain. Perhaps two stems that became confused: [a] PA “tsiz[?] [©] (with *ni-thematic]: become extinguished, [t-causative]; [b] PA

TSIZ

S goes out on P, dies on P (P’s

fire, car motor). (E.g. Chidf bitoo’ ’asdijjdgo biniinaa chidf t’66 shit neeztsiz, my

beehive. # tsis’nd bijeeh (-jeeh, resin, pitch), beeswax. # tsfs’nd bitt’izh (-tVizh, bile), honey. # tsis’na bitsii’dal (-tsii’ddl ~ tsii’aat, pillow), honeycomb, bee’s nest, wasp’s nest.

(2)

*tsaz[?] [O]: be apprehensive, fear-

’ani-(@/si)(116): to turn out the light (as an electric light, flashlight). ’Anistséés/’anéttsiz (na’nistséés). ni-(@/si)(657): to put O out (a fire), extinguish O (a fire, light), turn O out or off (as an electric light). Nistséés/néttsiz (ndnistséés:nadan{stséés).

ful.)

B.

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with ni-thematic: terminal, and @-classifier as the theme in verb bases mean “go out, become extinguished (a fire),” and with ni-thematic and t-causative “put out, extinguish O (a fire) ;” (2) with si-ni-thematic and D-classifier in a base meaning “absorb, soak in, sink in (as liquid into the ground)” and (3) with di-ni-thematic and @-classifier in a Neuter Imperfective meaning “be shaky, nervous, quivery.” Extended meanings include “turn off (or out) a light, turn off a motor, go out (a fire or light), die (as a car motor) .”

IMP. A.MOM. B.NEUT.

tséés/ tsiz/

US/IT. tsis -

PERF. tsiz -

FUT. tsis -

(1)

dini-(@-Imp.)(339): to be shaky, nervous, trembly, quivery (a person, a piece of jello, an arrow as it strikes a tree). Dinistsiz or dinistsxiz (1st pers. sgl), ditsiz or ditsxiz (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # Dah dinistsiz or dah dinistsxiz, to be

shivering (as a person who is chilled or terrified).

C.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

jélii ditxizf, jello, gelatine (the shaky or tremulous

OPT.

(1)

tséés

(2) ko’ bee niltsésf, fire extinguisher, fireplug (that (2)

tsxiz

A.

NEUTER

(3) (4)

MOMENTANEOUS

(5)

I. si-ni-D-(ti):

jelly). with which fire is extinguished). ko’ bee niltsésfbich’i’, fire hose (intestine of the fireplug). ko’ deinittsés/, firemen (those who put out fires). kg’ deinittsési binant’a’l,

firechief (the chief or

boss of those who put out fires). ko’ yinittsésf, fire truck, fire engine (the one that puts out fires), ne

(1)

sini-(@/yi)(687): S is absorbed, S soaks or sinks in (water into the ground, ink into a blotter).

609

TSII’

-TSIZ{fL

-TSIZ/fL

# tsiighdshchfin (-shchfin, replica, facsimile), wig. f # -tsiighaa’ (--ghaa’? PA *-ts’f-ghanY , brain), brain. # -fighdatsiighaa’ (-fighdd- < -fighaddn, spinal

(Derivation unknown) Noun: flesh between the ribs and the hip. (Hoijer 1974:275). (Cf. -tseezii ~ -tséziil, sacrum.)

column),

the spinal cord.

# tsii’Aat (-tsii’Adl) ~ tsiis’Aat (-tsiis’Aal)(-’aat ~

441 < A: handle a SRO), pillow, head Stem noun:

flesh, meat.

rest.

(Pitsj’=

# ts(s’nd bitsii’adl ~ bitsiis’Aal (ts{s’nd,

primary possession: P’s flesh; Pe’etsj’ = secondary possession: P’s meat derived from a source outside P’s own body). # ’ats|’, meat (purchased at the market). # ’atsj’ bisga’ (bisga’, its dried remains < GAN: dry), dried meat, jerky. béégashii bitsj’ (béégashii, cow), beef. bisdodi bitsj’ (bisdodi, pig), pork. bjjh bitsj’ (bjjh, deer), venison. dibé bitsj’ (dibé, sheep), mutton. HH-niitsj’ (-nii- < -nii’, face), cheek, flesh of the HRH

-TS|’

bee),

honeycomb, bee’s nest.

# tsiit’ddd (-tsiit’ddd)(-t’ddd,

top), top of the

head, crown, poll.

# tsiitt’66t (-tsiit’66t)(-t?66t, cord, string), hair tie, string or cord for tying the hairknot (tsiiyéél). # tsiits’in (-ts’in, bone), skull, head bone. (Cf. -tsiits iin, head, cranium, skull.)

# tsiits’iin (-tsiits’iin)(-ts’iin < ts’in, bone + -ii, the one), head, cranium, skull. # chidf bitsiits’iin (chidf, car), car motor or

cheek.

# tsiih (tsj’ + -iih, into), into flesh (as a splinter or thorn. +

engine). # ko’ na’atbaasii bitsiits’iin (k9Q’ na’altbaasii, locomotive), locomotive (on a train). -tsiiyah (-yah, under), nape or scruff of the neck, back of the head, occiput. (Ib.

-ts’iiyah.) # tsiiyah wozhii (-wozh < WOZH: stickery), meadow lark.

Unidentified stem. Appears in: ‘atts(nii, mariposa lily. # ’atts{niitsoh (-tsoh, big),

TS

be

poison camas, meadow

# -tsiiyask’id (-sk’id,

death, camass, hog’s

form a hill), the lambdoid suture. # -tsiiyastadh (-tadh 7), side of the back of the neck. # -tsliyastddn (-stadn < sité, SSO lies +

potato (Zygadenus venenosus).

bulge, hump < K’ID:

-ii, the one < TA: handle a SSO), TSI{D

the muscle at the back of the neck. # -tsiiyashjadazh (-shjadazh, knotted < JASH: knot), the knotty folds of fatty tissue at the back of the neck

Stem noun: ember, live coal. # Tsfid Bii’ T6 (bii’, inside it + t6, water, spring), Largo Canyon, New

Mexico (lit. spring in the # tsifdkaa’ ~ tsikaa’,

of a horse or ram; the folds on the

back of the neck of a “bull-necked”

embers). over the coals, on the

person.

coals (in cooking).

# tsiiyéél (-yéél < héét,

burden, load, pack),

hairknot, chongo. # tsiizis (-zis, sack, bag, container),

Stem noun: forms:

head, hair. (Combining

-tsii-, tsii-, -ts’ii.)

# -ldstsii’ (

-tsiiziz,

scalp, scalpiock.

# -tsiiz6d6l (-z66l, tassel), mane.

# tsiiba’ (-ba’ < BA’4: gray), dandruff. (Ib.

-tsiitaa’aba’/ -tsiita’aba’.) # tsilighd (-tsiigha’)(-gha-~ -gha’ < -gha’, fur, wool),

NAVAJO: Noun stem -TSII’: head. Occurs: (1) with ’44-thematic and LTSI’ classifier as a verb stem in a Neuter base meaning “be big-headed,” and (2) with yini-thematic and L-classifier in a Neuter base meaning “have a head like (something used for comparison).”

hair (on the head), mane.

# 4 bitsiigha’ (Hf, horse), horse’s mane. # naadda’ bitsiigha’, cornsilk. # tsiighdjftchf (derivation uncertain), dodder (a plant).

610

TSOH

TSIP

|, '44-L-(ti): (1)

(V. ,TSAA: big. PPA *ka’x™ > PA *kYagh [comparative and adjectival

TSOH /

’dd-(yi-Perf.)(2)(with prepounded ’ay6dj/, very, exceedingly): to be big-headed, have a large head. ’Ay6o/ ’dadstsii’.

*kax™ > *kYux or *kYtgh.)

TSO NAVAJO:

The stem TSOH (TSXOH)

~ TSO (TSXO) occurs:

(1) with Oclassifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “become big, reach large proportions (as snowfall);” (2) (’a-) ni-thematic and t-classifier as the theme in a Comparative Neuter adjectival base meaning “be comparatively large or big;” and (3) with ’A (~ ’a-)-ni-thematic and t-classifier in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “all (of S).” In addition, the stem TSOH functions as an enclitic meaning “big, major.”

Il. yini-L-(ti): (1)

yini-(@-Perf.)(767): to have a head like --. Yinistsii’. (E.g. Dift{f béégashii yiltsii’, this horse has a head like a cow, this horse is cow-

headed.

TSIIN

Noun stem: deestsiin (derivation unclear, pinyon tree. (Cf. TSIN, wood, tree.)

IMP.

UST.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

A.MOM. Trans

tsoh

tsoh

tsoh

tsoh

tsoh

B.NEUT.

tso/

-

-

-

tsoh

Stem noun:

A.

stalk, trunk, handle.

# ’Adistsiin ~ ’fdistsiin (‘Adis- ?) (P-e’adistsiin), stirring stick for mush especial-

-TSIIN

|. @-(ti):

(1)

ly. # ‘aghdattsiin (‘aghdat-, rattle)(P-e’aghdattsiin), the rattlestick carried in the War Dance (’Ana’f Ndaa’). (V. ’aghdaat.) # bee’atsidi bitsiin (bee’atsid/, hammer), hammer handle. # bee’eldggh bitsiin (bee’eldggh, gun), gun stock, rifle stock.

r noun:

P-’nii-(@/@)(220): S starts to become big or heavy (as snowfall). Bi’niitsoh/bi’niitsoh. ha-(@/yi)(422): S (area) is (becomes) big, “things” (impersonal) are (become) big. Hatsoh/

(2)

# naaddd’ bitsiin (naadaa’, corn), cornstalk. # tsénit bitsiin (tsénit, axe), axe handle. # tsin bitsiin (tsin, tree), tree trunk.

Stem

hddtsoh. # P-ithatsoh, P is stingy, a tightwad, ungenerous, tight (lit. things are big with P). Bithatsoh. # P-it hddétsoh (Perf.), P became tight, greedy (lit. things became big with P). (@/yi)(794): S becomes big, reaches large pro-

(3)

portions (as the amount of a snowfall), S is heavy (snow or rainfall). Yitsoh/yitsoh (ndanatsoh).

base.

B.

# dzittsiin ~ dzit bitsiin ~ dzitts{f

-TSIIN

MOMENTANEOUS

(dzit-, mountain), of a mountain.

NEUTER

|. (’a-)-nf-L-(ti):

foot

(1)

# dzitts{jgi (-gi, at), at the foot of the moun-

tain.

# dzitts{jg66 (-g66, along), along the foot of the mountain.

# tsétsiin ~ tséts{f- (tsé-, rock, cliff), foot or

’Anf-(@-lmp.)(117): to be big, tall. ’Anistso. # P-lddh ’Anistso, |’m taller than P. (E.g. Sitsilf shilddh ’Anfitso, my younger brother is taller than | am.) # Hastdadi ’adées’eez ’Anistso, I’m six feet tall.

# T’44 ’at’aa ’Adaniiltso, we’re all different

base of a cliff or boulder, # tsétsfigi (-gi, at), at the foot of the cliff. # tséts{jg66 (-gd6, along), along the foot of the cliff.

# késtsiin (ké-, foot), ankle.

(2)

# —ldtsfin (latsfin) (-la-, hand), wrist. # ldtsinf(-f, the one), bracelet. # ldtsinf{ binda’ (-nda’, eye, set), setina bracelet (as turquoise).

611

sizes or we’re all different in stature. (E.g. Ch’ah/ tsineheeshjif t’a4a ’at’aa ’Adanfttso , the hats/ boards are of different sizes/lengths). ’aheent-(O-Imp.)(52): S are equally big, the same in height or length (two persons, two boards). ’Aheenittso (3rd pers. dpl); ’aheeniiltso (1st pers. dpl). # P-it’aheenistso, I’m as big as P, I’m the same size or height as P.

TSOH

TSOH

‘atts’Ahon{-(O-Imp.)(105):

places or areas are

equidistant, half way. ’Atts’ahonfttso. (E.g. Naatoohé Sik’ai’f hoolyehéd66 'atts ’ahoniitso Bee’eldfilahsinild6ddé Na’n{zhoozhi{j’, Grants is half way between Albuquerque and Gallup.)

‘Ahon(-(O-lmp.)(73): area is big, extensive, spacious. "Ahonittso. # P-ladh ’Ahonfttso, S is bigger than P (asa

field, house). (E.g. Shf shighan nihigff bildah ‘Ahonfttso, my home is more spacious than yours.) ’Anani{-(O-lmp.)(113): S is (back) again as big .

’Andnittso. In: # Naakidi P-lddh ’Andnfttso, S is two times bigger or taller than P, S is twice as big or tall as P. (E.g. Shi shida’ak’eh nihigff tdadi yildah ’Andnittso, my farm is three times as big as yours.) P-een{-(O-Ilmp.)(165): to be as big or tall as P. Beenistso. (E.g. Sitsilfk’ad t’a4a sheenfttso, my little brother is as big as | am now.) kdni-(O-lmp.)(498): to be this big or tall (S demonstrates). Kénjstso. ni-(O-Imp.)(657): to be a certain size or stature, to be fairly large or tall. Nistsoh. # Daa (~ haa) nfstsoh sélf’go Yootédédéé’ shit nana, | was fairly good sized when we moved back from Santa Fe. # Haa (~ daa) ninfttso, how big are you? shdni-(O-Imp.)(695)(used only in a negative frame): S is enormous, huge, too big, very

large.

Doo shénfitsxo da. (E.g. Dif kin doo

shdnittsxo da, this building is enormous; doo

shéhonittso da, area/place is enormous.)

‘azee’ hékaniitsoh, plumed thistle, yellow-spined thistle (Ochocentrus)(large tiered medicine plant). ’azee’ ntViniltsoh,

Fendler false mallow

(Sphaeralcea fendlerii)(big gummy

medicine plant - the root is gummy and sticky, hence the name). ‘azeetsoh,

western wallflower, wild wallflower,

prairie rocket, yellow phlox (Cheiranthus asper) (big medicine plant).

Be’ak’id Hatsoh, Bekithatso Lake, Arizona (big pond or lake). Also Big Lake, near Twin Lakes, New Mexico. bee ’atsiditsoh,

sledge hammer, large hammer

or mallet (the big one with which pounding is done), bee’eldgghtsoh, cannon, artillery, big gun. béésh ‘ahédititsoh, shears, large snips. Bini’ant’Adtsoh, September (the big or major harvest month). bjjstsoh, buck deer, large deer. chatchaa’tsoh (~ chétchaa’tsoh), large rock beaver (type of June bug beetle), chashk’eh hatsoh, large gully, wash or ravine. chaasht’ezhiitsoh, carrot (Daucus carota), chéch’iltsoh (~ Séts’iltsoh), Setsiltso Spring, Arizona (big oak tree). chiditsoh, truck (big car). ch’attsoh, toad, bullfrog (big frog). ch’il ’abe’étsoh, showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) (big milkweed).

ch’'il dilyésiitsoh, Douglas rabbit brush (Chrysothamnus pumilus)(big rabbit brush), ch’il na’att’o'litsoh, cultivated grape or plum (big grape), Daghaattsohf, Big Mustache (personal nickname).

dah yiitfhh(dda’tsoh, "Ani-(O-lmp.)(121):

all of S, completely, entirely.

’Attso (note ’a- takes low tone in (E.g. ‘Attso yiyda’, | ate it all up. ’attso ’ddaasdijjd, all the flies are doo ’attso ni’nishfjh da, | haven’t

3rd person), Tsé’édo’ii gone. T’ah finished

eating yet.) # T’dd ’Aniiltso, all of us, we all. T’da ‘Anditso, I< nk 4 all of you. T’daa ’attso, all of it or them. T’da ’djittso, everyone, all people, all of

them. (E.g. T’aa ’aniiltso nihichidf hdlé diishjffg66’, we all have cars nowadays. T’da ’Andttso nihichidf hdld jinf, | hear that you all have cars.)

Mexican paint brush, Indian

paint brush, painted cup (Castilleja integra) (big

humming bird food), didétsoh (~ didzétsoh), peach (big berry). didzétsoh (~ didétsoh), peach (Persica vulgaris) (big berry). Didzétsoh bichffh, peach fuzz. Didzétsoh bik’颒, peach stone, peach seed,

éé6tsoh, ginitsoh,

coat, overcoat (big garment). desert sparrow hawk (big hawk).

jadddianiitsoh, large centipede. jadd neishoodiitsoh, large leg-dragger (wasp)(the big one that drags its leg about), k’aaldégiitsoh, big butterfly. k'(needi(shlitsoh, large urine squirter beetle. I6k’aatsoh, bamboo, cane (big reed). {é’étsoh,

‘alatsoh, thumb (P-fitsoh)(big finger). ‘anitt’Aniitsoh, the big ripener. ’Asaatsoh, kettle, cauldron, large pot (P‘Asaatsoh) (big pot or vessel). ‘atsatsoh, Golden Eagle (big eagle).

packrat. {6odtsoh, smallpox (big sores), (Ib, kAa’digonf,) {6o0’tsoh, whale, big fish. ma'iitsoh, wolf (big coyote), Ma'litsoh bee yig4, strych-nine (wolves are killed with it). nahachagjlitsoh, big grasshopper. nahak’'(ziitsoh, big cricket. na’ashjé'iitsoh, wolf spider, big spider.

‘Atsé’etsoh, Scorpio (first big). ‘ats’oostsoh, large blood vessel.

Na’ni’a Hatsoh, Navajo Bridge (spanning Marble Canyon, Arizona (big bridge).

C.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

TSOIl

TSOH

449

the same size. (E.g. Kéyah bikaa’ kééhwiit’in(gif t’Aa ’Anftsoof ’Anittsogo hodeeshzhiizh, the

(44) ndshdditsoh, puma, cougar, mountain lion (big wildcat). Nashdditsoh fikizh, leopard. (45) nat’ostsoh, big tobacco (Verbasum thapsus). (46) naadddtsoh, large-kerneled corn. (47) naal’eetitsoh, mallard duck (big duck). (48) naat’aashitsoh, large tarantula. (49) naanishtsoh, major undertaking, big job, major project. (50) Ndatsohi, Big-Eye (personal nickname). (51) Nftch’itsoh, December (big wind). (52) nimasiitsoh, Irish potato, white potato (Solanum tuberosum)(big potato). (53) ndiyfii nitchinitsoh, Nuttall sunflower (Helianthus nuttallii)(large aromatic sunflower). (54) ndiyiiitsoh, common sunflower, wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus)(big sunflower). (55) nifii’nittsoh, hairy aster, hairy starwort (Aster canes-cens)(the big one that is put into the nose [7]). (56) So’tsoh, the Morning/Evening Star, (Venus)(big star). (57) shashtsoh, grizzly bear (big bear). (58) tdniil’aitsoh, large dragonfly. (59) té yigeed hatsohigff, large ditch. (60) t’dd ’attsonf, everything (61) tVezhiitsoh, big horsefly. (62) t?ohdeeitsoh, lamb’s quarter, white pigweed, white goosefoot (Chenopodium album). (63) tsdhodiniihtsoh, typhoid fever (big bellyache). (64) Tsékooh Hatsoh, Grand Canyon, Arizona (big canyon). (65) tsé’éd¢’iitsoh, big fly, bottle fly. (66) tsétsoh, boulder (big rock). (67) Tsétsoh, Tseh So (a ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (Big Rock).

land upon which we live remained the same

size - did not change in size.)

-TSOS

sister’s daughter’s children, father’s

brother’s son’s daughter’s children, mother’s sister’s daughter’s son’s children, mother’s sister’s daughter’s daughter’s children. # Tsdf nddleehé( nddleeh-, he changes repeatedly, he’s a transvestite or homosexual), Changing Grandson (a mythological personage).

TSOIl

(PPA *tsux > PA “*tsugh [transitional *tsu’G > *tsuG or *tsu’x, *tsugh] [Ii]: be[come] yellow, tan.)

NAVAJO: The stem describes a range of color shades including yellow, orange, tan, light brown and light (yellowish) green, often appearing as intensive TSXOII/TSXO to indicate darker shades (as orange). TSOIl occurs with @-(L-/D-) classifier in bases meaning “become or turn yellow (tan, etc),”, with t-(L-) causative “dye or make yellow,”, and as TSO/TSXO in Neuter bases meaning “be yellow, orange etc.” Extended meanings include “toast (bread), scorch, become jaundiced, and bloom (as squash).”

(68) tséyaa hatsoh, overhanging ledge, grotto, hollow place under a rock (large space under a rock).

IMP. US PER Rae Oil OPT. —oee———————————e———————————————————

(69) tsfs’ndtsoh, bumblebee (big bee). Tsfs’natsoh tizhinigff, black bumblebee. (70) ts’Piitsoh, big gnat. (71) w6lazhinitsoh (Ib. wélazhin{ ntsxaazigif), carpenter ant, big black ant. (72) w6dneeshch’jjdiitsoh (~ wéneeshch’jjdiitsoh), big cicada. (73) yasitsoh, heavy snowfall (big snow). (74) Yé’iitsoh, Big Yé’ii, giant. (75) Yootsoh, large bell, gong.

D.

(pl -ts66ké) Stem noun: daughter’s children (granddaughter, grandson), brother’s daughter’s children (grand niece, grand nephew), mother’s brother’s daughter’s children, father’s

A.TRANS. B.NEUT.

tsd6h (tsx66h) tso

tsoh (tsxoh) -

tsoii (tsxoii) -

tsoh (tsxoh) -

tsd6h (tsx66h) -

(tsxo)

A.

TRANSITIONAL

I, O-(ti): (1)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

(1)

t’A& ’attsogo, everywhere, everyplace. (E.g. T’aa ’attsogo chidfhdl¢, there are cars everywhere.) (2) t’dd ’attsog66, everywhere, all over (in the sense of motion toward. E.g. Shijdda’ t’dd ’attsogd6 tddifya, | went everywhere last summer, | traveled ail over last summer.). (3) t’dd ’attsojj’, for everything, for every purpose. (E.g. Dif bee na’anishi t’da ’attsojj’ choo’{’ this tool is useful for every purpose.) (4) t’4 ’Anittsoof ’Anittsogo, immutable, remaining

(2)

bfldta’ii-(= bildtah ’a-yi-)(@/@)(222): S blooms (with a yellow blossom, as squash. Lit. something turns yellow at its tip). Bildta’iitsooh/ bilata’iitsoii (bldtah naa’iitsd6h). dei-(= da-yi-)(@/@)(308): d.p. S bloom (as squash, cucumber, melon), S come up, sprout up (new plants) (lit. d.p. S turn yellow or light

(3)

green). Deitsddh/deitsoii (fdeits6dh:ndddeitsd6h). hadadi-(@/si)(374): S forms yellow patches (as the patches of yellow aspens that appear in the

fallon the mountains). tsoii.

613

Hadaditsééh/hadadeez-

TSOIl

TSOII

D-(ti):

(4) ndahoo-(= nadaho-yi-)(O/@)(602): S “greens back up”. (the landscape - i.e. multiple patches

(5)

’adzi-(yi-Perf.): a yellow-green strip extends away into the distance. ’Adzootso. (Ib. dzitso.) bighadzi-(ni-Perf.)(188): S is clear, transparent or translucent yellow (as amber). Bighddzitso. ch ’‘ihoo-(~ ts’fhoo-)(ni-Perf.): a yellow-green meadow extends horizontally out (as from a canyon). Ch’fhootso ~ts’fhootso. (Ts’fhootso:

of greenish yellow color come to dot the landscape). Ndahootsdé6h/ fidahootsoii (nindadahoots6é6h). ndei-(= ndda-yi-)(@/@)(605): d.p. S recover their green color (as trees and plants in the spring).

Ndeitsé6h/ Adeitsoii (nindddeitsd6h). (6)

yii-(@/O)(798): to turn yellow, become or get yellow, become jaundiced. Yiistsdd6h/yiitsoii

(ndayiists66h) tsx66h).

or yiistsx6dh/yiitsxoii

St Michael’s, Arizona.)

(nddayiis-

Il. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

dinii-(@/@)(328): to scorch O (as cloth, in ironing), to toast O (as bread)(lit. cause O to

(7)

turn tan or brown). Diniists66h or diniistsx66h/ diniittsxoii (ndddiniists66h or ndddiniistsx66h). yii-(@/@)(798): to dye O yellow, color O yellow. Yiistsddh/yiittsoii or yiistsx6d6h/yiittsxoii (néistsx6d6h:naayiistsxd66h). # Ké néistsxd66h, to polish brown shoes (i.e.

(8)

“rebrown” them).

Wl. L-(tr): (1)

‘Adii-(@/@)(30):

to paint, color or dye oneself yellow (or orange, with intensive stem). ’Adiists66h/’ddiistsoii or ‘adiistsx6d6h/ ‘Adiistsxoii (’Andddiistsx66h).

B: . Li-ni-@-(ti):

NEUTER

(Li- is identified as t-classifier.

(15)

In the

absence of a preceding prefix, Conjunct or

Disjunct, with no prefix intervening before the stem, ti- takes the shape -l- and is positioned in the classifier slot. V. Krauss 1969.)

(17) (18)

tini-(O-Imp.)(518): to be yellow/yellowish green; orange or tan with intensive stem form TSXO; to be “pale” (with reference to a dark-skinned person, as whenill). Linistso or tinistsxo (1st pers. sgl); fitso or titsxo (8rd pers. sgl/dpl); daaltso or daaltsxo (3rd pers. d.p.). ’a-(O-Imp.(with prepounded dah, up): there is a yellow speck, dot, flag.

da’a-(ni-Perf.)(303): there are yellow-green streaks . Da’itso. dzi-(ni-Perf.)(360): a yellow-green ridge or strip extends away into the distance. Dzitso. (Ib. ’adzootso.) ha-(yi-Perf.)(437): there is a yellow outcropping of S (as sulfur on a mountainside). Haatso (hadaastso: distributive plural subjects). ha-(si-Perf.)(431): there is a yellow-green slope, a yellow-green strip extends up. Haastso. ho-(ni-Perf.): there is a pasture or meadow, a yellow-green area extends along. Hootso. (Tséhootsoo/: Ft. Defiance, Arizona. Lit. rock meadow, meadow in the rocks.) kidzii-(@-Perf.): a yellow-green slope extends up. Kfdziitso. k’idzi-(ni-Perf.)(507): S is yellow-tipped (as an animal’s tail or a bird’s wing). K’{dzitso. na-(si-Perf.)(593): there is a meandering yellow line (as paint dribbled about on the floor). Naastsxo. na-(yi-Perf.): there is a descending yellow-green line or strip. Naatso. na’a-(ni-Perf.)(555): a yellow-green streak or strip extends across. Na’itso. na-(si-Perf.)(569): there is a circle of yellow, a yellow-green circle. Nastso. naanidzi-(ni-Perf.) a yellow-green line or strip extends across (crosswise). Naanfdzitso. ndzi-(yi-Perf.): a yellow-green line, strip or streak extends downward, descends. Ndzootso. (ni-Perf.): there is a yellow-green line. Yitso. nihoo-(ni-Perf.)(630); a yellow-green line or streak ends, extends and terminates. Nihootso. (Denihootso: Dennihotso, Arizona. Lit. a yellow-green line extends upward and ends, end of the ascending yellow-green line.)

C.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

Dah ’altso.

’ak’ah fitsoo/gif (Ib. ’ak’ah nittdligif), vaseline (the

dini-(O-Imp.)(323-324): to be yellowish, “pale”. Diniltso. dzi-(O-lmp.)(354)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a yellow-green spot or patch. Dah dziltso. ha-(O-lmp.): area is yellow-green. Haltso. ndzi-(O-lmp)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a green patch, a meadow. Dah ndziltso.

yellow grease). ‘atsdtsoii, yellow-tailed hawk. ‘atseettsoii, yellowtail hawk (the one with a yellow tail). ’ayadshittsoii, small yellow birds. ‘azee’ fitsooi, large flowered evening primrose (olnothera grandiflora)(yellow medicine plant). bddh bee diniiltsxdh{f, toaster (that with which bread is toasted).

614

TSO!

TSOIl

(7) (8)

(9)

(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22)

(39) tftsoii, sorrel horse, yellow horse (the yellow colored horse). nahachagiittsoojgif, yellow grasshopper (the kind (40) of grasshopper that is yellow). (41) nahak’izii titsoofgff, yellow cricket (the kind of cricket that is yellow). (42) nahootsoii, evening twilight, the yellow of the sky at evening (ceremonially assigned to the west) (area becomes yellow around). Nahootsoii ’Asdzdan, Evening Twilight Woman. Nahootsoii Hastiin, Evening Twilight Man. (mythological personages). (43) na’ashjé’ii titsooigff, yellow spider (the kind of

bdadh diniiltsxoii, toasted bread, toast ( bread that has been scorched or toasted). Be’gottsoii, the Yellow Be’go (a supernatural being). bee ’iiltséhf(~ bee ’iitséhf), yellow dye (that with which something is made or turned yellow). bee ’iitsx6hf(~ bee ’iiltsxShf), orange dye (that with which something is made or turned orange). bee na’adzooftitsoofgif, yellow chalk or crayon (the yellow kind of thing with which marking is done). béésh fitsoii, brass (the yellow metal). Bis Dah titso, Two Gray Hills, New Mexico (yellow clay up). chatchaa’ titsoof, yellow rock beaver (beetle). chidfttsoii, school bus (the yellow car). ch’agiittsoii, blackbird of a type that has yellow on its wings and neck (yellow blackbird). ch’il bee da’iiltsxéhigif,

spider that is yellow).

(44) na’az§Qzii titsooigif, yellow velvet ant (the kind of

vegetable dye (plant with

which yellow/orange dyeing is done). ch’il bikétt’66l titsoofgif, green gentian (the plant with yellow roots). ch’il bfldtah da’iitsoii, flowers, blossoms, blooms (the yellow things at the tip end of a plant). ch’il titsoof (~ ch’il titsxoof), orange (the fruit that is yellow/orange colored). ch’osh ditl’oof titsooigif, yellow caterpillar.

nda’ fitsoof, silver leaved nightshade, white

horse nettle, trompillo (Solanum elaegnifolium)(the one with yellow seeds). naal’eetittsooigif (~ naal’eet( titsoo/gff), canvasback duck (the yellow kind of duck). naayizfttsoof, field pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)(yellow squash). Ni’ Hatso, Yellow World (of legend). ta’iits6hii, squash blossom (the thing that is yellow at the tip). taniil’Aftitsoofgif, yellow dragonfly (the kind of dragonfly that is yellow). téél dzitsoii, yellow streaked front (a ground beetle). T6 Haltsoof, Sheep Springs, New Mexico (water or spring in a meadow). T6 Litso (~ T6 Litsoof), San Anton Springs, New Mexico (the yellow water or spring).

Yellow Mustache (personal nickname), (23) Denihootso, Dennihotso, Arizona (yellow streak or meadow extends up and comes to an end). Dzit Bilatah Litsoof, Sunset Crater, Arizona (the (24) yellow top mountain). (25) hootso, pasture, meadow (yellow-green area). (26) iittséhf binda’, mustard seed (the seeds of the one that stains things yellow). (27 ~— jee’iighdah titsooigif, yellow ear-traveler (the yellow one that goes into ears), (28) Kin Litsoof, Kin Kletso (yellow house - Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico). k’aaldégii titsoofgif, yellow butterfly (the butterfly (29) that is yellow). (30) k’iittsoii, rabbit bush (Chrysothamus graveolens). (31) K’iittsoiitah, Cornfields, Arizona (among the rabbit brush). (32) k’jj’ titsoof (Ib. tsinyaa chéch’il), cockerell (Odestemon repens)( yellow sumac).

(33) (34)

velvet ant that is yellow). naada’attsoii, yellow corn (the corn that is yellow). Naada’attsoii bee hooghan, yellow corn home (the name of the home of Nahootsoii Hastiin and Nahootsoii ’Asdzaan. Naad@’attsoii “Ashkii, Yellow Corn Boy. Naada’aitsoii ’At’ééd, Yellow Corn Girl.

(45)

Ddghaattsoii,

Tooh Haltsoof, Sheep Spring, New Mexico (water or spring in a meadow).

(57)

tééchaattsoii, yellow dog. feetso, yellow ochre (used to make paint for

(59)

ceremonial purposes)(yellow soil).

(35) (36)

(37) (38)

feetsoii,

(60)

yellow ochre, uranium oxide, uranium,

sulfur (the dirt that is yellow). fitso, five cent coin, nickle (yellow). (During the 1860’s there was a shortage of coins, so the

(61

Federal Government issued fractional paper money -- including a yellow-brown bill worth five cents, and a green bill [doott’izh] worth a dime.) fitsoii, bile (the yellow one)(P-itsoii). Litsoof, Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico (the yellow one - reference is to the color of the earth).

~—

(62) (63)

615

t’(zftsoof, yellow goat (the kind of goat that is yellow). Tséhootsoof, Fort Defiance, Arizona (rockmeadow - i.e. a meadow between the rocks or cliffs). tsé’dst’éittsool(~ tsé’Ast’éittsoii, tsé’ast’éfttsoojgif), yellow piki. tsé’éd¢’ii titsooigif, yellow fly (the kind of fly that is yellow). ts{diittsoof,

Rocky Mountain goldfinch, orange

colored warbler, canary (the bird that is yellow). tsis’nditsoof, yellow jacket, hornet (the bee that is yellow). Tsfs’ndttsoof ’Atts’66zigif, wasp (the slender bee). Tsis’ndttsooftsoh, large wasp or yellow bee. Ts’thootso (~ Ch’fhootso), St. Michaels, Arizona (meadow extends out horizontally). ts’ititsxoof (~ ch’il titsxoof), orange (fruit) (the plant that is orange in color, fruit that is orange in color), Ts’ititsxoof dik’ézhigff, lemon (the

TSOOD

TSOIl

’Ahfistsood/'ahiittsood (‘ahinéists66d:’ahindanéistsd6dd), P-fi-(= P-f-yi-)(@/@)(267): to hold O against P (as a cloth against a wound). Bfistséd6d/bfittsood (binéistsé6d: bindanéistsddd). ’ii-(= ’a-yi-)(@/@)(480): to hold something unspecified, be a holder (of a woman in the process of giving birth)(S holds and squeezes the parturient). ‘listsddd/iittsood. # P-& ’iists66d, to feed P (as an orphan lamb, kid or calf - by holding a substitute mother for P, or by feeding P from a bottle). yii-(@/@)(798): to grasp, grab, seize, take hold of O. Yiistsééd/yiittsood (nadyiistsédd).

sour yellow fruit), Ts'ititsxoof ntsaafgff, grapefruit (the big kind of yellow fruit). (64) wolachiittsoof, yellow red ant (the red ant that is yellow), (65) wolazhinittsoof, yellow black ant (the black ant that is yellow),

(2)

(3)

(Derivation unknown)

Noun/adjective: (Combining form: tsosts’i-.) # tsosts’idiin ~ tsosts’idjj- (-diin TSOSTS'ID = English -ty), seventy. Tsosts'idiin d66 ba’aa tsosts’id (d6é6, and + ba'aa, beyond it), seventy seven. # tsosts'idts’dadah (-ts'’dadah = English -teen),

seven.

(4)

# Beehaz’danii bik’ehgo yiistséd6d, to arrest O (lit. to seize O in conformity with the law).

seventeen,

# tsosts'idi (-di, times), seven times. Tsosts'idjjdi, seventeen times. Tsosts’idi neeznadiin (neeznadiin,

seven hundred.

hundred),

Il, yi-L-(tt):

Tsosts’idi mifl (mifl
PA *kYuz [i]: classificatory stem for skin or cloth object.)

TSOOZ NAVAJO: Classificatory “handle” stem for a flat flexible object (FFO). Occurs with t-(L-) classifier as the theme in a full range of “handle” bases with reference to objects of the type cloth, rag, towel, sheet, shirt, blanket, buckskin, piece of skin, paper, dollar bill, curtain, piki, and by extension a sack and its contents (as a sack of flour, groceries, cement), a water bag (and its contents),

(4)

to carry, bring, take O into an

enclosure (as a sack of groceries into the house), # Y66' ‘iists66s, to carry O away and disappear with it, get rid of O. ‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(378): to lower O down, unload O, take O down, bring O down (from a height). 'Adaasts6ds/'adaattsooz ('adanasts6é6s;'adandanastsdés). SER. (O/si)(374). ’‘Adahasts6és/'adahaltsooz (‘adanahadstsdds: ‘adandahastsdds),. ‘ahd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41): to divide O in half (as a sheet of paper or a piece of cloth). ‘Ahdstsdéd6s/ ‘'ahddttsooz ('ahaénddndstsdds) or 'ahanists6d6s/'ahanittsooz (‘ahanddnfstsdés) ‘ah6é6-(ni/ni)(52):; to carry O around ina circle,

complete a circuit carrying O. 'Ahéénistsdds/ 'ahéénittsooz (‘ahénindanistsdds). SER.(O/si) (48); to carry O around and around in circles. 'Ahééhéstsdds/ 'ahééhéttsooz. ‘ahfi-(@/@)(69): to combine O, put O together (as shirts and towels), to mix O together (as the contents of two sacks), 'Ahfistséds/’ahfittsooz (‘ahinéistsdés: 'ah(nddnéistsdds). (Cf. P-fistsdds.)

617

TSOOZ

TSOOZ

(7)

(22) P-ts’d-(ni/ni)(255): to separate O from P, take O away from P (as a white shirt from a pile of shirts). Bits’anistsdd6s/bits’anittsooz (bits’ananistsdés:bits ’anddnistsdds). # P-d bits’dnistsddés, to set O aside for P (as in a store where a buyer sets something aside for purchase). (23) P-zéédi-(= P-zénddi-)(@/yi)(263): to putO around P’s neck (as a scarf). Bizéédéestsdds/ bizéédééttsooz (bizénindddéestsdés). (24) ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to carry, take, bring O out horizontally (as a sack of groceries out froma store). Ch’inistsdds/ch’inifttsooz (ch’fnanistsdd6s:ch’inddnistsddés). SER.(@/si)(276). Ch’éhéstsdds/ch’éhéttsooz (ch’inahdstsdés: ch’inddhastsd6s). # P-fighahgd6 ch’inistsddés, to carry O past P (a stationary object). (25) di-(@/si)(332): to start to carry O along, to have started to carry O (in the Perf.). Distsédés/déttsooz (ndistséds:naddistsdds). # P-ch’j’ distsd6s, to start to carry O toward P. # -g66 distsddés, to start to carry O to --(a designated place). (26 ~— di-(@/yi)(333)(with prepounded feeh, into soil): to bury O (as a hide, to make it pliable). teeh distsdd6s/teeh diittsooz (teeh ndistsdds:teeh naddistsdds). (27) di-(ni/ni)(326)(with prepounded ’aa, open, expanse): to open (O - as a doorway, by removing a FFO that covers it). ‘Aa dinistsdd6s/ ‘aa dinittsooz (’aa ndinists66s:’aa naddinistsdds). (28) didi-(@/yi)(314): to put O into or near the fire (as a wet towel, to dry). Didistséd6s/didifttsooz (déédistsdds:dindddistsdds). SER.(@/si)(316). Dihidistsé6s/dihidéttsooz (dindhidistsdéés: dinadhidists6d6s). (di-di-thematic: fire.). (29 ~— dii-(@/@)(344)(with prepounded dah, off, up): to start off carrying O, to lift or raise O up. Dah diists6ds/dah diittsooz (dah ndiistsédd6s:dah nadddiistsd6ds). (di-inceptive) # P-ts’da’ dah diistsé6s, to make off with P’s O (as with P’s bag of groceries). (30) dii-(O/O)(344)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to take O off of P (as a diaper off a baby, a

‘atnd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(96): to switch O, exchange the position of O (as two sacks of flour). ’Aindsts66s/’atnddttsooz (’atndndandstsdés) or ‘atndnistsdédés/ ’atndnittsooz (’atnandanistsdds). ’atts’a-(@/yi or ni/ni)(107-109): to divide O into two parts, separate O (by taking it apart), share O (as a piece of cloth), set O apart or aside. ’Atts ’astsdds/atts ’adttsooz (‘atts’andandstsdds) or ‘atts’an(stsdds/atts’anittsooz (‘atts’andanistsdds). # P-it’atts’dnistsdds, to share O with P. ’ats’a-(ni/ni)(136): to set O aside or apart, segre-

gate O (as a cloth or sack of flour). ’Ats’anists66s/’ats’Anittsooz (’ats’dndanistsdds:’ats’anddnistsdés). (9)

P-a’-(ni/ni)(147): to lend O to P (as a towel). Ba’nists6d6s/ba’nittsooz (banda’nistsdds). # Ak’égo ba’nistsdé6s,

to rent or lease O to P

(as a flag). (10) P-da’di-(@/yi)(151): to uncover P (by removing a blanket, cloth or other FFO from it). Baa’distsdd6s/bda’diittsooz (banina’distsdds: bdninda’distséés). (di-thematic: open/close.). P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to cover or block P with O (as with a sheet). Bidadinists6d6s/bidadinittsooz (bidandinistséds:bidandddinistsdds). P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(171): to cover or block P (with unspecified O - as with a sheet). Bidadi’nists66s/bidadi’nittsooz (bidandi’nists6d6s:bidandddi’nistsdés). (13) P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to close off, plug or block P (as an opening or entranceway) with O (as with a sheet). Bidddinistsé6s/bidadinittsooz (bidandinistséd6s:bidandaddinistsdds). (14) P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(171): to close, plug or block P (as an entranceway or opening)(with unspecified O, as with a towel). Bidadi’nistséds/ bidadi’nittsooz (bidandi’nistséd6s:bidanaadi’nistsdds). P-flak’e-(O/yi) (222): to hand O to P, place O in P’s hand (as a letter). Bilak’eestsdd6s/bilak’ééttsooz (bilak’endstsdds:bilak’enddandstsdés). (16) P-fi-(@/@)(265): to add O to P (as a dollar bill to a stack of bills). Bfistsddés/bfittsooz (binéistsdd6s:bindanéistsdés). (Cf. ’ahfistsdds.) (17) P-k’idi-(@/yi)(203): to cover P with O (as a baby with a blanket). Bik’idistsd6s/bik’idiittsooz (bik’indists6d6s:bik’indddistsdés). (18) P-k’i’di-(@/yi)(203): to cover P with unspecified FFO (as a blanket). Bik’i’distséd6s/bik’i’difttsooz (bik’in’dists6d6s:bik’inda’distsooz). (19) P-’ai-(O/@)(211): to drape O over P (asa blanket over a limb). Bi’aistséds/bi’aittsooz. (20) P-nad-(@/si)(228): to carry O around P (as a bag

of groceries around acar). binfséttsooz.

(21)

pillowcase off a pillow), remove O from P. Baa

diists66s/baa diittsooz nadadiistsdds).

(31

Bindstsdds/

~—

(32)

P-nfka-(ni/ni)(236): to carry O through P (asa sack of groceries through an open gateway). Binfkanfsts66s/binikanittsooz (binikananistsd6d6s:binikanddnistsdés).

618

(baa ndiistsdds:baa

(di-thematic: open, close,

relinquish). dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to put O into the fire. Dzidzaastsdé6s/ dzidzaattsooz (dzidzandsts66s:dzidzanddandastsd6s). SER. (@/si)(355). Dzidzahasts66s/dzidzahdattsooz (dzidzanahasts66s:dzidzanddahastsd6s), ha-(@/yi)(431): to take O out (as a paper froma box, a shirt from a drawer). Haasts6d6s/hdaattsooz (handstsddés:handdndastsd6s). SER. (@/si)(392). Hahastsdds/ hahdttsooz (hanahdstsddés:handdahastsdds). # Aah hanastsdd6s, to redeem O from pawn.

TSOOZ

TSOOZ

# P-aah hanastsd6s, to redeem O (pawn pledge) from P. # P-fladk’ee haastsdds, to take O out of P’s hand, receive O from P.

P-ii’déé’ haasts6ds,

(41) (42)

to take O out of P.

+eP-yaa

haastsdés, to take O out from under P (as a blanket from beneath a bed). # P-za’azisdéé’ haastsddés, to take O out of P’s pocket (including S’s pocket - as a handkerchief). (E.g. Béeso ta’ siza’azisdéé’ hddttsooz, | took a dollar bill out of my pocket.) # Handstsdd6s, to redeem O (a pawn pledge).

# P-aah handstsddés,

(33)

(34)

(35)

ha-(@ or si/si)(431):

(43)

to redeem O from P.

to climb up carrying O, take

O up (as a blanket or sack of groceries upstairs). Haastsddés or hasists6d6s/haséttsooz (handstséds:handanastsdés). SER.(@/si)(392). Hahasts66s/hahditsooz (handhdstsoos:hanaahdstsoos). # P-aah haastsdés or hasistsdd6s, to climb up P with O (as up a ladder, staircase, hillside). hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry O from one end to the other, carry O the entire length (as the entire length of a hallway). Hadiistsédés/hadiittsooz (hdddiistsdds:handddiists66s). (hadi-:thematic, entire, complete) (Cf. hadiists6d6s: A[II]13, to take O off. hidi-(@/si)(440): to move O (as a heavy rug) by

(44)

thing happens).

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

# P-ch’j’ naastsdés,

(40)

to lower or hand O down Ve) |P, ndhi-(@/si)(529): to turn O (as a coat) inside out, to turn O (as arug) around. Ndhdstsdés/ nahdttsooz (nindhdstsdds:ninddhastsdés). (Also optionally as Reversative nahastsos.).

Ndinfists66s/ndinfittsooz

(ninddinfists66s).

(45)

(46)

pulling first on one side and then on the other,

to tug O along by a succession of moves. Hidistséd6s/hidéttsooz (ndhidistséd6s:ndahidists6d6s). (Seriative corresponding to #25 above.) # Nahjj’ hidistsdds, to tug O aside, tug O out of the way. hidii-(@/@)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (as a towel on a peg, a blanket ona limb). Dah hidiists6d6s/dah hidiittsooz (dah nahidiists6d6s:dah ndaahidiistsdés). # P-aah hidiistsoos, to hang O up onP. kfnii-(~ hfnii-)(@/@)(495): to place O (as a sack of groceries) in a leaning position. Kiniists66s/ kiniittsooz (kindniistsdds:kinddniistsdds) # P-nahjj’ kiniists66s, to set O leaning on P. kfi-(@/@)(497): to carry O up an incline (as uphill, upstairs). Kfists6ds/kfittsooz (kinéistsdd6s: kinddnéistsdds). na-(@/yi)(593): to lower, hand or put O down (from a height), to unload O (as a sack of something from a truck). Naastsé6s/naattsooz (nindsts6dés:ninddndstsddés). SER.(@/si)(529). Nahastsd6s/nahdttsooz (nindhdstsdés; ninddhastsdés).

ndhidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over (a piece of paper, a blanket, rug). Nahideestsdds/ nahidééttsooz (ninddhideestsdéds). nahi’dii-(0/@)(538): to take O down one after another (as shawls or coats hanging on pegs or hooks). Nahi’diists66s/nahi’diittsooz (ninahi’diists66s:ninaddhi’diistsdd6s). (Seriative corresponding to n’diistsd6s: #48 below.) nadadii-(= nindadii-)(575): to pick O back up, repossess O. Ndddiistséd6s/naddiittsooz. (Reversionary corresponding to ndiistsédés: #45 below.). # P-aa or P-ts’da’ ndaddiistsdds, to take O (back) away from P, repossess O from P (as a shawl loaned to someone, or sold to someone who fails to pay). ridinfi-(@/@)(611): to get a good start carrying O, just get well under way carrying O (when some-

(47)

ridii-(@/@)(617):

to lift, raise, pick O up, find or

choose O. Ndiists6d6s/ndiittsooz (ndddiistsdds: nindddiists66s) (ni/ni)(563-657): to go, come, arrive carrying O, to take or bring O, give O (a towel, sack and contents). Nistsdds/nfttsooz (ndnistsdds: naanistsdés). # P-aa nistsdés, to bring, take, give or deliver O to P. # P-aa ndnistsdéds, to bring, take, give O back to P, return O to P. # -g66 nistsdds, to bring O to (a designated place). ni-(ni/ni)(649): to carry O as far as a stopping point, stop carrying O. Ninistsddés/ninittsooz (nindnistsddés:ninddnistsdd6s). SER.(O/si)(621). Nehestsdés/nihéttsooz (nindhdstsdds: ninddhastsdés). # ’Aah ninistsédés, to pawn O (as a shawil)(lit. to set O beside someone unspecified). # P-aah ninistsddés, to pawn O to P (as toa trader). # P-it yaa ninistsdds, to pull O down over P (a cradle cover over a sleeping infant). # Hasht’e’ ninistséd6s,

to put O away, store O.

# -jj’ ninists66s, to carry O as far as --(a designated stopping point). # Naaltsoos ninistsd6ds, to introduce a resolution or legislative bill (lit. to place a paper). # Naaltsdds P-ee ninistsdd6s, to introduce a resolution or legislative bill on P (P = the subject of the resolution or bill). # Ni’ ninistsé6s, to set O down (a sack on the floor, a dollar bill). # Shdd’ ninistsdds, to set O in the sun (ina sunny location). # Tsé’naa (~ ha‘naa) ninistsdd6s, to carry O across. (48) n’dii-(@/@)(675): to take O down (a towel from a peg, a shirt from a shelf). N’diists66s/ n’diittsooz (nind’diists6és:ninda’diistsd6s).

TSOOZ

TSOOZ

SER.(@/si)(538). (49)

Nahi’diists66s

# ’Atndndstsos, to carry O back and forth customarily (as a sweater, to school).

(V.#41

above.). (si/si)(688)(With prepounded dah, up): to set O (in position, where it remains - as a towel ona

shelf or table). Dah sistséd6s/dah séttsooz (dah nisistsd6d6s:dah ndasistsdds). # P-aah dah sistsdédés, to place or hang O on P (a towel on a clothesline). (50) tsfitts’a-(ni/ni)(735): to take O out of the fire or away from the water, carry O ashore. Tsftts ’anfstsd6d6s/tsfts’dnittsooz (tsitts’Andnf(stsdds:tsitts’andanistsdés). (51) yaa-(= ya-yi-)(@/@)(755): to dump or spill O out (as the contents of a sack). Yaastsdéds/yaattsooz (yaninddndastsdés). (52) (O/yi)(777): to move O (completive). Yistsdéd6s/ yittsooz (ndstsé6dés:nddandstsdé6s). SER.(@/si) (446). Histsdd6s/ héttsooz (ndhdstsddés:naahastsd6s). # P-iih yistsé6s, to put O into P (as a paper

’Anadee-(@/yi)(112): to sling O over one’s shoulder (a jacket, buckskin, blanket). 'Anadeests66s/’Anadeestsooz (‘anandeests6és:'Anandddeestsdés). ’Aza-(O/yi)(140): to put O (as piki, rolled dough) into one’s own mouth, ‘Azaasts6és/’Azaastsooz (’Azandstsoos:'’dézandanastsdés). ’'AZ66d66-(O/yi)(142): to put O around one’s neck, put O on (as a scarf). 'Azéédéestsd6s/ 'Azéédéestsooz ('Azéninddéestsdds:’az6nindddéestsdds). (di-thematic.) (’Azéé6-= ’Azéna-, around own neck.) P-a’-(ni/ni)(146)(Simple Passive): P borrows O (lit. O is loaned to P). Ba’fltsédés/ba’fltsooz (banda’fitsdds). (V. P-a’nistsddés, to lend O to P: A[\]9 above.) # ’Ak’égo ba'flts66s, to rent or lease it (as a flag)(lit. O is loaned to him in exchange for compensation). P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): to take O away from P by

(9)

into a box, a shirt into a drawer), to

insert O in P (a card in a slot). # Dzidza yists6dés ( ~ dzidzaastsdédés), to putO into the fire. # ’lih yistsédés, to put O inside. # Kjjh yistsdds, to take O into town, take O to market (as a rug). # teeh yistsdds, to bury O, put O into the ashes. # Nii’oh yistséds,

force (as a garment, dollar bill). Bighanists66s/ bighanistsooz (bighandnistsdéd6s:bighanaanfstsd6s). dii-(O/O)(344)(with prepounded

ket). 'Adaa diists6és/’ddaa diistsooz (’ddaa ndiists6ds:’aAdaa naddiistsddés). hadinf-(@/si)(382): to carry O too far, keep on

to put O out of view, conceal

O (as a shawl).

carrying O after one should have stopped.

Hadinistsédd6s/hadinéstsooz (handddinistsdés). hadii-(@/@)(386): to take O off (as a shirt, coat, dress, blouse, blanket, long underwear). Hadiistséds/hadiistsooz (haddiistséds:handaadiists6d6s). (hadi-thematic: entire, complete. Cf.

# Taah yists66s, to put O into the water, immerse O in water. (53) yisda-(@/yi)(771-772): to rescue O, save O, carry O out of danger. Yisddasts66s/yisdaattsooz (yisddndstsddés:yisdanddnastsd6s). SER.(@/si). Yisdahdstsdds/yisdahattsooz (yisdandhastsdds:yisdandahastsdds).

hadiists66s, to carry O the entire length, all the

(14 ~—

’a-(@/yi)(478): to put O away out of sight (ina reflexive context). ‘listsé6s/’eestsooz (’andsts6d6s:’anddandstsdés).

(15

#’ Ayaa ’iists66s, to put O under oneself (as a dollar bill). ‘ahaa’(a)-(~ ‘atghda’-)(ni/ni)(89):

(3) (4)

way: A[l]34 above.) ndi-(ni/ni)(608): to set or place O for future use.

Ndinistsédés/ndinistsooz (nindddinistsdés). # ’Ayaa ndinistséés, to set O out preparatory to eating O (as piki, a stomach).

I]. L-(tt/tr): (1)

’ddaa, about or

from self): to take O off (as a shirt, dress, blan-

~—

# Hasht’e’ ndinistsdds, to set O aside, store O, pick O out for purchase, place O in readiness for use. (ni/ni)(763)(Simple Passive): O is brought,

delivered, given. Yiltsédés/yiltsooz (naltsdds: ndanaltsdds). # P-aa yilts66s, O is brought, given or delivered to P (as a newspaper, letter,

to swap, trade, exchange O with each other (as shirts, towels). ’Aighaa’niiltsdd6s or ’ahda’niiltséd6s (1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’ahda’nistsdds or ’atghda’nistsdds, to swap O with P (another person). ’Ak’idi-(@/yi)(81): to take O off (of oneself - asa

sack of groceries), P receives O. # P-aa naltséé6s, P gets O back (asa borrowed shawl). —se[op)BZ

shirt, shawl). ’Ak’idists66s/’dk’ideestsooz (‘ak ’indfsts6d6s:’ak’indddistsdés). to wrap oneself up in O, cover oneself with O (as with a blanket). ‘Ak’iists6d6s/ ‘ak’iistsooz (’ak’inéistsdds:’ak 'inddnéistsdds). ‘atndna-(~ ’atnda-)(@/yi or ni/ni)(95): to carry O to ’Ak’ii-(O/@)(84):

and from a point or place (as a document to the

teacher and back). ’Atndndstsdéés/’atnadndattsooz or ‘atnddnistsddés/’atnddanistsooz.

620

ni-(ni/ni)(668)(Simple Passive): O is carried toa stopping point, placed, set down. Niiltséd6s/ niiltsooz (nindniilts6d6s:ninaaniilts66s). SER. (@/si). Neheltsddés/neheestsooz (nindhaltsdés: ninaahaltsdés). # Naaltsoos niilts66s, a resolution or legislative bill is introduced, # Naaltsoos P-ee niilts66s, a resolution or legislative bill is introduced with regard

TSOOZ

TSOOZ

(3)

to P, O (a person) is charged with P (a crime or violation of the law).

P-gha-(@-Imp.)(807):

to try to take O away from

P (as a shirt, blanket).

Bighaastsos.

# T’66 ni’ niiltsé66s, O (a resolution or legislative bill is tabled (lit. O is merely set E.

down). (17) nikidinii-(@/@)(632): to borrow O and keep (it)(as a blanket). Nikidinfists66s/nikidinfistsooz.

I. £-(tt): (1)

B. CONTINUATIVE

ndhi-(@/si)(529):

to turn O around or over (as a

rug). Nahdstsos/nahattsooz (nindhdstsos: ninddhastsos). (Also optionally with the Momentaneous stem: nahastsdés.).

I. t-(tt): (1)

REVERSATIVE

na-(@/si)(593): to carry O around about here and there (a coat, blanket, sack of candy), to carry O to a destination and back to the point of departure (in the Perf.). Naastsoos/niséttsooz (ninddnastsoos). # ’Atsé P-4 naastsoos, to have O on loan from P (as a shawl). # Dah naastsoos, to hold O up and wave it (as a flag or cloth). # -g66 niséttsooz, to have taken O to --(a designated location) and back, to have made a round trip with O (carrying it).

F.

CURSIVE

I, £-(tt):

(yi) (777): to be carrying O along. Yistsos/ defnfilts66s (nddstsos:nddnaastsos). # Dah yistsos, to be holding O up (asa photograph, document, sack of groceries), hi-(yi)(438): to tug O along by pulling alternately on one side and then the other (as a heavy rug,

tarpaulin or sack of cement).

C.

(3)

DISTRIBUTIVE

and around (as a card, blanket), to be turning O inside out (as a sock, sweater). Ndheestsos/

|. £-(tt):

(2)

ndahfiniilts66s. naana-(yi)(588): to be carrying O around to and fro. Naanddstsos/naandeiniiltsdés.

P-taa-(@/si)(250): to distribute O to P (as towels or dollar bills, one to each recipient), to pass O out to P. Bitaastsoos/bitaaséttsooz (bitaanddnastsoos). (Ib. bitaastsdds.). nda-(@/si)(604): to distribute or set O around here and there, to put up notices (as notices of a pending meeting). Ndaastsoos/ndaséttsooz (nindddaastsoos).

D.

G.

NEUTER

|, £-(ti): (si-Perf.)(687): S sits (a sack of groceries), S lies (a blanket, dollar bill). Sittsooz.,

# P-dddhdéé’ siltsooz, S is before P (asa resolution or bill before a legislative

CONATIVE

body). # P-ii’ sittsooz, S is inside of P (as a dollar bill in a billfold, handkerchief in a pocket). # Dah sittsooz, S hangs ina fleecy line (as a

I. £-(tt): P-/-(O-Imp.)(155): to offer O to P, try to get P to acceptO. Béstsos (binddnastsos). P-(nd-(O/si)(154): to dip or dunk O in P (asa piece of cloth in water), to saturate O with P. Béndstsos/bééséttsooz (béninddndstsos).

cloud, smoke, fog).

# tee’ sittsooz,

S lies buried in the ground.

# Naa sittsooz,

S lies on its side, crosswise

(as a sack of groceries). # Too’ (- tayi’) sittsooz, S lies immersed in the

I. L-(tt):

water.

(2) ’Ad{-(O/si)(14):

Heestsos/

dahiinfilts66s (ndheestsos:nadheestsos). nahi-(yi)(534): to turn O over and over or around

to clasp O to self, hug O (as a

(3)

letter, cape, blanket). "Adéstsos/’ddis(stsooz. ’atgha-(O-Imp.)(88): to fight over O, try to take O away from each other (as a towel). ‘Atghaiiltsos (1st pers. dpl). # P-it’atghaastsos, to fight over O with P (as over a towel with another person).

(4)

621

’ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(52): S lie ina circle (as playing cards, dollar bills). “Ahéénittsooz. na-(si-Perf.)(593): plural S lie about here and there (as towels, socks)(plural corresponding to sittsooz), Naastsooz (ndaastsooz: d.p.). (ni-Perf.)(644): S lie in a line, row or series, there is a row of S (as socks, blankets, sacks and their contents). Nittsooz.

TSOOZ

TSOOZ

# ’ Atké6’ nfttsooz, the other.

(4)

S lie in a row one behind

nahi-(yi-Perf.)(539): Nahifttsooz.

S hangs dangling downward.

# P-za’azis bii’déé’ nahffttsooz,

S dangles out

of P’s pocket (as a rag, dollar bill).

(1)

Ill. df-L-(ti): (1)

H.

(si-Perf.)(685): to keep O on hand, have or keep O (in position). Séttsooz (nddséttsooz). (E.g. Hooghandi ch’idf séttsooz, | have a buffalo robe at home.)

newspaper (gossip paper). ’atéél sittsoozf, apron (the one that lies on the front or belly area) (P-téél sittsoozi). ’awéé’ biniik’i déttsoozi, cradle cover, the flap on a cradleboard designed to cover the baby’s face (the one that hangs over the baby’s face), ‘awéé’ bitt’eestsooz, baby’s diaper (that which lies in a baby’s crotch). ’azéédéettsoozi, neckerchief, horse collar pad (the one that hangs around a neck)(P-zéédéettsoozf). bee ’Adit’oodf baah dah nahidiiltsosf, towel rack, towel hanger (the one on which towels are repeatedly hung).

df-(ni-Perf.)(309): S hangs, dangles (as a piece of cloth, a dollar bill). Déttsooz.

# P-tsist’a déttsooz, S hangs dangling from P’s belt (as a scarf), P has S “on (him)”

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

P has Sin P’s possession.

E.g.

T’aata’f béeso t’éiya sitsist’a déttsooz, the only thing | have on me is one dollar.) P-k’idf-(yi-Perf.)(203): S is draped over P (as a necktie or robe over the back of a chair), S lies onP,P hasS on. Bik’idéttsooz. P-nahidi-(yi-Perf.)(225): S hangs dangling down from P (as a blanket hung over a limb). Binahidéttsooz. P-zéédi-(= P-ze-na-di-)(yi-Perf.)(263): S hangs around P’s neck, P has S around (his) neck (as a scarf, necktie). Bizéédéettsooz. (di-thematic: oral.) hidf-(yi-Perf.)(439)(with prepounded dah, up): S hangs up at an elevation, Sis hanging. Dah hidéttsooz. # P-nah dah hidéttsooz, S is hanging on P (as a towel ona nail). (E.g. Bee ‘adit’oodf ’it ‘adaalkaatf binah dah hidéttsooz, the towel is hanging ona nail.)

chidf bikee’ bii’ sittsoozigff, inner tube (the FFO that lies inside a car tire). dibé binaaltsoos, grazing permit, sheep permit (sheep’s paper).

66’ ndhooltsos{,

(2)

(3)

reversible garment (the garment

that is turned inside out).

(10) hani’ bik’ehgo ’inichx¢’f ’Adoolniitgi binaaltsoos, last will and testament (the paper having to do with disposition of property in conformity with a

person’s desire)(P-{ni’ bik’ehgo ’inichx¢’/ ‘adoolniitgi binaaltsoos). (11) ’iigeh binaaltsoos, marriage certificate (the document pertaining to marriage). (12) 466’ bee hahaltsdsf, landing net (used in catching fish) (the thing with which fish are taken out one time after another)(P-166’ bee hahaltsds/). (13) naaltsoos, paper, document, letter, certificate, book, permit (it is carried about), Naaltsoos ‘anda’ bee yit’ood/, paper for wiping the eyes (formerly provided to trachoma patients). Naaltsoos ’aseezj{ dabika’igif, newspaper, scandal sheet. Naaltsoos ’azis, paper sack or bag. Naaltsoos ba si’dnf, magazine rack. Naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishigif, sandpaper. Naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishf ’atsiniltPish béédadiilt’ihigi, electric sander. Naaltsoos bee ’4da naho-

IV. hi-t-(ti): hi-thematic: extend, protrude. (1)

DERIVATIVES

‘aseez{ binaaltsoos,

df-thematic: hang, be suspended.

(i.e.

NOUN

hi-(yi-Perf.)(449): S lies protruding. Hffttsooz. # P-iih hffttsooz, S lies partly in and partly out of P (as a blanket that is partly in a box, and partly out). # Taah hffttsooz, S lies partly in and partly out of the water (as a towel at the edge ofa pool). ch’thi-(ni-Perf.)(284): S sticks out horizontally, protrudes (as a gunny sack or rug froma doorway). Ch’fhinittsooz. hahi-(yi-Perf.)(396): S hangs, dangles, sticks out (as a towel from a suitcase, a handkerchief from a pocket). Hahifttsooz # P-'66’ p-kéédéé’ hahiittsooz, P’s shirttail is hanging out (behind). (E.g. Shi’é6’ shikééd颒 hahiittsooz, my shirttail is hanging out behind me.)

diit’aahf,

resolution, legislative bill.

Naaltsoos

bee ’ahfdadiiljeehigif, paste, glue (for sticking papers together). Naaltsoos bee nda ’iinihigiff, paper sack or bag, grocery bag, shopping bag. Naaltsoos bee nehelgéshi, paper cutter. Naaltsoos bikaa’ ’e’elyaaigif, photographic print,

copy. Naaltsoos bik’ehgo ‘ahé’éskéhigif, marriage certificate, marriage license. Naaltsoos bik’ehgo na’abaasf/, driver’s license, vehicle operator’s license. Naaltsoos bik’ehgo na’anishf, Social Security card. Naaltsoos bii’ yistVinf, bookcase. Naaltsoos dadildonigif, firecracker, Naaltsoos dijé’igif, fly paper. Naaltsoos dilchxoshf, firecracker. Naaltsoos

622

TSOOZ

‘

# Chidf bikee’ P-ts’da’ ndniittsdds, the tire on P’s car goes flat on P (i.e. to P’s

dildonf, firecracker. Naaltsoos doolk’ooligff, corrugated paper. Naaltsoos hane’ bee hahinidéhigff, newspaper. Naaltsoos ’fr’inf, clerk, scribe, stenographer, secretary, recorder. Naaltsoos naagé,

postal service.

(15) (16) (17)

(1)

possessed form of sees,

wart), sage berry. # Ts’ah Bii’ Kin (bii’, inside of it + kin, house,

building),

(V. -CH’AYAH, underarm, armpit. -TS’AHAYAH

(Possibly onomatopoetic: ts’é + nf, it says: the one that says “ts’a”), jay, bluejay. TS’ANILee

that loses its air,” and as the theme in a Neuter Perfective describing a bowknot.

Ole

tséds_

tsopgz

__—itsgs

tsdgs

Inscription House, Arizona (an

ancient Puebloan ruin) (lit. house in the sagebrush).

becomes flat and wrinkled upon deflation, as a car tire

PUT:

# ts’ah bijeeh (-jeeh, gum, pitch, resin), sage gum. # ts’ah bizees (-zees =

TS’AH

NAVAJO: Probably a variant of, or cognate with, TSOOZ. Occurs with ni-thematic: terminal, and thematized TSOOZ t-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “become rugose, wrinkled, flat - something that has been previously inflated or swollen, and which

ePERE

yi-(si-Perf.)(777): S is rugose, shriveled(?) Yistsos. In: # Yistsgsgo be’eshtt’d, to tie it in a bowknot, tie a bow in it.

Stem noun: sage, sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata).

book, novel. naanish binaaltsoos, Social Security card (job or paper). ’6’oolkaah bee dah na’astsooz, advertisement or notice pinned to a wall. tPeestsooz, loincloth, breechclout, diaper, kotex (FFO lies in the crotch). ’Awéé’ bitPeestsooz, diaper. zéédéettsooz, scarf, muffler, neckerchief (FFO hangs around the neck).

IMPReUSTITy

B. NEUTER

I.£-(ti):

mail man, postman, letter or mail

carrier. Naaltsoos né’éshtit bee yildéhi, kleenex, paper for wiping nasal mucus. Naaltsoos ntfizf, card, cardboard. Naaltsoos sdnf, treaty (of 1868). Naaltsoos tsits’aa’, cardboard box or carton. Naaltsoos yee ndaajeehigif, envelope. Naaltsoos wélta’igff,

(14)

detriment).

Naaltsoos

naalt’a’f, kite. Naaltsoos ndahageehédi ~ naaltsoos nehegeehédi, postoffice. Naaltsoos neitjidf, postman, letter carrier. Naaltsoos neiyéhé,

TS’A’

EeEeeeeseseseseseses e e nh"nnananananan_onnanananamamaaeO|€~e ==SS=Sn"n@nana —[—[=—===$=$==

A.TRANS. B.NEUT

tsos

(Cf. Hupa -ts’a’ [I]: water leaks out; Carrier -ts’a’: be viscous; Chipe-

tsos

A.

TRANSITIONAL

wyan -t6’at:; be watery.)

|. ni-L-(ti):

(1)

nii-(@/@)(669): S becomes wrinkled, rugose, shriveled, (as an old person’s skin, a dried up apple), S goes down, deflates (as the tire ona

car). Niittsé¢s/niittsooz tts9ds). (2)

NAVAJO:

water and, in some bases its accumulation in a pool.

(ndniittsgds:naanii-

By extension, the theme is used with t- causative to mean “accumulate O (as money - lit. cause O to trickle and accumulate).”

ndanii-(O/O)(566): S goes back down, deflates, goes flat (anything previously swollen or inflated, as a car tire, rubber balloon, penis).

Ndniitts6¢s/ndniittsggz.

Primary meaning “trickle,

accumulate in a trickle.” Occurs with thematized t-(L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases that describe the trickling flow of a small stream of

(Reversionary

corresponding to #1-above.) # P-ziz ndniitts6¢s, S subsides (a penile erection).

A.TRANS. B.NEUT.

623

IMP.

US./IT..

PERE’

"FUT:

OPT

ts’aah_ :

ts’a’ -

ts’a’ ts’a’

ts’aat -

—__ts’aah -

TS’AA’

UsSrAg

A.

TRANSITIONAL

(Derivation unknown) Noun: twinpod, double bladderpod (Physaria).

;

TS’AAHBIJJH

I, L-(ti): ‘ji-(= ’a-yi-)(O/O)(475): S collects, accumulates (as a trickle of water in a pool or hole).

‘lilts ’aah/iilts’a’ (na’iilts’aah:ndaiilts’aah). nii-(O/O): S becomes watery (as one’s eyes). Niilts’aah/niilts’a’ (ndniilts’aah;naaniilts aah).

(PPA ket.)

# P-nda’ td niilts’aah, P’s eyes become watery.

*is’a’k’ > PA

*ts’akY’:

bas-

TS’AA’ NAVAJO: Noun stem TS’AA’: basket. Used with @-/L- classifier and the 3s subject pronoun ha-,- ho-: space, area, as the theme in Neuter Imperfective verb

bases meaning “be hollow, bowl-shaped.”

‘il-(= ’a-yi-)(@/O)(480): to accumulate O (as money). ‘lists’aah/iitts’a’ (nada’iists’aah).

|. O-(ti): B.

(1)

NEUTER

I, L-(ti):

(2) (1)

’a-(yi-Perf.)(476): S trickles away out of sight, flows away in a trickle (as a small stream of

water). ‘fitts’a’. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’fftts’a’, S comes trickling down from a height (as a small spring flow on the face of a rock). # P-yaa ’fitts’a’, S flows in a trickle in under P (as under a rock).

# Yah ’fftts’a’, S flows ina

haddaha-(si-Perf.)(423): there are bowl-shaped depressions in the earth, there are craters. Haddahazts’aa’. ho-(yi-Perf.)(462): there is a bowl-shaped depression in the ground, there is a concavity or crater. Hoots’aa’.

II. L-(ti): ha-(~ ho-)(yi-Perf.)(266-411): Sis hollow, concave (lit. area is basket-like. Cf. yilts’aa’, S is like a basket). Halts’aa’ or hoolts’aa’. # P-ii’ halts’aa’ or hoolts’aa’, P is hollow inside (as a gourd, light bulb).

trickle into an

enclosure (as into a hole or room). # Y66’ ’iftts’a’, S trickles away and disappears. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(yi-Perf.)(378): S comes

trickling down from a height (as water down the face of arock or wall). “Addatts’a’ (~ biddatts’a’, haddatts’a’). ’‘ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(52): S flows in a trickle around in

NOUN DERIVATIVES

a circle, S trickles around in a circle. ’"Ahéénitts’a’. # P-naago ’ahéénitts’a’, S flows in a trickle around P. ’a’d-(yi-Perf.): S flows trickling into a hole (as a trickle of water into a prairie dog hole). "A’aatts’a’. P-na-(si-Perf.)(229): S flows around P ina trickle (as a small stream of water around a tree or plant). Bindsts’a’. ch’f-(ni-Perf.)(290): S trickles out horizontally, S flows outin a trickle (as water from a canyon or from a leaky barrel). Ch’initts’a’. ha-(yi-Perf.)(429): S trickles out (as water from a small spring or from a leaky faucet). Hadtts’a’. (ni-Perf.)(644): S flows along in a trickle, a trickling stream is flowing along. Nftts’a’. (9) w6’a-(yi-Perf.): S overflows in a trickle. W6’datts’a’. (10) (yi-Perf.)(765): S trickles, flows in a trickle (completive). Yitts’a’. # P-iih yftts’a’, S trickles into P (as a small stream of water into a pan or bucket).

(2)

(3)

hoots’aa’, surface depression, concavity (as ona rock or ground surface)(area is bowl-shaped). ’ii’ halts’aa’~ hoolts’aa’, concavity, depression (hollowness inside of something)(bii’ halts’aa’ ~ hoolts’aa’, it has a concavity or depression). tsddhalts’aa’, pepper grass (Lepidium montanum) (hollow belly. So called because of the shape of the seed pods, which resemble the interior of a stomach). tsits’aa’, wooden box, box (wood-basket). Tsits’aa’ naadlo’/, suitcase. Tsits’aa’ ntsaaigif, trunk.

(-ts’aa’, -ts’a’)(PA *ts’akY, plate, basket) Stem noun: basket, pod (as pea or bean), shell (snail, clam, turtle), box (of a wagon), bed (of a pick-up or truck), shell (of a camper). # bee’eldgoh bik’a’ bits’a’ (bee’eldggh bik’a’, cartridge), cartridge case. # chidi bits’a’ (chidf, car), pick-up bed, truck bed.

TS’AA’

624

TS’AA’

# dahts’aa’ (dah-,

up at an elevation),

mistletoe. # teets’aa’ (tee- < teezh, dirt, soil), dish, plate, chinaware. Hashttish teets’aa’ (hashtt’sih, mud), clay pot, Pueblo pottery. # naa’ot{ bits’a’ (naa’otf, bean), bean pod. # tsinaabaas bits’a’ (tsinaabaas, wagon), wagon box. # tsisteet bits‘a’ (tsisteet, tortoise), tortoise shell. # tsits’aa’ (tsi- < tsin, wood), box, wooden box, trunk. Naaltsoos ts’aa’ (naaltsoos, paper, cardboard), cardboard box.

AMOM. B.DUR(?) C.TRANS. D.CURS. E.NEUT.

-TS’AAL

ts’jh ts’ffh -

ts’{jh ts%jh ts’fh -

ts’dd’ ts’4d’ ts’da’ :

_ ts’a’

ts’éd ts’dd’ ts’éa’ :

-

IL)

-

. ts "{ft

ts’ ts'ft ts’'{ft : 2

:

MOMENTANEOUS

_ si-L-(ti):

(2)

moss baby-

board.)

# ’awééts’dal ~ ’awéé’ bits’dal (‘awéé’, baby), babyboard.

(A) Stem postposition:

OPT.

A.

diaper, cradle, baby(Cf. Chipewyan t0’aal, Sarci

ts’aal, Beaver ts’aatt,

USHRMPERFR*PROGSSFUT..

eT

Stem noun:

board.

IMPS

(3) (4)

concealed

from, out of the reach of, inaccessible to. Sitsilfsits’aa ndinéest’{f’, my little brother hid from me / sitsilf t6ko’f bits’aa kwiishtaa, | put the kerosene out of my little brother’s reach / ’ashiiké yazh/ ’atts’aa nanit’in, the little boys are hidden from each other. (Cf. -ts’aa’, away from.)

-TS'AA

(5)

’ahosi-(@/yi)(73): a sound moves away. ’Ahosilts’jjh/’ahosoolts’4a’ (‘anaahosilts jh). # Y66’ ’ahosilts’jjh, a (single) sound fades away and disappears (as the boom ofa gun). ’ahosii-(= ’ahosi-hi-)(@/yi)(73): a series of sounds move away one after another. ’Ahosiilts jjh/

‘ahosiyoolts’aa’ (’andadhosiilts jh). # Y66’ ’ahosiilts’jjh (~ ’adahosiilts’jjh), a series of sounds move away and fade one after another (as a series of booms). ch’thosi-(@/yi)(286): a (single) sound comes out horizontally (as from a cave). Ch’thosilts’jjh/

ch’thosoolts’4a’ (ch’inadhosilts jh). ch’thosii-(= ch’fhosi-hi-)(@/yi or si)(286):

a series

of sounds come out horizontally (as from a

cave). Ch’thosiilts’jjh/ch’hosiyoolts’é@’ or ch idahoyiists’4a’ (ch’’inadhosiilts jh). hahosi-(@/yi)(397): a (single) sound comes up out, emanates from (as from a canyon or well). ‘ijh). jjh/ hahosoolts’4a’ (handdahosilts Hahosilts hahosii-(= hahosi-hi-)(@/yi or si)(397): a series of sounds come out, emanate from (as from a

canyon). Hahosiilts’jjh/hahosiyoolts’4a’ or hahoyiists’4a’ (handdhosiilts jh). hodii-(@/si)(454): a sound starts moving along, there is a sound, a sound is heard (in the Perf.).

(PPA *ts’any [©] [with *di-thematic and suppletive neuter stem *ts’aG: hear]; [t] [with *u-directional and *st-~ *zi-thematic: listen to].)

Hodiilts ’jjh/hodiists’da’ (ndahodiilts’jjh). # P-ii’ hodiists’4a’, there was an echo, an echo was heard in P (as in a canyon or in the rocks). hosidiyii-(= hosidi-hi-yi-)(O/O)(with prepounded dah, off): a series of sounds start off, move off. ts Dah hosidiyiilts jjh/dah hosidiyiil4a’: (dadhosidiyiilts jh). hosidii-(@/@)(458)(with prepounded dah, off): a

NAVAJO: The stem describes the production, existence and hearing of sound, and occurs in a variety of irregular paradigms: (1) with si~ -z--thematic and L-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “sound emanates, moves;” (2) with yini-directive and (in some themes) si- ~ -z-, yi-thematic + L-classifier “listen to O, listen;”

(single) sound starts off, starts to move.

(3) with di-the-

hosidiilts jjh/dah hosidiilts’Aa’ diilts jh).

matic: noise, and @-(D-) classifier “hear O/be produced (a sound) ;” (4) di-thematic and t-causative “make O produce sound;” and (5) Neuter Imperfectives with yi-thematic and @-classifier meaning “sound exists, there is sound.” The Neuter employs the suppletive stem TS’A’. Extended meanings include “understand (speech), start (a motor), ring (a bell).”

Dah

(dah naahosi-

B. DURATIVE(?) . yini-(~ yisini-, yisi-)-L-(tt):

yini-(~ yisini-, yfsi-)(si-Perf.?)(766-767):

to be

listening to O (as to the radio, music, speech or

625

5

TS'AA’

TS’AA’

other continuing sounds), Yinfsts’aa’ or yisinfsts’Aa’ or yisists’da’ (nddy(nists’4a’). (The Per-

(2) hodii-(@/si)(454): there is a sound or noise (heard over an area and produced by a 3s subject i.e. by impersonal “it”), Hodiits’{fh* (not used), hodiists’aa’ (Perf.). (V. Neuter hodiits’a’, there is a sound.) # P-ii’ hodiists’Aa’ , there was an echo in P. (E.g. Tsé/dzit/tsékooh bii’ hodiists’4a’, there was an echo in the rocks/the mountain/the canyon.)

fective functions as a present tense form.

(2)

Néinfsts’jjh: Iterative, yidéests’{jt: Future, woosts’dd’ -. Optative.) # Doo P-4 yinists’aa’ da, to pay no attention to P, turn a deaf ear to P, ignore P (lit. to not listen to it for P). ‘fis{-(= ’a-y(-s{-)(si-Perf.?)(479): to be listening, to listen (to something unspecified). ’ffsists’4a’ (nda ’fisists’da’). (The Perfective functions as a present tense form. Na’finfsts’jjh: Iterative, ‘fidéests’jjt: Future, ’dosts’dda’: Optative).

IV. di-yi-L-(tt): (1)

C.

TRANSITIONAL

I. yi-O-(ti): (1)

yil-(@*/si)(803): a sound is heard, there is a sound. (The Imperfective* is not used. V.

D. CURSIVE

Neuter yiits’a’.). Yiists’aa’ (Perf.) (Yiists’aa’: Perfective, nayiits’{fh: Iterative, yidoots {ft Future, and woots’aa’: Optative are used, along with Neuter yiits’a’, in conjunction with

I. si-L-(ti): hosi-(yi): a sound is moving along. Hosoolts’fft (ndhosoolts jft:ndadhosoolts ft). hosiyi-(= hosi-hi-)(yi)(458): a series of sounds are moving along. Hosiyoolts’{ft (nddhosiyoolts ft). naanahosi-(yi)(584): a sound is moving about to and fro, itis echoing and re-echoing, reverberating (moving to a point, turning and moving back), Naandhosoolts’fft. # P-naag66 naandhosoolts ’{t, there was sound around P (as around one’s house).

the onomatopoetic particles that serve to

imitate various types of sounds. Thus: biib yiists’aa’, there was a honk (of a car), ch’it yiists’4a’, there was a popping sound, etc. V.

(2)

dii-(@/si)(344): to start O (a car motor), to ring O (a bell).(lit. cause O to make sound) Diists’{fh/ disétts’4a’ (fdiists’{fh: ndddiists {fh). # Béésh disétts’d4a’, | rang the bell. # Chidf disétts’Aa’, | started the car.

ylits’a’.) 'ii-(= ’A-yi-)(si-Perf.)(487):

sound comes.

there was a sound, a

‘lists’4a’ (’Andd’iists’44’)

(‘Andayiists’{fh: Iterative,

‘fidoots’jft: Future,

’6ots’da’ Optative). (E.g. ’E’e’aahjigo ’fists’da’ the sound came from the west.)(V. Neuter ‘fits’a’, there is a sound.)

E.

II.di-yi-O-(tt):

NEUTER

|. di-yi-@-(tt): (1)

dii-(@/si)(344):

to hear O, understand O (speech,

spoken language), learn O (a language - especially in the Perfective). Diists ’{fh/diséts’4a’ or sidéts’Aa’ (ndddiists’{h).

(1)

dii-(@-lmp.)(344): to hear O (a sound, a person or thing), to understand O (a person’s speech

or language).

Diists’a’.

# Doo ndiists’a’ da,

Ill. di-yi-D-(ti): (1)

(2)

dii-(@/si)(348); S sounds, makes sound, starts (a car motor), rings (a bell), goes off (an alarm

clock). Diits’{fh/diists’4a’ (ndddiits’{fh). # ’Adeesdggh diists’dda’, there was the sound of a gunshot. Béésh diits’{fh,

| do not understand you

(lit. |cannot hear you). ’adii-(O-Imp.)(30): to be able to hear, to understand (a language). ’Adiists’a’. # P-A ’adiists’a’, to interpret for P (a language - lit. to hear or understand for P, understand on P’s behalf), # Doo hézhé ’adiists’a’ da, my hearing is poor, | do not hear well.

the bell rings.

Chidf diits’{fh, the car motor starts. Chidf biyi’jj’ hdiits’ffh, the car knocks. HHH Kézhaazh diits’{fh, the rustling of moccasins is heard. # Na’oolkitf diits’{fh, the alarm clock goes off.

Il. di-yi-D-(ti); (1)

# Tsin diists’4a’,

a timber popped (as a house beam that gets hot).

626

dii-(@-Imp.)(344): S is making a sound, S is running (a car motor), S is ringing (a bell, alarm clock). Diits’a’ (ndddiits’a’). (Cf. C[Il]1 above.) # Béésh diits’a’, the bell is ringing.

TS'AA’

TS’AA’

ch’it (ch’ich’it): a popping, clacking or cracking sound, as that made by breaking a brittle stick in two or chewing gum. Also imitates the ticking sound made by a watch or clock.

# Chidfdiits’a’, the car is running. # Na’oolkitf diits’a’, the alarm clock is ringing. there is a noise, a noise is

hodii-(O-Imp.)(454):

(2)

heard. Hodiits’a’ (ndahodiits’a’). # P-ii’ hodiits’a’, there is an echo or

ch’izh (ch’ich’izh):

the dry rustling sound made by a snake moving among dry leaves, or a sheet of paper when shaken. zhaazh (ch’izhaazh): a jabbering sound, the sound of many voices speaking at one time. ch’iizh (ch’ich’iizh): the sound of sawing, filing or grinding. chxaazh (ch’ichxaazh): the sound made by a waterfall, or by a large stream of water falling from a roof. chxosh (ch’ichxosh): a splashing sound. . diil (ts’idiil): a deep rumbling sound, as that made by a peal of thunder. . dlaad (ts’idlaad): a violent ripping, tearing sound as that made by a trombone, motorcycle, or car that lacks a muffler. We dog (ts’idog): the beating sound of the heart, the thumping sound made by a person walking on the roof of a house (as heard by someone inside). . doh (ts’idoh): a subdued or muffled rumbling sound, as that produced by distant thunder, drums or cannons. 14. doon (ts’idoon): aloud bonging or booming

reverberation in P (as in a canyon). # Mésfbiyi’ hodiits’a’, the catis purring (lit. there is sound inside the cat). ‘ahidii-(O-Imp.)(57): to hear or understand each other. ’Ahidiits’a’ (1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’ahidiists’a’, to understand P (and P understands S).

(3)

Il. di-yi-L-(ti): ‘ahodii-(O-Imp.)(72): to pretend to understand (a language). ’Ahodiists’a’. (This base normally employs the prefix complex ‘a-ho-di-, in which ’4-di- is the reflexive prefix. Only one di-prefix

(1)

occurs in ’dho-diists’a’, and it is not clear

whether it is the di-thematic element found in such forms as diists’a’, understand O, or whether it is the di- of ’A-di-, self. Itis assumed to be di-thematic.) # Doo ’dhodiists’a’ da, to pretend not to understand (what is said).

sound, as that made

racing car motor. . dogz (ts’idggz): the deep buzzing sound made by a big fly or by a bumblebee. . d6¢z (ts’id6z): the high-pitched buzzing sound made by a mosquito, gnat or small fly. _ dzid (ts’idzid); the sound of a “Bronx cheer,” a loud farting sound. . dziid (ts’idziid): the roaring sound produced by an air-plane, or by aracing car motor.

IV. yi-O-(ti): (1) yii-(O-Imp.)(803): S is heard (as a car, bell or other specific sound). Yiits’a’. # Biib yiits’a’, the sound of a whistle is heard (lit. there is a beeping sound). # Chid/diits’a’ yiits’a’, a car is heard running, there is the sound of a running car motor. # Chidf ’dnfits’a’ (= ’Anfyiits’a’), the honking of a car is heard (lit. the car is heard saying

. gda: the cawing sound made by a crow. . geez (ts’igeez): the low-pitched squeaking sound made by the hinges of a door as it opens.

thus, speaking.)

(2)

‘fi-(= ’A-yi-)(487):

heard.

there is a sound, a sound is

Ziv ghaz (ts’ighaz): a scraping-scratching sound such as that made by a dog’s claws as it moves over a linoleum floor. Pa, ghaa, a growling sound, as that made by a dog.

’fits’a’.

# Doo ’fits’a’fda,

not a sound is heard.

ghaa shitni, the dog growled at me (Lééchaa’( lit. the dog says “grr” to me.) 23. goozh (ts’igggzh): a cracking-cru nching sound as that made by a person chewing hard objects.

Various kinds of sounds are imitated by onomatopoetic particles, which are used primarily with yiits’a’ to describe the sound. The particles in reference include the following: (Particle stems occur both with and without a prefix: ts’i-~ ch’i-.) (V. C[l}1 above also.) 1.

bid (ts’ibid): a hollow thumping sound as that produced by patting a dog’s stomach.

2.

biib, a beeping sound, as that made by a car horn

3.

by a gun, an airplane, ora

24. jah/jah-jah (ch’ijah): a clanking sound, as that made by rocks or marbles shaken in one’s hand, or the rattling sound made when a few

matches are shaken in a box. easy, jiizh (ch’ijjjzh): a crushing-rumbling sound, as that made by a roller crushing rocks, or by one ’s

feet treading eggshells. . kaal

or a whistle. ch’ag (ch’ich’ag): a glugging sound, as that made when one pulls a foot out of the mud, or chews noisily.

(ch’ikaal):

a ticking sound, as that made by

the indicator on a wheel of fortune.

. kaag (ts’ikaag): a snoring sound. _ kézhaazh: the rustling sound made by moccasins as the wearer walks.

627

TS'66’ 29, 30, 31. 32.

33.

-TS'AA’

k'at (ts’ik’at): the slopping-sloshing sound made by a person walking with water in his boots. k’azh (ch’ik’azh): the grinding sound produced by rubbing two rocks together. k’fz (ts’ik’fz); the high-pitched squeaking or humming sound made by a mosquito in flight. k’9’ (ts’ik’9’): the dry gurgling sound made by a waterbag when itis shaken, or by a stud horse when it runs. k’ol (ts’ik’ol): the glugging sound made by liquid in a partly filled bottle when moved, the

bottle. (Cf. T6wot, Taos, New Mexico = gurglewater.)

wosh (ts’iwosh): the sound made by boiling water or coffee. 56. yiid (ts’iyiid): a distant booming sound, as that made by thunder or dynamite. Wie yog (ts’iyog): the plopping or soft thudding sound 55.

made by a quilt or coat dropping on a hard surface.

58. zghoz: the swishing sound of a whip or lash. S}S)- zifl (ts’izM): the ringing sound made by a telephone or small bell, and the ring in one’s ears when one’s “ears ring.” (Cf. Shijaayi’ zif

plunking sound made by a pebble dropped into the water, and the sound made by water

lapping against the shore. k’dl (ts’ik’6l): the murmuring gurgle made by a small brook or by a bottle of liquid carried in one’s pocket. 35. k’99’ (ts’ik’9Q’): the sound produced when one’s stomach “growls.” or that made by a person who is choking. 36, loozh (ch’iloozh): the sound made by a small 34,

60.

61. 62.

stream of liquid, as water poured from a bottle,

37. 38, 39.

40.

41.

a stream of urine or a trickle of running water. mee’; the bleating sound made by sheep, a “maaing’” or “baaing” sound. muu; the mooing sound made by a cow. niil (ts’iniil): the sound produced by falling hail, the patter of children’s feet as they run, or the hoofbeats of a band of sheep as they run. sxooh (ts’isxooh): the rustling-swishing-whirring sound of wind in the trees, or that made by a bird’s wings in flight. shd! ssst!: the sound made in getting another

63. 64.

yiits’a’, my ears are ringing.) Zool (ts’izool): a whirring-rustling sound, as that made by the tires of a moving bicycle or car, or by a cardboard box dragged along ona sidewalk. zo0z (ts’izg9z): the droning, low-pitched buzz made by a bumblebee in flight. 269z (ts’iz6¢z): the high-pitched whining-buzzing sound made by a bee, mosquito or ricochet bullet. zhii’ (ch’izhii’): the hissing sound made by a snake or by an angry cat. zhi? (ch’izhi?): the shrill buzzing whine produced by a power saw as it cuts through a board. (Cf.

verb root ZHI’: saw.) 65:

zhood (ch’izhood): the shuffling sound made by feet as they are rubbed on the floor.

F.

NOUN DERIVATIVES

person’s attention.

42.

shiid, sh!: a “shushing” sound made to quiet

’adiits’a’ii (~ ’adiits’a’f), interpreter (the one who under-stands). ’Adiits’a’ii Sani, Chee Dodge (Old Interpreter). ‘fists’4a’, listening (ceremonial divination). ‘lists Aa’ ’Ash’i, | do listening, perform a listening ceremony.) na’iitts’a’igff (Ib. w6la na’iitts’a’ii) , listening ant.

another person.

tiizh (ch’ittiizh): the crashing sound made by falling timber. 44, tog (ts’itlog): the plopping sound made by mush as it boils, or by falling mud. 45, Hoog (ts’itloog): the pattering sound made by rain ona roof. 46. tixiih (ts ’ittxiih): the hissing-sizzling sound of frying meat, or of water as it falls on a hot 43.

47.

48,

na’oolkiti hdiits fhigif, alarm clock (the clock that sounds = rings). tsé bii’ hodiits’a’, echo (in the rocks)(there is a sound in the rocks).

stove, tPish (ch’itPish):

the sound of a slap. tsid: the chirping sound made by a small bird.

w6lazhinf na’fitts’a’igif, black listening ant. yoo’ diits’a’f, bell, the small jingling bells worn by Pueblo dancers.

(Cf. tsidii, bird = the one that chirps ) 49,

ts’i’mah:

a grunting “oof” sound, as that made by

a person putting forth unusual effort, or

Straining to lift a heavy object. ts’9z (ts'its’9z): a sucking sound, as that produced by a loud kiss. 51, waa: the growling sound made by an animal, as a dog. sy w@a’: the whining-whimpering sound made by a

G.

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

50.

(1)

t’dadoo ’fits’a’/, noiselessly, silently, without a sound, without being heard.

cold puppy, or the mewing sound made by a

kitten. 53. wol (ts’iwol): the by a flat tire on 54. wot (ts’iwot): the running brook,

(B) (~ -ts’adh / -ts’a-) Stem postposition: away from, separating from,

bumping-thumping sound made

leaving, apart from, to (one’s) deprivation, of (made), from (deriving).

a moving vehicle. gurgling sound made by a or by a person drinking from a

Shilééchaa’l sits’4a’ dah diilwod, my dog ran away from me / shilééchaa’f sits 22 daaztsda, my dog died on me (i.e. to my ILL)

628

TS'66

TS’EE’y (2)

detriment) / chid/ sits’aa’ niiltta, the car stalled on me / béésh baah naashnishigii t’éiya bits’aad66 ’i’dishnah, | make my living from my work on the railroad / shiyootsah 'dola bits’Add66 ‘dlyaa, my ring is made of gold / shicheii dibé yazhf ta’ ba 'ats’Anit{, | set a lamb apart (aside) for my grandfather /béésh bii’ ko’f bits’anitdoi, the stove gives off heat / tf’ daaztsdnge 'atiin bits’Anfshood, | dragged the dead horse away from the road / ’ashiiké ‘atts’4a’ dah dii’aazh, the two boys

’a-(O/yi)(124): to be eating (unspecified mushy matter). ’Asts’6éh/'fftts’ee’ (nda’dsts’6éh).

. L-(tt): (G/yi)(124)(with prepounded ’dde, above self): to overeat on O, eat too much O (as ice cream). ’Ade yists’6éh/ ’Ade yists’ee’. ’a-(O/yi)(124)(with prepounded ’dde, above self): to overeat (on unspecified O). ‘Ade ’asts’66h/ ‘Ade ’eests’ee’ (’Ade naa’dsts’ééh).

separated from each other / t{’ ’atts’a’eezh, | led the two horses apart, separated them / tsénit bee tin

’atts’ddine’ (~ ’atts’anfine’), | chopped the piece of ice in two with an axe / béésh nt’i’ ‘atts’Aahjf ’ant’’, there's a fence on both sides of the railroad. -ts’a- + na-Reversionary contract to produce -ts’aa- in certain

B.

phonological environments, as: ’ats’dédshi'doolt’e’ (= ’ats’Andshi’doot’e’), | was fired (from a job) / ‘atts’4aniit’Adzh (= ’atts’Andniit’A4azh), we two separated from each other, got a divorce (i.e. went back apart from each other). And -ts’4- combines directly with ta- (a combining form of t6, water) in tatts’a-, away from water, as in: tatts’anfy4, | went ashore; and with tsit(~ dzit-), away from fire or water, as in: tsfits’aniya, | went ashore / tsehégod ’ayéo bilidgo biniinaa t’66 tsitts’aAndnidzjjz, the stump was smoking so much that | pulled it back out of the fire.

NAVAJO:

. £-(tt):

P-’nii-(@/O)(218): to start to eat O. Bi’niists’ééh/ bi’niitts’ee’. ’’nii-(@/@)(470): to start to eat (unspecified O). l’niists’6éh/'i’niitts’ee’.

. ni-L-(tt):

nani-(si-Perf. only)(560): to have eaten too much O (lit. regained rotundness eating O). Nanésts’ee’. na’ni-(si-Perf. only)(557): to have overeaten (on unspecified O, as ice cream). Na’nésts’ee’. fidinf-(@/si)(608): to eat too much O (as ice cream). Ndinfsts’ééh/ndinésts’ee’. ndi’n{-(@/si)(607): to overeat on unspecified O (as ice cream). Ndfnists’ééh/ndi’nésts’ee’.

(Two stems probably became confused: [a] PA “*ts’eK’ [f]: lick; and [b] PPA *ts’e’x > PA *ts’egh [successive *ts’igh]: writhe, wiggle, coil, wind.)

TS'EE’y

Primary meaning appears to be “coil,” but

the stem also occurs with t-(L-) classifier as the theme in bases meaning “eat mushy matter (as cornmeal

C.

potatoes, peanut butter, oatmeal, ice

mush, mashed

cream, jello, gravy, cottage cheese, honey),” reflecting either the fact that one licks matter of this type in eating it, or less likely the fact that objects of the type in reference “swirl or coil” when eaten. With ni-thematic: generic classifier for roundness, the meaning is “overeat,” and with ni-thematic and D-classifier “be coiled, whorled.” Cf. TS’AA’: basket.

A.DUR.

B.MOM., C.NEUT.

IMP.

SIUS/Ite

PERE

FUT.

OPT.

ts’6éh_

ts’ah

ts’ee’

_ts’ah

ts’é6éh

-

-

ts’ee’/ ts’aa’

-

A.

NEUTER

. ni-D-(ti): ’atk’ihinii-(@-Perf.)(92):

S is coiled, spiraled.

"Atk ’ihiniits’ee’. hani-(yi-Perf.)(416): S is coil-shaped, S forms a whorl or conical helix. Hanoots’ee’. ha’ni-(yi-Perf.)(408): there is a whorl or convolution (as the concentric lines on one’s finger). Ha’noots’ee’. ndé-(si-Perf.): S is coiled in a circle. Nasts’aa’. ndhini-(si-Perf.)(538): S is coiled (up)(as a snake, rope). Ndhineests’ee’.

D.

(1)

DURATIVE

I. £-(tt):

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

(@/yi)(778): to eat O, be eating O (as mush). Yists’6éh/yitts’ee’ (nddndsts’ééh).

(3)

629

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

‘ach’ ndhineests’ee’,

coiled intestine, signoid

’Sla’ hada’neests’ee’/,

the whorls on the fingers

flexure (intestine that is coiled)(P-ch’i? nahineests’ee’), ’akee’ hada’neests’ee’l, the whorls of the toes. (P-kee’ hada’neests’ee (gif).

(P-fla’ hada’neests’ee’/).

TS'ID4

TS’EE’y ‘AtAa’ ha'noots'ee'l,

the point on the head where

# Tsin yaniits’ee’, poles stand side by side in parallel position. (E.g. Tsin yaniits’ee’go

the hair forms a concentric or spiral pattern.

’alyaa, a picket fence was built.)

(P-(téd’ ha’noots’ee’f), baadh tikanf nahineests'ee igi, cinnamon roll (the kind of sweet bread that is coiled), bé’élts’64’ (~ bé’élts’66h),

II. ni-D-(ti):

a dip or side dish, a

thick gravy into which bread is dunked, a stew made of beeweed, wild onions and other

(7)

(1)

nani-(yi-Perf.)(567):

they lie parallel to one

vegetables, into which bread is dipped for

another in vertical position (as pipes, bars ona

eating (something mushy is gotten on it, it is dunked in something mushy).

jail window, lines, jets of water from a fountain). Nanoots’ee’.

béésh

‘adishahf nahineests'ee (gif, barbed wire

entangle-ment (barbed wire that is coiled). igi, coil spring (the metal (8) béésh nahineests'ee that is coiled up), (9) deendasts’aa’, ram (the horn is turned or coiled back in a circle), (10) ‘oolts’ee’, mush eating (an optional ceremony in Holy Way Chants), (11) tsask’eh dah naats’podi ndahineests’ee'igif, coiled bed springs (the bed springs that are

NOUN DERIVATIVES ’atta’neets’6hii (~ ta’neets’6hii), cockle burr (those that lie interlocked). béésh neets’ee’, cattleguard (metal objects lie side by side in parallel position). ta’neets’éhii (~ ’atta’neets’6hii), cockle burr (those that interlock). tin nanoots’ee’, icicles (they hang down side by side),

coiled),

(12) ts’aa’ bil’ ha’noots’ee’, coiled basket (basket inside of which there is a swirl or whorl).

Stem noun:

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with TS’EE’4. Occurs with ni-thematic and

navel, umbilicus.

# naayizits’ee’é (naayizi-, squash + -é PA “*ts’#k’Y [O]:

(8) yinf-(O-lmp.)(766):

pinch.)

(9)

sulk NAVAJO:

Primary meaning “grasp

with nails or claws, pinch.”

Occurs:

at sls

(1) with @-(D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “pinch, pluck;” (2) with ’a-hithematic and @-classifier “move on tiptoes;” (3) with

ll. D-(tt-reciprocal):

thematized t-classifier “pinch (apart, off) ;” (4) with

(1)

’ahfini-(= ’ahi-yinf-)(69): to pinch at each other, “ have a pinching match with each other.” ’Ahiiniits’iih (1st pers. dpl). # P-it’ahfinists’iih, to have a pinching match (reciprocally) with P. eee Pees See

yini-directive and @-classifier “pinch at O;” and (5) with yini- and @-classifier as the theme in a Neuter

Imperfective meaning “have O in one’s grasp between nails or claws (or with pincers).”

Extended meanings include “scratch around in search of something, fend for one-self, scratch up (money for bills), pick on, tease, provoke.”

IMP.

_US./IT.

PAGES : pee Sa ea

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

OPT.

ete

;

ey

sea

val

,

te

a!

Ill, L-(tt):

(1) ’aha-(G/yi or ni/ni)(38): to pinch O apart, pull O apart with nails or claws. ’Ahdsts’iih/’ahdaatts’i’ (ahdandandsts’iih) or ’ahdnists’iih/’ahanits’’ (ahandanists’iih). ’atts’d-(@/yi or ni/ni)(109): to pinch O apart, pull

(2)

Dur.

tsi’

ts’ih

ts’i’

-

ts’ih

tsi’

2 apalt wi pals ot ME

Ser

ts’ih

ts’ih

ts’i’

-

ts’ih

ts’ih

elects

ts’ih

ts’ih :

ts’ih ;

int

ts’ih

—ts’ih

D.SEM. ecunee

ENEUT.

ts’

{

;

‘

(3)

ba’diitts’i’ (banda’dists’iih). (di-thematic). P-da’di-(O/yi)(150): to pinch the covering off of P with one’s nails or fingers, pinch off the top from P (as the top of a water blister). Bda’dists’iih/bda’diitts’i’ (baninda’dists’iih). P-di-(@/yi)(180): to pinch part of O off of P (asa

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. B-(tt):

(5)

portion of dough from a lump). Bidists ’iih/ bidiitts’i’ (bindddfsts’iih) (di-thematic: reduce, subtract.). SER.(@/si) (194): to pinch piece after piece off of P. Bihidists’iih/bihidétts i’.

’adi-(@-Usit.)(24): to be a pincher, to pinch (unspecified O) repeatedly (as a child), to bite (a

’Adists’ih. aah

ih) er caits'a-

(as a piece of bread or dough). Ba’dists’iih/

c (4)

gnat). e.

paitscaste ih)

® Gantsiansenaste

nis teilbGetise nia pats enea ny P-da’di-(@/yi)(146): to pinch offa piece of O for R

ts'ih

(1)

to pinch at O (multiple times,

repeatedly). Y{nfsts’iih. yinfi-(@/@)(769): to pinch at O (one time). Yinfists’iih/yinfits i’.

Ba ete Pena ce PEN) P-(OIy) (188): to pneh Off of P (a bud toma Bigh4'nists‘iih/bigha’nits'i’ (bighanda'nists ‘iih). . Heer eb rat phd ae WNsi, a (3)

;

:

.

;

ha-(@/yi)(808): to pull O out with one’s nails (as a sliver, thorn, hair), pick O out with one’s nails (as arotten spot on an apple). Haasts’iih/ h4dts’” (handsts’iih:handdndsts’iih). SER.

(@/si)(391):

5 . : Z i Se h@yciveirebyapinchindapinen © ee oe ame aaa pail from 2 stich), eae diists’iin/baa diitts’i’ (baa ndiists’iih:baa

ndaddiists’iih).

to pick O out one after another

(8)

(lumps of fat from meat, hairs, thorns, rotten

(4) (5) (6)

spots). Hahasts’iih/hahats’i’ (handdahdsts’iih). k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to pinch O in two, pinch O off (as a thorn, stem). K’infsts’iih/k’fnits’i’. nihi-(@/si)(621): to pick O apart (as a lump of meat). Nehests’iih/nihéts’i’ (nindahdasts’iih). ni’(a)-(ni-Ilmp. only)(641): to use unspecified O sparingly, take small pinches or dabs.

ndi-(@/yi)(613): to pick O apart (as a fleece, to remove foreign matter). Ndists’iih/ndiitts’i’. ea Be

ra

a a

ee

CON TUNE Dae

|. ’a-hi-O-(ti): (1

Ni’nists’iih,

)

# P-it ni’nists’iih, to use P sparingly or in small dabs, take pinches of O (flour, money or

na’iyi-(= na’ahi-)(@/si)(555): to walk around on tiptoes, walk about quietly (as in stalking a deer). Na’iyiists’i’7/ ni’iyéts’i’ (ninda’iyiists’i’).

other commodities that are in short

(7)

SPP ee

II.: di-L-(ti): :

(@/yi)(775): to pinch O off (as a leaf or petal). Yists’iih/yfts’i’ (naddndasts’iih). SER.(@/si)(446): to pinch O off one after another (as petals from a bloom). Hists’iih/héts’i’ (nadahdasts’iih).

(1)

634

ndi-(@/si) (613): to scratch around with one’s nails. Ndists’i’/ndésts’i’ (nindddists’i’).

isi

TS'IL

tiptoes, to be walking along quietly. 'lyeests’ih/ da’iyiiniits'iih (na’iyeests’ih:naa'iyeests'ih).

# Ak’i ndists’i’. to fend for oneself, be on one’s own (lit. to scratch around on oneself).

# P-ika ndists’i’, to scratch around looking for P (as a job), to look for P, try to get P. rm CG.

SNEUTER

. yini-O-(tt):

REPERIMIVE Durative

(1)

1. B-(tt): (1)

(@G/yi)(778):

yfnf-(O-lmp.)(767): to hold O grasped between the nails, hold O by pinching it. Yfnfsts’i’.

to pluck O (as hairs, beards).

G.

Yists’i’/yits’i’.

something is grasped by pinching). dagha bee yits’ih/, beard tweezer, beard plucker (the one with which beard whiskers are customarily grasped by pinching). kéyah ‘ahéts’i’/gi, isthmus (where land areas pinch each other - i.e. where the areas barely connect). so’ ‘ahéts’i’f, Aldebaran, lower branch of Hyades, cat’s cradle design involving joined diamond shapes (the stars that pinch each other - i.e. the stars that are barely joined together, as by a slender thread), ts'‘f'ii, gnat (the one that pinches). Ts’ii danineezi (~ daa’ nineezi), long-lipped gnat, mosquito. Ts'fii ‘atts '66z/igif, slender gnat. Ts'ii bijaad neezi, long-legged gnat. Ts'iitsoh, big gnat. Ts’fiitibahigif, gray gnat.

hadi-(@/si)(384): to “scratch for” (something, in order to get it - as money to pay one’s bills). Hadists 'i’/hadésts’i’.

Seriative

Ill. @-(tt):

(1)

DERIVATIVES

bee ‘ats’i’/, tweezer, pincer (the one with which

Il. di-L-(tt): (1)

NOUN

nani-(@/si)(563): to give O a series of pinches, give O apinching. Nanists’ih/nanéts’i’. # T’66 nanists’ih, to pick at O (food that S dislikes).

D. SEMELFACTIVE |. -(tt):

H.

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

t’66 yists'ihfgo,

(@/si)(798): to pinch O, grasp O with nails or claws, take a pinch of O (as a pinch of salt).

in or by snatches, a dab or pinch

ata time, by bits, in pinches (as snuff, salt).

Yiists’ih/séts’ih (ndayiists’ih). P-f’'a-(@/si)(152): to pick on P, provoke P, needle P, tease P. Bé’ésts’ih/bfséts’ih. (lit. to pinch something unspecified on P),

(PA *ts’ixY, *ts'uxY, mosquito) gnat, mosquito.

TS''ll

Noun:

(Cf. verb root TS'I’:

pinch.) (V. NEEZ, BA’, TSOH.)

Il. D-(tr/tt):

(2) (3)

’ahf'a-(@/si)(44): to pick on each other, provoke or needle each other, “get on each other’s nerves.” ’Ah/riits’ih/ ’ahfsiits’ih (1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’ahé’ésts’ih, to pick on P (reciprocally). ’Adii-(@/si)(30): to give oneself a pinch, pinch oneself. ’Adiists’ih/’adésts’ih (’Andddiists’ih). dinii-(@/si)(328): to grasp O with one’s nails and hang on, pinch O and hang on. Diniists’ih/ dinésts’ih (nddadiniists’ih).

TS'?’MAH

(PPA *k’ut > PA *kY'il [momentaneous imperfective *kYut] [@]: rip,

E. CURSIVE TS'IL

|. ’a-hi-O-(ti): ‘iyi-(= ’a-hi-)(yi)(472):

(Derivation uncertain) CF. exclamatory ts’f’mah! = “oof!” - as one exclaims when pushing or lifting a very heavy object.) Noun: Chama, New Mexico.

tear, split [intransitive]; [t-causative].)

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with Oclassifier as the theme in intransitive bases meaning “shatter, break (a brittle object, as a

to be walking along on

635

TS’IN

TsaE

bee ’alts’ilf, nutcracker (the one with which something is cracked). bitsiits’iil, its cone (its head-fragment). Ndishchi(’

bone, bottle, stick, pot, nut),” “burst (as a melon),” “bloat (as a carcass),” and (2) with L-causative in

transitive bases meaning “break or shatter O (a brittle

bitsiits iil, pine cone.

object), crack O (a nut).” The stem is used, in the

bits’iil, its cone (as that of a pinyon); its fragments (a pot). Cha’ot bineeshch’if bits’iil, pinyon nut cone (pinyon nut’s fragments or cone). kits’iil, ancient ruin, potsherds (house-fragments or fragmented house). Kits’iilf, Giant’s Chair, Arizona (the ruin).

form -TS’IIL, as an adjectival enclitic meaning “broken, shattered, fragmentized,” and as a noun meaning “fragments.”

IMPane UWSP/lilieeea

eee

ON

ORE

Kits’iilf,

A.REP. Dur. B.SEM. C.NEUT.

ts’il ts’it -

—_ts’it ts it

A.

ts’il ts’il ts’il

ts’it ts’it -

ts’il ts’it .

REPETITIVE Durative

|. £-(tt): (1)

(@/yi)(778):

Keet Seel, Arizona (a major archaeo-

logical site in Navajo National Monument). neeshch’if’ bits’iil (~ neeshch’iits’iil), nut shells, pinyon cone, pinyon shell (pinyon nut fragment). ndishchif bits’iil (~ hdishchi’ bitsiits’iil), pine cone. -ts’iil, fragment (as a piece of a broken dish or other shattered object), remains (of a ruin), cone (of a conifer). woésits’ilf, bedbug (the bloated bug). yaastsflf, nit (louse egg)(bloated louse).

to crack O (nuts, peanuts) with teeth

or fin-gers. Yists’il/yitts’il. ’a-(@/yi)(123): to crack nuts (lit. to crack unspecified O. ’Asts’il/’ffits’il.

(Cf. Tanaina tsh’ul, Koyukon ts’ut [both I-classifier]: be clear, shining,

TS’ILI

bright.)

NAVAJO: The stem occurs with nithematic and t-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective meaning “clear, crystalline, pure (as clear water), translucent (as a membrane).”

B. SEMELFACTIVE |. B-(ti):

Ciars i

yii-(O/si)(804): S breaks or shatters (a dish, pot), S bursts (as a watermelon), S bloats (a carcass). Yiits’it/sits’il (ndayiits’it). # K’asdaa’ séts’il, | nearly burst (from eating or drinking too much)(figurative).

I. ni-L-(ti):

(1)

ni-(O-Imp.)(644): S (liquid, water) is clear, crystalline, translucent (as a membrane).

Nits flf. Il. £-(tt): (1)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

yii-(@/si)(798): to break O (adish or pot), burst O (as a melon or figuratively a person one feeds

too generously).

Yiists’i/sétts’il

jaa’nitts if(~ jaa’nitts flii)(Ib. jaa’abani), bat (the one with translucent ears). (2) jaanitts’iiidda’, bat food (Cheilanthes Feei). (3) T6 Nitts’f/, Crystal, New Mexico (sparkling clear water).

(ndayiists’it).

CANE UiER |. O-(ti): (1)

(-ts’iin (< -ts’in + -f) in many compounds) Stem noun: bone.

(si-Perf.)(689): S is shattered, broken (a brittle object, as a dish), S is bloated (a carcass),

TS’IN

Sits’il (nddndsts’il) (daazts’il: d.p.).

# -chijsts’iin ( *ts’uts’]: suck. There

TS’OOZ

NAVAJO:

is another stem *tsh’ytsh’: kiss, found in many languages, sometimes alongside *ts’yts’: suck.) Basic meaning “suck against a surface.”

Occurs: (1) with @-(D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “suck (against a surface), suck on (something), kiss,”

(2)

and by extension “absorb, blot up

(liquid)” and (2) with di-thematic: oral, oral noise, and t-classifier “smack the lips.” Cf. TO0ODa: suck

Na’ahiniits’gs/na’ahineets’6¢6z (ninda’ahiniits’9s) (1st pers. dpl). # P-itnda’ahinists’9s, to “smootch or pet” with P (P-it na’ahinésts’$¢z: Perf.). na’ddini-(@/si)(545): to suck on oneself (as in sucking on a wound). Na’ddinists’9s/ na’adinésts’6¢z.

(pump, siphon) liquid.

D.

IMP.

UST

PERE

GAEUT:

©Pix

A.MOM.] B.DUR. CiREPS

ts’oe9s __ ts’os

ts’66z

_ts’os

ts’00s

ats.os

ts’os

ts’66z

_ts’9s

ts’9Qs

D.SEM.

ts’os

ts’os

ts’os

ts’os

ts’os

SEMELFACTIVE

|, O-(tt): (1)

(@/si)(794): to give O a (single) kiss; S absorbs or soaks up O (as a blotter absorbing ink). Yiists’p9s/séts’9s (nddyiists’gs); yiylits’9s/ yizts’9s (3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

A. MOMENTANEOUS Il. D-(tr):

|. di-t-(tt):

’Adii-(O/si)(30): to suck oneself (one time), give oneself a suck (as when one extracts a thorn or splinter from one’s hand). ’Adiists’9s/ ‘Adésts’os (’Andddiists’9Qs).

P-Pdi-(@/yi)(212): to smack one’s lips at P, make a kissing sound at P (to get P’s attention- asa horse or dog)/(lit. to make oral noise by sucking something at P). Bidists’9os/bidiitts ’6¢z (binda’dists’oQs).

E.

B. DURATIVE

(@/yi)(778): to suck on O (as on a piece of candy), to perform a sucking rite on O, to be kissing O. Yists’gos/yits’6¢z (ndandsts’gQs) . ’a-(O/yi)(124): to suck (on something unspecified), to perform a sucking rite, to kiss. ‘Asts’oos/"fits’66z (nda’dsts’oQs).

Il. D-(tt-Reciprocal/Reflexive): ’ahi-(@/yi)(63):

DERIVATIVES

bee ’ats’99s, whistle (used ceremonially) (sucking is done with it). ch’osh ’ats’9gsf, sucking bug or insect. Haashch’ééh ‘I’ditts’g9s/, one of the Haashch’ééh (the Haashch’ééh or “god” who makes a smacking sound). na’ats’9osf (~ na’asts’9gsi), mouse (the one that goes about sucking on things). Na’ats’gosf bee wodleehé, mousetrap. na’ats’oosf/ yiljaa’/, wooly headed clover (Trifolium eriocephalum)(the one that resembles mouse ears). na’asts’gosf(~ na’ats’9gsi), mouse. ni’ yits’eQsii (~ ni’ts’ggsii), prairie clover (Petalostemum candidum)(it sucks on the earth).

|. O-(tt):

(1)

NOUN

to be kissing each other.

’Ahiits’9Qs/ ’ahiits’$¢z.

646

WOD,

WAA’

(8)

td yits’9osf,

# wddneeshch’jjdii,

sponge (the one that absorbs water).

locust, cicada (derivation

unclear).

# w66neeshch’jjdii bikagi (-kagi, skin), locust shell.

Stem noun: Rocky Mountain beeweed, spider plant, stink flower, stinkweed, cleome (Peritoma servula-

WAA’

(combining form of -woo’, WOO’.)

tum), spinach.

# t’ohwaa’/(toh-, grass), alfalfa. # waa’ biya’ (-ya’ < -yaa’, louse), beeweed louse or bug. # waa’ bich’osh (-ch’osh, bug), beeweed bug.

(Ib. ghaa’) Onomatopoetic. the growl of a dog.

tooth.

V. -

-WO-

(PPA

Imitates

*xit’ > PA *ghut’ [O[: bend,

flex; [t- causative].)

WOD,

WAA

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “bend, flex.” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as theme in verb bases meaning “bend, flex, disjoint:” (2) with L-causative in transitive bases meaning “bend, flex, disjoint O;” (3) with L-classifier as theme in bases with meaning “single S runs” (lit. flexes legs), “moves swiftly” (animate or inanimate, including a person, animal, vehicle, bullet, arrow or other swift object); and (4) with double t-L-classifier in bases meaning “cause O to run (as an animal that one chases), run O (as a business), get O running or start O” (as a motor). (L-classifier does not emerge as such when preceded by t-causative, but the stem initial consonant [y- = gh-/w- = gh-] remains voiced, whereas L- + stem initial y-/w-= gh- devoices the stem initial consonant to produce h-.) A variety of extended meanings are derived from themes based on WOD

(PA perhaps *ghWan or “ghun:

y WAA’

growl. Cf. GHAA’: snore.)

NAVAJO: Possibly onomatopoetic in origin, imitating a plaintive or whimpering sound. Occurs with cha- < CHA: cry as a thematic prefix and di-thematic: oral noise and L-classifier as the theme in a verb meaning “whine, whimper.”

IMP.

USi/hikwereRte

FUT.

OPT.

including: assault, deplane, disembark, dismount, give First Aid, help, crave, find, start orruna business,

A.

whirl, escape, ride (as a passenger in a fast moving

DURATIVE

vehicle, as a car, bicycle, motorcycle, which is

described as “running in company with the person conveyed”),

|. cha-di-L-(ti):

(1)

chadi-(@/yi)(270): to whine, whimper (as a cold or hungry puppy or child. Chadishwéa’/ chadeeshwéda’ (chandddishwéa@’).

WAA’

A.MOM Trans, B.CONT. C.CURS.

Onomatopoetic. Imitates a whiningwhimpering sound, as that made by a cold puppy, or the wailing cry of a lost kitten.

IMP2eUSHITS”

PERF:

PROC.

eva

Clik

yeed

wo’

wod

-

wot

yeed

-

-

wod -

wot

A.

-

MOMENTANEOUS

|, @-(ti):

(1) Stem noun: bug. (Cf. Chipewyan goo, bug, insect.)

WO-/ WOO

(2)

# w6ld~ wola-, ant. (Usually in combination with a qualifying adjectival, as wolachi’, red ant; w6lazhinf, black ant.)

# wé6 bits’a’{(-ts’a’-, shell + -f, the one), beetle (lit. the one with a shell).

647

‘ahd-(O/yi)(42): S becomes disjointed, dislocated, goes out of joint (lit. bends in two - as an arm). ’Ahdyeed/’ahdawod (’ahdndayeed: ’ahanddnayeed). 'atts’d-(@/yi) (107): S become disjointed or separated (as the result of bending), S bend in two, come apart. ’Atts’dyeed/‘atts’adwod (‘atts ’Andyeed:’atts 'anddndayeed). ha-(@/yi)(437): S comes out of its socket, becomes dislocated, goes out of joint (as a shoulder, jaw, knee), S is uprooted (lit. S

WOD,

WOD,

(10) naa’ii-(= naa ’a-)(@/yi)(580); to push O over, topple O (as a post that falls over stiffly), Naa’lishheed/naa’fithod (naa’anashheed; naa’anddndashheed), # Ts6’naa (~ ha’naa) naa’iishheed, to push O over, topple O across (as a tree across a road), (11) nii-(@/@)(670)(with prepounded ‘ahéah, together); to double O, bend O double (as a

comes up out as the result of bending - as a tree uprooted by wind. Haayeed/haddwod (handyeed:handandyeed). naa’ii-(= naa’a-)(@/yi)(580): S falls over stiffly (a person who falls asleep or “keels” over, a tree or post that topples over in the wind), to topple

over, “keel” over, Naa’iishheed/naa’{fwod (naa’andshheed:naa’anddanashheed). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) naa’iiyeed, S falls across (as a tree across a road). naani-(= naa ni-)(ni/ni)(590): S bends or falls over (as a tree in a high wind ). Naaniiyeed/naanin(wod (naaninddanayeed), # T’dd ’Ade’égo naaniiyeed, S bends far over

piece of wire), 'Ahdaéh niishheed/‘ahdéh niithod (ahéé@h naniishheed:ahdaéh naaniishheed),

Ill. L-(ti):

(as a tree in a strong wind). ni-(ni/ni)(672): S bends or doubles to a stopping

(1)

pocket knife blade). niiwod

’a-(O/yi)(476-486);

to run away out of sight.

‘lishyeed/ ’eeshwod (‘’andashyeed;’anaanashyeed), SER.(@/si), 'Adahilyeed/'adaheeswod (‘andahalyeed:’andddahalyeed) (3rd pers.sgl), (V. #23 below.) # 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘lishyeed, to come or go running down from a height (as downstairs, down a ladder or arroyo

point (as a reclining seat). Niiyeed/ninfwod. # T’dd’ niiyeed, S bends back, folds back (as the back of a reclining chair or an airplane seat). nii-(@/@)(670)(with prepounded ’ahdéh, together): S folds, doubles over (a rod under stress, a

’Ahadh niiyeed/’ahddh

(ndniiyeed: nddniiyeed).

bank).

# 'Atsé choo’jjhii bee P-(ka ‘lishyeed,

I. L-(tt):

(9)

to give P

First Aid (lit. to assist P with First Aid), # P-aa yd6’ 'lilyeed, P chases S away, P runs S off (as a person or animal)(lit, S runs away from P), # P-it ‘iilyeed, P (a passenger) rides away inS (a fast moving vehicle, as a car, bicycle), -g66 P-it ‘lilyeed, P leaves and goes away to --(a designated place, as to town = kintahg66) in S (as in a car),

‘aha-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41): to bend or flex O in two (as a piece of wire), to disjoint O (as a chicken). ’Ahdshyeed/’ahdathod (’ahdnddndshheed) or ’ahanfshheed/’ahanfthod (’ahandanfshheed). ‘aha-P-’nii-(@/@)(217): to start to flex (bend) P in half (as a piece of wire), start to disjoint P (as a chicken leg), ‘Ahabi’niishheed/’ahabi’niithod. ‘ahdda-(@/si)(36): to bend d.p. O in two, disjoint d.p. O (as wires, chickens). ’Ahddaashheed/ ‘ahadaséthod (’ahdndddaashheed), ‘atts’a-(@/yi or ni/ni)(108-110): to break O in two by flexing or bending (as a piece of wire). ’Atts’ashheed/atts’aathod (‘alts’andandashheed) or ’atts’anfshheed/‘atts ’anfthod (‘atts’Andadnfshheed). ‘atts’A-P-’nii-(@/@)(217): to start to flex (bend) P apart (as a piece of wire). ’Atts’abi’niishheed/ ‘alts abi’niithod. ‘atts’Ada-(@/si)(103): to break O into d.p. pieces by flexing, to break d.p. O into pieces by flexing. ’Atts’adaashheed/'alts ’adaséthod, P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to separate O from P by flexing or bending O (as a nail from a wall). Bits’an(shheed/bits’anithod (bits’Anddnfshheed), k’f-(ni/ni)(510): to flex or bend O in two, bend or flex O off (as a wire, tin lid). K’fnfshheed/ k’fnfthod (k’fndnfshheed:k’fndan(shheed), k’{-P-'nii-(@/@)(217); to start to flex (bend) P in two (as a piece of wire), start to break P off by bending (as a protruding nail), K’fbi’niishheed/ k’fbi’niithod.,

# P-ityah ‘iilyeed,

#t

# #

# #

#

P rides into an enclosure in

S (as into a garage in a car), P-it y66’ 'lilyeed, P rides away in S (and disappears (as a passenger in a car or ona bicycle), P-(ka ’andshwo’, to help P, be P’s helper (lit, to repeatedly run after P), P-ika ‘lishyeed, to go to P’s aid, go to help P (lit. to run after P), P-ne’’iishyeed, to run and get behind P (as behind a building). P-yaa ‘iishyeed, to run under P (as under a roof), Da'nitts’da’jigo ‘adaheeswod, they (3+) ran away (each in different directions, they

scattered running, each for itself (as . Ha’aa ’eelyeed, S runs away over the hill. Hooldzis géyaa P-it ‘iilyeed, P hits a chuckhole (while riding) in S (a fast moving vehicle), -g66 P-it ‘iilyeed, P rides away in S (car, bus) to (a designated destination), Nahjj’ (~ nahgd6) ‘lishyeed, to run to one side, out of the way, Nahjj’ P-it ‘iilyeed, S moves to one side in P (a vehicle, as a car), escaping antelope from a trap),

# #

# #

#

648

woD,

WOD,

# P-iih P-it ’alyeed,

# T’dd P-idin ’eelwod, P missed it (as in chidittsoii t’'4a shidin ’eelwod, | missed the school bus - lit. it ran away out of sight without me.) # Yah ’iishyeed, to go running into an enclosure (as into a building or hole). # Y66’ ’'iishyeed, to run away and disappear or get lost. # P-it y66’ ’iilyeed, P rides away in S and

(2)

person riding in an unspecified boat that

(4)

‘flyeed/’lwod (nd’flyeed:nda flyeed).

First Aid (lit. unspecified S helps P with First Aid). # Béeso bee P-ika ’e’elyeed, P receives welfare assistance (on an occasion)(lit. P is assisted by unspecified S with money), P receives a welfare grant in aid. # Béeso bee P-ika ’ana’dlwo’, P is on the welfare rolls, P is a welfare recipient (lit. unspecified S repeatedly runs after = helps P with money).

(5)

moving vehicle (as a car). # -déé’ P-it lyeed, P comes from (a designated location) by unspecified vehicle). # -di P-it lyeed, to get to --(a designated destination riding in an unspecified vehicle). (E.g. T’'éédaa’ Yootdodi shit ‘flwod, | got to Santa Fe last night, arrived in Santa Fe last night.) # -g66 P-it lyeed, P goes to (a designated destination) by (unspecified) fast-moving wheeled vehicle (as a car). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(378-176): to run down from a height (as downstairs, down a ladder, downhill), to descend rapidly (as in an elevator), to dismount, deplane, disembark, get out or off (from a vehicle, horse). ’Adaashyeed/

’adddlwod

(’adandshyeed:’adanddnashyeed).

SER.(Q/si): to get out or off one after another (as passengers from a bus or plane). ’Adahiil-

P receives assistance, gets

help (lit. unspecified S runs after = helps

2). # P-itnyd6d’ ’ana’dlyeed, P comes or goes back away by fast-moving vehicle (as a car). # P-it’adah ’e’elyeed, P rides down in unspecified S (as down a mountainside in a car or down in an elevator). # P-ityah ’e’elyeed, P rides into an enclosure in unspecified S (as into a garage or pasture in an unspecified car). # P-it y66’ ’e’elyeed, P rides away and disappears or gets lost in unspecified S (as a passenger riding in a car), P “takes off for parts unknown.”

(3)

sinks). ’a-(ni/ni)(471): unspecified S goes, comes, arrives (moving rapidly - as a train, bus, car).

# P-it lyeed, P arrives, goes, comes (asa passen-ger in a train or car). # P-it nd’lyeed, P comes or goes back by fast-

# ’Atsé choo’jjh bee P-it ’e’elyeed, P receives

# -g66 P-it’e’elyeed,

Pin S (asa

# P-it tatt?ddh ’alyeed, P goes to the bottom of the water, goes down, sinks (as a

disappears. ’a’a-(@/yi)(363): unspecified S runs or moves swiftly away out of sight (as a car, boat). ’E’elyeed/’o’oolwod (’ana’dlyeed:’anaa’alyeed). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-it’e’elyeed, P (a passenger) rides down from a height in an unspecified fast moving conveyance (as a car in which P comes down from a mountain).

# P-fka ’e’elyeed,

P rides into

passenger in an unspecified fast moving vehicle who rides into mud or snow.

(6)

yeed/’adahaalwod (’adandhiilyeed:’adandahiilyeed) (1st pers. pl.) (lb. bidaashyeed/ hadaashyeed). # P-it ’adaalyeed (~ bidaalyeed/hadaalyeed), P (a passenger) descends, comes or goes down in S (as in an elevator, car, bus) (‘adaalwod: Perf.) ’ada’a-(~ bida’a-/hada’a-)(377): something unspecified descends (as an elevator, car). ’‘Ada’alyeed/’ada’oolwod (’adana’dlyeed: ’adanda’dlyeed). (Ib. bida’alyeed ~ hada’alyeed.). # P-it’ada’alyeed,

(7)

P (a passenger) rides

away to --(a designated destination) in unspecified S (as in a car, bus). # Ha’aa P-it’e’elyeed, P rides over the hill and disappears (as in a car). # Hooldzis géyaa P-it ’e’elyeed, P hits a chuckhole while riding in unspecified S (as a passenger in a car that hits a chuckhole). # Nahjj’ P-it ‘e’elyeed, S moves to one side out of the way. ’a-(@/yi): unspecified S runs, goes running (completive). ’Alyeed/oolwod. # P-it p-k’ddh ’alyeed, P (a passenger ina

(8)

fast-moving vehicle) runs into p (as a tree).

649

P descends, comes

down

(as a passenger riding in an unspecified elevator or fast moving conveyance). ’adi-(@/si)(18): unspecified S starts to run or move swiftly, unspecified S is on the way going (in the Perf.). ’Adilyeed/’adeeswod (n’dilyeed: naa’dilyeed). # P-it’adilyeed, P (a passenger) starts to go (in unspecified S - as in a train, car, bus). # P-it A’dflyeed, P starts back (by car). # P-it h’'deeswod, P is on the way back (i.e. has started) - by car. # -g66 P-it ’adeeswod, P is going to go to, or is on the way to --(a designated place, as a passenger in a bus or train). ‘adini-(@/yi)(20): to run away out of sight and remain. ’Adinishyeed/’adineeshwod (’andinishyeed:’andddinishyeed).

WOD,

WOD4

(9)

(10)

# P-it 'ahééhélyeed, P (a passenger) rides around and around in circles on S (as on a motorcycle, or in a car). # Jddk’ehdi ‘ahééhéshyeed, to run a succes-

# Yah ‘adinishyeed, to run into an enclosure (as a building, hole) and stay, ‘adini-(@/yi)(20); unspecitied S runs and gets stuck (completive), ‘Adinilyeed/'adinoolwod (idi'nilyeod;naadi'nilyeed), ft P-it p-lih ‘adinilyeed (~ di’nilyeed), P gets stuck in p while riding in an unspecified fast moving vehicle (as a passenger in a car that runs into the mud and gets stuck), # Nahodits’o’ Pt ‘adinilyeed, P gets stuck ina

(15)

(16)

mud-hole in S (a6 @ passenger in a car), 'adii-(@/4)(29)(with prepounded dah, off): unspecified S starts off at a run, leaves, sets out (a6 a bus, train, car), Dah ’adiilyeed/dah

‘adiilwod (dah n'diilyeedidah naa'diilyeed), P-itdah 'adiilyeed, P (a passenger) starts off (as on a trip or journey) riding in unspecified S (a fast moving vehicle or

succession of laps around the race-

CONnVeyAance),

track, riding in or on unspecified S. (17) ‘ahi-(@/si)(67): to run away one after another. (V. ‘ilishyeed: #1 above.) ’Ahiilyeed/’aheelwod (‘anahiilyeed:'anfhiilyeed)(1st pers. pl). # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘ahiilyeed, to come running down from a height one after

P-ts'aa’ dah ‘adiilyeed, P is left behind (as a passenger who is left behind when a train of bus pulls out without him), P misses

S,

W P-itdah f'dillyeed, P starts off back (returning) (in a fast-moving vehicle), Wt Pei h'deeswod, P is on the way back (i.e, has started « by car), (11)

‘ahéna-(ni/nij(46);

another (as people down a staircase or ladder),

ft T’ad ’atkéé’ yah ‘ahiilyeed, to follow one another into an enclosure, go running in one behind the other (as horses into a

to run around in a circle, run

and complete a circuit, 'Ahénashyeed or ‘ahoonishyeed/‘ahéénishwod (‘ahén(naanashyeed) (ahénaAlyeed: 3rd pers, sgl), W Pit ‘ahéndlyeed, P (a passenger) rides

pasture or corral, or people into a

building). # Y66’’ahiilyeed, to run away and disappear or get lost one after another. (18) 'a’@-(Q/yi)(84); S runs into a hole (as a rabbit). 'A’alyeed/'a’Adlwod ('a’Andlyeed:’a’dAndanalyeed), (19) 'alk’ii-(/B)(93); to attack each other, fight. ‘Atk 'iilyeed/‘atk’iilwod (‘atk’indanéiilyeed) # P-it’atk’iishyeed, to fight with P. (20) ‘alnana-(~ ‘atnda-)(@/yi or ni/ni)(95-100): to run to (a location) and back. ‘Atndndashyeed/ ‘alnanadashwod or ‘atnddn(shyeed/’atndanishwod, # P-it’atndndlwo’, to run back and forth to and from a location, (E.g. T’Aa ’Akwifif ‘6lta’g66 'atndndashwo’, | run [go] back and forth to school every day.) # P-it ’atnandlyeed, P rides to a destination and back,. # -g66 'atndndshwo’, to go back and forth to -(a designated place) customarily. (E.g. T’Ad 'Akwi{jf 'd6lta’g66 ’atndndshwo’, | go back and forth to school every day.) (21) ‘alndd'a-(= 'atndnd-’a-)(Q@/yi)(98): unspecified S runs to a location and back, 'Atnda’dlyeed/ ‘ainda’oolwod (‘atndn(nda’dlyeed). P-it’atnda’dlyeed, P makes a trip by unspecified fast moving vehicle to a place and back,

around in 4 circle or completes a circuit

(12)

riding in S (as in @ car, on @ motorcycle), i P-k'oe'aa 'ahénashyeed, to detour around P (as 4 grave, puddle), i P-k'6o'aa pl 'ahéndlyeed, p rides around P (de-touring) on S, ‘ahéna’a-(ni/nij)(44); unspecified S runs ina cirole or completes a circuit (a6 a car, bicycle),

‘Ahona'alyeed

or

'ahéé'ilyeed/'ahéé'lwod

Cahona'alyeed),

(13)

Peit'ahénda’Alyood, P (a passenger in an unspecified car, boat, motorcycle) rides in a circle of Completes a circuit, I P-K'eo'aa pil ‘ahéna’alyeed, p rides around P, detouring, as a bicycle rider around a puddle, ‘ah6é-(@ 'ahénaé-)(ni/ni)(46); to run around in a circle, complete a circult at a run (a person,

animal, vehicle), ‘Ahéénishyeed/‘ahéénishwod (‘ahénindaanishyeed), (Ib, 'ahénashyeed: tt 11 above,),

I Pit 'ahénalyeed, P rides around in a circle in or on S (a Car, boat, motorcycle), P

completes a circuit riding in S, (14)

sion of laps around the racetrack. 'ahéé’a-(= 'ahéna’a-)(ni/ni)(50): unspecified S runs around in a circle, completes a circuit. ’Ahéé'flyeed or ’ahéna’dlyeed/’ahéé’flwod. # P-it ’ahéé’flyeed, P rides in a circle or completes a circuit riding in unspecified S (as in a car). ‘ahéé’li-(= 'ahénda’ahi-)(@/si)(51):; unspecified S runs around and around in circles (as a car, motorcycle), ’'Ahéé’lilyeed/’ahéé’iishwod. # P-it’ahéé'lilyeed, P rides around and around in circles (in or on unspecified S), P makes a succession of laps riding in or ons. #t Jddk’ehdi P-it ’ahéé’iilyeed, P makes a

‘ahodhie(@ ‘ahénahi-)(@/si)(48); to run around and around in circles (as a runner around a racetrack), ‘Ahéohéshyeed/‘ahééhéshwod,

650

WOD,

WOD,

# P-it 'atndd’dalwo’,

(22)

P customarily goes back

# Y66' 'andhdshyeed,

(23)

(24)

(25)

P-k’ina-(~ P-k’i na-)(Q@/yi)(208); to dismount quickly from P, jump or get down off P (as offa horse, bicycle, rooftop). Bik'inaashyeed/ bik'inaashwod (bik'inindshyeed:bik'ininaanashyeed), (33) P-k'ii-(@/O)(210): to assault P, attack P, jump on

to run away one time

P. Bik'‘iishyeed/bik'iishwod

(bik'indandish-

yoed), (34) P-nd-(O/si)(230); to run around P(as a tree). Bindshyeed/binisiswod (binindshyeed:bininaanashyeed). # P-itp-ndlyeed, P rides around pinS (asa

car passenger who rides around a (35)

pasture), P-na'a-(Q/si)(227):

unspecified S goes swiftly

around P, Bind'délyeed/bina'aswod (binina’alyeed:bininaa’alyeed), # P-it p-ind’Alyeed, P rides around p in an unspecified fast moving vehicle). (36) P-nika-(ni/ni)(236-766); to go running through P (as a person or animal through a hole or gateway), S goes through P (as a bullet or arrow). Binfkanishyeed/binkkanishwod (binfkandanishyeed:binkandanishyeed),.

P-gha-(ni/ni)(192); to run through O (as through a smoke cloud); S goes through P (a bullet or arrow as through a board), Bighanishyeed/ bighdnishwod (bighananishyeed:bighanaa(bighanda-

# p-it P-ghdlyeed, p rides through P in S (as through a fog bank in a car). P-(-(ni/ni)(241) : to overtake or catch up with P

(37)

(running), run and catch up with P.

P-('a-(ni/ni)(214): unspecified S overtakes P, Bi'flyeed/bi'lwod (bina'flyeed:binaa'flyeed), # P-itp-(fyeed, P overtakes p riding in an

(38)

unspecified fast moving vehicle. (E.g. Shit n(flwod,

(V. P-

(32)

Binfshyeed/binishwod (binanishyeed: b(naddan{shyeed), # P-it p-élyeed, P overtakes p riding inS (asa person riding in a car that overtakes another vehicle). (E.g, Chidi shit nélwod, | overtook you in the car.)

(27)

P-k'i'li-(@/O)(207): P comes under attack, P is assaulted (lit. unspecified S attacks P).

Bik ‘Viillyeed/bik'i'iilwod (bik'inaa’iilyeed). k‘iishyeed: #33 below.)

after another (as a schoolchild), P-aa'dii-(O/O)(149): unspecified S passes up P (as a car or bicycle that passes up another vehicle). Baa'diilyeed/baa'diilwod (baa nda’diilyeed), # P-it p-aa’diilyeed, P passes up p while riding as a passenger in a fast moving vehicle, P-dii-(0/O)(184): to run and join P. Bidiishyeed/ bidiishwod,

nishyeed); bighdlyeed/bighdlwod nalyeed),

(26)

(31)

and forth riding in unspecified S. (E.g. T'da ‘Akwil jf dlta’gd6 shit ‘atnaa'alwo’, 1 go back and forth to school every day (riding as a passenger in or on a fast moving vehicle, as a car, bicycle),(I commute by (car, bus), ‘anahi-(O-Ilmp.)(112): to run back away out of sight one time after another, ‘Anahashyeed.,

| overtook you.)

(28) P-(dee-(@/yi)(807):; to brush against P while running, sideswipe P (as a car). Bideeshyeed/ bidééshwod (b{nddeeshyeed; bindadeeshyeed),

(39)

# P-it p-(deelyeed,

P brushes against p while riding in S. (E.g. Shichidf chidftsoli shit y(déélwod, my car sideswiped the schoolbus.) # 'Ahideelyeed, S sideswipe each other (as two cars), (29) P-fi-(O/@)(266-268); to run up P (as up a tree or ladder); S gets on P (as a bug or spider ona person). Bfishyeed/biishwod (binéishyeed: b(nddnéishyeed); ylilyeed/yfilwod (yinéilyeed: y(nddnéilyeed)(3rd pers.sgl). (E.g. Na’ashjé'li shfilwod, a spider got on me.) (30) P-k'f-(ni/ni)(209): to come upon P, find P, discover P while running (as a dog that comes upon a bone). Bik'infshyeed/bik'infishwod (bik '(nddn(shyeed) yik’élyeed/yik'élwod; 3rd pers. sgl).

(40)

(41)

(42)

651

P-niitt'a-(@/si)(242):

to come to a barrier while running (as a runner who finds his way blocked by a swollen stream). Biniitt'aashyeed/ biniitt'asiswod (biniitt'andshyeed:biniitt’andanashyeed), # P-it biniitt'aalyeed, P comes to a barrier while riding in S (as a person in a car whose way is blocked by a swollen stream), P-niitt'a’a-(@/si)(242); unspecified S comes to a barrier, Biniitt'a’alyeed/biniitt’a’aswod (biniitt'and’Alyeed: biniitt'anda’dlyeed), # P-it biniitt'a’alyeed, P comes to a barrier while riding in an unspecified vehicle). P-tadii-(@/O)(246): to miss P, run past P without seeing it (as past an address or thing). Bitddiishyeed/bitddiishwod (bitandiishyeed: bitandaddiishyeed). # P-it p-tadiilyeed, P rides past p in S without seeing p (as a passenger in a car). P-ta'dii-(@/O)(246): unspecified S goes by P, misses P, Bita’diilyeed/bita'diilwod (bitan'diilyeed:bitanaa'diilyeed). # P-it p-ta'diilyeed, P rides past p without seeing p (in an unspecified fast moving vehicle). P-ts'4-(ni/ni)(256): to separate from P running, run away from or leave P. Bits’Anishyeed/ bits’dnfshwod (bits’4ndnishyeed:bits’4nddnishyeed), ch'f-(ni/ni)(278): to run out horizontally (as from a building). Ch'fnishyeed/ch'infshwod (ch'(ndnfshyeed: ch'(nddnishyeed). SER.

WOD,

WOD;

(@/si): to run out one after another. Ch’idahiilyeed/ch ‘idaheelwod. # P-itch’élyeed, P rides or drives out in S (as a person in acar from the garage).

(46) da’ak’e-(O/yi)(302): to run into the field, get or sneak into the field. Da’ak’eeshyeed/ da’ak’eeshwod (da’ak’endshyeed:da’dk’enadnashyeed). (47) dadadii-(O/O)(305)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): to run off and leave P (as one’s possessions, another person). Baa daddiishyeed/baa ddaddiishwod (baa daninaddiishyeed). (48) di-(O/si)(319-339): to start to run along, to be on the way running (in the Perf.). Dishyeed/ déshwod (ndishyeed:ndddishyeed).

# P-itch’infshyeed, to carry P out of bounds (as a football), go out of bounds with P.

# P-fighah ch’infshyeed,

to pass P up running.

# P-fighah p-it ch’élyeed,

p passes up P while

riding in S (as a person in a car that passes up another car).

# P-fighahgd6 ch’infshyeed,

to go running past

P (a stationary object, as a building or tree).

# ‘Adah dishyeed,

# P-fighahg66 p-it ch’élyeed,

p rides past P in

S (as a person ina car past a house).

# P-k’i ch’élyeed, S runs over P (as acar that runs over a dog). # P-k’i p-itch’élyeed, p runs over P while riding in S (a personina car that runs over P - as over a dog). # P-yaach’inishyeed, to run out of P (as out of money - by spending it all). # T’da P-(itsé ch’élyeed, P misses S (a train, bus, plane (lit. it runs out before P). (43) ch’i-(G/yi)(278): to go running horizontally outward (completive). Ch’éshyeed/ch’ééshwod. SER.(@/si) (285): to go running one after another. Ch’idahiilyeed/ch idaheelwod. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshyeed, to go running over the edge (as over a canyon’s edge). # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-it ch’élyeed,

(required traditionally to harden young people). (49) dini-(@/yi)(323): to run and get stuck (completive) (as a car in the mud or snow). Dinilyeed/dinoolwod: (ndinilyeed:nddadinilyeed), # P-iih dinilyeed,

S runs into P and gets stuck

(as a carin the mud). # P-iih p-itdinilyeed, p rides into P in S and gets stuck (as a passenger in a car that

runs into the mud and gets stuck). (50) di’ni-(~ ’adini-)(@/yi)(318): unspecified S runs and gets stuck (as a car in the mud).

Di’nilyeed/di’noolwod (ndi’nilyeed:ndadi’nilyeed). (Ib. #9.) # P-iih p-itdi’nilyeed, p gets stuck in P while riding in or driving an unspecified fast moving vehicle, as a car).(E.g. Hashttish biih shit di’noolwod, | got stuck in the mud - in a car.) (51) dii-(@/O)(348)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): to run past, beat or win over P. Baa diishyeed/baa diishwod (baa ndddiishyeed). # ’Aa diishyeed, to win a race or election )(lit. to pass up unspecified P = /’/.) # P-aadiishyeed, to outrun P, beat P in arace or election. # Joot daataligif bit ’aa diishyeed, to make a touchdown in football. (52) dii-(@/@)(342-348)(with prepounded dah, up, off): to start off running, set out at a run, leave or depart running, jump up. Dah diishyeed/ dah diishwod (dah ndiishyeed: dah ndddiishyeed). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dah diishyeed, to leap down, jump down from a height. Pkaddéé’ ’adah dah diishwod, | jumped down off of P (as off a tabletop, train, boulder), | jumped out of P (as out of a truck or wagon). # P-ch’j’ dah diishyeed, to charge P, spring at Pe # P-ch’j’ dah diilyeed, S springs at P, attacks P (as a dog), strikes at P (as a snake). # P-itdah diilyeed, P starts offin S (asina car).

P goes

over the edge while riding in S (as a personin a car).

# Béeso biyaa ch’inishyeed, to squander money, waste money, spend money foolishly.

# T166’gd6 ch’inishwod,

to start down, starta

running descent. # P-itdilyeed, to start to ride along in P (asa passenger in acar). # Daghd dishyeed, to take arun, make arun

to go running out the

door. (44) ch’fa-(ni/ni)(277): unspecified S moves swiftly out horizontally. Ch’é’élyeed/ch i’lwod (ch ina’dlyeed:ch’inda’dlyeed).

# P-itch’é’élyeed, P rides or drives out (as from a garage or pasture in an unspecified fast moving vehicle). # P-fighah p-itch’é’élyeed, p passes up P while riding in an unspecified fast moving vehicle (as another car). # P-fighahgd66 p-it ch’é’élyeed, p rides past P (as past a building - in an unspecified

fast moving vehicle). # P-k’i p-itch’é’élyeed, p runs over Pinan unspecified fast moving vehicle - as over a dog while riding in or driving a car). (45) ch’i'a-(O/yi)(278): unspecified S goes running outward horizontally (completive).

Ch’é’élyeed/ch'foolwod (ch’inda’dlyeed). # P-it’adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’é’élyeed, P goes over the edge (as over a canyon’s edge) while riding in an unspecified fast moving vehicle).

652

WwoD4

woD,

(56) ha-(@ or si/si)(428-436): to go running up , climb up at arun. Haashyeed or hashishyeed/ hasiswod (handshyeed:handdnashyeed), # P-aah hashishyeed or haashyeed, to climb quickly up P (as up a ladder), go running up P (as a hill, staircase). # P-itp-aah haalyeed, P climbs up pinS (asa car up a mountainside). # P-ithaalyeed, P goes up, ascends in S (asa person in a car or elevator). # P-ithaashyeed, to come up with it (a weapon). # P-itw6’aa haalyeed, P goes off the road or into the ditch in S (as a passenger in or driver of a car that is going too fast to stay on the road as it rounds a curve). # P-k’i haalyeed, S runs over P (as a car over

# P-itdah ndiilyeed, P starts off back in S (a fast-moving vehicle). # P-tis dah diishyeed, to jump over P (as over a log, over the fire). # P-ts’4a’ dah diilyeed, P misses S, P is left behind by S (as by a bus P misses). # Tayi’ géne’ dah diishyeed, to jump into the water. (53) dzidza-(@/y i) (359): to go running into the fire. Dzfdzaashyeed/dzidzaashwod. (54) ha-(@/yi)(428-436): to run up out (from an enclosed space), start to run (a racer). Haashyeed/haashwod (handshyeed:handandshyeed). SER.(@/si). Hadahiilyeed/hadahaalwod. (1st pers. pl). # P-ithaalyeed, P gets (rides) outin S (asa person in a car who gets out of the sand), P starts in S (as a racer in a car). # P-itp-aah haalyeed, P climbs up p in S (car - up a mountainside). # P-flak’ee haashyeed, to get away from P, escape from P, run away from P (as one’s prisoner, horse or dog)(lit. to run out of P’s hand). # P-ii’déé’ haashyeed, to get (run) out of P (mud, box). # P-k’ee’aa p-it haalyeed, p detours around P in S (as around a mudhole in a car). # P-yaa haashyeed, to run out from under P (a person from beneath a falling object), a rabbit that one startles, to be left behind by a departing bus or train, to fall off a moving sled or tobaggan (that lit. “runs out from under P”) . # Nahjj’ P-ithaalyeed, P swerves to one side in S (as the driver of a car, to avoid a collision). # Shf’dttsé haashyeed, | get a head start (lit. |

a dog). # P-k’i p-ithaalyeed, p runs over P while riding in or driving S (as a car). # Niinahdéé’ haashyeed or hashishyeed, to run upstairs, run up a hill. # Niinahdéé’ P-it haalyeed, to ride uphill in S (as in a car). # W6’aa haashyeed, to run off course, run out of bounds (as a football player). (57) ha’a-(@/si)(402): unspecified S climbs up, ascends (as a car up a hill, an elevator). Ha’alyeed/ha’aswod (hana’dlyeed:handa’alyeed), # P-itha’alyeed, P goes up, ascends (a person in an elevator or in an unspecified car). # P-it p-aah ha’alyeed, P climbs up pin unspecified S. # P-itw6’aa ha’alyeed, P goes off the road into a ditch (in a car). # P-k’iha’alyeed, p runs over P (in acar).

# Niinahdéé’ P-it ha’alyeed, P rides uphill (ina

start running first).

car). (58) ha-(si-Perf.)(416): to have gone after (something, to get it) ata run, to have run after (something) and returned, making a round trip. Hasiswod. # P-ithaaswod, P has gone after (something) in S (a fast moving vehicle) and returned, making a round trip. (59) ha’a-(si-Perf.)(409): unspecified S has gone swiftly after (something, to get it) and returned

(55) ha’a-(@/yi)(402): unspecified S runs up out, starts to run. Ha’alyeed/ha’oolwod (hana’alyeed:hanaa’dlyeed). # P-itha’alyeed, P gets (rides) out (as out of sand or mud). # P-it p-aah haalyeed, P climbs up p in unspecified S. # P-itw6’aa ha’alyeed, P goes off the road into a ditch (in a car). # P-k’ee’aa p-itha’alyeed, p detours around P (as a passenger in or driver of an unspecified fast-moving vehicle who detours around a mud-hole). # P-k’i p-itha’alyeed, p runs over P (in a car). # P-yaa ha’alyeed, P is left behind by unspecified S (as a train, bus), # Nahjj’ P-itha’alyeed, P swerves to one side (in unspecified S - as ina car, to avoid a collision). # Niinahdéé’ P-it ha’alyeed, P rides uphill (in a

to the starting point, making a round trip.

Ha’aswod, P has gone after (something)(a passenger or driver making a round trip.in an unspecified fast moving vehicle). (60) ha-(ni/ni)(411-414): to go or come for (something, to get it) ata run, run after (something). Hdnishyeed/hdnishwod (handnishyeed: handanishyeed). # P-ithdlyeed, P comes or goes after (something) in S (as in a car). # P-itha’aswod,

car). # W06’aa P-it ha’alyeed, P goes into the ditch or off the road in unspecified S (as ina car that misses a curve).

653

WOD4

WOD4 (61)

# P-ithda’atndd’dlyeed, P goes to a location and back after (something - as a passenger or driver in a fast moving

ha’a-(ni/ni)(406);

unspecified S goes, comes, arrives after (something, to get it). Ha’flyeed/ ha’ilwod (hana’fyeed:handaa'flyeed), # P-itha’lyeed,

vehicle)(as to the postoffice after the mail).

P goes, comes, arrives after

(something) in S (a fast moving vehicle, P drives after (something). (E.g. T6 shit ha’flwod, I’ve come for water.) (62) ha’a’a-(@/yi)(405): unspecified S moves swiftly away out of sight after (something, to get it). Ha’e’elyeed/ha’o’oolwod (ha’anda’alyeed). (Cf. #2 above.) # P-itha’e’elyeed, P goes away after (something) (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle). (E.g. T6 bit ha’e’elyeed, he has gone or driven away after water.) (63) hadi-(@/si)(382-384): to start after (something, to get it). Hadfshyeed/hadéshwod (hdadishyeed:handaddishyeed). # P-ithddflyeed, P starts after (something) in S (as in a car). (64) ha’di-(@/si)(404): unspecified S starts to go along after (something, to get it). Ha’dilyeed/ ha’deeswod (hana’dilyeed:handa’dilyeed). # P-itha’dflyeed, P starts after (something) (as

# P-ithdd’atnda’dlwo’, P goes back and forth after (something) customarily (in an unspecified fast moving vehicle)(as to the postoffice after the mail every day). (70 = ha’ii-(= ha’a-)(@/yi)(407): to go away ata run after (something, to get it). Ha’iishyeed/ ha’eeshwod (hana’iishyeed:hanaa'iishyeed). # P-itha’iilyeed, P goes or drives away after (something, to getit)inS (asa passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle). (71) hdo-(@/si)(567): to keep on going (running). Haoshyeed/héisiswod (conjugated like ndoshtadd: hdndoshwo’[R], héideeshwol{F], hdoshyeed[O]). (E.g. Yah ’ana’niftkaad d66 ndaa’g66 t’da héisiswod,

a passenger or driver in an unspecified

(65)

(66)

vehicle). hadin{-(@/si)(384): to run too far, to keep on running after one has passed the point where one should have stopped. Hadinfshyeed/ hadinéshwod (handddin{fshyeed), hadii-(@/O)(388); to go running from one end to the other, to run the entire length (as the full length of a hallway or field). Hadiishyeed/

hadiishwod (haddiishyeed:handddiishyeed) (hadi-thematic: complete, entire).

(67)

# P-ithadiilyeed, P rides from one end to the other in S (as a passenger or driver ina Car). ha’dii-(O/@)(388): unspecified S runs from one end to the other, all the way. Ha’diilyeed/

ha’diillwod (haa’diilyeed:handa’diilyeed). (hadithematic: complete, all the way from end to end.) # P-itha’diilyeed,

(68

—

| drove the sheep

back in and went right on to the War Dance.) (72 — kfi-(0/@)(497): to run up an incline, run upstairs. Kfishyeed/kfishwod (kinéishyeed:kindanéishyeed), # P-aah kfishyeed, to run up P (as up a hill). # P-it kfilyeed, P rides up an incline (hill) in S (a car). (73) k’f-(@/si)(505):; to keep right on running, to continue running. K’éshyeed/k’fsfswod. # P-itk’élyeed, P keeps right on going in S (as a passenger in a car from which a wheel flies off, but the car keeps right on going nonetheless), (74) na-(@/yi)(600):; to jump down, get down off. Naashyeed/ naashwod (nindshyeed:ninaanashyeed). # P-k’i naashyeed, to jump down off of P, dismount from P (as from a horse or fence). (75) naana-(@/si)(585-587): to turn around or make a turn running. Naandshyeed/naanisiswod. # Bizadndghahjigo P-it naanalyeed, P turns the corner in S (asin acar, ona

P rides all the way, the

motorcycle), # P-itnaandlyeed, P turns around or makes a turn in S (a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle). # Nish’ndajigo P-it naandlyeed, P makes a right turnin S (as in a car), # Nishttajigo P-it naandlyeed, P makes a left turn in S (as ina car). (76) naana’a-(@/si)(584): unspecified S turns around or makes a turn while moving rapidly. Naana’alyeed/ naana’dswod (naaninaa’alyeed), # Bizandghahjigo P-it naana’dlyeed, P turns the corner in an unspecified fast moving vehicle. # P-itnaanda’dalyeed, P turns around or makes a turn (in an unspecified fast moving vehicle).

entire length (as a passenger in an unspecified fast-moving vehicle). ha’atnana-(@/yi)(95): to run to a location after (something, to get it) and back. Ha’atnandshyeed/ha’atnandadshwod., # P-itha’atndnadlyeed, P goes after (something) in S (as in a car) and returns, # P-itha’atndndlwo’, P goes back and forth after (something, to get it) customarily in S (as every day ina car to the post-

office after the mail). (69) ha’atnda’a-(= ha’atndna’a-)(@/yi)(402): unspecified S goes swiftly to a location and back after (something, to get it). Hda’atndd’dlyeed/ ha’atnaa’oolwod (ha’atndn(nda’dlyeed).

654

WOD,

WOD, # Nish’ndajigo P-itnaand’aélyeed, P makes a right turn in an unspecified vehicle. # Nishtt’ajigo P-it naanda’dlyeed, P makes a left turn in an unspecified vehicle. (77) fdi-(O-lmp.-lter.)(615): to pace back and forth at arun. Nd{shwo’. (Iterative corresponding to dishyeed: #48.) # P-k’ijj’ hd(shwo’, to take an opposite stand on P (an issue), protest F (as the closing of a school).

# Ch’é6h P-k’ijj’ hdishwo’, to protest P in vain. (78) ndf’nfi-(@/@)(607): unspecified S (a car or other fast moving vehicle) just gets well under way, just gets a good start (going somewhere - when

something happens). #P-it ndi’nfilyeed,

Ndf’nfilyeed/nd/nfilwod.

P (the passenger) just gets

well under way in unspecified S (when something happens). (E.g. shit

ndi’nfilwodgo ‘akee’ deesdgoh, | had just gotten a good start when a tire blew out). (79) fdii-(@/O)(616-619): to leap up, start to run, race. Ndiishyeed/fdiishwod (nindddiishyeed). # ’Atah ndiishyeed, to take part (with others) in a race, to be a candidate for office. # ’Azis bee ’atah ndiishyeed, to take partina sack race. # Biniiyé ndiishyeed, to run forit, bea candidate for it. (E.g. béésh baah dah naaz’anf biniiyé ndiishyeed,

I’m running

for Council Delegate.) # P-ddtis dah diishyeed, to jump over P. # P-ch’j’ hdiishyeed,

to go for P, take after P,

attack P (as a dog that takes after a person or a person who attacks

someone)(lit. to leap toward P). # P-it hdiishyeed, to grab P and run (E.g. bee

bithdiishwod, ’aa nditfh{ #

# #

#

| grabbed the

keys and ran.) P-k66’ dah ndiishyeed, to start after P, start to follow P. P-k’ijj’ Adiishyeed, to protest P. P-k’ijj’ dah ndiishyeed, to jump over P (as a trapped antelope that leaps over a person who stands in its way. Chidf P-it ’atah ndiilyeed, P races a car, P enters (and drives) a car in a race.

# tf P-it ’atah fidiilyeed,

P races a horse, P

enters (and rides) a horse in a race. # Tsin bdéatis ndiishyeed, to jump a hurdle. # Tsinaa’eet P-it ’atah ndiishyeed, P enters (and drives or paddles) a boatin a race. (80) (ni/ni)(566-663-763): to go, come, arrive running or moving swiftly. Nishyeed/nishwod (nanfshyeed:ndan(shyeed). # P-aa nishyeed,

to go running to P (as a child

to its mother).

# P-aa ndn(shyeed, to come running back to Pa # P-aa yflyeed, P receives S (as P’s mail). # P-ddah nishyeed,

father).

to run to meet P (as one’s

# P-itylyeed, P goes, comes, arrives inS (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle). # P-it ndlyeed, P goes or comes back, returns in S (a fast-moving vehicle, as a car). # -di nishyeed, to get to -- (a designated place) running. # -di P-it yfyeed, P arrives in (at) (a designated location) in S (a car or other fast-moving wheeled vehicle). # -g66 nishyeed, to go running to --(a designated place). # -g66 P-it yflyeed, P goes to (a designated destination) in S (a car or other fastmoving wheeled vehicle). (81) ni-(ni/ni)(648-669): to run as far as a stopping point, to stop running, to run up to (a point). Ninishyeed/ninishwod (ninanfshyeed: nindanfshyeed). # -jj’ ninishyeed, to run as far as --(a designated point - as to a tree). # -jj’ P-it niilyeed, P rides as far as --(a designated point) in S (as in a car). # T’44 ’ain(’{j’ ninishyeed, to run half way (to a designated point - as half way to the top of a hill). # Tsé6’naa (~ha’naa) ninishyeed, to go running across. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it niilyeed, P rides across in S (as a passenger in a car or wagon, crossing a stream). (82) ni’a-(ni/ni)(639): unspecified S runs as farasa stopping point. Ni’lyeed/ni’lwod (nina’flyeed: ninda’flyeed). # -jj’ P-itnilyeed, P rides as far as -- (a designated stopping point) in

unspecified S (a fast moving vehicle, as a car).

# Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) P-it ni’flyeed, P rides

across (as a passenger or driver in an

unspecified fast moving vehicle). # T’dd ‘ain({j’ P-it ni'lyeed, P rides half way to (a designated place) (as a passenger or driver in an unspecified vehicle). (83) niki-(ni/ni)(636): to start to run home. Nikinishyeed/nikinishwod (nikéénishyeed). (84) nikidii-(O/@)(635): to start to run (as a small child who reaches the running stage in development), start to run around (with members of the opposite sex). Nikidiishyeed/nikidiishwod. # P-ts’da’ nikidiishyeed, to start to run around on P (i.e. with members of the opposite sex to the detriment of P - P = S’s spouse), to “two-time” or cheat on P

(one’s spouse). (85) nindhi-(O-Imp.-lter.)(644): S repeatedly come one after another at a run or swiftly (as items in the mail). Nindhdlyeed.

# -gi P-naaltsoos nindhdlyeed,

P’s mailing

address is --(a designated place), P gets (his) mail at --(a designated place).

WOD4

WOD,

(86)

# P-it tsistt’a’alyeed,

P rides or drives into a blind alley, gets cornered (as a

# Naaltsoos P-aa ninadhdlyeed, P (repeatedly) gets mail (lit. letters repeatedly go running to P). nii-(O/O)(with prepounded ’ahdadh, together,

passenger or driver in an unspecified vehicle).

doubled): to stumble over one’s own feet running, step in a hole (hooldzis) in the dark. ’‘Ahadh niishyeed/’ahdadh niishwod. (87) n’dii-(O/@)(674): to break loose and run away, break loose and escape (as a chained prisoner ora tethered animal). N’diishyeed/n’diishwod (nina’diishyeed:ninda’diishyeed). (88) n’dii-(O/O): unspecified S starts to run, leaps or springs up. N’diilyeed/n'diilwod (ninda’diilyeed). # P-ch’j’ p-it n’diilyeed, p takes off rapidly toward P (in an unspecified fast moving vehicle). (E.g. Sildo ’atiin yaa ’ahalyan/ shich’’ bit n’diilwod, a traffic cop took after me.) # P-it n’diilyeed, P takes off rapidly (asa

(95) w6’a-(O/yi)(745): to run out of bounds, over an edge or into a ditch, run and get off course; S (as a car, train) goes into the ditch, derails. W6’aashyeed/w6’aashwod (w6’andshyeed: w6’anddnashyeed). # P-it w6’aalyeed, P goes into the ditch, runs off the road, gets derailed (as a

passenger or driver in a car, train). (96) w6’a’a-(O/yi)(744): unspecified S runs off the road, over an edge or into the ditch (as a car), derails (as a train), goes off the runway (a plane). W6’a’alyeed/ w6’a’oolwod (wéd’ana’dalyeed:w6’anda’dlyeed). # P-itw6’a’alyeed, P goes into the ditch, gets derailed, goes off the runway (as a passenger or driver in an unspecified car, train, plane). (97) (G/yi)(763-792-793): to run, go swiftly (completive). Yishyeed/yishwod (ndshyeed:naanashyeed); yilyeed/yilwod (ndlyeed:ndandalyeed)(3rd pers. sgl). # ’AtsiniltPish P-iih yilyeed, P gets an electric shock (lit. electricity goes running into P). # P-aatiih yishyeed, to tackle P, attack P, undertake P (as a problem, task, project, enemy or adversary). # P-itnii’oh yishyeed, to run away out of view with P, make off with P (as a stolen

passenger or driver in an unspecified

(89)

fast moving vehicle). n’dii-(@/@)(with prepounded dah, off): unspecified S starts off or sets out back (on the return trip) (Reversionary corresponding to dah ’adiilyeed:. #10 above.). Dah n’diilyeed/dah n’diilwod: Perf.) # P-itdah n’diilyeed, P starts off on the return trip (in an unspecified fast moving vehicle).

(90)

(91

(92

~~

~~

tadi-(@/yi)(699-697) : to run around here and there, to and fro, wander around atarun (a person, animal). Tadishyeed/tadeeshwod (tandddishyeed). # P-it tadiflyeed, P rides around here and there in S, P goes wandering around in S (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle). ta’di-(@/y i)(700): unspecified S runs around here and there, wanders about. Ta’dilyeed/ ta’doolwod (tanda’dilyeed). # P-itta’dfyeed, P rides around here and

melon).

# P-it tatt?adh yilyeed,

P goes down in S, to

sink to the bottom in S (as a passenger ina ship that sinks).

# P-ityik’adh yilyeed, S runs into it with P (car passenger hits a tree). # P-iih yishyeed, to run into P (as into sand, snow, mud), to board P (as a bus, train, plane).

there (as a passenger in an unspecified

# ’Eé’ bilh yishyeed, to get (quickly) into one’s

fast moving vehicle),

clothing. # Nii’oh yishyeed, to run away out of view, run away and hide. # Tatt'adh yishyeed, to dive or plummet to the

tao-(= ta-yi-)(@/si)(703):

to scatter or disperse at

a run (as children leaving school, each going his own way). Taoolyeed/taisiilwod (1st person pl).

bottom of the water, sink to the bottom. # Taah yishyeed, to run into the water, go running to the waterhole.

(93 ~~ tsistt’a-(@/si)(739-740): to run into a blind canyon, get cornered running, run into a cul-desac. TsistPaashyeed/tsistl’asiswod (tsistPanddndshyeed). SER. (@/si). Tsistt’adahiilyeed/tsist?adahaalwod. # P-it tsisttaalyeed, P gets cornered in S (asa passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle who drives or rides into a blind alley). (94) tsfstt’a’a-(@/si)(739): unspecified S runs into a blind canyon or cul-de-sac, gets cornered. Tsistt’a’alyeed/ tsistt’a’aswod (tsistl’anda’Alyeed),

(98)

(O-lmp.-Usit.)(with prepounded dah, up, off): to crave, desire, have a penchant for (something,

as cigarets, alcohol, drugs, baseball). Dah yishwo’.

# P-ch’j’ dah yishwo’, to have a desire or penchant for P, crave P (lit. to repeatedly start to run toward P). (99) yisda-(O/yi)(774): to escape by running, run to safety, run for shelter (as from a storm), run away from danger. Yisdashyeed/yisddashwod (yisdandshyeed:yisdanddndshyeed).

656

WODy,

WOD,

# Génaa P-it yilwot, to be riding across inS (as a car across a field), # K’aa’' yilwot, an arrow is flying along, (E.g. k'aa’ shikaa'’gd6 yilwotgo diséts’aa’, | heard an arrow whiz by overhead.

# P-it yisddlyeed, P escapes in S (as a passenger or driver in a car). (100) yisda’a-(@/yi) (772): unspecified S runs from danger, escapes, reaches safety. Yisda’dlyeed/yisda’oolwod (yisdana’alyeed:yisdanaa’dlyeed). # P-it yisda’dlyeed, P escapes (as a

# Nddshwot,

passenger in an unspecified fast moving vehicle).

IV. t-L-(tt): P-dii-(@/O)(with prepounded dah, off): to start P (a motor, business, store). Dah bidiishyeed/ dah bidiitwod (dah bindddiishyeed) (bindiish-

(1)

wo’: Iterative, bidideeshwot:

(2)

Future, bidoosh-

yeed: Optative). ha-P-(@/yi)(373): to run O up out (as a horse up out of a canyon). Habiishyeed/habiitwod (hanaabiishyeed).

(2)

to be returning at a run, be

running along back, # 'Olta’ (naalyéhé ba hooghan) doo 'Ak6t'66g66 yilwot da, the school (store) isn't running right. # 1'66 P-yaa yishwot, to have designs on P (lit. to be running along beneath P- asa cat under a saucer of milk). # Tsin bdatis yishwot, to jump hurdles (lit, to be running along jumping over wood). 'a-(yi)(682): unspecified S is running along, moving along swiftly, ‘Oolwot (nda’oolwot: naa'oolwol). # P-it ’oolwot, P is riding or driving along (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle), # P-it nd'oolwot, P is riding or driving along back, P is returning (in a fast moving

B. CONTINUATIVE

vehicle), # P-k66' yishwot,

to be running along behind P, following P (at a run), # Génaa P-it 'oolwot, to be riding across (as in a car across a field). # ta’ 'oolwot (Ib. ta’ ‘ajoolwot), someone is coming.

1. L-(ti): na-(si-Perf. only)(655): to run to a location and back to the starting point, make a round trip at arun. (The Continuative occurs only in the Perfective with WOD. The Continuative

(1)

Imperfective is supplied suppletively by Teliax

Nisiswod (ninddsiswod). P has made around tripinS (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle). na’a-(si-Perf.): unspecified S makes a round trip running or moving fast. Na’aswod (ninda’aswod). # P-itna’aswod, P has made a round trip (riding or driving in an unspecified fast B[I]1: ndzisht’i.)

# P-itnaaswod,

(2)

moving vehicle, as a car, motorcycle).

C. CURSIVE 1. L-(ti): (1)

(yi)(763-792): to be running along (a person, animal, fast moving vehicle), to be flying along (as an arrow or bullet), to be running (an institution or business - a calque from English). Yishwot/de(nfilyeed (= d.p. S viewed as each running along separately) (ndashwot: ndandashwot) . # P-it yilwot, P is riding along in or driving along in P (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle).

# P-it nddlwot, P is riding along back in S (a fast-moving vehicle as a car). # Gdnaa yishwot, to be running across, (E.g. da’dk’eh génaa yilwot, he’s running across the field.)

to be running around P (as around a tree or hogan), S revolves around P (as a wheel on its axle). Bindashwof, yinaalwot (3rd pers.sg)). (4) ha-(yi) (428-435); to be running along after (something, to get it), Hadshwot (handashwothandadanaashwol), it P-it hddlwot, P is riding or driving along after (something) in S (a fast moving vehicle), unspecified S is running along 409): hd’a-(yi)( ) o1 — after (something, to get it), Ha’oolwol (hdna’oolwothanaa’oolwol).

(3)

P-na-(yi)(231);

# P-it hda’oolwot, P is riding or driving along

after (something)(as a passenger or driver in an unspecified fast moving vehicle). S is whirling around (as a fan), —ep)) na-(yi)(582): Naalwot. (7) naand-(yi)(587-589): to be running around to and fro, here and there, in circles, Naandadashwot (naan(ndandashwoh). # P-it naanddlwot, P is riding around in S (as a passenger or driver in a fast moving vehicle),

# P-(ké naanddshwot, (8)

to be running around

after P (to get it), naanda'a-(yi)(584): unspecified S goes swiftly around here and there, to and fro.

Naana’oolwot. # P-it naand’oolwot, P is riding around (as a passenger or driver in an unspecified fast moving vehicle).

WODod

WOD;

t-L-(tt): (1)

(18) kin yazhfbii’ nii’oh nda’alyeedigff, outdoor privy, back-house (the little building into which people repeatedly go quickly out of sight). (19) kg’ bitis dashdiilwo’, fire jumping (ceremony) (a person jumps over the fire). (20) sQ’ hidilyeed, shooting stars (stars start running one after another). (21) sg’ yilwot, shooting star (a star is running or flying along). (22) tatkda’ dilwo’f (Ib. tatkda’ dijddii), water strider (the one that moves swiftly on the surface of the water). (23) tsé nddlwotf, grindstone (the stone that revolves). (24) tsinaabaas bijddd binddlwotigif, wagon axle (that thing around which a wagon wheel turns). (25) zéé’iilwo’ii, foxtail grass (the one that runs into the mouth or throat).

O-hi-(yi)(259): to run O (as a store, service station), to be making O run along (as a horse). Biyeeshwot/dabiinfilyeed (nddbiyeeshwol). (yiyootwot: 3rd pers.)

D.

NEUTER

. di-ni-L-(ti): dini-(O-lmp.)(328): to be a fast runner, to be fleet of foot. Dinishwo’. (dilwo’: 3rd pers. sgl). ‘aheediini-(~ "aheeddo-)(O-Ilmp.)(47): to be able to run equally fast. ’Aheedfinfilwo’ (1st pers. dpl). # P-it "aheediinishwo’ (~ ’aheeddoshwo’), | can run as fast as P.

F, E.

NOUN

(1) ’adika ’e’elyeed, self help (a person runs after himself). ‘agaan ’ahdndwo’d génaa, arm joint, around the arm joint (as the knuckle, elbow, wrist, shoulder) (where the arm folds). ‘ahandwo’f génaa, joint (of the wrist, knuckle, elbow, shoulder, knee, ankle)(where it bends double). "ahééjdélyeed/, baseball game (the one in which a person runs around in a circle). ’ahftka ’ana’alwo’,

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

DERIVATIVES

(2)

142

t’ad ’awotf bee, fixedly, tightly, rigidly. (E.g. T’aa ‘awoti bee sha yinita’, hold it tightly for me! T’Aa 'awot bee shinit'{, she is staring at me, looking fixedly at me.) wotfbee, as fast as possible, earnestly, diligently. (E.g. Wolf bee naashnish, I’m working diligently. Wotf bee ninit’{, look at it carefully, noting every detail!)

(Possibly from PPA

*xit?

> PA

*ghut’ []: bend, flex.)

cooperation, collaboration,

WODo

mutual assistance (there is helping of one another).

NAVAJO: Probably cognate with WOD4. Occurs with (’a-)ni-thematic and t-classifier as the theme in verb

‘aka 'ana’dlwo’jf, welfare, assistance, help (someone repeatedly helps someone). ’aka ’e’elyeed, assistance, aid, help (someone runs after someone, helps someone). ‘Alatsiin ’ahdah ndniiwo’f, wrist joint (the place where it bends at the wrist)(P-latsfin ’ahddh nadniiwo’f). 'atk’aah ’oolwod, head-on collision (something ran into each other). ba na’nf'dago yinddlwot, axle (it extends for it and it turns around it). bee hadah (~ ’adah) dah n’diilwo’i, parachute (the one with which leaping down from a height is done). bikaa’dah’asdahi t’aa’ nindwo'igif, reclining chair or seat (the chair that folds or doubles back). biih naéwo’f, pocketknife, clasp knife (the one that folds or doubles into it). ch’il dilwo’f, racing plant, fast plant (Aplopappus lanuginosus?) ch’osh dilwo’igff, tiger beetle (swift bug). hataati yika ’andlwo’/, medicine man’s helper, assistant medicine man (the one who helps the medicine man). hot haéddaalwo’igif, passenger elevator (the one that repeatedly ascends swiftly with people) (Ib. hot haddaalch’atigif, hot haéddaalzho ‘igff).

bases meaning “jiggle, shake, rock, limp,” and with O(t-causative) in bases meaning “sway, rock (cause to sway, rock).”

IMP.

USA

RASIRVE.

TWAT

ORT

A.MOM.

w6d6d/_ yeed

wo’

w66d/_ wod

wot

wood

B.CONT,

wod

wo’

wod

wot

wod

C.REP.

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I, ’a-ni-L-(ti):

ha’ni-(@/yi)(408): to become lame, start to limp. Ha’nishheed/ha’niithod (handa’n{fshheed). ndin{-(@/si)(609): to shake O (as a tree, ladder, table). Ndinishhdédd/ndinéthédd. ndi’nf-(@/si)(605): to rock O back and forth (as a cradle, a babe in arms), to nod (one’s head), to jiggle (one’s foot, as in keeping time to music). Ndf’nishhé6éd/ndfnéthddd.

658

WOD2

-WOS

Stem noun:

# Sitsiits’iin nd?nishhddd, |’m nodding my head back and forth (as in keeping time

marrow, bone marrow.

(Cf. verb root WOL4:

eat marrow.)

-WOL

to music).

# Shikee’ ndi’nishhddd, |’m jiggling my foot (as in keeping time to music).

B.

CONTINUATIVE

(PPA *x“it? > PA *ghutl [2]: break [a brittle object].)

|. ’a-ni-t-(ti):

WOLo NAVAJO: Occurs with di-(ni-) thematic and @-classifier as the theme ina Neuter Imperfective verb base mean-

na’ni-(@/si)(558): to limp about, be lame, go limping to a location and back (in the Perf.). Na’nishhod/na’néthod (ninda’nfshhod).

(1)

ing “rough, rutted, bumpy (as a road, area of terrain or

other surface).” C.

REPETITIVE

|, di-(ni-)-O-(ti):

Durative

(1)

1, ©-(ti): (@-Imp.)(782): to rock back and forth (as ina rocking chair), to sway back and forth (asa singer). Yishhod (yiwod: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

(1)

(2)

Il. L-(tt):

di-(ni-)(@-Imp.)(339): S is rough, bumpy (a road), S is rough, warty (as a squash). Diwol. # P-nii’ diwol, P has a pimply face. # P-tsii’ diwol, P has close-cropped hair, a short crew-cut. hodi-(ni-)(@-Imp.)(453): area is rough, bumpy, rutted (as a road, plowed field). Hodiwol. # Tsé bee hodiwol, area is rocky, boulder strewn.

(@/yi)(782): to rock O back and forth (as a cradle, lever, pump handle), make O sway back and forth (a cradle), pump O (as a hand pump). Yishhod/yfthod.

(1)

D.

NOUN

NOUN

k’(needlishii diwoligif (Ib. k’ineedlishii bikaa’ diwol), lumpy-skinned urine squirter beetle. Tsii’ Diwolf, Mudheads (Zuni Supernaturals)(the one with a rough or lumpy head). Tsiiwolf, Close-Cropped Hair (personal nickname).

DERIVATIVES

bikdd’dah’asdahi (~ bik’idah’asdahi) yiwodigf, rocking chair (the chair that rocks back and

(1)

forth).

e e ee e

(2) na’nithod(, limper, lame person. (3) t6 bee hahalt’ood/ yilwodigif, hand pump (the WOL

—— e e — —— —— ——

NAVAJO: Noun stem -WOL: marrow. Occurs with di-thematic: oral(?) and Lclassifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “eat marrow.”

EE

IMP.

A.CONT. a wol

Pe

USVITV*

PERF&"

Onomatopoetic. Imitates a bumping-thumping sound, such as that made by a flat tire on a moving vehicle. (~ ts’iwol)

kind of water pump that is rocked up and down).

WOL4

e e ee s

(~ ts’iwot) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a gurgling sound, such as that ofa running brook, or that made by a person drinking from a bottle. (Cf. Téwot, Taos, New Mexico = “gurgling water.”)

=Ta =

FUT

e _—_—_—-_-_ e O———_— e —OCOCO S=S——_

wot

CONTINUATIVE

Stem noun:

shoulder.

# -wosldatah (-ldtah, tip, point,

|. di-L-(tt): (1)

DERIVATIVES

-WOS

ndi-(@/si)(615): to eat marrow, gnaw ona marrow bone. Ndishwol/ndéshwol. e _ eeee ————w"lq=oee=ee=eaeeeeee

659

end),

tip of the

shoulder. # -wostis (-tis, over), onor over the shoulder.

-WOSH

-WOO’

(8)

# -wost’danf (-t’anf ?), ball of the shoulder joint. # Ce -wosts’in (ts’in), ee shoulder eee bone.

Stem noun: (with ’a-thematic): ‘awosh, sleep, slumber. (V. verb root -WOSH— GHAAZH: sleep.)

tsiiyah wozhii, meadow lark (rough under the head - i.e. below the head on the back side).

(PPA

*xWitsh’ > PA *ghttsh’ [or *xitsh’-C > *ghush-C, with unidentified suffix] [0]: be ticklish-, [#): tickle.)

WOZHp

NAVAJO: Occurs with O-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be ticklish,” and with L-causative in a transitive base

(Possessed form of hosh,

thorn.)

meaning “tickle O.”

-WOSH

IMP.

(~ ch’iwosh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a sloshing sound, as that of WOSH= boiling or percolating coffee, footsteps in mud or slush, or a person walking with water in his boots.

(PA

*xtush:

US./IT.

PERF.

FUT.

OPT.

A.MOM.

w6é6sh_

wosh

wozh

wosh

wo6o6sh

B.REP. C.NEUT.

wozh wozh

wosh -

wozh -

wosh -

wozh -

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I, £-(tt): P-’nii-(@/@)(219): to start to tickle P. Bi’niishhdédsh/bi’niithozh.

thorn.)

B.

REPETITIVE Durative

WOZH4

NAVAJO: Noun stem HOSH: thorn, cactus. Occurs with di-(ni-) thematic and ©-classifier as the theme ina Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “thorny, prickly, spiny (as a cactus, porcupine).”

I. £-(tt): (G/yi)(782): to be tickling O. Yishhozh/yfthozh (ndandshhozh).

|. di-(ni-)--(ti): —a=

Il. L-(tr):

) di-(ni-)(O-Imp.)(340): S is thorny, prickly (as a cactus), spiny (as a porcupine). Diwozh.

NOUN

‘ahi-(O/yi): to be tickling each other. ’Ahiilwozh (nda’ahiilwozh), ’Adi-(@/yi)(27): to be tickling oneself. ’‘Adishwozh/ ’ddeeshwozh (‘Andddishwozh).

DERIVATIVES

’anaziz bii’ diwozh{, trachoma (rough inside the eyelid), P-naziz bii’ diwozh, P has trachoma (lit. P’s eyelids are rough inside).

C. NEUTER

bilasdana diwozhigif, pineapple (rough kind of apple). ch’il ’awoshf (Ib. ch’il deenfnf), Russian thistle,

|. B-(ti): (O-Imp.)(783):

tumbleweed, saltwort (Salsola pestifer, Franseria acanthacarpa)(the spiny or prickly plant). dah woozh, wild red raspberry (Rubus strigosus). (Also pineapple, strawberry.) diw6ézhii, chamizo, greasewood (Atriplex canescens or sarcobatus)(the rough one). Diwézhii Bii’ T6, Greasewood, Arizona (spring in the greasewood). hosh, thorn, spine, cactus (P-wozh).

to be ticklish.

Yishhozh (yiwozh:

3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

Stem noun: forms:

-WOO’

tooth, teeth.

(Combining

-w6-, -wo-, -woo-.

# ’awoo’ (’a-, something’s), tooth. # ’Aawoo’ (’a--, reflexive possessive pronoun,

own), own tooth (as in t’aa bf "Awoo’ hayoot’a,

660

he pulled his own tooth).

YA

-WOO’

(PA *ya, sky) Stem noun: sky. (Cf. ya-, yaa-, verb prefixes: up in the

# ’azeewoo’ (’azee- < ’azee’,

medicine plant), Vasey rayless goldenrod (Bigelovia vaseyi) (lit. tooth medicine plant). # bee’ach’iish{f biwoo’ (bee’ach’iishf, saw),

YA

air.)

tooth of a saw, sawtooth.

# -wéchaan (-chaan , -chaa’, fecal matter), tartar or plaque on the teeth. # -w6chii’ (-chii’ < CHII’: be[come]red), of the teeth. (Ib. -wéts/’.) # woch’iish (-ch’iish < CH’lIZH:

#

gums #

grate, be

rough), the bony ridges along the inner side of the gums. # -w6ch’oshi (-ch’osh, stubby + -f, the one),

#

#

stub of a tooth, stubby rotten tooth,

hollow tooth. # -wogiizh (-giizh < gizh < GIZH: cut), gap between the teeth, gap left by a missing tooth. # w6k’iz (-k’iz, crack, crevice , K’lZ: crack), space between the teeth. # -woshk’al (-k’al, notch, gap), tooth gap (left by a missing tooth). # -wét’ah (-t’ah,

#

pocket, recess, inner surface,

fold), interior of the lip, pocket or space between the upper or lower front teeth and the lip.

#

# wotsj’ (-tsj’, flesh), gums of the teeth. (Ib. wochii’.) # -wo6tsiin (-tsffn, base, foot), gums of the teeth, foot or base of the teeth.

#

# wotsinf{~ wétsinii (-f~ -ii, the one), pyorrhea. # wotsin(’azee’, pyorrhea medicine. # -w6zhah (-zhah < ZHA’: be curved), the eyetooth,.

lie about + -ii, the ones), ee

tooth.

# -woo’ ’akdddé’igff (’akdddé’- < ‘akdddéé’, the upper

YA

# -woo’ ’ayaadé’igif (’'ayaadé’- < ’ayaadéé’, from below + -igif, the ones), teeth.

# -woo’ bik’édh (-k’aah against),

lower

(PPA *haw > PA ‘ya [Optative *(y)a’, elsewhere *-(h)a(-)] []: singular goes on foot. V. Krauss 1969: 61-64 and Leer 1979: 75.)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “singular animate subject goes (on foot, or in an unspecified manner, at an unspecified but usually slow rate of speed) .” The stem occurs in two forms: vowel-initial (-A-) and Y-initial (-YA-). Derived themes may include Q-, D- or t-(causative) classifier which combines (or contracts) to produce the shapes: D- + -A- > DA/DYA. > DZAit- + -A- o> LA / te + -YA-9> SA. Oclassifier + -A- is irregular, producing various shapes as summarized in the stem chart below. Themes with t-causative vocalize t- in the

against, striking

crown of the tooth.

# -wooshtl’ah ~ -woéshtl’ah (-t’ah, inside corner), the point in the inside back part of the mouth where the upper and lower teeth end, the inner cheek. nd —O—_CoOCcCcC——————$——

Stem noun:

the things

that exist in the Sky World.

# -w6zhinf (-zhin < ZH{j’: black), decayed from above + -igif, the ones), teeth.

# ya’atni’ (‘aini?, middle), the zenith, center of the heavens. yd’aash (-’aash - cf. ’aa, beyond), the sky beyond, the empyrean, celestial space, heaven (Christian usage). yd dithit (dithit, it is dark in color), the blue sky. Yad Dine’é (dine’é, people), the Sky People (of mythology. yaghdhookdan ~ yahonikaah (derivation uncertain), the sky opening, outer space, the area beyond ya dithit (the blue sky) but before ya’aash, the empyrean. (V. ya bighakdan under verb root KA: handle O in an open container.) yAk’aashbaah ~ yak’ashbaah (-k’ashbaah, rim, edge), horizon, border of the sky, where the sky joins the water or land. (Cf. nik’ashbaah, land horizon; t6k’ashbaah, water horizon.) yatdt’ah (tat’ah, shelf, ledge, niche, inner space), the Sky Ledges (of mythology four ledges serve as the homes of Thunder, Wind and other phenomena of the upper air). YAt’ah (-t’ah, pocket, recess, fold, inner surface), the Sky World (of mythology). # YAat’ah Naazldii (naazld-, plural objects

shame, embarrassment.

4st person duoplural and Passive, reinterpret L- as the stem-initial consonant and, with D-effect, produce DL-.

YA

A similar development characterizes a few themes that include reflexive ’A-di-, self, and which thus require either a D- or an L-classifier. These themes include a vocalized t-classifier, reinterpreted as the stem-initial consonant and, with the addition of Dclassifier, take the shape DLA-. In these themes the Y-initial stem form does not appear; DLA- occurs

throughout all the paradigms.

661

YA When L- is vocalized (> L-) before steminitial Y-, alternant Z- appears as the stem-initial (L-

YA-

> L-ZA-),

Although itis with the Y-initial stem

that L- contracts to produce S- and L- + Y- >

LZ-,

there are a few themes in which Z- has been reinterpreted as the stem-initial and, with L-classifier S-/LZappear as optional alternants with the underlying vowel-initial stems, as well as the Y-initial. (E.g. tsi’ hahassaéh/tsi’ hahwiilzaah > tsi’ hahashtadh/tsi’ hahwiidlaah: cause trouble.) (V. Krauss:1969)

The stem “sgl goes, walks” appears in a full range of directional bases and as the theme in many bases having extended meanings, including, with P-it “be transported at a slow rate of speed (as by horseback, at a walk), abandon, exhaust, get dizzy, join, be

born prematurely, intoxicate, start/ end/carry on (ceremony) .” Although the stem has the meaning “sgl S goes,” it oceurs with the duoplural subject pronouns with the meaning “one of us, one of you.” Thus; La’ de’ nohhadah, one of you come here! Kintahgédé nisiidza,

each of us went to town (separately),

Kintahg66 nisooya, goo diidaal,

each of you went to town.

we'll each go to town.

Kintah-

Doohhaat, you'll

each go, Nihfta’ ch’iniidza, one of us went out. Nihf la’ ch’inooya,

one of you went out.

662

YA

CLASSIFIER A.MOM.

ae

PER.

FUT.

-ddh/daah

ya

~dat

~a'

“aah ndaah ghaah daah haah

-Adh/daah ndah/daah ghaah/daah ddadah/daah hdaah/daah

ya ya ya ya ya

-dat naat gaat daat haat

~a' ya’ ya’ dza’ ha’

D-

daah

daah

dza

daal

dza’

t-

tadh (sdah)

taah (sdah)

sa sa

tadt (saat)

ta’ (sa’)

@-(D-)

-A

-aah/daah

ya

-aat

-a'

-G na gha da ha

-aah/daah naah/daah ghaah/daah daah/daah haah/daah

ya ya ya dza ya

-aat naat gaat daat haat

-a’ ya’ ya’ da’ ha’

da

daah/daah

dza

daat

da’

taal

ta’ faa

dlaal

dla

Sgl. 1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers. Dpl. 1st pers. 2nd pers.

D-

ea sa faah/ ta tfaa’

C.REP.

D-L-

dla

©-(D-

-a'

dlaah

diaa’

-a’ na’ gha’ da’ ha’

Sgl. 1stpers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers. Dpl. 1st pers. 2nd pers.

___ __s_eeee___ a PROG, D.CURS.

OPT.

-aah

©-(D-)

Sgl. 1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers. Dpl. 1st pers. 2nd pers.

B.CONT.

US JIT.

___IMP.

@-(D

-Aat ~AaAt naat gaal daat haat

1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers. Dpl. 1st pers. 2nd pers.

Sgl.

D

daat

663

ee

ya

YA A.

YA

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(ti): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(474-480):

‘lishaah/'iiya SER.(G@/si):

to go away out of sight.

(3)

(‘andshdaah:’anddndshdaah). to go away one ata time.

’Adahii-

daah/’adahaadza. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishaadh, to go down, descend (from a height, as in going

down, dismount, get out (of a train, bus, plane).

"Adaashaah/’addaaya (’adandshddaah:’adandaSER. (@/si): to get down one ata time. ’Adahiidaadh/’adaheedza (’adandahiidaah: ‘adanaahiidaah). # P-it ’adaaghdah, P rides down on S (as down an arroyo bank ona horse). # P-kada’déé’ ’adaashadh (~ bidaashdaah/ hadaashaah), to get off of P, dismount from P (as from a horse, bicycle), to nashdaah).

person who has departed and who disappears into the distance). # P-kék’ehjj’ ‘iishaah (or ’andshdadh), to replace P, take P’s place (as the member of a committee). # P-yaa ’iishadh, to get under P (as under a roof). # -g66 ’iighddh, S goes (away) to --(a desig-

come down from P’s top, descend from

on top of P (as from a rock). # P-yi’déé’ adaashdaah, to get out of P (asa car, bus, train, plane), deplane.

nated destination), is gone to --. # -gd6 P-it iighddh, P goes (away) to --(a designated destination - as kintahgd6:

# P-yi'déé’ t’da ’atkéé’ ’adahiidddh, we get out of P one ata time (as from a plane). ’adi-(O/si)(16): unspecified S starts to go along (ata slow rate of speed, as a horse at a walk).

to town).

# Ha’aa ’iishadh, to go over the hill and dis-

"Adighaah/’adeeya (n’didddh:nda’didadh). # P-it ’adighadah, P starts to ride along (on an unspecified slow moving vehicle or

appear, walk away and go out of sight over the hill.

# Ha’aa ’iighddah, S sinks behind the hill (the

horseback).

# -g66 P-it ’adeeyd, P is going to ride to -- (a designated place), P is on the way riding

sun, moon).

# Hootah ’iishadh, to go visiting, go to make the rounds of the neighbors. # ‘lighadh, S sets (the sun, moon, Evening Star). # Nahjj’ (~ nahg66) ’iishadh, to move aside, go

iD). ==

(6)

to go in one at

to go into an enclosure, enter

(7)

(as a house, hole).

# P-ityah ’iishadh, to come in on P, go in to see P. # P-ityah ’iighddah, P enters (slowly) in S,

(8)

rides, slowly into an enclosure in S (as a

(2)

’adii-(O/O)(28)(with prepounded dah, of): unspecified S starts off, sets out. Dah ’adiighdah/dah

‘adiiya (dah n’diidadh:dah nda’diidaah).

out of the way.

a time (d.p. S), follow each other in.

# Yah ‘iishddh,

P goes, comes, arrives (a

passenger on horseback at a walk or in a slow moving vehicle). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(11-176-379): to descend, get

# P-itch’aa ‘iighddh, P loses sight of S,S goes beyond P’s range of vision (as a

# T’dd ’atkéé’ yah ’adahiiddadh,

arrives, ighddh/’anlya (nd ’idddh:nda idddh). # P-it ighaddh,

down into a canyon). # P-it’adah ’iighdadh, P rides down on S (as down a hill ona horse), # P-ch’dadh ’iishadh, to shield P (lit. go in obstructing P).

to one side,

# P-it y66’ ’e’eghdaah, P rides away and disappears, P rides off and gets lost (as a horseman, at a walk). # Handa’aa g6’aa P-it ’e’eghdah, P rides over the hill and disappears. ’a-(ni/ni)(466): unspecified S goes, comes,

# P-itdah ’adiighadh, P starts out, rides off (in or onan unspecified conveyance, as a horse ata walk, a slow truck). ’ald-(@/yi)(86): to take the lead (in a row, file,

contest), to be the only survivor. ’Alashdah/ ‘aladya (’aldndshdadh:’alanddndshdaah). ‘anadha-(~ -ho-)(112): impersonal it goes back away out of sight. "Andhadghdah/’anahddya. # Y66’ ‘andhaghdah, it (the ability, skill) is

gone. (E.g. ‘Aniid naashdhdadda’ ’aydo

passenger entering a garage in a car, or a rider entering a corral or pasture horseback, at a walk). # Y66’ 'iishadh, to go away and disappear, stray off, get lost. # P-it y66’ ’iighddh, P rides away and disappears in or on S (a rider in a slow car or horseback at a walk). ’a’a-(O/yi)(362): unspecified S goes away out of sight. ’E’eghdah/’i’ffya ('and’adddh:’anaa’adaah). # P-it yah ’e’eghdah (P-it yah ’i’ffya: Perf.), P

(9)

jidizhnisht’66h nt’éé’ k’ad ’éf ydd’ ‘anahddyd, | was really a good shot when | was young but now I’m not (the skill is gone). P-badi-(@/si) - Irregular)(169): to use P all up, to go through P, exhaust P, use up (eat up, consume) every last bit of P (as food, money). Bibadooshdadh/bibadéya; yibadooghdah//yiba-

dooya: 3rd pers. sgl. (Cf. ’A: A[I]36: bik’Poo‘aah, to use up the entire day, and bik’foshaah, to use it all up, consume it: #20 below.)

rides into an enclosure (as into a pasture or corral on horseback, at a walk).

664

YA

YA (10)

(22)

P-dii-(@/@)(184): to join P, become a member of P (lit. to go and add oneself to a political party,

club). Bidiishadah/bidiiya (béédiishdaah:binaadiishdaah). (11) P-ghd-(ni/ni)(191): to go through P, penetrate P, pass through P (as through a fence, house, smokecloud, fog bank). Bighanfshaah/bighanfya (bighdndnishdadh:bighandanishdaah). SER.(@/si): to go through P one ata time. Bighddahiidddh/bighddahaadza (bighdndahiidddh:bighandddahiidaah). # P-it p-ghdghddh, P rides through p on S (as a horseman who rides through a

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16) (17) (18) (19)

(20)

(21)

(23) (24)

smokecloud at a walk). # T’Aa ’atk6é’ bighddahiidddh, we follow one another through it one ata time. P-ghdo-(@/si): to go beyond P (as beyond the mountain). Bighdoshaah/bighdiséya. (P-gha < P-ghdah, postposition: beyond P.) (Ib. bildoshaah: #23 below.)(yi- ~ -o-: thematic.) P-(dee-(@/yi)(807): to brush against P, jostle P (as when one brushes against another person while walking). Bideeshdah/bidééya (bindadeeshdaah). P-f'a-(ni/ni)(214): unspecified S overtakes P, catches up with P (walking or moving at a slow rate). Brighddh/bfniya (bind’adaah: binda’adaadh). # P-it p-fighddh, P overtakes or catches up with p. (E.g. Sitsilf bit sh?nfya, my little brother caught up with me - riding in or on a slow moving conveyance). P-(n4-(@/si)(154): to get P on oneself (as mud), to contract or catch P (as an infectious disease). Bindshddh/bééséya (béninddnashdaah). # P-ts’ddd颒 chadch’osh bééséya, | caught syphilis from P. # HashtVish bindshddh, to get mud on oneself. # Honeeni bindshaah, to have a good time, have fun (lit. to get fun on oneself). P-fi-(@/@)(268): to join P, become a member of P (as a church, political party). Bfishaah/bfiya (binéishdadh: binddnéishdaah). P-k’f-(ni/ni)(208): to come upon P, discover or find P. Bik’(nishddh/bik’infya (bik’indan{shdaah). P-k’idi-(@/si)(203): to quit P, give P up (a habit, a job), to retire from P (a job). Bik’idishaah/ bik’idéyd (bik’indddishdaah). P-k’ina-(~ P-k’i na-)(@/yi)(208): to get down, dismount (as from a horse, bicycle). Bik’inaashdah/bik’inddyd (bik’inindshddah: bik’ininddndashdaah). P-k’fo-(@/si)(209): to go through P, use P up, consume P (as money, food), to finish P, complete P (as a work project). Bik’foshadh (yi- ~ -o-: thema/bik’fiséya. (Cf. #9 above.) tic.) P-k’ii-(@/@): to come upon or find P (as a job). Bik’iishadh/bik’iiyd. (Ib. bik’infshaah.)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29) (30)

P-’ai-(O/O)(211):

to go around P (as around a moving herd of sheep, to head them off). Bi’aishdadh /bi’aiya. (P-’a- < P-’aa-- P-’aan: postposition: beyond P, over P, in addition to Be) P-l40-(@/si): to go beyond P (as beyond the mountain). Bildoshddh/bildiséya. (P-la-: beyond P). P-nd-(@/si)(229): to walk around P, go around P (as around a tree, building). Bindshaah/ binfséy4 (binindshddadh: binfnddndshdaah). # P-it p-ndaghddh, P rides around pinS (asa passenger in a slow vehicle, or a rider on horseback at a walk). P-ni-(ni/ni)(238): to go and stand beside P (something stable, as a post). Bininishaah/ bininfya. P-nikd-(ni/ni)(236): to go through P, pass through as through an open gateway). Binikanishddh/binfkanfy4 (binkkandnishddéh: binfkanddnfshddah). SER.(O/si). to go through P one atatime. Binfkadahiidddh/binfkadahaadza (binikandahiidddh:binikandadahiidaah). # T’da ’atkéé’ binikadahaadza, we went through it one at a time - one behind the other. P-niitt’a-(@/si)(242): to come to a barrier, to find the way blocked (while walking - as when S comes to a deep chasm). Biniitt’aashaah/ biniitt’'aséy4 (biniitt’'anddndshdaah). # P-it biniitt’aaghddh, P comes to a barrier while riding in or on S (a slow moving conveyance). P-tddii-)@/@)(246): to miss P, go by P without seeing (it)(as by a house, address, bear). Bitddiishadh/bitddiiya (bitandiishdadh: bitandddiishdaah). P-t’a-(O/yi): to get under the covers with P, get into bed with P. Bit’aashdadah/bit’aaya (bit’andshdddh:bit’anddndshdaah). P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(255): to separate from P, leave P (one’s spouse, a companion), resign from P (a job). Bits’4nishddh/bits’anfya (bits’aAndnishdadh:bits’andanishdaah). # P-itp-ts’4ghddh, P rides away from p (as on

a horse). # P-ts’&ndnishdddh, to separate (back) from P, to divorce P (lit. to go back away from P to a previous pre-marriage status). (31) P-za-(G/yi): S goes into P’s mouth (as a bug into a person’s mouth). Yizaaghddah/yizaaya. (32) ch’(-(ni/ni)(274): to go out horizontally, exit (as out a door, out of a canyon), to come into view. :ch Ch’infshddh/ch’(nfy4 (ch’fndnfshddaahindanishdd4ah). SER. (@/si): to go out one ata time, follow each other out one by one. Ch’idah ’indahiidddh/ch idahaadza (ch’ifidahiidddh:c

dahiidaah). # P-it ch’infshddh, gun).

665

to go out with P (as witha

YA

YA # P-itch’éghdah,

(38) daéddi-(ni/ni)(297): to stand in an entrance or exit and bar the way. Ddddinishadh/daddinlya, (39) daddii-(O/@)(305)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): to go off and leave P, go away and abandon P (as achild, dog, one’s spouse), forsake P (as a religion), Baa déddiishéah/baa ddéddiiya (baa dénfndddiishdaah)., (40) deni-(~ deini-, de ni-)(ni/ni)(309); S turns up (as the toes of a wet shoe placed near the fire), S warps and curls up out of shape (as a board), S

P rides out on S (as a rider

on a horse at a walk). +

P-fighahg66 ch'fnfshaah,

to walk past P,

pass by P (a stationary object, as a house), +

P-fighahg66 p-it ch’éghaah,

p rides past P in

or on S (a slow moving conveyance). +

P-k’i ch’6ghaah,

S runs over P (as a slow

train over a car), # P-k’i p-itch’éghaah, p runs over PinS

(a

passenger in S runs over P -as a passenger in a slow moving train that

shrinks and curls up (as a piece of overheated

meat). Deniighadh or deiniighaah/deninlya (deninddadh:deninaanddaah), (41) di-(@/si)(316-333): to start to walk or go along, to have started to go, be on the way going (in the Perf.). Dishadah/déya (ndishdaah:naddishdaah), # 'Adah dishadh, to start down, to start to descend, # Bittaabdédh dishaah, to use it all up, consume it or them completely (as all the cookies), # P-aah ch’é66h dighaadh, S tires outonP,S gives out on P (as a winded horse on its rider), # P-ch’j'’ dishaah, to go toward P, go to see P (as a doctor), # P-itdighaah, P starts to move, starts to go along in S (a passenger in a slow moving vehicle, or a rider on a horse at a walk), # P-k'i dishadh (~ bik’idishaah), to give up or quit P (a habit, as smoking, or a job), to retire (from a job), Bik’i dishaah. # P-tsi dishadh, to go ahead of P (as to scout), # P-ts'ad’ yoo dishaah, to leave, abandon, divorce P, # Ch'aa dishaah, to start on a trip or journey, start out to go visiting, go calling. # Ch'é6h dishaah, to get tired, give out. # -g66 déya, to be going to go to -- (a designated place), to be on the way to = (a designated place), # Ha’aagéd déya, I’m going over to the other side, # Hootah dishaah, to go visiting, go to make the rounds of relatives or neighbours, # Naas dishadh, to advance, start to got ahead, make headway or progress, (42) dii-(O/O)(341-344)(with prepounded dah, off); to start off, set out, leave, depart, Dah diishaah/ dah diya (dah Adiishdaah:dah ndddiishdaah); (with prepounded P-aa, from P); to outwalk P, beat P walking, Baa diishédah/baa diiya (baa ndiishdaédAh:baa néddiishdaah) . SER, (@/@); to start off one ata time. Dah dahidiidadah/dah dahidiidza (dah fdahidiidadah:dah naddahidiidaah)(1st pers. pl.). # P-itdah diighaah, P starts out, leaves, sets out in or on S (a slow moving vehicle, a horse at a walk),

runs over a Car),

# Nihfta’ ch'inédhhdadah, go out, one of you! Nihiish ta’ ch’inooyd, did one of you go out? # T’dd 'atkéé’ ch'idahaadza, we went out one

+

at a time, one after another,

# Tt'66’g66 ch’inishddh, to go outdoors, (33) ch’f’a-(ni/ni)(286); unspecified S goes out horizontally. Ch'fighaah/ch'i’nlya (ch’inaa’adaah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-aa ch’(‘fgaah, P chases something (as an animal) over the edge (as over a cliff). # P-itch’?ighddh, canyon ona

P rides out (as out ofa horse, ata walk) (P - a rider

- comes into view).

# P-fighahg66 p-it ch’?ighadh,

p rides past P

(as a rider on a horse that walks past a stationary object, as a house).

# P-k’i ch’?(ghaah, P is run over (by a slow moving vehicle, as a wagon). # P-k'i p-itch’?ighadh, p runs over P (a passenger in a slow moving conveyance

runs over something, as a snake on the road), (34) ch’f-(@/yi)(274): to go outward horizontally (completive), to be a survivor (of a catastrophe), come

out alive.

Ch’éshaah/ch’é6ya,

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch'éshaah, to walk over the edge (as over the edge ofa canyon). # P-it’adah ch’éghaah, P goes over the edge or into the ditch in S (as in a slow moving conveyance or a horse ata walk), S goes over the edge with P. (35) ch’f’a-(@/yi)(277): unspecified S goes outward horizon-tally. Ch’é’éghaah/ch'tifya (ch’inda’adaah). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) P-it ch’6'’éghaah, P goes (rides) over the edge, P goes into the ditch (a rider in a slow vehicle), (36) ch’fhi-(ni/ni); to step quietly or carefully out. Ch’thinishaah/ch'fhinfya (ch'indhinishdadh: ch’inaahinishdaah). # Tt'66’g66 ch'fhinfyd, | stepped quietly outside, (37) ch’tho-(ni/ni)(285): an event (ceremony, rodeo, church service) commences (lit. impersonal S goes out, starts). Ch’théghaah/ch 'thoniya (ch’{nahadaadh: ch’'fnddhddaah).

666

va

YA

YA # Hataatii haséyd,

# P-fighahgd6 p-it dah diighdah, p rides slowly

to get it), arrive for (the purpose of getting something - as food, firewood). Hanfshaah/ hanfya (hdndnishdadah:handanishdaah).

# P-fighahg66 dah diishadh, to walk slowly past P. # P-ts’da’ dah diishadh, to leave against P’s

(48) hd’a-(/yi)(408): to go away out of sight after (something, to get it), to have gone away after (something) and still be gone)(in the Perf). Ha’iishadh/ha’fiya (hd’andshddah:ha’andanashdaah).

wishes, to defy P and leave, leave whether P likes it or not. (43) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to walk, get, go into the fire. Dzidzaashdah/dz(dzaaya. # P-it dzidzaaghdah, P rides into the fire on S

(as ona

horse ata

# Naaltsoos nehegeehg66 ha’ffya, S has gone

walk, or ina slow

after the mail (and is still absent). (49) hddi-(@/si)(384): to start after (something, to get it), to be going to go after, or to be on the way after (something - in the Perf.). Hadishaah/ hddéyd (hdddishdaah:handaddishdaah). # -g66 hddéyd, |’m going to go to --(a designated place after (something, to get it), I’m on my way to --- after (something, as water, food). (50) hadii-(@/@)(386): to walk the entire length (of a field, train), to go from one end to the other. Hadiishadh/hadiiya (hadddiishddah:handddiishddaah). (hadi-thematic: from one end to the other, entire.) # P-ithadiighddh, P rides from one end to the other, the entire length, on S (as ona horse at a walk, or in a slow moving vehicle). (51) ha’dii-(@/@)(388): unspecified S goes the entire length, from one end to the other. Ha’diighdah/ ha’diiyé (hda’diighddh:handa’diighaah). # P-itha’diighddh, P rides from one end to the other (on a horse, at a walk, or in a slow moving truck). (52) hadzi-(@/yi)(389): S forms a bump or lump, a bump or lump appears (as on one’s head after bumping it on a hard surface)(lit. S comes out and extends away into space). Hadzighaah/ hadzffya (handddzidaah). # P-(téd’ hadzighddh, P gets a bump on the forehead, a lump appears on P’s forehead. (53) haha-(~ haho-)(@/yi)(389): impersonal it, “things” start (as an event, ceremony, dance), “things” come into being (as plants, animals). Hahaghdah/hahddya (hanahddaah: handadhaddaah). # Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’an/ ’atah silfj’go hahaghdah, the Tribal Council meeting opens. # P-zhéé’ hahaghdah, P starts to slaver, froth at the mouth (as a rabid dog). # Nahasdzddn bikda’ hahddy4d, life began on the earth, things (plants and animals) originated on earth. # Tsi’ hahaghddh, a commotion, disorder, riot erupts. (54) hidi-(@/si)(440): to step along, go along stepping slowly. Hidishadh/hidéyd (nddhidishddah).

moving truck). (44) ha-(@/yi)(424-431): to emerge, get up out, come or go out (from an enclosed space, as from a hole, barrel, box, or from mud, snow). Haashaah/haaya4 (handashddadh:handanashdaah).

# Bizhéé’ haaghdah, it’s frothing, foaming (as a bottle of warm beer)(lit. its foam comes up). # P-fldk’ee haashdadh, to get away from P, escape from P (lit., get out of P’s hand). # P-ii’déé’ haashdah, to get out of P, emerge from P (as from an overturned car or from a hole). # P-yaadéé’ haashdah, to come/go out from under P.

bil’haashdah, # Difk’ad ’Anisht’éhigif

to get

out of one’s present mess or condition (as a person beset by poverty).

# Nahjj’ haashddh, to step aside, resign or leave a job or position. (45) ha-(@ or si/si)(431): to ascend, climb up, rise (as a star). Haashdadah or hashishaah/haséya (handshdéah:handanashdaah). SER.(@/si). to ascend one ata time. Hadahiidaah/ hadahaadza. # P-aah haashdah, to climb P (as a tree, cliff). # P-itp-aah haaghdah, P rides up p on S (as up a mountainside on a horse).

# P-kda’jj’ ~ P-ghda’ji’ hashishadah,

to have gone fora

medicine man. (47) ha-(ni/ni)(414): to come or go after (something,

past P (a stationary object, as a house, tree).

to climb up

on top of P (as a roof).

# P-k’ee’aa haashdaadh, to detour around P, go around P (as around a grave or mudhole). # H6k’da’ (~ w6k’da’) haashdaah or hashishdaah, to climb to the top of the hill, go up to the top of the hill. # Niinahdéé’ haashddh or hashishdah, to climb a hill or grade, go uphill. # Niyol haaghddh, the wind comes up. # ’Ooljéé’ haaghddh, the moon comes up. # So’tsoh haaghdadh, the Morning (Evening) Star comes up. # T’da ’atké6é’ P-aah hadahiidaah, to climb P one ata time, follow one another up P one ata time, individually. (46) ha-(si-Perf.)(414-416): to have gone after (something, to get it)(and to now be back at the point of departure). Haséya.

667

va

YA

YA (63) ndhodii-(O/O)(541):

# Ndds hidishdadh, to step forward, advance or be promoted (in one’s job or rank).

(55)

(56)

(57)

Ndéhodiighadh/ndhodiiya

# T’dajigo hidishdaah, to step backwards. # T’da’ hidishadh, to step down (from a higher to a lower job, office, position or rank), to be demoted, take a demotion. hidii-(@/@)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to get caught up, snagged, hung up (as a person whose coat is caught ona nail or a horse whose reins are snagged by something). Dah hidiishadh/dah hidiiya (dah ndhidiishdaah:dah nadhidiishdaah). # P-ee dah hidiishddh, to get caught on P, snagged by P (as by a protruding nail). hodi-(@/si)(450): impersonal it or “things” begin, have their origin, an event starts, gets under way (as a ceremony). Hodighdadh/hodeeya (nadahodighaah). # P-k’i hodighddh, a ceremony starts, gets under way, over P (the patient). # Hodeeydddda’, in the beginning, at the beginning of time (lit. at the time in the past when “things” began or got under way). idii-(O/O)(465): to take out membership, become a member (of something unspecified, as a political party, church). ‘Idiishaah/’idiiya. (Cf. P-diishdah: to become a member of P, join P:

hodiidadah).

involved in a ceremony). (64) naand-(@/si)(586): to complete a circle or circuit, to turn around, make a turn while walking. Naandshddh/naaniséya4 (naaninddndshddah). (Also with D-classifier. V. naanashddah: A[ll]13 below.)

# Bizandghahjigo naandshdah, to turn the corner, walk around the corner. # Bizandghahjigo P-it naandghddh, P turns a corner or goes around a bend on S (asa horse).

# P-it naandghdadh, P turns around on S (as the rider on a horse that turns around or makes a turn, at a walk).

# Nish’ndajigo naandshdah, to turn to the right. # Nish’ndajigo P-it naandghdaah, P turns to the right on S (a horse). # Nishtt’ajigo naandshaah, to turn to the left. (65) (ni/ni)(657-665-759):

visit or journey to see P (as a friend or relative) to take up residence with or marry P. # P-aa nooya, you (plural) went to P one ata time. # P-ddadh nishdah, to go to meet P or head P off. # P-ityighadadh, P goes, comes, arrives in or on S (a rider on a horse or a passenger ina

to become a member of the Republican

(Democratic) Party (lit. to take out on the side of the Elephant/

Donkey). kfi-(@/@)(496): to ascend, go up an incline, go upstairs. Kfishddh/kfiya (kinéishdaah:kindanéishdadh). # Baah kfishadh, to go up P (as a hillside). # Baah P-it kfighaddh, P rides up its side on S (as a horse).

slow moving vehicle). # P-tah nishddh, to merge with P, go in among P (as another community or group of people), mingle with P. # -g66 nishddh, to go to -- (a designated

# Baah hddda’aldaahigif baah kfishadh, to go upstairs.

# P-itkfighddh,

P rides up an incline on S (as

place).

# N&nishddéh, to return. (nanisdza: Perf.) # Ndds nishadh, to get ahead, make progress,

a horse).

Dzit baah kfishadh, to ascend a mountain, go up a mountainside. k’{-(@/si)(504): to keep right on going, continue on the way (as after stumbling or stepping ina hole). K’éshaah/k’iséya (k’inddndshdaah). na-(@/yi)(594): to dismount, get down or off (as +

from a horse, bicycle, car, train).

headway. # Nihfta’ de’ nohhddh, one of you come here! # Nihfta’ P-aa diidaat, one of us will go to see

P. Nihi ta’ niidza, one of us went. # Sd baa nishdaah, to get old, come to old age. (66) ni-(ni/ni)(649): to walk or go as far as a point and stop, go up to (a point, as to a tree or wall). Ninishddh/niniya (nindnishdadah:ninddanishdaadh).

Naashddah/

naaya (nindshdaah:ninddndshdaah). # P-k’i naashdah, to get off of P (a horse, bicycle).

(61) (62)

to go, come, arrive, return.

Nishddh/niya (nanishdaah:nadanishdaah). (V. nadnishdaah: A[ll]12 below.) # P-aanishadh, to come or go to P, make a

# Bich{jh Yee ’Adilohiijf (Dzaanéézjf) ’idiishadh,

(58)

(ninadhodiidaah:ninda-

(Cf. ndiishdaah: A[ll]20 below.).

# Ndahodiighadh, d.p. events start (as those

#10 above.).

membership

impersonal it, “things” (as an

event, ceremony, show) start, commence.

# ‘A ninishddh, to volunteer, take the lead,

nahi-(@/si)(529): to turn around, wheel around (while walking or standing). Nahashddah/ nahaya (nindhdashddadh:ninddhdshdaah). nahodi-(@/yi)(540): impersonal it or “things” (the world) turn(s) around, revolves.

accept responsibility (for something). # P-A ninishaah, to volunteer for P. # P-aah ninishadh, to get tired of (doing) P (as tired of hoeing, weaving). # P-ch’ddh ninishadh, to block P’s way,

Ndhodighadh/nadhodééy4 (ninddhodidaadh). # P-it ndhodighdah, P gets dizzy (lit. “things” are turning around or over with P).

impede P’s progress.

668

YA

YA # P-dddhdéé’ ninishadh,

to appear before P

# Y66’ bil’ tadishaah,

danger. ta'di-(@/yi)(700): unspecified S goes about here and there, wanders about, Ta'dighaah/ta'‘dilya,

(74)

# P-fighahd66 ninishadh, to go and stand beside P. # P-kéé’ ninishddah, to second P (a motion on the floor of the Council or legislature), to

# P-itta’dighdah,

(75)

take a position behind P.

# -jj’ ninishadah,

to walk or go as far as --(a

designated point or place (where S

(67)

(68)

(69)

(70)

(71)

(72)

(73)

(76

stops). # -jj’ P-it niighddh, P rides as far as or up to, -(a designated point) inoronS (asa horse at a walk, or in a slow moving vehicle) # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishaah, to go across, walk across (as across a road), to ford or wade across (a stream). # Tsé’naa (~ ha'naa) P-it niighdadh, P goes or rides across on or in S (as ona horse or in a slow moving vehicle). niho-(ni/ni)(630): impersonal it, “things,” an event (as a ceremony,

rodeo) comes

P rides around here and

there (on a horse at a walk, or in a slow moving vehicle), tsi’di-(@/si)(734); to start to zig-zag, to get drunk, to go wild shopping (and want everything In sight).

—

(77)

Tsi'dishadh/tsi'déya

(tsi'’naadishdaah),

tsitts’A-(ni/ni)(735); to get out of the water, go ashore, Tsitts'anishaah/tsitts'aniya (tsitts’ananishdaah:tsitts Anaanishdaah), ts(stt'a-(@/si)(740): to enter a blind canyon or

cul- de-sac, to get cornered, get stuck with a problem, become

frustrated, desperate, “up

against it.” Ts(stl'aashaah/tsistt'aseya (tsist'anddanashdaah). (78) w6'a-(@/yi)(745): to stray off course, go out of bounds, walk over an edge or path, go into the gutter or ditch, W6'aashaah/wo'aaya (wo’andshdaah:wo'anaanashdaah), (79 ~— yanaa-(= yana-yi-)(@/@)(750)(with prepounded

to an end,

tsi’): to go everywhere, far and near (as

terminates. Nihooghaah/nihonlya. # Naa’ahddhai nihooghaah, the Fair ends. niki-(ni/ni)(636): to start to go, start for home. Nikinishadh/nikinfya (nikindnishdaah or nikéénfshdaah:nikinddn{shdaah), # Kéyahg66 nikéénishdaah, to start back home. # Kintahjigo nikinishadh, to start for town, nikidii-(@/@)(634): to start to walk (as a baby who reaches the walking stage), start to stir (as a person upon rising in the morning). Nikidiishadh/nikidiiya (nikindddiishdadh). # T’66 haitkdhigo nikidiishadh, to start to stir at the break of dawn (get up out of bed at the break of dawn). nikitadadi-(@/yi): to visit d.p. places in the course of wandering. Nikitadadishddah/nikitadadilya. (Cf. tadfshddh, to go wandering about: #73 below.) ni’a-(ni/ni)(638): unspecified S goes as far as a stopping point. Ni’ighddh/ni’nfya (ninda’idaah). # -jj’ P-it ni'ighdah, P rides as far as --(a designated place). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ni’ighdah, P rides across, n’dii-(@/@)(675): to break loose and get away (as a tethered animal or a chained prisoner). N’diishadh/n’diiy4 (nind’diishdadh: nindaa’diishdaah). tadi-(@/yi)(698): to wander around here and there, go about from place to place, be itinerant. Tddishadh/tadiiya (tandadishdaah).

looking for a job), Tsi’ yanaashaah/tsi’ yandaya,

(80)

(@/yi)(759-778): to walk, go (completive), Yishadh/ylya (nashdaah:naanashdaah),

# P-aa tiih yishddh, to undertake P (as problem), # P-itp-lih yighddh, P (as a passenger

tackle P, take on P, a task, project,

goes or gets into pin S in a car or rider ona

horse that goes into the mud, sand or snow),

#t P-ittaah yighaah, P rides to or into the water in or on S (as on a horse, at a walk), # P-lih yishaah, to getinto P, enter P (asa car, box, barrel, snowdrift, mud), board

P (bus, plane), # P-t'ddh yishadh, to move in close to P, take up residence or settle close to P (another family group),

# Dloh P-lih yighdaah, P feels like laughing, P has an urge to laugh (lit. laughter goes into P), # 'Eéh yishadh, to dress, get into one's clothing. # 'Eéh ndshddah, to get back into one's clothing, put one's clothing back on, Nii’oh yishadh, to go out of view, hide, Kjjh yishaah, to go into town, go to market, Sih yishdaah, to come seeking refuge, Tatt'adh yishdadh, to sink or dive to the i bottom of the water, # Tadtt'Adh ndshdaah, to dive repeatedly to the bottom, to be a diver, # Taah yishdaah, to get into the water, # T'66 baa'ihigifbiih yishadh, to befoul oneself, get something filthy (as a venereal disease),

# P-it tad(ghddh,

P rides around here and there in or on S (as ona horse ata walk). # P-tahgd66 tddfshddh, to go about among P (as among the people).

# -g66 tdd(shdah,

to face danger,

experience danger, be exposed to

(as before a court judge, before the Council)(lit. to go and stop or stand in front of P).

to travel to (a designated

place).

669

YA

YA # Y6é6’ P-iih yighddh,

refrigerator), to put P on (as a coat) and like it so well that one will not take it off .

P becomes fearful, P

becomes fear stricken (lit. fear or terror

# P-ts’dd’ p-iih dinishddah,

enters P). (81) yisd4-(@/yi)(772): to escape from danger, reach safety or shelter, find refuge. Yisddshdaah/ yisddayd (yisddndshdadh:yisdandandashdaah). (82) yii-(@/@)(797)(with prepounded P-fyah, under P supporting P): to shoulder P, carry P on one’s shoulder)(as a heavy bag). Biyah yiishaah/ bfyah yiiya. (Transitional).

# Taah dinishdddh, to get into the water and

(9)

‘adini-(@/si)(20): to go away out of sight and remain. ’Adinishddah/’adineesdza (’andinish-

daah:’andddinishdaah). # P-ts’dd’ yah ’adinishdadah, to go into an enclosure and stay, leaving P outside. # Yah ’adinishdadh, to go into an enclosure and remain there (as a person who goes

out (as after an eclipse, or with the

passing of a cloud) # Nahjj’ handshdddh, to step aside, resign, leave office. # Tréhonaa’él (or ’ooljé6’) handdaah, the

into a store and stays there). ‘ahénd-(© or ni/ni)(45): to walk around in a circle,

to complete a circuit walking. ‘Ahénashdaah or ’ahéénishdaah/’ahéénisdza (‘ahéninddnishdaah). # P-it ’'ahéndddadh, P rides around in a circle on S )as ahorse), makes a circuit on S. # P-k’ee’aa ’ahéndshdadah or ‘ahéénishddah,

moon comes back out (as after an eclipse or with the passing of a cloud). (11) nd-(G/yi)(525-569): to get back, go back, return (completive). Nashdaah/naasdza. (Reversionary corresponding to yishaah: A[I]80 above.) # P-iih ndshdaah, to get back into P (as into a car, cage, the mud). # ’Eéh ndshddah, to get back into one’s clothing, to dress. (Ib. ’éé’ biih nashdaah.) # ’lih ndshddah, to get back in (something unspecified, as a car). # Kjjh ndshdadh, to go back into town. # ’Ooljéé’ chahatheet nadaah, the moon enters the last quarter (lit. the moon goes back into darkness). # Taah ndshddéh, to get back into the water. (12) nd-(ni/ni)(564): to come or go back, return. Ndanishdaah/ ndnisdz4 (ninddnishdaah). (Reversionary corresponding to nishaah: A[I]65 above.) # P-aa ndnfshddadh, to go back to P, return to 2. # -di ndnishdddh, to arrive back, return (toa designated place). # -g66 ndnfshddah, to go back, return (to --, a designated place).

to detour around P (as around a pond).

# P-k’ee’aa p-it ahéndaddah,

(3)

stay, (as a horse or a child). hadin{-(@/si)(383): to keep on going, go farther

than intended, Hadinfshddah/hadinésdza. (10) hand-(@/yi)(411-412): S comes back up (as the sun, moon), comes back out (sun, moon, star). Handdéah/handddza. (Reversionary. V. haaya: A[l]44 above.) # Hdddooddaigo bee Id ‘aleeh, his recall (from an elective office) is approved (by the electorate). # Jéhonaa’éi handdddh, the sun comes back

Il. D-(ti): (1)

to put on P’s gar-

ment (P’s p) and keep it. # Tdtt?ddh dinishdddh, to go to the bottom of the water and stay or get trapped (as in a sunken submarine).

P detours around

P riding on S (as a horse). ’ahé6-(= ’ahénd4-)(ni/ni)(46): to walk around ina circle, complete a circuit. ’Ahéénishdaah/

’ahé6nisdza4 (’ahéninddnishdaah). ’ahé6hi-(@/si)(48): to walk around and around in circles, to go in circles, make a series of circuits. "Ahééhéshdaah/’ahééhésdza. (Seriative corresponding to #2,3 above.) # P-it’ahééhédaah, P rides around in circles on S (as a horse). ’atndna- ~ ’atndd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(95-100): to go to and from a destination, make a trip to and back from a place. ’Atnadandshddah/’ainanddsdza4. # -g66 ’atndndshddah, to go back and forth to (a designated place, as to school, market). # -g66 P-it ’atndnddaah, P rides back and forth (to and from a location, as ona horse), P-é6dii-(@/@)(159): to rejoin P (as a church, club, party), to go back to P (an estranged spouse). Béédiishdaah/béédiisdza. (V. A[I]10 above.) P-ts’4n4-(ni/ni)(254): to separate (back) from P, divorce P. (Reversionary. V.bits’anishaah: A[!]30.) Bits’Andnishddah/bits ’andnisdza. dini-(@/yi)(325): to go and remain or get stuck (completive). Dinishdddh/dineesdza (ndinishdaadh:ndddinishdaah). # P-iih dinishddah, to get stuck or trapped inside of P (as in a car, box, trunk,

# Sildodéé’ ndnishdaah,

to return from the

Armed Forces, get back out of the army. (13) naand-(@/si)(586): to turn around or make a turn while walking, to execute a “to the rear march.” Naandshdadh/naanisisdza (naanfndshdaah). (Also with @-classifier. V. naandshaah: A[l]64.) # Biz&ndghahjigo naandshddéh, to walk around the corner, turn the corner. # Nish’ndajigo naandshddah, to turn to the right.

670

YA

(14) (15)

(16)

YA

# Nishttajigo naandshdaah, to turn to the left. ndi-(O-Imp./Iter.)(613): to pace back and forth (as a sentinel or guard). Ndfshddah. Adi-(@/si)(613): to start back, to be going to start back, be on the way back (in the Perf.). Ndishdddh/ndésdza (nindddishddah). # ’Adah ndishddaadh, to start back down (from a height). # -g66 ndésdzd, to be going to start back to -(a designated place). ndini-(ni/ni)(607): to get stranded, to go (toa place) and get stranded. Ndininishddah/

(23) ninadhi-(O-lmp.)(644): to return, come back, one time after another (as a child from school, a man from work). Nindhdshdadh. (24) tao-(~ ta-yi-)(@/si)(702): to disperse, scatter (as

people leaving a meeting, each going his own way). Taoodadah/taisiidzd.

Ill. di-D-(ti): (1)

# P-aa ndininishdadah, to get “hooked” on P (a habit, as drinking), get stuck with P. # -di ndininishdaah, to get stranded in or at -(a designated place, as kintahdi, in

# P-aadinisdza,

(2)

# Hasht¥ish bii’ ndininishdadah, to get stuck in the mud. Adini-(@/si)(608): to get tired or “run down physically” fromm being too much on the go.

Ndinishddah/ndinésdz4

(18)

(nindddinishdaadh),

to come or go to

Pona

borrowing mission. didi-(si-Perf.)(313)(with prepounded yah): to be going to go on a borrowing mission, to be on the way on a borrowing mission. Yah didésdza (yah nadddidésdza)

IV. ni-D-(ti):

ndinfi-(@/@)(611): to get well on the way, geta good start, get well under way (on a trip or journey), start (an activity) and keep it up

(ni-thematic: generic classifier for

roundness, rotundity.)

(1)

prolongedly. Ndinfishddah/ndinfisdzd. (A

(19)

di-(ni-Perf.)(323)(with prepounded yah, into an enclosure(?): to come or go on a borrowing mission, arrive to borrow (as food). Yah

dinisdza.

town).

(17)

(di-thematic: food, stomach, oral.)

prolongative construction corresponding to ndiishdaah: #19 below.) # P-aa ndinfishdddh, to keep on doing P (an activity that one has started). Adii-(O/O@)(617): to get up (from a kneeling or reclining position, but only with reference to

hani-(@/yi)(413-415): to be born prematurely (lit. to come out in the form of a roundish object). Hanishdaah/ haneesdza’ ~ hanoodza. (Cf.

hanibaas; the full moon comes up: BAAZ. A(!]42.)

V. hi-D-(ti):

(Aspect?)

(hi-thematic: ambush, stealth.)

animals in this sense), start to go, do.

Ndiishddah/ndiisdz4 (nindddiishddah). # Baa’ baa ndiishdaah, to go off to war, enter the war. # P-aa ndiiddah, S (as a poison or irritant)

(1)

starts to affect P (as one’s eyes). # P-aa ndiishdaah, to start to do P (a task or activity), to start to fool around with P (as a child that plays with its mother’s loom

VI. t-(tt): (1)

in her absence). S (a camel) gets up with P (its

(2)

P-{-(ni/ni)(240): to overtake P, catch up with P (walking). Binishtadh/binisa (bindnfshtadh: b(nddnishtaah). nd-O-dii-(@/@)(522): to stand O up, put O up (a fallen post, cornplant, ladder), to raise O (the main hogan support post), to cure O, restore O to health. Nabidiishtadh/nabidiisa (ninda-

(3)

A[ll]19 above.) # Ninddbidiishtaadh, to restore his health, cure him. ndhodii-(@/O)(541): to start an event (as a rodeo, ceremony). Ndhodiishtaah/nahodiisa. (Causative-transitive corresponding to ndhodiighadh: A[l]63 above.)

# P-it hdiidadh, rider).

(20)

(21)

nihi-(ni/ni)(628)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to ambush or waylay P. Baa nihinishdaah. (With prepounded P-ee, with P): to bet on P, wager on P. Bee nihinishdaah/bee nihinisdza.

ndii-(O/O)(617)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off back (on the return trip), start back, to pass away, die (a Christian term = start off back to heaven). Dah ndiishdadh/dah ndiisdza. (Reversionary corresponding to dah diishadh: A[l]42.) # P-itdah ndiiddah, P starts back on S (as a horse). ni-(ni/ni)(649): to stop going (in a reflexive context). Ninishddah/ninisdza (ninddnishdaah).

bidiishtadh).

# ’Adit ninishdddh, to become tired out, fatigued.

(22) nikéé-(ni/ni): to start back (home). Nikéénishdaah/nikéénisdza. (Reversionary corresponding to nikinishadh: A[I]68 above.)

671

(Cf. ndiishdaah, to get up, rise:

YA

YA Ch’aa naashé4,

nahodinfi-(@/@)(611): to just get a good startona ceremony, just get well into a ceremony (that S is conducting, when something happens).

to travel, go touring, take a

trip.

Dah naaghd,

S hovers in the air (as a

Ndhodiniishtadh/ndhodiniisa. (E.g. nahodinfisdago sin shit ch’aa ‘ifjéé’, | had just gotten

hummingbird), S prances about (as a show horse).

well into the ceremony when | forgot a song.) n{na-O-dii-(@/@)(644): to put O back on (his) feet, help O get back up (after having fallen down),

-déé’ naasha, to be from -- (a designated place). (E.g. T6 Naneesdizidéé’ naasha, I’m from Tuba City. Haddéésh nanina, where are you from?) -di naasha, | am in -- (a designated location), | live in -- (a designated place). Doo hashkat baa naasha, to get into mischief (as an active child left to its own resources for entertainment). Dloot naasha, to go around laughing. Hootah naasha (~ hootaasha), to go from

to cure O of anillness. Nindbidiishtaah/ninabidiisa. (Reversionary corresponding to #2 above.) tsi’-O-dii-(@/si)(733): S intoxicates O, S causes O to go out of (his) mind (as drugs, liquor).

Tsi’bidiitadh/tsi’bideesa. tsi’ haha-(~ haho-)(@/yi)(393): to make trouble, cause disorder, incite a riot. Tsi’ hahashtaah or

place to place visiting, make the rounds (of neighbors or relatives). Ka naashd, to be sickly, chronically ill, an

tsi’ hahassdah/tsi’ hahddésa (tsi’ handandashtdaadh or tsi’ handdhdssaah).

invalid. B.

CONTINUATIVE

Niséyd, to have made around trip. Baa niséyd, to have done it, completed it (a

- DIVERSATIVE

task, project). -g66 niséyd, to have gone to -- (a designated place and now be back at the point of departure), to have made a trip to --. Ch’aa niséyd, to have gone on a trip, to have taken a trip. Nizaag66 naash4, to have a long life, to live a long life, live for a long time. Saat naashd, to go about complaining, be a complainer. Sildog66 niséya, to have been in the Armed Forces. Sjjt naashda, to go about singing. Tayi’ naashd, to go wading, to wade around (lit. to walk about in the water). T’da ’atk’idda’ yéegi ’at’éego naashd, to live in the old way, live in an old fashioned manner.

. G-(ti):

(1)

na-(@/si)(575-593-655): to go about, walk around, be (in a location), live, reside, come from (a place), be (in health or condition); to have made a round trip (in the Perf.). Naasha/ niséya (ninddndshda). # ’Aldajj’ naashd, to be the oldest (child), to be the first-born, to be in the lead.

# ’Aniid naasha (~ ’Anii naasha), to be young. # Baa’ baa naasha, to go to war. ’Atah baa’ baa naasha, to take part in a war or raid. # Beeldléf bee naasha, to have on a blanket, to wear a blanket. # Bizhdhd (~ bizhadn) naasha, to be footloose, unattached, a bachelor.

T’da bita’dgi naasha,

# P-aa naasha, to be doing P, to be going about P (a task, project),to be busy with PB # P-ch’ddh naashd4, to protect, shield, defend P (lit. to act as an obstruction in P’s way). # P-it naashd, to have P or be a carrier of P (as a disease), to go about with P (as with a gun). # P-itnaagha, P rides around (ata slow rate

to be homeless, to be

an orphan or outcast.

Tsi’ naashd, to go weaving about, to be drunk. Tsin bee naasha, to go about on crutches. # Yéé’ bii’ niséya, to have experienced danger, to have gone through a war. # Yiniit naasha, to be worried, sad, melancholy, “blue.”, in mourning.

(2)

of speed) in or on S (asinacar, ona horse). # P-itnaayd, P has made around trip in or on S (moving at a slow rate of speed)(as on a horse or in a slow truck). # P-ittsi’ naashda, to waste or squander P (as one’s land or resources), to lack esteem

or respect for P (as one’s heritage, religion). # P-ta’ naasha, to separate P (as two belligerents) (lit. to go about between P). # P-ts’aa naasha, to avoid P, elude P, stay away from P (as another person).

(3)

672

na’a-(@/si)(547):

unspecified S goes about, walks around. Na’aghd/na’aya (nindd’dda). # P-it na’agha, P is riding around (at a slow rate of speed, as on a horse at a walk). # P-it na’aya, P made around trip (riding slowly). # P-(kdé p-it na’ayd, p has made a trip after P (to get it, as firewood, water)(riding ona slow moving conveyance or ona horse at a walk). naha-(~ naho-)(@/si)(526): S takes place (a ceremony or rite)(lit. impersonal it goes about). Nahaghd/nahaaya (ninddhdda). # P-k’i nahagha, a ceremony is being held over P (P = the patient).

va

YA

# Nfttsd bika nahaghda, (4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

YA a rain ceremony is

(7)

taking place). P-na-(@/si)(230): to supervise P, oversee P, be in charge of P (as a construction project). Binaashd/biniséya4 (bininddndshda). (P-na-: around P.) P-taa-(@/si)(249): to go among P, go visiting among P (as one’s relatives), walk among P (as among the trees or corn plants). Bitaashd/bitaaséya (bitaanddndshda). (P-taa< P-tah: postpositional: among P.) hootaa-(@/si)(462): to go from place to place visiting, to make the rounds. Hootaashda/hootaaséya. (hootaa- < ho-tah: postpositional: among people). nahi-(@)(529): to stand in one location (E.g. ‘atiingi nahasha, |’m standing at the roadside); stand with an air of authority or control. Nahasha.

# P-tah nahina,

nihits’da’ ’Asdjjdgo ’atchinf ba ntsinisdz4 or nisinisdza,

|’m concerned for the children since our water supply ran out.) # P-k’ee ntseeshdd, to be “sick of” P (as a boring job), to be “fed up” with P, to be unable to put up with P any longer (a job, marriage, old car, constant diet of a

certain food).

you have a position of

Il. £-(tt):

authority in P (e.g. Boy Scouts bitah nahina, you have a position of authority in the Boy Scouts.) # P-itnahagha, S is standing with P (E.g. tif nit nahagha, the horse is standing with you [in control].)

(1)

Il. D-(ti): (1)

’ak’indi-(@/si)(83): to be self-supporting, to fend for oneself, be on one’s own. ’Ak’indishdd/’dk’indésdza4 (’Ak’inindddishda).

(2)

na-(@/si)(595): to masturbate (a female)(lit. to do about self, busy self with self)(with prepounded ’Adaa, about self). *Adaa naashdd/’4daa

(di-thematic: stomach, oral, food).

(3)

hypothermia. (E.g. k’asdda’ t’da ’attso hak’az nabéta, they nearly all died of cold.) # Ko’ na-P-éta, P is (are) wiped out by fire, P is destroyed by fire.

nisisdza (’Adaa ninddndshda). na-P-k’f’a-(@/si)(522): P is sought, inspected, P is the object of prospecting (as oil, minerals)/(lit.

# Naatniih na-P-éta, P are wiped out by disease, P die in an epidemic.

# Ni’ nahaas’nda’go na-P-étd, P are (is) wiped out, destroyed by an earthquake. # Niyoltsoh na-P-éta, P is (are) destroyed or wiped out by a high wind, tornado or hurricane. # T6 na-P-éta, P is (are) wiped out by a flood,

Nabik’é’éda/nabik’é’ésdza. (V. nabik’éshta, to prospect for P, inspect P: B[III] 3 below.) nahodi-(@/si): to forage, scrounge, scavenge in search of food, look for cast off food items (as in the garbage). Nahodishdda/nahodésdza. (dithematic: stomach, oral, food) # Baa nahodishda, to eat the table scraps or

(5)

P die in a flood.

# Té’é’j na-P-éta,

leftovers. # P-A nahodishda, to scrounge food for P (as for one’s children). na’a-(@/si)(544): unspecified S goes about. Na’ada/ na’asdz4 (ninda’dda). # P-aa na’add, P (a task) is being done, P is being carried on (an activity or undertaking). (V. P-aa naashda, to be doing about or busy with P: B[l]1 above.)

P succumb to poverty, die of

poverty.

# Ts’fth niidéd6h na-P-éta, (fever).

(2)

# P-ch’ddh na’ada, P is being shielded, protected (V. P-ch’adh naasha, I’m (6)

na-P-f-(@/si)(521): to destroy, annihilate, wipe out, trample on P (people, animals, crops, etc.) Nabéshtd/nabisésa (nabindshta:nabindanashia). # Dibda’ na-P-éta, P die of thirst, P are wiped out by thirst (as a population). # Dichin na-P-éta, P die of starvation, P are wiped out by famine. # Hadoh na-P-éta, P is (are) destroyed by heat, P die from heat. # Hak’az na-P-éta, P is (are) destroyed by cold, P die from the cold, die of

unspecified S inspects P or prospects for P).

(4)

ntsi-(ni/ni)(679): to be disturbed mentally or emotionally, suffer mentally or emotionally. Ntsinishda or ntseeshda or nisinishdd/ ntsinisdza or nisinisdzd. # P-a ntseeshdd, to have misgivings about P, be apprehensive or worried about P (as about the possibility of one’s son entering the army). # P-a ntsinisdzd or nisinisdza, to be concerned about P, sorry for P. (E.g. T6

(3)

shielding P: B[I]1 above.) na’ahodii-(@/si)(548): to loiter around, tarry on the way, “monkey around.” Na’dahodiishdla/ sy na’ahodiyéshdlaa’.

P die of disease

# Yas na-P-éta, P die in a blizzard, P is (are) wiped out by a blizzard. na-O-ii-(= na-O-hi-)(@/si)525): to walk O around (as a small child or baby, a convalescent person still weakened by illness, a drunk person). Nabiishta/nabiyésa. na-P-k’i-(@/si)(522): to go prospecting for P (as for oil or minerals), to go to seek or look for P

(as for a suitable building site), to inspect P (as a new school). Nabik’éshta/nabik’és4 es care (nabik’indandashta).

673

YA

YA

(A)

# P-kéé’ yishddt,

# ‘Ak’'ahko' nabik’éshta, to explore for oil. # Naanish nabik’éshta, to go job hunting. naha-(~ naho-)(@/si)(531); to perform a ceremony or réligious rite (lit, to cause impersonal it or “things” to go), Nahasht4/nahosésa (ninaahashita), # P-dé nahashid,

to hold

a ceremony

#

# #

for P,

have a “sing” for P, # P-k’‘i nahashta, to hold a ceremony over P

#

(P = the patient),

# C, REPETITIVE(?) (Aspect uncertain, Tentatively identified as Repetitive.)

#

|, @-(ti)

#

to follow along behind P, walk along in P’s footsteps. Génaa yishddt, to be walking across (as across a field: d4’ak’eh génaa yishaa}). G6dnaa P-it yigddt, P is riding slowly across (as a field). teezh dah yigddt, a cloud of dust moves slowly along over the ground. L6kdda’ yishddt, to be walking along on the crusted snow. Ndds yishddt, to be advancing, moving forward, getting ahead or making progress (as in one’s work or studies). Sih biké yishdat, to be looking for a safe place, a place of refuge. So’tsoh ‘aini’'gd6 yigaat, the Morning/

Evening Star is at the zenith. (1)

n'di-(@-Imp,.)(673);

N'disha’ f P-it n’digha’,

’Atni?'g66

yigaat, S is at the half-way point as it moves along.

to go wobbling about.

# Tsin bee yishddt, to be walking along on

P goes wobbling aboutonS

crutches.

(as a person learning to ride a bicycle),

# Ts’ida shééhdzinigo yishaat, |’m famous,

Il, di-€-(ti) (1)

(2) (yi)(794):

dadi-(@/si)(298)(with prepounded yah); to go (to dp, places) on a borrowing mission, Yah dadishda'/yah dadésdza’ (yah ndddadishda’) (Also as yah dadishda.)

D,

CURSIVE

|, @-(tl) (1)

(yi)(759-778); to be walking along, to be going along (ata slow or unspecified rate of speed),

(3)

to be coming, en route going or coming. (ishaat/de(nfikaah (néashddaat;ndanddashdaat), f ‘A yishaal, to be a leader (for someone unspecified), # Hééhozinigo yigaal, S is famous, well known,

ft Bidziilgo 'a yigaat, ft P-aa yishaal,

S is a strong leader,

to remain active atP,

(4)

to remain an active drinker, to still “hit

P-ee

the bottle,” dah yishaal,

to get one’s livelihood

from P, to make

one’s living on P (lit. to

(5)

speed),

# P-tsi’ yishaal, to squander, waste or neglect P, let P “go to pot,” fritter P away (as one’s money, livestock, fields, land or other property,

ft P-ika yishaal, to be going along after P (to get P),

(as a field). P-na-(yi)(230): to be walking around P, to be revolving slowly around P, to stay close to P (the moon around the earth, a coyote arounda hogan), Binddshadat. (Also with D-classifier as P-nddshdaat: D[ll]1 below.)

# 'Ooljéé’ nahasdzdan yinddgdat,

maintain oneself upright by means of P). ft P-yishaal, to be walking along with P (as with a club or gun), # Pl yigaal, P is riding along on S (as ona horse, at 4 walk, or at a leisurely rate of

separately (plural S). Yiidadt (1st pers. dpl), wohhdat (2nd pers. dpl). # ’Atiingd6 yiidddt, we’re walking along the road (plural S as separate actors). (Cf. de(nfikaah.) # P-it nddddat, P is riding slowly back on S (as ona horse). # Doo ’ahayd bit yiidadt, we live with fads and stupidities. # tLdago yiidadat, we live widely scattered or separated (as the members of a family). ’a-(yi)(681): unspecified S is going along ata walk, or at a leisurely rate of speed. ’Oogaat (na’ooddat:naa’oodaa}). # P-it 'oogdat, P is riding along (at a leisurely rate, as a person on a horse that is walking along, or a passenger in a car that is slowly moving through the mud). # P-it nd’oodddat, P is riding along on the way back (as back from town).

# Gdnaa P-it ’oogaat, P is riding slowly across

Naanish

baa yishaal, to remain an active worker (as an elderly man), 'Adla baa yishadt,

well known. to be going along individually or

the moon

revolves around the earth. # Sha’dtchin( binddshddat, | stay close to my wife and family. ha-(yi)(431): to be going along after (something, to get it - as water, groceries, firewood),

Hadshdaat (hadnddshdaat:hadnadndadshddat). (6)

hi-(yi)(438):

to shuffle along, to step along.

Heeshdat (ndheeshddaat:nddheeshdda)). # Hazhdéd6’dégo nads heeshdat, to go sneaking along, to advance stealthily.

YA

YA

person who has not sleptin many days),

# Naaniigo heeshaal, to be shuffling along sideways. # Ndds heeshdat, to step forward, step up. # T'dajigo heeshdat, to be stepping or walking along backwards. ho-(yi)(459): impersonal it or “things” is (are) moving along, progressing. Hoogdéat (nddhoogaal), # P-k’ehgo hoogdat, P is the Master of Cere-

(7)

Ndnoeshdaat

(7)

(8) (9)

monies (lit. “things” are going along in conformity with P, according to P). # Nizhdnfgo hoogdat, things are going fine, conditions are excellent. ndhi-(yi)(534); to be turning slowly around and around (as a person warming himself before the fire, or a person who is lost and is going in circles), Nadheeshdat ~ndhaashaat. # P-it ndhoogdat, P rides around and around in circles on S (as on a horse, at a walk), S keeps turning around and around with P (as a horse with its rider). # Honibaahgi ndhaashdaat, to be turning

(8)

above.)

Hh, Le(tt):

around before the fire (as to warm

to be walking O along (as a baby, by holding its hands), to be moving O along by “walking it" (as a heavy refrigerator, moved first on one leg and then on another), Biyeeshtaal/ dabiinfidlaah (nddbiyeeshtaal).

(1)

O-hi-(yi)(259);

(2)

ho-(yi)(463): to be carrying on (a ceremony, rite, labor project or other activity), Hweeshtaal/

oneself, or dry one’s clothing). # T’'66 ndheeshdat, to be just going around in

dahwiinfidlaah

P-nd-(yi)(230); to walk or go around P, to revolve slowly around P, to stay close to P (the moon

(3)

around the earth, a coyote around the hogan, a person who stays close to his family).

Binddshdaat. (Also with O-classifier as Pnddshaat: D[l]4 above.) # Nahasdzdan jéhonaa’é( yindadaal, the earth revolves around the sun. # Sha’dtch(nf binddshdaat, | stay close to my

IV. D-L-(ti): (1)

wife and family.

(3) (4)

(5)

(6)

(Cf. hoogdal:

# Tsi' hweeshtaat or tsi’ hweeshtaal, to be causing a commotion or disturbance, to be disturbing the peace, “raising hell.” naandho-(yi)(584)(with prepounded ‘ach ’@ah, shielding, or in the way of, self); to be carrying on a self-protection ceremony. ‘Ach'aah naandhweeshtaat.

Il. D-(ti):

(2)

(nddhweeshtaal),

D[I]7 above.) # P-k'i hweeshtaat, to be carrying on a ceremony over P.

circles (a person who gets lost).

(1)

(ni-thematic.) (Reversionary

corresponding to neeshdaat #9 below.) naanad-(yi)(588); to go around to and fro, go around all over, go meandering about, Naanddshdaat, (Also with O-classifier as naandashaat.) naandni-(yi); to go staggering about (as a sick of wounded person or animal), Naandaneeshdaal, ni-(yi)(626); to be walking along barely able to make it (as a person who is sick or wounded), Neeshddat (ni-thematic,) (V. ndneeshdaat #6

di-(yi)(311)(with prepounded yah): to be going along on a borrowing mission. Yah deeshdaat (yah ndddeeshdaat) (di-thematic: stomach, food, mouth.) hi-(yi)(438)(with prepounded sih ~ tsih, safety): to be going along seeking refuge or safety. Sih heeshdaat ~ tsiheeshdaat. nd-(yi)(595): to be walking along back, to be on the way back (moving ata leisurely rate). Nddshddat, (Reversionary corresponding to yishdat: D[I]1 above.) # P-it ndddadat, P is riding along back on S (as ona horse that is walking along at a leisurely rate), nd’a-(yi)(559): unspecified S is moving along back ata leisurely rate. Na’ooddat. (Reversionary corresponding to 'oogaat: D[!]3 above.) # P-it nd’ooddat, P is riding along back at a leisurely rate (as on a horse, at a walk), ndni-(yi)(561):; to be on the way back sick or wounded, to be returning exhausted (as a

‘ahodihi-(yi)(71):

to go dilly-dallying along,

‘Ahodiyeeshdlaal (nd'dhodiyeeshdlaal:

nda'dhodiyeeshdlaal), (' a-di-: reflexive

pronoun; ‘dhodi-: pretend, Lit, to be making a pretense of stepping along.)

E.

(

ae

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

) ‘Adah Ch'jfyahf, Adah Chijiyahi Canyon (in the Monument Valley area)(where a person walked over the edge - of a cliff), ‘'ak66’ naaghdii, assistant to the medicine man(the one who goes about behind)(P-kée’

naaghdii; P's assistant). ‘Anaa' Sin Yit Haaydhi, Trail Where The Enemy Came Up Singing (Canyon de Chelley Area, Arizona). (4) ’Asdzdn{ Taah Yly4, Taylor Spring, Arizona (a spring located west of Chambers, Arizona)(a woman went into the water). (a ) ‘A yigdatii, leader (the one who goes along for someone) (P-4 yigdalii: P's leader),

(3)

675

YA

YA

# 'Aldajj’ Hootatigif, the Road Chief (in the Peyote religion)(’aldajj’, foremost),

‘azee’ bee hoogdatii, the peyote religion, Native American Church (the medicine with which things go, the medicine with which the world goes). ‘azee’ tsi’nda’iitah(gff, drugs, hard drugs (the kind of medicine that makes people go out of their minds). ‘azee’ yee ndahatahf, peyotists (the ones who perform ceremonies by means of medicine or drugs). bee nahadiaii (lb. bee nahaghahf), ceremonial paraphernalia, equipment for the conduct of a ceremony (that with which a ceremony is performed), bee nahaghahf,

# 'Asaa’ Yee Hoolatigif, the Drummer Chief (in the Peyote religion) (the one who makes things go with a drum).

# Ko’ Yee Hootatigif, the Fire Chief (in the

(24)

ceremonial paraphernalia,

(25)

equipment for the conduct of a ceremony (that with which a ceremony takes place). bik’ehgo hoogdatii, master of ceremonies, presiding officer, chairman (the one under whose direction things go on - an activity goes

(26)

On).

bik’i hoogdati, patient (in a ceremony)(the one over whom there is a ceremony),

bik’i nahadla (Ib. bik’i nahaghdii, bik’i hatdalii),

(27

patient (in a ceremony (the one over whom a ceremony is held). bik’i nahaghahigff, (~ bik’i nahaghdaii), patient (in a ceremony)(the one over whom a ceremony is held), ch’ééh dighdhii, turtle, tortoise (the one that can’t get started - or the one that is always tired). ch’ééh ndidahf, weakling, straggler (especially a sheep, goat or calf that becomes

weakened

gaal, transportation,

by

slippers (the soft footwear with which a person

goes about inside), kin bil’ nii’oh nda’aldahigff, outside toilet, privy, backhouse (the building into which people go

faculties, power of

individually and repeatedly, disappearing from view). ko’ yee dah naaghahi, balloon, hot air balloon (the one that hangs in the air by means of fire). nahaghé, religion, rite, ceremonial, profession (impersonal it goes)(P-nahagha’). nahataii (~ ndahataii), singers, diagnosticians, witches (those who carry on ceremonies), na’ada, movement (a person moves, goes about), Doo na’adda da, no trespassing! K6ne’ doo na’adda da, keep out! No entry! nat’oh tsi’nda’iitahigif, marijuana cigaret (the cigaret that causes a person to go out of his mind or stagger about), disease carrier (the one —wofp)— naatniih yit naaghaii, who goes about with a contagious disease). Naasht’ézhf Haayahf, Zuni Trail (where the —{ee}“NJ Zunis climbed up. Located in Canyon de Chelley, Arizona.) (38 —— ndeedaah, ailing person, sick person, patient. (39) ndidahf, sentinel, guard (the one who paces back and forth). (40) sha niighdah, the solstice (the sun stops moving).

your faculties? J6 shigaan, well, my arm. J6 shintsékees, well, my mental powers. Hastiin

sanf yée bigddl dah ndiit'i’, the old man passed away - lit. the old man’s faculties started to extend off in a thin line.) hadzifya, hernia, rupture, bump, contusion (there is a bump, a bump or lump formed).

hahddéyahigif, the beginning, inception, commencement (that which got started). Bee hahddyahigff, its beginning (as the beginning of a ceremony).

the Morning

Star (the big star that comes out at dawn).

hastd6f ndahatahigif,

with someone). Shit nahodighaah, |'m dizzy (things turn around with me). jee’lighadh (lb. jeeh yighdah), ear traveler (a kind of ground beetle)(it goes into the ear). Jee’iighaah biyazhf, ear traveler's offspring. Jee'iighaah ntsxaazigif, large ear traveler. Jee’lighaah fitsoo(gii, yellow ear traveler. Jee’iighadh tizhinigif, black ear traveler. jish haaghaii (Ib. ’ookaahii), intermediary (the name applied to the person sent by the sponsor

locomotion. (P-gaal). (E.g. Nihigddl ’adin, we have no transportation. Chidf sanft’éiya shigaal, an old car is my only transportation. Shigaal t’Adtahajf baah dah hoo’a’, I’ve lost my faculties on one side, Haf nigdal sh{f, which of

Haitkéahgo So’tsoh Haaghdhigif,

completion of applications and other services [those who go from place to place visiting].) ‘it ndhodighaah, dizziness (things turn around

of a ceremony to make arrangements with the singer and bring the singer’s medicine pouch to the home of the patient. Jish haaghaii is always a close relative of the patient.) (‘Ookaahii; the one who requests.) kanaaghaii, invalid, sickly person (the one who is sickly. ké yilzholf wéne’é bee na’adahigii, bedroom

malnutrition during a hard winter)(the one that repeatedly gets tired).

(17)

—

Peyote religion) (the one who makes things go with fire). hootaaghdhii (~ hootaaghahf), home visitor, visiting inquirer (the designation applied to persons employed by the Navajo Chapters to make home visits, and to advise families with regard to new developments, including the

medicine men (those who

conduct ceremonies).

hooghan bii’ nahaghdii (Ib. hooghan bii’ hatadl), ceremonial hogan (the hogan inside of which a ceremony goes on). hootatigif, master of ceremonies (at a meeting or convention) (the one who makes things go).

676

YA

YA’

F.

(41) taadee naaghdii, snail (the one that goes

(42)

slowly). t6 tsi’nda’iitahigif, intoxicating beverages, liquor (the liquid that causes a person to go out of his

(1)

hodeeyéddéa’,

mind - become drunk or dizzy). (2)

(44)

(3)

(46)

(the one who joined in accordance with his own will or volition). t’dd yigddt shij, all comers, anyone who comes, no matter who, anyone whosoever. Tsé Naaghdii, Traveling Rock Monster (the rock that goes about)(a legendary monster). Tsi’ah Naagha( (~ Sa’a Naaghaf), a ceremonialreligious concept related to longevity and immortality. In the course of arranging the stage for the coming of Man, the essence of longevity (for the individual), and immortality (for the species), was placed in the Sacred Mountains. Immortality is attained, of course, through the chain of reproduction. Tsi’ah Naaghdaf (~ Sa’a Naaghdai), the essence of longevity and immortality, has its concomitant in Bik’eh Hézhddn, the essence of peace and harmony - a quality also placed in the Sacred Mountains for the benefit of all living things. Only in a peaceful, harmonious ambiance can the species enjoy long life and immortalize themselves through reproduction. Various species or life forms may, from time to time,

(48) (49) (50)

(51)

(52) (53)

in the beginning, at the beginning

t'66 baa 'fdzahigo, ona short visit, just to see. (E.g. 'Addddda’ shiye’ t’66 baa 'idzahigo baa niya, | paid my sona short visit yesterday.) t’dd yigddt sh{f, all comers, anyone whosoever, no matter who. (E.g. T’dd yigaat shif kwii ‘adooy{itgo ba haz'aé, anyone who comes can eathere. Dif tsdsk’eh t’da yigadt shif bii’ bihéoghah jini, they say that this bed is big enough for anybody, no matter who.)

(~ -ya-)(B)

Stem postposition: under, underneath, beneath. Sitsilf shiyah hodeesxiz, my little brother startled -YAH me (lit. he made the area under me turn) / shiyah ‘adiilk’a@a’ dikos shidoolna’go biniinaa, | was given a heat treatment because | had caught cold (lit. something was burned under me) / tsé biya’diigeed, | dug under the rock, dug out the rock / té ta’ sha yiya’iikaé, he scooped up some water forme. (Cf. ya-, down, as in: teejin kin bitsfgi yayliy{, he dumped the coal at the foot of the building; -yaa, under, underneath.) -yah combines with the postposition -/-, against to produce

wane or disappear in the world below, as the

(47)

PHRASES

of time (at the time past when “things” got started).

(43) t’44 bfbini’ bik’ehgo ’atah nfyahigif, volunteer

(45)

ADVERBIAL

-fyah,

result of chaotic or disharmonious influences and adverse conditions, but when harmony is restored they re-establish themselves anew from their perfect prototypes, placed in the Sacred Mountains in the beginning. Both the essence of harmony and the essence of longevity and immortality are in the Mountains. tsilghddh (~ tsxilghddh), waterdog, salamander,

under-against - underneath supporting , as in:

nfbaal bfyah niiz{, I’m standing under the tent suppor-

ting it (holding it up). el CC—————————

(possessed form of yaa’,

louse.)

YA’

mud puppy (the one that enters the female

genitalia). tsinaa’eel tattt'dahdi naaghahigif, submarine (ship that goes about at the bottom of the water). tsin bee na’adahi, crutches (the wood with which a person goes about), tsinaa’eet biyaadi nddbatgo yee naaghahigif, boat propeller (that which whirls around beneath a boat by means of which it goes about). Tsinaa’eet biyaadi naddbatgo yee naaghahigifb4 nidii, propeller shaft (that which extends for the boat propeller). yah ’anda’aldahi, toilet, latrine (the place into

(Uncertain. Perhaps PA *yaKk’ [©] [with “Ku-, areal]; become lost,

YA’

NAVAJO: Occurs with postpositional P-[- as object + ho-(areal) and t-(L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “miss, find missing,” and with P-(- + nd- > P-66- + ho-(areal) and L-classifier in bases meaning “be unable or fail to recognize P, become hazy about P.” t-classifier + stem-initial Y- contract to

which people repeatedly go away out of sight the enclosed space or room into which people repeatedly go).

Yé’iitsoh T’adta’i Naaghdii, the Sun.

Yé’iitsoh fathered by

grief, sadness, “the blues.” yinift naasha.)

yiniit na’ada,

missing; [with postpositional object and t-classifier: miss, fail to recognize.])

produce S-. (Cf. YA: singular subject goes.) t-

classifier vocalizes (> L-) with D-effect (in the 1st person dpl and Passive) and stem-initial S- (= L-Y-) appears as LZ-.

(Cf.

677

YAZH{

YA’

# yaské (-ké, footwear) (-yaskee’), snowshoes. (lb. zaské ~ -zaskee’.)

Elsewhere L-classifier + stem-initial Yremains LY- except in the si-Perfective where, in the absence of a prefix of Position VIII (subject pronoun)

si- (> -s-) + L- contract to produce -h-. (E.g. bihoohya’ < bfhoos[L]ya’: it was missed; yééhoohya’ < yééhoos[L]ya’, he couldn’t recognize him.). A similar

(Derivation unknown) child, bastard.

contraction occurs, optionally, in the 1st person sgl of

aie

IMP.

US iim

RERE:

FUT.

yaah

yah

ya’

yah

< bééhos-

(Derivation uncertain) Noun: the hollow located just above the sternum.

B.SEM. A.

natural

YATASHKI’/ YOTASHKI’/ WOTASHKI’

the si-Perfective where the subject pronoun (-s-) appears as -h- in contraction with the following L-

classifier. (E.g. bééhosihya’ ~ bééhosisya’ is[L]ya’, | couldn’t recognize him.)

Noun:

-YAYI’

MOMENTANEOUS

|. P-i-ho-t-(tt):

(1)

ll. (1)

P-fha-(~ P-fho-)(@/si)(194): to miss P, discover P to be missing (as a child from a group, a lamb from a herd). Bihadssaah/bihosésa’ (bindahdssdaah).

YAZHI

NAVAJO: Occurs most commonly as a 3rd person adjectival enclitic meaning “small,” while persons other than 3rd are described as small by themes based on the

P-f-ho-L-(tt-Passive): P-fha-(~ P-fho-)(@/si)(194):

(PPA *yash- > PA *yazh- [adjective, with diminutive suffix]: small.)

P turns up missing, P

stem TS’l[S{~ TS’ISf. However,

is missed, P is discovered to be missing. Bihalyaah/ bfhoohya’ (bindahalydah).

YAZH[ occurs as a

verb stem, with (’a-)nf- thematic, and t-classifier, as the theme in verb bases that describe the subject as

being “comparatively little.” (TS’{S{~ TS’(Sf and B.

derivatives do not distinguish Absolute and Comparative Aspect.)

SEMELFACTIVE

In the form -YAAZH the stem functions as a

|, P-f-na-ho-L-(tt):

(1)

noun with the meaning “offspring (of a human, an animal or a plant), son (mother speaking).”

P-ééhoo-(@/si)(161): to be hazy about P, uncertain in one’s recollection about P, unable

NEUTER

to place or recognize p (as a person that one

has not seen for a long time, a language that one knew formerly but which has faded away

|. ’A-ni-L-(ti):

with time and disuse, a place that one can no

(2)

(1)

longer recognize). Bééhooshyadh/bééhosisya’ or bééhosihya’. ’é6hoo-(= ’[a]i-na-hoo-)(@/si)(366): to become forgetful, lose one’s memory or ability to recognize things (lit. to become hazy in one’s recollection about indefinite P). ’Eéhooshydah/ ’ééhosisya’ or ’6éhosihya’.

k6’ani-(@-lmp.)(498): to be this little (S demonstrates). K6’anishyazh/.

II. nf-t-(ti): (1) ni-(O-lmp.)(663): to be little to a certain degree. Nishyazhf. As in: # Daa (~ haa) nishyazhi shjj, | was (am) quite little. (E.g. Daa nishyazhf sh{f shima

‘Adin silf’, | lost my mother when | was

(Ib. ZAS) (PA *yixs, snow) Stem noun: snow. (Cf. ZAAZ: strew; YAS DZAAZ: snow.) # yasgo ké (yasgo, when there is snow + ké, footwear), snow boots. # yaskaa’ (-kaa’, on the surface), snowcrust,

(2)

surface of the snow.

678

quite little.) # Daa (~ haa) nfshyazhf, how little am 1? ‘aheeni-(O-Imp.)(54): to be equally short or squat in stature. ’Aheen/ilyazhf (1st pers. dpl) (aheenftyazhf: 3rd pers. dpl). # P-it’aheenishyazh/, to be just as short or squat as P.

YA

YAZH{

(3)

P-eenf-(O-lmp.)(165): to be as little, short or squat as P. Beenishyazhl.

ENCLITIC

(1) (2)

(32) (33) (34) (35) (36)

(37) (38) (39)

yazhi, little. hayazhf, little (with reference to space or area as in reference to a field or an enclosed space).

NOUN

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6) (7)

(40) (41) (42) (43) (44)

DERIVATIVES

’ak6ydazh, little toe (P-kéyaazh). ’4ldyAazh, little finger (P-flayaazh). ’ama yazhf, maternal aunt, niece (sister's daughter) (P-ma yazhi). ’A4saa’ yazh{, sauce pan, small kettle. ’atsd biyddzh, eaglet (eagle's offspring), February. ’ayaadi tl’aajj’ééydzhl, panties, shorts (little under pants). ‘ayddzh, son, nephew (son of one’s sister or

(45) (46) (47)

Puerco)(small canyon). tsinaabaas yazhi, buggy (little wagon). Tsinaabaas yazhf bijddd naaki(gif, two-wheeled cart, chariot. Tsinaabaas dijad/, buggy (swift wagon). 49) ts{s’na yazhf, little bee. 50 ~— wolachif yazhf, small red ant. 51) wolachiittsoof yazh{, small yellow red ant. (52 wolazhinf yazh{, small black ant. (53 w6d6neeshch’'jjdii yazh/, small cicada. (54) yaazh, offspring. T’iis yaazh, cottonwood

brother) offspring, young (female speaking, with

sapling. Ndfshchffyaazh, little pinetree.

Ch’éydazh,

Noun stem in: ‘ayanf (derivation Possibly a nominalized

uncertain,

-YA

# 'aydntkagi (-kagi, skin), buffalo hide.

eee"

(PPA *xanY > PA *ghYanY [active, YA

Thoreau, New Mexico.

ablauting] [©,t] with *ni-thematic: grow. [t-classifier in intransitive forms refers to vegetative growth; also tcausative: raise O, bring up O] )

NAVAJO: Occurs: (1) with ni-thematic and Oclassifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “grow up, grow to maturity (animate S); grow in quantity,

(25 ~— j44d tanii yazhf, (26) j4dd neishood{ yazhf, small leg-dragger (wasp). (27) Késhmish Yazhl, Thanksgiving (little Christmas).

(31)

form of ‘ayd, it eats = the eater),

(YANI) | buffalo, bison.

millipede, small centipede.

(30)

little spruce tree, Christmas tree.

l n _—_—_—_—____ ———_—_— —OOCCCC

(24) lich’ahii yAzhf, miller, small moth.

(28) (29)

Mexico (a canyon that heads in the Cebolleta Mountains and runs eastward to the Rio

(48)

reference to humans) (P-yaazh). yazh/, bun, roll (little bread). bddh (8) (9) bee’ddit’ood/ yazh{, face towel (little towel), (10) béégashii y4azh, calf (cow-offspring). Béégashii yaazh bits)’, veal (calf’s flesh). (11) bee’eldggh yazh/(~be’eldggh yazhi), pistol, revolver (little gun). Bee’eldgoh yazhf bik’a’ dizdiin dé66 ba'aa ‘ashdla’igff, forty five caliber pistol. (12) béeso biydzhf, coins, small change (the offspring of money). (13) béésh tigaal sis yazh{, small silver belt, silver belt with small conchas. (14) bisdodi yazh/, piglet (little pig). (15) bjjh yédzh, fawn (deer’s offspring). (16) chdtchaa’ yazh{, young rock beaver (June bug). (17) chid{ naa’na’ yazhf, tractor (little caterpillar tractor). (18) Chifshydzhi, Little Nose (personal nickname). (19) ch’é6ydazh, spruce seedling, little spruce tree, Christmas tree (spruce-offspring). Yazhf, Little Mustache (personal Dagh4 (20) nickname), (21) dibé yazh{, lamb (little sheep). Dibé yazhi bits|’, lamb (meat)(lamb’s flesh). (22 ~— didzétsoh yazhf, apricot (little peach). dig’Ayazhi, little prairie dog, baby prairie dog,

(23)

té’éyazh/, colt (little horse)(P-l6’6yazhi). na&hddzo biyazhi, county (child of the State). ndhdsdzo haydzhi, acre (small bounded area). na'’ashjé’ii yazhf, small spider. Na'n(’é Haydzhi, Cameron, Arizona (little bridge). shash yaazh, cub bear (bear offspring). t6 biyddzh, spring water (offspring of water). T6 tan Biyadzh, Acomita, New Mexico (child of Laguna). t'dd bihonfyazh/, small items, notions, odd jobs. tiis yAdzh, cottonwood sapling. t’6zhii yazhf, small horsefly. tH(zfyazhf, kid goat (little goat). THohchinté Biyaazh, Bacabi, Arizona (child of Hotevilla). ts6’6d¢'ii yazhf, small fly, housefly. tsé6 yazh{, gravel, pebbles (little stones). Tséyi’ Hayazhf, Guadalupe Canyon, New

collect, accumulate (as water in puddles during a

storm).” The stem behaves here like a y-initial (not gh-initial), producing the 1st person sgl forms: nishyé (Imp.), dinédeshyéét (Fut.), and ndoshyéét (Opt.), but with D-effect in the Ist person dpl the stem behaves like a gh-initial, taking the shape g-, and producing the forms: niigé (Imp.), dinfigéét (Fut.) and noogéét (Opt.). (2) with ni-thematic and thematized t-classifier in

Kii YAzhf, Little Boy (personal nickname). k’aaldgii yazhf, little butterfly. K’aaldgii biyazhi, offspring of a butterfly. k’'ineedlishii dilkoghf yazh{, small urine squirter (beetle).

fe’esootii yazh{, small soil blower (beetle).

679

YA

YA

bases meaning “grow (animate or inanimate S),” and (3) with ni-thematic and t-causative in transitive bases meaning “raise or rear O, bring O up, bring O to maturity.” t-classifier + stem-initial Y- contract to produce stem-initial S-, but when t-classifier is vocalized with D-effect (in the 1st person dpl and Passive) steminitial Y- takes the alternant shape Z- and t-Y- > LZ-.

(6)

ch’ini-(ni/ni)(291): S grows out horizontally (as a vine that grows out from a window or pipe). Ch'inisé/ch'ininisa (ch’indnfsé:ch’(ndanisé). N ) dini-(@/si)(323-326): to start to grow (along) —~ (plant, animal, human, hair, fingernail), to enlarge, swell (as a bean that is kept moistora

porcupine quill embedded

Cf. YA: sgl subject goes. (E.g. nininf-ya’*> nininisd,/

and nininii[D}t-yé"*

> nininiilzg:

ing.)

I/we stopped grow-

The Momentaneous Imperfective stem appears to be distinguished by the shape YEEH, in contrast with YE corresponding to the Durative Imperfective. However, the distinction is not always maintained, with the result that the Momentaneous Imperz fective appears both as YEEH and as YE. ee eee IMP___US/IT. PERF. PROG. FUT. OPT. =SESH]E|SEaD @anBan=[E=EE EHEEEESESEEE E—E

A.MOM. B.CONCL.

yééh/ yé yé

C.CONT.

ye’

D.DIV. E.TRANS.

yeeh

yééh/ gééh yééh/ gééh yeeh/ geeh yeeh/ geeh

F.CURS.

-

yd

-

yéét

yéét

ya

-

yéét

yéét

ya

-

yeet

ye’

ye’

-

yeet

yeeh

(8)

yéét/ yééh

'Awéé’ biwoo’ haniisa, the baby’s teeth came in. # P-woo’ hddnisé (hddnfisé Perf.), P gets (got) permanent teeth. (E.g. Shiye’ hastdd binddhaigo biwoo’ hdédniisé, my son got his permanent teeth at the age of six.) (9) ni-(ni/ni)(648): to grow and reach a certain size or Stage (i.e. to “arrive” growing). Ninissé/ninisa. (danees4: 3rd pers. d.p. - si-Perf.). # P-aa ninissé, to reach P growing. (E.g. ‘Ashdla’dadah shinddhaigo hastdadi ‘adées'eez baa ninisé, | grew six feet tall when | was twenty.)

dini-(@/si)(323): S starts to grow (a plant or animal), Dinfyééh/dinéeya (naddiniyééh).(Ib,

dinisé ~ dinisééh: A[Il]7 below.)

’ani-(G/yi)(117):

(2)

of sight. ’Anisé/’aniisé (‘ananisé;’andanisé). # Yah ’anisé, S grows into an enclosure (as into a prairie dog hole or into a building.) P-ghdni-(ni/ni)(191): S grows through P (as a vine through a fence), Bighanisé/bighaninisd (bighanadnisé:bighadndanisé). P-indinfi-(@/@)233): S$ grows back, grows back to

(3)

# 'Olta’ baa ninissé, to reach schoolage.

S$ (a plant, vine) grows away out

(10) ni-(Q/yi)(656):

(5)

to grow (completive)(as a vine).

Nisé/ nis€ (nan(sé:ndadnfsé),

# P-iih nisé, S grows into P (as a vine into a barrel. # Taah nisé, S grows into the water, (11) nini-(ni/ni)(647): to stop growing. Nininissé/ nininis@ (ninaddninissé). (E.g. Shiye’ t’ah doo nineesée da, my son hasn't stopped growing yet. Naadiin shinddahaigo 'fnda nininisa, | didn’t stop growing until | was twenty years old.)

P (as a vermiform appendix that adheres to

(4)

# P-flashgaan (P-tsiighda) Adinisé, P’s fingernails (hair) grows back (after clipping or cutting). hani-(Q/yi)(414-429): S sprouts or comes up (as a seed or plant), S come in (a baby’s teeth). Hanisé/hanfisé (hddn(sé:handdnisé) or hanisééh/haniisdé (hddn{(séé6h: hanaanisééh), (E.g. Naayizf bik'6¢’ k’idildd nt’66’ neeznda yiskaéago haniisd, | planted squash seed and it came up in ten days,

I. ni-O-(ti):

(1)

D{nfssé/

bits’os).

A. MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

in flesh).

dinésé (ndddinfssé) or dinissééh/dinésa (ndddinissé6h)(1st pers. sgl); dinisé/dinéesg (ndinfsé)) or dinfsééh/dinéessdé (ndadinfsé) (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). (E.g. She’aw6é’ t’ah doo dinfsée da, my baby hasn’t begun to grow as yet, Shiye’ neeznda binddhaigo nininfsa 'Add66 t’dadoo ndddinéesda da, my son stopped growing at the age of ten and he never grew any more - i.e. he didn’t start to grow again.) # ‘Aa dinisé, S enlarges, swells (as a bean: naa’oti; a porcupine quill: dah sdnf

another organ forming a pathological adhesion, or a severed hand that “grows back” to the stump after being rejoined surgically), Bindinfisééh/bindiniisd. P-nani-(@/si)(228): S grows around P (as a vine

Ill. ni-t-(tt):

P-ntkAni-(ni/ni)(236): S$ grows through P (as a vine through a hole or opening). Binikanfsé/ binikaninisd (binikananisé:binkaéndanisé),

(1)

hani-(@/yi)(414);

to make O froth or foam, beat O

(an egg), stir O until it foams. Hanissé/haniisa (handanissé), # Bital4dwosh hanissé, to stir up suds.

680

YA B. CONCLUSIVE

Il. ni-t-(ti):

|. ni-O-(ti): (1)

(1)

ni-(@/si)(633): to grow up, reach maturity or adulthood, become fully grown. Nishyé/néya. # T6 niyé, water rises (as ina flood).

# K’ee’aa nooséét, S is spreading (a sore, cancer), S is getting larger (a herd).

Il. ni-t-(tt): (1)

F.

(1)

ni-(~ O-ni-)(@/si)(238-656): to raise, rear, bring O up (as achild, lamb). Nissé/nésd (nadanfssé) or binissé/ binésdé (ndabinissé).

Ill. ni-L-(tt-Passive): (3) (1)

(2)

ni-(@/si)(178)(Simple Passive): O is reared, raised (as acalf). Nilzé/neesya. O-di’ni-(@/si)(178)(Agentive Passive): O is raised, reared, brought up (a person). Bidi’nilzé/bidi’neesya.

(4)

(5) (6)

C.

CONTINUATIVE

preferred. V. Lif’: A[VI]4.) (E.g. Kéonf nat’oh

(2)

tobacco plants grow

around here.) P-taani-(@/si)(49): S grow among P (as squash plants among the corn). Bitaadanise’/ bitaadaneesse’.

D. TRANSITIONAL 1. @-(ti):

(2)

yii-(0/O)(804)(with prepounded dah): S collects, accumulates, forms a lump, or a pool or puddle (as rainwater). Dah yiiyeeh/dah yiiye’ (dah néigeeh:dah naayiigeeh). (yidooyeet: Fut.). ii-(= ’a-yii-)(@/@)(487)(with prepounded dah, up): to form a lump or superficial swelling - as a goiter or tumor). Dah ’iiyeeh/dahiiye’ (dah naa’iigeeh). (dah ’iidooyeet Fut.).

‘ach'if bits’ani’nisa,

vermiform appendix (something grew from the intestine)(P-ch'iv’ bits’ani’nisa). ‘atchinf ’dlta’ yaa daneessanigif, schoolage children (children who have reached school in growing). lara) ‘anda’ bik’i’niiséhigif, pterigium (the thing that grows on the eye)(P-naa’ bik’i'niiséhigif). ’ats’oos dah yiiye’, varicose vein (vein forms lump). ’ayaayaah dah ’iiye’, goiter (a lump formed under the chin)(P-yaayaah dah ’iiye’). dinéessa, sprouted wheat, commercial bean

(15) noosét, adolescent, growing person. ‘Atchinf nooséti, growing child or children, adolescent child or children. (16) nooséétif, the growing end of a plant. (17) tsé dinisé, growing stone (ceremonial object. Described by Kluckhohn and Wyman as either

E. CURSIVE |. ni-O-(ti): (1)

DERIVATIVES

corncake (‘alkaad), and in the little cakes used ceremonially to feed the masks - impersonators of the Yé’ii- in T?éé’j/, the Night Chant.) honooyéét (~ kg’ nooyéét), firebrand, torch (fire moves along flaring). hadahoneeydnigfi, mirage, clump (as a clump of grass). kg’ nooyéét, torch, firebrand (fire moves along flaring). (Ib. honooyéét.) teeyah Neeyanf, Reared In The Earth (mythological being whose mother reared him in a pit to hide him from monsters that would have eaten him). (9) nanise’, plant, vegetation (they grow about). Nanise’ bich’iya’, plant fertilizer (plant’s food). (10) Nanise’ Bee Hooghan, Vegetation Home (a mythological place in the North - home of Chahatheet Hastiin and Chahatheet 'Asdzaan (Darkness Man and Darkness Woman). (11) nanise’ biya’ (Ib. nanise’ bich’osh), plant bug, plant louse, aphid. (12) nda’ (’anda’) bik’i’niiséhigif, pterigium (that which grows on the eye). (13) naatdzid k’ee’aa noosétii, cancer, carcinoma (the rottenness that spreads as it grows). (14) Ni’ Yii’ Neeydnf, Reared In The Earth (mythological personage).

nani-(@/si)(562): S grow around here and there (plants). Nanise’/ndaneesse’ (ndanise’: d.p.). (ndadindoseet: Fut.) (As a verb nahddleeh is

ndanise’ or nahddleeh,

NOUN

sprouts. (Grains of moistened wheat, sprouted near the fire, are used as an ingredient in

- DIVERSATIVE

I. ni-t-(ti): (1)

ni-(yi)(625): to be growing, maturing (a person or animal). Neesséét/daniilzééh (nooséét 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

ni-(yi): S is growing, collecting, accumulating to form a pool (as water). Nooyéét (nddnooyéét). # T6 nooyéét, water is collecting in a pool.

concretions or fossils - they appear to have

begun to grow).

681

-YA’ c

YAA

(18) Ya Yii’ Neeyanf, Reared In The Sky (a mythological personage).

D-effect in the 1st person dpl and Passive, Reflexive and Reciprocal bases, requires voicing of tclassifier, a factor that results in re-emergence of the historic N-/Y- stem-initials. Thus, 'flééh, he makes iv’filnééh, we dpl make it/’Alnééh, it is made/’/’dilnééh, he makes himself (turns into); and ’dyiilaa, he made

Noun stem in: ch’iya’ (ch’i- ?), (cus-YA’

tomary diet of an ethnic group or animal), food. (Cf. ch’iyadan, food,

iv’filyaa, we dpl made it/dlyaa,

groceries, victuals; verb root YAA’: eat.) # Naakaii bich’iya’ (Naakaii, Mexican),

Mexican food.

Perfective stem YAA requires D-classifier.

# Ndats’6z{bich’iya’ (nddts’6z/, Oriental), Oriental (Chinese/Japanese) food. # nanise’ bich’iya’, plant fertilizer. # 1466’ bich’iya’ (1660’, fish), fish food. # mds bich’iya’ (mési, cat), cat food. # 4ééchaa’lbich’iya’ (tééchaa’l, dog), dog food.

Here stem-

initial Y- takes the alternant form Z- and D- + Z- > DZ-. Thus, the Perfective stem appears as DZAA in the form kédzaa, he did thus (Imperfective kénééh, he’s doing thus). = L-(< t-) initial stems (LEEH/LAA) behave as though the classifier were ©--in the Reversionary and Semeliterative forms, taking D-classifier and

# tsfdii bich’iya’ (tsidii, bird),, bird food.

appearing with the shape DL-. However, in the corresponding 1st person dpl, Passive, Reflexive and Reciprocal forms stem-initial N-/ Y- reappear,

(PA “*t-ni [suffixed imperf. *t-ni-x > “lix > *lex.] Suppletive perfective *t-

preceded by L-classifier. Thus: ’anéfdlééh/ ’Anayiidlaa (he repairs/repaired it); ’AnéiilIné6h/’Anéiilyaa (we

[thus], make [thus]. t-causative of *ni [suffixed imperfective *ni-x > *nex; suppletive perfective *ha’G or *ha’x]. The deletion of *n after t- is also seen

was repaired). The paradigm of the Perfective base is irregular, behaving like a D/L-class Perfective in the 1st person sgl (’ashtaa ~ ’fishtaa, | made it), but

ha’G or *t-ha’x) > *laG ~ *lax: do

ti,

it was made/’fdiilyaa,

he made himself (he turned into). Stem-initial N- remains in themes containing ©-classifier, but in themes of this type the suppletive

repair/ repaired it; ‘Andlnééh/’Andlyaa (it is being/it

in the Eyak cognate -le, causative of

’dyiilaa, he made it, in the 3rd person sgl/dpl. YAA borrows freely from ’JJD; (*PA *en’: act thus) for the Usitative/Iterative Modes (’JJH), for the Perfective in a few bases (’JJD;), and for the Neuter ({) (be a maker of O). (V. "JJD4.)

*ha’G or *ha’x with di-classifier > *di-yaG ~ *di-yax [@/di]: become [thus], happen [thus]. tcausative: do [thus], make [thus]. This verb appears to have been a suppletive transi-tional for *t’ew > *t’é [@]: be thus. With reference to n-deletion Krauss-Leer (1981: 142- 145) point to the fact that “There is in

In general NEEH/DZAA

appear in intransitive

verb bases meaning “do, act, happen,” while LEEH/YAA (and their allomorphs) occur in transitive bases meaning “make.” Some themes in both categories include a thematic prefix ’4-(thus). Both categories are highly productive, and derived bases in-clude a wide range and variety of extended meanings.

Athabaskan a small number of stems beginning with *n- which share the peculiarity of having @-initial allomorphs following the t-classifier. The t-classifier is then phonologically reinterpreted as the stem-initial consonant and voiced like other stem-initial fricatives. Thus these stems occur with initial n/l alternation in modern Athabaskan languages. The existence of this type of alternation introduces the possibility that at an

IMP. US/IT. PERF. PROG. FUT OPT. RO G. FUT OPT

earlier stage there existed two phonemes which have

éae 3

nee

ded

Gee

;

te

fallen together as *n. The e first,first, which di not delete g which did after the t-classifier, we could reconstruct as PPA “ay

; : CMOMMEV

mca

=vadane]

ii e

;-

pa

ee

and the second, which did delete, as PPA *I ----.”)

en

(Cf. Navajo LIH/NIH: suspect, LJH/NI: taste, LIN/ NIN: appear.) (V. Krauss-Leer 1981:142- -145; Leer 1979:86.)

NAVAJO:

NEEH are, cognates. alternants poration of

ie

(poet

pe” ow oGaia

; (le’)

laa;

.

a)

pe)

)

: ny

; :

: :

ms ay ph

;

‘aut

ee)

D-DISTAUS 4ueIé6h/le’ E.DIST.(2)

The Imperfective stem alternants LEEH/

as the Krauss-Leer analysis demonstrates, Likewise, the suppletive Perfective stem LAA/YAA are cognates. In each pair incort-classifier before stem initial N-/Y- result-

peel) pest

pee LNEUTER

ed in deletion of the stem-initial consonant, with voic-

—

ing of t-classifier (> L-), and finally reinterpretation of

the classifier as the stem-initial consonant.

682

4

82)

lit PA *ghédzh

S topples over

(as a bag of corn or wool). # Yah ‘iithéésh, S plops into an enclosure (as a gob of mud into a hole).

P-fdini-(si-Perf.)(178): to think that one sees P (something that is not actually there). a vee Bidinéshyesh (bindddinéshyesh).

YEEZHo (GHEEZH)

yesh

FUT.

’a-(O/yi)(476): S falls or “plops” away out of sight (as a gob of sticky resin, mud, bird excrement). 'lithéésh/ ‘iftheezh (’andthéésh:’andanat-

(1)

na-P-fni-(@/si)(524): to think that one sees P (as in hallucinating, or as a person who, in his mind’s eye, can still visualize a horse or dog that he once had). Nabinishyeesh/nabinésh-

(1)

yéésh

PROG.

t-(ti):

|. ni-L-(tt):

C.

PERFRY

A. MOMENTANEOUS

B. CONTINUATIVE

(1)

IMP2RUS AT

[@]:

topple, fall over [t-causative in some

languages also glossed “throw O enclosed in a bag or pack.”] [@] [with ni-thematic]: liquid moves slowly. The above themes may have ultimately different origins, but cf. Tlingit -xidzh: throw animate or sticklike O in container, including liquid.)

(3)

NAVAJO: The stem describes the movement of mushy or viscous matter (through the air, independently of a causative agent, or over a surface, flowing

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(378): S falls down from a height (a gob of mud, bird excrement, pitch).

’Adaathéésh/’adddtheezh (‘adandthgésh:’adandanathéésh). SER. (@/si)(374). ’Adahathéésh/’adahaashheezh (’adandhathéésh:’adanadhathéésh). # P-k’ijj’ ’adaathéésh, S falls down onP. ’a’A-(@/yi)(85): S plops or falls into a hole (as a gob of mud into a prairie dog hole). ’A’athéésh/ ’a’ddtheezh (’a’Andthéésh.’a’Anddnathéésh). P-ghd-(ni/ni)(191): S falls through P (a bag of wool through a roof, a gob of mud through a cloud). Bighdthéésh/bighatheezh (bighdnathéésh:bighanddanathéésh).

P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): S falls on P (MM - mud, excrement, plaster, a fat person). Bik’iithé¢ésh/ bik’iitheezh (bik’inéithégsh:bik iinddnéithéésh).

slowly - either independently or caused to flow by an agent). Occurs: (1) with thematized t-classifier as the theme in verb bases that describe the subject as flying through the air or “plopping” (down, in, out, etc.)(as mud, warm tar, pitch, wet plaster, fecal matter, crumpled paper, a heavy bundled coat, a sack of wool); (2) with ni-thematic (< ni’, ground?) and ©classifier in bases that describe the subject as flowing slowly over a surface (as water, syrup, crude oil, molten lava, mud); and (3) with ni-thematic and tcausative in transitive bases meaning “cause or make O flow slowly over a surface (as mud, water)” (“cause mushy matter to fly through the air” is rendered by

(8)

TLEE’).

(9

Stem-initial Y- (=GH-) is devoiced (> H-) when preceded by a voiceless consonant (-sh-, --).

699

P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(256): S falls away from P or off of P (as a gob of resin from a branch). Bits’athéésh/ bits’atheezh (bits’andandthéésh). P-za-(@/yi)(262): S falls into P’s mouth. Bizaathéésh/bizadtheezh (bizanaihéésh: bizanddnathéésh). ch’f-(ni/ni)(278): to fly or fall out horizontally (as a bundled overcoat from a wagon). Ch’éthéésh/

ch’inftheezh (ch’indthéésh:ch indandthéésh). SER.(@/si) (275). Ch’éhéthéésh/ch’theeshheezh (ch'indhdthéésh:ch indahathéésh). ~—

ch’f-(O/yi)(279): S flies out horizontally (comple-

tive). Ch’éthéésh/ch’ééiheezh + Dae> a ch’indanath¢ésh).

(ch’indingésh:

-

YEEZH2

YEEZHo

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éthéésh, S falls

(18) n’dii-(@/@)(675):

bag of wool). Dithéésh/deeshheezh (ndfthéésh:naddithéésh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) dithéésh, S starts to

(19) w6’a-(@/yi)(745):

S falls over an edge (as ice cream from acone). W6’aathéésh/wo’datheezh (wo’andthéésh:w6’anddnathéésh). (20) yanda-(= yanda-yi-)(@/O@)(745): S goes flying up into the air (as wet concrete in a wheelbarrow

drip down (as pitch from a limb, molasses from a toppied bottle).

(11) dii-(@/@)(342)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): S falls off of P (as a heavy coat, blanket, diaper,

that hits

skirt, burden). Baa diithéésh/baa diitheezh (baa ndiithéésh:baa ndddiithéésh). (12) dzfdza-(@/yi)(358):

S falls or plops into the fire, S

into the mud, a bird dropping into the stew).

S falls out of an enclosed space.

Haathéésh/hadatheezh (hanathéésh:handanathéésh). SER. (@/si) (390). Hadahathéésh/ hadahaashheezh (handahathéésh:handddahathéésh). # P-flak’ee haathéésh, S falls out of P’s hand, P drops S (unintentionally)(as a piece of dough). # P-ii’déé’ haathéésh, S falls out of P (a container). (14) na-(@/yi)(594): S falls or plops down (as bird excrement, a gob of wet snow, a huge raindrop). Naathéésh/naatheezh (ninddnathéésh). SER.(@/si)(527): to rain in the form of huge drops that come

# teeh yithéésh, S falls and lands in the dirt or ashes. # Nii’oh yithéésh, S falls out of view (as a wad of gum). # Tatt'dadh yithéésh, S falls and sinks to the bottom of the water. # Taah yithéésh, S falls into the water.

Il. ni-O-(ti): (1)

splattering down, to snow in

the form of large wet globs, to fall or come plopping down (as bird excrement).

Nahathé¢ésh/nahaashheezh (ninddhathéésh). # P-k’i naathéésh, S falls off of P (as a piece of dough off a tabletop). # P-k’ijj’ naathéésh, S (mushy matter) plops

(3)

down on P (as wet plaster).

# Ni'jj’ naathéésh, S falls down on the ground or floor. (15)

naa’a-(@/yi)(579):

S topples over (as a bag of

wool). Naa’iithéésh/naa’iitheezh (naa’andathéésh:naa’andanathéésh). (~ naa ’iithéégsh: V. #1 above.) SER.(@/si). Naa’ahithéésh/naa’aheeshheezh (naa’andhathéésh: naa’anddahathéésh). (16) (ni/ni)(764):

(4)

’adani-(~ bidani-/hadani-)(@/yi): S flows slowly down from a height (a stream of thick paint down a wall, a river of wet mud down an incline). "Adaniyéésh/’adaniiyeezh (adandanfyéésh). ‘ahééni-(ni/ni): S flows around in a circle (makes a circuit flowing)(as a stream of wet mud). "Ahéénlyéésh/ahééniniyeezh. SER.(G/si). ’"Ahéédahayéésh/’ahéédaheezhyeezh. ’a’dni-(O/yi): S flows into a hole (as a slow moving stream of water or wet mud into a

prairie dog hole). ’A’dnfyéésh/’a’dnifyeezh (‘a’anddaniyéésh). ’ani-(O/yi)(120): S flows slowly away out of sight (as a stream of molasses, wet mud).

’Aniyéésh/aniiyeezh (’andnlyéésh: ‘andanlyéésh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’aniyéésh, S flows slowly down from a height (as a stream

S comes or arrives (flying through

the air). Yithégésh/nitheezh (nathéésh:nddnathéésh). # P-aa yithéésh, P receives S (as a quilt that

(17)

a bump, a sack of wool in a truck that

hits a pothole). Yandathéésh/yandatheezh (yanindathéésh:yaninddndathéésh). (21) (G/yi)(764): S moves through the air (completive). Yithéésh/yitheezh (nathéésh: naanathéésh). SER. (@/si)(444). Hithéésh/ heeshheezh. # P-iih yithéésh, S falls into P, S falls and lands in P (as a quilt from a clothesline

falls and lands in the fire (a gob of mud or dough). Dzfdzaathéésh/dzidzaatheezh (dzidzanathéésh:dzidzanaanathéésh). SER.(@/si)(358). Dzidzahathéésh/dzidzahaashheezh (dzidzandhathéésh:dzidzandahathéésh). (13) ha-(@/yi)(428):

S breaks loose and falls away

(as a gob of pitch on the end of a stick ora sack of wool hung ona peg). N’diithéésh/ ndiitheezh (nind’diithéésh:ninda’diithéésh).

over the edge (as syrup over a tabletop). (10) di-(@/si)(320): S starts to fall (as a gob of pitch, a

of mud down from an arroyo side).

# Naa ’aniyéésh (~ naa’aniyéésh), S topples over (as a bag of flour. V. naa’anishhéésh: #12 below.) # Yah ’aniyéésh, S flows slowly into an enclosure (a slow stream of mud or

P has ordered). # Naaltsoos P-aa yithéésh, P receives a crumpled letter, dollar bill, piece of mail). nikf-(@/si)(631): S falls down or lands on the ground or other surface, crashes or plops

down. Nikéthéésh/nikéshheezh. # P-kda’jj’ nikéshheezh, S fell down on top of

(5)

P (as a bag of wool onto a cartop).

# Ni’jj’ nikéshheezh, S fell down to earth, fell down onto a floor or other surface.

700

water into a hole). # Y66’ ’aniyéésh, S flows slowly away and disappears). P-ddahodini-(@/yi)(175): P is dammed or blocked by an avalanche (of mud, snow), or bya rockslide (as a road or stream).

YEEZHp

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9) (10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

YEEZHo

into a hole). (E.g. Hastiin hashttish ‘a’aa

Biddhodiniyéésh/biddhodinfyeezh (bidandahodiniyéésh). P-nani-(@/yi): S flows around P (as a slow stream of water around a tree). Binanlyéésh/ binanffyeezh). P-ts’Ani-(ni/ni): S flows slowly away from P (as a stream of molasses from a leaky barrel). Bits ’aniyéésh/bits’Aninfyeezh (bits’anaanfyéésh). ch’fni-(ni/ni)(295): S flows slowly out horizontally (as wet cement from an overturned wheelbarrow). Ch’infyéésh/ch’ininfyeezh (ch’indnlyéésh:ch’inddnlygésh). dinf-(@/si): S starts to flow slowly along (as a river of wet mud). Dinfyéésh/dinéezhyeezh. dzidzani-(@/yi): S flows slowly into the fire (as a slow stream of water or mud). Dzidzaniygéésh/ dzidzanffyeezh. hani-(@/yi): S flows slowly up out (as lava from an erupting volcano). Haniyéésh/hanffyeezh (hananlyéésh:handanlyéésh). naa’ani-(@/yi)(579): to keel over, flop over, collapse (a person), S topples over (a sack of wool or flour). Naa’anishhéésh/naa’anfiyeezh (1st pers. sgl); naa’aniyé¢ésh (3rd pers. sgl). (V. #4 above.) fidinf-(@/si)(609): S gives way, melts away (as a pile of dirt that melts into mud in flood water).

gone’ 'iinfftheezh, the man made mud flow into the hole.) P-ndni-(@/si): to make O flow slowly around P. Binanishhéésh/bindnétheezh. ch’ini-(ni/ni): to make O flow horizontally out. Ch’ininishhéésh/ch'fninftheezh. (E.g. Hastiin hashttish t#’66’g66 ch’fininftheezh, the man made the mud flow outdoors.) dzidzani-(@/yi): to make O flow slowly into the fire. Dzidzanishhéésh/dzidzaniitheezh. ni-(ni/ni): to make O arrive flowing slowly. Nishhéésh/ninittheezh (ndnishh¢¢sh:naanishhéésh). # P-aa nishhéésh, to make O flow slowly to P. (E.g. Hastiin t6 shaa yininftheezh, the man made the water flow to me.) nini-(ni/ni): to make O flow to a stopping point. Nininishhéésh/nininitheezh. # -jj' nininishhéésh, to make O flow as far as (a designated point). # Tsé6’naa (~ ha’naa) nininishhé¢ésh, to make O flow slowly across.

(3)

(7)

B.

CONTINUATIVE

I. ni-O-(ti):

Ndiniyéésh/ hdinéezhyeezh. # Hot nhdinéezhyeezh,

(14)

(1)

it gave way with the

nani-(@/si)(562): S flows slowly about here and there, S flows meandering about (as a small slow stream of irrigation water). Naniyeesh/ naneezhyeezh (ninddanlyeesh). # P-tah naniyeesh, S flows about among P (as among the corn plants). na’ni-(@/si)(559): unspecified S flows slowly about here and there, unspecified S meanders about. Na’niyeesh/na’neezhyegezh (ninda’ni-

people, melted away with them (the mountain on which they had taken refuge from the flood waters). ni-(ni/ni)(664): S goes, comes, arrives flowing slowly (as a stream of water or mud). (2)

Niyéésh/ninfyeezh (nanlyéésh:nadanlyéésh),. # P-aa niyéésh, S reaches P, P receives S (as a stream of irrigation water).

yeesh).

(15) nini-(ni/ni): S flows slowly as far as a stopping point (as a river of mud). Nininiyéésh/ninin(-

yeezh.

# -jj’ nininiyéésh,

# P-tah na’niyeesh, P is being irrigated (as corn - lit. unspecified S flows slowly about among P).

S flows slowly as far as -- (a

designated point - as up to the house). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) nininiyéésh, S flows

Il. ni-t-(tt):

across.

(1)

III. ni-t-(tt): (1)

(2)

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi): to make O flow slowly down from a height (as mud down an incline). ’Adanishhéésh/adaniithéézh (’adandnishhéésh:’adandanishhéésh). ’ani-(@/yi): to make O flow slowly away out of sight (a slow stream of water or wet mud).

(2)

’Anishhéésh/'aniftheezh (’andnishhéésh:'andanishhéésh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’anishhéésh, to make O flow slowly down from a height. # Yah 'anishhéésh, to make O flow into an enclosure (as a slow stream of water

701

nani-(@/si)(562): to make O flow slowly about here and there, make O meander about (as irrigation water). Nanishheesh/nanétheezh (nindanishheesh). # P-tah nanishheesh, to make O flow slowly about among P, to irrigate P with O. na’ni-(Q/si)(558): to make unspecified O flow slowly about (as a stream of irrigation water). Na’nishheesh/ na’nétheezh (ninda’nishheesh). # P-d4 na’nishheesh, to do the irrigating for P (as for another person). # P-tah na’nishheesh, to irrigate P (as corn lit. to cause something to flow slowly about among P).

YEEZHp

YIL4

(PPA *xik’(W) > PA *ghYikY or

C. CURSIVE

*ghYitsh'lW][di]: breathe.)

I. t-(ti): (1)

YIH (GHIH)

NAVAJO: The stem, in its Repetitive aspectival form YIH (in all Modes) is in common use, but in other Modes and Aspects D-classifier is required. Several y- (= gh-) initial stems become dz-initial under D-effect, in the presence of D-classifier, as D- YA >

(yi)(764): S moves or goes flying through the air (as bird excrement, mud, crumpled paper),

Yithesh (ndathesh:nadndathesh), # ‘Adah (~ bidah/hadah) yilhesh, S is falling downward (as a gob of bird excrement), # Haddéésh yithesh, where did it come from?!

DZA, D-YAA > DZAA,D-YOOD

> DZOOD, D-YOL

> DZOL and, in the instance at hand D-Yff’ > DZif’. Hoijer (1974) gives YJJH / YII’/ YIH: “breathe.” However, verb themes employing these stem forms appear to be obsolete. Consequently the

Il. ni-O-(ti): (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

listed independently. Cf. stem noun -yih, breath.

V. also cognate Y{{’: melt.

(nanooyesh:naanooyesh). to be staggering about, to stand or sit swaying to and fro (as a drunk, ora person listening to music), Naananeeshhesh.

The Navajo Repetitive occurs with di-thematic: oral, mouth, and @-classifier in a lexical derivative

naandani-(yi)(§85);

D, (1) (2)

derivatives with D-classifer (DZIf’ /DZIIH / DZIH) are

ni-(yi)(678): S is flowing along slowly (as wet mud, syrup, glue, oil), a river of S is flowing slowly along (as molten lava). Nooyesh

NOUN

with the meaning “pant.”

A. REP.

na’niyeesh, irrigation. nanooyeshii, a small sacrificial cake used as an offering to the sun in Nitch’ijf (Wind Way)(the one thatis swirled), tsézhin ndaneezhyeezhl(x chézhin ndaneezhyeezhi), where viscous lava flowed, Yo'litsoh Bidit ninivyeezh, Anzac, New Mexico (where the Giant's blood flowed, Reference is to the giant who was slain by the Twin Culture Heroes - Naayéd' Neizghanf and Tébajishchinf - and whose blood is identified with the lava

~YID

Sorin

rert eee Oe

Oris

yih

yih

yih

yih

A.

noun:

yih

REPETITIVE Durative

|. di-@-(ti):

(1)

di-(@/yi)(335): to pant, puff, breathe heavily (as after strenuous exercise, or upon awakening from a nightmare). Dishhih/difyih.

flows in the area.)

Stem

IMP. DERIVATIVES

B. NOUN DERIVATIVES (1) ‘ayih, breath (P-yih).

chest, breast, sternum,

breast-bone. # -yiditsee’ ~ -yiditsee’ (-tsee’, tail), tip of the breastbone, sternum, xiphoid.

Postposition: inside, on the interior (of a solid, or of a container. (V. -Il’.)

# -yidits|’ ~ -yidits]’ (-ts}’, flesh),

flesh on the chest (especially that

on the chest of a sheep, goat or cow, used as a criterion in determining readiness for butchering). # -yidts'in (-ts'in, bone), breastbone, chest bone, sternum,

NAVAJO: Occurs with di-(ni-) thematic and ©-classifier as the theme ina

YILy Stem noun: breath, spirit, soul. verb root YIH: breathe, pant.)

(GHIL)

(Cf.

Neuter Imperfective base meaning “gelatinous, quivery.”

~YIH

NEUTER

|. di-(ni-)-O-(ti): (1)

702

di-(ni)-(O-Imp.)(340): S is gelatinous (as clotted blood), quivery (as jello). Diyil.

YiLo

YiLo

NOUN DERIVATIVES (1)

(3)

ditdiyilii, blood clot.

(PPA *xH# > PA “*ghil [@]: thrusta stick-like O abruptly; [©] [with *n#thematic]: be stupefied, dizzy, out of one’s mind; [It]: move in a stupor or in panic, stumble.)

YiLo (GHIL)

NAVAJO:

Occurs:

(4) (5)

(1) with @-(D-)

classifier and postpositional P-f-, against P, as the

theme in verb bases meaning “shove or push (a person or thing);” (2) with ni-thematic and L-classifier in a base meaning “doze, nap;” (3) with ni-thematic and @- or t-causative in bases meaning “turn / cause O to turn = be(come) / make O dizzy,;” and (4) with ’athematic and t-classifier in an extended meaning: “pump O for information.”

IMP.

__US/IT.

PERF.

A.MOM. jaa B.TRANS. C.CONT. ]yil D.REP.

yit

yil

yit

yil

E.SEM.

yit

yit

yit

-

-

G.NEUT.yit

:

F.CURS.

A.

PROG. -

-

FUT.

OPT.

yit

yi

yit

yil

yit

yt

yit/ yit :

:

knife through a steak, a wheelbarrow through a

smoke-cloud). Bighdbinishhif/bighabiniyil (bighdbinanishgiit:bigh Abindanishgiit). P-{-(@/yi)(155): to push or shove P (completive). Béshhif/bifyil (bindshgfft:binddndshgif). # P-iih béshhiit, to push or shove it into P (a puppy into a sack, a person or thing into the mud).

# Dzfdza béshhiit, to shove it into the fire. # Kjjh béshhiit, to push it into town (as a car). # Nii’oh béshhiit, to push it out of sight. # Taah béshhiit,

(8)

# P-aa b/infshhiit, to push it to P (as a trunk to another person). # -g66 binishhift, to push it to --(a designated location). (9) P-idi-(@/si): to start to push P along (as a wheelbarrow). Bidishhift/bidéyil (binidishg/it: bindddishgift). (10) P-fdii-(@/O)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off pushing P (as a wheelbarrow, car). Dah

MOMENTANEOUS

’a-P-f-(@/yi)(3):

to push or shove P away out of

sight (as a wheelbarrow, boulder, coin, car).

’Abéshhif/’abiiyil (‘abindshgiit’abindandashgift). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’abéshhiit, to shove or push O down from a height. # P-tat’ah gone’ ’abéshhiit, to shove it into a space or fold (as into the space between one’s belt and belly, where one might shove objects such as gloves, a pistol), to shove O in under one’s belt.

bidiishhif/dah bfdiiyil (dah bindiishgfft:dah

(11)

# P-yaa géne’ ‘abéshhift, to push or shove it in

(12)

under P (a trunk under a bed, a package

of cigarets under the pillow). # Ha’aa ’abéshhift, to push O over the hill and

(2)

bindddiishgiit). P-(-hi-(@/si)(446): to push or shove P one after another (completive). Béhéshhift/béhéyil (bindhashgift:binddhashgift). # P-iih béhéshhiit, to shove them into P one after another. P-nd-p-(-(@/si): to push or shove p around P (as a wheelbarrow around a building). Bindbéshiit/ ee ig tay Bear apy)

(13) P-nikd-p-f-(ni/ni): to push p through P (as a wheelbarrow through a gate, a stone through a tube). Binikabinishhiit/binikabinfyil (binfkab(ndnishgift:binikabi(ndanishgif). (14) P-ts’4-p-f-(ni/ni): to push or shove p away from P (as a box away from the fire, a child away from the water). Bits’ab{nishhiVbits’abiniyil (bits’abindnishgift:bits’abinaanishgif). (15) P-za-p-{-(@/yi)(259): to shove p into P’s mouth (as food, candy). Bizabéshhif/bizabifyil (bizabindshgift:bizabindandshgiit). SER.(@/si). Bizabéhéshhif/bizabéhéyil. ch’i-P-{-(ni/ni)(281): to push P out horizontally (16) (as a heavy box out of a room, a wheelbarrow

disappear.

# Nahjj’ (~ nahgd6) ’abéshhift,

P-{-(ni/ni)(239): to come, go, arrive pushing P (as a wheelbarrow). Binishhif/biniyil (bindnishgfft:

bindanishgff).

:

|. P-i-O-(tt): (1)

to shove or push it into the

water.

. :

’ahéé-P-i-(ni/ni): to push P around ina circle, make a circuit pushing P. ’Ahéébinishhift/’ahéébinfyil. SER. (@/si): to push P around and around in circles. “Ahéébthishhift/ahéébihéyil. # P-naago ’ahéébinishhift, to push or shove it around P (as acar around a hogan). ’a’A-P-i-(G/yi): to push or shove P into a hole (as a stone into a prairie dog hole). ’A’aébéshhiit/ ’a'dbifyil (’a’dbindshgiit:’a’ab(ndanashgift). ’atts’a-P-i-(ni/ni)(103): to push or shove P apart, separate P by pushing (as two boulders). ’Atts’Abinishhif/’atts ’Abinfyil (’atts’dnabinishgitt’atts ’Andabinishgif). P-gha-p-/-(ni/ni)(186): to push p through P (as a

to shove it

aside. # Siza’azis ’abéshhiit, | shove it into my pocket. # Yah ’abéshhiit, to push or shove it into an enclosure (as a car into a shed). # Y66’ ’abéshhiit, to push it away and disappear, or get rid of it. ’ada-P-{-(~ bida-P-{-/hada-P-i-)(O/yi): to push O down from a height (as a boulder down a hill). ’*Adabéshhif’adabiiyil (‘adabinashgiit:’ada2rd

binddanashgift).

703

YiLo

YiLo

SER.(@/si).

out of a shed), Ch'ibinishhiit/ch'fbinfyil (ch 'tblnanishglitch ibindanishgiit), SER.(@/si), Ch'ibéhéshhliVeh'ibéhéyil (ch'ibinaéhashglit: ch'ibinaahashglit), # P-lighahgé6 ch'ibinishhiit, to push O past P (a stationary object), # T1'66'gd6 ch'ibinishhii, to push or shove it

Il, P-f-D-(tt): (1)

outdoors,

(17

—

Yisddbéhéshhi/yisdabéhéyil.

oh'l-P-f-(@/yl); to push or shove p out horizontally (completive), Ch'ibéshhiiV/ch 'tbiiyil. # ‘Adah (« bidah/hadah) ch'fbéshhiit, to push it

‘atna-P-(nd-(@/yi)(94): to push P to a location and back, 'Atndb{ndshg/WV’atnabinaashgil:. tt -g66 'atndb(ndshgit, to push it back and forth to (a designated location - customarily or repeatedly - as a wheelbarrow back and forth to the garden).

over the edge (as a person over a cliff, a

(18) (19)

(20

—

book over the edge of a table), to shove or push P into the fire, DzidzabéshhiiV/dzidzabiiyil (dzidzab/nashglitdzidzabinaanashgill), ha-P-(-(@/yi)(372); to push P up out (as out of the mud), Habéshhiit/habjlyil (habinashgfi: habinaanashglil), # P-lil’'dee' habéshhiit, to push or shove O out of P, # P-yaadee’ habéshhilt, to push or shove O out from under P, ha-P-(-(si or @/sl); to push P up (as up an incline), climb up pushing P, Habishishhiit or habéshhiiVhabiséyill (habinashgiit}habinaa-

Il. ni-O-(ti):

dzidza-P-(-(@/yi);

(1)

IV. ni-L-(ti): (1)

nashgiit),

# P-aah habishishhiitor habéshhilt,

nadhodinfi-(@/@)(540): “things” start to go around in a circle, turn, revolve. Nahodinfiy(t/ndhodinfiyil (nfnddhodiniiyift). # P-it ndhodinfiy(ft, P gets dizzy (lit. “things” start to go around with P).

‘ani-(@/yi)(120):

to doze, nap, doze off. ‘Anishy(f/’aneeshyil (‘andnfshy(ft:’andanishyift),

to push it

up P (as up a hillside),

(24

(22

—

—

# P-k’ee'aa habéshhill, to detour around P while pushing O, naantP-t(C/si)(689); to turn P around by pushing or shoving, to make a turn pushing P. Naanibéshhiil/naanibiséyll (naanibinaanashgill), # Bizanaghahjigo naanibéshhiit, to push or shove it around the corner, # Nish'naajigo/nishttajigo naanibéshhiit, to push O right/left, ni-Pel-(ni/ni)(627); to push or shove P as farasa stopping point, Nibinishhiil/nibiniyil (nib(nanishgli:nibinaanishgil), # -jj’ nibinishhill, to push P as far as -- (a designated point), push P up to --(as up

V. ni-t-(tt): (1)

B.

#

(1)

to stop pushing P.

WO'a-P-i-(O/yi):

‘ii-(Q@/@)(482)(with prepounded P-két’4, P’s footsoles): to boost P up (as up a tree).

Bikotla ‘lishhiiVbikétta ‘iiyil (bikétt'a na'iishhittbikétt'a naa’iishhi),

Tse6'naa (~ ha'naa) nibinishhiil, to push P

across (as across the road), (23 — ta-P-idi-(Q/yi)(697); to push P around here and there, go about here and there pushing P (as a wheelbarrow), Tabidishhiit/tab/aiiyil, (24) tailta'a-P-i-(ni/ni): to push P away from the fire or away from the water, push P to shore, Taitts ‘abinishhiiVtaltts abiniyil (tsitts'’abinaNishgithtsits ‘abinaanishgiit),

(25 —

TRANSITIONAL

I, 'a-O-(tt):

to the wall),

# Ni’ nibinishhiit,

nahodinfi-(@/@)(540); S causes “things” to start going around, turning, revolving. Nahodiniith{(t/ nahodiniithil (nindahodiniithii). # P-it ndhodinfithift, it makes P dizzy (lit. it causes “things” to start to go around with P - as liquor, a drug).

C.

CONTINUATIVE

I, @-(tt): (1)

to push P off course, out of

bounds, into the ditch or gutter, over the edge, Wo'abéshhill/wo'abiiyil (wo'abinashglitw6'ablnaanashgiit),

(26) yisda-P-(-(Q/yi);

to push or shove P to safety, save or rescue P by pushing, Yisdabéshhii yisdabilyil (yisdabinashgiihyisdabinaanashgli),

704

na-P-{-(@/si)(521): to push P around here and there (as a wheelbarrow), to have made a round trip pushing P (in the Perf.). Nabéshhil/nab(séyil (nab(ndanashgit). # -g66 nabiséyil, to have made a round trip to -- (a designated place) pushing P (asa wheelbarrow),

YiLo D.

YIN

(3)

REPETITIVE

ndiyiii (~ nadinfyfii), sunflower. Ndfyflii bich’osh, sunflower bug. (sunflower’s bug). ndfyiiitsoh, common sunflower, wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus)(big sunflower). tddithit, whiskey, liquor (liquid that causes dizziness). Todithit ’attah yidziidigff, cocktail, mixed drink (whiskey mixed together). td ’itndahonithilfgff, alcoholic beverages (the d.p. liquids that cause dizziness). Tsé Diyilf, Mesa Fajada (in Chaco Canyon), New Mexico. (Possibly Diyil: YILj.)

Durative

(4)

I. ni-O-(ti):

(5)

(1)

ndahoni-(O-Imp.)(540): “things” are going around ina circle, revolving. Nahoniyil. # P-it ndhoniyil, P is dizzy (lit. “things” are going around with P.).

(6) (7)

I. ’a-t-(tt): (1)

Noun: hand (in a detached sense. Cf. -LA’, hand.).

P-fka’ii-(@/si)(198): to “pump” for P (information), ask questions in an effort to get information out of someone. Bika’iishhil/bika’séthil. (bikadi’yeeshhit: Fut.). (P-ika’ii- = P-ika’ahi-.)

YiLA

# yild bee (bee, by means of it), by hand (as in yfla bee ‘alyaa, itwas made by hand, handmade).

E. SEMELFACTIVE I. ni-t-(tt): (1)

YIN

honii-(@/si)(457)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): S makes P dizzy, “woozy.” (Lit. S makes “things” turn with P). Bit honiithit/bit honeesxil (bit nadahoniithit).

F. CURSIVE

Noun stem (possibly the verb root YIN: be dirty, greasy, oily in combination with an unidentified prefix choo-): chooyin, menstruation, menstrual discharge. # chooyinf(-f, the one), hunchback (reflects the taboo against sexual relations with a menstruating woman).

|. P-(-O-(tt): (1)

(PPA *xenY > PA *ghenY [li]: be

P-f-(yi)(167): to be pushing P along. Bééshhit/ bideiniigit (binddshgitbinadnadshgit). # Gédnaa bééshhit, to be pushing O across (as in a wheelbarrow). naa-P-fnd-(yi): to push or turn P around and

(2)

around. Naabindashhit or naanibéeshhit.

greasy, oily. From

“xe, oil.)

YIN (GHIN)

NAVAJO:

Primary meaning “oily,

greasy.” Occurs with ni-/ ti-ni-thematic and t- / O-classifier as the theme in Neuter Imperfective bases meaning “be oily, greasy” and, by extension, “be dirty gray in color.”

G. NEUTER

NEUTER

|. di-(ni)-t-(tt): I. ni-t-(ti):

(1)

di-(ni)-(@-Imp.)(320):

S causes dizziness.

Dithit. (1)

ni-(O-Imp.)(643-658): to be greasy, oily, dirty (as one’s hands, a garment), to be dirty gray or mouse colored. Nishhin (nithin: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-ee nishhin, to be greasy with P (as with lard)

I. ni-t-(tt): (1)

honi-(si-Perf.)(457)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): S causes P to be dizzy. honeesxit.

Bit

Il. ti-ni-O-(ti):

H.

NOUN

(1) (1) nabégilf, wheelbarrow (the one that is pushed about).

(2)

(ti- derived from t-classifier)

DERIVATIVES

ndinfyfii (~ ndfyilii), sunflower (the one that turns) (Gymnolomia multiflora, Helianthus annuus).

4i-(ni)-(518): to be greasy, oily, dirty gray, mouse colored. tinishhin (tiyin: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl; daalyin: 3rd pers. d.p.). (Ib. tik’aii, neesk’ah.)

YIN

NOUN

YIZ

DERIVATIVES

(-sttee’) (derivation uncertain) Noun: stocking, legging, sock. YISTLE # 'aban/ yistté(’aban/, buckskin), buckskin leggings. # toh yistté(t’oh, grass), yucca leggings. # yistteet?’ddl (-tt’661, cord, string), garter, tie cord for leggings.

(1)

béésh dithit noolyinii, dark agate flints (ceremonial term and items). (2) ’iich’ahii nithin{f, greasy or dirty gray moth. (3) tee’ tiyin, oil outcropping (it is greasy in the soil). (4) teeyinf, oil seep, oil outcropping (the place where it is greasy or oily in the soil). (5) 4fthinii, mouse colored horse (P-Iffthinii). (6) nahak’izii nithinf, greasy or dirty gray cricket. (7) nahachagii nithinigff, greasy or mouse colored grasshopper. (8) na’ashjé’ii nithin{, dirty gray or mouse colored spider. (9) noolyfnii, obsidian. (10) wéde’etchihi nithinf, greasy or dirty gray redhorned insect (beetle). (11) wééseets’inii nithins, dirty gray or mouse colored grub worm.

YIZ (GHIZ)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “turn, whirl slowly, move with a twisting motion.” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “move with a twisting-turning motion (as a heavy boulder that moves over a rain slick surface);” (2) with L-classifier in bases meaning “veer, wiggle, squirm, dodge” and, by extension, “be startled, stampede (a herd or a crowd), abandon (an institution, as religion, language);” (3) with ni-thematic: terminative, and L-classifier “back out, balk, refuse to carry through;” (4) with L-causative “turn, crank, wiggle or twirl O slowly;” and (5) with O- classifier and ni-thematic in a Neuter base meaning “be round or cylindrical (as a pencil).”

Noun: mind, intellect, mental concern. (Cf. =NI’, mind.) # yiniit (yini- + -it, in company with), worried, ina worried state of mind.

YIN

——

YIS (GHIS)

NAVAJO: Possibly cognate with YIZ: turn. Occurs with P-i- postpositional and ©-classifier in a Neuter base meaning “handsome.”

IMP.

f re |, P-i-O-(ti):

PERF.

yis yis

yiz yiz

ake FCURS aie

f

G.NEUT.

-

C.REP.

a aee

(inflected for person by altering the object pronoun). Bfiyis (shfiyis: I’m handsome, nfiyis, you’re handsome, etc.)

YISDA

UST.

A.MOM. yéés B.CONT. _ yiz

(1) P-fi-(O-Imp.)(268): P is handsome, good-looking

:

Noun/adverb/verb prefix: safety, security, salvation (Christian usage). Occurs most commonly as a verb

YISDAH

:

# Y66’ ’iiyéés,

Ne

(2)

shortness of breath (Yisdah ‘antigo’ or sé,If?, | af BUT oT

Beni

yis yis

yéés yiz

’

yis/ yéés

:

:

yiz

-

-

-

i.

;:

: : view

boulder). ‘liyéés/iiyiz (anayéés:’andanayéés). SER.(O/si)(63). “Adahiyéés/’adahaazyiz. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iiyéés, S slides down from a height. # Nahg66 ’iiyéés, S slides aside. # Yah ’iiyéés, S slides into an enclosure (as into a hole).

Cache

Derivati ene tee a Peo

-

(1) ’a-(O/yi)(478): S slides away out of sight (a

Mountain, New Mexico (near La Ventana). (lit. refuge mountain.)

Se

OPT.

eet:

lyllye)nabreached, satelyxyledaeitl mountain),

-

a:

FUT.

TONE NEN ESNS

(=yisda + [y]it{), | saved or rescued (Also as ’asda- ~ hasda). # Yisda Dziil (dziil < dzit,

ie

PROG.

| Q-(ti):

prefix, as in yisddaya (= yisda + him.)

(PPA xis > PA “ghiz [@]: turn, whirl [t-causative also translates “bore a hole in’]; [li]: duck, dodge, reactin fear.)

S slides away and disappears.

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): S slides down from a height (as a large boulder). “Adaayéés/

’addayiz (‘adandyéés:’adandanayéés). SER.(@/si)(8). "Adadahayéés/’adadahaazyiz (‘adandahayéés: ’adandddahayéés).

sp

706

NZ

viz

(3)

(4) (5)

Il. L-(ti):

’a’d-(G/yi)(85): S slides into a hole. ’A’ayéés/ ’a’ddyiz (‘a’Andyéés:’a’dnddnayéés). SER.(@/si). ’A’Adahayéés/’a’ddahaazyiz. ’atts’a-(ni/ni)(107): S slide apart (as two large boulders). ’Atts’ayéés/’atts aniyiz. P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): S slides through P (as through a fence). Yighayéés/yighaniyiz. P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): S slides through P (as through a pipe, tunnel, gate). Yinikayéés/ yinkkaniyiz. P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): S slides away from P (as a large segment of boulder from a cliffside). Yits ’ayéés/yits’aniyiz. ch’i-(ni/ni)(292): S slides out horizontally (as from a tunnel). Ch’éyéés/ch infyiz. ch’i-(G/yi)(279): S slides horizontally out (completive). Ch’éyéés/ch’ééyiz. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éyéés, S slides over the edge (as a boulder over the

(1)

(2)

’a-(O/yi)(478): (we) rush away out of sight (as people into a building to escape a storm).

‘lilyéés/iilyiz (anéiilyéés). # Yah ’iilyéés, (we) rush into an enclosure (as into a building to escape a storm). ’adii-(@/O)(29)(with prepounded dah, off): unspecified S go in a rush, stampede, there is a rush or stampede (of people or animals that start off milling and turning). Dah ’adiilyéés/dah ‘adiilyiz (dah naa’diilyéés). (V. #7 below.)

# Tt’66’g66 dah ’adiilyéés, there is a rush for

(3) (4)

the outside (as children at recess time). ch’i-(ni/ni)(292): (we) rush out, stampede out (as people from a burning building, antelope from a trap). Ch’fniilyéés/ch’fniilyiz (ch’indniilyéés). ddddii-(@/@)(305)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): to turn away from P, abandon P (as a language, religion, custom)/(lit. to turn and close P

edge of a precipice). (10) di-(@/si)(340): S starts to slide along. Diyéés/deezyiz. (11) dii-(@/@)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): S starts off sliding. Dah diiyéés/dah diiyiz (dah ndddiiyéés). (12) dzidza-(@/yi)(358): S slides into the fire. Dzidzaayéés/dzidzaayiz. (13) na-(@/yi)(594): S slides downward. Naayéés/naayiz. (14) na-(@/si)(568): to turn around (slowly - i.e. S does not whirl around, but turns as a person who wants to take a leisurely look behind him). Ndsxéés/niséyiz (nindsxéés:nindandsxéés). (15) na’a-(@/si)(568): unspecified S turns around, revolves (at a leisurely rate of speed = a Ferris Wheel). Na’dyéés/na’azyiz. # P-it nd’azyiz, P rode the Ferris Wheel. (16) ndha-(~ ndho-)(@/si): impersonal it or “things” turn around. Ndhdayéés/ndahazyiz. # P-it ndhdzyiz, P is disoriented, lost (as a person who is lost in the mountains - he doesn’t know which way to go). (17) (ni/ni)(654): S goes, comes, arrives sliding. Yiyéés/nlyiz. (E.g. Difsha’ tsé ntsaaigif haddg¢’ niyiz, where did this boulder slide from?) (18) ni-(ni/ni)(648): S slides as far as a stopping point. Niiyéés/ninfyiz. # -jj’ niiyéés, S slides as far as --(a designated point). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niiyéés, S slides across (as across a road), (19) w6’a-(G/yi)(745): S slides into a ditch, slides off course, slides over the edge. W6’aayéés/ wo’ aayiz. (20) (G/yi)(775): S slides (completive). Yiyéés/yiyiz. # P-iih yiyéés, S slides into P (as into the mud), # P-k’adh yiyéés, S slides against P (bumping into P). # Taah yiyéés, S slides into the water.

(5)

off). Baa daddiilyéés/baa dadadiilyiz. (1st pers. pl) (di-thematic: close, open). dda’dii-(@/O)(306)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): P is left behind, abandoned, forsaken (lit. unspecified S turns and closes P off)(a

language, religion or custom). Baa dada’diilyéés/baa daa’diilyiz. (6)

di-(@/si)(319-333): to swerve, dodge, veer (to avoid a blow or collision)(lit. start to turn).

Disyéés/désyiz (ndisyéés:ndddisyéés). # P-it dilyéés, S shies with P (as a horse with its rider),

P swerves, veers or dodges in

S (as a passenger or driver in a car or ona bicycle - to avoid a collision). # P-ts’aa disyéés, to dodge away from P, dodge out of P’s way (as to escape a blow). # T’66 P-k’ee disyéés, to be startled,

(7)

astonished, taken aback by P (as when one meets up with a person he did not expect to see). dii-(@/@)(342)(with prepounded dah, off): to rush off in a body, stampede (a crowd of people, herd of animals). Dah diilyéés/dah diilyiz (dah

ndiilyéés:dah naddiilyéés). (1st pers. pl). # P-ch’j’ dah diilyéés, to rush off toward P. # T1’66’g66 dah diilyéés, to rush for the outside (as children leaving school at recess time). hodi-(@/si)(451): impersonal it or “things” start to turn around. Hodilyéés/hodeesyiz (ndhodilyéés:nddhodilyéés). (Cf. A[lll]1 below.) # P-k’ee p-yah hodilyéés, p is startled or frightened by P, p is shocked by P (as by news of a relative’s death)(lit. “things” start to turn beneath p on account of P). (9) ndni-(@/si)(563): to balk, back out (on something that one started to do), refuse to carry through. Nanisyéés/ndnésyiz (ninddnisyéés). (nithematic: terminal). (10) fAdi-(O-lmp./Iter.)(613): to twitch, jerk (as a

(8)

sleeping dog or person). Ndisyis.

707

¥IZ

YIZ

(11)

ndii-(@/@)(628);

# P-k’ee p-yaa nahalyiz,

S stampede, panic (lit. start to

startled by aloud noise), Ndiilyéés/ndiilyiz (nindddiilyéés), (12) ts{di-(@/yi)(733): to be astonished, startled, amazed (as by a bear that suddenly appears in one's path, or by something unbelievable). Taldifyéé6s/ts(deesyiz (ts(nddadisydés), (Cf. A{II1]3.) # P-k’ee ts(diayéés, to be astonished or startled by P.

p is scared to death

of P (as a person who fears snakes).

rush in a body, as a herd of cattle that are

# P-yaa nahalyiz, P is apprehensive, on edge (as a person walking in the dark orina

snake infested area)(lit. “things” wiggle or squirm beneath P).

(1)

na-(@/si)(592): to wiggle O (as a ball, hat, shoe in playing with a kitten). Naasxiz/niséthiz.

Wl, t«(tt): C.

(1)

(2)

hodi-(@/si)(452); to cause “things” (impersonal it) to start to turn. Hodisxéés/hodéthiz (naahodisxéés), (Cf. A[II]8 above.) (P-o@) p-yah hodisxéés, to startle or frighten p (with P)(lit. to cause “things” to start to turn boneath p « by means of P, As when S puts a firecracker behind p), na-(@/si)(568): to turn O around (slowly)(as a wheel or the crank on an old fashioned car), Naésxd6s/nl(sethiz (nindanasxéés),

# Chidf biddahdéd' ndsx6és, (3)

REPETITIVE Durative

I, b(t): (1) (2) (3)

(@-lmp.)(778): to twirl O (a spindle, pencil). Yisxiz. ’a-(O-lmp.)(124): to do the twirling (of a spindle in making yarn). ’Asxiz. di-(@-lmp.)(332): to twirl O (an elongated O, asa

firedrill).

Disxiz.

to crank the car.

tsf-O-di-(@/yi)(732); to startle, frighten, shock O. Tsalbidisxéés/tafbidithiz (ts(ndabidisxéés), (Cf. A[ll]12 above.)

D.

SEMELFACTIVE

|, @-(tt):

B. CONTINUATIVE

(1)

na-(@/si)(591)(with prepounded dah, up): Dah naayiz/dah naazyiz.

I. Le(ti): na-(@)(593); to wiggle, squirm, follow a zig-zag course (as a rabbit running from a pursuer, or birds that are chasing one another), to be easily

(ndayiisxis).

E. CONCLUSIVE

S (as a

boat, cradle, chair) rocks from side to side.

(1)

to give O a turn (as a spindle).

Yiisxis/séthis

|, @-(ti): (1)

yii-(@/si)(809):

I. ni-t-(tt): (1)

(2)

ni-(@/si)(657): to make O in the form of a roll (as dough, mud, clay). Nisxis/néthis (nddn{sx{s). (ni-generic classifier: roundness). dani-(@/si)(304); to make O in the form of d.p. rolls (as dough, clay). Danisxis/danéthis (ndddanisxis).

startled or “spooked” (as a person or a horse),

(2)

to go first ono way and then another (as a car when the wheels are badly out of line), Naasyiz (nindanasyiz), # ‘Ayéo naasyiz, to be “jumpy,” easily startled or “spooked” (as a nervous person, horse, rabbit), # 'Ayéo naalyiz, S (as a car with malaligned wheels) goes first one way and then another, naha-(~ naho-)(@)($27); impersonal it or “things” wiggle, squirm, Nahalyiz (ninddhalyiz), # ‘Aydéo P-yaa nahalyiz, P is very jumpy, nervous or apprehensive (as a person who jumps at the loast sound, or a horse that roars up ata piece of paper),

F, CURSIVE I, @-(ti): (1) (2)

(3)

(yi)(774): Sis sliding along (as a heavy boulder), Yiyis. nad-(yi)(591): to be turning slowly around and

around (as a person warming himself before the fire), Naddasxis/ndeinfigéés. (ninddnddsxis) na’a-(yi)(591): unspecified S is turning around, revolving (at a leisurely rate). Na’ooyis. # P-it nd’ooyis, P is riding the Ferris Wheel or on the merry-go-round (lit. something is slowly revolving in company with P).

YS

Wiz

(4)

“pick corn (i.e. break off ears of corn).”

naand-(yi)(587): Sis sliding about here and there, to and fro. Naandayis.

Il. t-(tt): (1)

A.MOM.| Trans. B.CONT.

na&-(yi)(591): to be turning O slowly around, to be cranking O (as an old fashioned car). Nddsxis/ndeiniilyéés (ninddndaasxis).

IMP.

USM

WRetRlies

IPOs

ORI:

yfish

yish

yizh

yish

yfish

yizh

yish/ ish

yizh

yish

yizh

A.

G. NEUTER

|. O-(tt):

|. @-(ti): (1)

(ni-Perf.)(664): S is round and slender, cylindrical, tubular in shape (as a pencil, cigaret, pipe, rod). Niyiz.

H.

NOUN

’ak’ahkg’ niyizigif, candle, taper (rod-shaped

(2)

’Atchinf bit hda’iyéés, Ferris Wheel. (Ib. Naa’ahdédhaidi ’atchini bit hda’fyéés - lit. something turns around with the children at the Fair). bee’ach’iishf nfyizigif, rat-tail file (rod-shaped file).

(5) (6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10) (11)

(12) (13) (14)

(15) (16)

P-’nii-(@/@)(217):

(2)

Bi’niishhifsh/bi’niiyizh. di-(@/si)(330): to start to pick O (along - corn). Dishhifsh/déyizh (ndadishhfish).

B.

to start to pick P (corn).

CONTINUATIVE

|. G-(tt):

candle).

(3) (4)

(1)

DERIVATIVES

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

tumble bug (the one that rolls up dung). ch’il dilyésii, snakeweed (the one that turns). dah na’ayizii, shoulder bag or pouch (the one that wiggles around up at an elevation)(P-dah na’ayizii). Dzit Nadyisii, Sandia Mountain, New Mexico (the mountain that turns around and around - the mountain that keeps turning around). gohwééh bee yik’ahf naddlyisigif, coffee grinder (the coffee grinder that is turned around and around). hot hdefyésigif, Ferris Wheel (lit. that which revolves with distributive plural people). latsinf nfyizigif, cylindrical bracelet. nahasdzd4n t’édtaéhdgi bd haz’éago yindayisigii, the earth’s axis (the one location around which the earth turns). nd’ooyisf (YIZ), merry-go-round. naayizf, squash. niteel nfyizf, wild iris, broad flag (used to make green dye). t’ddtéhdgi bd haz’dago yinadyis, axis (the single place around which it revolves). tsineheeshji danfyizigif, dowel(s) (cylindrical sawn lumber).

na’a-(@/si)(550): to go about here and there picking corn, to be an itinerant corn picker. Na’ashhizh/ni’séyizh.

chaaneithizii,

(PPA YIZH

C.

REPETITIVE Durative

|, O-(tt): (1) (2)

(@/yi)(782): to pick O (corn). Yishhizh/yfyizh. ’a-(@/yi)(126): to do the corn-picking, harvest the corn. ’Ashhizh/’ffyizh (nda’ashhizh).

Noun: name (in a detached or impersonal sense. Cf. -ZHI’, name,

Y(ZH/

and verb root ZHI’: name, call by name.)

OOOO

¥

———

(PPA *xe > PA “*ghe-n¥ [f] [with *sithe-matic]: kill a single object.)

Yu

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-(L-) classifier and (in most bases) s+~ yi-thematic: destruct, as the theme in bases meaning “kill one object.” A large number and variety of bases with idiomatic meanings are derived with noun subjects and forms of the verb “kill.” (GH})

*xitsh’ > PA “*ghitsh’ [O]:

break off pieces.)

(GHIZH)

Cf. GHA: kill plural objects.

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “break off an object.” Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning

709

Y{o

Yi

A.MOM. B.CONCL.

IMP

UST aR eRe

eis

OPT.

yééh yé

yééh yééh

yéet yoét

yeét yéét

A.

y{ y!

MOMENTANEOUS

L-(tt):

(1)

P-'nii-(@/@)(219):

—ine)=

to start to kill P. Bi’niishhééh/

bi'niith{, # 'Ach’a P-'niithééh, to become meat hungry. (E.g. ‘Ach’é shi'niith{ I’m meat hungry.)

# 'Adilddh P-'niithééh, P gets “ornery,” # #

# # # #

(3)

mischievous, full of mischief. P-aa naanish p-'niithééh, p becomes very busy with P (as a project, task). Ch'finaf P-’niithééh, P becomes melancholy, sad; P starts to pine away. Dibdaa' P-'niilhééh, P gets thirsty. Dichin P-'niilhééh, P gets hungry Dikos P-’niithééh, P gets sick, starts to cough. Hado P-'niithééh, P starts to suffer from the

Il. si-(~ yi-)-L-(tr/Passive): (1)

P starts to suffer from

(2)

the cold,

(3)

easily, P has little resistance to disease, # Yisdah P-'niithééh, P starts to smother or suffocate. # Yishtéézh bi’niithééh, P starts to suffer from

diné seesyinigif, murder victim (the man who was killed). Diné diyoolyétigff, the murder victim to be (the man who will be killed). ‘iisxfinii, murderer, assassin, killer, slayer; the cause of death (the unspecified subject who kills an unspecified object). ‘lisxfinii bika’algizh, autopsy (cutting or operating is done seeking the cause of death). na’azhdiilyé, suicide (person kills himself around), T6 Hwiithinf, Whitehorse Lake, New Mexico (where a person drowned), (Ib. tiftgaii Be’ak’id

'Adi’niishyééh or 'Adi’niishyé/

‘adi’niishy{, (4)

(5)

Si-(~ yi-)-L-(tt):

- Whitehorse

O-ii-(@/si)(266-688); S is killing O. Biithé/biisx/. (V. sisx6, to be killing O: #3 below.) # 'Awaalya géne’ sé O-iithé, O is serving a life sen-tence in the penitentiary. (E.g. Hastiin Yazh{ 'awdalya géne’ sa biithé, Mr. Little is serving a life sentence in the penitentiary - lit. old age is killing Mr.

DERIVATIVES

(2)

(3)

CONCLUSIVE

NOUN

‘A’diilyé, suicide, self-destruction (unspecified S kills self).

to kill oneself, get the notion of committing

B,

O is killed (bidi’doolyéét:

(1)

L-(tr): to start to commit suicide, start

Bi’diilyé/bi’diisy/.

Fut.). si-(@/si)(688)(Simple Passive): O is killed. Seelyé/seesy{ (diyoolyéét: Fut.).

C.

a lack or from an excess of sex.

suicide,

to be committing

O-’dii-(@/si)(688)(Agentive Passive):

(a human).

# Na’acha’' P-'niithééh, P becomes sex hungry, “hot,” “horny.” # Sa P-'niithééh, P starts to become old, # T’ad 'Ako dikos P-’niithééh, P gets sick

‘adi'nii-(@/O)(18):

‘Adii-(= ’Adi-yi-)(@/si)(32):

suicide, to kill oneself (including the figurative sense “kill oneself with work”). ’Adiishyé/ ‘adiyéshyf. # Naanish bee ’ddiishyé, to kill oneself with work,

heat.

# Hak'az P-'niithééh,

Ch'finaf(~ch’66na) O-iithé, O is melancholy, sad, dejected, heartbroken. Dibda’ O-iithé, O is thirsty. Dichin O-iithé, O is hungry, starving. Dikos O-iithé, O is sick (a cough is killing O). ‘li’ni’ O-iisxf, O was killed by lightning. Sa O-iisxf, O died of old age. T6 O-iisx{, O drowned (lit. water killed O). Yinf O-iithé, O is worried, distraught FF HF HH xT ’a-yi-)(@/si)(481): to kill unspecified O. ~~ ishhé/" iyéth{. (‘adiyeeshhéét: Fut.) # P-aah 'iishhé, to kill one of P’s relatives (lit. to kill someone unspecified alongside P). si-(~ yi-)(Q/si)(688): to kill O. Sisxé/séth{, (diyeeshhéét: Fut.) =

Lake.)

(PPA *xe > PA *ghe-n¥ [@]: pack.)

Y{o (GHf)

NAVAJO: Stem noun HEEt (~ YEEL): pack, burden, load. Occurs with O-

(D-) classifier as the theme in a full range of verb bases that describe the “handling” (carry, lift, bring, take, give, haul, etc.) or the propelling (toss, drop) of an object of the “load, pack, burden” class (LPB), especially one that is relatively large, bulky or heavy (e.g. a large

Little in the penitentiary.)

# P-aa dloh O-iithé, he dies laughing about it. # P-aa naanish O-iithé, O is busy with P (as with a project or task).

710

Y{o

Y{o (3)

bunch of ballbats, an entire bed, a large armchair, a

’ahd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41):

to divide O in half (as a sack of flour, load of coal). "Ahdshheeh/’ahaay{ or ‘ahdnfshheeh/’ahanlyj. ’ahéé-(ni/ni)(53): to carry or haul O around ina circle, make a circuit hauling or carrying O. ’Ahéénishheeh/'ahéénlyf (‘ahénfnddnishgeeh). SER.(@/si)(48): to carry or haul O around and around in circles. "Ahééhéshheeh/

quiver full of arrows, a heavy chain, a large overcoat or blanket, a truck or wagonload of anything (animate or inanimate) that is hauled, a harness, pile of leaves, rolled carpet, dead person in a coffin or ona slab, large carcass (sheep, cow), log, heavy plank, and such smaller items as a spoonful of something, a medicine pouch or bundle of ceremonial paraphernalia), and a Neuter Perfective that includes a body of water (puddle, pond, lake, ocean). IMBEUS

ier enter

ROGn

rule

ORT.

A.MOM. pty

yeeh

yééh/ gééh

yf

yéét

yéél

B.CONT.

yé

yeeh/

yf

yeet

ye’

yf

yeet

ye’

yf

yéét

yéét

‘ahééhéy/. ’ahfi-(@/@)(70): to combine O, put O together (as bags of corn and bags of beans). ‘Ahfishheeh/ ‘ahfiy{ (’ahinéishgeeh:’ah(ndanéishgeeh). (Cf. bfishheeh: to add O to it. A[I]19 below.) ’atnd-(@/yi or ni/ni)(96): to switch the positions of O (as a sack of beans and a sack of corn). ’Atndshheeh/’atnaay{ (’atndndashgeeh:’atna-

nddndshgeeh) or ‘atndnishheeh/'atnanly{ (ainéanishgeeh:’atnanddnishgeeh). ’atts’A-(@/yi or ni/ni)(108-110): to divide O in two parts, separate O into two halves or parts, divide O in half (as a bag of beans). ’Atts’Ashheeh/'atts ’aay{ or ‘atts’Anfshheeh/ atts ’Anty{.

geeh

C.DIST.

ye’

yeeh/ geeh

D.REV.

yééh_

yééh/_ gééh

E.CON. F.CURS.

yééh -

G.NEUT.

: yéét/ yeeh

:

-

A.

Yi

# P-it ’atts’anishheeh,

-

°

(8)

-

MOMENTANEOUS,

|, O-(tt): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(482):

# ’Ak’égo P-a’nishheeh,

to carry, take, bring, haul, toss O

away out of sight. ‘lishheeh/'ify{ (’andshgeeh: ’anddndshgeeh). SER.(@/si)(64). ’Ahishheeh/ ’ahéy{ (‘andhdshgeeh: ‘anddhdshgeeh).

(10)

# 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishheeh, to carry, haul, bring, toss O down from a height (as a sack of wool), # P-yaa ’iishheeh, to put O under P.

# Nahijj’ (~ nahgdé6) ‘iishheeh,

to move O

# Naa ‘iishheeh (~ naa’iishheeh), to topple O over, tip or knock O over (as a sack of wool). to carry O out of view, con-

cealO. # Yah ’iishheeh, to carry, bring, enclosure or hole (as into house, pasture). # Y66’ ’iishheeh, to carry, take, and disappear with it, get

(2)

take O into an a corral, haul,

to rent or lease O to

P (lit. to lend O to P for compensation). P-A’di-(@/yi)(146): to give part of O to P (as part

of a load of firewood). Ba’dishheeh/ba’'dify/ (banda’dishgeeh). (di-thematic: reduction,

subtraction). P-da’di-(O/yi)(150): to uncover P (by taking something bulky and heavy off of P- asa heavy blanket, a mattress). Bdéa’dishheeh/ bda’dify{ (bdnina’dishgeeh:baninda'dishgeeh). (di-thematic: cover, close, open). (12 ~— P-dadi-(ni/ni)(173): to cover or block P with O (as with a large rag, towel, quilt). Bidadinishheeh/bidadinfy{ (bidandinishgeeh:bidandaddinishgeeh). (di-thematic: open, close.) (13 ~— P-dadi’(a)-(ni/ni)(173): to cover or block P (with unspecified O - as a towel, quilt). Bidadi’nishheeh/bidadi’nly{ (bidandi’nishgeeh:bidandddi’nishgeeh). (di-thematic: open, close.) (14 ~~ P-dddi-(ni/ni)(173): to plug or block P with O (as an opening, with a rag, towel). Bidddinishheeh/ bidddinly{ (biddndinishgeeh:bidandadinishgeeh). (di-thematic: open, close.) (15) P-dddi’(a)-(ni/ni)(173): to plug or block P (as an

(11

aside, out of the way.

# Nii’oh ’iishheeh,

to share O with P.

’ats’A-(ni/ni)(135): to set O apart or aside, segregate O. ’Ats’anishheeh/’ats’anfy/ (‘ats’Andnfshgeeh:’ats’andaanfshgeeh). P-a’-(ni/ni)(147): to lend or lease O to P (asa tent, mattress, bed). Ba’nishheeh/ba’nly{ (banda’nfshgeeh).

O away

rid of O. to lower, drop,

‘'ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(379): toss, bring, take, carry O down from a height, to haul O down (as a large sack of beans, a load of coal), ’Adaashheeh/’adday{ (’adandshgeeh:’adandanashgeeh). SER. (@/si)(375): to unload O one after another (as big bundles or

~—

opening - with unspecified O - as a quilt, towel,

sacks of wool), carry or haul O down one after

rag). Bidddi’nishheeh/bidddi’nly{ (bidanadi’nishgeeh:bidandddi’nishgeeh). (di-thematic: open, close.)

another (as loads of firewood). “Adahashheeh/ ’adahdy{ (’adandhdshgeeh:’adanddhashgeeh).

(16)

P-di-(@/yi)(181): geeh).

711

to take off part of P (as a load).

Bidishheeh/bidify{ (bindishgeeh:binaddish(di-thematic: reduction, subtraction).

Y{o

Yfo # P-ts’dda’ bidishheeh,

to take O without P’s

permission.

# ta’ P-d bidishheeh, to give P some of it, give P a part of it (as part of a load of firewood) (lit. to take off part of it for P).

(17)

(18)

(19)

(27)

P-flak’e-(@/yi)(221):

to hand O to P, place O in P’s hand (as a quilt, heavy overcoat or blanket). Bilak’eeshheeh/bilak’ééy{ (bildk’enashgeeh:bilak’enddndashgeeh). P-{nii-(O/@)(244): to lean O against P (as a sack of wool or beans against a wall). Biniishheeh/ bfniiy{ (b/ndniishgeeh:binddniishgeeh). (nithematic: terminal.) P-fi-(@/@)(268): to add O to P (as a bag of beans to a group of bags, a load of firewood to

(28)

a pile). Bfishheeh/bfiyf (binéishgeeh:bindanéishgeeh). P-k’idi-(@/yi)(203): to take O (LPB) off of P,

(29)

remove O from atop P (as a mattress or heavy quilt). Bik’idishheeh/bik’idify{ (bik’indishgeeh). P-nd-(@/si)(228): to carry, haul, take O around P (a tent around a car, a load of wood around a

pond). Bindshheeh/biniséyf. P-nfka-(ni/ni)(236): to carry, bring, take, haul, toss O through P (as a tent or load of wood through a gateway, a quilt through a doorway or window). Binikanishheeh/binikanfly{ (binfka-

(30)

Haashheeh/haayjf (hanashgeeh:handanashgeeh). SER.(@/si)(392). Hahashheeh/hahayf (hanadhadshgeeh:handdhadshgeeh). # P-ch’i? haashheeh, to remove P’s entrails,

nanishgeeh:binfkanadnishgeeh).

(23)

P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): to separate O from P, setO aside or apart from P (as a bag of black wool

clean P (as a lamb, fish). # P -ildk’ee haashheeh, to take O from P, take O out of P’s hands (as a bag of sugar). # P-ii’déé’ haashheeh, to take O out of P (asa bag of potatoes out of a box).

from a group of wool bags). Bits’anishheeh/ bits’anfy{ (bits’ananishgeeh:bits’anadanishgeeh).

(24)

ch’f-(ni/ni)(292):

to carry, bring, take, toss O out

horizontally (as a heavy bag of wool or beans out of a storeroom), to haul O out (as a load of firewood or rocks from a canyon).

Ch’infshheeh/ch’inly{ nashgeeh).

(déédishgeeh:dindddishgeeh). SER.(@/si) (316). Dihidishheeh/dihidéy{ (dindhidishgeeh: dinddhidishgeeh). (di-di-thematic: fire). dii-(@/O)(345)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off, set out carrying or hauling O (as a load of firewood, lambs, coal), to lift O up, raise O up (as a heavy bag). Dah diishheeh/dah diiyf (dah ndiishgeeh:dah ndddiishgeeh). # P-ts’dd’ dah diishheeh, to make off with P’s O, carry P’s O off without P’s permission (as in hauling off P’s cow)(di-inceptive: start). dii-(@/@)(345)(with prepounded P-aa, from P): to take O off of P (as a heavy overcoat or burden). Baa diishheeh/baa diiy{ (baa ndiishgeeh:baa ndddiishgeeh). (di-thematic: open, close, subtraction, reduction). dzidza-(@/yi)(358): to put, toss or drop O into the fire (as a wheelbarrow load or bag of trash). Dzidzaashheeh/dzidzday{ (dzidzandshgeeh: dzidzandandashgeeh). SER.(@/si)(355). Dzidzahashheeh/dzidzahay{ (dzidzanahashgeeh:dzidzanadahashgeeh). ha-(@/yi)(432): to take O up out, extract or remove O (as a sack of flour from a carton).

# P-yaa haashheeh,

to take O out from under

P (as a bag of corn from beneath a wagon), to take O off of P (a diaper off a baby). # Shiné’éshtit haashheeh, | blow my nose (lit. | remove a quantity of nasal mucus). (31) ha-(@ or si/si)(432): to carry or haul O up, climb up with O (a sack of flour up a staircase, a load of provisions up a mountain). Haashheeh or hashishheeh/haséyj (handshgeeh:handdnashgeeh). SER.(@/si)(392). Hahashheeh/haséyf (handahdshgeeh:handdahashgeeh). # P-aah haashheeh or hashishheeh, to carry or haul O up P (as up a ladder, upa mountainside). # P-k’ee’aa haashheeh, to haul O around P, detour around P with O (as in detouring around a sand dune while hauling a load of wood), (32) hadii-(@/@)(388): to carry or haul O all the way, from one end to the other (as a load of manure

(ch’findshgeeh:ch’inda-

SER.(@/si).

Ch’éhéshheeh/ ch’éhéyf{ (ch’fnadhashgeeh:ch inddhdashgeeh). # P-yi’dd66 (~ P-yi’déé’) ch’infshheeh, to haul O out of (the interior of) P (as manure out from a sheep corral). # Tt’66’g66 ch’inishheeh,

to carry or take O outdoors (as a heavy chair or rolled rug). (25) di-(@/si)(335): to start to carry or haul O along, to be going to haul or carry O, be on the way with O (in the Perf.). Dishheeh/déyj (ndfshgeeh:nadadfshgeeh). SER.(@/si)(440): to move O along by pushing or tugging first on one side and then on another (as a heavy bundle or bag of wool). Hidishheeh/hidéy{ (ndhidishgeeh: nadhidishgeeh). # -g66 déyj, to be going to haul O to -- (a designated destination), to be on the way to -- with O. # Nahjj’ hidishheeh, to push or tug O aside or out of the way (as a heavy wool bag, by pushing first on one side and then on another). (26) didi-(@/yi)(314): to put O in or near the fire (as a mattress, bunch of old rags, bag of wet corn). Didishheeh/didffy{

the entire length of a field). Hadiishheeh/hadiiy{ (hdddiishgeeh:handadiishgeeh). (hadi-thematic: completely, all the way, from one end to the other). (33) hidii-(@/O)(443)(with prepounded dah, up): to hang O up (as a bundle or pack). Dah

hidiishheeh/dah hidiiy{ (dah nahidiishgeeh:dah naanidiishgeeh).

Ne

Yfo

Y[o

(34) (35)

# P-aah dah hidiishheeh, to hang O up on P (as a large bundle on a nail). kfi-(@/@)(497): to carry or haul O up an incline (as upstairs, up a hill). Kfishheeh/kfiy/ (kinéishgeeh:kindanéishgeeh). na-(@/yi)(596): to lower, toss, drop O down from a height, unload O (as a heavy bag, froma truck). Naashheeh/ nddy{ (nindshgeeh:nindandshgeeh). SER.(@/si): to drop O down, unload O one after another. Nahashheeh/ nahay{ (ninadhdshgeeh:ninddndshgeeh). (Ib. ’ada-/ bida-/nadaashheeh. A[I]2 above.) # P-ch’j’ naashheeh,

(44) (45) (46)

to lower, toss or drop O

down to P. # P-k’ijj’ naashheeh, to lower, toss or drop O down onto P. # P-ts’éd’ naashheeh, to knock down P’s O. # P-yi’jj’ naashheeh, to lower, toss or drop O down into P. # Ni’jj’ naashheeh,

(36)

(37) (38)

(39)

(40)

(47)

to lower, toss or drop O

down on the ground or floor. nahi-(@/si)(530): to turn O around or over (as a bag of wool, a mattress). Nahdshheeh/nahay/ (nindhdshgeeh:ninddhdshgeeh). (Also as Reversative: nahdashhééh.) ndhidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over, reverse O (as a mattress). Nadhideeshheeh/ndhidééy/ (nindhideeshgeeh:ninadhideeshgeeh). nahi’dii-(@/@)(537): to take O down one after another (as large bags of beans from a shelf). Nahi’diishheeh/nahi’diiy{ (nindhi’diishgeeh: ninadhi’diishgeeh). (Seriative corresponding to n’diishheeh: A[I]46 below.) naa’ii-(@/yi)(580): to topple, knock, tip O over (as a bag of wool or corn). Naa’iishheeh/ naa’fly{ (naa’andshgeeh:naa’anddnashgeeh). (V. naa ’iishheeh: A[l]1 above.) fidinfi-(@/@)(611): to get a good start hauling O, to just get well under way hauling O (when

(48

—

(49)

(50) (51) (52)

something happens). Ndinfishheeh/ndinfiy(.

(41) ndii-(@/@)(618): to pick O up, lift O, choose O, find O (as a large bag of wool). Ndiishheeh/

(42)

ndiiy{ (ninddiishgeeh or ndddiishgeeh: nindadiishgeeh). (ni/ni)(564-658): to go, come, arrive carrying or hauling O. Nishheeh/nfy{ (nanishgeeh: ndan{shgeeh). # P-aa nishheeh,

(43)

# Ni’ ninishheeh, to set O down, stop carrying O~. # Shda’ ninishheeh, to set O in the sun, setO in a sunny place. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishheeh, to carry or haul O across. niki-(ni/ni)(636): to start to haul O, to haul O home. Nikinishheeh/nikinly{ (nikéénfshgeeh: nikinddnfshgeeh). nikidii-(@/@)(633): to start hauling O (as in starting a coal-hauling business). Nikidiishheeh/nikidiiy/. n’dii-(@/@)(675): to take O down from a peg or shelf, pick O (a huge bunch of grapes). N’diishheeh (nina’diishgeeh:ninda’diishgeeh). (V. nahi’diishheeh: A(1)38 above.) (si/si)(693)(with prepounded dah, up): to setO, put or place O (up, at an elevation, where O remains - as a large bag on a tabletop or shelf). Dah shishheeh/dah séyj (dah nashfshgeeh:dah ndashfshgeeh). # P-aah dah shishheeh, to hang O up on P (as a saddle on a peg). tadi-(@/yi)(698): to haul or carry O around here and there, wander around hauling O. TAdishheeh/tadiffy/. tsitts’4-(ni/ni)(735): to move, carry, take, haul O away from the fire or water, to carry O ashore.

s (tsftts’ana’anfy{ Tsitts’An(shheeh/tsitt nishgeeh:tsitts’andanishgeeh). SER.(O/si). tts (tsftts’anahash’ahéy/{ Tsitts’ah(shheeh/tsi geeh:tsitts ’anddhdshgeeh). w6’a-(G/yi): to go off course, go over an edge or ’é4yj, into a ditch hauling O. W6’aashheeh/wo yaa-(= ya-yi-)(@/@)(755): to dump O (as a load of coal or firewood), spillO,. Yaashheeh/yaay/ (yaninddndashgeeh). (G/yi)(782): to move, carry, toss, haul O

(completive). Yishheeh/yly{ (nashgeeh: nadandshgeeh). SER.(O/si) (446). Hishheeh/héy{ (ndhdshgeeh:nddhashgeeh). # P-iih yishheeh, to put O into P (as a load of dirty clothing into a washing machine). # Kjjh yishheeh,

to haul O into town, haul O to

market (as a load of lambs or firewood). # teeh yishheeh, to bury O (as a bag of money). # Nii’oh yishheeh, to take O away out of sight,

to take, bring, carry, haul,

to conceal O, store O in a hidden place

deliver O to P (as a load of firewood). # P-aa ndnishgeeh, to haul O back to P, return O. # -g66 nishheeh, to haul O to --(a designated place). ni-(ni/ni)(650): to carry or haul O as far as a stopping point. Ninishheeh/ninfy{ (ninanishgeeh:ninddnfshgeeh). SER.(@/si)(621). Neheshheeh/nehéy{ (nindhdshgeeh:nindahashgeeh).

(53)

(as a load of squash or coal). # Taah yishheeh, to put or toss O into the water (as a tarpaulin, buckskin, load of logs). yisd4-(@/yi)(770-773): to save or rescue O by carrying or hauling O away from danger (as a bag of wool or a medicine pouch away from fire). Yisddshheeh/yisdaay{ (yisddndshgeeh: yisdanddndshgeeh). SER.(/si). Yisdahash-

heeh/yisdahéy{ (yisdandhdashgeeh: yisddnddhashgeeh).

# Hasht’e’ ninishheeh, to put O away, store O (a medicine pouch: jish, a bag of

beans). # -jj’ ninishheeh, to carry or haul O as far asa designated place.

713

Y[o

Y{o

to put O away out of sight (in a reflexive context). ‘lishgeeh/’eeshg{ (’andshgeeh:’anddndshgeeh). # 'Ayaa 'iishgeeh, to put O under oneself (as a heavy cushion). (2) Adi-(@/si)(14): to hug O, clasp O to self (as a large pillow). ’Adéshgééh/’ddisisgf. (Conat.) (3) ’ahaa’(a)-(ni/ni)(43)(+~ ’atghaa’[a]-): to swap, exchange, trade O (as saddles, medicine pouches, ceremonial paraphernalia) with each other. 'Ahaa’niigeeh/'ahaa’niigf (’ahdanina’niigeeh:’ahaninda’niigeeh). # P-it ’'ahdd’nishgeeh (‘ahda’nishgj: Perf.), to swap or trade O with P (another person). to take O (LPB - as a mattress —- ) ak’idi-(O/yi)(82):

(11) P-gha-(ni/ni)(192): to take O away from P by force, rob O of P, hijack O from P (as a heavy necklace, tent, bag of corn, truckload of food), Bighanishgeeh/bighanishg{ (bighandnishgeeh: bighandanfshgeeh). # P-ghandnishgeeh, to take O back away from P by force. (12) P-inéi-(= P-fnd-yi-)(@/O)(231): to add O back to P (as to replenish P for a quantity used - as in adding some firewood to the pile to replenish it). Binéishgeeh/binéishgj. (Reversionary corresponding to bfishheeh: A[I]19.) (13) dii-(@/@)(345)(with prepounded ’ddaa, from self): to take O off of oneself (as a heavy pack, large overcoat), ’Adaa diishgeeh/’ddaa diishg{ (‘Adaa ndiishgeeh:’ddaa nddadiishgeeh). (Cf. Baa diishheeh: A[l]28.) (14) hadini-(@/si)(382): to carry or haul O too far, take or haul O beyond the point where one

\|. D-(tt/Passive):

(1)

’'a-(O/yi)(478):

or heavy quilt) off of self. "Ak’idishgeeh/

(5)

‘ak’ideeshgf ('ak’indishgeeh). ‘atghda’(a)-(ni/ni)(89)(~ ’athda’[a]-):

to swap,

should have stopped, haul O beyond the

destination. Hadinfshgeeh/hadinéshgf (hanaddinishgeeh). (15) ndddii-(O/@)(574): to pick O back up, retrieve or

exchange, trade O (as saddles, medicine pouches, ceremonial paraphernalia).

’"Atghaa’niigeeh/’atghaa’niigf (‘atghanina’niigeeh:’atghdninda’niigeeh) or 'ahdaa’niigeeh/ ‘ahda’niig{ (‘ahadnina’niigeeh:’ahaninaa’niigeeh) # P-it 'atghda’nishgeeh (’atghaa’nishgf: Perf),

recover O, reclaim or repossess O.

Ndddiishgeeh/naddiishgf

A(|]41 above.) # P-aa or P-ts’Aa’ ndddiishgeeh, to take O back from P, reclaim or repossess O from P (as a tent or load of coal that P failed to pay for). (16) ndi-(ni/ni)(609)(with prepounded hasht’e’, readiness): to store O up, hold O in readiness, set O aside against future need (as a load of

to trade O with P (another person). ‘atnana-(@/yi)(95): to haul or carry Otoa destination and back, make a trip to a place

and back hauling O. 'Atnanashgeeh/’atnanaashgjf. # -gd6 ’atnanddashgj, | hauled O to and back from -- (a designated location - as one’s television set to the repair shop).

wood or coal, a bag of wool or beans), to pick

O out for purchase. Hasht’e’ ndinishgeeh/ hasht’e’ ndinishgf. (17) (ni/ni)(759)(Simple Passive): O is brought, hauled, delivered (as a load of coal). Yigeeh/yigf (ndgeeh:nadandgeeh). # P-aa yigeeh, O is delivered to P, P receives O. (18) nikidinfi-(@/@)(632): to borrow O and keep it (as a set of tools, harness, quilt, tent). Nikidfnfishgeeh/nikidinfishgj. (19) ninahi-(@/si)(644): to haul O back one time after another, haul O back in successive loads (as one’s belongings from a mountain camp). Ninahdshgeeh/ninahashgf. (Reversionary corresponding to ninishheeh: A[l]43 above.)

# -g66 'atndndashgééh, to haul O back and forth to --(a designated location customarily). # Naaltsoos ‘atnadndshgééh, to carry the mail, be a mail carrier (lit. to carry letters back

(7)

and forth). ’atts’a’di-(@/yi)(105)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to share O with P (as a load

of coal). Bit ’atts’a’dishgeeh/'atts’a’deeshgj.

(8)

(9)

’Anadee-(O/yi)(111): to sling O over one’s back and shoulder (as a heavy bundle of laundry).

'Anadeeshgeeh/'anadeeshg{ (’Anandeeshgeeh:’dananaddeeshgeeh). "Azéédée-(O/yi)(142): to put O around one’s own neck (as a burden, heavy necklace).

’Azéédéeshgeeh/’Azéédéeshg{ (’Azéninadéeshgeeh:’azénindddéeshgeeh). ('’azéé6- = ’Azé-na-: around own neck). (10) P-a’-(ni/ni)(Simple Passive)(146): P borrows O (as a sack of wool)(lit.

(nfndddiishgeeh).

(Reversionary corresponding to ndiishheeh:

B.

CONTINUATIVE

|, O-(tt):

O is loaned to P).

Ba’fgeeh/ba ‘gj. # ’Ak’égo P-a’igeeh, P rents or leases O (lit. O is loaned to P for compensation. E.g. ’‘Aghaa’ sha’fgf, | borrowed a bag of wool. Bik’idah’asdahf ’ak’égo sha’igf, |

(1)

rented a chair.)

714

na-(@/si)(596-654): to carry or haul O around about here and there (as a tent), to have made a round trip carrying O (in the Perf.). Naashhé/niséyf{ (ninddnashgé). # Ch’osh naashhé, to have (intestinal) worms (as adog). (E.g. Shilééchaa’f ch’osh neiyé, my dog has worms.)

Y{o

Yfo # Dah naashhé,

(2)

to hold O up in the air and

wave it (a bundle, medicine pouch); to bob O up and down (as a feather). # -g66 niséyj, | made a round trip to --(a designated destination hauling O - as coal). # tif na-O-yé, O is riding horseback on S (lit. S is carrying O around). (E.g. tif nashiyé, I’m riding horseback on it. Lit. the horse is carrying me around.) # Naaltsoos naashhé, to carry the mail, bea postman or letter carrier (lit. to carry letters around). na’(a)-(si-Perf.)(550): to have made a round trip hauling, to have made a haul (as a trucker). Ni’séyj. (Dji’di ni’séyj, | made four hauls).

(2)

’atgha-(O-Imp.)(88): to fight over O, try to getO away from each other (as a medicine pouch, buffalo robe). ’Atghaiigééh (1st pers. dp)).

# P-it ’atghaashgééh,

(3)

Bighaashgééh.

F. CURSIVE |. -(tt): (yi)(782):

to be carrying or hauling O along.

Yishhéét/deinfigeeh géét). # Dah yishhéét,

|. G-(tt): ’ahdda-(@/si)(36): to divide O up into d.p. parts or portions (as sacks of flour, corn, sugar).

ndhi-(yi)(534):

(4)

ni-(yi)(625)(with prepounded dah):

there is a large quantity, a bunch of, a lot. Dah nooyéét. (E.g. ’ats’os dah nooyéét, there are a lot of feathers; nfttsd dah nooyéét, rainclouds hang.

naand(yi)(588): to be carrying or hauling O around here and there, to and fro.

(1)

Naanddshgéét/naandeiniigeeh.

G. NEUTER

D. REVERSATIVE |, @-(ti):

|, O-(tt):

(1)

n&hi-(@/si)(530): to turn O around or over (as a bag of wool). Nahdshhééh/nahayj. (lb. Momentaneous nahdshheeh: A[I]36.)

(1)

(naazy{: plural;ndaazyj: D-classifier: another one which also describes an water, but with focus on Ténteel ’aydi Anittéelgo very wide.)

|. B-(tt):

# Too’ siyj, S lies immersed in water. (2) ’a-(si-perf.)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a

bump (as a blister, contusion)(lit. something sits up bulky). Dah ’azyj. (3) ’ahéé-(ni-Perf.)(52): S sit or lie ina circle (as bags of wool). ’Ahééniyj. (4) ’ahi-(yi-Perf.)(71): S extends away (indented or pocket shaped - as a lake, inlet, bay). ’Ahily/ (‘adahaayf: d.p.).

fail at P, fail to accomplish P - as at an under-

T’66 béshhééh/t’d6 biséy/.

Il. D-(tt): ’Adi-(@/si)(14):

Siy{

d.p.)(ndanasgj - with lies . (Cf. sikaad, ocean or large body of its expansiveness. E.g. sikaad, the ocean is

# tee’ siy{, S lies buried in the earth.

P-(-(@-Imp.)(155): to try to get P to take O, offer O to P. Béshhééh (binddndshgééh). P-{-(@/si)(155)(with prepounded t’66, merely): to taking or attempt).

(si-Perf.)(689): S sits, lies (a bundle, load, pack, burden, saddle, puddle, body of water-asa lake, ocean), S is, in position or location.

E. CONATIVE

(1)

Naheeshhéét/ndahiiniigeeh.

ll. D-(tt):

to P (one to each recipient) (as loads of coal). Bitaashhe’/ bitaaséyj (bitaanddandshge’). nda-(@/si)(604): to distribute or set O about here and there (as loads of wood). Ndaashhe’/ ndaséyj (nindddaashge’).

(4)

to be turning O over and over (as

a bag of wool).

’atts’Ada-(@/si)(103): to divide O up into d.p. portions or parts (as sacks of beans, sugar,

(3)

to be holding O up, to be

(3) (’ahandddaashge’).

corn). ’Atts’ddaashhe’/atts adaséy/ (‘aits’Addaashge’:’atts’andddaashge’). P-taa-(@/si)(250): to distribute O to P, pass out O

(nddshgéét:ndandash-

parked or halted while hauling O. hi-(yi)(438): to be tugging O along by pulling alternately on one side and then on another (as a heavy bed or mattress). Heeshhéét/ dahiinfigeeh (ndheeshgéét: nddheeshgéét).

(2)

C. DISTRIBUTIVE

’Ahddaashhe’/’ahddaséy/

to fight over O with P

(i.e. with another person). P-gha-(@-Imp.)(808): to try to get O away from P.

to hug O, clasp O to self (as a

large pillow). ’Adéshgééh/'ddisisgj.

7A)

Y{o (5)

Y{o (4) bik’ehgo naaltsoos naagéhl, postal zipcode (that

P-nahidi-(yi-Perf.)(225); S hangs over P (as a mattress or heavy quilt over a limb), P is surrounded by S (as by water - a building after a heavy rain), Binahiddyf, -nahi-(si-Perf.)(225); P is surrounded (by S - as by a body of water - 6.g. an island.), Bindhaazyf,

(7)

P-nfhi-(yi-Porf.)(233):

(8)

trating P’s surface or edge, but without going all the way through P - .g, water that extends into the edge of a land area to form a gulf or inlet), Binthffy{ (binfdahaazyf: d.p.). P-z66di-(yi-Porf,)(263); S hangs suspended

in accordance with which mail is carried),

(5) chidf ‘Atch(nf bee naagéhl (Ib. chidfttsoii), school bus (the car with which children are hauled around), chidf diné bee naagéhf, bus (the car with which people are hauled around), chidf na’ayéhé, pickup, truck, vehicle for hauling

S extends into P (pene-

freight (the one that hauls loads around), chidftsoh nda’ayéhigff, freight truck(s) (the big cars that haul things around), chooyin bee hahageehl, kotex (that with which quantities of menstrual blood are removed one after another),

around P’s neck (a fur piece or heavy necklace), P has S on, has S around (his) neck,

(9)

Bizdddéoyf, ch’'thi-(ni-Perf.)(284):

—a~akoO =

S juts or extends out

(pocket shaped - e.g, an elongated lake or body of water from a mountain, an inlet or bay),

caretaker. ch'fhwiigeehégi, junkyard, garbage dump (where things are hauled out one load after another). ch’6hojilyé6h (derivation uncertain), jimson weed, datura, dzidzé yooyéti, berry-carrier, blister beetle (the one that carries a berry along). Dzidzé yooyétii tizhin(gff, black berry-carrier,

Ch'thinlyf. (ch’(dahaazyf: d.p.), (10) di-(ni-Perf.)(310); S hangs suspended, dangles

(as a sack, tobacco pouch), Déys, # P-tsist'a déyf, P has S dangling from (his) belt (as a pouch), P has S (on his person),

(11)

na-(si-Perf,)(602);

S sit or lie about here and

hadahoniye’,

there, S are (in location or position - as bundles, loads, mattresses, beds, bodies of

shaped),

belongings into a wagon), (horse's burden).

- pocket

Nihintyf.

I, t-(tt): (1)

(si-Perf.)(685); to have O, keep O (lit. cause O to be in position) (as a sack of sugar, a bag of

weaving wool, an extra mattress or quilt), Séth{ (nddsathf),

|, NOUN (1)

(2)

DERIVATIVES

‘abe’ neiyéhé, milkman (the one who carries milk around, ‘Asaa’ nolyéil, blister beetle, pot-carrier beetle

(the one that carries a pot around), (3)

banded calcareous aragonite.

héét, bundle, pack, burden, load (P-yéél). Bii’ héét 'Ashtééh, to pack or load O into it(as

water), Naazy{ (ndaazyf: d.p.). (plural corresponding to siyf: #1 above, (12) naa-(si-Perf.)(592); S lies on its side (as a sack of flour that has toppled over), Naasiy{ or naanil slyf, (13) (ni-Pert.)(90); S sit or lie in a line, row or series (as sacked potatoes, beds, bodies or puddles of water), Nfyf, # 'Atké6é’' nly{, S lie or sit in a row or series, one behind the other, # T'AdtA'{ nlyinfgo, one S ata time (as one saddle or bag), (14) nihi-(ni-Perf.)(628); S reaches or extends as far as (a point where S terminates - e.g, a lake that extends to the base of the mountain

ch’fhwiigeeh, junkyard, garbage dump, trash heap (things are hauled out one load after another), Ch’fhwiigeeh yaa ‘Ahalyanf, junkyard

(25)

‘Asaa’

(26)

nalydil tizhiniglf, black pot-carrier bestle, ‘azoe' nolyéhé, herbalist, harb peddler (the one

that carrios medicinal plants around),

716

Tsilyéét,

Lif’ biyéél, saddle

hairknot, chongo (halr-bundle)(P-tsiiyéél), K’aayéét, quiver (for arrows)(P-k’aayédl), ‘(Ijgo naalyé6hé, jewelry, valuables (valuable goods or possessions), k'aayédét, quiver (for arrows)(P-k’aaydél), tizh bee dah siy(n(gff, bladder, urinary bladder. tf’ bee naagéhé, horse trailer (P-i{' bee naagéhé) (that with which horses are hauled around), Hf’ biyéél, saddle (horse's burden)(P-I{f’ biyéél). L{f’ biyé6l bidddhd¢é¢’ had’ahigff, saddle horn, saddle tree (that which protrudes up from the front of a saddle), tif’ na’ayé6hé, saddle horse, riding horse (the horse that carries someone about)(tf’ na-Oyéhé, O’s saddle horse, E.g, tf’ nashiyéhé6, my saddle horse = the horse that carries me about.) (Ib. Hf’ na’ayéhigff, Hf’ nda’ayéhigif). naagééh, shield (P-naagééh)(it is customarily carried around, (lb, naagééd.) naalyé (~ naalyéhé), property, chattel (P-naalye’ ~ P-naalye’d)(it is carried or hauled about), naalyéhé, goods, merchandise, property (that which is carried or hauled about), Naalyéhé ba hooghan, store, trading post (home or building for merchandise), Naalyéhé ya sidahl, trader, storekeeper, (Naalyéhé ba dahooghan / naalyéhé ya naazdahl; d.p, trading posts / traders.) naaltsoos naagé, postal service, mail (letters are hauled about), naaltsoos nely6hé, postman, mailman, mail carrier (the one who hauls letters around),

Yfo

YIIZH

(27) naaltsoos nehegeehégi, post office (the place where letters are brought one time after another). (Ib. naaltsoos ndahageehédi.) (28) t6 binihifyj, inlet, bay (water lies penetrating into its edge). (29) téchxd’f dah siy{, sewage pond (filthy water stands). (30) tooh siyinigif, lake, body of water (the body of water that stands). (31) tsdsk’eh bik’i dah siy(nigff, mattress (that which lies on a bed - the large S that lies on a bed) (ts4sk’eh bik’i dah naazyinigff: d.p. mattresses). (32) tsin bee ‘oogéét, carrying pole (a pole used formerly to transport things)(pole with which unspecified O is hauled along). (33) tsinaa’eet t’dadoo le’é ndeiyéhigif, cargo vessels, freighters (the ships that haul things). (34) tsiiyéét, hairknot, chongo (Ib. tsiiyéél)(P-tsiiyéél) (hair bundle). (35) ts’iilzéf yah ‘iigeehdi, garbage pit, trash pit (where trash is tossed or hauled into). (36) yélii, hunchback, hunch-backed person (the one with a bundle or load). (37) yigéél, transportation, hauling. Yigéél ’azis, carrying bag, sack for transporting things.

YIID

A.MOM. BANS C.CONT. DIREP: E.SEM. F.CURS.

YIIZH (GHIIZH)

yjs, yjz: stoop.

yish

yffsh

yish

yiizh

jyiish yish — yish yish_ — yish -

yiizh yish

-

yish/ yfish yish iizh

yish_ — yish yish — yish -

-

MOMENTANEOUS

’adini-(@/yi)(21): to jab O roughly away (out of sight - as a cigaret butt, with such force that it bends or crumples). ‘Adinishhiish/‘adinfyiizh. # P-aa 'adinishhiish,

to jab O into P (asa

cigaret butt into someone). O-dini-(@/yi)(758): S causes O to bend or crash (as a tree that is felled by the wind). Yidiniy(ish/ yidinffyiizh. # teeh yidiniyfish, S (the wind) uproots O (a tree - and sends O crashing down to earth). dini-(@/yi): to crush, jab, crumple O (as a cigaret butt). Dinishhffsh/dinfyiizh. # teeh dinishhfish, to snuff out a cigaret by jabbing it into the dirt. ni-(ni/ni)(664): S bends, crumples (under pressure). Niyiyfish/niinfyiizh. # Chid{ bidddhd颒 P-ts’Aa’ t’aa’ niylyfish, S bends or crumples P’s car fender back (as a tree that the car hits). ni-(ni/ni)(650): to perform a terminal action involving rubbing or friction (as in pulling one’s trousers up or down). Ninishhffsh/ninfyiizh (nindnishhiish:nindanishhfish). # De ninishhfish, to pull O up (trousers, skirt, socks, stockings). # Yaaninishhfish, to pull O down (trousers, skirt, socks, stockings).

V.

PPA

PA *-ghish-gY [with

repetitive suffix] [@]: rub [especially skin, so as to soften it], crumple.)

(1) NAVAJO: Two broad areas of apparently disparate meaning “bend (stoop, hunch)” and “act in a manner involving friction

(rub).” Occurs:

yffish_

. O-(tuti):

-YIIN

uncertain.

OPT.

A.

SIN.)

(Ct. Chipewyan

FUT,

G.NEUT.

(~ ts'iyiid) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a distant booming sound, as that of distant thunder or a distant dynamite blast, a sonic boom or the roaring sound of a waterfall.

(Possessed form of sin, song.

IMP? PeUSTITS"PERFIMPROG™

(1) with O-classifier as the theme in a

’adadini-(si-Perf.)(Simple Passive)(with prepounded P-aa, in P): P is shot full of twisted arrows, Baa ‘adadineeshgiizh. (Cf. A[l]1 above.)

set of verb bases meaning “move stooped, hunch; act

with friction (as in pulling on one’s trousers);” (2) with di-ni- and @-(D-) classifier “jab, bend, rub;” and (3) with L-classifier “move stooped over.” Neuter Perfectives occur with the meanings “be bent, bowshaped or arched; be stooped, hunched over.”

B.

TRANSITIONAL

. L-(ti): (1)

Te

yii-(@/@)(802):

to stoop over, bend over, get

Y}JD

YIIZH

# P-ich{fh haéayish,

down on hands and knees. Yiishyfish/yiishyiizh (ndayiishyffsh). # P-datis yiishyifsh, to bend or stoop over P (as over a washboard).

(3)

P is hump-nosed.

(si-Perf.)(694): S is bowed, arched, warped, bent (as a board, stick). Shiyish.

I. L-(ti): C.

CONTINUATIVE (1)

|. @-(ti):

(1)

na-(@-Imp.)(600):

(si-Perf.)(694): to be stooped over, to be ina stooped position (as a person bent over a wash bowl). Shishyiizh.

to be going about hunched or

stooped over (as a person pulling weeds ora

starving dog).

H.

Naashyiish.

(1) D,

REPETITIVE

(2)

Durative

|. O-(tt):

(3)

P -fdini-(Q@/si)(179): to rub O against P (as a leaf against one’s face, sandpaper against a piece of wood). Bidinishhish or bidfshhish/bidiné yiizh (bfndddinishhish). dini-(Q/yi)(325): to rub O (as a strip of cedar bast), crumple O (as paper), shred O (as bast), shake O awake (a sleeping person). Dinishhish/dinffyiizh (ndddinishhish).

‘Adfdi-(O/si)(15):

NAVAJO:

Occurs: (1) with di-ni-thematic and O-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “be(come) sanctified, holy, immune (to the power or effects of a ceremony);” (2) with di-ni-thematic and L-(t-) classifier “make hallowed or holy, sanctify O;" (3) with so- (~ tso-) thematic and L-classifier “pray, say a prayer;" and (4) with di-ni-thematic and O-/t-(L-)causative “be holy, endowed with supernatural powers / cause O to be holy. Noun stem: SIN (P-yiin), song. Stem-initial Y-(= GH-) takes the shape S- in contraction with a preceding t-classifier. With D-effect t-classifier is vocalized and the stem-initial consonant takes the shape Z- (LZ-). With D-effect stem-initial Y> G- when the classifier is O-.

to rub O against oneself (a rag,

SEMELFACTIVE

I, @-(tt):

yii-(Q/si)(797); to arch or bend O. Yiishhish/ shéyish (ndayiishhish). # P-fighaa’ yizhyish, S arched its back up (as an angry cat).

A.MOM.(1) F. CURSIVE B.MOM.(2)

|. O/(ti): to go along stooped over.

Yishyish

(ndashyish:naandashyish),

G.

US Ai

yijh sjih zh

yh sh zh

sffh_ — sjh

(2)

ha-(yi-Perf.)(437): S is bowed, humped, hooked (a nose, tree root), Hadyish.

pelea

—yiid—Ssyit sid sit = zjid = ziit s{f’

s{it

s{jh

zjh

z{["

zit

zin/zjjd

—2ijt

zin

D.CONT.

yj’

yh

yiid

yiit

yi’

E.NEUT,

yin sin zin

(1)

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

dini-(@/yi)(326); to become sanctified, holy, immune to the effects of a ceremony).

Dinishhjjh/difyjjd

718

yiih ih ih

zjjh

|, di-ni-O-(ti):

'‘Ifyish.

ORT:

zin

A.

‘a-(yi-Perf.): _S is arched, curved, rainbow

Tetstatig,

zh

|. O-(ti):

shaped.

Akos

C.DUR.

NEUTER

(1)

Primary meaning “have or

acquire supernatural powers.”

(‘Adinaddishgish).

(yi)(774):

(PPA *xin > PA “ghytn [©] [with dithem-atic]: be endowed with supernatural powers; [di]: actasa shaman, sing shamanistically.)

(GH]]D)

fur, paper towel). 'Adidishgish/’Adidéshgiizh

E.

DERIVATIVES

ghdaa’azhyishf, hunchback. P-fighaa’ 'azhyish, P is hunchbacked. nfyol tsin teeh yidinfiyiizhf, tree blown down by the wind. wddéshiyishf, measuring worm (the arched worm).

Y|JD

Il. D-(tr): (1)

NOUN

(ni- appears only in the

z{h

Y\JD

Y\JD

Sohodizin or tsohodizin/sohodoozin (sonaahodizin). Note: L-classifier is dropped, but the Perfective retains the shape sohodoozin as

Imperfective). # P-ee dinishhjjh, to become immune to P (a ceremony)(by being initiated).

though it were a D-L class verb.)

Il. di-t-(tt): (1)

D.

di-(@/yi)(332): to acquire faith in O (a religion, ceremonial or curative practice). Dissjjh/diisjjd (nidfssijjh: naddifssijh).

Ill. so-(~ tso-)-di-L-(ti): sodi-(~ tsodi-)’nii-(@/O)(689): to start to pray, start to say aprayer. Sodi’niiszjjh/sodi’niiszin or sodi’niiszjjd (sondddi’niiszjjh ) or tsodi’niiszjjh/ tsodi’niiszin or tsodi’niiszjjd (tsonaddi’niiszjjh).

(1)

CONTINUATIVE

|, di-O-(ti): (1) ndi-(@/yi)(613)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to go about P with great care, do P with great care (as in building a home, making a ceremonial object. Since the latter are done with great care, the meaning of the stem is extended to include any kind of activity or undertaking.) Baa ndishhj’/baa ndifyjjd.

E. NEUTER B.

MOMENTANEOUS

(2)

|. di-ni-O-(ti):

I. t-(tt):

(1)

’a-(@/yi)(124): to perform the sanctification rites (in a ceremony - lit. to sanctify unspecified O). ’Assih/'fisff’ (nda’Assjfh). (@/yi)(777): to bless O (a person, hogan), initiate O, make O holy or immune (by pressing a medicine pouch, mask or other holy object against O). Yiss{fh/yis{’.

(1)

(2)

O-'di-(@/yi)(212)(Agentive Passive): O is sanctified, made holy, blessed, immunized (against evil, or against the power of a ceremony). Bi’dilzjh/bi’doolzif’. # Jish bee bi’dilzjh, he is blessed by having a medicine pouch pressed to him. (G/yi)(777): O is blessed (an object)(Simple

(2)

Passive).

I. dinf-t-(tt): dinf-(O-lmp.)(324): to have faith in O (as a religion or ceremony). Dinissin (yidisin: 3rd pers. sgl/ dpl). hodin{-(O-Imp.)(~ hodfin{-): to observe a holy day (as Easter), to be respectful (as in attending a ceremony or church service). Hod/nissin ~ hodiinissin (hodfsin: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

(1)

ll. L-(Passive):

(1)

dini-(O-Imp.)(325-340): to be endowed with supernatural powers, holy, immune to the effects of a ceremony. Dinishhin or dinishyin (diyin: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl; diniigin: Ist pers. dpl). # P-ee dinishhin, to be immune to P (a ceremony).

Yilzjh/yilzj’.

(2)

Il. di-ni-L-(ti):

hodini-(@)(325):(with prepounded ’Ada, for self):

(1)

to observe taboo or ceremonial restriction, keep

C. DURATIVE

oneself holy.

|. so-(~ tso-)-di-L-(ti):

zingo) dif yidootkaat,

tsodiszin/ tsodeeszin ~ tsodeeszjjd dfszin).

ceremony a person keeps himself holy for four days, avoiding sexual relations with a woman.)

IV. di-L-(passive):

(1)

Il. so-(~ tso-)-di-O-(ti):

(1)

sohodi-(@/yi)(690): there is prayer or praying, praying is going on (lit. impersonal it is praying).

Hak’i

hahaghaah d66 bik’ijj’ "Ada hozhdfizingo dij’ yitkaah, ’asdzdnf doo baa njit’j da, following a

(sonda-

# P-ch’j’ sodiszin, to pray to P (as to God). # P-fkd sodiszin, to pray for P (as for rain). # P-ik&é sodeeszin or sodeeszijjd, | prayed for

keep yourself holy

[observe the restriction] for four days!

sodi-(~ tsodi-)(@/yi)(689): to pray, be saying a prayer. Sodiszin/sodeeszin ~ sodeeszjjd or

(1)

Add hodinishyin or ’dda

hodfiniszin. (E.g. 'Ad& hodinilyingo (~ hodfini-

Ois made holy, blessed, made di-(O-Imp.): immune. Dilyin.

YJJD F.

Y{I

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’Ach’dadh sodizin,

(especially something watery, as snow);" (3) with dithematic and t-classifier (thematized or causative) in bases meaning “melt/cause to melt (something congealed or solid that requires a high level of heat to melt, as glass, silver, iron, lard, rock, butter, grease),” (Speakers vary in their choice of forms with reference to matter that is easily melted (wax, lard, butter.) (4) with ha-thematic and L-classifier in a reversionary construction meaning “rest (from fatigue).”

self-protection prayer (lit. self-

obstruction prayer - i.e. a prayer to shield self from harm).

’akék’eh sohodizin, litany (the patient ina ceremony repeats a prayer sentence by sentence after the medicine man)(lit. praying in the footsteps). ‘alz{fh, sanctification, blessing. ‘Ashkii Diyinf, Holy Boy (of legend). ’At’ééd Diyinf, Holy Girl (of legend). bee ‘adiyin, immunizing agent (with it there is holiness or immunity to the effects of a ceremony). Ch’ikééh Diyinf, Holy Maiden (of legend). Déét Biyiin, the sandhill crane songs. Diné Diyinii, the Holy People, the Supernaturals. (Ib. Diyin Dine’é.) Dinééh Diyinf, Holy Young Man (of legend). Diyin Dine’é (~ Diné Diyinii), the Holy People, the

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

OPT.

yffh — yjh _ yfh

yil’

yjh

yi{h

-

:

-

-

A. MOMENTANEOUS |. O-(ti): (1)

Supernaturals,

(2)

hooghan yilzjfh, hogan blessing or consecration (cf. hooghan da’iidlish). ‘li’ni’ Biyiin, the Thunder Songs. jish bee ’alz{jfh, sanctification by pressing a medicine pouch against (something or someone). Nitch’i Diyinii,

IMP, _US,/IT. PERF. FUT.

P-'nii-(O/O)(523): S starts to melt (ice, snow). Bi'niiy{fh/bi'niiy(f? (bina'niiy{fh:binda 'niiy{ih). (O/yi)(794); S melts (as ice, snow). Yiy{fh/yiyif (naanay{fh).

Il, £-(tt):

Holy Spirit, Holy Ghost (Christian

term). sin, song (P-yiin). 17) sodizin, prayer. Bhhdliniihii bisodizin, the Lord's prayer. Sodizin ba hooghan, church (home for prayer, building for prayer).

sin ba sildii, essential elements of a song. Yikafhyiin, Dawn Song (P-yikathyiin). Hozhd¢ijf biyikafhyiin, Blessing Way Dawn Song.

(1)

P-'nii-(Q/O)(219): to start to melt or thaw P. Bi'niishh{fh/bi'niith{?’ (bina 'niishh{fh:binaa'niish-

(2)

(O/yi)(570-782): Yishh{fh/y@th{’

h{{h).

to melt or thaw O (as snow, ice). (nashhijfh:ndanashhih).

Il, di-t-(ti): (1)

di-(O/yi):

S melts (glass, rock, metal, butter, wax,

tar). Dith{fh/dith{?’ (ndith{h:naddith{jh). F. (1)

ADVERBIAL

t’66 yinfdilyinee,

(2)

PHRASES

area was made greasy).

hoping and praying that

candle). Nahidith{fh/nahideesx/j’. (The action involves a series of “melts” - ergo the seriative.)

passenger in a disabled plane, or in a violent storm).

Vilom (GH{f’)

(PPA

*xen

>

PA

“*ghen

Hahozdiith{j’.

(3) nahidi-(O/si)(536): S melts down (as a burning

everything will turn out right (as a plane

e

hahozdi-(yi-Perf. only)(397): there's a greasy spot (where a car with an oil leak has stood)/(lit.

IV.

[Q/t]: melt,

thaw; PPA *xik'(¥) > PA ‘*ghYikY or

(1)

ghYitsh’W [li]: rest. V. DZII’: | breathe.)

(2)

NAVAJO. Cognate with DZII’ (YII"*): breathe, as a derivative of PPA

*xik’(W) > PA *ghYikY or *ghYitsh’“, but apparently confused with PPA *xen > PA “ghen, with the result that the themes meaning rest/ breathe and melt/thaw are derived from the same root source: *xen/*ghen. V.

DZII’(< D-classifier + Y{f’) and YIH: pant. (Krauss: 1969.)

(4)

Occurs: (1) with O-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “melt, thaw (especially something watery, as snow or ice);” (2) with t-causative “melt O

720

di-t-(tt): ‘adi-(O/yi)(25): to do melting, to use a crucible (as in silversmithing)(lit. to melt unspecified O),

‘Adishhijh/'adiithi{’ (naa'dishh{jh). ‘ahidii-(O/O)(58-183): to weld or solder O together (as two pieces of metal)(lit. to melt O against each other). 'Ahidiishh{jh/'ahidiith{?’ (ahfndiishh{fh:'ah(naadiishhijh). ‘atts ‘Adi-(O/yi): to melt O apart, separate O by melting (as two pieces of metal). ‘Atts 'Adishh{jh/‘atts 'Adiith{j’ ('atts'andishh{ih: ‘atts 'andadishhjjh). P-{dii-(@/@)(183): to weld or solder O to P (as one piece of metal to another), Bidiishh{jh/bidiith{/” (béédiishhijh or bindiishh{fh:binaadiishh{jh).

YOH

Y{f’ (5)

P-ts’Adi-(ni/ni)(252):

to melt O off of P (as resin

Noun:

from a tree), Bits ’Ad{shh{fh/bits ‘Adinith{’

(bits 'Andishh{fh:bits'andddishhj{h). (6)

YOD/

valuable

property in general (including jewelry,

di-(@/yi)(335): to melt O (silver, glass, rock, tar). Dishhffh/diath{’ (Adfshh{fh:naad{shhjh). fn’di-(@/yi)(673): to re-melt unspecified O, melt unspecified O back (replacing something). N'dishh{fh/n'diithi? (ninaa’dishh{fh). (V. #4 above),

(7)

“soft goods” (= blankets,

clothing, buckskins),

cars, guns, watches, money and livestock), wealth, property. (Cf. YOO’, bead.)

(Uncertain.

# P-woo’ bii’ f’dishh{h, to fill P's tooth (lit. to melt something back into P's .tooth -

YOG

replacing what was previously in the

Perhaps PPA

*xix > PA

*ghYugh, or *x“ixW > *zhugh [di]: be shaggy, puffed out [hair].)

NAVAJO: Occurs with di-(ni-)-thematic and ©- classifier as the theme ina Neuter Imperfective verb base meaning “shaggy,

cavity).

bushy (as Afro style hair), coarse (as a hand woven

V. di-L-(Passive):

rug).” f’di-(@/yi)(672)(Simple Passive):

(1)

unspecified O

|, di-(ni-)-O-(ti):

is re-melted or melted back. N’dfly{fh/n'dooly{j’

(nfnaa’dily{{h).

(1) di(ni)-(O-Imp.)(340): S is shaggy, bushy, coarse. Diyog.

# P-woo’ p-4 bii’ A'dily{fh, P's tooth is filled for him/her. (E.g. Shiwoo’ sha bii’ f’dooly{i’,

nee

=

my tooth was filled for me, | had my tooth filled.)

NOUN

north 4:eM. 4 VMs of ie ml VI. (ha-)-L-(ti):

(1)

diyogf, Navajo blanket or rug.

(2)

tsiiyog,

hippy (shaggy hair).

Handshy{fh/handashyjj’ (haninddndshy(fh). (Probably “get one’s breath back,” in origin:

Y{(’: breathe, V. YIH.) (2) ndha-(~ naho-)(@/yi)(527): area thaws, there is a thaw (i.e. ice and snow melts back - re-melts. It

(-ts'iyog) Onomatopoetic. Imitates the plopping or soft thudding sound made when one throws down a quilt

YOG

or coat.

was originally water, so it returns to that form.)

B.

(ninadhaly({fh).

NEUTER

|. di-(ni-)-L-(ti):

(1)

(1) (2)

YOH

di-(@-Imp.)(320):

S is meltable (as lead). Dily(h.

fire

®danke

C,

NOUN

pension

t2

(5) (6)

dilyfhf, lead (the one that can be melted),

(7)

diththf, plastic (the one that melts).

(4)

(good or bad). YOL: blow.

DERIVATIVES

‘'awoo’ bili’ h’dfy{fh, tooth filling. bee 'adilyfhf(~ bil’ 'adilyfhf), crucible, melting pot (for metal)(with or in it melting is done). bee ‘fda’'diilyijht, welding tool (that with which something is melted to something). bee ’ahfdiilyfhf, solder (that with which things are melted together). bii’adily{h{~ bee’adilyfh{, crucible (for melting

(3)

DERIVATIVES

(3) ‘atsii’ dah diyoggo, Afro-style hair.

(1) hand-(@/yi)(412): to rest (from fatigue), rest up.

Nahdly{fh/ndhooly/f’

SS

NAVAJO: Basic meaning “give off an odor (good or bad, as perfume or skunk-musk).” Occurs in a wide range of bases, with di-thematic: oral, stomach, senses, and ©-classifier, describing the movement of an odor (Obsolete) Probably cognate with

PROG.

IMP,

US/IT.

PERF.

A.MOM.

y66h_

yoh

yoh

q

B.CONT. CCuURS=

yoh e

yoh ¥

yoh d

oh

FUT.

y66h yoh_yoh Ms ;

yoh

A. MOMENTANEOUS

metal).

I. di-O-(ti): (1)

721

OPT.

'‘ahodi-(@/yi): an odor or aroma moves away, an odor wafts away. ’Ahodiyé6h/'ahodffyoh (‘anddhodiyd6h).

YOL

YOH

spry, be remarkable,” and as the theme in a Momentaneous Pertective construction meaning “become amazed, astonished, flabbergasted, become many.”

# 'Adah (~ bidah/hadah)

'ahodiy6é6h, an odor wafts down from a height (as from blossoms on a tree),

# GAl(zhii bilizh / t6 HkAnl halchinigff nihit yah ‘aho-(yi-Pert)(73)(with propounded t’66, merely):

‘ahod{fyoh, the smell of a skunk / the aroma of perfume floated in on us,

to be-ome many, T’66 'ahddydl, # T’'66 P-it ‘ahddydl, P became amazed,

# Yah 'ahodiy66h, an aroma or odor floats into an enclosure (as the perfume of flowers or the smell of a skunk into a building), # Y66' 'ahodiy66h, an aroma or odor floats

astonished, flabbergasted,

‘ahoni-(O-Imp.)(73)(with prepounded t’dd, merely); to be much or many, T’'66 ‘ahonii’ydf (1st pers. pl); t'66 ’ahaydf (3rd pers. pl). honi-(@-Imp.)(456)(with prepounded t’dd, just): to be pretty good at (doing something), to be frisky, spry, energetic, full of pep, active (as an old person). T’44 honishydf (1st pers, sgl); t'aa haydl, (3rd pers, sgl/dpl),

away and disappears, an odor vanishes. ch'fhodi-(@/yi):

an aroma

or odor floats out

horizontally (as from a house), Ch'fhodiyédh/ ch'fhodflyoh, hahodi-(@/yi); an odor or aroma watts up out (as from a cistern or well), Hahodiyédéh/hahodooyoh, hodi-(@/yi):

an

aroma

or odor moves

along.

Hodiyéd6h/hodooyoh, # P-ts'g4dd6 hodiyééh, an aroma or odor comes from P (as from a flower), hodi-(@/ni): an aroma or odor comes, arrives, Hodiyddh/hodinfyoh,

ADVERBIAL

# P-aa hodiyé6éh, an odor reaches P, P catches an odor or aroma,

# P-za’ p-aa hodiydoh,

(3)

the odor of P’s belch

reaches p.

# Chid/ bit’id P-aa hodiyédéh, the smell of exhaust furnes reaches P, # Ch’'il bits’44d66 tikan{ P-aa hodiydéh, the perfume of the flowers reaches

P.

# K’édzh P-aa hodiy6éh, body odor reaches P, # Gdlizhii bilizh halchin(gif P-aa hodiyddh, the stench of a skunk reaches P,

DERIVATIVES

‘ayOl’At'é6ego, being remarkable, ‘aydigo ( ‘aydo, ‘ayéogo), very, extremely, (E.g, ‘Ay6o deesdoi, it’s very hot. 'Aydigo ~ 'ayéogo bit hézh¢é, he's very happy, he’s overjoyed.) t’44 haydl, quite a bit, quite a lot, quite a few, (E.g, Shibéégashii k’ad t’44 hayd/ silff’, | have quite a few cattle now. Shiye’ k’ad t’Ad hayd/ naalnish, my son's a good worker now because he can do a variety of things.) t'66 ‘ahaydidi, many times, a lot of times, (E.g, 66 ‘ahaydldi ndiftts’in, | hit him a lot of times with my fist.)

(Possessed form of YOO’,

bead.)

-YO’

B,

CONTINUATIVE

Il, di-B-(ti):

(1)

nahodi-(@/si); an odor or aroma moves around, Nahodiyoh/nahodeezyoh,

YOL (SOL) (ZOL) (DZOL)

C, CURSIVE Nl, di-@-(tH): and fro (as skunk odor carried by the breeze), Naandhodooyoh,

[lt]: swell up,

classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “blow (the wind);” (2) with t-(L-) classifier “blow on O, spray on O;” (3) with ’a-thematic and t-classifior “blow a stroam of air, move in a swarm or crowd (as bees, birds, fish, people, flies);” (4) with ni-thematic: torminal, and L-classifier “bloat, swell up;” and (5) with

(PA *kY'-yu-yl: something else, different.)

NAVAJO;

blow; [t]); blow on; bloat up.)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning relates to the movement of air, Occurs; (1) with @-

(1) naandahodi-(yi):; an aroma or odor moves about to

YO

(PPA *xut > PA *ghYutt’ [succes-sive *xutt » *ghYutl’; repetitive *xutt'-g » *ghYutgY) (O):

di-thematic; oral, oral noise, and t-classifier “whistle,”

Stem meaning uncertain,

There is considerable variation in the steminitial consonant: some themes take Y-initial, while others take Z-initial, Stom-initial Y« contracts with t-classifier = S-, but with D-effect L- is vocalized, re-emerging as Land the stom-initial takes the shape Z- (> LZ-),

Oc-curs, with @-clasaifier and ho-n|-

or ‘a-ho-ni-thematic prefixes as the theme In Neuter Imperfective verbs with disparate

meanings including “be many or much, be active and

722

YOL

VOLE

Stem-initial Y- > Z- when preceded by Dclassifier (> DZ-). Stem-initial Y- > Z- with D-effect (> DZ-). Stem-initial Y- may delete or remain, optionally when the theme includes @-classifier and the stem is preceded by a voiceless consonant (e.g. ndishyoot-ndissoot).Si-Perfective deletes before stem-initial Y(e.g. ndeeyol, he got his breath back).

A.MOM.(1)

B.MOM.(2)

C.TRANS.

IMewe

ley ee rene

PUTS

ORT.

yo6t — (s6dt) (z66t) yoot —

yot (sot) (zot) yot

yol (sol) (zol) yol

yot (sot) (zot) yot

yoot (s6dt) — (266t) yoot

(soot) (zoot)

(sot) (zot)

(sol) (zol)

(sot) (zot)

(soot) (Zoot)

yodt (s66t) (z66t)

yot (sot) (zot)

yool (sool) (zool)

yot (sot) (zot)

yoot (8006+) (2006+)

-

-

-

so’

(so’)

(sot)

(so’)

= (z0’)

(z0’)

(zot)

_(Z0’)

yot (sot) —_(zot) yot (sot)

yol (sol) (zol) yot (sot)

yot

yot

(zot)

(zot)

D.DUR.

yol (sol) (zol) E.CONT. _ yol (sol/ so’) (zoV E.REP.

G.SEM.

zo’) yot (sot) (zot) yot (sot) (zot)

H.CURS.

-

A.

PhOG.

(2)

downward

-

(4)

(sot) (sot) (zot) — (zot) yot yot (sot) (sot) (zot)

yot (sot) zot

MOMENTANEOUS

(Zot)

-

(1)

1. O-(ti):

(1)

# P-it y66’ ‘liy6dt (‘ahiyddt), P blow(s) away and disappear(s) (one after another)(as tumbleweeds, carried by the wind), # Yah 'liyédt, the wind blows into an enclosure (as into a house), ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): S (the wind) blows

’a-(@/yi)(486-487): to draw in air, inhale, breathe in, take a breath, gasp; S (the wind) blows away out of sight, stops blowing, wind goes down. ‘lishyd6t/ffyol (’andshyd6t:’anddanashy66t); ‘iiy6dt/ffyol (‘andyddt:’andandydot) (3rd pers. sgl). SER.(@/si)(66). ‘Ahishyddt/’ahéyol (‘anddhdshy66t);’andhdyoot (‘andhaydot: ’anddhaydot)(3rd pers. pl). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) 'iiy6dét, the wind comes blowing down from a height, there is a down draft. # P-it ’"adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iiy66t, P blows down (as a paper from a tabletop). P-it ’adah ‘ahiyddt, P blow down one after another. # P-ityah ‘iiy6dt, P (as trash) blows into an enclosure (lit. the wind blows into an enclosure in company with P). P-it yah ‘adahiyddt, P blow in one after another (as tumbleweeds into a corral).

(8)

from a height, there is a down

draft

of wind. 'Adaayd6l/'addayol (‘adanaanayddot), SER.(@/si)(8). 'Adahayd61/’adahaayol (‘adanddhayddh). # P-it 'adaaydédt, P blows down (as a paper from a tabletop), P-it ’'adahayddl, P blow down one after another, ’ah66-(ni-Perf.)(52); S (the wind) is blowing around in a circle (as a whirlwind), 'Ahééntyol (‘ahéninddnlyol). (This form can also be construed as a ni- Perfective Neuter, Cf, nlyol, there is wind, the wind is blowing: # 16 below.) # P-it 'ahééniyol, P blows around in a circle (as a paper in a whirlwind). # Ndhdzbasgo ‘ahééniyol, there is a whirl wind, ‘ahé6hi-(@/si)(48): S (the wind) blows (moves blowing) around and around in circles, the wind is swirling around and around, 'Ahééhéydot/ ‘ahééheeyol (‘ahén(ndahaydd)), # P-it ’'ahééhéyddt, P swirls around and around in the wind (a hat, paper, trash caught in a whirlwind), #t Nadhdzbasgo ‘ahééhéydd}, the wind swirls around and around in a circle, P-ghdé-(ni/ni)(191): S (the wind) blows through P (as through a fence, wall), Bighdyddl/bighanfyol. P-k’i-(Q/yi)(202): S blows off of P (as a hatoffa person's head, a roof off a shed), Bik’eeyool/ bik’ééyol (bik’indy6dtbik'indanaydot), P-nd-(@/si)(230): S (the wind) blows around P (as around a building), Binayddt/binazyol (binfnddanday dot) # P-it p-nayddt, P is blown around p (as a hat around a building). (E.g, Naaltsoos kin bit bindzyol, the paper blew around the house.) P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): S (the wind) blows through P (as through an opening or tunnel), Binkkaydol/ binfkanfyol. # P-it p-nikayddt, the wind blows P through p (as a hat through a window), ch’f-(ni/ni)(280): S (the wind) blows out horizon: tally (as from a canyon, building, tunnel). Ch'éyd6t/ch'infyol (ch’'indanayddt), # P-it ch’éy6d6t, P blows out (as a paper outa window). P-it ch’éhéyddt, P blow out one after another.

# P-fighahgéd p-it ch’éyddt,

p (as a hat) blows

past P (carried by the wind - as a hat that blows past a tree), (10) ch'f-(@/yi)(280): S (the wind) blows horizontally outward (completive), Ch’éyddl/ch'ééyol, # P-it ’adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch'éyddI, P is blown over the edge by the wind (as over a precipice or down from a rooftop).

723

(Ol

YOL

(Lg, K'asdaé’ te6kooh géyaa shit ‘adah oh '66yol, the wind nearly blew me down into the eanyon,) (11) di(09/si)(4540); & (the wind) starts to blow, the wind comes up, Diy6Gi/desyol (ndlyoolnaa

(18)

dlyod) # Chill bi diy6G),

(detaching something, as from an elevated surface or peg), N'diiyd6V/n'diiyol (nina'diiyook ninaadiyool), GEA, (/9)(697), Ndahi'diiyooV

@ blizzard starts; a snow storm begins, accompanied by wind

# Leezh bi diy6al, @ dust storm Gomes up, dust begins to blaw f Yas bi diy6Gl, 4 blizzard starts, snow starts to, blow (12) di (I/NG)(G45)(with prepounded dah, off a wind squall starts off, Dah dilyGdl/daki diiyol (15) ha (/yi\(A57)) to exhale, let one's breath out, G61 one’s breath back (in the Heversionary), % (the wind) starts to blow, % (the wind) blows up oul (from an enclosed space, as from a ohimney), HaashyooV/haayol (hanashyool Nanaanashyool) of haashyoov/haayol (hanashyoothanaanashyoot), haayoaV/haayol (hana YOO! hanaanayoal or haayool/haayol (hahanayoothanaanayoot(Srd pers, sgl) # VP -flak'es haayodl, % blows outof P's hand (as 4 dollar bill, Gatrled by the wind) # Veit haayodl, V blows up (out), P is (are)

to get one's breath back

ndahi'dilyol (nindahi'diyoot ninaadahi'diiyddl), W Pil n'diiyéol, P is blown down by the wind (as clothing hung on a clothesline, an apple from a tree), (19) (f4/yi)(794); & (the wind) blows (completive), YiyOol/ ylyol (nayéodbinaanayool), SER.(O/si) (446), Hiy6ol/ heeyol (nahayddt naahayod)), # Peilp-lih yiy6ot, P is blown into p by the wind (as a hatinto the mud), # Peiltaah yiyodl, P is blown into the water by the wind (as a hat),

I}, te=(tt) (1)

earled up by tie draft of wind (a6 ashes up @ ohimney) # Ch'6éh hanashyoot or hanashyool, tobe unable

(as after

Il,

breath back afler | choked on water)

(14)

bilhaayoal,

(1)

dust begins to blow, a

#

‘acLe(ttPassive)

‘a (13/yi)(N6)(Simple Passive)(with prepounded Pi’, inside of P);

dust storm comes up na (W9/yi)(S94)) % (the wind) blows downward, there is a down draft of alr (as wind down a ohimney),

Oonii(9/9)(249); S makes O bloat up, S fills O with gas (as beans), Hiniisddl/biniisool (nabiniisdébnaabiniisoal), (nicthematio; roundness.) Pe'nik((3/09)(2 18): to start to blow on P (as ona piece of hot meat), Hi'niissdédl/bi'niisol,

(2)

choking on water or food, bog, 16 bit {izhilgo oh’6éh hanashyoolgo hodiina’, I} Was some line before | could qet my # Leesh

# Pil nilyoot, P is blown out by the wind (as a lighted match); P is smothered by the wind (as a person whose breath is literally blown away in a high wind), nid ((9/5)(677)) S (the wind) blows down

blows down

(as a hatfroma

1,

9 (he wind) blows to one naa‘a(W/yi(5H1)) Naa‘liyadl/ side, blows (something) over, naa‘iyol (Naa‘anayool naa‘ anaanayaal)

(1)

sideways + #1 above.) # Pil naa'iyodl, P is blown over by the wind (48 4 lent, ee) (ni Pert)(664)) % (the wind) is blowing, there is wind, itis windy, Niyol (naantyol), (The wind is COnd6IVEd

46 BOMelhing

thal moves,

When

(1)

it

(17)

handashyool,

to be unable

to get

one's breath back, # Hanashyoot (handaayoliPerf),

to get one's breath back (after choking on some-

Perlective or as a Neuter Perfeotive,)

# Leezh bil nlyol, there is blowing dust, a duat slorm is In progress ft Yas bilntyol, there is blowing snow, a blizzard nb(ni/ni)(672)) 9 (the wind) blows terminatively, Nilyoai/niniyol (ninaanayodl), in:

(2)

Peaa‘di(O/y)(151)) the cover is blown off of P by Ihe wind, Daa'diyool/baa'diiyol (banina'diyoot baninaa ‘diyool) ha (Q/yi)(A1?-490), to exhale, let out one's breath, gat one's breath back (in the Reverslonaty), Haashyoot or haashyool/haayol (hanashyoothanaanashyool), # Ch'66h

“arrives blowing” there ils wind, The form nfyol Gan be construed either as a Momentaneous # Chil bibntyol, there is a blizzard (in progress)

MOMENTANEOUS

1, (4-(t)

SEN ((4/s8i)(66), Naa ‘ahlyodl/naa'ahesyol (Naa‘anahayGdl naa anaahayodl, (= naa,

(16)

puffed or swollen

Neaayool/naayol

Veil naayool,

shelf) (15)

P becomes

(as one's Cheek, from an aboessed tooth), Bil’ ‘alyOOWVbIT Voolyol (bil na ‘AalyOokbil’ naa‘Aalyoodl), (Cf, bil’ ‘assool, to inflate it BIN} 1,)

(1)

(4)

thing), haahie(= hanahl-)(@/si)(4e4); to get one’s breath baok (after strenuous exertion), to cateh one’s breath (lit, to exhale back one time after another), HAéaahassool/haahéyol (haninaahasdzool),

fdi(O/si)(612-615)) to get one’s breath back (afler exertion), Ndishyoot or ndissoot or

YOL

VAayle

P (with a puff of air). Binfka’n{ssool/bin(ka’nfsol

ndisdzool/Adésdzol or ndéyol (nfndddissoot or n{ndadfsdzooh). # Hajoobd’dgo ndishyoot (~ ndissoot/ndisdzool), to have a hard time getting one’s breath back.

(9)

(10)

Il. D-(ti): (1)

ha-(@/yi)(430)(with prepounded ‘Addit, in company with self): to sigh, to say “whew” (as after carrying a heavy object)(lit. to breath out with

self), ‘Adit haasdzoot/’Adit haasdzol

(‘Adit

(11)

handanasdzooh). fdi-(@/si)(612-615): to catch one’s breath, get one’s breath back (as after heavy exertion). Ndisdzoot or nfidissoot or Adfshyoot/ndéyol or fndésdzol (n{ndddisdzool).

(2)

(12)

Il, t-(tt): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(124): to blow a stream of air (lit. to cause something to move blowing). ’Assoot/fisol (nd’assoot: nda’dssool). # P-ii’ ’assoot,

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)

(13)

to inflate P, blow P up (a tire,

toy balloon). # P-ndk’ee 'assoot, to blow into P’s eye (to relieve irritation caused by foreign matter). # 1’'66 ’ahay6/P-ii’ ’assoot, to over-inflate P (as a tire). ’a-P-fji-(O/yi)(4): to blow P away out of sight (with a stream of air - as a bubble, feather, balloon). ’Abjij(ssoot/’abldzifsol. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘abjfjfssoot, to blow it down (as a paper from a tabletop). # Naa ’ab{j(ssoot (~ naa’abjijfssoot), to blow it over (with a puff of air - as a paper doll, pile of cribbed matches) . # Yah ’ab{jfssoot, to blow it into an enclosure (as a feather into a hole). ’a’a-(O/yi)(363): to blow a stream of air (away out of sight). 'E’essoot/'i’ffsol (’anda’dssoot), # P-jaayi’ (~ P-jeeyi’) ’e’essoot, to blow into P’s ear. P-44’di-(@/yi)(150): to blow the cover off of P (as dust off a tabletop, cloth cover from a dish -

(binfkanda’n{ssoot). ch’f-P-(z-(ni/ni)(186): to blow P out horizontally (with a puff or stream of air - as a feather outa window). Ch’fb(zn{ssoot/ch’(bizn{sol. ha-P-f'a-(@/yi)(422): S (the wind) blows P up (as a rain or snow storm). Hayé'ésoot/hay/l{fsol (hayinaa’dsool). # Niyol chil hayé’ésootgo ’at’{, the wind is blowing up a snowstorm. # Niyol nittsé hayfffsol, the wind blew up a rain. ‘f'di-(G/yi)(466): to whistle, let out a whistle blast, '('dissool/''difsol (‘(nda'’d{ssoot), (di-thematic: mouth, oral noise). # P-ch’j’ ''dissoot, to whistle at P (to get P’s attention). naa’a-P-fji-(O/yi)(577): to blow P over (with a puff or stream of air - as a paper doll, pile of cribbed match sticks). Naa’abjfjfssoot or naa’abidz(ssoot or naa’ab{dz(ssxoot or naa’ab{jfssooV/naa’abidzfisol or naa’abidziisxol., (V.#2.) yda-P-fjii-(@/O)(753): to blow P up into the air (with a puff or stream of air - as a bubble, toy balloon, feather). Yadbfjiissoot/yadb/dziisol.

IV. ’a-t-(ti): (1)

’a-(@ or ni/ni)(124):

S go, come, arrive ina

swarm, flock, crowd, pack, gang (as bees, flies, grasshoppers, people, dogs, birds, children).

‘lilzool/’fzol (na’iilzoot:naa'iilzoot) or ’aniilzoot/‘aniilsol (na’niilzoot:nda’niilzoot) (1st pers. pl); ’asoot or 'fsool/’an(sol (nd'Asoot: nd4a'dsoot)(3rd pers. pl). # Baa ’asoot (baa’n(sol: Perf.), S swarm or flock to P, P gets a flock or swarm

(as bees, flies, grasshoppers),

of S

a swarm

of S descend on P. (E.g. Sh{{daa’ nahachagii t'66 ‘ahayd{ nihaa'nfsol, a swarm of grasshoppers descended on us last

(2)

with a puff or stream of air). Béa’dissool/ bdd’difsol (bdnina’dissoot:béninda’dissoo}), P-ghd4-p-{z-(ni/ni)(186): to blow p through P (as a feather through a tube). Bighab{zn{ssoot/ bighdabiznfsol.

summer). ’a’a-(O/yi)(363-468): to go swarming away out of sight (a swarm of bees, flock of birds, pack of dogs, gang of children, school of fish). ‘Viilzoot/ ‘Viilzol (‘and’iilzoot:’anda'iilzoot)(1st pers. pl); ’e’esool/'i'((sol (‘and’Asoot,’anda’dsoot)(3rd

pers. pl). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) 'e’esoot, S go swarming down from a height (as a herd of sheep down the side of a wash). # Yah ‘Vlilzoot, we go swarming into an enclosure (as into a theater), Yah

P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to blow through P, blow a hole in P (with a puff or stream of air - as a hole through a cobweb or thin sheet of paper).

'e’esoot,

S go swarming in (as flies into

a house, bats into a cave, bees into a

Bighd’n(ssoot/bigha’nisol (bighanda’nissoot). P-nfkd-p-(z-(ni/ni)(186): to blow p through P (as a feather through an opening, or a pea through a tube), Binfkab(zn{ssoot/binkabizn(sol. P-nfka’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to blow through P (as in blowing through a soda straw), to blow a hole in

hive).

# Y66’ 'e’esoot,

S go swarming away and

disappear (as a swarm

(3)

725

of bees or locusts, a pack of dogs), P-ghd’(a)-(ni/ni)(759): S go swarming through P

YOL

YOL

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Il. ni-L-(ti):

(as bees through a smoke cloud, flies through a screen). Yigha fsoot/yigha’nisol (yighana’fsoot yighanda’fsoo}). P-nfka’(a)-(ni/ni)(235): S go swarming through P (as flies through an open doorway), Yinika’isoot/yinika’nisol (yinikana’fsoot: yinfkanda’fsoo}).

(1)

to bloat up, become bloated, get full of gas (as a dead body or a person after eating gas-forming food). Niishy66t/niishyool (ndniishyédétndaniishydot). (ni-thematic: generic classifier: roundness, rotundity).

ch’(a)-(ni/ni)(288): to come or go swarming out horizontally (as children from school, wasps

D.

from a nest, bats from a cave, dogs from a kennel). Ch’Pniilzoot/ch’fniilzol (ch’ina’niilzootch’(nda’niilzoot) (1st Pers. pl); ch f'fsoot/ ch’? nisol (ch’ina’fsoot:ch’inda’fsoot) (3rd pers. pl). # P-ii’déé ch’Pniilzoot, to come swarming out of P. ha’a-(@/yi)(402): to come swarming up out (as people from an underground chamber); S come swarming out (as flies from a garbage can); S rise (as a flock of ducks from a pond). Ha’iilzoot/ha’iilzol (hana’iilzoothanaa ‘iilzoot) (1st pers. pl); ha’asoot//ha’fisol (hana’dsoot: hanaa’dsoot)(3rd pers. pl). na’a-(O-lter.)(549-555)(with prepounded dah, up): to be in the form of a flock, swarm or crowd (as a flock of birds, a swarm of flies or bees, a gang of children, a crowd of people, a school of fish, a herd of animals). Dah na’iilzot (1st pers. pl); dah na’dsot (3rd pers. pl).(E.g. Kin gone’

DURATIVE

I, £-(tt):

(1)

(O-lmp.)(777): to blow on O (especially with a bellows - as ona fire). Yissol.

E.

CONTINUATIVE

|. @-(ti): (1)

na-(@-lmp.)(601): S (the wind) blows about. Naayol (nindanayol). # P-’66’ p-itdah naayol, P’s clothing is whipping in the breeze. (E.g. Shi’éé’ bit dah naayol, my clothes are whipping in the breeze).

# P-ii’ naayol, the wind is blowing inside of P (as in a canyon). # Dah naayol, S waves or whips in the wind (as clothing hung on a line, a woman’s skirt).

tsé’éd6’ii t'66 ’ahaydi dah na’dsot, the house is swarming with flies. Tayi’ 166’ t’66 ’ahaydf dah na’dsot, there’s a big school of fish in the

(8)

nii-(@/@)(669-671):

water.) ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(639): to go swarming as far asa stopping point. Ni’niilzoot/ni’niilzol (nina’niilzootninaa’niilzoot)(1st pers. pl); ni’fsoot/ ni’nfsol (nina’fsootninda’isoot)(3rd pers. pl). # Tse’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’niilzoot, to go swarming across (as children across a street).

I. t-(ti): (1) na’a-(O-Imp.)(549)(with prepounded dah, up): S is puffed (as puff sleeves).

Dah na’asol.

(2) na‘idi-(@/yi)(554): to whistle a tune to oneself. Na’fdfsso’ or na’fdissol/na’{dééso’ or na’idifso’. (di-thematic: oral noise, mouth.)

C.

TRANSITIONAL

lll. ni-L-(ti):

|. £-(ti): (1) (1)

(2)

’adii-(@/@)(30): S bulges (as a kitten’s belly after drinking milk, a ruptured tire or abdomen), S bloats (as a carcass); S rises (as bread dough). Dah ’adiisd66t/dah ’adiisool (dah n’diiséd6t:dah naa’diisddt). t6’dii-(@/O)(706-707): a water blister, pock, or skin eruption forms. T6’diisdd6t/td’diisool (t6nda’diisddt). # P-aah td’diisddt, a blister forms on P (as on one’s hand). # P-aah téda’diisddt, P gets blisters (as one’s hand when it has been in contact with poison ivy).

nani-(@/si)(562): to be very flatulent, go about farting. Nanishyol/nanéshyol. # P-k’ee nanishyol, to be flatulent because of P (as a named food item).

F.

REPETITIVE Durative

I. L-(tt): (1)

(2)

726

(@/si)(777):

to blow on O (with lips or bellows - as on kindling in making a fire, or on hot food). Yissol/sésol. ’a-(O-Imp.)(124): to be doing the blowing (as in inflating a toy balloon). ’Assot.

YOL

rOE

(3)

Il. ’a-L-(ti):

P-gha'(a)-(ni/ni)(235): to blow through O, blow a hole in O. Bighd’nfssot/bigha’nfsol. (Ib. bigha’n{ssoot.)

(1)

Seriative

Il. L-(tt):

(1)

(2)

ndni-(@/si)(563): to blow a series of puffs (as a series of puffs of cigaret smoke), to spray O (as sheep, with insecticide), to dust O (as with insecticide), Ndnfssot or nanfssoot/nanésol. (Occurs also with O-classifier. See below.)

’a-(yi)(682): a swarm or flock is moving along (as grasshoppers, people, bees, flies, birds, sheep). ’lilzot (na’iilzot:naa’iilzot)(1st pers. pl); ’oosot (nad’oosot:nda’oosot)(3rd pers. pl). # ’ Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’oosot, S are

swarming down (as a flock of sheep descending the bank of a wash). naana’a-(yi)(584): S are swarming about to and fro, turning.

Naana’oosot.

# Bizandghahjigo naand’oosot,

|. NOUN

Ill, @-(tt): (1)

ndni-(@/si)(563):

(néiniyot: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

G.

SEMELFACTIVE

1. O-(ti/tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(797): S (a single puff of wind) blows. Yiiyot/yizyot ; to blow a single puff (as a puff of smoke, water), to spray (with one’s mouth). Yiissot/sésot or séyot(naayiissot). # Nat’oh bilid bee sésot or séyot, | blew a puff of cigaret smoke. # T6 bee sésot or séyot, | sprayed water with my mouth, # T6 shinii’j’ yee sizyot, he sprayed water in my face, he sprayed my face with water.

Il. L-(tt-tr): (1)

'Adii-(@/si)(31): to blow on oneself. 'Adészot. (’Andddiiszo}).

'Adiiszot/

H. CURSIVE 1, Q-(ti): (1)

(12) chidf bikee’ bee bii’ na’alzoot, automobile tire pump (the one with which car tires are re-

(yi)(794): S (a gust of wind, squall) is moving along. Yiyot (nddndayot). # P-it yiyot, P is flying along carried by a gust of wind (as one’s hat).

inflated).

(13) 'Pdilzoot, whistling sound. (14) jeeh dighazii bii’ hda’alzotigif,

toy balloon, rubber

balloon (the rubber thing into which people repeatedly blow air).

# Chill bit yiyot, a snow squall is moving along. # teezh bit yiyot, a cloud of dustis moving along on the wind. (2)

DERIVATIVES

’ajéfyilzdlii, lung (P-jéf yilzdlii)(the pleural organ that is inflated). ’Ajéfyilzdlii bik’ésti'(g/f, membrane covering the lungs. ’Ajéf yilzdlii bik’ésti’igif ndaltsai or ’ajé/ yilzdlii bik’ésti’(gif tazit silf’, pleurisy. ’Ajéf yilzdlii biih yitk’aaz, pneumonia. (2) ’alizh bee yidzot, Whitlow grass (urine is spurted with it. The plant is used as a diuretic.) ’atsAzoot, whistle (used in the Bead Way and Eagle Way Chants. Made of the femur of a jackrabbit that was killed by an eagle.)(eaglewindpipe). ‘'azoot, windpipe, bronchia (P-zoot). ’Azoot biih yftk’aaz, bronchitis. Béésh bii’ kg’f bizoot, stovepipe. ‘aah ha’ajeeh téda’diisootigif, chicken pox (the one in which blisters erupt on a person). bee ‘alzotf, bellows (the one with which blowing is done). bee ‘idilzoot{ (~ ‘?'dilzooti), whistle (the one with which whistling is done). bee ’ii’ ha’alzot, air pump (the one with which air is blown out into something). bee ’ii’ nd’dlzoot, tire pump (the one with which air is repeatedly blown back into something - to re-inflate it). (10) bee na’alzolf, spray gun, sprayer (the one with which something is sprayed). Kin bee yidleeshf bee na’alzolf, paint sprayer (the one with which house paint is sprayed). (11) bii’ nd’Azotigif, toy balloon, rubber balloon (the one that is repeatedly inflated with air).

to blow a series of puffs (as a

series of puffs of cigaret smoke), to spray or dust O (with insecticide - as sheep). Nanfssot/

ndneyol

S are

swarming around the corner.

(15) Kin Binddyotf or Kin Bii’ Naayolf, Kin Binayola ~ Kin Bineola ~ Kimenola (an ancient Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) (the building around which the wind is blowing or the building inside of which the wind blows about = drafty house).

P-na-(yi)(231): S (the wind) is blowing around P (as around a building). Binddyot.

Wei.

YO!

(16)

YOOD

te’esoonl, soll-blower beetle (snout beetle, bristle tall beastie), £6’esootl ibéhigh, gray sollblower

IMI? UGJAT, PERF PHOG en a RN RR

bestis

AMOM.|

(17) teeshch'ih bee ‘I'dilyoot, ash blowing procedure

in (14)

(19) (20) (71) (22)

Evil Way Chants

nfyol,

wind,

NMyoltsoh,

WOONT

tornado, hurloane,

windstorm, Miyal 16 hayilleehl, windmill (he one In whieh the wind draws up walter) t6'dilsool(gif, water blister, blister, eruption W676G4, cotton cord (used to tle down the white Gownenamask) oo tslighé bee yilzot, hair spray (hal whieh which thie half is sprayed) [86 Hinadayot,

Matthews

Peak, Arizona

around which the wind blows), Chezhin

yas bi ‘ahanihesyol(gl, snowdritt (snow that was gathered in @ pile by the wind)

noun

blow, breathe)

breath,

(Cf

dzol

yood

dzo'

yo!

dzoed

dzot

yow/ yood dzol/ dz66d

(1)

‘adani( bidanl/hadanl)(4/yi) to flee down (as Into @ canyon), ‘Adaniidzaéd/‘adaniidzood Cadananiidz66d, ‘adanaanidzGdad)( let pers,

(4)

‘anl(/y)(121) to flee away (oulof sight), to 6680ap6, lake refuge trom danger, ‘Aniidzo6d/

pl) ‘fanlidzood pers,

(Ol:

dzo'

yor

1, nbeDe(ti)

blows)

Stem

yood

dzood

yood

dzood

A. MOMENTANDOUS

Nashjint)

(24)

dzo'

_—-:—

(the rack

186 Hil’ Neaayoll, Chuska Vass (on af old trall through the mountains trom Tohatehl to Crystal, New Mexica)(he rock inside af whieh the wind

yo!

dzddd

CCURS

(Also known as

(23)

yé6d_—

Trane.|

FUT,

(ananidz66d ‘anaaniidzodd)(lat

pl)

# ‘Adal ( bidali/hadah) ‘aniidzoGd, down (a6 into @ Ganyon)

verb root

1 Wa'ae Go'ae ‘aniidz66d,

to flee

to flee over the hill

and disappear

(O|

4 Yah ‘aniidz66d, to flee into an enclosure (as into @ building oF Gavern) # YOO" ‘aniidzG6d, to flee away and disappear, to flee around p (as around a Mountain) Binaninidzoad/binaniniidzood (let

( ) TPonant(ni/nal)

pers, pl) (4)

(-yoooh (ld) (Derivation uncertain) Noun lle, falsehood W blyooeh

(OOCH

TID

ld,

he's @ ilar (it

hls lie)

—

5)

Ponthant(ni/ni))

to flee through 1 (as through a

galeway or tunnel), Uinhaninidzoad/bina ninlldzood (let pers, pl) Vets‘ant(ni/nl)) to flee (away) from Pt (as from

pursuers OF Caplors),

—_———_—_—— (6)

Dits‘aniniidzogd/bite'a

ninlidzood (bile ‘ananinidzoad bite 'anaa Hind ZGGd)( let pera. pl) oh Tab (ni/n)(201)) to flee oul, esbape out (as from a burning building or a flooded canyon)

Chininidzoad/onininiidzood A

Marne!

>A

i maaie PA *zanY [ablauting

far as --(a designated stopping point - as

to ze-] [t]: make pliable, tan [a hide]. V. Krauss-Leer 1981:81.)

# -jj’ ninissdds,

seeds as far as the edge of a canyon). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninissdaas, to dribble O across (as blood across a road). (16) tddi-(@/yi)(698): to dribble O here and there, go everywhere dribbling or strewing O. Tadissdas/ tadiisas. (17) (@/yi)(775): to strew, dribble, sprinkle, scatter O (completive). Yissdds/yisas (ndssdds:naandssaas).

ZA4

NAVAJO: Possibly cognate with DZAg3: scrape, dehair (a hide). Occurs with t-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “make pliable, soften, tan (a hide); make

limber, limber up (as a horse, by exercising it).” tclassifier + stem-initial Z- > S-, but with D-effect tvocalizes and Z- reappears (LZ-).

# P-iih yissdds, to scatter or strew O into P (as sand into mud). # Taah yissads, to strew O into the water.

A.MOM. B.

CONCLUSIVE

IMP.

USvite.

PERR.

FUTs

OPRin

zééh

zééh

za

zé6ét

z6ét

Trans.

A.

I, £-(tt): (1)

P-k’f-(@/si)(200):

to sprinkle O onto P (as sugar

on bread, salt on meat, water on a surface).

Bik’éssas/bik’fsésas

C. I. L-(tt): (1)

CONTINUATIVE

na-(@/si)(592):

(bik’fnddndssas).

-DIVERSATIVE

blood).

1, t-(tt): (1)

'a-(@/yi)(124): to do tanning or curing (of hides rubbing and treating unspecified O to make it soft and pliable). 'Assééh/"fisa (nda’dssééh). ’aho’nii-(@/O): to start to limber up (an area). ’Aho'niissé6h/‘aho’niisa. In: # P-tah ’aho’niissééh, to start to limber P up (a horse, by exercising it - lit. to start to limber up the area of P’s body). P-’nii-(/O)(218): to start to tan or cure O (a hide). Bi’niissééh/bi'niisa (binaa’niissééh). ha-(~ ho-)(@/yi)(416): to limber up (an area - as the area of a body or legs of a horse). Hassééh/hédsaé (ndhdssééh:ndahassééh). # P-jAdtah hassééh, to limber up P’s legs (a horse, by walking or exercising it). # P-tah hassééh, to limber up P’s body, limber P up (a horse). (@/yi)(776): to make O pliable, tan O (a hide). Yissééh/yisd (naddndssééh).

(2)

to strew, sprinkle, dribble, scatter

O around here and there (as seeds, sand,

Naassas/nisésas

(ninddnassas).

(3) (4)

D. CURSIVE I. t-(tt): (1)

(yi)(776): to be dribbling, strewing, sprinkling or scattering O along, to go along dribbling O (as blood, seeds). Yissas/deinfilzadds (nddssas: néandassas). # ’Atiingd6 'dshjjh yissas, to be salting the highway (lit. to go along scattering salt on the road).

(2)

# Gé6naa yissas, to be dribbling O across (as across a field). # Shiné’édit yissas, | have a nosebleed (lit. I’m dribbling my noseblood along). naand-(yi)(588): to go around to and fro, here and there dribbling or strewing O (flowers, sand, seeds), Naanddassas/naandeiniilzaas. # tééchaa’i bizhéé’ naandyoosas, the dog goes slavering about (lit. the dog goes about to and fro strewing its slaver).

-ZAZ(

MOMENTANEOUS

(5)

I. di-t-(tt): (1)

di-(@/yi)(332):

to soften O, make O pliable (as

leather), to shape O (a bow), Dissééh/diisdé (ndéddissééh). (di-thematic: meaning uncertain.) (2)

(Possessed form of SAZI, ancestor, forebear. V. SAZI.)

# Kékat dissééh, to soften sole leather. hodi-(@/yi)(452): to limber up an area, get the stiffness out of an area (as from a horse’s legs or body, by exercising it). Hodissééh/hodiisé (ndhodissééh:nadahodissééh)(). # P-jd4dtah hodissééh, to limber up P’s legs. # P-tah hodissééh, to limber up P’s body.

B. (1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

naak’a’at’ah{ néfséhé, fabric softener (as Downy) (that which softens cloth). NN ——————————————— el

ZA (Cf. Sarci

ZAAD

(9)

za, z6[n-] [t]:; chase.)

ni-(ni/ni)(672):

ZA

NAVAJO: Describes the movement of a horde, crowd, army, flock or swarm (people, bees, birds, animals). Occurs with ©- or (optionally) t-classifer ina wide range of themes. t- classifier contracts with stem-initial Z- to produce S-, but with D-effect tvocalizes and stem-initial Z- reappears (LZ-). IME A.MOM.

zééh

B.CURS.

US lier ERERE = 2zééh

:

za

-

A.

PROG -

MEU

ORT

z6ét

zééh

as far as --(a designated place, where it halts). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) niizééh, S moves across (as across a river). (10) ndii-(@/O)(620): S starts to move (an army,

crowd). Ndiizééh/ndiizd (nindddiizééh) ndiisééh/ndiisd (nindddiisééh). # P-ch’j’ ndiizééh or ndiisééh, S starts to move on P (as an army that starts to move ona

zéét

MOMENTANEOUS

’a-(O/yi)(487): S move(s) away out of sight (as a mob, army, flock). ‘lizééh/'ffza (’anazééh: ’andanazééh) or ‘iisééh/'iisd (‘andsééh:

water.

‘anddndsééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iizééh or ‘iisééh, S comes down, descends from a height (as a mob down from a mountain). # Yah ’iizééh or ’iisééh, S enters an enclosure

a

eS

I. O-/ t-(ti):

# Y606’ ’iizé6h or ’iisééh, S move away and

(1)

disappear.

S (mob, army) moves

around in a circle, makes a circuit. "Ahénazééh/

‘ahééniza or ’ahéndsééh/'ahéénisa. # P-naago ’ahénazééh or’ahénasééh,

ee

B. CURSIVE

(as troops into a canyon).

’ahéna-(~ ’ahéé-)(ni/ni):

town).

(11) (G/yi)(794): S moves (completive). Yizééh/yizd (nazééh:nddndzééh) or yisééh/yisd (ndsééh: ndanasééh). # P-iih yizééh or yisééh, S moves into P (as an invading army into a country), S swarm into P (as schoolchildren into a bus). # Taah ndsééh, S (as a flock of ducks) lands in the water, S (bathers) swarm into the

I]. O-~t-(ti):

(1)

S move as far as a stopping point.

Niizééh/niniza or niisééh/ninisé. # -jj’ niizééh or niisééh, S (as an army) moves

S

moves around P (as troops around a mountain). P-nd-(@/si)(230): S move around P (as a crowd

(2)

(yi)(794): S is moving along, advancing (as an army). Yizéét (nddzéét:inddnddzéét) or yiséét (nddséét nddnddséé}). # Nadas yizéét or yiséét, S (as an army) is moving forward, advancing. # P-k’ee’dd yizéét or yiséét, S (as an army) is by-passing or flanking P. naand-(yi): S (as an army) is moving about to and fro, here and there. naanaaséét.

around a mountain), S perform a flanking movement around P (as an army around the enemy). Yinazééh/yinazza or yindsééh/ yinassa. ch’{-(ni/ni)(280): S move out horizontally (as an

C.

army moving out of a country it has occupied).

NOUN

Naanadzéét or

DERIVATIVES

Naakaii nddséét, walkingstick, praying mantis (lit. the Mexicans are returning. It is said that, when asked the direction from which the Mexican

(ndanazééh) Ch’ézééh/ch ’iniza (ch’fnazééh:ch’inaa or ch’ésééh/ ch’inisa (ch’indsééh:ch inaanasééh). # P-fighahgd6 ch’ézééh or ch’ésééh, S moves

troops were approaching, the insect would

point. Thus its name.) (Ib. Naakaii naazéét.) T’anddséét, Bunched Feathers (a location in Canyon de Chelley, Arizona)(feathers are moving back??)

past P (a stationary object - as a mountain or promontory). (5) di-(@/si)(339): S start to move along (a crowd),

Dizééh/deezza (ndizééh). (6) dii-(@/O)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): S start off moving. Dah diizééh/dah diiza (dah ndiizééh). (7) na-(ni/ni)(572): S return (a mob, army, War Dance Party). Nazééh/naniza or ndsééh/ nanisa. (8) (ni/ni)(794): S comes, goes, arrives. Yizééh/niza (nazééh:nddandzééh) or yisééh/nisa (ndsééh: ndanasééh). # P-aa yizééh or yisééh, S reaches P (as a horde of conquerors that reach their victim).

(PPA uncertain.

PA *zad [@]: be far.

Variant *sixd(?)

> *zax.)

NAVAJO:

Occurs with ©-classifier as

the theme in Neuter Imperfective verb

bases meaning “far (in space), distant or remote (in time).” The themes distinguish two aspects: Absolute and Comparative. The stem ZAH is used in interrogatives: how far? how long?

734

ZAAL

ZAAD # Nizahdi,

IMP. NEUTER Absolute Comparative

zaad/zah

zdad

go? Haa nizahjf hanéinily{f,

(2)

’aheenf-(O-Imp.): S are equidistant (as two locations). ’Aheenizaad (’aheedanizaad: d.p.). # Aheedanizaadéé’,

from far and near, from

(3)

everywhere. (E.g. ’Aheedanizaadé颒 nihik’éf nihaa ’dtah silf?, our relatives came in on us from far and near.) ni-(O-lmp.)(665): itis far, distant, a long way. Nizaad. # Nizaadéé’, from far away, from afar. (E.g. Sh{jdda’ nihik’é(ta’ nizaadgé’ nihaa yikai, last summer some of our relatives came from far away to see us.) # Nizaadi, ata distant location. (E.g. Shighan nizaadi si’A, my home is far away.) # Nizaag66, to a far away place, for a long time. (E.g. Nizaag66 niséya, | wenta long way, | covered a lot of distance. Nizaag66 naalyéhé ya sidahf ba nishishnish, | worked for the trader for a long time.) # Nizaajj’, to a distant point (in space or time). (E.g. Doo nizaajj’ ’eesh’j da, | cannot see far. Nizaajj’ na’anishigff ta’ hanishta, |’m looking for a steady job - a long term job.)

(2)

’Ani-(O-Ilmp.): it is comparatively far. "Anizdad. # ’Aydo ’Anizdad, itis very far. (E.g. Kod66 ’ooljée’jj’ ’aydo ’Anizddd, itis a very long way from here to the moon.) shédnf-(O-lmp.)(695)(with doo -- da, negative frame): itis extremely far, very far, very distant, awfully far. Doo shénizdad da. # P-ch’j’ doo shdénizdad da, it’s awfully far to

NOUN (1)

DERIVATIVES

Niinah Nizaad, Nenanezad (or Fruitland), New Mexico (long hill or upgrade).

ADVERBIAL DERIVATIVES (1)

doozdagi, how long? how much longer? (with exasperation). (E.g. Doozdagi fthosh, how much longer are you going to sleep? [Come on,

(2)

t’66 kén{zdhaijj’, for a short time, briefly, for a little while. (E.g. 1766 kénizahajj’ t’'66’g66 ch’iniya, | went outdoors for a little while.)

get up!))

ed

(Possessed form of SAAD,

Comparative

how long

did you rest?) # Yaago haa nizah, how deep is it (as a hole)? How far down is it?

Absolute

I. ni-@-(ti):

how far

is it from the horse corral to your home?) # Nizahijj’, to a distant point (in space or time). (E.g. Haa nizahijj’ nffnfya, how far did you

NEUTER

(1)

ata distant location, far. (E.g. tff

bighand66 haa nizahdi nighan,

word,

speech, language.) -ZAAD

Il. ’A-ni-@-(ti): (1)

nf-(O-Ilmp.)(665): itis far (in space or time). Nizah. # Haa nizah nindhalzhishgosha’, how often? (E.g. Haa nizah ninahalzhishgosha’ na’idjjh, how often do you eat?) # Haash nizahg66 ’atiingd6 yigdatgo nihoolzhiizh, how long has he been walking along the road? # Nizahdée’, from afar, for a long time. (E.g. Haa nizahdéé’ hoottift, how far away is the approaching rainstorm? Haa nizahdéé’ Diné bizaad bfhootaahgo hoolzhiizh, how long have you been learning Navajo?) # Nizahg66, far (in space), long (in time). (E.g. Haa nizahg66 nisinfya, how far did you go? Haa nizahg66 naalyéhé ya sidahi ba nishinflnish? for how long did you work for the trader?)

NAVAJO: Stem meaning uncertain. Occurs with thematized t-classifier in verb bases (1) that describe the rapid ZAAL movement of a light (feathery or nebulous) object through the air (snowflakes coming down in a light snowfall, leaves falling from deciduous trees in autumn, a shower of sparks from a grindstone or feathers from a ruptured pillow, a cloud racing in the wind), and (2) the rapid movement of a person or vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) that “dashes, scrambles, speeds.” t-classifier produces S- in contraction with stem-initial

Z-, but Z- (LZ-) re-emerges with vocalization of t (under D-effect).

ZAAL

ZAAL

A MOM

IMI?

US /IT

PERF

vaal

zal

vaal

yaal

zal

vaal

PROG.

FUT

OPT

zal

zvaal

zal

zaal

# -g66 P-it'e'esdal, P dashes away to (a desgnated destination - riding in a fast moving vehicle). # Ha’aa g6’aa P-it 'e’esddt, P rides dashing

BW THANS ©

CONT

(4)

zal/

DCURS

down from a height (as downstairs, down a hill

zaal

A,

or ladder); S floats or flutters down (as a leaf

that falls from a tree). ‘'Adaassdadal/’adddsaal (‘adanassdat’adanddnadssaat) (1st pers. sgl); ‘adaasaal/'adddsaal ('adandsdaat:’adandanasaat)(3rd pers. sgi/dpl). SER.(@/ si)(8): to dash or rush down one after another, S (as snowflakes or leaves) fall or float down one after another, 'Adahiilzdat/’adahaalzaal (‘adanahiilzaat:’adandahiilzdat)(1st pers. pl); ‘adahasaal/'adahaassaal (‘adandhdsdat. ‘adanddhasaat)(3rd pers. pl). # 'At’aa’ ‘adahasaat, leaves are falling one after another. # P-it ’'adaasdat, P rushes or dashes down on S (as a rider down a hill on a horse), # P-t’a’ 'adahasdat, P’s feathers come floating

MOMENTANEOUS

L(t)

(1)

‘a-(ni/ni)(AG5)

unspecified S comes/goes/arrives ‘lsaal/‘ani(saal

dashing al top speed,

(na‘isaal) # Pil ‘isaal,

P comes

(arrives) dashing (on a

horse, bioyelée, in a ear),

(/')

‘a-((4/yi)(A7B)

to run, skip, dash away out of

sight (a person, animal); S sails or races away through the air (a cloud, crow, wisp of smoke,

feather carried in the wind), ‘lissaal/‘lisaal (‘anassaal ‘anaanassaal)(lat pers, sgl); ‘lisaal/‘iisaal (‘anasaal‘anaanasaal)(3rd pers, agl/dpl), SEA .(@/si)(62); S flutter, float, fall one afler another (as snowflakes), ‘Ahisaal/ ‘alieessaal # ‘Adah (« bidah/hadah)

‘iissaal,

down one after another. # Yas ‘adahasaat, snowflakes are floating down one after another, a light snow is

falling. ‘ada’a-(~ bida’a-/hada’a-)(@/yi)(376): unspecified S dashes down from a height. ’Ada’asdal/ ‘ada'isaal (‘adana’asdat).

to rush or

dash down from a height (as downstairs, down 4 hillor mountainside), # Pit ‘adah (» bidah/hadah) ‘iisaal, P rides

# P-it ‘ada'asaat (~ bida’asddt/hada’asdat), rides dashing down.

down on S at top speed, dashes down on 4 (a8 on a horse), # V-il yah ‘iisaal, P rides into an enclosure at

high apeed on S, dashes in on S (as into

rider on a horse)

-g66 ‘ilssaal,

to dash away or rush off to--a

designated destination), P-it -gd6 ‘jisaat, I’ dashes away or rushes off to -- (a designated destination) on S (as ona horse, bieyele, or in a car),

# Yah ‘iissaat, to dash into an enclosure (as Into a building or hole), to rush in, #

Yas

‘adah (» bidah/hadah)

‘Ahéénissdal/ahéénisaal. ‘ahéé'a-(ni/ni)(50); unspecified S goes dashing around ina circle, makes a dashing circuit.

‘ahisaat,

snowflakes are floating down one after another,

(1)

P

‘adli-(@/si)(15): unspecified S starts to dash along. ‘Adisdat/’adeessaal (nf'’d{sdat). # P-it’adisadt, P starts to ride dashing along. # P-it’adeessaal, P is on the way dashing along, ‘adlii-(Q@/@)(28):(with prepounded dah, off): unspecified S dashes off, leaves at top speed. Dah ‘adiisAaVdah ‘adiisaal (dah n’diisda}). # P-itdah ‘adiisaat, P rides dashing off, leaves ina rush, ‘ahéé-(‘ahéna-)(ni/ni)(46): to dash around ina circle, make a fast circuit around (running).

4a pasture on 4 horse), # P-il yoo’ ‘iisaat, P rushes away on S (as a #

over the hill and disappears. ‘ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): to dash or rush

Ahéé'(sdal/’ahéé’nisaal.

flutter down

(@/si)(50):

# YOO" ‘lissaal, to dash away and disappear, fade away, get away attop speed, Y66 ‘isaal, S (a cloud) sails rapidly away and disappears, S (a crow, coyote) dashes away and disappears, S (a wisp of amoke, piace of paper) tlles away, ‘a’a-(L9/yi)(464) unspeoitied S dashes away out

Unspecified

and around in circles,

SER. 'ahéé’iiS goes dashing around

'Ahéé’iisdat/

‘ahéé’iissaal.

# P-it ’'ahé6é'isaat,

P rides dashing around ina

circle, P makes a quick circuit riding at top speed,

# P-it’ahéé’iisdat,

P rides dashing around in

circles, (10) ‘atnana-(~ 'atnaa-) (/yi)(95): to dash to a place and back, to dash or rush back and forth between two places (in the Usitative). ‘Atnandssaat/atnanisaal (‘atndndssatUsit.). # P-it-g66 ‘atnanasat, P dashes back and forth to --(a designated location) in or on S (as a horse, bicycle, car).

of sight, ‘E’esaal/‘i'lissaal, # Pil ‘adah ‘e’esaal, P rides down trom a height at top speed, dashes down, # P-ilyah ‘e‘esaal, P rides dashing into an enclosure (as a pasture), # Pil yo’ 'e’esaal, P rides dashing away and disappears

736

ZAAL

ZAAL

# P-it ch’?isdat, P rides dashing out (as from a corral, pasture). # P-fighah p-itch’?isdat, p passes up P

# -g66 ’atndndssat, to dash to --(a designated

(11)

location) and back, rush back and forth to -- (as to school). ’atnda-(ni/ni)(100): to dash or rush between two points. ’Atnddnissdaat/’atndanisaal.

# -g66 ’atnddnissddt,

(another moving rider), p dashes past P. # P-fighagd6 p-it ch’fisdat, p rides dashing

to rush to -- (a desig-

past P (as a rider past a house). (21) di-(@/si)(309): to start to dash or rush, to be on

nated location) and back (as to the corral and back). (12) ’atnda’a-(O)(98): unspecified S dashes between two points - dashes to a location and back. ’Atnda’isdat/’ainaa’nisaal. # P-it ’atndd’isdat, P dashes back and forth (riding a horse, bicycle, car). (13) atnda’a-(ni/ni)(99): unspecified S dashes between two points - dashes to a location and back. ’Atnada’isda

the way dashing or rushing (in the Perf. - Imp. not commonly used.) Désaal (Perf.) (fdésaal: ndddésaal).

# -g66 désaal,

(22)

dash off, rush off. (dah ndiissdat:dah # P-it dah diisddt, horse or in

# P-it ’alndda’isdat, P rides dashing toa location and back (as to the store).

(14)

(15)

’atts’A-(ni/ni)(107): to rush apart. ’Atts’Aniilzdat/ ’atts’Aniilzaal (‘atts’dnaniilzaat:’atts’Andaniilz441)(1st pers. dpl); ’atts’dsdat/’atts ’anisaal. # P-it ’atts’asdat, P separate from each other, dash apart on S (as two horsemen). P-na-(@/si)(228): to dash around P (as arounda

(16)

yindsdat/ yindssaal (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-it yindsddt, P dashes around itonS (asa person ona horse or in a Car). P-na’a-(@/si)(226): unspecified S goes dashing

(17)

hogan).

Dah diissddat/dah diisaal niidiissaat). P dashes offonS (as ona a Car).

(23) ha-(G/yi)(429): to scramble out, get out quickly (as from a cage, or from hot ashes); S comes up (a crescent moon). Haassdat/hdadsaal

(handssdat:handanassaa}) (1st pers. sgl); haasdai/hddsaal (handsddt:handadnasaat) (3rd pers. sgl dpl). SER.(@/si)(391): S fly out, shower out (one after another - as sparks from a grindstone, or feathers from a ruptured pillow). Hadahasdai/hadahaassaal. # P-ii’déé’ haassdat, to scramble out of P. # Ko’ hadahasdat, sparks are showering out (as from a chimney). # 'Ooljéé’ ’dtts’66zigo hddsaal, a thin crescent moon came up. (24) ha-(@ or si/si)(430): to rush or dash up, climb up at top speed (as up a ladder or cliff). Haassdat or hasissaat/ hasésaal (handssdat: handandssaat). # P-aah haassdat, to dash up P (as upa ladder or staircase). # P-ithaasdat, P dashes up on S (as ona horse). (25) ha’a-(@/si)(401): unspecified S goes dashing up (ascen-ding). Ha’asddt/ha’assaal (handa’asaat). # P-aah p-itha’asdat, p rides dashing up P (as

Bindssdat/binisésaal (1st pers. sgl);

around P (as around a hogan, mountain). Bina’dsaat/bina’dssaal. # P-it bind’dsaat, P rides dashing around it. P-ts’A-(ni/ni)(256): to dash away from P, rush away from P. Bits’anissdat/bits’anisaal (bits ’ananissdat:bits ’andanissaat)(1st pers. sgl); yits ’Asdat/yits’anisaal (yits Aandsaatyits’andandsaat) (3rd pers. sgli/dpl). # P-it yits’asadat, P dashes away from itonS (as a person on a horse or ina Car).

(18) P-ts’d’a-(@/ni)(226): unspecified S goes dashing away from P.. Bits’a’isddat/bits’a’nissaal.

# P-it bits’a’isddt, P rides dashing away from it. (19) ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): to rush or dash out horizontally (as from a house); S floats out (as a feather or wisp of smoke from a window). Ch’inissdat/ ch’(nisaal (ch’fndnissdat:ch ’indanissaat)(1st pers. sgl); ch’ésdat/ch’inisaal (ch’indsdat: ch ’inddndsaat) (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). SER.(O/si). Ch’fdahiilzaat/ch ’fdahaassaal (ch’inddahiilzaat:ch ’indddahiilzaat)(1st pers. pl); ch’fdahasdaat/ch’fdahaassaal (ch’indhdsadt: ch’inddhdasaat) (3rd pers. pl). # P-fighah p-it ch’ésdat, p dashes past P onS

up a mountainside).

# P-itha’asdat, (26) hadii-(@/@)(388):

P rides dashing up. to dash from one end to the

other, the full length. Hadiissaat/hadiisaal. # P-it hadiisddt, P dashes from one end to the other. (27) ha’dii-(@/O)(388): unspecified S dashes from one end to the other, the full length.

Ha’diisddt/ha’diisaal. # P-itha’diisddt, P rides dashing the entire length - from end to end. (28) (ni/ni)(562-656): to go, come, arrive in a rush or at top speed. Nissdat/nisaal (ndnfssaat: naanissaat). # P-aa nissddt, to rush to P (as to another

(as a person on a horse or bicycle). # P-fighah ch’infssddat, to pass P up. # P-fighahg66 ch’inissaat, to rush past P (as a person past a tree or other stationary

object). (20) ch’f’a-(ni/ni)(286): out horizontally. (ch’ina’isaat).

to be rushing to -- (a desig-

nated place). # -g66 P-it deessaal, P is on the way dashing to -- (a designated place) on S (as ona horse). dii-(@/O)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): to

unspecified S goes dashing Ch’fisaat/ch’inisaal

person).

737

ZAA’

ZAAL

D. CURSIVE

# -g66 nissdat, to dash to --(a designated destination).

(29)

I. £-(ti):

ni-(ni/ni)(648): to rush or dash as far as a stopping point. Ninissdat/nin{saal (ninanissaat: ninddanissaa}).

(1)

(yi)(776): to be dashing, racing, rushing along (a person, animal, bird), S is flying or sailing along (as a cloud, wisp of smoke, feather). Yissat/ deinfilzaat (nddssatndanddssat)(1st pers. sgl); yisat (nddsatnddnddsat) (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-ityisat, P is dashing along onS (as ona bicycle or horse). # Géonaa yissat, to be dashing across. ’a-(yi)(367): unspecified S is dashing along. ’‘Oosat (na’oosat:nda’oosat).

# -jj’ ninissdat, to rush to --(a designated location - as to a wall). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninissdat, to dash across (as across the street). (30)

ni’a-(ni/ni)(638): unspecified S dashes as far as a stopping point. Ni’fsaat/ni’nisaal.

# -jj’ P-it ni’fsaat, P rides dashing up to (as up to a canyon, fence). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) P-it ni'isaat, P rides dashing across. (31) tadi-(@/yi)(698): to dash here and there. Tadissaat/tadifsaal. (32) ta’di-(@/yi)(700): unspecified S goes dashing here and there. Ta’disdat/ta’diisaal.

# P-it ta’disddat,

(2)

# P-itnd’oosat, (3)

P rides dashing here and

there. (33) yanda-(= yandayii-)(O/O)(751): S flies up into the air (as a downy feather or other light object). Yandasdat/yandasaal. (34) yisdd-(@/yi)(773): to dash to safety. YisdassdaV/yisdddsaal (1st pers. sgl); yisdasdat/yisdddsaal (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # P-it yisddsadt, P dashes to safety on S (as ona horse or bicycle). (35) yisda’a-(O/yi)(771): unspecified S dashes to safety. Yisda’dsdaat/yisda’iisaal. Fao Wee a # P-it yisda’dsdat, P rides dashing to safety.

(4)

NAVAJO: Occurs in a complex verb base with the meaning “scatter,

A.MOM.

I. t-(ti): yii-(@/@)(796):

ground gets a light layer of snow.

US

RER

Eales

ORF

zdads

zas

zaaz

zas

zaas

A. MOMENTANEOUS

Yiisaat/

|. L-(ti):

# Yas yiisaal, a light covering of snow fell.

(1)

CONTINUATIVE

. -(ti):

(1)

IMP.

a light covering of snow falls, the

yiisaal.

C.

disperse.” Probably cognate with ZASo: dribble, strew, scatter.

ZAAZ

B. TRANSITIONAL

(1)

na-(@/si)(591-655): to go dashing about here and there, to rush to a location and back to the point of departure (in the Perf.). Naasaat/nisésaal. # P-it naasaat, P dashes aboutonS (as ona horse or motorcycle). # Dah naasaat, S floats or flutters in the air (a

fnta&hodizn{-(O/O): they disperse, scatter (people as from a meeting or game). Ntdhodiznfilzads/ ntahodiznilzaaz (ntandhodizniilzas: Iterative; Atadhodiznéolzas: Future; ntahodizndéolzdaas: Optative.)

(Cf. Sarci z6, Hupa san’:

ZAA’

to have made a rush trip to --

NAVAJO: Occurs with ’a-thematic + hi-seriative and O-(D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning

“beat one’s spouse, have a violent domestic quarrel.”

(a designated place) and back.

Stem-initial Z- takes the shape DZ- with D-effect.

# -g66 P-itnaassaal, P has gone to (a destina-tion) and back, making a round (2)

trip(by vehicle). na’a-(@/si)(549): unspecified S goes dashing around. Na’asaat/na’assaal.

# P-itna’asaat,

beat one’s

wife.)

feather, cloud, flag, balloon).

# -g66 nisésaal,

P is rushing back on S (as on

a horse or in a car). naand-(yi) (588): to go dashing or rushing about here and there, to and fro. Naanddssal/naandeiniilzaat. # P-it naanddsat, P dashes about on S (as on a bicycle or horse). naand‘a-(yi)(588): unspecified S goes dashing around to and fro. Naanda’oosat. # P-it naand’oosat, P rides dashing around to and fro.

A.DUR.

P rides dashing around.

738

IMP.

UST

ABREREa Cie

ORs

za

z{jh

zaa’

24a’

2ijt

ZE(

ZAR’ A.

# badh bizéf(bddh,

DURATIVE

|. O-(tt): (1)

spouse.

*sax

to beat one’s wife or

‘lissd/’ayfizda’ (nda’iiss€).

’ahii-(@/yi)(69):

©

*zay:

crumble.)

thematic and @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “crumble, be crumbly,” and with t-causative in transitive bases meaning “crumble O.” Stem-initial Z- takes the shape S- in contraction with t-classifier, but re-emerges as Z- (LZ) with vocalization of L- under D-effect.

ll. D-(Passive):

(1) O-'diyi-(B/yi)(213): O is beaten by (his/her) spouse.

> PA

NAVAJO: noun: SE[~ SAI: sand, ZE{~ -ZAf:; crumb. Occurs with di-

to have a violent quarrel with

one’s spouse. ’Ahiyiidzda/’ahiyiidzaa’ (1st pers. dpl). # P-it ’ahiissd, to have a violent quarrel with P (one’s spouse).

INP

US

zéf zéf

zéf -

ip

PERE ee EVE

ORle

z6f -

zéi -

Bi’diidzd/bidi’'yoodzda’.

B. (1)

bread crumbs.

(PPA *sax > PA *sax¥* sand. PPA

’ii-(= 'ahi-)(O/yi) (480):

(2)

bread),

NOUN

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

DERIVATIVES

A.

’lizdanii, Wife-beater (personal name).

zéf -

MOMENTANEOUS

|. di-O-(ti): NAVAJO: Used only in 3rd person form, and primarily with reference to ZAAD/ the acceptance of, and bonding with, ZANI her offspring on the part of a mother animal. (When a ewe with one lamb loses her lamb it is replaced with one from a ewe that had twin lambs. To make the replacement acceptable the dead lamb is skinned and the skin is placed on the substitute, which becomes immediately acceptable.) (V. YAAD.)

A.

(1)

di-(@/yi)(340):

S crumbles, crumbles away (as a soft rock, a dry piece of cake). Dizéi/diizéi (naadizéf).

Il. di-t-(tt): (1)

MOMENTANEOUS

di-(@/yi)(332): to crumble O (as a cracker). Disséi/diiséf (ndddisséf). # P-yi’jj’ dissé/, to crumble O into P (as crackers into soup).

I. yi-L-(tt): (1)

B. NEUTER

yi-(yi)(805): S accepts O (a mother animal accepts her offstpring), S bonds with O (the

|. di-@-(ti):

offspring). Yoosaah/yoosaad. (E.g. Béégashii biyazhf yoosaad, the mother cow accepted her calf.)

di-(@-Imp.)(340): S is crumbly (as soft sandstone). Dizéf.

C.

B. NEUTER

bizéi, its crumbs. Badh bizéf, bread crumbs. Baah tikanf bizéi, cookie crumbs. dinézéi, “crummy” person or people. dziilzéf(~ ts’iilzéf), trash, rubbish, burrs and dirt (in a fleece). seel yii’ ’adiséf yigif, lysozome. séi(~sdf), sand. Séi Bii’ Téhf, Sand Springs, Arizona; Whip-poorwill, Arizona (spring in the sand). tsé dizé/ yigif, sandstone (crumbly rock). tsézé/, gravel (rock-crumbs). ts’iilzéf(~dziilzéf), trash, litter, rubbish, junk, burrs (in a fleece)(possibly ts’iil, fragment + -zéf, crumb. V. TS’llL: burst, break.) Ts’iilzéftah,

I. yi-t-(tt): yi-(yi-Perf.)(805): Sis attached to O (a mother animal to her offspring), S is bonded to it (the

mother to her offspring). Yoosd ~ yoosani/. # Doo shoosda da (~ doo shosanfda), S doesn’t agree with me (as an item of food). CNT ed

Stem noun:

NOUN DERIVATIVES

crumb, crumbled frag-

ment. (Cf. verb root ZEf: crumble; SEf, sand.)

# ts’iilzéf (ts’iil-, fragments),

rubbish pile, junk heap, garbage pile (among

trash, rubbish, litter.

739

ZEED/

ZEE'o

the trash). Ts’iilzéfyaa ‘ahalyanf, junkyard

IMP.

US JIT.

caretaker, trash yard keeper.

(pl. -zeediké,

~ -zeedikéyd6):

A.TRANS.(?) B.NEUTER

father’s

sister’s daughter (first cousin), mother’s brothers daughter (first cousin), mother’s brother’s children, father’s sister’s children (female speaking).

-ZEEDI

NAVAJO:

(1)

z66h -

mane

ge

I, L-(ti): (1)

(si-Perf.)(688-799): to act, move, go, do as fast as possible (lit. to be in a state of rush).

CONTINUATIVE

Sisz66', # Bil sfnflzéé', rush it, hurry it up! # P-it siszéé’, to be doing (work) as fast as one can, to be hurrying as fast as

|. di-O-(ti): n’di-(@-Imp.):

S (a branch) sways (as in the N’dizééh.

possible,

# Dooladd’ yiszée’ da, Boy! it’s going fast (as a low-flying jet fighter plane).

Stem noun: medicine, medicine plant. (Occurs usually with thematized 'a-. ofall Possessed form -e’azee’ or -e’aze' [as in be’azee’ ~ be’aze’, his medicine].) ‘Azee’ is a component of many plant names. Also occurs as -jize’ (bijize’) in chants and prayers (Haile 1951:194.)

(PPA *seg-+’ > PA *zegYi': death, corpse; *seg > *zegY [li]: be still.) coe so

NAVAJO:

Noun stem -ZEE’; death,

Occurs with L-classifier and (sometimes) di-thematic as the theme in

grass + -f, the one),

verb bases meaning “be(come) still, quiet, calm, motionless, placid.”

sandwort (Arenaria aculeata); blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium mucronatum),. # ’azeewoo’ (-woo’, tooth), Vasey rayless goldenrod (Bigelovia casey). # ’azeetsoh (-tsoh, big), western wallflower, false wallflower, wild wallflower, prairie rocket, yellow phlox (Cheiranthus asper). slender),

zih -

B. NEUTER

tree or other fixed

# ’azeets’66z (-ts’66z,

zee’ 266’

to rush, go fast, hurry, “zoom.” Yiisz6é6h/yiiszee’.

—

object)”

# ’azeettloh/ (-tt’oh,

zih -

yii-(@/@)(799):

classifier as the theme in a defective

breeze).

OPT,

I. L-(ti):

Stem identity uncertain.

branches ofa

FUT.

A. TRANSITIONAL (7)

verb base meaning “sway (as the

(1)

zééh— -

Occurs with di-thematic and O-

ZEEH

PERF.

EE

A.TRANS, B.NEUT.

IMP.__US/IT. PERF.

FUT,

zééh © zih -

zih :

alpine

A.

bladderpod (Vesicaria alpina); Douglas phlox (Phlox douglasii).

zee’ 266'

OPT. zéé6h -

TRANSITIONAL

|, 'A-di-L-(ti):

# ‘iindajf’azee’ (‘iindajf, on the side of life, in

the interest of life), beard tongue

(1)

(Penstemon ambiguus) (lit. life medicine).

‘Aahodii-(@/O)(72):

to become calm, still; to take a

break, take time out (as from work). ‘Ahodiiszé6h/'ahodiiszee’ (‘Anddhodiiszééh),

# jéfadjjh bich’j’ ’azee’ (jéfadjjh, tuberculosis

#

+ bich’j’, toward it), tuberculosis drug, isoniazid. # naa’diniih ’azee’ (nda’-, eyes + diniih, sore), eye medicine.

K6n(zdhajj’ ‘Ahodiiszééh,

to take a little

break, a few moments respite. a a USnee B.

NEUTER

I, L-(ti): NAVAJO:

Stem meaning uncertain.

Homophonous with ZEE’9: ZEE’4

quiet, calm.

become

(1) ha-(si-Perf.)(417):

Occurs with L-classifier

area (place - as a lake, valley)

is calm, peaceful, still. Hasz6é’.

as the theme in verb bases meaning

(2) yi-(si-Perf.)(778): S (as a lake, ocean) is calm,

“act or move fast, hurriedly.”

placid, still. Yiszéé’.

740

-ZEES

ZEE’o

(PPA uncertain.

Il. *Ahodi-L-(ti): (1)

ZEEZ (DEEZ)

‘Adhodiinf-(si-Perf.)(72): to be motionless, still, quiet, calm (pretend to be dead?7?). *Ahodiin(széé’.

thematic: noise, oral noise(?) as the

A.MOM.

WSN

Teele

LAW

ORE

zééh

zah

zé66é’

z6ét

zé66h

IMP.

Trans.

(

# #

#

USN

IPISiF.

zis/dis

zeez

dis

deez

[eUIf

OPT.

zis

zéés

dis

déés

MOMENTANEOUS

) ’a-(B/yi)(144)(with prepounded P-ee, with P): S (the wind) burns unspecified O; P’s crops are burned by the hot wind. Bee ’azéés/bee ‘fizeez

oak

(1) hadi-(@/yi)(384): to fart silently. Hadissééh/hadiisé6é’ (handddissééh).

#

> *dadzh, etc.]:

|. @-(tt):

I. t-(ti):

#

(déés

A.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

#

D-effect, *di-hadzh

singe. Navajo has extended the ablaut vowel to the perfective. V. Leer 1979: 83; Krauss-Leer 1981:112.)

D-initial.

theme in a verb base meaning “fart silently.” t-classifier contracts with stem-initial Z- to produce S-, but with vocalization of tunder D-effect stem-initial Z- re-emerges (LZ-).

IMP.

PA *hadzh ~ yadzh

*hesh ~ *yesh]; [, with

NAVAJO: Occurs with ©-(D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “singe (hair, feathers, quills), burn off (weeds).” Stem-initial Z- does not take the shape DZ- with D-effect, but rather the stem becomes

NAVAJO: Stem meaning uncertain. Possibly cognate with ZA’: belch. Occurs with t-classifier and di-

ZEE’

[Imperfective

(bee nda’ddéés). (E.g. Sh{fdda’ nfyol shee

(2)

Stem noun: mouth, throat, neck. (Combining forms: -za-,-Z4-,-zaa-,z6,-z66-.) # ’Azé6é’ (’a-, reflexive possessive prefix), own mouth (as in: ’4zéé’ nanisdzid, |’m rinsing my mouth). -zdbaah (baah, edge, border), lips, mouth area, around the mouth. -zAgf(-gf?), esophagus, gullet, interior of the throat. -zahat’dg{~ -zahat’ddd (t’ddd, top), roof of the mouth. zahdit (-dit, blood), mouth blood, blood from the mouth. -za’azis (=’azis, bag, sack, container), pocket (in a garment, pants). (Ib. ts’a’azis ~ t’a’azis.) -zAndghdan ~ -zanaghda ~ -zénaghaan (derivation not clear),

ffzeez, last summer the hot wind burned up my crops.) P-’nii-(@/@)(218): to start to singe P. Bi’niisséés/ bi’niizeez. ha-(~ ho-)(@/yi )(416): to burn off an area (to eradicate weeds). Hasséés/hd6zeez (nahasdéés:nddhdasdéés). ho’nii-(O/O): to start to burn off an area (to remove weeds). Ho’niisséés/ho’niizeez. (@/yi)(776): to singe O (a sheephead, porcupine, chicken, hair on one’s limbs). Yisséés/yizeez (ndandsdéés). # P-& yisséés, to hurt P’s feelings, “burn P up”’ (with disgust or displeasure)(lit. to singe it for P).

(3)

(4)

(5)

Il. D-(tr): (1)

’Adi-(@/yi)(22): to singe oneself. ’Adeesdeez (’Andddisdéés).

*Adisdéés/

neck area under

the chin. # -z4ndghda génaa, around the neck. # -zaatt’66l (-t’'66l, cord, rope), reins.

B.

(1)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

bddh yideez, toast, toasted bread (bread was singed).

(PA *zeg¥i’, death, corpse) Stem noun:

-ZEE’

death.

(Cf. verb root ZEE’s:

(Possessed form of SEES,

be[come] still, quiet.) # P-z66’ hazljj’, P died, passed away.

-ZEES

741

# ndishchi’ bizees, pine wart.

wart.)

pine burl,

ZG0Z

ZID

Onomatopostic, imitates a swishing sound, a8 thatofa whip or lash,

7ZOQ0Z

hi (Possessed form of SID,

Z\D C4

neeznaa bee hdeezzidgo yatti' silff’, my 60n started to talk at the age of ten months, Dikwiisha’ bee hdeezzid;, how many months old is it?)

sear.)

ee

ee eeee

Ih, dieLe(tt):

(1)

TS Stam nouns

JID

f P-oo fhdizifd, P spends a month; P is (so many) months old (as a baby), (E.g. Yootéodi naashéago dif’ shee ndeezzid, | spent four months in Santa Fe. Shiye’

liver,

néhidi-(@/si);

to earn (a specified amount of money) per month, Nahidissiid/nahidésid, (E.g. Kéhoot'66daa' naakidi neeznadiin béeso nahidissiid ht'66’, last year at this time | was making two hundred dollars a month.)

Ill, oh’'66~ (« eh'ina)-D-(t);

(1)

(PPA

*sid

» PA *zid [O] single

subject undergoes cyclical process [passage of time, life cycle, feeling,

JID

thought),

IV, oh'66~ (» ch'fna-)-Le(tt):

[with *teh “ef disjunct:

wake up; with “di-thematic and usually *K™) areal time elapses, slokness travels.)

NAVAJO;

Occure:

ch’'6é-( ch'(na-)(ni/ni)(280): to wake up, awaken, reawaken, Ch'éénisdziid/ch'6é6nisdzid (ch 'in{naanisdzi{d),

(1)

ch'66-(« ch'(na-)(ni/ni) (280);

to wake O up, awaken (reawaken) O, Ch'éénissifd/ch'é6énfsid (ch'ininaanissitd), W Hastaadigo ch’ééshidiisit, wake me up at six!

(1) with dithamatio and @-(L-)

classifier in verb bases that describe a lunation

(passage of a month)(a theme with

L-causative has

the extended meaning “earn permonth’),

V,

Heaete(tt):

(2) with

oh'66ol (nd) (returning back out horizontally?) as thematic prefixes and D- classifier in a verb base meaning “awaken, wake up, reaawaken,” and with |

(1)

ha-(@/yi)(403); to inspect O, examine O, look O over, patrol O, watch over O, keep an eye on O, Haassiid/haasid (handandassiid),

causative “wake O up, awaken OO,” (4) with haethe matic and t-classifier in a base meaning “examine,

(2)

ha'a-(@/yi)(403); to make an inspection or examination, to go on patrol or reconnaissance, to act

Inspect, patrol, keep watch on O;" and (4) as the thame ina Neuter Perfective meaning “reat P with respect, handle P with care,”

Mian

it

’

MOG,

fil

as a watchman (lit, to inspect or examine unspecified O.), Ha'assifd/ha'iisid (handaa'asal{d),

of B,

AMOM

BOONT.

alld

slid

AW/ds7i

© OUNS

D

NEI

Zid

; A.

zit

aiid

hud

|, ‘Ahodi-Le(tr);

zit

(aed: = reflexive pronoun)

1A

(1)

na'Ahodl-(@-Imp.)(547): to act slowly and deliberately, dawdle, fool around, be deliberately late (Mit, to make a pretence of awareness), Na'ahodisziid,

MOMENTANEOUS

1, Al fd- (th)

(1)

At

CONTINUATIVE

e

oe ee

C,

nd (9/si)(615)) a month passes, a month goes by (it, a lunar oyole starts back), Ndiziid/ideaz-zid (ninaadizitd), SEV (8/s8\)(6596)) months pass one after another, Nahidizild/nahideszzid (ninaahidizitd),

, —_—

1

CURSIVE

1, @-(ti): (1)

7AP

(yi)(794): a month is passing by, a lunation is in progress, Yizil (naanaazit),

ZID

Zl’

D. NEUTER

A.

1. @-(ti): (1)

|. £-(ti): (Thematized t-)

(si-Perf.)(685)(with prepounded P-aa, about P): to handle P with care (as a fragile object), to treat P with respect (as a religious practice). Baa sézid.

E. (1)

(2) (3) (4) (5)

(2) (3)

NOUN

hadzi-(@/yi)(389): S gushes, spurts, spews out (as liquid from a ruptured container, air from a punctured tire). Hadzisifth/hadzffsi’ (hanaadzisith) or hadzisx(th /hadzifsxi’ (handadzisx({fh) (intensive). yadjii-(O/@)(754): S billows up (as a cloud of dust), S spouts up (as water struck by a bullet). Y Adjiis(th/yadjiisi’.

I. t-(tt): (1)

’ahfinfi-(@-Imp.)(67):

(PPA *sik’ > PA *zik¥’ [@]: single object moves freely through space; [-

causative in Sarci and Navajo “shoot an arrow.’’))

arrows or spears. 'Ahfinfilzfth. # P-it’ahf(nfssith, to have an arrow shooting or spear throwing duel with P. (@/yi)(775): to shoot O (an arrow), throw O (a

spear) (completive). Yiss{h/y(si’ SER.(Q/si) (446). Hissfh/hési’. # P-iih yiss(th, to shoot an arrow a spear into P. y{nf-(@-Imp.)(766): to shoot arrows Yinfssith. y(nfi-(@/O)(767): to shoot an arrow spear at O. Yinfissith/yinfisi’.

(3) (4)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning appears to be “swift movement of an object through space.” Occurs: (1) with thematized t-classifier and (usually) dzi- ~ ji-, away into space, as the theme in verb bases foam behind a moving ship, dust behind a moving car, vapor behind a jet plane);” (2) with t-causative and sometimes ’a-thematic or dzi- ~ ji-, away into space, in bases meaning “shoot (an arrow), throw (a spear), dart or stick out (the tongue, as a snake);” and (3) with t-(D-) classifier in bases meaning “miss O” and, by extension, “err, make a mistake, commit a wrong or sin.” t-classifier contracts with stem-initial Z- to produce S-, but Z- re-emerges with vocalization of the

(2)

PERF.

PROG.

FUT,

OPT.

zith

— zith

zih

zi'/2ir'

-

zih

B.CONT.

zifh

zih

zi’

-

zih

zith

C.REP.

zih

zih

zi’

-

zih

zi(h

D.SEM." — ziih E.CURS. -

ziih -

ziih -

zih

ziih

ziih

-

:

A.MOM.

*Some speakers use zih in the Semelfactive.

atO. or throw a

’aji-(@/yi)(75): to shoot an arrow away into space. ‘Ajiss(th/'adzifsi’. SER.(@/si)(76): to shoota series of arrows away into space, ’Ajiiss{fh/ 'ajiyési’. head. ’a’a-(O/yi)(363): to shoot arrows, do bowshooting, practice archery (lit. to cause unspecified O to zip away into space).

'E’esstth/'i'fisi’

(‘ahda’Ass(h).

# P-lddhg66 'e’essith, archery.

(3)

(4)

(5) _US./IT,

into P, throw

# P-k44'g66 ’adzifsi’, | shot an arrow over P’s

classifier. IMP.

(naéanassih).

Il, ’a-t-(tt): (1)

meaning “spurt, gush, spew (liquid, air under pressure), billow (dust), move and leave a wake or trail (as

to shoot arrows or throw

spears at each other, to have a duel with

(2)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

-- fideezzidgo, in -- months (e.g. tad’ hdeezzidgo, in three months). fideezzidgedéd’, last month. t’44 ndhidizifd bik’eh, every month, monthly, per month.

ZI" (z{({’)

(1)

(2)

DERIVATIVES

bik’ehgo nahidizidf, calendar (that in accordance with which months pass one after another). ha’asfdi, watchman, patrolman (the one who watches over things, patrols). ndhidizidigff (ndizidigff, yizitfgi), month. ndizidigff, month. Sg’ Doo Ndfzidf (~ Se’ Doo Ndizfidii), Morning Star, Coyote Star (monthless star).

F. (1)

MOMENTANEOUS

(6)

to outshoot P, beat P at

P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to shoot through P (with unspecified O - an arrow), Bigha’nissfih/( bigha’nfsi’ (bighanda’n{ssfth). P-ntkd’(a)-(ni/ni)(235); to shoot through P (with an arrow - as through a hole or opening). Bintka’n(ssith/binfka’nisi’ (binfkanda'n{ssih). ni’(a)-(ni/ni)(641): to shoot terminatively with an arrow, shoot dead with an arrow. Ni’niss{fh/ ni’nfsi’ (ninda’nfssih). # P-itni’nissifh, to shoot P dead with an arrow. yaa’ii-(@/@)(755): to shoot up into the air with arrow, YAaa’iissith/yaa’iisi’.

ZIL

Zi

IV.

E.

D-(Passive):

|. £-(ti):

(1) (@/yi)(759)(Simple Passive): O is missed; a mistake is made on O.

Yidziih/woodzir

(1)

(ndanddziih).

(2)

’a-(OD/yi)(33):

dzi-(yi)(361): S is moving along swiftly, leaving a trail or wake of dust (a car), vapor (a jet plane), smoke (a locomotive), foam (a ship). Dzoosih (naadzoosih). naan{dzi-(yi)(589): S goes swiftly about here and

a mistake occurs, there is a miss.

‘Adziih/’oodziv

CURSIVE

(nda’adziih).

(2)

B. CONTINUATIVE |. ’a-t-(tt):

there leaving a trail or wake.

Naanidzoosih.

ll. L-(ti):

ni’ii- (= na’ahi-)(@/si)(640): to make a series of errors or mistakes, to make one mistake after another, to commit a series of wrongs or sins.

(1)

dzi-(yi)(361)(with prepounded P-ee, by means of P): to be going along swiftly, streaking. Bee

dzoolzih. (E.g. ’Olta’gd6 shee dzoolzih nt’éé’

Ni’iissith/ni'iyésif’.

triish bik’idiishtaal,

| was rushing to school

when | stepped on a snake.)

C.

REPETITIVE Durative

F.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

|. L-(ti): Sees

(1) béésh baa ’andajisihigif, knife throwing target. (1)

’andzi-(O-lter./yi)(114):

S moves

rapidly through

space leaving a trail or wake behind (dust behind a car, vapor behind a jet plane, foamy

(Cf. Sarci zit beat fat, liver, brain etc. into skin.)

wake behind a ship). ’Andzisih/’adziisi’. # teezh ’adziisi’, it left a trail of dust.

ZIL NAVAJO: Occurs the theme in verb “grind O coarsely “cook O lightly (in a skillet without

# Lid ’adziisi’, it left a trail of smoke or vapor. # T6’adziisi’, it left a wake in the water. P-chadi-(@-lmp.)(170): P whines, whimpers (as a cold puppy or a hungry child). Bichadisih. (shichadisih: | whimper, nichadisih, you whimper)

# Bi’niidlfigo bichadisih, the cold.

with t-classifier as bases meaning (as corn, wheat);” water or grease).”

t-classifier contracts with stem-initial Z- to produce S-,

but Z- re-emerges with vocalization of the classifier under D-effect (LZ-).

it’s whimpering with

IMP.

hadzi-(@/yi)(389): to stick (the tongue) out repeatedly (as a snake or person). Hadzissih/

hadziisi’. # Sitsoo’ P-ch’j’ hadzissih, | stick my tongue out repeatedly at P. Ttiish bitsoo’ hadzisihgo sitj, the snake lies darting its

A.MOM. — Zi B.CONT. il

A.

tongue out.

UST

PERRO

OPI:

zit zit

zil zil

zift zil

zit zit

MOMENTANEOUS

|, £-(tt): D.

SEMELFACTIVE

(1)

I. £-(tt): (1)

(2)

yii-(@/si)(798): to miss O (a mark in shooting, a

ballin a pool game, a target with a projectile); to make a mistake on O. Yiissiih/sésiih (ndayiissiih). 'ii-(= ’a-yii-)(O/D)(480): to make a mistake, err, commit a wrong, miss (something unspecified). ‘lissiih/’asésiih (nda’iissiih). # T’da shihf’iissiih, I’m to blame, it’s my own fault. (T’4a nihf ’iisiih, you’re to blame, it’s your own fault, etc.)

ch’i-(ni/ni)(292):

to crack O (wheat), grind O coarsely (as corn). Ch’infssfit/ch’inisil (ch ’indanissiit). ha-(@/yi)(431): to crack O (wheat), grind O coarsely (as corn). Haassii/hdasil (handanassiit).

B. CONTINUATIVE Il. £-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(591): to grind O coarsely (as corn); to cook O lightly (as in a skillet, without water or

grease).

744

Naassil/nisésil.

Z)'

2iL

C.

(1)

NOUN

# bee'eldogoh bizis, gun case, rifle scabbard, # bee'eldogh yazhi bizis (bee’eldggh yazhi, pistol), pistol holster. # béeso bizis (béeso, Money), purse, Money bag, handbag. # béésh bizis (béésh, Knife), Knife scabbard. # bizhéé' hdldénf bizis (bizhéé' hdlénf, beer), beer can or bottle. # -jd(zis (-j6(-, heart, pleura), pericardium (lit. heart-bag). # tizh bizis (-lizh bizis) (tizh, urine), bladder, urinary bladder. # nat'ohzis ~ nat’oszis (nat’oh-, tobacco), tobacco sack or pouch. # naaltsoos ‘azis (naaltsoos, paper), paper sack. # -ndzis (-na- < -nda’, eye), eyelid. # tézis (t6-, water, liquid), waterbag, waterglass, drinking glass, bottle, tumbler. # t'a’azis (-t'a- < -t'ah, pocket, inner fold, recess), pocket (in a garment), pants pocket. (Ib. -za’azis, -ts’a’azis.)

DERIVATIVES

naadéd' haalziligff, cracked corn,

NAVAJO: Occurs with 'd4-thematic and L-classifier as the theme ina

ZiLIy

Neuter Perfective verb base meaning “well tuned, in fine physical condition (as an athlete).” Used in 3rd person

only. Cf, ZIIL: warm, tepid; ZILI; lukewarm. |. 'a-L-(ti):

(1)

‘a&ho-(si-Perf.)(74)(with prepounded P-tah, P's body):

in fine physical condition (as an athlete).

Bitah ‘dhooszilf, (E.g. Shitah 'ahooszili ’Adii'nfszin, | keep myself in excellent physical condition.)

ZiLfo

NAVAJO: Functions as an adjectival enclitic meaning “tinkling.” Onomatopoetic. Cf. zi ~ ts'izfil; tinkling sound (as in zifl~ ts'izi yiits'a’, there is a tinkling sound). Yoozili, “tinkling bells" (worn by Pueblo dancers).

NOUN

# tHizh bizis (-t¥izh,

gall, bile),

gall bladder,

bile sack.

# tsilizis ~ ts’tizis (tsii- ~ ts’ii-, head), head basket carried on the back with a tumpline across the forehead.) # -yeezhii bizis (-ye@zhii, testicles), scrotum.

DERIVATIVE

(1) yoozii, small tinkling bell (of the type used on harnesses and on the leg trappings of Pueblo dancers),

ZIS

meaning “pockets around here and there.” The construction in reference appears only in the descriptive noun na'azis{, gopher (lit. the one that makes pockets or holes in the ground around here and there.” (~ na’azisf)

(-e'azis) Stem noun: bag, sack, container. (Cf. Beaver -zis, Carrier -zuz, Tsekani PA *zhazh wear out. [t-causative].)

bald spot.

[©]:

# P-wos haazhddash, P’s shoulder is getting a saddle sore (a horse).

ZHAAZH (8)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “erode, wear away (by friction).” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “erode, wear away;” and (2) with tcausative in transitive bases meaning “cause O to erode or wear away.” Stem-initial ZH- and t-classifier contract to produce SH-, but under D-effect stem-initial ZH- reappears (LZH-).

MOM. CURS.

IMP.

USP lileae ere

zhddsh

zhash-

-

-

PROGHEEUI

zhaazh

zhash

ha’a-(@/yi)(404): unspecified S is wearing ina spot. Ha’azhddsh/ha’jizhaazh (handa’a-

zhdaash). # P-ii’ ha’azhddsh, (9)

ni-(ni/ni)(672): S wears out completely (as the tread ona tire, a tooth); S lasts (in the sense of taking a certain time period to wear out). Niizhadsh/ninfzhaazh (ninddnazhaash).

# P-aah niizhdaash, S lasts (lit. wears out alongside P. E.g. Chidf nahatnii’ nt’éé’ neeznda nddhaigo shaah ninizhaazh, |

Onl zhddsh

zhash/

bought a car and it lasted ten years - i.e. it took ten years for it to wear out alongside me.)

-

zhadsh

A.

# P-ts’dd’ niizhddsh, S wears out to P’s disadvantage, S wears out on P (as P’s

MOMENTANEOUS

|. @-(ti): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(487): S wears away, erodes away (soil, by wind and water; a fabric or surface by wear). ‘lizhddsh/'fizhaazh (’andzhdash:’andana-

(10)

P-ghd-(ni/ni)(193): a hole is worn through P, P gets a hole from wear (trousers, a tire). Bighazhddsh/bighdnizhaazh (bighdndanazhdaash). (3) P-f-(@yi)(155): S wears off of P (as the paint from

Il. t-(tt):

(2)

(1)

a board, the new finish on shoes).

(6)

(ndadndzhaash).

# P-iih yizhddsh, P gets a hollow spot, concavity or depression (from wear - as a rock surface).

appears - as the tread on tires, the heels on shoes).

(5)

car, shoe, tire). # P-woo’ niizhadash, P’s tooth wears out (becomes worn to the gum). (G@/yi)(775): S wears, erodes (completive).

Yizhddsh/yizhaazh

zhaash). # Y66’ ’iizhaddsh, S wears away (and dis-

(4)

P is being worn into,

hollowed bowl-like, as by wind friction.

Bézhddsh/béézhaazh. (E.g. Shikee’ ’dniidf t’aa (i'déa’ béézhaazh, my new shoes are already scuffed - the shine is gone.) P-nd-(@/si)(228): P is encircled by wear, there is a groove worn around P (as around a tree or rock). Bindzhddsh/binazhzhaazh. P-ni’a-(O/yi)(237): P gets worn into, the surface

(2)

of P becomes worn into (penetrating the sur-

face, but without penetrating all the way through - as a rock that gets a hollow place as the result of friction by water). Bin?f'azhadsh/ bin?iizhaazh. di-(@/si)(340): S starts to wear (as a tire), erode (as soil, a rock), S starts to wear down (as a pencil) Dizhddsh/ deezhzhaazh (ndadizhaash). ha-(@/yi)(430): S wears away ina spot, forms a worn place. Haazhddsh/hadzhaazh (handanazhaash).

(7)

767

’a-(@/yi)(485): to wear O away, erode O (by constant friction - as a metate). ‘lishshadsh/ ‘ishaazh (’anddndshshdash). # Y66’ ’iishshddsh, to wear O away. P-ghd-(ni/ni)(192): to wear a hole in P (through P)(by friction). Bighdnishshddsh/bighanishaazh (bighdndanishshdash). P-/-(@/yi)(155): to wear the finish off of P (as off new shoes, furniture), to take the finish off P (as with an abrasive). Béshshddsh/bééshaazh. P-nd-(@/si)(228): to wear a groove around P (as around a tree, with a rope or chain). Bindshshdash/binfshéshaazh. P-ni’a-(/yi)(237): to wear into P, make a hollow spot or concavity in P by rubbing (as in the surface of a rock). Binf'ashshaash/ bin?fishaazh. di-(@/si)(330): to start to wear O away. Dishshadsh/déshaazh (ndishshdaash: naddishshaash). ha-(@/yi)(430): to wear O away ina spot. Haashshddsh/hddshaazh (handdndshshdash).

ZHE{

ZHAAZH

(8)

ha’a-(G/yi)(404):

A.

to wear out unspecified O,

make a hollowed out spot or depression.

. tozhd’a-t-(tt):

Ha’ashshddsh/ha’fishaazh (handa’dshshdash). ni-(ni/ni)(672): to wear O out completely (as a pencil, piece of chalk, eraser, fingernail). Ninishshddsh/ninfshaazh (ninddnishshdash).

(9)

MOMENTANEOUS

(1)

t6zhd’a-(@/yi)(708): to make O thin in consistency, thin and watery (as batter, by adding too much liquid; cement, by adding too much

water). Tézhda’ashshaah/tézh@’fishaad. B.

CURSIVE

B.

I. O-(ti): (1)

NEUTER

. t6-B-(ti):

(yi)(794): S is progressively wearing or eroding away (land, chalk, tire tread). Yizhash/ deizhddsh (nddndazhash).

(1)

t6-(/Imp.)(708):

S is thin (as paint, batter). Tézhdaan. # Tézhddngo ‘dshtééh, to make O thin in consistency.

# ’Atni? bild&dhgd6 yizhash, S is more than half gone - more than half worn away. # T’Addoo hodina’fyizhash, S is wearing out fast (as tires, shoe soles).

C.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

Il. £-(tt): (1)

béésh tézhdanii,

(1) (yi)(794): to be wearing O away (by friction - as with sandpaper or an abrasive). Yishshash/ defnfilzhddsh (nddnddashshash).

(Probably a metathesized form of yazhf. *t-yazhf > *tzhayf > shéif.)

hs ZHEI| C. (1) (2) (3)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “be

bee’élzhdshi, sandpaper (that with which a surface is worn away). kézhaazh, the rustling sound made by moccasins (lit. footwear friction sound). t6d66 nfyol ’ooshashigif, wind and water erosion (the wearing away of something by wind and water).

small, tiny.”

I. ’adiyi-t-(ti): (1) ’adiyi-(yi-Perf.?)(28): S is (are) small, tiny (as kittens, lambs). ’Adiyooshéif.

I. nf-t-(ti):

(~ ch’izhaazh) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a jabbering sound, as that of

ZHAAZH

(1)

many voices speaking simultaneously.

kénf-(G-Imp.)(499): to be this tiny, this little (one demonstrates). Kdénishshéff.

(Derivation uncertain): father, father’s brother (paternal uncle). (Ib. -taa’, father.) # shizhé’éii! (vocative), hey father! # -zhé’é yazhf (yazhf, little),

(Cf. Chipewyan -zda: clear water [without grass].)

ZHAAD NAVAJO: Primary meaning “thin and watery.” Occurs with t6zhd-thematic and t-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “make O thin, watery,” and with to-,

father’s brother, paternal uncle.

water, as a prefix and @-classifier in a Neuter base

:

meaning “watery, thin in consistency.” Stem-initial ZHcontracts with t-classifier to produce SH-, but ZH(LZH) reappears under D-effect.

NAVAJO: “Coyote talk” in a legend. Not used in ordinary speech.

ZHE{

Occurs in: (1)

A.MOM. B.NEUT.

mercury (runny metal).

MRM

U Sipe

RER

RieeOue

ORiIn

zhaah zhddn_

zhaah -

zhaad -

zhaat -

zhaah -

done.

768

da’di-(yi-Perf.)(303): things are cooked nice and tender, well Da’dfizhéj.

ZHEE’y

ZHE’

Noun stem in: dilzhé’ii (derivation uncertain - dilzhe’- = possibly “it

ZHE’

repeatedly tucks,” as its head under

long-crested jaybird.

its wing),

OOOO

> PA *zhéG

(PPA *she’G NAVAJO:

ZHEE

di-(@/si)(339): to start on a hunting trip, to go © hunting, to be going to go hunting (in the Perf.). Dishzhééh/déshzhee’ (ndddishzhééh). (9) dii-(@/S)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off on a hunt, leave on a hunt, set outona hunt. Dah diishzhééh/dah diishzhee’ (dah hdiishzhééh:dah ndddiishzhééh). (10) ha-(si/si)(430): to climb up hunting (as up a mountain). Hashishzhééh/hashishzhee’.

(8)

(Probably an obsolete verb stem.)

[Ki]: hunt.)

Occurs with L-classifier as

the theme in active verb bases meaning “hunt, go hunting,” and with @-classifier in impersonal bases meaning “hunting takes place.” Semi-transitives are

# Dzitbaah hashishzhééh, to climb up the mountainside hunting.

hddi-(@/si)(386): to startona hunt for (a certain kind of game, as deer), to be on the way hunting for (a certain type of game). Hadishzhééh/

(11)

hddéshhzhee’

formed with ha- ~ ha- ~ P-fka-: for, after (to get). US/IT.

IMP.

zhééh = zhah zhah zheeh

A.MOM. B.CONT.| C.DUR. D.CURS.

:

-

PERF.

PROG.

zhee’ zhee’ -

FUT.

OPT.

(12)

zhah zhah

zhééh zheeh

(13)

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

# -g66 nishzhééh, to go to -- (a designated place) hunting.

(14)

ni-(ni/ni)(648):

(2)

’a-(G/yi)(487): to go away hunting, go away ona hunt. ’lishzhééh/’eeshzhee’ (’andshzhééh: ’anddnashzhééh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ‘iishzhééh, to descend hunting (as down a mountain). # Yah ’iishzhééh, to enter an enclosure hunting (as a pasture). ’ahéé-(ni/ni)(46): to make a circuit hunting, hunt around inacircle. ’Ahéénishzhééh/’ahéénishzhee’. SER.(@/si)(48): to hunt around and

to hunt as far as a stopping point,

stop hunting. Ninishzhééh/ninishzhee’ (nindnishzhééh:ninddnishzhééh). # -jj’ ninishzhééh, to hunt as far as -- (a designated point - as to the river and no

1. L-(ti): (1)

(E.g.

I’m going deer-

hunting tomorrow.) nd-(ni/ni)(562): to return from a hu nting trip, come back from the hunt. Nanishzhééh/ nanishzhee’. (ni/ni)(654): to go, come, arrive hunting. Nishzhééh/nishzhee’ (ndnishzhééh: naanishzhee’).

zhah/

ee

(handddishzhééh).

Yiskdago bjjh hddéshzhee’,

(15)

(16)

farther). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishzhééh, to go across hunting. nikéé-(= niki-nd-)(ni/ni)(631): to start back (home) from a hunting trip, start back to camp while out hunting. Nikéénishzhééh/ nikéénishzhee’). nikidii-(@/@)(635): to start to go hunting, start to become a hunter (as a young boy). Nikidiishzhééh/nikidiishzhee’.

around in circles, go in circles hunting.

(3)

(4)

’Ahééhéshzhééh/’ahééhéshzhee’. ’aindd-(ni/ni)(100): to go to a location and back hunting, make a hunt between two points (as between home and the river). ’Atnddnishzhééh/’atndanishzhee’. # -g66 ’atndndshzhah (Usit.), to go back and forth to -- (a designated location - as toa

(6) (7)

IL. L-(ti): P P-ika-(@/si)(198): to hunt for P, go hunting for (a particular kind of game, as deer). Bikaashzheeh/bikanishishzhee’. (Ib. #2 below.) to ha-(= -kd ~ -ka)(@/si)(417-436): to go hunting, to game), of kind lar particu a (for g be out huntin have gone hunting (for a particular kind of (in game) and now be back at the starting point the Perf.). Haashzheeh/hashishzhee’ (handa-

certain range of mountains) hunting. ’alts’A-(O/yi or ni/ni)(109): to separate while hunting, go in opposite directions from each

other hunting.

(5)

B. DURATIVE

’Atts’éiilzhééh/'atts’éiilzhee’ or

’alts’Aniilzhééh/’atts’Aniilzhee’.(1st pers. dpl). P-nd-(@/si)(228): to encircle P hu nting, go hunt (as around a mesa or around P ona zhééh/binishishzhee’. Bindsh n). mountai P-ts’4-(ni/ni)(256): to separate from P while hunting, leave P while out hunting. Bits ’Anishzhééh/bits’anishzhee’. ch’{-(ni/ni)(292): to exit hunting, go out horizontally while hunting (as from a canyon). Ch’infshzhééh/ch ’infshzhee’.

ndshzheeh). # Bjjh haashzheeh, to be deer hunting, to go deer hunting. # Bjjh hashishzhee’, to have gone deer hunting (and now be back at the point of departure).

769

ZHEE’y

ZHEE’y C.

nani-(ni/ni)(557): to string O (the warp) (place O in vertical position). Naneeshshééh/

CONTINUATIVE

nanin{fshee’.

1. L-(ti): (1)

na-(@/si)(600): to be hunting, to go hunting, go ona hunting trip, to have gone ona hunting trip and now be back at the starting point (in the Perf.). Naashzheeh/nishishzhee’ (nindanashzheeh). # -g66 nishishzhee’, to have gone to --(a designated place) on a hunting trip (and now be back at the starting point).

Il. ni-L-(ti): (1)

dinii-(@/@): S open (pine cones). diniilzhee’. # Neeshch’fits’iil dadiniilzhee’, have opened.

B.

Diniilzhééh/ the pine cones

NEUTER

D. CURSIVE |. ni-L-(ti):

I. L-(ti): (1)

dinf-(si-Perf.): there is a cluster composed of multiple strands (as a cluster of rivulets, or the strands of a tassel). Dinéeshzhee’. hani-(yi-Perf.): the first streaks (of dawn) have appeared, the first rays of dawn are out. Hanoolzhee’. nani-(yi-Perf.): multiple strands are in vertical position (the warp strands of a loom). Nanoolzhee’. yanii-(@/Perf.)(751): S stands on end (as hair, bristles), S stand pointing skyward (as slender trees). Yaniilzhee’. # T6 yaniilzhee’go ’dshtaa, | built a fountain.

(yi)(793): to go along hunting, be on a hunt. Yishzhah/deinfilzhééh (ndashzhah:naa-

nadashzhah).

E. NOUN

DERIVATIVES

(1) na’azheeh, a hunt, hunting. (2) naalzheehé, hunter. (3) tsiyaalzhahi, chicken hawk (it hunts under the trees).

(4)

woozhé, big game hunting.

(5)

Woozhék’eh,

Hunting Way Ceremony.

Cc. (Uncertain. PA *zhigh:

Possibly PPA *shix > plural protrude.)

DERIVATIVES

nanoolzhee’, warp (on a loom). T6 Dinéeshzhee’, Kayenta, Arizona (there are rivulets of water).

ZHEE’o NAVAJO:

NOUN

Primary meaning “place or

to yaniilzhee’igif, water fountain (water that sprays upward).

position multiple strands.”

Occurs with ni-thematic and t-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “place strands in position,” and with ni-thematic and L-classifier in

(Possessed form of SHEE’, saliva, foam, froth.)

Neuter bases meaning “multiple strands are in position.” t-classifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to

spit,

produce SH-, but under D-effect ZH- reemerges (LZH-). (Cf. ZHA’.) IMPS A.MOM. B.NEUT.

zhééh -

SUS Wii

PERF

SEU

OPT.

zhah -

zhee’ zhee’

zhah -

zhééh -

od ZOE ea A.

(PPA *sheK’ > PA *shex (noun): spit, PPA *sheK’ > PA *zheK’ [0]: spit, expectorate.)

MOMENTANEOUS

NAVAJO: Noun stem SHEE’ (-ZHEE’): spit. Occurs with di-thema-

I. ni-L-(tt):

tic: mouth, oral, and @-(D-) classifier as the theme in

(1)

na’ni-(ni/ni)(557): to string the warp ona loom (lit. to place multiple strands in a vertical position). Na’neeshshééh/nani’nfshee’ (ninda’neeshshééh). (Note: -nee = a contraction of ni-thematic and ni-modal: ni + ni- = nee.)

verb bases meaning “spit, expectorate.”

Themes

based on ZHEE’ are never transitive. “Spit O” requires the stem ZO’. V. ZO’. Under D-effect steminitial ZH- takes the shape J-.

770

ZHEE’o

ZHEE’4

IMP. A.MOM. B.CONCL. C.REP.

zheeh zhah zhah

A.

UST.” = _zhah zhah -

PERF.” zhéé’ zhéé’ -

FUT. = zhah = zhah -

Il. di-D-(tr):

OPT.

(1)

zheeh zhah -

’&k’idi-(@/si)(81): to spiton oneself. Ak ’idishjeeh/’ak fdéshjéé’ (’ak’fndddishjeeh). SER.(@/si)(82): to spit on oneself one time after another. ’Ak’thidishjeeh/ ’Ak’thidéshjéé’.

MOMENTANEOUS

B. CONCLUSIVE

|. di-@-(ti):

|. di-O-(ti):

(1) ’adi-(@/yi)(26): to spit away (out of sight). *Adishsheeh/’adiizhéé’ (’andddishsheeh). SER.(@/si)(56): to spit one time after another. ’*Ahidishsheeh/’ahidézhee’ (’anddhidishsheeh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’adishsheeh, to spit down from a height (as down into a canyon, down from a tree limb). # P-k’ijj’ ’adah ’adishsheeh, to spit down onto ee # Ni ji’ ’adishsheeh, to spit on the ground or on the floor. # Ni’ji’ ’ahidishsheeh, to spit on the floor one time after another. (2) ’adadi-(~ bidadi-/hadadi-)(@/yi): to spit down from a height (as from a limb, rooftop). ’Adadishsheeh/’adadiizhéé’ ('adandadadishsheeh). (3) P-k’fdi-(@/si)(204): to spiton P (as ona rock, or on another person). Bik’idishsheeh/bik’idé-

(1) P-k’idi-(@/si)(204): to spiton P. Bik’idfshshah/bik’(dézhéé’ (bik’indddishshah). Cc.

Durative

|. di-O-(ti): (1)

di-(O-Imp.)(338): to spit repeatedly, be given to frequent spitting, be a spitter. Dishshah. # ’Ay6o dizhah, he’s a great spitter, he’s always spitting. # ’Atahjj’ dizhah, he’s forever spitting. # Kg’jj’ dishshah, to spit into the fire repeatedly.

zhéé’ (bik’indddishsheeh). (4)

C.

P-tddii-(O/O)(246): to spit and miss, graze with spit (as in spitting at an object). Bitadiishsheeh/

(6)

(7)

P-zadi-(@/yi): to spit into P’s mouth. Bizadishsheeh/bizadiizhéé’. ch’idi-(ni/ni)(283): to spit out horizontally (as out a window). Ch’idinishsheeh/ch idinizhéé’ (ch’indddinishsheeh). SER.(@/si)(283): to spit out horizonatlly one time after another. Ch ’thidishsheeh/ch ‘fhidézhéé’.

(PPA

# TsésQ’ géne’ ch’inishsheeh, to spit out the window. di-(@/yi)(338): to spit (completive). Dishsheeh/ sus diizhéé’ (nadddishsheeh). SER.(@/si)(441). Hidishsheeh/hidézhéé’.

hes

*sheg

> *shexY.

knife

>

*zhegY [@,1]: cut with a knife.) NAVAJO: Occurs with t-(L-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning

“cut, mow, shear, whittle, pare.” tclassifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to produce SH-, but under D-effect ZH- reappears (LZH-).

after another.

IMP

to spit into the ashes or

dirt.

aoe” zhééh_

# Taah dishsheeh, to spit into the water. (8) dzidzadi-(@/yi)(355): to spit into the fire.

(9)

DERIVATIVES

ZHEE’S

# P-iih dishsheeh, to spit into P (as into a spittoon or tin can). # P-iih hidishsheeh, to spit into P one time # teeh dishsheeh,

NOUN

’azhéé’, saliva, spit, spittle, foam, froth. biih dahizhdizheehé (~ biih hidijeehé), spittoon, cuspidor (that into which people spit - that into which spitting is done). bizhéé’ hdlénf, beer (the one with froth). £7 shéé’, saliva, spit, foam, froth (P-zhéé’).

bitadiizhéé’. (5)

REPETITIVE

US /ite) PERE

UT

OPT

—_zhih

—szhih

zhééh

zhéé’

B.DUR.

Dzfdzadishsheeh/dzidzadiizhéé’ (dzidzanaddishsheeh). SER.(@/si)(356). Dzidzahidishsheeh/dzidzahidézhéé’. hadi-(@/yi)(386): to spit (out), expectorate. Hadishsheeh/ hadiizhéé’ SER.(@/si)(394): to expectorate one time after another. Hahidishsheeh/hahidézhéé’ # P-yi’jj’ hadishsheeh, to spit into P (as into a tin can or cuspidor).

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I. £-(tt):

(1) P-da’di-(@/yi)(151): to clip, mow or shear the covering off of P (as the hair on a sore or lesion, the grass ona rock). Bad’dishshééh/

bda’diishéé’ (baninda’dishshééh).

WN

ZHEE’p

-ZHI’

(4) (5)

P-f-(@/yi)(156):

to pare or peel O (as an apple, a sapling). Béshshééh/bééshéé’ (bindandshshééh). P-k’i-(@/yi)(202): to shave or clip O off of P (as hair off a person’s head). Bik’eeshshééh/ bik’ééshéé’ (bik’indshshééh:bik’indandashshééh). P-’nii-(@/@)(220): to start to cut, clip, shear or

(6) (7)

’éélzhé’f, shavings (from wood working). na’alzhééh, barbering (re-cutting is done). Na’alzhééh bihwiideesh’ddat nissin, | want to learn barbering. na’ashéhé, barber (the one who does re-cutting). nimasii bee bélzhéhé, potato peeler (that with which a potato is peeled).

(8)

mow P (hair, grass, hay), start to shave P.

Bi’niishshééh/ bi’niishéé’.

(9)

(5) hadhi-(=ha-na-hi-)(@/si)(424): to whittle O toa

t?oh bee daalzhéhigif, lawn mower (that with which grass is mowed). toh bee yilzhéhé, lawn mower, scythe, sickle (that with which grass or hay is cut or mowed).

sharp point, put a point on O (as on a stake).

(10) tsin béélzhéé’,

Haahdashshééh/ haahéshéé’ shééh:haninaahdshshééh).

parings from wood. (11) tsiighd yishéhé, barber (the one who cuts hair). (12) tsiigha daalzhéhédi, barbershop (where plural heads of hair are cut).

(hanindhdsh-

wood shavings, whittlings,

. L-(tr/Passive):

’Adi’nii-(O/@)(18): to start to shave oneself. ’Adi’niishzhééh/’Adi’niishzhéé’. ’ak’i-(O/yi)(80): to clip or shave O off of oneself (as hair from one’s arm). ’Ak’eeshzhééh/ ’ak’eeshzhéé’.

B.

ZHEEL

(1) dii-(@-Perf.)(342)(witn prepounded dah, up, off): Dah diilzhéét.

DURATIVE

. £-(tt):

-ZHI

. L-(tr/Passive): (@/yi)(763)(Simple Passive):

boy). # hayootkdat bizhi, soul or essence of the dawn.

O is mowed, cut,

shaved (hay, hair, beard). Yilzhééh/yilzhéé’ (ndanadlzhééh). # P-tsii’ p-a yilzhééh, P gets a haircut (lit. P’s hair is cut forp. E.g, Sitsii’ sha yilzhéé’, | got a haircut/my hair was cut for me.) 'Adi-(O/yi)(27): to shave oneself. ’Adishzhééh/ "Adeeshzhéé’ (’andddishzhééh). O-’di-(@/yi)(212)(Agentive Passive); O (a person) is “mowed” = O gets a shave or a haircut. Bi’dilzhééh/bi’doolzhéé’ (ndabi’dilzhééh). na’a-(G/yi)(549)(Simple Passive): unspecified O Z eal is re-cut. Na’alzhééh/na’oolzhéé’ (ninda’alzhééh).

Stem noun:

spongey. # ch’il bikaz bizhih (ch’il,

plant + bikaz,

stem), pith of a plant stem. # da’dkaz bizhih (da‘dkaz, cornstalk), cornstalk. # da’atsiin bizhih (da’atsiin, corncob), corncob.

cutting takes place for P).

NOUN

pulp, pith.

# ’Ashjjh bizhih (’Ashjjh, salt), crust of salt arounda salt lake. ; # chishih (derivation uncertain), pulpy, pithy,

-ZHIH

# P-8 na’alzhééh, P gets a haircut (lit. re-

C.

Stem noun: voice, inner being, soul, spirit, essence.

# -zhitsohgo (-tsoh, big -go, being), in a loud voice, loudly. # -zhits’6d6sigo (-ts’dsi, slender + -go, being), in a weak, shrill, squeaky or high-pitched voice, shrilly. # -zhizhch’fjd (-ch’{jd, abbreviated, reduced), changing voice (as that of a pubescent

@/yi)(789): to mow O (grass, hay, weeds, cut O (hair), shave O (beard), whittle O (a stick). Yishshééh/yishéé’ (nddndshshééh).

(1)

NAVAJO: Occurs only in a verb base meaning “become soft (as meat that has boiled too long).”

its

pith ofa

pithina

DERIVATIVES Stem noun:

béésh bee ’élzhééh, paring knife (knife with which something is peeled). bee ’alzhéhé, razor (that with which cutting is done). dagha bee yilzhéhé, razor (that with which the beard is cut or shaved).

torso, trunk of the body,

body. # -zhi’ts’in (ts’in, bone), bones of the body.

ie.

ZHIL4

-ZHI’

Stem noun:

name.

(Cf. verb stem

ll. yinf-(~ -6-)-D-(Passive):

ZHI’: call by name; YIZH{, name.) ~ZHI’

(1)

daho’di-)@/yi)(301)(Agentive Passive): the roll is called, roll callis taken. Daho’ddji/daho’dééji’.

C. (PPA “shi > *zhi [glottalized perfective *zhi’] [©] [with u-directive]: name, call by name.)

ZHI’

(1) (2) (3)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “name, call by name.” Occurs with yinf(~ -6-) directive and @-(D-) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “name O, call O by name.” With D-

NOUN DERIVATIVES

’azhi’, name (P-fzhi’). d{i’go ’dji, the ceremonial naming of colors in sequences of four. yizhf, name (impersonal). # naaltsoos bikda’ yizhf dantt’i’igif, name list, roster.

effect stem-initial ZH- takes the shape J-. The

(PPA

*sht

PA

*zhil [@]: yell, shout.)

paradigms are irregular.

ZHIL4

IMP. A.MOM. B.DIST.

US/iyPEREVEEUT,

zhf (i) zhi

zhiih (jiih) zhiih A.

zhi’ (ji’) zhi’

zhiit (jit) zhiit

NAVAJO: Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning

ORE zhiih (jin) zhiih

“breathe, draw breath, inhale, exhale, gasp,” and with t-causative “make O

gasp for breath.”

t-classifier contracts with stem-initial

ZH- to produce SH-, but under D-effect ZH- re-emer-

ges

(LZH).

MOMENTANEOUS

Cf. ZHIILo.

IMP.

UST

= Ri

OTe

OPT.

zhit

zhiit

I. yini- (~ -6-)-@-(tt): A.MOM. _ zhiit

(1)

yinf-(G/yi)(768): to name O, call O by name. Yinishshi/yizhi’ (yézhf: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl). # Bee yinishshi, to give him his name --, to name O --- (e.g. Shiye’ Tasfbee yizhi’, | named my son Speedy. Tasi bee nifzhi’, | named you Speedy.)

’Adiini-)G/yi)(29):

|. @-(ti: (1)

to name oneself, take the

name --, utter one’s own name.

(2) (3)

’"Adiinishj’ddeeshji’ (’Ad6jf: 3rd pers. sgl). O-’d6-(G/yi)(768)(Agentive Passive): Ois named, O is called (a human). Bi’ddji/bi’dééji’. w6-(@/yi)(768)(Simple Passive): O is named, O is called (an animal or thing). Wdji/yééji’.

B.

(1)

(2)

(2) (3)

DISTRIBUTIVE

|. yinf(~ -6-)-G-(tt): P-taa’fini-(G/yi)(249): to call off names, call the roll, name off P (lit. to call off names among P). Bitaa’iinishshi/bitaa’fizhi’ (yitaa’6zhf: 3rd per. sgl). dahwiini-(@/yi)(301): to call the roll (lit. to call off d.p. people’s names). Dahwiinfshshi/dahwiizhi’ (dahézhi: 3rd pers. sgl).

Z2hil

A. MOMENTANEOUS

Il. yini- (~ -6-)-D-(tr/Passive): (1)

zhit

’a-(@/yi)(478): to draw in one’s breath sharply, inhale, gasp. ‘lishshif@/’fizhil (‘anddndshshif). SER.(@/si) (65): to inhale, draw in breath one time after another. ’Ahishshift/’ahézhil. # tid bit ’iishshift, to inhale smoke (as from a cigaret - lit. to breathe in in company with smoke). di-(@/si)(330): to start to breathe (as a newborn baby). Dishshff/dézhil. ha-(@/yi)(435): to start to breathe, draw the first breath, exhale, let out one’s breath. HaashshifV/haazhil (handshshiit: handanashshiit). # Handshshiit, to get one’s breath back (as after being hit in the stomach).

I. £-(tt): (1)

’a-O-(@/yi)(6):

S makes O gasp for breath (as

cold water). ’Abiishiit/’abjishil. (E.g. T6 sik’az biih y'yaago ’ashiishil, when | gotinto the cold water it made me gasp.)

ZH{

ZHILo

B.

B. SEMELFACTIVE

NOUN DERIVATIVES

|. O-(tt):

dikos ’and’iishitigif, whooping cough (the cough that repeatedly makes a person gasp for breath time after time.)

(1)

(PPA

NAVAJO: Identified ZHIL4. Occurs with the theme in a verb “inhale, draw in the

ZHILo

A.MOM.__

*shit > *zhil

US/lFee

PERE SEU P:

ORME

zhiid

zhit

zhil

zhiid

zhit

# P-zhfyiishshizh, to breathe in P’s soul, inner being, spirit (as that of a turquoise necklace that one buys, or a ceremonial object - lit. to suck in P’s voice).

(PA *shen:

ZH{ (SH)

# tid bit ’iishshffd, to inhale smoke (as cigaret smoke).

(PPA *shish > PA *zhizh hot liquid mixed with air.)

EEE

zhish zhish

zhizh zhish

zhish zhish

(@/yi)(783): summer passes. Yishjjh/yish{ (ndanashfh). (2) P-ee-(G/yi)(167): P spends the summer, passes the summer. Beeshffh (= P-ee yish{jfh)/bééshj (nddbeeshjh). (E.g. Dibé nanishkaadgo shééshj, | spent the summer herding sheep.) (3) ch’i-(@/yi)(279-289): it becomes summer, summertime comes, summer begins. Ch’ésh{fh/ch ’inish{ (ch’indshjjh:ch’indanashjh). # Ch’(ndshjjh, summer comes back, summer comes again. (4) ’i’nii-(@/@)(470): summer begins, it becomes summer. ‘I’niish{h/i’niish{ (’ana’niish{h: 44) ‘anda’niish{h).

OPT. zhizh zhish

A. DURATIVE |. O-(tt): (1)

shjh — sh{ shift shjfh (zh{jh)* (zhp* —_ (zhjf)*__(zhjjh)*

(1)

ceremonial sense of breathing in the soul, inner

zhizh zhish

PERF. ee FUT. OPT.

|. ©-(ti):

being or essence of an object).”

A.DUR. B.SEM.

_USJ/IT.

A. MOMENTANEOUS

[©]: sip

NAVAJO: Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “suck in one’s breath, breathe O in (in

Leanne eee eee

NAVAJO: SH{: noun summer. Historic stem inital *SH- failed to vocalize

IMP. Le AMOM. shjh zhi)"

ZHIZH

IMP. USP ER Ee ROE ee

summer.)

in Navajo and, as a verb stem it retains SH-initial. Occurs as the theme in verb bases meaning “be(come) summer, pass the summer.” (the stem-initial vocalizes in dfizhinf, this summer.)

MOMENTANEOUS

’a-(@/yi)(485): to inhale, draw in one’s breath, gasp. ‘lishshffd/’ffzhil.

the

to suck in one’s breath, breathe in (one time - ceremonially, in breathing in the soul, spirit or essence of an object). Yiishshish/ shézhizh.

as a variant of O-classifier as base meaning breath.”

|. ©-(ti): (1)

yii-(@/si)(801):

[©]: yell, shout.)

IMP.

A.

(1)

(@/yi)(789): to breathe in the soul, spirit, inner being or essence of O (as a jewel, the dawn).

B.

Yishshizh/yizhizh (nadandshshizh). # P-zhfyishshizh, to breathe in P’s soul, spirit, essence or inner being. (P-zhf, P’s voice). # Hayootkdat bizhi yishshizh, to breathe in the soul of the dawn. # J6honaa’éf bizhfyishshizh, to breathe in the soul of the sun.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

’Ahééhésh{fh, California (summer goes around and around in acircle = it’s always summer). difzhinf, this summer. keeshj, summer place. shj, summer.

(5) Sh{Dine’é, the Summer People (of mythology). (6) sh{jdda’, last summer. (7) shfigo, during the summer, in the summertime.

774

-ZH{{H

ZHIi’4

Stem noun: bast (soft fibrous barklike cover on juniper, cliff rose, cedar and greasewood).

5 -ZHIIH

(10) ha-(@/yi)(430): to saw O out (as a knot out of a sheet of plywood). Haashshfth/haazhi? (handdanashshihh). (11) k’f-(ni/ni)(509): to saw O off, saw O in two (as a board, post, limb). K’infshshfth/k’fnizhi? (k’indanfshshiih). (12) naa’ii-(@/yi)(580): to saw O down (a tree, post). Naa’iishshifth/naa’fizhi? (naa’anddnashshiih). (13) nihi-(@/si)(621): to saw O to pieces, saw O up (as a piece of wood). Neheshshiih/nihézhif’. ss. eine! Lom

(PPA *sheg > PA *shexY: knife; *sheg > *zhegY: cut with a knife.)

6 ZHII’4

NAVAJO: The stem is apparently cognate with or a variant of ZHEE’o:

B.

cut, mow. Occurs with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “saw, cut with a saw,” and with ni-thematic and D-classifier in a Neuter Perfective meaning “corrugated, rough-surfaced,” Under D-effect stem-initial ZH- takes the shape J(DZH-).

IMP._US/IT.

PERF.

PROG.

FUT.

CONTINUATIVE

I. @-(tt):

(1)

na’ii-(=na’ahi-)(@/si)(640): to do carpentry work (lit. to go about sawing unspecified O one after another). Na’iishshith/ni’iyézhir’. # P-Ani’iishshifh, to do the sawing for P,

OPT.

assist P with the sawing (as in building a shed).

A.MOM. } zhith

= zhih

zhir

:

zhih

zhith

:

zhih/

-

-

er Sa ae

ea

B.CONT. C.CURS.

=

:

Il. O-(tt):

zhith

CNET

: A.

zh

;

-

Sig

(1) (yi)(774): to be sawing O along, sawing along on

MOMENTANEOUS

O (as on a log, board). Yishshih/deiniijiih (ndandashshih). # Haa nfza4ag66 yizhih, how far along are you (as a person who is sawing a large log)?

I. O-(tt): (1)

’aha-(@/yi or ni/ni)(41): to saw O apart, saw O in half, saw O in two (as a board). ’Ahdshshith/ fahaazhir (‘ahanddndshshiih) or ’ahdnfsh-

(2)

‘attanii-(O/O)(101): to saw O lengthwise, rip O (as a board). ’Attaniishshi{fh/’attaniizhi?’ (attanadaniishshih). ’atts’a-(G@/yi or ni/ni)(107): to saw O in two, saw O

? Bae EA EMO SU JO SASS oe ap oy ane ee

shith/’'ahdnizhi? (‘ahdndénishshiih).

(3)

apart (a board).

Pe NEES |. ni-D-(ti): (1)

’Atts’ashshith/’atts’aazhir

P canara). % teen pS aren. Waa ah ae a NRE

Bighdnishshith/bighanizhi?

shith). mon

(5) P Laci: (6) (7)

‘

hocks pug”

order uacad

rippled rock surface, the surface of a log with its Neeshjf (1st pers.

AO

bark on, corduroy cloth).

(bighandanishns

to be rippled, creased, serra-

OS CET SELATAN UN Tee surface, a scalloped seashell, a rough or

sp TEN

ni-(yi-Perf.)(678):

SND

(atts’Anddndshshih) or ’alts’énfshshith/ ‘alts’Anizhi’ (‘atts’Anddnishshiih)

(4)

SEIS

;

sgl); noojf (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). (E.g. Tsé bikaa’ + j

Z

noojf, the rock has a rippled or rough surface.

to start to saw P. Bi’niishshiih/

Shittsalitée*riobite myttrouders’arasorebraut roy. Tsé bikdd’gd6 dah sétif nt’éé’ neeshiiigo ’Ashiilaa, | was lying on the rock and it made

P-nd-(@/si)(228): to saw around P (as around a knot). Binadshshiih/binfshézhii’. P-nf’'a-(@/yi)(765): to saw into the surface of P (making a groove, but without penetrating through); S bites or gnaws into the surface of P eroding it (as running water or wind on a rock

(2)

creases or ripples on me.) honi-(yi-Perf.)(458): area is rippled, creased, corrugated, rough (as malpais, a lava flow). Honoojf.

SULtACE)) ve ESL AS 1S EMEA TH 2TH esa NG 11

(8)

(9)

yinffizhi? (3rd person. sgl/dpl). P-ts’d-(ni/ni)(256): to saw O apart from P, saw O off of P (as a limb off a tree). Bits’anishshiih/ bits’Snizhi?’ (bits’anddnishshth). ; i di-(@/si)(330):

(1)

to start to saw along on O (a

board, limb). Dishshifh/dézhit’ (néddishshth).

=o ghey Sala, A ee ; ich thi bee ni’iijihf, saw (tool) (that with which things are sawed). : : : h

(2) tial ai ae

TES)

eens ecUg

ZHIIZH

ZHI’

one):

been sawed to pieces). Tsineheeshjif bizhool, sawdust (the crumbs or fragments of a board). Tsineheeshji’ has come into use with the meaning “board” in the sense of a directing group or commission. Thus: ‘Olta’ bitsineheeshji’, school board. Naanish yee 44’f nilfinii bitsineheeshji’,

National Labor Relations

Board (lit. the labor association’s board). (11) tsineheeshji’ bee hooghan, plank hogan, hogan made of commercial lumber. (12) yootgaii noojfhi, scallop shell. e e e — — — —

NAVAJO: Occurs with L-classifier and di-ni-thematic as the theme ina

Neuter Imperfective verb base that

ZHIl’o

describes the hissing sound made by green wood when placed in a fire, and the sizzling sound made by frying

mob, large number or quantity.

-ZHIIN

# -ndazhiin (-na- < -nda’, eye), pupil of the eye. # nfttsd bizhiin, big rainstorm.

# ’ana’{ bizhiin, enemy horde. e e e e e —_—

Reservation). ni’iizhth{, carpenter, sawyer (the one who goes about sawing things). tsin bee nihijihf, wood saw (the one with which wood is sawed up). tsin hahaashjfigff, cut lumber (the wood that was sawed out one after another). (10) tsineheeshjif, board, plank, lumber (wood has

be black + -ii, the mole (on one’s skin); horde,

Verb stem ZHIN:

k’(needi(shii noojih{ (~ nooji’), ridged urinesquirter beetle, ridged stink bug. ni’iijihf, sawmill (where things are sawed one after another). Ni’iijhf, Sawmill, Arizona (the former Navajo Sawmill, located north of Fort Defiance, Arizona). Ni’iijith Hasdnf, The Old Sawmill (on the Navajo

(PPA *dzhitsh’ [4] [with thematized *kY4-, indefinite object]: dance [primarily with hands and arms - perhaps literally “poke about.”})

ZHIIZH

NAVAJO: Primary meaning uncertain. The stem appears in a wide variety of disparate Semantic Themes - possibly all derived from an underlying root meaning “poke, dance, move ina rhythmic manner.” Occurs: (1) with L-classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “poke, jab, sting (an insect).” (2) with L-classifier in themes that describe gradual growth, swelling, increase in volume or number; (3) with thematized ’a- (the 3i object pronoun) and L-classifier in bases meaning “dance,” and with t-causative “cause O to dance;” and (4) with thematized ha-/ho- (the 3s subject/object pronoun) and Lclassifier in bases that describe the passage of time and seasons (perhaps reflecting the measurement of time by the rhythmic movement of the sun and astral bodies - the time markers). t-classifier contracts with stem initial ZH- to produce SH-, but ZH- reemerges under D-effect (LZH-). Te

FUT.

ORT:

-

zhish

zhiish

zhiizh

-

zhish

zhiish

zhish

zhiizh

-

zhish

zhish

zhish

zhish

-

zhish

zhish

-

-

zhish/ zhiish

-

IMP.

UST.

PERF.

zhifsh

zhish

zhiizh

zhiish

zhish

zhish zhish

PROG.

meat.

A.MOM.| Trans. B.CONT.| GDISiD.REP. EREVe F.SEM G.CURS.

|. di-ni-L-(ti): (1)

di-ni-(O-Imp.)(320): S hisses (green woodina fire), it sizzles (frying meat in a skillet, or meat cooking over the coals). Dilzhif’ (dadilzhi: d.p.).

NOUN

-

DERIVATIVES A.

(1)

Dilzhff,

Yavapai (Indian)

e ee eelelele__eee —Seoe

ZHII’

|. £-(ti/tt):

(~ ch’izhii’) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a hissing sound, as that made by a snake or an angry cat.

(1)

ee

” ZHI’

MOMENTANEOUS

(the sizzler?).

(~ ch’izhi?) Onomatopoetic. Imitates a shrill buzzing or whining sound, as that of a power saw as it cuts through

’aji-(@/yi)(75): to poke orjab away into space. ’Ajishshiish/’ajffshiizh (‘anddjishshiish). SER. (G/si): to make a series of pokes (away into space). ‘Ajiishshifsh/’adziyéshiizh (< ‘ajihishshfish). # Yah ‘ajishshish, to poke into an enclosure (as into a hole or burrow - with a stick, sword or other pointed object). (E.g.

DI6¢’ ba’4dn géne’ tsin bee ’ajifshiizh, |

poked into the prairie dog hole with a stick).

a board.

776

ZHIIZH

ZHIIZH

(2)

’a’a-(B/yi)(365): to poke with an unspecified pointed instrument. ’E’eshshifish/‘i'ffshiizh (‘anda’ashshiish).

# P-aa ’e’eshshiish, to poke orjab P. (E.g. T6 ‘abid{ baa ’i’ffshiizh, | jabbed the waterbag.) # P-ee p-aa ’e’eshshiish, to poke or jab p with P. (E.g. tsah bee bfla’ yaa iffshiizh, he stuck his finger with an awl.) # P-it’e’eshshiish, to poke a hole in P.

(3)

(4) (5)

(6) (7)

(8)

P-44’di-(@/yi)(151): to uncover P with a pointed object (as with a stick). Baéa’dishshfish/ bda’diishiizh (banina’dishshfish:bdéninda’dish shiish). # Tsin bee bda’dishshiish, to uncover it with a stick (as when one removes the dirt from a stone with the point of a stick). P-di-(@/yi)(178): to rip P with a sharp point (as with the point of a sword or spear). Bidishshfish/bidffshiizh (bindddishshiish). P-gha’(a)-(ni/ni)(189): to poke a hole through P (with a pointed object, as an awl, stick). Bigha’nishshifsh/bigha’nishiizh (bighanaa’nishshiish). # P-ee p-gha’nishshiish, to poke a hole through p with P. (E.g. Béésh bee naaltsoos bigha’nishiizh, | poked a hole in the paper with a knife point.) P-nikAzh-(ni/ni)(237): to poke through P (as through a hole or opening). Binikazhnishshiish/ binfkazhnishiizh. ha-(@/yi)(430-393): to gouge, poke, dig out (with a pointed object - as a stone from an arroyo bank or an object from a hole); to chisel out (wood - by pushing the chisel on the wood surface). Haashshffsh/hdashiizh (handashshiish:hanadnashshiish). SER.(@/si): to chisel, gouge out (wood) (by pushing the chisel one time after another). Hahashshiish/hahdashiizh (handahashshiish). ha-P-f’'a-(@/yi)(372): to gouge P out, get P out by poking with a pointed object (as with a knife, iron bar, stick, horn). Habé’éshshiish/habi’ffshiizh (habifna’dshshiish: hab{(nda’dshshiish). (E.g. Béégashii bidee’ yee shinaa’ k’asdaa’ hay/fishiizh, the cow nearly gouged my eye out with its horn. Tsé tsin bee hab/‘ifshiizh, |

11) yinf-(@-Imp.)(766):

to poke at O, jab at O (with a

pointed object - as with a stick, spear, sword).

Yinishshifsh (yéshiish: 3rd pers. sgl). # Tsin bee yinishshiish, to poke at him with a stick (multiple pokes). (12) yinfi-(/yi)(769: to take a poke at O (with a pointed object), to thrust at O (as with a sword). Yinfishshiish/ yinfishiizh.

(1)

eae, ’ah{ini-(O-Imp.)(68): to have a fencing match with each other, to have a sword duel (lit. to jab or thrust multiple times at each other).

’Ahiinfilzhiish

(1st pers. dpl); ’ahdlzhfish

(3rd

pers. dpl).

(2)

(3)

# P-it’ahfinishshiish, to have a fencing match or sword duel with P. ’Adi-(O/yi)(27)(with prepounded tsiih, into flesh):

to jab, stick, stab oneself (with a pointed object, as a needle, awl, ice pick, knife point). Tsiih 'Edishzhi(sh/tsiih ’Adeeshzhiizh (tsiih ’Andadishzhifsh). (E.g. Tsah bee tsiih ‘Adeeshzhiizh, | stuck myself with an awl.) di-(@/si)(320: S starts to grow in volume or number. Dilzhifsh/deeshshiizh (fdiizhfish:

ndaddilzhiish). # ’Aadilzhiish, S starts to increase or grow (as one’s herd of livestock). # K’ee’aa dilzhifsh, S starts to grow (as a herd), S starts to spread as it grows (as a community).

(4)

(5)

ha-(@/yi)(428): S breaks out (as a rash, sore, impetigo). Haalzhffsh/haalzhiizh (handanalzhifsh). # t66d haalzhiish, a sore breaks out. P-ich{fhd66 466d haalzhiizh, a sore broke out on (from) P’s nose. nd4-(@/si): S rises (volume). Nalzhffsh/nashzhiizh. In: # P-ndk’eeshto’ ndlzhiish, tears well up in P’s eyes, P’s eyes fill with tears. ni-(ni/ni)(669): S reaches a specified level (where it stops - as the volume of water in a container,

a growing herd of sheep). Niilzhifsh/niilzhiizh (nindlzhifsh:ninddnalzhiish).

got the rock out with a stick.)

S reaches the half way of water in a barrel). level the (as mark # Nihidibé tdadi miiljj’ niilzhiizh, our sheep herd reached the 3000 mark. # T6 niilzhiizh, water reached a level, water backed up (as from an overfull reservoir or dam). (E.g. daadda’ yas ndaalyijhgo shidd’dk’ehé bfighahgo té niilzhiizh, last spring when the snow melted the water backed up [from a lake or reservoir] clear to my field.)

# ’Atnii’jj’ niilzhfish,

(9) ni’(a)(= metathesized ’ani)(ni/ni)(642): to poke, stick. Ni’shshifish/ni’shiizh. In: # P-jddtah ni’shshiish, to trip P (by poking or sticking an object - as a stick or cane between P’s legs). (E.g. Gish bee ’ashkii bijddtah nf’shiizhgo tsé’yaa ’figo’, the boy fell flat on his face when | tripped him with a cane.) (10) (G/yi)(789)(with prepou nded tsiih, into flesh): to stick, jab into one’s flesh. Tsiih yishshfish/tsiih yishiizh (tsiih nédndshshiish). # Tsah bee shila’ tsiih yfshiizh, | stuck my finger with an awl.

777

ZHIIZH

ZHIIZH

(13 ch’{’a-(@/yi): to go dancing out horizontally

Il. ’a-L-(ti): (1)

~—

(completive). Ch’é’éshzhfish/ch’é’eeshzhiizh. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadha) ch’é’éshzhiish, to dance over the edge (as over a precipice, arroyo bank, platform’s edge). (14) dzidza’a-(@/yi): to go dancing into the fire. Dzidza’ashzhffsh/dzidza’eeshzhiizh. (15 ~— hadi’ni-(@/si)(382): to dance too long, stay too

’a-(ni/ni)(116): to go, come, arrive dancing. ’Anishzhiish/ ’anishzhiizh (na’nishzhfish: naa’nishzhiizh).

# P-aa’nishzhffsh, to go dancing to P (as a child to its mother). # -g66 ’anishzhifsh, to go dancing to -- (a designated place). (2)

’a’a-(@/yi)(364):

long ata dance. Hadf’nishzhffsh/hadinéshzhiizh (handddi’n(shzhffsh). (16) ha’a-(@/yi)(404) to come or go dancing up out (as from a kiva or subterranean chamber). Ha’ashzhiish/ha’eeshzhiizh (hana’dshzhfish: handa’dshzhiish). (17 ~— ’’nii-(@/D)(471): to start to dance, get ready to dance. ‘I’niishzhifsh/’i’niishzhiizh (’inda’niishzhffsh). (18 ~— ridi’nfi-(@/B)(607): to just get well started dancing (when something happens).

to go dancing away (out of

sight). ’E’eshzhfish/’e’eeshzhiizh (’anda’ashzhiish:’anda’ashzhiish). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’e’eshzhifsh, to come or go dancing down from a height. # Yah ’e’eshzhfish, to come or go dancing into an enclosure (as into a corral, building, cave). # Y66’’e’eshzhiish, to dance away and disappear.

Ndf’nfishzhfish/fAdfniishzhiizh.

’ada’a-(~ bida‘a-/hada’a-)(G/yi): to come or go dancing down from a height (as down a hill or incline). ’Ada’ashzhifsh/’ada’eeshzhiizh (‘adana’dshzhiish:’adanda’dshzhiish). (4) ’adi-(@/si)(23): to start to dance along. ’Adishzhfish/ ’adéshzhiizh (nA’dishzhifish: naa’dishzhiish). (5) ’adii-(@/@)(28)(with prepounded dah, off): to start off dancing, dance off. Dah ’adiishzhfish/dah ’adiishzhiizh (dah n’diishzhiish:dah naa’diishzhifsh). (6) ’ahéé’(a)-(@ or ni/ni)(49): to dance around ina circle, make a circuit dancing. ’Ahéé’ashzhiish or ’ahéé’nishzhiish/’ahéé’nishzhiizh (‘ahénfna4a’Ashzhfish). SER.(@/si)(51): to dance around and around ina circle (as dancers ina Circle Dance). ’Ahéé’iishzhfish (= ’ahéé’ahishshifsh)/’ahéé’iyéshzhiizh. (7) ’atndd’(a)-(ni/ni)(99): to dance to a location and back. ’Atnda’nfshzhiish/’atnaa’nfshzhiizh. # -g66 ’atnda’dshzhish (Usit./Rep.), to dance back and forth to -- (a designated location). (8) ’atts’A’(a)-(ni/ni)(106): to separate dancing, dance apart or in opposite directions from each other. ’Atts’A’niilzhiish/’atts’a’niilzhiizh (‘atts’Ana’niilzhifsh:’atts’ana4a’niilzhfish). (9) P-nd’a-(@/si)(227): to dance around P (as around a pole or fire). Bind’dshzhfish/bin(sh{shzhiizh (bininaa’ashzhiish). (10) P-nfka’(a)(ni/ni)(235): to go dancing through P (as through a doorway, tunnel, hole). Binfka’nishzhffsh/binfka’nishzhiizh (binikana’nfshzhifsh:binfkanaa’nishzhiish). (11) P-ts’A’(a)(ni/ni)(254): to go dancing away from

(3)

(19 ~— niki’dii-(O/@)(634): to start to dance. Niki’diishzhffsh/niki’diishzhiizh. (20 — ni’(a)(ni/ni)(642): to dance as far as a stopping point, stop dancing. Ni’nishzhfish/ni’nishzhiizh (nina’nfshzhffsh:ninda’nf{shzhiish). # -jj’ ni’nishzhffsh, to dance as far as -- (a designated point or place - as up toa wall).

# Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’nishzhfish, to go

(21) (22) (23)

IV. jidizhni--L-(ti): (1)

jidizhni-(O-Imp.)(489):

excel at dancing.

to be a good dancer, to

Jidizhnishzhfish.

V. ha~ ho-L-(ti): (1)

’aha-(~ ’aho-)(@/yi)(38): a period of time passes, there is a period, season or era. ’Ahalzhfish/ ’ahoolzhiizh (’andahdlzhfish:’anddhalzhffsh). # -go ‘ahalzhfizh, there is a period of -- (a

designated activity). E.g. Daago t’da nfyolgo ’andhdlzhish, there’s a windy period in the spring. Sh{jgo ’aydo ndahattingo ‘andhdlzhish, there’s a rainy season in the summer. ’Anaa’ baa na’aldeehgo n{zaadg66 ‘ahoolzhiizh, the war lasted a long time.) # Y66’ ’ahalzhffsh, a period of time ends. # P-ity66’ ’ahalzhffsh, P ends, is over. (E.g.

P, to separate from P while dancing.

Bits’A’nfshzhfish/bits’a’nfshzhiizh (bits’ana’nfshzhifsh:bits’aAnda’n(shzhifsh). (12) ch’f-(ni/ni)(288): to come or go dancing out horizontally (as out from a building), to start to dance. Ch’i’nfshzhfish/ch’fnfshzhiizh (ch’ind’nfshzhiish:ch’(na4a’nfshzhiish).

# P-fighahg66 ch’(’nishzhfish,

dancing across (as across a road). tsfits’’(a)-(ni/ni)(736): to go dancing away from fire or water, go dancing ashore. Tsitts’A’nishzhiish/tsftts’a’nfshzhiizh. w6’a-(@/yi): to dance off course or out of bounds, dance over the edge. W6’a’ashzhiish/ w6’a’eeshzhiizh. yisd4’a-(@/yi)(772): to go dancing to safety, escape from danger dancing. Yisda’ashzhfish/ yisda’eeshzhiizh.

to go dancing

past P (a stationary object, as a tree).

778

ZHIIZH

ZHIIZH

# P-ee hodilzhiish, P is first (in a series or train of events). (E.g.Shighandi t’4a ’aniiltso nihitah dahoniigaii - shf shee hodeeshzhiizh, at home all of us caught the flu -

T’fadoo hodina’f deesk’aaz bit y66’ ’ahodoolzhish, pretty soon the cold weather will be over.)

‘ahééhwii-(=’ahéého-hi-)(O/lImp.only)(49): the entire time period, the year around. ’Ahé6hwiilzhifsh. (E.g. Nihideendsts’aa’ t’da bit na’niilkaadgo ’ahééhwiilzhfish, we keep the rams in the herd the year round.) (3) P-bahodidi-(@/si)(169): P is completed, finished, done from beginning to end. Bibahodidilzhifsh/ bibahodidooshzhiizh. (E.g. Dibé taah daha’nfitgo ’adéddé@’ ’attso bibahodidooshzhiizh, sheep dipping was completed yesterday.) (4) P-bahodii-(@/O)(169): P is completed (a task, undertaking, project). Bibahodiilzhifsh/ bibahodiilzhiizh or bibahodooshzhiizh (bibanddhodiilzhfish). (E.g. Shidibé yinfshta’ ft’66’ t’Aadoo bibahodooshzhiizhi ’atn?nr, | was counting my sheep and noon came before the job was completed. (5) P-k’fho-(@/@)(206): P comes true, materializes,

(2)

| was first.) # 1T’66 bit ndds hodilzhffsh, to put it off, to just keep putting it off, procrastinating on it.

(E.g. Kin ’attso ‘Adeeshtit ch’ééh nissin-

go t’66 bit ndds hodeeshzhiizh,

(11) ndhodi-(@/si)(540)(:

comes to an end, terminates, an era closes.

Nihoolzhfish/nihoolzhiizh (ninddhoolzhiish). (E.g. ’anaa’ baa na’aldeehée ’Aniidigo nihoolzhiizh, the war just recently came to an end.)

the period or season in reference has occurred

# Nizaag66 nihoolzhiish,

before). Ch’fhoolzhifish/ch’hoolzhiizh or ch’ééhoolzhfish/ch’ééhoolzhiizh (ch’fndahoolzhifsh). # Daajj’ ch’indhdlzhiish, springtime begins anew, spring returns, it becomes spring again (i.e. back again). # Sh{jj’ ch’indhdlzhifsh, summer returns, it becomes summer (back) again. ha-(ho-)((@/si)(411-421): a period of time passes, anera passes. Halzhifsh/hashzhiizh (ndhdlzhifsh:nadhalzhfish). # Bfldtah dah hashzhiizh, the end came, the time was up (as the end of a ceremonial,

it lasts for a long

time, there is along time period.

(E.g.

Dzitghda’di yas hélgggo nizaagd6 nihoolzhiizh,

there was snow on the

mountaintop for a long time.) # Haa nizah nihodoolzhish, how long will it take? how long will it be? (13) tdhodi-(yi-Perf. only)(699): there was an extended period of time (during which some event took place). (lit. time markers moved about here and there.) Tadhodoolzhiizh (tandahodoolzhiizh. (E.g. ’Atk’idda’ nihidibé t’66 "ahaydigo tdhodoolzhiizh, long ago there was a period during which we had a lot of sheep - for a time, long ago, we had a lot of sheep.

war, event) (lit. time moved to its tip

end). (E.g. Tr’éédda’ hatdal baa na’aldeehigif bildtah dah hashzhiizh, the ceremony people were carrying on came to a close last night.

VI. £-(tt): hahi-(@/si)(393): to gouge O out (with successive poking movements of a pointed object); to

(1)

‘df

Ndahodilzhfish/

ndhodeeshzhiizh. (Reversionary corresponding to #10 above.) # Bikék’eh ndhodilzhffsh, it occurs over and over again, it recurs time after time (Lit. it comes about back again in its footprints). (E.g. ’Anaa’ t’66 bikék’eh ndhodilzhfishgo baa na’aldeeh, war occurs again and again, wars occur without end.) (12) niho-(ni/ni)(630): a season or period of time

Bik fhoolzhffsh/bik’fhoolzhiizh (bik’inaahoolzhfish). (E.g. Nida’iidjhée bik’inddhoolzhiizh, mealtime came again.) (6) ch’tho-(ni/ni)(289): S begins, a time period commences (usually in Reversionary form, since

daa’

a period or event recurs,

occurs again (i.e. re-occurs).

is rea-ized, comes to pass (as an event, anticipated condition or circumstance).

(7)

|

wanted to finish building my home but | just kept putting it off - procrastinating on it.)

chisel O out. Hahashshfish/hahashiizh (handdhashshiish).

ry eee (

zhiizh, yesterday was the first of January.) ho-(ni/ni)(461): a season or time period comes, arrives. Hoolzhfish/hoolzhiizh (nadhoolzhfish: nddhoolzhiish). (E.g. Deesk’aazgo hoolzhiizh, there was a period of cold weather, there was a cold snap.) (10) hodi-(@/si)(451): an era, time period or season begins (gets underway). Hodilzhffsh/hodeeshzhiizh (ndhodilzhfish:nddhodilzhfish). (E.g. K’ad kod66 deesdoigo hodidoolzhish, from now on the weather will be hot.)

(9)

B.

CONTINUATIVE

1. £-(ti): (1)

na’a-(@/si)(808): to poke around, probe (with a pointed object, as with a stick, knife point).

Na’ashshiish/ni’shéshiizh

779

(ninaa’ashshiish).

ZHIIZH

ZHIIZH

(2)

# ’Ay6o ’adishish, S is always prodding (as a goat), S is great for poking or stinging.

na-P-i'a-(@/si)(521); to prod P, poke P (as with a stick). Nabé’éshshiish/nabfshéshiizh.

Seriative

I. L-(ti): Il. £-(tt):

(1)

na’ahfa-(@/si)(547): S prod each other, poke around at each other (as two bucks or bulls,

(1)

ndni-(@/si)(565): jabs or object, shiizh. shiizh,

lll. ’a-L-(ti):

stings, give O a prodding (with a pointed as a stick, horn). Nanfshshish/nané(E.g. Télii ‘athoshée tsin bee ndné| gave the sleeping burro a prodding

with a stick.

(1)

na’a-(@/si)(549-553): to dance around (as children at play, dancers in a ballroom). Na’ashzhiish/ni’shishzhiizh (ninda’ashzhiish. # Dah na’ashzhiish, to go prancing about(as a show horse), to bounce up and down (a dancer), to jump up and down - dance with joy (as a pleased and excited child).

Nahashzhiizh.

(E.g. Naabeehé ndaabaahgo

nahashzhiizh, there was a time when the Navajos were raiders.) (lit. time markers made a round trip.)

Ill. L-(tr): (1)

na&’Adini-(@/si)(546): to jab, stick or prick oneself repeatedly (as with a needle, in making a tattoo). Na’ddinishzhish/na’Adinéshzhiizh.

IV. ’a-L-(ti): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(131): to dance, be dancing. ’Ashzhish/ "eeshzhiizh (nda’dshzhish). # P-it’ashzhish, to dance with P (a dance partner).

C. DISTRIBUTIVE

# THiish bee ’ashzhish,

’ada’a-)@/si)(10)(with prepounded P-it, in company with P): to poke d.p. holes (as in piercing leather with an awl in preparation for sewing). Bit ’ada’ashshiish/bit ’ada’shéshiizh (bit ’andada’ashshiish). (Cf. ’e’eshshifsh, to poke; bit ’e’eshshiish, to poke a hole in it: A[l]2 above.) P-ghdda’a-(@/si)(186): to poke d.p. times through P, poke P full of holes, poke holes in P. Bighdda’ashshiish/bighdda’shéshiizh (bighdanddda’ashshiish). (Cf. P-gha’nfshshifsh, to poke a hole in P: A[I]5 above. E.g. Yadiizinf bit’aahdéé’ bighdda’shéshiizh, | poked holes in the bottom of the tin can.)

(1)

P-’ii-(=P-’a-hi-)(@/yi)(215):

in the Snake

REPETITIVE Durative

I. £-(tt): ’adi-(@/Imp.)(26): to prod, poke, spear, jab repeatedly (with a pointed object, as with a stick, spear, one horn), to sting, be a stinger (as a wasp). ’Adishshish.

to dance P, bounce P

one time after another, make P dance (as a

baby or a kitten, by holding it and “dancing? it. Bi’iishshish/bi’iyffshiizh (binaa’iishshish).

E. REVERSATIVE I. L-(ti): (1)

D.

(1)

to dance

Dance - dance with a snake - i.e. with in the sense of “by means of,” not in the sense P-it, “in company with.”

I. £-(ti):

(2)

the bee

(E.g. ’ashkii hosh yee na’ddinilzhishgo bigaan yikda’gi yik’e’eshch{, the boy tattooed his arm by pricking it with a thorn.)

naha-(si-Perf. only)(461): there was atime, a period of time (an era) came and went.

(1)

Tsfs’nd nashineeshshiizh,

gave me a stinging - stung me 3+ times.)

IV. ha--ho--L-(ti): (1)

to give O a poking or stinging,

administer a connected series of pokes, prods,

with a single horn). Na’ahé’élzhiish/ £4) na’ahé’éshzhiizh (ninda’ahé’élzhiish).

P-nd-(@/si)(232): to crowd around P, surround P, throng around P (in volume or numbers). Binéiilzhish/binfshiilzhiizh (binfndanéiilzhish).

(1st pers. pl). (E.g. ’Atchin(t’66 ’ahaydf chfjh yee ’adilohii yindshzhiizh, a crowd of children gathered around the elephant. Cf. A[II|]9 above.)

ZHIIZH

ZHIIZH

F. SEMELFACTIVE

# ’Alni'g66 hoolzhish, S is half over (as a game. # P-ch’j’ hoolzhish, time is moving toward P, P is approaching. (E.g. Tt’é’fftni? bich’)’ hoolzhishgo nikihonfttaé, along toward midnight it started to rain.) # Deesk’aazgo hoolzhish, there is a period of

1.t-(tt): (1)

yii-(@/si)(801):

to give O a poke, sting O (asa

bee), prod O(as a goat, with one horn).

Yiishshish/shéshiizh (naayiishshish). (E.g. Ts(s’nd shishshish, the bee stung me.) # P-ee yiishshish,

cold weather, a cold snap is in progress. # T’da ya’at’6ehgo hoolzhish, there is a good

to poke or prod O with P,

give O a jab with P. (E.g. Télii biwosgi tsin bee shéshish, | gave the burro a poke on the shoulder with a stick.

era, a period of boom times. (E.g. K’ad t’Ad ya’at’6ehgo kééhwiit’figo dahwéelzhiish, we’re living in a boom period - a period of good living.) # T’66 P-it ndds hoolzhish, to just let P slide, put P off, procrastinate on P. (E.g.

‘Adii-(@/si)(33): to poke, stick, jab, prick oneself (as with a thorn or needle). ‘Adiishzhish/ ‘Adéshzhish (‘andddiishzhish).

hoolzhish, don’t put off starting to school!) # Y66’ ’iitnfihjj’ hoolzhish, S is on the decline, fading or passing out (as a fad, custom, epidemic).

I. L-(tr): (1)

'Olta’g66 dinlydhda t’dadoo t’6o bit ndds

G. CURSIVE I.£-(tt): (1)

P-fa-(yi): to be poking or prodding P along, go along prodding P (with a pointed object, as a stick). Bfeeshshish (b{nda’eeshshish). naand’a-(yi)(585): to poke around, probe (with a pointed object, as a stick or finger). Naana’eeshshish/naanda’finfilzhifsh.

(2)

H.

dif k’ad naghaf hoolzhishdéé’,

(yi)9764): S goes creeping along (as a sand dune or snowdrift, blown by the wind), S keeps increasing in volume. Yilzhish/defizhfish (ndalzhish:naandalzhish). # ‘Aa (~k’ee’aa) yilzhish, S is expanding, spreading, increasing in size, volume or number (as a herd, houses in a development area, a town or community). # P-ndk’eeshto’ naalzhish, tears are welling in P’s eyes, P's eyes are filling with tears,

(2)

(3)

'a-(yi)(368): to go dancing or prancing along (a person or show horse). 'Eeshzhish/da’ffiniilzhifsh (nd’eeshzhish:ndaa’eeshzhish). P-nd'a-(yi)(227): to be dancing around P (as children around a pole), Binda’eeshzhish/ binda'f(nfilzhfish. (E.g. ’Atchinf ko’ yinda’fizhfish dahataatgo, the children are dancing around the fire singing.)

(2)

over yonder a little way). (E.g. Difk’ad naghaf hoolzhishdéé’ haddd6 do’ ’atah tadifnflnish? in the recent past where were you employed?) ndds hodeeshzhiizhgo, ata future time, at a later date. (E.g. Ndads hodeeshzhiizhgo Naabeehd Waashindoon yit ’ahada’deest’a, ata later date the Navajos made a treaty with the Federal Government.) nads hodeeshzhiizhg66, in the future. (E.g.

Naas hodeeshzhiizhg66 shi t’aa ’aniiltso Bilagdana bizaad nihit béédahodoozijt, in the future [as time goes on] we'll no doubt all know English.)

(4) t’Ad deg hoolzhishgo, farther up, up higher. (E.g. T’Ad deg hoolzhishgo dzit danfahigff ts’ida bfldtahjj’ hadahwiis’a, farther up on the mountain there are places that give access to

the very top. ’Ashijh tikan bdédh ‘flinigif t'da deg

IIl.’a-L-(ti): (1)

in the recent past

(lit. this period of time that is passing from just

ll. L-(ti): (1)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

(6)

hoolzhishgo k’ad naaki béesogo dah dahidédlo’, prices on sugar keep going up and now it’s two dollars a pound.) t’Ad hoolzhishgi, at any time, on no fixed schedule. (E.g. T’44 hoolzhishgi hda’iidjfh, we have no set schedule for meals - we eat whenever we feel like it.) t’dadoo nizaad nihoolzhishf, before long (with reference to past time). (E.g. T?éédaa’ yidzaaz nt’éé6’ t'dadoo nfzaad nihoolzhishf ndosdilid, it snowed last night, but before long it melted.)

|. NOUN DERIVATIVES

IV. ho-L-(ti): (1)

ho-(yi)(461): an era or period of time is passing. Hoolzhish/dahwéelzhfish (nadahoolzhish).

(1) (2)

‘azhish (da’azhish), dance. da’azhish (‘azhish), dance, ball.

ZH’

ZHjf’

# Ni’ hoojjfh, early twilight falls (lit. the earth

(3) ko’ yee da’alzhishf, firedancers (those who dance with fire). (4) tsin bee hahalzhishf, wood chisel (that with which wood is gouged one time after another).

darkens).

I. t-(tt):

(PPA *shinY > PA *zhinY [I]: be dark, black.

(1)

yii-(@/@)(801: to dye O black (as wool), color O black, oxidize O (as silver), turn O black.

Transitional perfective

Yiishshfh/yiishif? (néishsh{fh:nddyiishshfh). # Béésh tigaii yiishsh{jh, to oxidize silver (in

*shinY’ > *zhinY’; imperfective *shinY-x > *zhj-x [di]. V. Krauss-

ZH{f’

jewelry making).

Leer 1981:35.)

# Shikee’ néishshjfh, | polish my black shoes (lit. | re-blacken my shoes).

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “dark, black.” Occurs: (1) with D-classifier in Transitional verb bases meaning “turn black or dark,” including a base in which hit (< PA

lll. L-(tr):

*hi-~ *he-, dusk, darkness) is incorporated:

“darkness falls, it becomes dusk or evening.” (Hitis reinterpreted and treated as though it were the

(1)

’Adii-(@/@)(33): to blacken oneself, paint oneself black. 'Adiishzh{fh/’ddiishzhjf’ (’Andiishzh{h: ’Andadiishzhjh).

sung

yiijffh, darkness is falling and naahitiijjfh = hit nadyiijfh, darkness is again falling.) (2) with D-classifier in Continuative and Progressive bases meaning “blackness (a black object) moves;” (3) with t-(L-) causative “turn O black, dye O black;”

IV. £-D-(tt)

(4) witha

(1)

double classifier L-D- ina base meaning “throw with great force (lit. cause O to turn into a black speck;” and (5) with D-, t-(L-) classifier in Neuter bases meaning “be black, extend black.” t-classifier takes the shape tHi- in some forms of the Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be black.” t-classifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to

yii-(@/@)(800)(with prepounded dah, up): to

throw O with great force, send O flying (lit. to cause O to turn into a black speck in the air). Dah yiishjjfh/dah yiitf. (Cf. Neuter Imperfective dah tizhin, itis a black speck.) (E.g. Washington wolyéhée tooh niinigif tsé’naa t’adta’{f béeso yiyiitjif’ jin, Washington is said to have thrown a dollar across the river.)

produce SH- but ZH- (LZH) reappears under D-effect. D-classifier contracts with stem initial ZH- to produce

J-(DZH-).

B. CONTINUATIVE IMP?

SUSMIT.

IPERF2

A.TRANS. zhjfh — zhffh B.CONT. — zhj’ C.CURS. -

zhi -

D.NEUT.

zhin

PROGe

zh{f/

FUTZS*

OPT.

zhift -

zh{fh -

|. D-(ti): na-(O-lmp.)(576): S is moving about (a black thing), there is something black moving about (as something that one can barely discern in poor light - something shadowy). Naajj’. nda’a-(@-Imp.)(603): there are black things moving about. Nda’ajj’. # P-na’oh nda’ajj’, P has spots before (his)

zhjfh —Zhin

A. TRANSITIONAL

eyes.

|. D-(ti): yli-(0/O(795-800): to turn black, become tarnished (silver), get sunburned (a dark skinned person). Yiishjffh/yiishj? (néishjffh:ndayiishjjh). # Dah yiijffh, S comes into view as a dark speck in the distance (as an approaching automobile). hitii-(— hit yii-)(@/@)(444): it becomes dusk, dark-

C. CURSIVE I. D-(ti):

ness falls, it becomes evening. Hitiij/fh/hitiij/?’ (ndahitijffh or hit naayiijffh or hit ndanéijjh). hoo-(=ho-yi-)(@/@)(460):

area or space becomes dark or black. Hoojffh/hooj{f’ (ndhoojjfh:naahoojffh). # P-na’oh hoojffh, P has a fainting spell, P blacks out or gets clouded vision (lit. “things” turn dark before P’s eyes).

(2)

782

(yi)(760-783): S is moving along as a dark blur, S (a shadowy object) is moving along (something that is barely discernible in the poor light). Yishjjf/deiniijffh (ndashjjft:ndanddshj/ft)(1st pers. sgl)(yijfft: 3rd pers. sgl). ho-(yi)(460): area, space, “things” is (are) becoming dark or black. Hoojjft (nahoojfft: nadhoojift). # Ni’ hoojjft, twilight is gathering, darkness is gathering, the earth is darkening.

ZHif’ D.

_ ti-ni-O-(ti):

ZHij’

NEUTER

(Li- is identified as t-classifier.

(15) naanfji-(~ naanfdzi-)(ni-Perf.): a black strip extends across, crosswise. Naanjjijin. (16) (ni-Perf.)(775): there is a black line. Yfjin. (17) nihoo-(ni-Perf.)(630): a black strip, line or streak ends. Nihoojin. (18 nji-(~ ndzi-(yi-Perf.): a black strip, line or streak extends downward, there is a descending black line or strip. Njoojin.

In the

presence of a preceding prefix, Disjunct or

Conjunct, with no prefix intervening before the stem, ti- takes the shape -l- and is positioned in the classifier slot. V. Krauss 1969.)

(1)

tini-(O-lmp.)(518): to be black. tinishzhin (tizhin: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl; daalzhin: 3rd pers. d.p.). ’a-(O-Imp.)(518)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a black speck, dot, mark, flag (the minute marks on aclock or the degree marks ona thermometer). Dah ’alzhin. dini-(@-Imp.)(323-324): S is dark colored, brown, blackish, bay (a horse). Dinilzhin. ha-(@-Ilmp.)(518): there is a black area, area is black. Halzhin. ji-(-dzi-)(@-Imp.)(354)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a black spot or patch. Dah jilzhin. nji-(~ ndzi-)(O-lmp.)(with prepounded dah, up): there is a patch of black, a black spot. Dah njazhin.

(2)

E.

(1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

(6) (7)

. D-(ti):

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

(14)

’aji-(~ ’adzi-): a black strip extends away into the distance. ’Ajoojin. (Ib. jijin.) ch’fhoo-(ni-Perf.): a black area extends horizontally out (as from a canyon or mine shaft). Ch fhoojin. da’a-(ni-Perf.)(303): there are black streaks. Da’fjin. di-(si-Perf.)(310): a black ridge starts to extend along. Deeshjin. (L6k’a’deeshjin: Keams Canyon, Arizona. Lit. a black line of reeds begins to extend along.) ha-(yi-Perf.)(437): there is a black outcropping, a black patch juts up. Haajin (hadaashjin: d.p. subjects). ha-(si-Perf.)(431): there is a black slope, a black slope rises. Haashjin. hoo-(ni-Perf.)(462): there is a black area extending along. Hoojin. ji-(~ dzi-)(yi-Perf.): a black streak or strip extends away into the distance. Jfjin. (Ib. ’ajoojin.) kfji-(~ kfdzi-)(ni-Perf.): a black line or strip extends

(8) (9)

(10) (11) (12)

NOUN DERIVATIVES

‘adee’zhini, pottery spoon (black spoon). ’aghaatzhini (-e’aghaatzhinf), black wool (the wool that is black). ’ak’ah fizhini, motor oil, lubricating oil (the oil or grease that is black). ’atk’ésdis{ daalzhinigif, licorice candy (the candies that are black). (Ib. ’atk’ésdisf tizhinigif.) ’anazhiin, pupil of the eye (P-ndazhiin) (eyeblack). P-ndazhiin yiiba’, P gets a cataract (lit. the pupil of P’s eye turns gray). ‘atsdshzhiin, black eagle. ’azee’ haajinii, narrow-leaf gromwell, Indian paint (Lithospermum linearifolium) (black streak medicine plant). Also black stalk medicine (Lithospermum incisum Lehii). ’azee’ lizhini, many-flowered gromwell (Lithospermum multiflorum) (black medicine plant i.e. the roots are black). ’azee’ ‘aditid/tizhinigif, iodine (the burning medicine that is black). ’azhiin, mole (on the skin)(P-zhiin) (black thing). Baadshzhinii, jet (a mineral related to coal. Used ceremonially, and in jewelry). Baashzhinii ts’aa’, jet basket, basket made of jet (a ceremonial object). Baddshzhinii Dziil, Jet Mountain (a ceremonial name for Dibé Ntsaa, La Plata Mountain).

(13) (14) (15)

(16) k’fji-(~ k'fdzi-)(ni-Perf.)(507): S is black-tipped (as an animal’s tail or a bird’s wings). K’fjfin. na-(si-Perf.)(596): there is a meandering black line (as one formed by chunks of coal lying on the floor or highway). Naashjin. na-(yi-Perf.): there is a descending black line or streak. Naajin. na’a-(ni-Perf.)(555): a black strip or streak extends across. Na‘{in. na-(si-Perf.)(569): there is a circle of black, a black circle. Ndshjin. (lb. nashjin, the circle of conifer branches that form the corral for the Fire Dance.)

(17)

bee ’iilzhjhf~ bee ’iijjhi, black dye (that with which something is turned - turns - black). bee ’iijfhf(~bee ’iilzhfhi), black dye (the one with which a thing gets or turns black - the one with which a thing is made black). béésh tigaii bee yiilzhjhi, oxidizing agent for silver (in jewelry making) (that with which silver is caused to turn black). béésh tigaii bee fizhinigif, silver tarnish (that with which silver is black). chaashzhinf, Mud Dancers (featured as an optional performance on the last day of the War

Dance [’Ana’f Ndd4a’]. The dancers, smeared with mud, catch bystanders and toss them into the mud.)

(18) chézhin (~ tsézhin), lava, traprock, malpais (black rock). (19) Chézhin Nashjinf (also known as Tsé Binddyoot), Matthew’s Peak (lava with a black encircling band). (20) Chézhinf(~Tsézhinf), Black Rock, Arizona (south of Fort Defiance) (the black rock,

783

ZH{f’

ZH{f’

traprock). Also the name of the volcanic dyke that divides Canyon de Chelley and Canon del Muerto, as well as that of numerous

other

locations throughout the Navajo Country. Ch’il Haajinf, Manuelito’s Spring, New Mexico. (Hastiin Ch’il Haajinf was a famous Navajo warchief in the mid-19th century.) (black weeds extend out). ch’osh bitsiits’lin tizhinfgff, black-headed bug. ch’osh ditooftizhinigff,

k’iishzhinii,

k’jjshzhinf (Ib. ma’iidaéa’), western chokecherry

(a

da’akaz bitoo’ tizhin{gff, sorghum molasses (black cane juice), dibé binii’ daalzhinigff, black-faced sheep, Hampshire sheep (the sheep with black faces). dibé tizhinf, black sheep. Dibé Lizhinf, San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico.

diwozhiishzhiin, black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) (black greasewood). Also known as tééchaa’lyik’i ’achj’f (the one on which dogs defecate), New Mexico, located a short distance from

Pueblo Bonito. The ruin is also variously known as Kin Dootrizhf, Blue House, Greasewood House, Wegeji, Vetege-Tchi). dlozhishzhiin, dark-colored pine squirrel (the black pine squirrel).

(34)

dzidzé yooyéti tizhinigff, black berry carrier (beetle) (the black kind of beetle).

—ie)oO

Dzit Dah Zhin,

(black

speck mountain). a location in the Pinon, Arizona

(the mountain that looms up black).

Dzit Lizhinii,

Jemez Mountains, New Mexico

(black mountains). (Also as Dzitizhiin.) Dzit Naajinf, Sleeping Ute Mountain, Colorado (near Cortez, Colorado) (the mountain that slopes or extends downward black). Dzitjiin, Black Mesa, Arizona (the mountain that extends away black). Dzitk’ijf ’atah hwiishjin, painting of the lower

parts of the arms and legs and face in the Mountain Top Way). Haashch’ééshzhinf (~ Haashch’ééshzhiin), Black God (the Fire God - credited with the creation of the universe). it nashjin, brush corral (there is a black circle of evergreen branches). ‘It ndshjingo hataal, the

(43) (44) (45)

Corral Dance, Fire Dance,

‘iich’ahii dinilzhin(gff, blackish moth. ‘lich’ahii tizhinfgff, black moth. jadd neishood(tizhinigff, black leg-dragger (wasp).

oN 3 jee’lighdah tizhinigff, black ear-traveller (insect said to enter the ear) (the black one that enters the ear).

(47) ké bee néilzhfhf, black shoe polish (that with which shoes are re-blackened),

(black alder).

K’iishzhinii, Cedar Springs, Arizona.

speck).

region

blue beech, American hornbeam,

(Prunus virginiana, Prunus demissa) sumac).

Daghaashzhiin, Black Mustache (personal nickname). dah ’alzhin, dot, speck, minute, degree, inch

Dzit Dashzhinii,

(a ruin in the Chaco

ironwood (Carpinus americana)

black caterpillar.

Ziltahjini Mesa, Arizona

Kin Klizin

Canyon area, New Mexico - also known as Black Wood, Tsin tizhinf, Charcoal Place) (the building that is black).

k’aaldgii tizhin{, black butterfly.

ch’osh tizhinigff, black bug, beetle.

—ie)wo ~~

Kin tizhinf,

(black

(53) tééchaashzhiin, black dog. (54) teejin, (Ib. tséko’f), coal, lignite, black ochre (P+eejin) (black-dirt - used to make black paint for ceremonial masks). (55) teejin bit’éézh, coke (the charred remains of coal). (Cf. t’6ésh, charcoal; ’at’éézh, charred remnant.) (56) 4’ bitsiigha’ tizhinfgif, buckskin horse (P-Iif’ bitsiigha’ tizhinii) (the horse with a black mane). (57) 4° dinilzhinii, dark bay horse (P-I{f dinilzhinii) (the horse that is dark gray). (58) t{shzhiin (~ tftzhinf), black horse (P-If{shzhiin ~ P-lfftzhinf) (the horse that is black). L6k’a’deeshjin, Keams Canyon, Arizona (black line of reeds starts to extend). nahachagii tizhinigff, black grasshopper. nahak’/zii bitsiits’iin izhinfgff, black-skulled cricket (the cricket whose head is black). nahak’(zii tizhin(gff, black cricket. nak’ee sinilf tizhin(gff, sun glasses, dark glasses (the kind of glasses that are black). nak’eedzi’ tizhinfgff, argyrol (the black liquid that is put into the eyes - formerly used in the treatment of trachoma). na’ashjé’ii tizhinigff, black spider. Na’ashjé’iitsoh fizhinigff, large black spider. nat’oh tizhinf, black tobacco. naaddshzhiin,

black corn.

Naakaii tizhinii (Ib. Zhinii.), ( black Mexican).

) naafaashftizhinigff, ) ndeeshjiin,

Negro, black person

black tarantula.

the stalk of the yucca plant at the

time of its emergence from the ground. né’ézhiin, Rocky Mountain sapsucker (black nostrils?). nittsago’ tizhinigff, black rain beelte, black horned beetle). Sisnaajinii (~ Sisnaajinf, Tsisnaajinf), Sierra Blanca Peak (Sacred Mountain of the East. Also known as Jéhonaa’é{ Dziil, Sun Mountain;

and Yootgaii Dziil, White Shell Mountain). (Sis ~ Tsis is probably an obsolete noun meaning “hill, mountain,” + naajin, “it descends black.” Cf. Sarci: tsis, Beaver: shis, Chipewyan: she®, Carrier: shu6, hill.) shash fizhinii, black bear.

taniil’Af dinilzhin, brown dragonfly. tdniil’a(tizhinigff, black dragonfly. té 'iishfhf, fine leaf goosefoot, narrow leaved lamb’s quarter (Chenopodium album) (blackening water).

ZHOo

ZH{f’ (78) tPizhfshzhinf(~ t?izishzhiin), that is black).

(79)

Tsé Dijjhf, Nutria, New Mexico (northeast of Zuni) (the rock that starts to extend black?).

(80)

Tsé Naajiin, Bennett Peak, New Mexico (descending black rock). Also the name for Cabezén Butte, New Mexico. Tsé’ahalzhinf, Kit Carson’s Cave, New Mexico (cave with a black interior). tsé’éd6’ii tizhinigif, black fly. tsézhin (~ chézhin), lava, traprock, malpais (black rock).

(81) (82) (83) (84) (85)

(Probably cognate with YOG.)

black goat (the goat

ZHO4

(1) di-(ni-)(O-Imp.)(337): S is fuzzy, hairy (as one‘s arm, velvet cloth). Disho.

tsis’ndtsoh fizhinigif,

black bumblebee, big black bee. tsiigha bee yiilzhjhf, black hair dye (that with which hair is dyed black).

NOUN

(91)

£9Z

w6dé’etchihi tizhinigif, black red-horned insect (a type of beetle). woéde’etchfihii tizhinigff, black stink bug. wolachiishzhiin (~ wélachi? tizhinigff, wolachi?’ dithitigff),

DERIVATIVES

(1) ‘iich’ahii dishoofgff, furry moth. (2) naak’a’at’ahi dishoo/, velvet (fuzzy cloth). (3) na’azoQzii dishooigff, furry velvet ant. (4) tsé’éd¢’ii dishoo/f, fuzzy fly.

ant.

(88) (90)

Occurs with di-(ni-)

|. di-(ni-)-t-(ti):

(86) w6dé’atsahiitsoh tizhinigif, big black pinching (87)

NAVAJO:

thematic and t-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “furry, velvety, hairy.”

(PPA *shux > PA *shux: frost. *shux > PA *zhugh [#]: damp,

black red ant.

ZHOo2

wolachi?’ bitt’aajj’ tizhinigif, black-buttocked red

PPA

frosty.)

ant.

(92)

(93) (94) (95)

(96)

Ya’niilzhiin,

(97) (98)

known as Na’neelzhiin, black spots extend across - a reference to an old string of boundary markers placed in Spanish times.) yaayadhalzhiin, desert sparrow (black throat). zhfii, raven (black one).

F. (1)

NAVAJO: Noun stem SHOH: frost. Occurs: (1) with thematized tclassifier as the theme in a verb base that describes the movement of moisture; (2) with t-classifier and (usually) nd-Reversionary in bases meaning “moisten, dampen (lit. re-moisten, re-dampen O;” and (3) with

wolazhiin (~ wélazhinf), black ant. W6lazhin/ ’ahéédin?ahi~ ’ahéédinfaii, half and half black ant. W6lazhinf ’atts’ffsigif, small black ant. W6lazhinf bit’a’ hdélénigif, winged black ant. W6lazhinf bitsiijj’ tich?igif, red-headed black ant. Wolazhinf bitt’aajj’ tizhinigff, blackbuttocked black ant. W6lazhinf naazt’i’, lineforming black ant. W6lazhinf nitchxonf, stinking black ant. W6lazhinf yazhf, small black ant. W6lazhinitsoh ~ w6lazhinf ntsxaazfgif, large black ant, carpenter ant. W6lazhinitsoh naat’ag/, flying black ant. Wélazhinfttsool, yellow black ant. W6lazhinittsoof naat’ag/, flying yellow black ant. W6lazhinf dithitigff, dark black ant. W6lazhinf atts ffsigff naazt’i’ fehigif, tiny line-forming black ants. W6lazhinf naiiitts’A’igff, listening black ant. wodneesch jjdii tizhinigff, black cicada. wo6seek ’idii tizhinigif, black humped insect. yadiniilzhiin, scarecrow, (the one that stands up dark). Torreén, New Mexico.

L-classifier in bases meaning “become damp, moist,

wet (constructed as Simple Passives “be moistened.”) t-classifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to produce SH-, but under D-effect t- vocalizes and stem-initial

ZH- reappears (LZH-). (Cf. TLEE’.) IMP. A.MOM. B.CONCL. GANEUME:

zhé66h zhoh -

A.

USI = zhoh zhoh .

PERE

EUTS

ORT

zho zhoh zhoh

zhoh zhoh -

zh6oh zhoh -

MOMENTANEOUS

I. £-(ti):

(Formerly

(1) P-ghd-(ni/ni)(193): S (moisture) penetrates P, moisture comes through P (as through a wall).

Bighdshddh/bighdnisho bighanddndshdoh).

(bighandashdoh:

B. CONCLUSIVE

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

I. nd-t-(tt):

t’&d ndhitiijjhh bik’eh, every evening.

(1) n&-(@/si)(571): to moisten O, dampen O, make O wet. Nashshoh/nishéshoh (ninddnashoh). (Non-Reversionary yishshoh* is not in use - itis assumed that the object has been moist previously.)

785

ZHOo (2) naha-(~ naho-)(@/si)(532):

ZHOOD

A. CONTINUATIVE

to wet down an area

(as a hogan floor, dooryard, driveway).

Nahashshoh/ nahoshéshoh

I. ’(a-)-di-O-(ti):

(ninaédhdashshoh).

(1) n’di-(@/yi)(674): itis drizzling, misting, there is a gentle shower. N’dizhot/n’difzhot (ninda’dizhot).

Il. na-L-(ti/Simple Passive): (1) na-(@/si)(560): S gets wet; O is moistened, dampened, wetted. Ndalzhoh/ndshzhoh (ninddnalzhoh). (2) naha-(~ nadho-)(@/si): area gets wet, area is

Stem noun: joy, fun thing. (Cf. verb root ZHOOD: be[come] beautiful.)

wetted down, moistened (as a hogan floor,

driveway, dooryard). (ninddhalzhoh).

C.

Nahdalzhoh/nahdshzhoh

NEUTER

(PPA

“*zhut’ [It]: slide.)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning “massive object or mass moves in a heavy sliding manner.” Occurs: (1) with Lclassifier as the theme in a broad range of verb bases describing heavy sliding move-

(1) (si-Perf.)(793):

S is moist, damp, O has been moistened (an object). Yishzhoh.

ment;

NOUN

> PA

ZHOOD

|. L-(ti/Simple Passive):

D.

*shut’

DERIVATIVES

(1) dit bee yishzhohigff, blood plasma which the blood is wet).

(2) with L-causative “make O slide, drag O;”

and (3) with @-classifier in Neuter Perfective bases that describe a mass or heavy bulky object at rest. tclassifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to produce SH-, but under D-effect ZH- reappears (LZH-).

(that with

IMPS=SUS/ITRMPERET

(Cf. Sarci zul: be wooly, bushy, soft like wool.)

ZHOL{

Trans.

B.CONT.| C DIS: D.REV.

I. L-(ti): (yi-Perf.)(764):

S is soft, tender, fluffy, downy (as

soft skin, rabbit fur,

(2)

[with *-t suffix?] Cf. Sarci zuh-a?; NAVAJO: Occurs with ’(a)-dithematic and @-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “drizzle, mist, shower gently.” Cf. noun stem -ZHOOL: crumbs, small fragments. (Tsineheeshji(’ bizhool, sawdust; tézhool,

ENEURE

-

-

A.CONT.

OPN

zhot

zhot

zhot

zhot

zhot

-

zhdd6d

zhood

:

zhot

zhod

zhot/ zhood

-

-

-

-

-

MOMENTANEOUS

’a-(@/yi)(486):

S slides away out of sight. ‘lilzhood/ ’eelzhddd (’andlzhood:’andanalzhood). SER.(@/si) (63): to slide away one after another. ’Adahalzhood/’ adahaashzhd6éd (andahalzhood:’andddahalzhood). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iilzhood, S slides down from a height (as down an arroyo

# P-it’iilzhood,

P rides away on S (a sled).

# Yah ’iilzhood,

S slides into an enclosure (as

into a hole), # Y66’ ’iilzhood, S slides, sails, drifts away and disappears.

hangs in the air following a shower.)

PER Ee Ute

zhdé6d

-

zhot

bank or sloped rooftop).

mist, the mist-like rain that

!S7/ae

zhod = zho’

-

|. L-(ti/Passive):

moisten

IMPIe

zhddéd

A.

drizzle.)

spray, mist; nfttsazhool,

zho’

-

— (1)

ZHOL

zhood

E.CURS.

a bunch of wool or cotton, a

soft pillow). Yilzhdélf (daalzhélf: d.p.). ho-(yi-Perf.)(461): area is soft (as a grassy spot, a thick lawn, a sand pile). Hoolzhdli.

(Perhaps related to ZHOH:

EUITRORT:

A.MOM.

NAVAJO: Occurs with L-classifier in a Neuter Perfective verb base meaning “soft, fluffy, downy, tender.”

(1)

VPROG™

(2) ’ada-(~ bida-/nada-)(@/yi)(378): to slide down

from a height (as down an arroyo bank, downa

sloping roof). “Adaashzhood/’adaashzhdd6d (‘adandashzhood: ’adandadndshzhood)(1st pers. pl); ’adaalzhood/’adaalzhédéd (’adandlzhood:

786

ZHOOD

ZHOOD

(3)

(15)

’adanddndlzhood)(3rd pers. sgl/dpl). SER. (@/si)(376). ’Adahiilzhood/’adahaalzhééd (‘adandhaalzhood:’adandadhaalzhood). ’ada’a-(~ bida’a-/hada’a-)(@/yi)(377): unspecified S goes down, descends (an elevator).

(4)

(5) (6) (7)

(8) (9)

(10) (11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(16)

*Ada’alzhood/’ada’oolzhddéd (’adana’alzhood: ’adanaa’alzhood). # P-it ’ada’alzhood, P goes down in the elevator, P takes the elevator down (lit. something descends in company with P - the passenger). ’aha-(~ ’aho-)((O/yi)(38): impersonal it or “things” moves away out of sight (reference is to the clouds) = it clears off, the weather clears. ’Ahalzhood/’ahoolzhé6éd (’anahalzhood: ’andahalzhood). # Y66’ ’ahalzhood, it clears off (the clouds move away and disappear). # Y66’ ’andhalzhood, it clears back off (the clouds move back away and disappear). ’ahénd-(ni/ni)(46): S moves sliding around ina circle. ’Ahéndlzhood/’ahénalzhddd. ’ahé6hi-(@/si)(48): S moves sliding around and around in circles. ’"Ahééhélzhood/’ahééheeshzhdédd. ’ahidee-(@/yi)(807): S sideswipe each other, brush against each other (as two cars, sleds, toboggans). ‘Ahideelzhood/’ahidéélzhééd (ah(ndddeelzhood). ’atts’d-(ni/ni)(107): S slide apart, separate. ’Alts’Alzhood/‘atts’alzhédd (‘atts ’aAndlzhood: ’atts’Anddnalzhood). P-idee-(@/yi)(807): S sideswipes P., grazes or brushes against P (as a sled or toboggan that grazes an object). Yideelzhood/yidéélzhdéd (yindddeelzhood). P-nd-(@/si)(228): S slides around P. Yindlzhood/yinadshzhdé6d. P-nikd-(ni/ni)(236): S slides through P (as through an opening). Yinfkalzhood/ yinkalzhédéd. ch’i-(ni/ni)(292): S slides out horizontally. Ch’élzhood/ch’élzhd6d (ch ’inalzhood: ch’indanalzhood). ch’f-(@/yi)(279): S slides out horizontally (completive). Ch’élzhood/ch‘éélzhddd. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’élzhood, S slides over the edge (as a boulder over a precipice. # P-it ’adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’élzhood, to slide over the edge on S (as a rider ona sled). di-(Q/si)(320): S starts to move along sliding (as a sled or toboggan), S starts to skid along (as a car on adry surface). Dilzhood/deeshzhddd. # P-itdilzhood, S goes into a skid with P (asa car with its rider, driver or passenger). # P-it ’adah (~ bidah/hadah) dilzhood, to coast downhill on S (as a person ona sled),

(17)

dii-(@/@)(343)(with prepounded dah, off): S starts off sliding (as a sled). Dah diilzhood/dah diilzhédéd (dah ndddiilzhood). # P-it dah diilzhood, P starts off in S (asona toboggan or sled). dzidza-(@/yi)(354): S slides into the fire.

Dzidzaalzhood/dzidzaalzhééd. ha-(@/si)(428): S goes up, ascends, climbs up (an elevator). Haalzhood/haashzhd6éd (handlzhood:handandlzhood). # P-ithaalzhood, P goes up in S, P takes the elevator up (lit. S climbs up in company

(18)

(19)

with P). ha’a-(@/si)(402): unspecified S climbs up (ina sliding manner)(an elevator), Ha’alzhood/ ha’ashzhé6d (hana’dlzhood:handa’alzhood). # P-itha’alzhood, P goes up by elevator, takes the elevator up (lit. something goes sliding up in company with P). na-(@/yi)(600): to slide down from a height (as down a sloping roof). Naashzhood/naashzhééd (nindandshzhood),. # P-ik’ijj’ naashzhood, to slide down onto P. (ni/ni)(764):

S goes, comes, arrives moving ina

heavy sliding manner (through the air or over a surface)(a cloud, cloud of smoke, sled). Yilzhood/yizhé6éd (ndlzhood:naanalzhood). # P-aa yilzhood, S comes to P (as a cloud of smoke, a big car, a home). (E.g. Chidf nizhénf shaa yilzhddéd, | gota nice big car - Lit. a nice big car came to me.) # -g66 yilzhood, S slides to (a designated destination).

# -g66 P-ityfzhood,

S goes sliding to (a

specified location - as ona sleigh). (21) ni-(ni/ni)(648): O is slid into place (as a log), O is built (a big structure); S slides as faras a stopping point. Niilzhood/niilzhééd (ninalzhood:ninaanal-zhood). # Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) niilzhood, S slides across (as across a road). (22) w6’a-(G/yi)(745): S slides off the edge (as a boulder or barrel from an arroyo bank or

wagon). W6’aalzhood/w6é’aalzhé66d (w6’andlzhood:w6’andandlzhood). SER.(@/si): S slide off one after another (as barrels from a wagon). W6’adahalzhood/w6’adahaashzh6dd. (23) (G/yi)(764): S slides (completive). Yilzhood/ yilzhééd (ndlzhood:nadnalzhood). SER.(@/si)(445). Hilzhood/ heeshzhddd. # P-iih yilzhood, the mud).

S slides into P (as a log into

# P-k’ddh yilzhood, S strikes against P (colliding, as a log against a car). # Taah yilzhood, S slides into the water (as a

log).

I. £-(tt):

# Ndfshzho’ (Usit.), to play on the slides (asa (1)

child in a playground),

787

’a-(@/yi)(485): to drag O away out of sight (a heavy log, trunk, sled). ‘lishshood/ifshéd6d

ZHOOD

ZHOOD

(‘andshshood:’anddashshood). SER.(@/si)(65). ’Ahishshood/’ahéshdééd (’andhdshshood: ‘anddhashshood). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishshood, to drag O

# #

# # #

(11)

down from a height (as a log down a hillside). -g66 ’iishshood, to drag O away to (a designated destination). Nahjj’ (~ nahg66) ’iishshood, to drag O aside, out of the way (as a dead horse from the road. Nii’oh ‘iishshood, to drag O away out of view. Yah ’iishshood, to drag O into an enclosure (as into a building, corral). Y66’ ’iishshood, to drag O away and get rid

(12) P-nd-(@/si)(227): to drag O around P (asa (13)

(14 a

of it, drag O away and disappear. ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(380): to drag or slide O down from a height (as a large bag of wool

(15)

from a platform). 'Adaashshood/’adddshdd6d (adanashshood:’adanddandashshood). SER. (@/si)(381): to drag O down one after another. "Adahashshood/’adahéshddd (’adandhashshood:’adanddahashshood), ‘aha-(O/yi or ni/ni)(41): to separate O by dragging O apart (as two large bags of wool), ’‘Ahashshood/ ’ahddshddéd or ’ahdnishshood/ ’ahanishddd.

(4)

(16)

‘ahéé-(ni/ni)(53):

to drag or pull O around ina circle, to make a circuit pulling or dragging O (as asled). ’Ahéénishshood/’ahéénishddd. # P-naago p-it ’ahéénishshood, to pull O around P with p (as a person ona sled -

(17)

E.g. Shideezhf tsin naalzhoodf hooghan binaago bit ’ahéénishddd, | pulled my little sister around the hogan ona sled.

(5)

"ahééhi-(@/si)(48):

to pull O around and around in circles (as a sled), "Ahééhéshshood/ ‘ahééhéshddd. ‘atnand-(@/yi)(96): to pull or drag O toa

(18)

destination or place and back.

’Ainadnashshood/ainadnddashddd. Ibid ’atndato drag or pull O to a location and back. ’Atnddnfshshood/’atnadnishddd. # -g66 ’atndndsho’ (Usit.), to drag or pull O back and forth to -- (a designated location - as a sled back and forth to to drag O apart (two heavy

(19 ==

objects, as a pair of wrecked cars).

(8)

(9)

wrecked car around a hill, a sled around a hogan). Bindshshood/binishéshddd. P-nika-(ni/ni)(236): to drag O through P (as a sled or a heavy log through a gateway). Binfkanishshood/binikanishdé6d (binikananishshood:binfkanddanishshood). P-ts’a-(ni/ni)(256): to drag O away from P, separate O from P by dragging (as a heavy log from a pile). Bits’anishshood/bits’anishé6d (bits’andanishshood: bits’andanfshshood). SER.(@/si)(252). Bits’Aahashshood/bits’ahéshddd (bits’Aanahashshood:bits’a4naahashshood. ch ’f-(ni/ni)(294): to drag O out horizontally (as a heavy trunk out of aroom). Ch’inishshood/ch’(nfshdéd (ch’indnishshood:ch 'inddnishshood). SER.(@/si)(276). Ch’éhéshshood/ch’éhéshd6d (ch’indhashshood: ch inddhdshshoog). # P-fighahg66 ch’fnfshshood, to drag O past P (a stationary object). ch’f-(@/yi)(279): to drag O out horizontally (completive). Ch’éshshood/ch’ééshdédd. # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ch’éshshood, to drag O over the edge (as alog overa precipice). di-(@/si)(338): to start to drag O along (as a log, a heavy trunk). Dishshood/déshééd (ndishshood:nadadishshood). # P-ch’j’ dishshood, to drag O toward P. # -g66 déshddd, to be on the way dragging O to -- (a designated destination), to be going to drag O to --. # Nadas dishshood, to drag O forward. dii-(@/O)(347)(with prepounded dah, off): to set out or start off dragging O (as a sled, heavy

log). Dah dishshood/dah diishééd

(ni/ni)(100):

school). ’atts’A-(ni/ni)(107):

(bik’indshshood:bik ’indanashshood). P-k’ii-(@/@)(210): to drag O onto P, cover P by dragging O onto (it)(as a log or box). Bik’iishshood/bik’iishédéd (bik’inéishshood: bik’inddnéishshood).

’Atts’Ashshood/’alts’adshdd6d or ’atts’dnishshood/’atts’anishddd. P-gha-(ni/ni)(191): to drag O through P (as a heavy log through a fence). Bighdanishshood/ bighanishdédd (bighdndnishshood:bighandanishshood).

(20)

P-(dee-(@/yi)(807):

to sideswipe P with O, brush against or graze P with O (something that one is dragging, as a sled, log). Bideeshshood/ bidééshdéd (bindddeeshshood). (10) P-k’i-(@/yi)(202): to drag O off of P(as an attacker off another person, a log off a person). Bik’eeshshood/ bik’ééshdd6d

788

(dah

ndiishshood:dah naddiishshood). # P-ts’Aa’ dah diishshood, to make off with P’s O, start off with O without P’s consent. (E.g. Bilagdana léi’ bijh yiyiisxinée bits’Aa’ dah diishédd, | made off with the deer that some white man killed.) dzidza-(@/yi)(359): to drag O onto the fire (as a heavy log). Dzidzaashshood/dzidzadshé6d (dzidzanadanashshood). SER.(@/si): to drag O one after another onto the fire. Dzidzahashshood/dzidzahdashd6d (dzidzandadhdshshood). ha-(@/yi)(435): to drag O up out (as a log out of the mud or out from under something). Haashshood/hdadashééd (handshsood:handanashshood). # P-ii’déé’ haashshood, to drag O out of P (as a heavy rock out of a hole). # P-yaadéé’ haashshood, to drag O out from beneath P (as a person out from beneath an overturned car).

ZHOOD

ZHOOD

(21) ha-(@ or si/si)(435): to drag O up, climb up dragging or pulling O (a heavy object, as a sled oralog up anincline). Haashshood or hashishshood/hashéshddéd (handashshood: handdnashshood). SER.(@/si)(393): to drag O up one after another (as rocks or timbers, up an incline). Hahashshood/hahdashdé6éd (handhashshood:handahdashshood). # P-aah haashshood or hashishshood, to drag O up the side of P (as up a hillside). # P-kda’jj’ (~ P-ghda’jj’) haashshood or hashishshood, to drag O to the top of P (as to a hilltop, housetop). # P-k’ee’aa haashshood, to detour around P dragging O (as around a pond or puddle while dragging a sled). # Niinah géde haashshood or hashishshood, to drag O up a slope, climb a slope dragging O (as a sled). (22) na-(@/yi)(599): to drag O down from a height (as a deer carcass down from a mountainside). Naashshood/ndadshddéd (nindshshood: ninddshshood). (23) nahi-(@/si)(529): to turn O around or over (as a

# -jj’ ninishshood, to drag O as far as -- (a designated stopping point). (E.g. Nastddn bikoohdda’jj’ ninfshdéd, | dragged the log up to the edge of the canyon.) # Ni’ ninishshood, to stop dragging O. # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ninishshood, to drag O across (as across a road). (29) tadi-(@/yi)(699): to go about here and there dragging O (as achild pulling a toy wagon about, a horse dragging arope). Tadishshood/ tadiishddéd. (30) tsftts’d-(ni/ni)(736): to drag or pull O away from fire or water, drag O ashore (a cooking pot out of the fire, a heavy trunk from a ship). Tsftts’Anishshood/tsitts’anishdé6d (tsitts’andnishshood:tsftts’andaanishshood).

big box). Nahdshshood/nahdshddd.

(24) (25)

(26)

(Also as a

Reversative: nahdashshod.) nahidee-(@/yi)(535): to turn O over, or around, to upset O (by dragging, as a dead horse, a car hulk). Ndhideeshshood/nahidééshddd. naana-(@/si)(588): to drag O around, turn O around by dragging (as a plow), make a turn while dragging O. Naandshshood/naanishéshééd (naaninddnashshood). # Bizdndghahjigo naandshshood, to drag O around a corner. ndii-(@/B)(616): to lift or raise O up by dragging it (as a dead sheep, mattress, heavy box).

(27)

Ndiishshood/ndiishé6d (ninddiishshood: nindddiishshood). (ni/ni)(565-662): to go, come, arrive dragging O, to take or bring O (to a destination - by drag-

SER.(@/si)(735): to drag O away from the fire one after another (as one’s chairs and tables

from a burning house). Tsflts’ahashshood/ tsftts’ahashddéd. (31) (yi)(789): to drag O (completive). Yishshood/ yishé66d (ndshshood:nadndshshood). SER. (Q/si)(448). Hishshood/héshddéd (ndhashshood:ndaahdashshood). # P-iih yishshood, to drag O into P (as a log into a truck). P-iih hishshood, to drag O one after another into P (as logs into a truck). # Nii’oh yishshood,

to drag O out of view.

# Taah yishshood, to drag O into the water (é a log, boat). (32) yisda-(O/yi)(773): to drag O to safety (as a person from a burning building or from quicksand). Yisddshshood/ yisdaddshd6d. SER. (@/si)(771): to drag O one after another to safety, rescue O one after another by draggin them. Yisddhdshshood/yisdahashddd.

B.

CONTINUATIVE

ging it, as a sled, log). Nishshood/nishé6d

(28)

(nanishshood:ndanishshood). # P-aa nishshood, to take or bring O to P (by dragging - as a heavy bag of wool, a timber, chair). # P-aa ndnishshood, to return O to P (by dragging - as a heavy trunk). # -g66 nishshood, to drag O to (a designated destination). ni-(ni/ni)(652): to drag O as far as a stopping point, to stop dragging O, to build O (a big building). Ninishshood/ninfshééd (ninanish-

shood:ninddanishshood). SER.(@/si)(622). Neheshshood/nihéshd6d (nindhdshshood: nindahdashshood). # P-chd ninishshood, to bunch or concentrate O (as cattle that have been rounded up).

# P-ch& ninishshood, to get a trick hold on P (in wrestling. E.g. Shinaaf bit na’ahinishtaahgo shicha niinfshé6d, my older brother got a trick hold on me while we were wrestling.)

- L-(ti): (1)

na-(@/si)(599):

(2)

S slides or drifts around about (i sled, cloud). Naalzhood/naashzhdéd6d. # P-it naalzhood, P is riding around on S (as sled). na’a-(@/si)(553): unspecified S is sliding about (as a sled). Na’alzhood/na’ashzhdéd. # P-itna’alzhood, P is sleigh-riding.

I. t-(tt): (1)

na-(@/si)(599): to drag O around here and ther (as a plow or harrow). Naashshood/ nishéshdééd (ninddshshood). # P-itnaashshood, to pull P around onO, p O around (in company) with P. (E.g. Shideezhf naalzhcoodi bit naashshood I’m pulling my little sister around ona

ZHOOD

ZHOOD

cloud, a cloud of smoke or dust). Yilzhot/ deflzhood (ndalzhot:nddndalzhot). # Génaa yilzhot, S is drifting, sailing or sliding across. ’a-(yi): unspecified S is sliding along (a sleigh). *Oolzhot. # P-it ’oolzhot, P is riding along in a sleigh. bicha-(yi)(170): to move along in the form of a compact group (as a “bunch” of sheep). Bichdaiilzhot (1st pers. pl) (bichailzhot 3rd pers. pl). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) bichdiilzhot, we go across in a compact group. bichaénaana-(yi)(170): S are milling about, moving to and fro in a bunch or throng.

sled - i.e. I’m pulling a sled around with my little sister.) # P-k’i naashshood,

to drag O around over P (

a harrow over a field, a drag overa road). (E.g. ’Ak’inaalzhoodf shida’ak’eh bik’i naashshood, |’m harrowing my field.) # -g66 nishéshddd, to have dragged or pulled O to -- (a designated place) and back to the point of departure (making a round trip). (E.g. Naalyéhé ba hooghangd6 naalzhoodf nishéshdééd, | made a round trip to the trading post, pulling a sled.)

(2)

na’a-(@/si)(552): to drag (a road), harrow (a field) (lit. to drag unspecified O about here and

there). Na’ashshood/ni’shéshd6d shood). # ’Ak’ina’ashshood,

Bichanaandalzhot. (E.g. Halgaidi tf” bichanaanaalzhot, the horses are milling about, running and turning, on the plain. Be’ak’id bikda’gi

(ninda’ash-

to be harrowing, doing

naal’eeti bichanaandalzhot, the pond is black with ducks - a flock of ducks is swarming on the

the harrowing (lit. to be dragging something unspecified around on something unspecified). (E.g. Da’ak’ehdi ’ak’i na’ashood,

(5)

he’s in the field harrowing.)

# ’Atiing66 na’ashshood, to drag a road (in order to make it smooth). # P-k’i na’ashshood,

(6)

be dragging unspecified O around on P). bik’i na’ashshood,

unspecified S is sliding along back (a sleigh, sled). Na’oolzhot. # P-itna’oolzhot,

to be harrowing P (lit. to

(E.g. Shida’ak’eh

pond. na’a-(yi)(560):

I’m

(7)

harrowing my field.)

C. DISTRIBUTIVE

# P-it naana’oolzhot,

P is riding about to and

fro ina sleigh.

I.£-(tt): . £-(tt):

(1) nda-(@/si)(604): to drag 3+ O into position here and there (as heavy logs or rocks). Ndaashshood/ndashéshd6d (nindddaashshood).

# P-ch’dah ndaashshood,

(yi)(789): to be dragging O along (a log, deer carcass, sleigh). Yishshot/deinfilzhood (nddashshot:naddnaashshot).

to drag O into

position to impede P (as to drag rocks into position to delay the progress of a

(2)

P is returning by sleigh,

sleighing back. naana-(yi)(170): S is sliding about to and fro. Naanaalzhot. naana’a-(yi)(585): unspecified S is sliding about to and fro (being dragged about). Naana’oolzhot.

pursuer)(lit. to drag 3+ O into position in P’s way - blocking P). P-ta-(@/si)(249): to distribute O to P (by dragging O - as trussed up calves, bags of wool).

(2)

Bitaashshood/ bitaashéshddd.

D.

# P-ityishshot, to be pulling P along on O (as a child on a sled). # Géonaa yishshhot, to be dragging O across. nahi-(yi)(533): to be turning O over and over or around and around (as a log, mattress). Naheeshshot/ ndahiinfilzhood. naana-(yi)(588): to be dragging O around to and fro (as a harrow, log). Naandashshot/ naande/niilzhood.

REVERSATIVE

|, £-(tt): Fee (1)

nahi-(@/si)(529): to turn O over or around (by dragging - as a dead horse, a large mattress). Nahashshod/ nahdshddd.

. B-(ti): (1)

E.

CURSIVE

|. L-(ti/Passive):

(1)

NEUTER

(yi)(764): S is sailing, sliding or drifting along (a

(si-Perf.)(694): S sits, lies, is (in position)(a huge object, animate or inanimate, as a building, tree, boulder, elephant, mountain). Shizhzhdédéd (nadandashshddéd: another one sits or lies.) # Bicha shizhzhddd (~ bichdshizhzhddd). S stand bunched together, S form a compact “bunch” or crowd (as cattle, horses, people).

790

ZHOO’

ZHOOD # P-tsii’ dah shizhzhdéd,

(9)

jddd neishoodf, leg-dragger (various types of insects that drag their legs, as digger wasps, spider wasps,). Jadd neishoodf biyazhi, legdragger’s young. Jadd neishoodf doottizhigff, blue or green leg-dragger. Jadd neishooditsoh (~ jA4dd neishoodf ntsaajigff), large leg-dragger. Jdad neishoodits’60z (~ jdad neishoodf ’Alts’66zigif), slender leg-dragger. Jadd neishoodftizhinigif, red leg-dragger. (10) tees’dan yilzhdédf, The Milky Way (lit. bread was dragged or strewn along). (lb. Yikafsdahi). (11) na’alzhood{, checkers (game) (the ones that are dragged about). (12) na’ash@’ii, lizard, reptile, snake (apparently from na’asho’, it customarily moves about dragging

P has an Afro hair-

do. # De shizhzhdédd, the pointis curled up (as the toe of a moccasin).

# Dzit shizhzhdédéd, there is a big mountain, a big mountain sits. # Lif P-it bicha shizhzhéd6d, P are bunched

(2)

(3)

together on horseback (a group of horsemen). # T’iis naazhzhddd, there are some big cottonwoods. bicha-(si-Perf.)(170): there is a mob, S are in the form of a compact bunch. Bichdshizhzhddd. (E.g. Nléidi diné t’66 ’ahay6f bichdshizhzhddd, there’s a mob of people over there.) P-k’idi-(ni-Perf.)(203): S sits on P (joined to P -

something - as its tail). Na’ashd@’ii doottizh/,

green lizard, mountain boomer. Na’ash@’iitbahi, gray lizard. Na’ashd’ii nood¢zigff, striped lizard. Na’ash@’ii bitsee’ yee da’dithatigif, crocodile, alligator (large lizard that strikes with its tail). (Ib. tatkaa’ts’in.) Na’ash@’iitoh{, Lizard Spring, Arizona (about ten miles west of Ganado) (lizard-spring).

as a large Mexican hat), P has S on.

Bik’idézhddd.

(E.g. Naakaii bich’ah shik’i-

dézhdodgo

’ashi’doolkid, | had my picture taken with a Mexican hat on.) di-(ni-Perf.)(310): a massive or bulky object hangs or dangles (attached to something - as a large bag, bell, purse), Dézhddd. dini-(ni-Perf.)(822): S droops over (as a pine bough heavy with snow). Dinéezhddd. na-(si-Perf.)(602): S sit or lie about (heavy or massive objects, as big chairs, large bags of wool, boulders, mountains),

(7)

na’ash@’ii yildee’, lizard-horn (plant) (Asclepidora decumbens) (it is like a lizard’s horn). naalzhood/, sleigh, sled (of the commercial type)

(the one that is dragged or pulled about). tsinaalzhoodi, sled (the homemade type) (the wood that is dragged or pulled about). Tsinaalzhood/ biyaa sinilfgff, sled runners (the things that lie beneath a sled).

Naazhzhdédéd

(ndaazhzhddéd: d.p,). (Plural corresponding to shizhzhdéd.) (ni-Perf.)(665): S sit or lie in a line, row or series (large chairs, boulders, mountains). Nizhédéd (dan(zhdd6d: d.p.).

(~ ch’izhood)

# ’Atkéé’ nizhddd, S lie ina row, one behind the other.

ZHOOD G.

NOUN

Ddgha Shizhddd (shizhzhédéd),

(PPA

*shug

> PA

“zhug

[t]: comb.)

ZHOO’

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-(L) classifier as the theme in verb bases meaning “brush, sweep, comb.” t-classifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to produce SH-, but t- vocalizes under D-effect and ZH reappears (LZH-).

Bunched

(personal nickname).

dddadilkat ’aa ndilzho’f,

sliding door, pocket door

(the door that is repeatedly dragged open). 66’ neishoodii, priest, preacher, missionary (the

IMP.

person who drags his shirt or garment around. Reference is to the frocks worn by Franciscan

USWITAS

PERFS

SBUIt

ee e eee

priests). ’E6’ neishoodii bi’6é’ danineezigf, Catholic, Roman Catholic, Catholic priest (the priest or cleric with the long garment). ES’

(7)

feet being rubbed against the floor.

DERIVATIVES

’ak’ina’alzhood{ (~ ’ak’inaalzhoodf), harrow (something is dragged about on something). ’ak’inaalzhoodf(~ ’ak’ina’alzhoodf), harrow (it is dragged around on something). ’andaalzho’f (~ hdddaalzho’f), drawer (the ones that slide away out of sight, or out). Mustache

Onomatopoetic.

Imitates a shuffling sound, as that of

A.MOM] B.DUR,

zhdé6h~—

zhoh

zh66’

= zhoh

zhd6h

C.CONT.

zhooh

zhoh

zh6d’

zhoh

zhooh

SS

neishoodii bi’éé’ ’Adaatts’fisf yigif, Protestant, Protestant preacher (the priest or cleric whose garment is small or short). hdddaalzho’f (~ ’andaalzho’f), drawer (the ones

ORT: — ———

A.

MOMENTANEOUS

I, L-(tt):

that are pulled out repeatedly, or slid in).

(8) hot haéddaalzho’igif, pasenger elevator (the ones

(1)

that are repeatedly dragged or pulled up with people).

791

’a-(@/yi)(485): to brush or sweep O away out of sight. ‘lishsh6d6h/'fish66’ (’anadshshdoh: ’anddndshshooh).

ZHOO’

ZHOO’

(5)

(6)

I. L-(tr):

# ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’iishshd6h, to sweep O down from a height (as snow from a roof). # P-yaa ’iishshé66h, to sweep O in under P (as dirt under a rug). # Nahjj’ (~ nahg66) ’iishshédéh, to sweep O aside, out of the way (as trash). # Nii’oh ’iishshééh, to sweep O out ofview. # Yah ’iishshd6h, to brush or sweep O into an enclosure (as dirt into a hole). ’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11): to brush or sweep O down from a height (as snow or leaves from a roof). ’Adaashshé6h/’adadshé60o’. ’ahani-(ni/ni)(40): to brush or sweep O together into a pile (as trash on the floor, pinyon nuts). ’Ahaninishshd66h/’ahaninish66’ (’ahanindanishshd6h) or ’athaninishdéd6h/athaninishdd’. P-’nii-(@/@)(220): to start to brush or comb O, start to shell O (corn). Bi’niishshdé6h/ bi’niishdd’. ch’(-(ni/ni)(294): to sweep O out horizontally (as trash out a door). Ch’infshshédéh/ch’inishdd’ (ch’fnanishshd6h:ch’indanishshdoh). ch’fho-(ni/ni)(285): to sweep out an area (asa room, hogan). Ch’fhonishshééh/ch’thonishé6’ (ch’fndhonishshddh:ch inddhonishshéo6h). di-(@/si)(330): to start to sweep O along. Dishshdé6h/déshéd’. ha-(@/yi)(435: to brush O out, sweep O out (as dandruff from the hair, dirt from an enclosed space). Haashshdédh/hdadashd6’ (handshshdoh: handdandshshdoh). # P-ii’déé’ haashshdé6h, to sweep O out of P (as trash out of a wagon). # P-yaadéé’ haashshd6éh, to sweep or brush

(1)

(2)

brush one’s hair, comb one’s hair.

’Adishzh66h/’Adéshzh66’ (’Andddishzhdoh). the cat grooms itself.

# Mésf’Adilzhdéh,

C. CONTINUATIVE I.£-(tt): naha-(~ naho-)(@/si)(532): to sweep an area (as a floor, dooryard), brush an area (as a tabletop). Nahashshooh/nahoshésh66’ (ninddhdashshooh).

D.

bé’6zh66’,

brush

bee nahalzhoohf, area is swept).

broom

(P-bé’ézhdd’).

(that with which something is

broom,

(that with which an

béésh naadda@’ bee yilzhéhf, corn-sheller (mechanical) (machine with which corn is shelled). ch’ilzhd6’, silver sagebrush, silvery wormwood, sand sage (Artemisia filifolia) (flexible plant). Ch’ilzhé66’, Chambers, Arizona.

na-(@/yi)(594): to sweep or brush O down from a height (as snow from a roof). Naashshdé6h/ ndashdo’. (10) nahi-(@/si)(532): to sweep or brush O together into a pile (as crumbs, pinyon nuts). Nahashshd6éh/nahashodo’. (11) ndii-(@/@)(616): to sweep or brush O up (as litter from the floor), pick O up by brushing or

66’ bee yilzhéhi, whisk broom, clothes brush (that with which clothing is brushed). ké bee yilzhéhi,

shoe brush (that with which shoes are brushed), kin g6ne’ bee ndahalzhoohigif, vacuum sweeper (that with which a house interior is swept). kintahg66 bee ndahalzhoohigff, street sweeper (that with which areas are swept in town). tif bee yilzhéhf, curry comb (that with which a horse is brushed). (13) naadda’ bee yilzhéhf, corn sheller (that with which corn is shelled). (14) tazhii bibé’6zhd6’, turkey’s wattle (turkey’s brush). (15) tsé baah naalzhé6’, a type of griddle cake made by grinding corn on a metate, and making a mush that is baked over the fire. The fine corn flour is literally “swept” off the metate - thus the name. (itis swept or brushed off the stone). (16) tsétah bé’6zhd66’, broom grass. (Ib. ’atsa’ bé’6zhd66’.) (17 ~— tsiigha bee yilzhéhi, hairbrush (that with which hair is brushed).

Ndiishshédh/ndiishé6’ (ninddiish-

shd6h or nadddiishshd6h:nindddiishshdoh).

B. DURATIVE I.t-(tt): (@/yi)(789):

to brush or comb O, shell O (corn). Yishshddh/yish66’ (nddndshshdoh). # P-aah yishshd6h, to brush O off of P (as dust off a hat). # P-tsii’ yishshé6h, hair.

DERIVATIVES

hairbroom, hairbrush

bee ’alzhéh/, brushed).

(9)

(1)

NOUN

’atsd bé’6zhd6’ (Ib. tsétah bé’6zhd66’), grass (eagle brush).

O out from beneath P (as dirt from under a bed).

sweeping.

(@/yi)(793): to brush or comb oneself (ina reflexive context). Yishzhdéd6h/yishzhdd’. # ’Adaah yishzhdoh, to brush O off of oneself (as hair clippings, dust). ’Adi-(O/yi)(27): to brush oneself, groom oneself,

to brush or comb one’s

792

-ZHOOL

Stem noun:

ZHOOZH

crumbs, small fragments

entering flesh). ’E’ezhddésh/’i’fizhoozh (‘anda’Azhddsh). # P-aa’e’ezhdésh, a splinter enters P, P gets a splinter. (e.g. Shfla’ baa ’i’fizhoozh, | got a splinter in my hand, | got a thornin my hand.)

or particles.

-ZHOOL

# tsineheeshjif bizhool (tsineheeshjif,

board, lumber), sawdust. # nfttsdzhool (niltsd-, rain), mist, fine rain.

# tézhool (t6-, water),

(3)

spray, mist.

# -t’azhool (-t’a- < t’a’, wing, feather),

scales

shaken off by birds.

(PPA *shu’sh

> PA *zhuzh [O]:

meaning uncertain. Possibly “move or lie in a bunch or pile.”)

ZHOOZH

(4)

NAVAJO: Primary meaning appears to be “plural objects move, assume or lie in parallel or juxtaposition (including not only rigid objects such as poles, planks, legs, but also rocks,

(5)

grain, sand and other matter that moves as a stream-

ing, sliding mass).” Occurs: (1) with @-classifier as the theme in verb bases that describe the subject as moving by streaming, sliding or dribbling (as sand, shale or rocks in a rockslide or avalance, grain down a chute or dirt dribbling from a crack in the roof), or the

movement of a rigid object or objects (as a splinter of wood) entering the flesh to assume a parallel position with relation to it; (2) with t-(L-) classifier “cause O to

objects, as poles, planks, legs) to assume or be in juxtaposition, parallel to one another (including the laying of floor boards, the placement of planks in building a bridge, the leaning of poles side by side, the lengthwise splitting of a log or board, and the outstretching of one’s legs).” t-classifier contracts with stem-initial ZH- to produce SH-, but under D-effect tvocalizes and ZH reappears (LZH-). USiMPERRASEROGHnEUifes

Ofte

zhddésh

zhosh

zhoozh

-

zhddsh

B.CURS.

-

.

-

zhosh/ zho6sh

C.NEUT.

-

-

zhoozh

-

A.MOM.}|

Zhosh

(6)

(7)

(2)

Ch’éhézhdésh/ch’éheezhzhoozh. di-(@/si)(340): S starts to slide (as shale, rocks), S gives way (as an arroyo bank that begins to slide down into the arroyo). Dizhdédésh/ deezhzhoozh (ndddizhdésh). # P-itdizhédésh, S gives way with P (as an arroyo bank that falls away beneath a person, or shale on a mountain slope

-

=

(8)

MOMENTANEOUS

1. @-(ti):

(1)

S goes streaming away

and disappears. ch’f-(ni/ni)(292): S (a mass of logs, rocks) comes

streaming out horizontally (as from a tunnel or canyon). Ch’ézhddésh/ch’inizhoozh (ch’indanazhddsh). SER.(@/si)(275): S comes streaming out horizontally (in a series of actions - as grain from a horizontal tube or pipe).

Trans.

A.

S (amass-asa mass of snow or rocks) comes streaming down from a height (as in an avalanche). "Adaazhdéésh/’addazhoozh. # P-aahdéé’ ’adaazhédésh, S comes down from P’s side (as an avalanche of rocks from a mountainside). ’adahi-(~ bidahi-/hadahi-)(@/yi)(8): S comes streaming down from a height (as dribbles of sand from a crack in the ceiling, quantities of rocks and debris in an avalanche). "Adahazhdéésh/’adahaazhzhoozh (adandahazhdésh). ’ahi-(@/si)(66): S slides, flows or streams away out of sight in a series of actions - as grain sliding down a chute). ’Ahizhdédésh/ ‘ahaazhzhoozh (’andahazhdésh). # ’Adah (~ bidah/hadah) ’ahizhédésh, S comes streaming down (as dirt down an arroyo bank). # Yah ’ahizhdéddsh, S goes streaming into an enclosure (as grain into a storage facility or granary).

# Y66’ ’ahizhéésh,

move by streaming (as in shoving or stuffing coins into a pocket, candy into one’s mouth” or “cause O (rigid

IMP.

’ada-(~ bida-/hada-)(@/yi)(11):

’a-(@/yi)(487): S moves away out of sightina parallel position (a splinter). ‘lizhédésh/'ffzhoozh (anddnazhdésh). # Tsin P-aa ’iizhéd6sh, a splinter enters P. (E.g. Tsin shikee’ baa ’fizhoozh, | gota splinter in my foot.) ’a’a-(@/yi)(365): an unspecified S moves away out of sight in parallel position (a splinter

(9)

793

that starts to slide down with one). ha-(@/yi)(430): S comes up out in a streaming mass. Haazhdéésh/hddazhoozh (handzhdésh: handanazhdésh). SER.(@/si)(394): S comes streaming out (as grain from an elevator duct, gravel from a chute). Hahazhéésh/hahaazhzhoozh (hanadahazhdésh). na-(@/yi)(602): S comes sliding down (as a mass of timber and rocks in a landslide, a mass of snow in an avalanche). Naazhddésh/naazhoozh (nindanazhddsh). SER.(@/si)(533): S streams down (as sand from a fissure in a roof). Nahazhéésh/nahaazhzhoozh (ninaahazhdésh). # Dzit baahdéé’ tsé nddzhoozh, a rockslide came down the mountainside.

ZHOOZH

ZHOOZH

# Dzit bighdddéé’ yas nddzhoozh,

(10)

(11)

an

avalanche of snow came down from the mountaintop. ni-(ni/ni)(648): S slides streaming as far as a stopping point (as an avalanche). Niizhédésh/ ninfzhoozh. ndinfi-(G/O(612): S gets loose, becomes rickety (as a wagon wheel ona worn axle, a loose

tooth). Ndinfizhdédésh/ndinfizhoozh. (12) w6’ahi-(@/si)(744):

S slops, dribbles, slides or streams over the edge or border, S overflows (as sand, grain, coffee grounds from a

container, lumber or firewood from a truck).

W6’ahazhéésh/w6’ahaazhzhoozh. # W6’ahazhdoshgo, full to the brim, full to overflowing.

Il. L-(ti): (1)

(2)

P-ni-(ni-Perf. only)(238)(with prepounded P-ee, with P): to support p on P, be with p on P (i.e. support another person on an issue)(lit. we lie down in position parallel with it - the issue). Bee bininiilzhoozh (yee yineelzhoozh: 3rd pers.

sgl/dpl). (E.g. Wadshindoondi sitfinii ’Aninigif t’aa ’Aniiltso bee bininiilzhoozh dooleet, we'll all support what the president says.) k’idi-(~ k’fdini-)(@/si)(507): to stick one’s legs out straight (and parallel to each other), to

Biniishshdédsh/biniishoozh (bindniishshdédsh: binddniishshdésh). (5) hahi-(@/si)(393): to make O come streaming out (as grain or gravel from a chute). Hahashshdéésh/hahashoozh (handdhdshshd6sh). (6) kinii-(@/@)(495): to lean O, place O in a leaning position (as planks, poles) side by side. Kiniishshdédésh/kiniishoozh (kindniishshddsh: kinddniishshdésh). (7) ni-(ni/ni)(652): to place O (as poles, planks) side by side (in parallel position). Ninishshéésh/ ninishoozh (nindnishshddsh:nindanishshdésh). # Tsé’naa (~ha’naa) ninishshddsh, to build a bridge across with O (planks, poles)/(lit. to place O side by side across). (8) ni’a-(ni/ni)(642): to place unspecified O (as poles, planks) side by side (in parallel position). Ni’nishshdédésh/ni’nishoozh (nina’nishshddsh: ninda’nishshdésh). # Tsé’naa (~ ha’naa) ni’nishshddsh, to builda bridge across (lit. to place unspecified O side by side across). (9) nihi-(@/si)(622): to split O lengthwise (board, log, kindling). Neheshshdédésh/nihéshoozh (ninddhashshddsh). (10) (G/yi)(775): to stuff or dump O (a mass completive). Yishshédésh/yishoozh (ndshshdédésh:nadshshdésh). SER.(@/si)(448): to stuff or dump one quantity after another

straighten out one’s legs. K’idishzhdédsh/ k’fdéshzhoozh or k’fdinishzhoozh (k’éédishzhdéésh:k’indddishzhdésh). relates to arms and legs.)

(completive). Hishshédésh/héshoozh (nahashshddésh:nddhdshshdésh). # P-iih yishshddésh, to stuff O (a quantity of

(di-thematic:

things, as coins, candies) into P (as into

a sack or pocket). P-iih hishshdédésh, to stuff or dump one quantity after another of O into P (as quantities of sugar into coffee, coins into a moneybag).

Ill. £-(tt): (1)

’a-(@/yi)(478): to stuff O away out of sight (as a handful of bills). ‘lishshdéd6sh/’fishoozh

(andshshdésh:’andandshshdésh). SER.(@/si)(65): to stuff O away one quantity after another. ’Ahishshddésh/’ahéshoozh (‘anahashshdésh:’andahashshodsh). # Siza’azis ‘iishshddésh, | stuff O into my pocket.

(2)

(3)

|, @-(ti): (1)

Siza’azis ’ahishshddsh, |stuff

O into my pocket one quantity after another or one time after another (as money). # Yah ’iishshdéddésh, to stuff O into an enclosure (as into a hole). # P-yaa ‘iishshddsh, to stuff or shove O in under P. ’atk’fnii-(O/@)(92): to split O lengthwise (with a knife - as a piece of wood). ’Atk’iniishshdéd6sh/ ’atk’fniishoozh. ’attanii-(@/@)(101): to split O with the grain (as a

piece of wood - lengthwise). (4)

B. CURSIVE

C. NEUTER |. @-(ti): (1)

‘Attaniishshdédésh/

‘attaniishoozh. P-fnii-(O/O)(244): to lean O side by side against P (as poles or planks against a wall.

hi-(yi)(438): Sis streaming or sliding along (as a mass of snow or rocks in an avalanche or rockslide). Hoozhosh. # ’Aadéé’ yas ’adah hoozhosh, here comes the avalanche of snow!

(2)

(si-Perf.)(694): S lie side by side (rigid objects, as boards, rails, pencils). Shizhzhoozh (naddndshzhoozh: another group lie side by side). P-fnii-(@-Perf.): S lie side by side leaning against P (as poles, against a wall). Yfniizhoozh.

ZHOOD

ZHOOZH

(3)

S lean side by side (poles, Kfniizhoozh.

planks).

# P-nahjj’ kiniizhoozh,

(4) (5) (6)

(11) Na’nfzhoozhf, Gallup, New Mexico (the bridge. Named for the old foot bridge spanning the Rio Puerco at a point opposite the Santa Fe Railroad station.) (12) Tsé Naazhoozhi, Rock Slide, New Mexico (a

kfnii-(@-Perf.)(496):

S are leaning side by

side against P (as planks against a wall). na-(ni-Perf.): S lie side by side across (as planks or poles in a bridge). Nanizhoozh. na’(a)-(ni-Perf.)(559): there is a bridge (made of planks or poles lying side by side). Na’nfzhoozh. na-(si-Perf.)(602): S lie about here and there, there is a plurality of S (as stacked piles of lumber or poles - in which the objects lie parallel to each other), Naazhzhoozh (ndaazhzhoozh: d.p.). (Plural corresponding to shizhzhoozh.)

location west of Gallup, near Defiance, New

Mexico).

F. (1)

ADVERBIAL PHRASES

w6’ahazhdoshgo, brim full, full to overflowing (as a full cup of coffee).

(Initial consonant uncertain.

# Shizhzhoozhgo ’dshtééh, to stack O side by side (as lumber, poles, rails).

*shu > PA *zhu-nY

ZHOOD

Adjective

*su

PPA

[@]: good.

> *zu’; transitional

perfective *su’-d > *zhud; imperfecIl.

tive *su’-x > *zhux.

k’fdi-(si-Perf.)(506-507): to have one’s legs outstretched (extended side by side). K’fdinfshzhoozh (~ k’difnfshzhoozh ~ k’idéshzhoozh)(k’idéeshzhoozh: 3rd pers. sgl/dpl).

NAVAJO: E.

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

and (3) a disyllabic stem -ZHONI with ni-thematic and ©-classifier as the theme in a Neuter Imperfective base meaning “be nice, beautiful, attractive in appearance.” A corresponding comparative adjectival base

is composed of -ZHONI + ni-thematic and t-classifier.

(2) *Alazhoozh, fingers, metacarpals and phalanges

(4) (5) (6) (7)

(8)

(9)

(4) A Neuter Imperfective formed with the stem -ZHO and @-(D-) classifier, with impersonal ho- as subject,

of the hand (P-flazhoozh) (hand-parallels - i.e. plural objects that lie parallel to one another on the hand). ’atahazhosh, upper leg muscle, muscle under the femur (P-tahazhosh). ’ata’azhosh, crotch of the legs, loin (P-ta’azhosh). P-tahazhosh (-taha- ?), upper leg muscle, muscle of the femur. P-ta’azhosh (-ta’-, between) crotch of the legs, loin area. ch’é’6’6tiin bighda’di na’nizhoozhf, the bridging over a doorway (those that extend across side by side over a doorway). Kin Naazhoozhf, Sliding House (a ruin on the north side of Canyon de Chelley, Arizona) (the slidden house - i.e. a building that slid down not all at once, but part by part). (Several additional locations carry this name.) teeh yilzhoozh, an item of food composed of sweetened corn meal dough, placed in corn husks and tied to form two sections or lumps. These are then placed side by side in a trench and covered with coals to cook (laid side by side in the ashes or in the earth).

(10) na’nizhoozh,

The stem has a wide range of more or less

closely allied meanings, including: (1) with O-(D-) classifer “be-(come) nice, smooth, tame, happy, gentle, peaceful, harmonious, beautiful;” (2) with t(L-) causative “tame, appease, mollify O, tidy O up;”

(1) ’akézhoozh, toes, metatarsals and phalanges of the foot (P-kézhoozh) (foot-parallels - i.e. plural objects that lie parallel to one another on the foot). “Akézhoozh ’ata’f, middle toe, long toe (the toe that is between).

(3)

Navajo -f suffix

on the neuter stem -ZHONI is perhaps an old diminutive akin to Sarci -a®.)

has the meaning “beautiful, peaceful, harmonious,

happy,” and with ya’dani-thematic and t-classifier “be good.” (The latter construction is used most commonly in a negative frame to mean “be bad, no good, evil.”) t-classifier contracts with stem-inital ZHto produce SH-, and under D-effect stem-initial SH- > J-.

iIMPae A.MOM

US

i

zhogh zhoogh

PERRARROGRRUIORT: zhood -

(zhg’) B.CONT. C.CURS. D.NEUT.

zhgoh zhohzhé¢ zhonf

zho’ -

zhootzhooh

(zho9’) zhoot -

zhootzho’ -

A.MOMENTANEOUS |. @-(ti): (1)

plank bridge (something lies side

by side across).

ch’fha-(~ ch’fho-)(ni/ni)(274): S makes an area smooth (as water deposits silt). Ch’éhazhogh/ ch’honizhogd (ch’inddhazhggh). (E.g. Dzitdi

yas daayjjhgo halgaigi ch’thonizhgod, the melting mountain snow made a smooth area on the plain.)

"a5

ZHOQD

ZHOOD (2)

haho-(yi-Perf.)(397):

(3)

Hahddédzhood

(hadahazhzhood: d.p.). ho-(@/yi)(462): “things” (impersonal it), conditions, area, space, weather becomes

(4)

B. CONTINUATIVE

a clearing was made, there

is a clearing or smooth area.

plea-

sant, peaceful, harmonious, nice. Hoozhgoh/ héddzheed (ndhoojggh:nadhoojgoh). # P-ithoozhogh, P brightens up, cheers up, becomes happy, contented. (O/yi)(775): S becomes gentle, tame, tractable (as a horse, goat, bird). Yizhogh/yizhood. # P-fni’ yizhogh, P’s mind comes to be at rest,

Il.£-(tt): (1)

nahodi-(@/si)(541): to tidy up an area, clean up an area (as one’s dooryard). Nahodishshooh/ nahodéshg’.

Il. L-(tt); (1)

nahodi-(@/si)(541)(with prepounded P-ee, with P):

to give p a drubbing, work P over (in a fight), to

P is appeased, mollified.

“run all over” P (as a football team that runs up a huge score over another team), P ruins

(1)

things, tears things up (as a tornado, hailstorm). Bee nahodishzhggh/bee nahodéshzho (bee ninddhodishzhooh) (1st pers. sgl); yee nahodilzhogh/yee nahodeeshzhg’ (yee nindahodilzhogh) (3rd pers. sgl). # Niyoltsoh nihee nahodeeshzhg’, a tornado tore things up for us.

naho-(@/yi)(542): “things” revert to a state of peace, beauty, harmony, conditions return to a pleasant state. Nahoojogh/nahoojood. # P-ch’j’ p-it ndhoojogh, p gets over (his) peeve atP. (E.g. Hastiin ba naashnishigff shich’j’ ba hddéchijd dd66 t’ah doo shich’j’ bit ndhoojogh da, the man| work for got mad at me and he hasn’t gotten over his peeve at me yet.)

Ill. (ti): (1)

# NI6 nddttdago nihidd’da yee nahodeeshzho’, a hailstorm ruined our crops.

C. CURSIVE I. D-(ti):

hodi-(@/yi)(452): to beautify, spruce up, tidy up, clean up an area (as one’s dooryard, a bed-

(1)

room or kitchen). Hodishshggh/hodiishged (nadhodishshggh:ndahodishshgoh). (2)

(O/yi)(789):

to tame or break O (an animal, a

horse), to gentle O. Yishshgoh/yishgod (nashshogh:ndadnashshogoh). # P-ini’ yishshogh, to make P happy, mollify or

ndho-(yi)(542): “things”, conditions are in the process of becoming peaceful, beautiful, pleasant, harmonious again (i.e. reverting to a previous pleasant or peaceful state). Ndhoojoot (ninddhoojgot). # P-it ndhoojoot, P is in the process of regaining (his) good humor, getting over (his) peeve, regaining (his) happiness).

appease P (lit. to make P’s mind gentle

or at peace), (E.g. ’Ashkii yazhf yichago biniinaa ’atk’ésdisf baa nfdago bee bini’ yfshood, the little boy was crying so | mollified him by giving him a piece of candy.)

D. NEUTER |. @-(ti): (1)

ho-(ni-Perf.)(459):

IV. L-(tr/tt):

good. Hézhé. # P-ithdézh¢d,

(1)

‘Adi-(@/yi)(27):

to pretty oneself up, spruce up,

# P-k’ee p-it hézh¢, p is happy about P, delighted over P (lit. p is happy because of P). # H6dzh¢é ndhodoodleet biniiyé sodizin dayiil’a’ t'66édda’, we said (sent) a prayer for peace last night.

nadho-(@/yi)(543)(with prepounded ’ahd, for each other): to make up with each other (after a quarrel)(lit. to cause conditions to revert to a

pleasant state for each other). ’Aha nadhwiilzhegh/’aha nahwiilzhood (1st pers. dpl); ’ahd nahalzhogh/'aha ndhoolzhogd (3rd pers. dpl).

P is happy, delighted, contented,

at peace.

clean up. ’Adishzhogh/’Adeeshzhgod (‘aAndishzhooh:’Andddishzhooh). (2)

there is peace, harmony,

beauty, conditions or “things” are pleasant,

Il.ya-’Ani-t-(ti): (1)

ya’dni-(@-Imp.)(749): to be good, nice. Ya’Anishshg. Used most commonly with the negative frame doo--da: to be bad, no good,

ZHOOD

(2)

ZHOOZH

evil. Doo ya’dnishshdo da (~ doo ya’anishshx¢q da - intensive)(1st pers. sgl); doo ya’ashdo da (~ doo ya’dshx¢o da (3rd pers. sgl/dpl). ya’aho-(O-Ilmp.)(749): area, place is good,

(5)

(8)

‘ithézhé,

attractive, conditions are good, pleasant.

(9)

zhg’, levity, fun thing (E.g. Ndaa’ ’6f doo zho’ ’At’6e’da; naa’ahdohai ’éf zho’ nj, the War

Dzitk’i H6zhénii, Beautiful Mountain, Arizona (the mountain that is beautiful on top). Hdzh¢é¢jf, Blessing Way (ceremony). Hoozhénee, Beauty Way (ceremony).

(6) (7)

Ya’ahoosh¢. Negative : doo ya’ahooshdo da (~ doo ya’ahooshx49 da - intensive): area, place is no good, ugly, worthless, conditions

happiness

(someone is happy).

Dance is not a fun thing; a rodeo is for fun.)

are unpleasant.

F. Absolute

(1)

reasonably good, quite a lot. (E.g. Doozhgggo shikin héléQ laanaa, | wish | had a decent home. Doozhogogo da’fitta’igff t’éiya ya’at’éehgo naanish ba dahéld, only people with a decent education have good jobs. Haidda’ doozhgggo béeso bee nika ’eeshwod,

ni-(O-Ilmp.)(663-665): to be pretty, beautiful, nice, clean, good-looking, attractive. Nishzhdénf. (The 1st pers. sgl retains stem-initial ZH- after the 1st pers. subject pronoun -SH-, thus behaving as though the theme included L-classifier.

However, other persons take the form:

| helped you out with quite a lot of money last winter.)

(2)

hdzh¢ (~ wézh¢), well. (E.g. Doo hézh¢ ~ wézhé ‘eesh’jj da, | can’t see very well. Hdzh¢ ~ w6zh6 bik’ihoogééd, cover it well with dirt!

nizhénf (2nd pers. sgl), nizhdnf (3rd pers. sgl.dpl), jizhénf (3a pers. sgl/dpl), hézhdnf (3s pers.), niijénf~ niilzhénf (1st pers. dpl), nohzhénf (2nd pers. dpl). # P-it nizhénf, P likes S (because S is pretty or attractive - a car, dress, hat, wife).

(2)

honi-(> ho-)(@-Ilmp.)(663): area or place is pretty, nice attractive. Hézhdénf. (E.g. Shighan binaag66 hdézhéni, it’s nice around my home.)

DERIVATIVES

doozhgggo, acceptable, satisfactory, decent,

Ill. @-(L-)-(ti):

(1)

ADVERBIAL

NAVAJO: Occurs with t-classifier as the theme in a verb base meaning “play the Hoop and Pole Game.” Cf.

ZHOQZH

Chipewyan 6un®@,

spear.

IMP.

USTANE

TEI,

Tar

ORin

zhogsh

zhosh

zhoozh

zhosh

zhoosh

Comparative A.CONT.

IV. ni-t-(ti):

(1)

’aheeni-(O-lmp.)(54): to be equally pretty or nice, to be one as pretty as the other. “Aheenjfilzhéon/ (1st pers. dpl); "aheendoshéni (3rd pers.). # P-it’aheeniéehzhdni,

to be as pretty or nice

as P. (E.g. Nit’aheenéeshzhénf, (2)

|’m as

A. CONTINUATIVE I.£-(tt): (1) na’a-(@/si)(552):

to play the Hoop and Pole Game (lit. to thrust something about). Na’ashshgosh/

pretty as you.) P-eeni-(O-lmp.)(165): to be as pretty or nice as P. Beenéeshzhénf (1st pers. sgl), (2nd sgl:

ni’shéshogzh.

beeninishénf; 3rd: yeendoshéni ;1st dpl: beenfilzhdnf).

E. (1)

(2)

(3) (4)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

Bik’eh Hézhd6n, harmony, order, peace (the essential concomitant of Tsi’ah Naaghda/, essential immortality)(a ceremonial-religious term). ch’illdtah hézhdén (~ ch’ildtah hé6zhd6n), blossom, bloom, flower (the thing of beauty at the tip end of a plant). diné doo ya’dshéonii, evil person, wicked man, thug, gangster (the one who is no good). doozhgghii, unbroken horse (the one who is not tame or gentle).

B. (1) (2)

NOUN

DERIVATIVES

na’ashoggshf, Hoop and Pole Game player. na’azhgosh, the Hoop and Pole Game. (Writing shortly after the turn of the century in the i the Franciscan Fathers describe the Hoop and Pole Game as an activity formerly popular but rarely witnessed by 1910. The game involved a hoop (baas) ranging in diameter from one to six inches, made of wood and wrapped with hide or buckskin. The hoop was rolled over a course east and west, and the players thrust a pole at it in an effort to pierce the opening. The

pole (na’azhggsh) is described as being of

ZHOQOZH various types, including one fashioned by

lashing two sticks together (na’azhogsh ’ahddh deestt’6nf), a polished single stick (na’azhogsh dilkoghf), and one profusely decorated with thongs and claws of various animals (na’azhogsh ditt’oof). The poles were equipped with buckskin thongs called turkey feet (tazhiikee’), attached in the center. The players earned points determined by the number of thongs that lay across the hoop. The hoop was rolled toward a marked line and the players thrust at it from a stooped position. Aside from affording a pastime, the Hoop and Pole Game also provided an opportunity to practice the art of

(3) (4)

thrusting a spear.) na’azhggsh (Ib. K’ishchif’ ~ k’ish tichi’), Rocky Mountain birch (Betula utahensis). Tséyaa Nda’azhogshi, Hoop and Pole Game Rock (the rock under which the Hoop and Pole Game is played).

798

THE APPENDIX The Appendix is divided into seven sections, as follows: Appendix | (pages 800-806):

provides an explanation of the Pre-Proto- and Proto-

Athapaskan data included with each of the verbal Root entries in the LEXICON.

Appendix Il (pages 807-827):

contains a full listing of verb stems, each cross-referenced

to the root from which it is derived. The Stem List serves the practical purpose of directing the user to the LEXICON Root entry that incorporates the lexical derivatives that employ the stem. Thus, the Root corresponding to the stem ’iz is identified in the Stem List as ’EEZ. In addition, the Stem List includes the variant stem shapes that result from d-effect, as g{< d-yj, with YJo

as the Root referent. Appendix III (pages 828-840):

contains exemplary chart listings of objects identified with

the classificatory verb stems. Appendix IV (pages 841-906):

includes a sketch of verb phonology and morphology, a

chart lising of the Simple Verb Prefixes, and a list of prefix clusters and compounds in which the Simple components are identified with reference to the Chart. In addition, Appendix IV includes

basic model paradigms as a guide to verb inflection. Appendix V (pages 922-929):

contains a consolidated listing of the Postpositions,

including adverbial elements that function syntactically after the fashion of Postpositions. Appendix VI (pages 930-966):

includes the Particles (pronouns, adjectives, numerals,

interrogatives, locatives, enclitics, proclitics, conjunctives, interjections and adverbials (including

adverbial phrases and the frames. Appendix VII (pages 961-1095):

contains a consolidated listing of the entire noun corpus.

Appendix VIIl (pages 1097-1466):

contains the English-Navajo indexes designed to permit the user to locate Navajo equivalents for English terms. The Index is in two parts, including (1) a set of Motion Verb Charts that serve to consolidate classificatory and other types of verbal Roots that have shared derivational patterns, thus obviating the need to repeat a given English index entry multiple times to cover each of the Roots in which a given concept is expressed (English give, for example, is expressed by 12 classificatory stems - the Chart simply lists the English term give, followed by referrals to each of the several Roots from which derived forms express the concept); and (2) the Index proper. Both parts are described in detail in a

separate introductory preface.

i799

APPENDIX NAVA

D

1.

MPARATIVE ATHAPASKAN

The Pre-Proto- and Proto-Athapaskan (PPA and PA) root reconstructions that follow were generously provided by Prof. Jeffrey Leer, Alaska Native Language Center, The University of Alaska. Professor Leer has also provided a brief introductory article on Comparative Athapaskan, including sound correspondences. Verbal root entries in the Analytic Lexicon are prefaced, wherever possible, by the corresponding Pre-Proto- and Proto-Athapaskan roots, as reconstructed by comparativists at the Alaska Native Language Center. A number of special graphic symbols are utilized, for scientific purposes, in the transcription of these reconstructed forms. In view of the fact that the Analytic Lexicon is designed for use by a lay audience, including Navajo students themselves, the use of an orthography as nearly as possible like the standard Navajo alphabet is indicated for this purpose. In the article that follows, Prof. Leer lists the alphabetic symbols as they appear in scientific texts and, parenthetically, in the form adopted for use in the Analytic Lexicon

(0.9.

eed pCO) ents ha

yee: gh).

The inclusion of comparative material as an appendix to this work on the Navajo language was prompted by the consideration that, to a large extent, the future of the Athapaskan language family is dependent on the Navajo people. Of all the Athapaskan people, speakers of the Apachean languages outnumber the rest by perhaps nine to one, and within Apachean, speakers of Navajo outnumber speakers of the other Apache languages by over ten to one. Furthermore, the Navajo language has been studied and taught more widely than any other Athapaskan language, and a significant number of Navajos have become teachers or linguists or have otherwise contributed to the study of Navajo language and culture. The Navajo language is one of seven Apachean languages (including Kiowa Apache): Navajo, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Chiricahua, Western Apache and Lipan; and there are (or were) thirty-two more distantly related Athapaskan languages in California, Oregon, Washington, Canada and Alaska. Each of these languages is a rich and varied system of communication, sharing to a greater or lesser extent a common organization and vocabulary. For one who is interested in how the Navajo language came to be the way it is, the comparative study of Athapaskan languages is essential. For example, the complexities of verb stem variation would probably never be understood if there were no related languages to compare with Navajo. Fortunately, however, comparative Athapaskan studies have made it possible to reconstruct, with relative accuracy, an Athapaskan proto-language (Proto-Athapaskan or PA), and further comparison with more distant Eyak and Tlingit languages have made it possible to understand how Athapaskan verb stem variation evolved from a relatively simple system of stem modification, which is internally reconstructible from a stage in the history of Athapaskan that must have existed previous to Proto-Athapaskan (Pre-Proto-Athapaskan). The reconstruction of this pre-proto-language may to a large extent be most accurately termed the construction of an underlying morphological system for the proto-language. Thus the PPA reconstruction of a verb stem is used as the base from which, by the application of aspectual stem modification and suffixation and subsequent phonological rules, a PA stem set may be derived. For a technical description of the method of reconstruction employed here, the reader should refer to Leer 1979 and further to Krauss-Leer 1981 for subsequent work on the sonorant system. An application of this theory to verb stem variation in Ahtna, an Alaskan Athapaskan language, is found in Kari 1979. A preliminary model for applying this theory to Navajo verb stems is presented in Hardy 1979, but this analysis has been and will continue to

800

be subject to reform, especially as definitive studies of other Apachean languages become available. The principal reference works on comparative Athapaskan used in this study are: Leer, Jeffrey. 1979. Proto-Athapaskan Verb Stem Variation, Part |: Phonology. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers |. Fairbanks:Alaska Native Language Center. Krauss, Michael E. and Jeffrey Leer. 1981. Athapaskan, Eyak and Tlingit Sonorants. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers 5. Fairbanks:Alaska Native Language Center. Krauss, MichaelE. 1969. On the Classifiers in the Athapaskan, Eyak and Tlingit Verb. IJAL Memoir No. 24. Sapir, Edward A. 1936. Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Origin of the Navajo. American Anthropologist 38:225-235. Relevant contemporary studies of verb stem variation are:

Kari, James. 1979. Athapaskan Verb Theme Categories: Ahtna. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers 2. Fairbanks:Alaska Native Language Center. Hardy, Frank. 1979. Navajo Aspectual Verb Stem Variation. PhD. dissertation, University of New Mexico. The sources for forms cited from individual languages are: Sarcee: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1930. A Study of Sarcee Verb Stems. IJAL 7:122-151. Chipewyan: Li, Fang-Kuei. 1933a. A List of Chipewyan Stems. IJAL 7:122-151. aati . 1933b. Chipewyan Consonants. BIHP Ts’ai Yuan P’ei Anniversary Volume, Supplement Volume |, 429-467. Carrier: Morice, Adrian G. 1932. The Carrier Language: a Grammar and Dictionary

Combined. 2 Vols. St. Gabriel Modling. Hupa: Golla, Victor K. 1966. Hupa Verb Theme List. Unpublished ms. Ahtna: Kari, James. 1978. Ahtna Stem List. Typescript. Fairbanks:Alaska Native Language Center. Koyukon: Jones, Eliza and Jules Jetté. In preparation. Koyukon Dictionary. ca. 1915, Crosby Archive, Gonzaga University. Edition in progress, Fairbanks:Alaska Native Language Center. Kutchin:

Sapir, Edward A., Mary Haas and Victor K. Golla.

1925.

Kutchin stem file. Ms.

University of California, Berkeley. Peter, Katherine, Jeffrey Leer and Mary Jane McGary. In preparation. lexical files. Ms.Alaska Native Language Center. Eyak: Krauss, Michael E. Eyak Dictionary. MIT microphoto Laboratory.

ND

Original Ms.

Kutchin

RRESPONDENCE

The PA sound system and Navajo reflexes are summarized in the following reference charts. Although most of the information relevant to verb stem variation is included, a complete study, including discussion of noun stem irregularities, is beyond the scope of this sketch.

801

A. Obstruents PA Final

x8 ct atid

af *|

“ie (=0l) make t=ntt) oo ito) *S we

i

ope)

-CH="15) ro(=15))

*S(W) (= shW) *2(W) (= zh) PA

*2(W) (= dzh¥) *c(W) (= tsh’) *@() (= tsh'W)

zh

*x (x)

h (~ ih after short a, o)

"y (ghY)

© (~i after short a, o) z (before stemfinals, z)

h (preceding *9 > a) © (preceding *9 > a) ’ (preceding *a > a) (preceding *a > a)

802

Initial consonants of the s-series assimilate to finals of the sh-series . Occasionally also sh-series initials assimilate to s-series finals.

B. Glottals and Sonorants

gh/y (in “peg” prefix and “singular goes on foot’)

*h="0

y, z, b, n (See KraussLeer 1981:29-32 for discussion)

@ (following *da > dclassifier and sometimes

other prefixes) ’

’

*w

b (once m)

-

ry

y

i (after short a)

z (sometimes before stem-final s,z) n (before nasal;see Krauss-Leer 1981:25-27 *m

=

*n2

n

*n

n (or nasalization of preceding vowel. See chart below)

*H (=nY)

C. Vowels

NAVA

PA

*e (= e) *a (= a)

*u (= u) Reduced Vowels

(v)

Dae (=14)

i (except preceding a PA uvular)

*a (= a)

a (preceding a PA uvular)

Fy (=)

O

PA constriction in obstruent-closed stems is reflected by Navajo tone as follows:

av,

VV

803

*V

VV

V,V

V

PA nasalization is retained in Navajo, but many stems nasalized in Navajo show no nasalization elsewhere. In such cases, no nasalization is reconstructed for PA. For further discussion see Krauss-Leer 1981:84-86 and 111-119. In non-obstruent-closed stems, the reflexes of vowels together with the following nasal (N) and glottal stop are quite complex. These are given below: PA

NAVAJO

*V eV;

V V’ (in verb stems) VV’ (in noun stems, but *V’-a’ V’)

vN

VN

*VN’

y’

*V N

Y (but *V N-9’ > YV’ in noun stems)

*VN’

YY in verb stems)

(but *9N-a [’] in noun stems)

YY’ (in noun stems, but *V N’-a [’] VVN)

TEM RECONSTRUCTION The reconstructions are first cited in their Pre-Proto-Athapaskan (PPA) underlying stem form. Following a wedge (>), the Proio-Athapaskan (PA unsuffixed perfective

[or *-f) suffixed]) stem form is given, unless identical with the PPA reconstruction.

(In most

cases the PA unsuffixed perfective is closest in form to the PPA underlying stem.) With neuter verbs, this (originally) perfective stem fills the role of neuter imperfective, and in Navajo, this usually is the only mode a verb appears in. Stems ending in a vowel or nasal may have one of two basic perfective types, either non-glottalized (which if originally open has the suffix *-n, set

off by a hyphen in the reconstruction), or else glottalized. Rarely both types are found fora given stem in Navajo. Where a glottalized perfective stem occurs, the corresponding imperfective stem is identical to the perfective stem except for lacking glottalization; in such cases the imperfective stem is given first, followed by the glottalized perfective stem in parentheses. One complication here is that sometimes glottalization is found in Navajo where it was lacking in PA. Such cases can be identified by comparison of Navajo and PA, as in the cases of *we > *we -) “swim,” Navajo perfective bj’ (but cf. Mescalero bj, according to Hoijer). Another complication is that Navajo sometimes suffixes -d to originally glottalized stems. Such is the case with (imperfective) *e n “see” (perfective) ‘e n’ “do (thus)”, Navajo -’f, -’jj-d; but not with

(impertective “e n (perfective) *e n’ “see”, Navajo ‘, -j. The low tone of Navajo -’jid is the reflex of a constricted vowel: *’e n’-d > *{d. In many cases a distinct underlying stem must be reconstructed for one of the stem sets. With neuter-transitional theme pairs the neuter imperfective stem is usually different from the transitional perfective stem. Here the transitional variant is given in parentheses. Examples are neuter “ta 1) > “la n, Navajo -ld “be many” (transitional perfective) *ta n’ > *la n’, Navajo -laad (with suffixed -d) “become many”; (neuter q’ats’ > *q’ats’, Navajo -k’az “be cold’,

804

from the transitional perfective stem.

Here the transitional variant is given in parentheses.

Examples are neuter “ta n > “lan, Navajo -ld “be many” (transitional perfective) “ta n’ > “la y’, Navajo -laad (with suffixed -d) “become many”; (neuter q’ats’ > *q’ats’, Navajo -k’az “be cold’,

(transitional perfective) *q’a’dz > q’a dz, Navajo -k’aaz. Transitional variants have usually suffixed or infixed glottalization, and in a few known cases, such as “q’ats’ / *q'a’dz, final

obstruents are deglottalized. With certain neuter verbs, such as “big”, “long”, “wide” and “far,” there is a distinct stem used for comparative derivations. The same stem is often used for adjectival enclitics. This comparative (and adjectival) stem variant is also given in parentheses; e.g.

*k’ax() >ka y , Navajo -tsaa,

“be big”, (comparative and adjectival) *kaxW > kuy, Navajo

-tso “be (so) big”, “big ---”. Some active themes have a special successive stem set referring to a series of repeated actions, characterized by reduced stem vowel and lack of spirantization (in Navajo characterized by a “heavy” final consonant in the imperfective, perfective and optative stems). Such a reduced successive variant is given in parentheses. Examples are (momentaneous perfective) *ta x’ , Navajo -tadl “kick”, (successive) *tax’ > tax’, Navajo -tal; (momentaneous

perfective *GWe'd > “Ge d, Navajo -geed “pierce”, (successive) *GWad > Where the momentaneous perfective stem and the successive stem are however, no special mention is made of the fact. Unpredictable or noteworthy stem variants are also given such cases, where an unidentified obstruent suffix has caused reduction

*Gud,

Navajo -god.

both reduced,

in parentheses. In and spirantization, the

suffix is symbolized as *-X. Where a noun or postposition is used as a verb stem, the reconstructed noun or postposition is given first, followed by the verb theme if this is reconstructable for PA. Not infrequently, the Navajo reflexes of a given stem do not agree with what is expected by comparison with other languages. This can often be attributed to innovation in Apachean or Navajo. A particularly frequent type of innovation arises from the fact that there is no longer a tone contrast with reduced vowels in closed stems: PA *CvX, *CvX > Navajo “CVX. With stems whose perfective variant is reduced and ends in an originally glottalized obstruent, the momentaneous imperfective-optative stem should be low-toned in Navajo. Such stems are, however, often shifted into the category of stems whose perfective ends in an originally non-glottalized obstruent, so that the momentaneous imperfective-optative

stem is high-toned in Navajo.

Compare, for example, the following stems: NAVAJO

PA

es *naq’

10 “ne x

iz -na’

10 -neeh

“swallow”

*Gots’

“Ges

-giz

-géés

“twist, wring”

* dodz

‘ak

-diz

-diis

“twist, wrap”

afer

The imperfective-optative stem of the second set is irregular in Navajo. Apparently the tone of the Perfective originally served as a base from which the correct lengthened stem was generated; and since the tone distinction is neutralized in Navajo reduced stems, the tone class of the stem can no longer be ascertained by the tone of the perfective stem. Thus the high to tone class has become dominant, and the stems of the low tone class have tended to shift the dominant class. The tendency for the high-toned momentaneous imperfective-optative

805

stem to predominate is also illustrated by (momentaneous perfective) -maaz , (momentaneous

impertective-optative) -mdas, “roll” alongside (momentaneous perfective) -baaz, (momentaneous imperfective-optative) -baas, “roll”, apparently both from *wa ts’. The expected momen-

taneous “maas is replaced by -mdas. There are other examples of stems shifting tone class, some of them difficult to explain. In some cases it is also difficult to decide, from Navajo alone, whether a given stem was originally obstruent-closed or not. It is beyond the scope of this study to provide explanations for all such phenomena, but it is hoped that this study will be of use to students of Navajo in understanding verb stem variation.

THEMATIC

MATERIAL

Where possible, a limited amount of thematic information is given with the glosses, since it is often not possible to gloss a stem without taking into account the accompanying thematic material. The classifier is given in parentheses before the gloss, unless too much variation is found to attempt positing an underlying classifier. The abbreviation (@, t) indicates that the tclassifier is required in certain subthemes, for various and often poorly-understood reasons. In many cases, subthemes with the t-classifier may most simply be considered causative derivatives of intranstitive themes. In cases where these causative subthemes are more widely used than the corresponding intransitive, or where their glosses are noteworthy, the remark t-

CauSative is given in parentheses. Note especially that the Navajo reflexes of the de- and la- classifiers are d- and I-

except in neuter themes without thematic prefixes, in which case they are di- and ti-. For discussion of this phenomenon see Krauss 1969:53-58. Thematic prefixes are also cited where reconstructible for PA, or at least probable. Of special note is PA *u -“directive,” which in Navajo typically appears as (y)i-(ni) or (y)i(ni)- except in the third person and sometimes the first person) imperfective, where it is usually (w)6- or (W)OO-.

Disjunct prefixes are sometimes included.

These are distinguished from conjunct

prefixes by # following the disjunct prefix. If these disjunct prefixes are bound postpositions, the postpositional object is represented as P-. Jeffrey Leer Alaska Native Language Center The University of Alaska

806

APPENDIX II

sh-zh = shshspit).a

STEM INDEX

(’adish-zheeh = ’adishsheeh,

|

h-z = hs- (hadoh-z66h = hadohs66h ~ hados66h, you dpl spit it out). h-zh = hsh- (yindéh-zhi= yinéhshf~ yindshf, you dpl call him). s-| = st- (naas-l66z = naast66z, | lead it about). sh-l = sht- (nish-li= nisht, | am). h-l = ht- (noh=-l(= noht, you dpl are). s-gh s-y = sx- (nds-yéés = ndsxéés, | turn around). sh-gh sh-y = shh- (yish-yéét= yishhéét, |’m hauling it along). h-gh h-y = hh- (nadh-yéés = nahhéés, you dpl turn around). The variant stems are listed parenthetically with the symbol (~) following the parent stems from which they are derived, and they are also listed independently with an explanatory analysis anda cross-reference to the parent stem and the underlying

Leer (1979:3) described the stem as a derivative

of the root, emerging as such through a process of regular phonological modification of the vowel nucleus and/or suffixation. In his application of Leer’s principles to the Navajo stem Hardy (1979) isolates broad patterns for particular root types and demonstrates the predictability of certain stem shapes. The complex rules involved constitute a fundamental resource on which native speakers draw subconsciously to elicit the multiple stem shapes required by the various Modes and Aspects in which a given verbal root is expressed. Although the existence of regular patterns and rules governing the derivation of stems from underlying roots is quite apparent, and although some of them have been formulated, research in stem derivation is far from complete or conclusive so far as the Navajo language is concerned. The Stem Index that follows is designed to facilitate identification of the Lexicon root entry from which a given stem is derived, and under which lexical derivatives that employ the stem can be located. The verb corpus in the Analytical Lexicon includes about 9200 primary Verb Bases (exclusive of related Reversionary, Semeliterative and Seriative Bases, included where appropriate with the Primary Base entries); and in addition there are about 4000 secondary entries listed under the Primary forms. These include Extended Bases and "idiomatic expressions" of the type bik’ich’?nisbaas, to run over it with a

root.

Stems are written with lower case letters, while roots are written with capitals in the following list.

A ’A (extend). ‘A’ (send, order). MMH OM. (~t’4): “A (handle SRO). ‘ad (~t’ad): "AHz (propel, toss, drop FFO). ‘ah (~t’ah): "AH4 (propel, toss, drop FFO). ah: ’AHo (flay, skin, butcher). ‘ah: ’AHg (blame). ’ah (~t’ah): ’AA’ (trick, lure, deceive). -a’ (= -[gh]a’): YA (sgl goes). (V. -gha’.) ‘a’: ’A’ (send, order). a’ (~t’a’): ’AH4 (propel, toss, drop FFO).

wheeled vehicle; biighahgd66 ch’?nisbaas, to drive past it in a wheeled vehicle, listed under the Primary entry ch’’nisbaas, to drive out horizontally with a wheeled vehicle. The Stem Index includes about 2100 stems, derived from the approximately 550 verbal roots that serve as verb entries in the Analytical Lexicon. The stem inventory includes a number of homophones of the types Y{,: “kill sgl O” / Y{p. “handle a LPB;” NAj: “move with household” /NA: “capture

a’ (~t’a’): ’A (handle SRO). at (~t’at): "AHz (propel, toss, drop FFO). ’at (~ t’at): “AAL (chew, eat HO).

’6 (~t’d): ’A (handle SRO). ’4: ’AAD (extend, reach a level). ‘aad: ’A’ (send, order). ’GAd (~t’ddd): ’AHy (propel, toss, drop FFO).

O”/NA3: “win”/ NAg: “2+ S die.”

‘aah (~t’aah): ‘A (handle SRO).

Pseudo homophones result when d-effect alters the quality of certain stem initial consonants, as: T’A’:

’aah: ‘aah:

"fly" /t’a’ = d-classifier + the stem ’a’ from the root ’A: "handle a SRO; " JEE’;: "3+ S lie down, recline" /jéé’

’AA’ (learn). ’A’ (send, order).

-44h (= -[gh]4dh): YA (sgl goes). (V. -ghaah.) a ah: ’AHo (flay, skin, butcher). a ah: ’AH3 (blame).

= d-classifier + ZHEE’: "spit, expectorate." Variant stem shapes produced by d-effect on the

'4dh (~t’Adh): ’A (handle SRO).

stem initial consonant take the following forms: d-z = dz- (yis-d-zo= yisdzo, it was marked). d-zh = j- (‘ahda-d-zhi?= ’ahdaji?’, it was sawed apart).

'Adh (~t’dah): AA’ (trick, lure, deceive). ’Ah: ’AA’ (learn). ’aa’ (~t’aa’): ’AA’ (trick, lure, deceive). ’aal (~ t’aal): “AAL (chew,eat HO).

d-| = dl- (nds-d-lf’ = ndsdli’, it reverted).

-aat (= -[ghlaat -(g)aat): YA ‘aat ’A’ (send, order).

d-n = ’n- (tandos-d-nil = tandos’nil, it was taken apart). d-y (d-gh) = g- (yi-d-y{= yigi, it was hauled). d-’=t’- (yi-d-’d = yit’a, a SRO was brought). Similarly, +-classifier contracts with certain stem

(sgl goes).

(V. -gaat.)

’aat (~t’aat): ’A (handle SRO). ‘aat (~t’aat): "AAL (chew, eat HO). -Aat (= -(gh)aat -(g)aat): YA (sgl go). (V. -gaat.)

'4at (~t’Adt): ’A (handle ’4dt. ’AA (learn). ’ash (~t’ash): "AAZH (2 ’aash (~t’aash): ‘AAZH 'S4zh (~t’ddzh): "AAZH

initial consonants to produce variant stem shapes, as:

t-z = s- (yi4+-zas = yisas, he’s strewing it along). t-zh = sh- (yit-zhééh = yishééh, he’s mowing it). +1 =+- (dif-+-lid = diftid, | burned it). In addition, the voiceless fricatives t,s, sh, andh devoice a following voiced stem initial fricative |, z, zh, gh (y), producing a variant stem shape, as: $-Z = ss- (nis-zin = nissin, | want, think).

SRO).

S go). (2 S go). (2 S go).

‘aad: ‘AAD (extend, reach alevel). ‘aah: 'AAD (extend, reach alevel).

807

bit BA (win, earn).

-Adt (= -(gh)dat -(g)dat): YA (sgl go). (V. -gdat.) 'AAt (~t'ddt): ‘A (handle SRO). ‘dt. ‘AA (learn). ‘ash (~t’ash): 'AAZH (2S go). 'aash (~t’aash): 'AAZH (2 S go). 'Adzh (~t'ddzh); 'AAZH (2S go).

bit BINo (3+S sit). bit Bl’ (builda hogan).

bij Bl[D (fill, get full). bog: BOG (recover).

CH

‘aad;

‘AAD (extend, reach a level). ‘aah: ‘AAD (extend, reach a level).

cha: CHA (cry, weep, wail). chah: CHA (cry, weep, wail).

4a’: ‘AA’ (learn). ‘aat ‘AAD

(extend,

chah: CHA’,

reach a level).

chah: cha’: cha’; cha’: chat

B ba: BA’, bah:

(gray).

BAH

(powdery).

bah: BA’, (gray). bah: BAA’ (raid, go to war). bah: BOG (recover), ba’: BA’; (gray). ba’: BA’ (gray). ba’; BA’ (treat well, be kind). ba’;

BA’

(treat well,be kind).

bat

BAAL

(FFO hangs).

ba: BA

(hop).

CHA’s (suture). CHA’; (hop). CHA’s (suture). CHAAD (swell). CHAAD (swell).

chash: chaad: chdaad: chaa’:

CHAAZH, (defraud). CHAAD (swell). CHAAD (swell). CHAA’ (be huge). (Cf. stem noun chaa’, beaver.)

(win, earn).

chaash: CHAAZH chdédsh: CHAAZHo

(defraud). (fart silently).

chadzh: CHAAZH

(defraud).

bas: BAAZ (hooplike O rolls, be round).

chédzh: CHAAZHo (fart silently).

baah:

chaa’: CHAA’ (defecate). chaa’: CHAA’, (chase, flee).

baah: badh: baah: baah: baa’: baa’; baal: baat

BA’, (treat well,be kind). BAA’ (raid, go to war). BA’, (gray). BAA’ (raid, go to war). BOG (recover). BAA’ (raid, go to war). BAA’ (thirst). (Only as a stem noun: BAAL (FFO hangs). BAAL (FFO hangs).

chéa’: CHAA’s (smell). ché: CHAA’; (chase, run, flee). chééh: CHA (cry, weep, wail). chééh: CHA’, (hop).

chééh: CHAA’y (chase, run, flee). chéét, CHAA’; (chase, run, flee). chi: CH{ 4 (make, bear a child, lay an egg).

dibaa’.)

bdéa’: BA (win, earn). baas: BAAZ (hooplike O rolls, be round). bdédz: BAAZ (hooplike O rolls, be round).

chid: chid: chid: chid:

bé: Bll’

chid: CHI’ (squat, spy).

baat; BA’, (treat well,be kind),

(bathe, swim).

bé: B\{'2 (pluck, pick). be’; BE’ (milk, breast). be’: BA's (gray).

CHIDy (swelling goes down). CHIDo (be thick-lipped). CHID3 (move hand abruptly). CHID4 (fidget).

chih: CHIl’4 (red). chi’: CHID; (swelling goes down).

(Noun stem used verbally.)

chi’: CHI’ (squat, spy). chi’: CH|; (make, bear a child, lay an egg).

beeh: Bi’; (bathe, swim).

bid; BID (belly), (Noun stem used verbally.) bin: BINo (3+ S sit). bin: BILD/BIN4 (fill, get full).

CHID4 (swelling goes down). CHIDg3 (move hand abruptly). CHID4 (fidget). CHI’ (squat, spy). CHIt (glitter). CHAA’s (smell). CHIN (hunger). (Asa noun only: dichin, hunger.) cht CH; (make, bear a child, lay an egg). ch( CHlo (have a nightmare).

bish: BEEZH4

chih: CHAA’o (smell).

bééh:

BA’o

chit: chi: chit chit chit! chin: chin:

(gray).

bééh: Bi{'o (pluck, pick), beet: Bil'y (bathe, swim). béét BA's (gray). béésh: BEESH (flinty). (Also a noun stem.) béézh; BEEZHy (boil, cook).

béézh: BEEZHo (dirty, scattered).

(boil, cook).

chi’: CH\’z (be stingy). chi? CHAA’ (defecate). chi’: CH||D4 (anger). chiid: CHID4 (fidget). chfid: CHIDg3 (move hand abruptly). chiih: CHII’4 (red).

bish: BIZH (braid). bizh: BIZH (braid). bi: BU (build a hogan). biil: BIIL (crowd). biish: BIZH (braid), bijd: B\\D (fill, get full). bijh BA (win, earn). bijh: BIND (3+ S sit). bijh: BU’ (build a hogan). bifh: B\lD (fill, get full). bij’: Bll’; (bathe, swim),

chifh: CH{; (make, bear a child, lay an egg). chffh: CH\a (have a nightmare). chith: CHII’4 (red). chi?: CHII’4 (red). chii’: CHIl'o

808

(be sharp-pointed).

chill ~chxfl: CHIIL ~ CHXIIL (snow, snowstorm). chit CH\y

ch'itt CH’IL (curl). chit CH'IL/CH'IIL (cur). ch'iish: CH’IIZH (rough, saw, file).

(make, bear a child, lay an egg).

chit’~chx(@: CH{fL ~ CHX{iL (snow, snowstorm).

ch'fish: CH’((ZH (rustle).

chfd: CH\[D (anger). chijd: CH\||Do (hopeless). chijh: CHAA’

ch’iizh: CH’IIZH (rough, saw, file). ch’fizh: CH'lIZH (rough, saw, file). ch'fizh: CH’IIZH (rustle).

(defecate).

chijh: CHAA’s (smell). chijh: chijh: chfh: chit: chit chit

ch’fid: CH’||D4 (reduced). ch’{d: CH’([Do (envy). ch’jdf~ ch'@f CH’(Di~CH'(DI (be few, little).

CH\[D1 (anger). CH\|Do (hopeless). CHAA’s (smell). CHAA’ (defecate). CHI[D4 (anger). CH|[Do (hopeless).

ch’'fdii: CH'({DII (ghost). (Noun used as a verb stem.)

ch'jih: CH’[’ (become evening). ch'jjt CH’ (become evening). ch’osh: CH’OSH (wormy, crowded). ch’osh: CH’OZH (boil, carbuncle). ch’ozh: CH'OZH (boil, carbuncle). ch’66sh: CH’OZH (boil, carbuncle).

chi: CHAA’s (smell). chon ~chxon: CHAA’s (smell, stink). chosh:

CHOZH

(chew, eat LO).

chosh ~ chxosh: CHOSH ~ CHXOSH (be bushy) chozh: CHOZH (chew, eat LO). chédédsh: CHOZH (chew, eat LO). chg’~ chxg’; CHO’~ CHX0” (ruin, spoil). chx¢’f; CHD’~CHX0’ (ugly). chggh ~ chxogh: CHO'~ CHXQ’ (ruin, spoil). chd¢'f~ chxd6’f; CHD’~CHXO’ (ugly, filthy, unattractive). chogt~ chxgot: CHO’~ CHXQ’ (ruin, spoil).

D

da: DA (sql S sits). dd = d-(gh)a: YA (sgl S goes). dah: DAA’ (dance). dah: DEE’ (pI S move freely, fall, go). da’: DA (sgl S sits).

da’ = d-(gh)a’: YA (sgl S goes). das: DAAZ

(mass moves heavily, falls). dé = d-(y)é: YAA’ (eat).

CH’

da’ = d-(y)a’: YAA" (eat).

ch’ah: ch’ah:

CH’AH (hat). (Stem noun used verbally.) CH’EE’ (open the mouth). ch’al: CH’AL (lap up O). ch’at CH’AL (lap up O). ch’at CH’AAL (contaminate).

dazh: DAZH

daah:

DAA’

daa’: DAA’ (dance). daat DA (sq! S sits).

daat= d-(gh)aat YA (sgl S goes).

CH’AAL (contaminate). CH’AAL (contaminate). CH’AL (lap up O). CH’AA’ (draw a design, make a picture). CH’AA’ (draw a design, make a picture). CH’AA’ (draw a design, make a picture).

dddt = d-(gh)4at: YA (sg! S goes). daan:

DAAN (become springtime). daas: DAAZ (mass moves heavily, falls). dads: DAAZ (be heavy). daaz: DAAZ (be heavy). daad: DAAN (become springtime). daah: DAAN (become springtime).

ch’édl: CH’AAL (move suspended). ch’aat Ch’AAL (move suspended). ch’4at CH’AAL (move suspended). ch'ééh: CH’EE’ (open the mouth). ch’ee’: CH’EE’ (open the mouth). ch'i: CH’! (breeze blows). ch'id: CH’ID (paw, scratch). ch'ih: CH’! (breeze blows).

dad’ = d-(y)aa": YAA’ (eat). daat DAAN (become springtime). dddsh: DAZH (jerk O). deeh: DEE’ (pl! S move freely, fall, go). dééh: DEE’ (pl S move freely, fall, go). dee’: DEE’ (pl S move freely, fall, go). déél:; DEEL (SFO flies through air, propel SFO, move).

ch'ih: CHI’ (smart, burn, be bitter). ch'i': CH'ID (paw, scratch).

deet:

ch’il: CH'IL (curl). chit CH’ID (paw, scratch). ch't CH’IL (curl). ch'ish: CH’lIZH (rough, saw, file).

DEELy move).

déés = d-(z)éés: deez = d-(z)eez:

ch'ish: CH'IZH (rustle).

dih: DIH

chiiid: CH’IID (lie, falsehood). ch'iih: CH’? (smart, burn,be bitter).

dit: DEEL

CH’

ehviil; CHIL

ZEEZ ZEEZ

(rumble). (SFO flies through air, propel SFO, move).

dit DEEL (jar, jolt O). dit DifL4 (rumble).

(breeze blows).

din: DIN (used to O). din: DINo (dislike). din: D\|D (vanish, none).

(smart, burn, be bitter).

(curl).

809

(singe O). (singe O).

(jar, thump).

dil: DIILy

ch'ith: CH'{’ (smart, burn be bitter). chit:

(SFO flies through air, propel SFO,

deet DEEL» (jar, jolt O).

ch’: CH’|’ (become evening). ch'iid: CH’ID (paw, scratch).

ch'ifh: CH’!

(dance).

ddéh = d-(gh)4ah: YA (sgl S goes).

ch’ah: CH’AH (have a fit, convulsion). ch’ah: CH’AA’ (draw a design, make a picture). ch’at CH’AAL (move suspended). ch’aal: ch’aat ch’aéat ch’aah: ch'dédh: ch'aa’:

(jerk O).

daah: DA (sgl S sits). daah = d-(gh)aah: YA (sgl S goes).

dis: DIZ (twist O). dis = d-(z)is: ZEEZ diz: DIZ (twist O).

increase O). dlaah = d-laah: LAAD dlaah = d-laah: LAADo

(singe O).

dif: DIILy (rumble). dil: DiiLs (thick, corpulent).

increase O).

di4a’: DLAA’ (drink O).

dit DfiLy (rumble). diin: DI{N (light). difs: DIZ (twist O). dijd: D|[D (vanish, dijh: D\[D (vanish,

(believe). (become much, many;

dlda’ = d-lda’: LAAD , (believe). dlaat= d-laat: LAAD (believe). diaat= d-laat LAADo (become much, many; increase O).

become none). become none).

dié = d-lé: LA (handle SFO). dle’ = d-le’: LA (handle SFO). dle’ = dte’: L{[/LI[D2 (become, be).

dijn= d-(y)ih: YAA’ (eat). dh = d-(y)fh: YAA’ (eat). dffh: DIN

dle’= d-le’: YAA

dit =d-(y)iit YAA’ (eat).

dleeh = d-leeh: L{l'/L\[Do (become, be). dleeh: DLEE’ (generous). dleeh = d-leeh: LO’ (act with cord or handle, snare).

(used to O). dijt D\[D (vanish, become none).

dif = d-(y)@ YAA’ (eat).

dlééh = d-lééh: LA (handle SFO).

do: DO (waft, floatin air). doh: DO (waft,float in air). doh: DOH (stiff muscles). doh: DOI! (heat).

diééh = d-lééh: YAA dlee’:; DLEE’

dléét= d-léét: LA (handle SFO). dleesh: diéézh:

(paint). (Cf. stem noun dleesh, clay.) (paint). (Cf. stem noun dleesh, clay.)

dlid = d-lid: LID (burn). dli’ = d-li’: LID (burn).

dli’ =d-l: LIVLIT’ (trust). dlit =d-lit LID (burn). dlin = d-lin: LIN/NIN (resemble). dlish: DLEEZH

(paint O). (Cf. noun stem dleesh, clay.)

dlish = d-lish: LIZH (urinate). dlizh = d-lizh: LIZH (urinate).

di(= d-If L{(flow).

DL di4 = d-la: YA (sgl S goes).

dif=d-li LIl/LI[IDo (be). dli=d-I¢ L\\D3 (interest). dlih = d-lih: LIH (taste). difid = d-lifd: LID (burn).

dla = d-la: LA’ (get plenty).

did = d-l4é: LA (handle SFO). dl4 = d-l4: LAA’o (hate, dislike O).

dliih = d-iih: LI/LI? (trust). di? =d-l?: LIVLI? (trust). dlit =d-litt LIVLI? (trust).

(rip O violently, break, burst).

dlah = d-lah: LAH (both of S). dlah = d-lah: LAA’; (gather, collect O). dla’= d-la’: LA’ (get plenty). dia’: DLAAD (rip O violently, break, burst).

dlift= d-lift} YAA

(make O, do). dliish = d-liish: LIZH (urinate). dlijd = d-lijd: L\[D1 (appear, exist).

dlat DLAAD (rip O violently, break, burst). dl4é: DLAA’ (drink O). dla = d-ld: LAAD

DLEEZH DLEEZH

dif=d-l: LILI (trust).

déés= d-(z)6¢s: ZOOZo (pull, tear gently). dé¢z= d-(z)$¢z: ZOOZe (pull, tear gently).

DLAAD

(make O, do).

(generous).

dleet: DLEE’ (generous). dleet = d-leet: LIl’/L|[Do (become, be).

dog ~doig: DOG ~ DOIG (stuff). don: DON (boom, explode, shoot gun). doi: DOI! (heat). doii: DOI (heat). do’: DON (boom, explode, shoot gun). dé66h: DO (waft, float in air). d6éh: DOI (heat). dood: DON (boom, explode, shoot gun). dogh: DON (boom, explode, shoot gun). deet DON (boom, explode, shoot gun).

dlad:

(make O, do).

dlijd = d-lijd: L{[’/L\|[D2 (become, be).

(believe).

dlijd = d-lijd: L\[D3 (interest).

dla’: DLAA’ (drink O).

dlijh: DLAA’ (drink O).

dla’f= d-la’f; LAADoa (become, be, many, much). dlaa = d-laa: YAA (make O, do). dlaad: DLAAD (rip O violently, break, burst).

dlijh = d-lijh: LIH (taste). dlijh = d-lijh: L\[D; (appear, exist). dlijh = d-lijh (L\[D3 (interest).

di44d: DLAAD (rip O violently, break, burst). dlaah = d-laah: YA (sgl S goes).

difh: DLAA’ (drink).

dlaah = d-laah:

LA’ (get plenty).

dlijt= d-lits LI[D4 (appear, exist). dliit= d-liit L\l[Dg3 (interest).

dlaah = d-laah:

LAA’o

dif: DLAA’ (drink O).

(hate, dislike O).

dl4ah = d-ldah: LAA’; (gather, collect O). dldah = d-laah: LAA’o (hate, dislike O). dl4a’ = d-44’: LAA’ (gather, collect 0).

di6: DLI (cold). dloh: DLO’ (laugh). dloh = d-loh: LO’ (act with a cord or handle, snare). dio’: DLO’ (laugh). dlo’ = d-lo’: LO’ (act with a cord or handle, snare). dlosh: DLOOZH (move on all four).

d\44’' = d-l4a’: YA (sgl S goes). dlaat = d-laat: -LAA’s (hate, dislike O). dlaat = d-laat: YA (sgl S goes). didat = d-ldat: YA (sgl S goes). dlaad = d-laad: LAAD (believe). dlaad = d-laad: LAADo (become much, many;

dié = d-lo: LIID4 (appear, exist). di66h:

DLI (cold).

di66h: DLO’ (laugh). diddét DLI (cold).

810

didés = d-ld6s: LOOZ (lead sgl AnO).

dziit= d-zift ZIIL (become/be warm).

dloosh: didédsh:

dzijh= d-zijh: 2\ (stand up).

DLOOZH DLOOZH

dzijd= d-zijd: Z([/ZIN/Z\|D (think, want, know).

(move on all four). (move on all four).

did6z = d-l66z: LOOZ (lead sg! AnO). dloozh:

DLOOZH

dzjjh= d-zijh: Z\’ZIN/Z\[D (think, want, know). dzif=d-z{: Z{{’/ZIN/Z\|D (think, want, know).

(move on all four).

:

dz(h = d-zfh: ZAA’ (beat spouse). dzit= d-zijt Z([/ZIN/Z\D (think, want, know).

DZ

dz4 = d-yd: YA (sgl S goes).

dzijt= d-zijt Z|’ (stand up).

dzah: DZA‘’; (stagger, wobble).

dz = d-zi: ZAA’ (beat spouse).

dzah: DZA’o (show off).

dzifs: DZ\{Z

dzah = d-zah: ZA’o (belch).

dziz: DZI|Z (pull, drag O).

dza’: DZA’;

dzo = d-zo: ZO (draw a line, mark).

(stagger, wobble).

dza’: DZA’o (show off). dza’ = d-za’: ZA’o (belch). dza’ = d-za’: ZA’; (protrude jagged:

(pull, drag O).

dzoh = d-zoh: ZO (draw a line, mark). dzo’ = d-yo’: YOOD (drive sgl or several AnO, flee). dzot = d-yot YOOD (drive sgl or several AnO, flee).

deesza’ ~ deesdza’). dzas: DZAAZ (snow, snowfall. (Cf. ZAS: dribble.) dz4: DZA, (hole, perforation). dza: DZAo (polite speech).

dzood = d-yood: flee). dz6éd = d-y66d: flee).

YOOD

(drive sgl or several AnO,

YOOD

(drive sgl or several AnO,

dz4: DZA3 (dehair O). dz4 = d-z4: ZAA’ (beat spouse).

dz66h = d-z66h: dzd66h = d-zd6h:

ZO (draw a line, mark). ZO’ (spita stream).

dzd: DZAAD

dzo’ = d-zo’: ZO’ (spita stream).

(become/be possible).

dzaa = d-yaa: *\[D4/YAA (act, do, make, happen). dzaah: DZA’o (show off). dzaas: DZAAZ (snow, snowfall). (Cf. ZAS: dribble.)

E ’66". "EE’ (clothing. Stem noun used as a verb stem.).

’66l: "EEL (float in water, droop, flush).

dzaaz: DZAAZ (snow, snowfall). (Cf. ZAS: dribble.)

dzaad: dzaah: dz4a’ = dzaat| dzééh:

’eet: ’EEL (float in water, droop, flush). 'ees (~t’ees): 'EEZ (move feet, step). '66s (~t’6és): "EEZ (move feet, step). ’eez (~t’eez): "EEZ (move feet, step). ’eesh (~t’eesh): "EEZH (string O, lead O). ’6ésh (~t’éésh): “IZH (pleat O, ruffle O). ’6ésh (~t’éésh): 'EEZH (string O, lead O). ’eezh (~t’eezh): ’EEZH (string O, lead O).

DZAAD (become/be possible). DZAAD (become/be possible). d-z44’: ZAA’ (beat spouse). DZAAD (become/be possible). DZA’; (stagger, wobble).

dzééh: DZA3 (dehair O). dzééh = d-zééh:

ZA’o (belch).

dzéét DZA3 (dehair O). dzid: DZID

(shake, rot).

dzid: DZ{iD (fear). = d-zid: ZID (wake up). dzid

gad= d-ghad: GHAAD gah: GAIl

(pour, rake, stream).

= d-zid: ZIIDo dzid

= d-ghat: gat

(wake up).

ZID

dzi’=d-zi’:

ZIIDo

(become white, whiten O).

ga’ = d-gha’: GHAAD (shake ©). gal=d-ghal: GHAL, (wriggle). = d-ghat GHAAD (shake O). gat

dzih: DZii’ (breathe, speak, remain). dzih = d-zih: ZI’/Z{i’ (shoot arrow, miss, spurt). dzi’: DZID (shake, rot). = d-zi’: dzi’

G (shake O).

gan:

(pour, rake, stream).

GAN

GHAL4

gan = d-ghan: GHANo

dzil: DZIL (make effort, strain).

gas = d-ghas: GHAZ

dzit DZIL (make effort, strain).

(wriggle).

(become/be dry, dessicate O).

(throw, slam O). (scratch, scrape O).

dz#=d-zit ZID (wake up). dzit= d-zit ZIID (pour, rake, stream). = d-zit ZIIL (become/be warm). dzit

gaz = d-ghaz: GHAZ (scratch, scrape O). gai: GAIl (be white). gaii: GAII (become white, whiten O).

dzis:

gash: GAAZH (leap up in sleep, hex O). gazh: GAZH (swing a firebrand). gazh: GAAZH (leap up in sleep, hex O). gaad= d-ghaad: GHAAD (shake O). gaah: GAIl (become white, whiten O). gaah: GAIl (become white, whiten O). gaat= d-ghaat: GHAL1 (wriggle). gaat= -(gh)aat: YA (sgl S goes). gaat= -(gh)dat: YA (sgl S goes). gaas = d-ghaas: GHAZ (scratch, scrape). gddéh: GAN (become dry, dessicate O). gadh= d-ghégh: GHANo (throw, slam O). gagh = d-ghdaéh: GHAA’ 4 (kill 2+ O). gaa’ = d-ghda’: GHAA’y (kill 2+ O). gédt GAN (become dry, dessicate O).

gé=d-ghé: GHAA’y

= d-zin: Z{[’/ZIN/ZID (think, want, know). dzin DZIS

(furrow, trench).

dzj= d-zj Z|’ (stand erect). dzj' = d-zj’: Z|’ (stand up). dziid = d-ziid: ZIIDo (pour, rake stream). dziid: DZID (shake, rot). dzfid = d-ziid: ZID (wake up). dziid = d-ziid:

Z\IIDo

(pour, rake, stream).

dziih: DZII’ (breathe, speak, remain). dziih = d-ziih: ZI'/ZIl’ (shoot arrow, miss, spurt, err). dzith: DZ{{D (fear). dzi?: DZII’ (breathe, speak, remain).

dzit = d-zir: ZI’/Zil’ (shoot arrow, spurt, miss). dziil = d-ziil: ZIIL_ (become/be warm). dziit DZIL (make effort, strain).

dzit DZIID (fear).

811

(kill 2+ O).

gaat = d-ghdat:

GHAN

(throw, slam O).

gaat = d-ghéét GHAA’, gddsh: gaazh:

GAAZH GAAZH

(kill 2+ O).

(leap up in sleep, hex O). (leap up in sleep, hex O).

ghat ( ~ gathhat): GHAL (wriggle, roll eyes). ghat GHALo (chew/eat meat). ghat ( ~ gat/hat): GHAAD (shake O). ghat (hat): GHAAL (move undulating).

gé = d-yé: YA (grow, mature).

ghan: GHAN, (reside, dwell, have a home). ghan (~ gan/han): GHANo (throw/slam O).

geh =d-yeh:

ghas (~ gas/xas): GHAZ ghaz (~ gaz/xaz): GHAZ

gé= d-yé: Y(o (handle LPB). YEH

(many, philander).

ge’ = d-ye’: YA (grow, mature). ge’=d-ye’: Y(> (handle LPB). gesh: gesh: geed: gééd: geeh: geeh gééh gééh gééh

GESH (lighten). GEEZH (gaze). GEED (dig). GEED (dig). GO’ (rush through air, flow, fall). =d-yeeh: Y|p (handle LPB). = d-yé6h: YA (grow, mature). = d-yééh: YEH (many, philander). = d-yééh: Ylo (handle LPB).

geet = d-yeet Y[o (handle LPB). geet= d-yeet YA (grow, mature). géét= d-yéét YA (grow, mature). géét = d-yéét: Ylo (handle LPB). géés: GEEZ (become/ve crooked, askew). géés: GIZ (twist O). géés = d-yéés: YIZ (turn). geez: GEEZ (become crooked, askew). gééz: GEEZ (become crooked, askew). géésh: GIZH (cut O). géésh: GEEZH (gaze). geezh: GEEZH (gaze). géézh: GEEZH (gaze). gih = d-yih: YIH (pant, breathe). gil = d-yil (push, turn O). git = d-y# (push, turn O). gin =d-yin Y\[D (become holy, immune). gin =d-yin: YIN (be oily). gis: GEEZ

(become crooked, askew).

gis: GIZ (twist O). gis = d-yis: YIZ (turn). gish = d-yish: YIIZH (bend, stoop, rub O). gish: GIZH (cut O). giz = d-yiz: YIZ (turn). giz: GIZ

(twist O).

gizh: GIZH (cut O). g(= d-y( Ylo (handle LPB). git = d-yift YIL (push O, turn). gifs: GIZ (twist O). giizh = d-yiizh: YIIZH (bend, stoop, rub O). god: GEED (dig). god: GOD (be stumped, abbreviated). goh: GO’ (rush through the air, flow, fall). go’: GO’ (rush through the air, flow, fall). go’: GEED (dig). got: GEED (dig). gozh: GOZH (make sausage). gdé6n: GOON (be pock-marked, pitted).

ghad ( ~ gad/had): GHAAD ghah:

GHAH

GH (shake O).

(capable, proportionate to).

gha’(~ ga’/ha’): GHAAD

(shake O).

gha’ = -(gh)a’: YA (sgl S goes). ghal (~ gaVhal): GHAL (wriggle, roll eyes). ghal: GHALa (chew/eat meat).

(scratch/scrape O). (scratch/scrape O).

ghash (~ gash/hash): GHAZH/GHAAZH1 O). ghash: SHAAZEE

(bite/gnaw

(bubble, boil, sleep, shout).

ghazh (~ gazh/hazh): GHAZH/GHAAZH

(bite/gnaw

O).

ghd (- gana): GHAA’4 (kill 2+ O). ghddd (~ gédd/hddd): GHAAD (shake O). ghadh = -(gh)4dh: YA (sgl S goes). ghaal: GHAAL (move undulating). ghaat (~ gaat/haat): GHAL1 (wriggle, roll eyes). ghaat (haat): GHAAL (move undulating).

ghdat GHALoa (chew/eat meat). ghaas (~ gaas/xaas): GHAZ (scratch/scrape O). ghaash: GHAAZH (bubble, boil, shout, sleep).

ghddsh (~ gédsh/hddsh): GHAZH/GHAAZH (bite/gnaw O). ghddash: GHAAZH , (bubble, boil, shout, sleep). ghaazh: GHAAZHj, (bubble, boil, shout, sleep). ghaazh: GHAAZHo (be spongey, cushiony). ghdazh: GHAAZH» (be spongey, cushiony).

ghdazh (~ gé4zh/hddzh): GHAZH/GHAAZH (bite/gnaw O). ghddh (~ gadh/hddh):

GHANo

(throw/slam O).

ghdéh ( ~ gddh/hddh): GHAA’y (kill 2+ O). ghdéh (hdéh): GHAR 2 (boil, snore).

ghda’ (~ 94a’): (GHAA’y (kill 2+ O). ghdaa’ (hda’): GHAA’s

(boil, snore).

ghdat (~ gddt/hdat): GHAA’y (kill 2+ O). ghdat (hdat): GHAA’o (boil, snore). ghdat ( ~ gadVhdat):

GHANo

(throw/slam O).

H The phoneme written /h/ (/x/ when preceded by /s/) occurs as a stem initial consonant only in a very few stems where PA /n/ failed to vocalize. In all other instances stem initial /h/ occurs in an allomorph of /gh, y) initial stems, produced when the voiced stem initial

fricative is devoiced by a preceding voiceless fricative.

had ~ ghad: GHAAD hah:

(shake O).

HAI (~ ghai) (winter). vocalize.)

(Stem initial /h/ failed to

ha’~ gha’: GHAAD (shake O). ha’~gha’: YA (sgl S goes). hal~ ghal: GHAL1 (wriggle, roll eyes). hat~ ghat GHAL, (wriggle, roll eyes).

hat~ ghat GHAAD

(shake O).

hat~ ghat GHAAL (move undulating). han~ghan: GHANo (throw/slam O). has (written xas after /s/)~ ghas: GHAZ (scratch, paw O).

hash ~ eee GHAZH/GHAAZHy

(bite, gnaw O).

hash ~ ghash: GHAAZHj (boil, bubble, sleep, yell). haz ~ ghaz (written xaz after /s/): GHAZ (scratch, paw

hih~yih: Y{{’ (melt, weld, rest).

O). hazh ~ ghazh: GHAZH/GHAAZHy (bite, gnaw O). hai: HAI (~ ghai)(winter). (Stem initial /n/ failed to vocalize.)

~yi’: Y\[D (become holy, immune). hift~ yi; YIL (push O, turn). hiish ~ yiish: YIIZH (bend, stoop, rub O). hfish ~ yffsh: YIZH (pick corn). hfish ~ yiish: YIIZH (bend, stoop, rub O). hijd ~ yijid: Y\[D (become holy, immune). hijh ~ yijh: Y\[D (become holy, immune).

hd ~ ghd: GHAA’y (kill 2+ O). hddd ~ ghddd: GHAAD (shake O). hdadh:

HAI (~ ghai)(winter). vocalize.)

(Stem initial /n/ failed to

hgh ~ yfh: Y{l’ (melt, weld, rest).

hddh -(gh)aah: YA (sgl S goes). haat~ ghaat haat~ ghaat

GHAL GHAAL

h{~yf: Y(f (melt, weld, rest).

(wriggle, roll eyes). (move undulating).

hit ~yiit Y\[D (become holy, immune). hod ~wod: WOD, (flex O, sgl runs).

haat -(gh)aat YA (sgl S goes). haas (written xaas after /s/)) ghaas:

GHAZ

hod ~ wod:

(scratch, paw

O). haash ~ ghaash:

GHAAZHj

(boil, bubble, sleep, yell).

hddsh ~ ghddsh: GHAZH/GHAAZH hdash ~ ghddsh: haazh ~ghaazh:

GHAAZHy GHAAZHj

(bite, gnaw O).

GHAA’, GHAA’o

GHANod

(flex O, sgl S runs).

ho’~wo’: hot~ wot

WODo WOD,

(rock, sway, limp). (flex O, sgl S runs).

hozh ~wozh:

(kill 2+ O). (snore).

WOZHo

(tickle O, be ticklish).

hdédéd ~ w6dd: WODo (rock, sway, limp). hddsh ~ w6dsh: WOZHo (tickle O).

haa’~ghaa’: GHAA’. 2 (snore). haat~ghdat: GHAA’ 1 (kill 2+ O). hddt~ ghddt: GHAA’o (snore). hdat~ ghadt

(rock, sway, limp).

WOD,

hot~wot WODo (rock, sway, limp). hosh~wosh: GHAAZHj (boil, bubble, sleep, yell). hosh ~wosh: WOZHo (tickle O).

(boil, bubble, sleep, yell). (boil, bubble, sleep, yell).

hdazh ~ghddzh: GHAZH/GHAAZH (bite, gnaw O). hddh ~ghddh: hddh ~ghddh:

WODo

ho’~wo’:

HW. hwiih:

(throw/slam O).

HWIIH

(become/be satiated).

hé~yé: Y{ (kill sgl O).

1

heh ~ yeh: YEH (marry, philander). he’~ ye’: Yio (handle LPB).

‘ih: ‘IH (filthy, dirty, repulsive).

‘il~ il “IL~ IL{ (be hairy).

hesh~ yesh: YEEZHo (viscous S flows, S flows meandering). heed ~ yeed: WODj (flex O, sgl S runs). heed ~ yeed: WODo (rock, sway, limp).

heeh~yeeh:

Y{o (handle LPB).

hééh ~yééh:

YEH

in: ne pe (S barks). alte] (look, see). “fet’in): ‘(Co (hide, conceal). Sey ’EEZ (move feet, step). ‘ish (~t'ish): ’EEZH (string O, lead O). ‘ish (~t’ish): "IZH (pleat O, ruffle O). ‘iz (~t'iz): "EEZ (move feet, step). ‘izh (’izh): "IZH (pleat O, ruffle O). {(~t’D: "ID (do, dislike, become rich). T(-t’p: ’t'4 (look, see).

(marry, philander).

hééh ~~ yééh: Yly (kill sgl O).

hééh ~ yééh: Ylo (handle LPB). héél~ yéél: YEEL (become dark, calm). heet~ yeet: MEE (become dark, calm). heet ~ yeet: Y(2 (handle LPB). héét~ yéét Y{z (kill sgl O).

f; "(Df (be brittle).

héét~ yéét: Ylo (handle LPB).

it (~ tH): "[L (copulate, breed). ‘id (~ t'iid): "\[D4 (do, dislike, become ‘jd: ‘\[Do (S barks).

héés ~yéés: YIZ (turn, twist). hes: HEEZ (itch). (Stem initial /h/ failed to vocalize.) hesh ~ yesh: YEEZHo (viscous S flows, S flows meandering). héés: HEEZ (itch). (Stem initial /h/ failed to vocalize.) heesh ~ yeesh: YEEZHo2 (viscous flows, S flows meandering). héésh ~ yéésh: YEEZHo (viscous flows, S flows meandering). heez: HEEZ (itch). (Stem initial /h/ failed to vocalize). heezh ~ yeezh: YEEZHo (viscous S flows, S flows meandering.) hih~yih: YIH (pant, breathe). hil~yil: YIL (push O, turn). hit ~ yi: YEEL (become dark, calm). hit~ yit YIL (push O, turn). hin~yin: YIN (be oily). hin~ yin: Y\[D (be holy, immune). his ~ yis: YIZ (turn, twist). hish ~ yish: YIZH (pick corn) hiz~yiz: YIZ (turn, twist). hizh ~ yizh: YIZH

rich).

‘id: ’(U'4 (look, see). ‘jh (~t’ijh): ‘jh: "\[D2 jh (~ tiyh): ‘jh (~ th):

"{IDz (do, dislike, become rich). (S barks). ly (look, see). ‘(2 (hide, conceal).

jh: YAA

7 Rigi make).

(V. ‘\[D1.)

'b (~ th): (hide, conceal). Gat ite) ih as dislike, become rich). t [D2 (S barks). i ( v@): aie (look, see). e¢t'@): ’(Y’2 (hide, conceal). ijt (-t’ij): "[[D4 (do, dislike, become rich). it: ‘\[Do (S barks).

“it (~ tig): ‘(4 (look, see). ‘f (- t'@): “\L(copulate, breed). @ (t’B): “We (hide, conceal).

J jah: JEE’ 1 (place pl O parallel, 3+ S recline). jah: die} 2 (3+ S run). jah: JEE’ 3 (stick, stick O).

(pick corn).

hE~ ye Yi4 (kill sgl O).

813

jah = d-zhah: ZHEE’; (spit). jash = d-zhash:

ZHASH

K k4: KA (handle O in open vessel).

(knot).

jah: JAH (shake). ja’: JAH (shake). ja’: JA’ (draw in legs).

kad: KAAD (flat moves). kad: KAD (sew O). kah: KAI! (3+ S go).

j44d: JAAD (be swift). (From -j44d, legs.) jaah: JAA’o (handle PIO). jaah: JAA’o (handle PIO).

kah: KAA’o (track O). ka’: KA (handle O in open vessel).

jaa’: JAA’ (ear). (Stem noun used as a verb stem.)

ka’: ka’: ka’: kal: kat kat kat: kat;

jaa’: JAA’s (handle PIO). jeeh: JEE’; (place pl O parallel, 3+ S recline). jeeh: JEE’p (3+ S run).

jeeh: JEE’3 (stick, stick O). jeeh = d-zheeh: ZHEE’y (spit). jéé’: JEE’ (place pl O parallel, 3+ S recline).

j66’: JEE’o (8+ S run). jé6’: JEE’3 (stick, stick O). jéé’ = d-zhé6’: ZHEE’; (spit).

kat; KAtf (emphatic agreement). kan: KAN (ask, beg). kan: KAAD (sweeten). kai: KA! (3+ S go).

jéél: JEEL (rough, rough surfaced). jf = d-zhf; ZHI’ (call, name O). jid: JID (backpack O). jih: JAA’s (handle PIO). jih: JI’ (grab O). jih = d-zhih: ZHII’4 (saw O). ji: Jl’ (grab O). ji’ = d-zhi’: ZHI’ (name, call O). ji’: JID (backpack O). jil: JIL (SO moves abruptly). ji; JID (backpack O). jk JIL (SO moves abruptly). jt: Jit (be libidinous).

kd: KA (handle O in open vessel). kaad: kaad:

kaah: KAA’ (track O).

kaah: KAA’o (track O). kaah: KAI (3+S go). kadh: KA (handle O in open vessel). kaa’: A’; (on = postposition -kaa’ used as a verb stem). kaa’: KAA’o (track O). kaa’: KAA’3 (sandpainting). kaal: KAAL (S lie in series). kaal: KAALz/KAL (chop).

(bring ceremony to final day). (From jj: day.)

jl’=d-zhi’: ZH{{’ (become black).

kaat: kaat kaat:

KAALo (apply pressure). KA (handle O in open vessel). KAAL4/KAL (chop). KAAto (apply pressure).

kaat kaat:

KAAL (S lie in series). KA (handle O in open vessel).

kaal:

jish: JIZH (crush, squeeze). jizh: JIZH (crush, squeeze). jiid: JID (backpack O).

jiih: JV (grab O). jlih = d-zhiih: ZHI’ (call, name O).

jh = d-zhih: ZHif (saw, cut 0). jf? = d-zhi? (saw, cut O). jit = d-zhith ZHI’ (name, call O). jf; JIL (SO moves abruptly). jd: J\[D (bring ceremony to final day). (From jj: day.)

jd: Ji[D (move on buttocks, jump).

KAAD (flat moves). KAD (sew O).

kaah: KA (handle O in open vessel).

jin = d-zhin: ZH({’ (become black). jf JUD

KAAD (flat moves). KAD (sew O). KAI (3+ S go). KAAL4/KAL (chop). KAAD (flat moves). KAD (sew O). KAALo (apply pressure). KAAL4/KAL (chop).

kaad: KAAD (sweeten). kaah: KAN (ask, beg). kaah: KAAD (sweeten). kaat KAN (ask, beg). kaat KAAD (sweeten). ké: KEEDo (scold O).

iy

jh: J\[D (bring ceremony to final day). (Fromijj: day.)

jijh = d-zhijh: ZHI[’ (become black). jth: J([D (move on buttocks, jump). jf = d-zhf: ZH{f) (become black).

ké: KE (2S sit).

ji: JL

keed: keed: keed: keed:

ke’: KE (2S sit). ke’: KEEDo

(bring ceremony to final day). (From jj: day.)

j@: JID (move on buttocks, jump). j@ = d-zh@®: ZH{[’ (become black). jGsh: JWZH (crush, squeeze). jot JOOL (NCM moves, handle NCM). j6nf= d-zhénf; ZHOOD/ZHO’ (be pretty, nice). j6 = d-zh¢: ZHOOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty). joh = d-zheh: ZHOOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty). jo’ = d-zho’: ZHOOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty). jool: JOOL joot JOOL

(scold O). KEED4/KID1 (ask, inquire). KEEDo (scold O). KEED4/KID (ask, inquire). KIDo (slide).

keeh: KE (2S

sit).

keeh: KEEDo (scold O). keeh: K{ (season passes).

kééh: KEEH (befuddle). kééh: K( (season passes). kee’: KEE’ (foot). (Stem noun used as a verb stem.) kéé’: KEE’ (forma trail).

(NCM moves, handle NCM). (NCM moves, handle NCM).

jogd = d-zhoed: ZHDOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty). jogh = d-zhgeegh: ZHODOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty). j69' = d-zhg¢’: ZHDOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty). joot = d-zhoot ZHOOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beauty).

keet KE (2S

sit).

keet

(scold O).

KEEDo

keet K{ (season passes). kees: KEEZ (cough, think).

814

kééz:

KEEZ

k’aash:

(cough, think).

k'édsh: k’'aaz: k’aazh: k’'aazh: k’A4zh: k’aad: k’aah:

kid: KEED4/KID4 (ask, inquire). kid: KIDo (slide). ki’: KEED (ask, inquire). ki’: KIDo (ask, inquire). kit KEED4/KID4 (ask, inquire).

kit Kita (slide). kin: KIN (honeycombed). kish: KIIZH (become spotted). kizh: KIIZH (be spotted).

k’aat K’AAD (tilt O).

k’éat K’AAt (burn). k’44’: K’AA’ (burn).

kG Kl (season passes). kiid: KEED;/KID4 (ask, inquire). kiin: KIIN (get sustenance). kiish: KIIZH become spotted).

k’'aas: K’AAZ (straighten O). k'44z: K’AAZ (straighten O). k’eh: K’EE’ (cut O). k’e’: K'E’ (become cool, cool off). k’es: K’EEZ (hurry).

kiizh: KIIZH (become spotted). kijh: KIIN (get sustenance). kijt KIIN (get sustenance). ko: KO (agreeable).

k'eed: K’EED (copulate with O). k’6éd: KEED (copulate with O). k’eeh: k’eeh: k’ééh: k’eet k’ee’: k’ééh: k'ees: k’eez:

koh: KWI (vomit). kon: KON (be flammable). kos: KEEZ (think, cough).

ko’: KOO’ (swim). ko’: KO’ (smooth, smooth O). kos: KEEZ (SSO moves freely through the air, falls). kooh: KOOH (form a canyon). k66h: KWI (vomit). kogh: KO’ (smooth, smooth O).

kid:

kédt KOO’ (swim).

k’jh: K’JH4

(overlap). k’jh: K’|Ho (curdle, coagulate).

kwi: KWI (vomit). kwii: KWII (be correct).

k's: K'IZ/K'((Z (crack, squeak). k'iiz: K’IIZ (side). (Noun stem -k’iiz, side of body.)

K’

k’fiz: K'IZ/K’(IZ (crack, squeak).

k’4: K’A (grind O).

k’ol: K’7OL (move as a wave, be wavy). k’ot K’OL (move as a wave). k’os: K’'OS (neck). (Stem noun -k’os, neck used verbally.) k’osh: K'DSH (become sour, salty). k'ool: K'OL (move as a wave), k’oot K’OL (move as a wave). k’66h: K’DQO’ (exhaust O). k’o9’: K’DO’ (exhaust O). k’66t K’OQO’ (exhaust O). k’op9sh: K'DSH (become sour, salty). k’6@zh: K'OSH (be sour, salty).

k’ah: K’All (get fat, fatten O). k’al: K’AL (become unbearable). k’as: K’AAZ (become/be cold weather). k’ash: K’AAZH4 (grind). (become cramped).

(squeak).

k’az: K’AAZ (be cold). k'azf; K’AAZ (be cool). k’aih: K’Al’ (become forked, straddle). K’Al’

(become forked, straddle).

k'aii: K;All (become/ve fat). k’ait: K’Al’ (become forked, straddle).

k’é: K’A (grind O).

Ik,

k’a: K’AAD (tilt O).

ld (~ dld/ya): LA (handle SFO).

k’d: K’AA’ (catch fire, burn).

\A (~ dla): LA’ (acquire plenty). classifier.)

k'a’: K’AAD (tilt O).

k'a': K’AA’ (burn). k’Adh: K’A (grind O).

classifier; dlah with d-effect in 1st person dpl.) lah (~ dlah): LAA" (gather, collect O). la’ (- dla): LA’ (acquire plenty). (Always with d-

K’AIl (become fat, fatten O).

k’adt K’A (grind O). k’aas: k'dds:

K'AAZ K’AAZ

(Always with d-

ld (~ dlata): LAA’s (hate O). (Always with {-classifier.) lah (~ dlahAah): LAH (both of S). (Always with 4-

k’'as: K’AAZ (straighten O). k'ddh:

(copulate with O).

kj K’} (glide). k'jh: K’] (glide).

KW

k’ai’;

K’'ID (bulge, form a hill).

kK’it K’EED (copulate with O). Kis: K'IZ/K’IIZ (crack, squeak). kK'iz: K'IZ/K'1IZ (crack, squeak).

k6¢6’: KOO’ (swim). koot KO’ (smooth, smooth O).

K’AAZHo

K’E’ (become cool, cool off). K’EE’ (cut O). K’EE’ (cut O). K'E’ (become cool, cool off). K’EE’ (cut O). K’| (glide). K’EEZ (hurry). K’EEZ (hurry).

k’i': K’EED

kégh: KOO’ (swim).

K'AAZH

K’'AAZHo (become cramped). K’AAZ (become cold weather). K’AAZH 1 (grind O). K’'AAZHo (become cramped). K’'AAZH (squeak). K’AAD (tilt O). K’AAD (tilt O).

k'éah: K’AA’ (burn).

k¢ K( (be askew, tapered).

k’ash:

(become cramped).

k'é4sh: K’AAZH (squeak).

k6éz: KEEZ (SSO moves freely through the air, falls).

k’ash:

K’'AAZH y (grind O).

k’aash: K’AAZHo

kees: KEEZ (SSO moves freely through the air, falls).

(become cold weather). (become cold weather).

815

lfish (~dliishAtish):

classifier.) la’ (~ dla’): LAA’ (gather, collect O). la (~ did): LAAD 4 (believe). (Always with d-classifier.)

lijh (~ diijh): LIl[D3 (interest).

fh: L{ (flow). I (- di@A): LIID4 (appear, exist). If (~ dIGAT): LIL/LI[IDo (become, be). lid (~dliW/hit): LI[D4 (appear, exist). lit (~ di): LI[D3 (interest). (Always with d-classifier). loh (~ dloh): LO’ (move by cord or handle, snare O).

classifier; d-effect in 1st person dpl and Passive.)

|4&h (~ dl4a&hA4Sh): LAA’ (hate O). (Always with +

classifier, d-effect in 1st person dpl and Passive.)

lah (~ dldah): LAA’ (gather, collect 0). \Aa’ (~ did’): LAA’, (gather, collect 0).

lo’ (~ dlo’): LO’ (move by cord or handle, snare O). 16 (~ digAd): LI[Dz (appear, exist).

|44’ (~ dl44’A&A’): LAA’o (hate O). (Always with +-

1561 (- dI66I4661): LOOL (play a flute). Ids (~ dléés): LOGZ (lead sgl AnO). 16z (~ dl66z): LOOZ (lead sgl AnO).

classifier; d-effect in 1st person dp! and Passive.) laat (~ dlaat): LA’ (acquire plenty). (Always with d-

LAA’> (hate O). (Always with t+

is

classifier; d-effect in 1st person dpl and Passive.)

/t/ does not occur as a stem initial consonant except as a variant of stem initial // when devoiced by a preceding voiceless fricative (s/sh/h/t). When the preceding fricative is t-classifier it contracts with or replaces the stem initial A/.

laad (~ dlaad): LAAD (believe). (Always with dclassifier.) laad (~ dlaad4aad): LAAD2 (become much/many, increase O). laah (~ dlaad): LAAD (believe). (Always with dclassifier). laah (~ dlaahHaah): LAAD2 (become much/many, increase O), laa’ (~ dlaa’): LAAD (believe). (Always with dclassifier). laat (~ dlaat): LAAD , (believe). (Always with dclassifier). laat (~ dlaat/taat): LAADo (become much/many, increase O).

t4= +14: LA (handle SFO). té= tla: tAA’o (hate O). (Also as intensive ta.)

t4 = +-(gh) 4: YA (sgl S goes). ta’~ la’: LAA’y (gather, collect O). fa’ = t-(gh)a’:; YA (sgl S goes). fah ~lah:

(gather, collect O).

aah = +-l4dh: LAA’o (hate O). (Also as intensive txaah.)

4h = +(gh)4ah: YA (sgl S goes). taa’ = +(gh)aa’: YA (sgl S goes).

(do, make, happen).

leeh (~ dleehHeeh): LIL/L{[Do (become, be). leeh (-dleeh): LO’ (move by cord or handle, snare O).

144’ = +144": LAA’o (hate O). (Also as intensive tx4a’.)

LA (handle SFO). YAA

(hate O). (Also as intensive

taah = 4-(gh)aah: YA (sgl S goes). taah ~ lddh: LAA’,

le’ (~ dle’Ae’): LIL/LI[ID2 (become, be).

Iééh (~ dlééh/tééh/nééh):

(gather, collect O).

faah = t-laah: LAA’o txaah.)

le’ (dle’/ye’): LA (handle SFO). le’(~dle’#e’): LI[Do (appear,exist).

l66h (~ dlééh/yééh):

LAA’;

fah = t-lah: LAH (both of S).

6 (~dlé/yé): LA (handle SFO).

YAA

(Always with d-classifier).

lijh (dlijh/niih): LH (taste). lijh (~ dlijh/ijh): LI[D4 (appear, exist).

laah (~ dlaahAaah): LAA’o (hate O). (Always with +

le’ (~ dle’/ne’):

(urinate).

liid (~ dlijd/ijd): L\[D1 (appear, exist).

la’f(~dla’): LAADo (be many). laa (~ dlaafaa): suppletive stem corresponding to YAA: make O. V. YAA. laah (~ dlaah): LA’ (acquire plenty). (Always with dclassifier.)

classifier.) laat (~ dlaat/aat):

LIZH

liid (-dliid/iid): t([’A[[D2 (become, be).

faat= t-(gh)aat YA (sgl S goes). faat = t-laat LAA’ (hate O). (Also as intensive txaat.) faad = tlaad: LAADo (increase O). (Cf. also ta, many.) taah =t-laah: LAADo (increase O).

(do, make, happen).

leet (~ dleet/yeet): LA (handle SFO). leet (~ dleet/teet): LI|’/L|[Do (become, be).

léét (~ diéét/yéét): LA (handle SFO). li (~ dii): LULA? (trust). If (~ didn): LILI (trust).

taat= t-laat: LAADo

(increase O).

té~|é: LA (handle SFO).

lid (~ dlid/fid): LID (burn).

te’~ le’: LIL’/LIIDo (become). te’=+le’: L{(/L\[Do (create O).

li’ (~ dli’i’); LID (burn). lit(~ dliv#it): LID (burn).

teeh ~leeh: L{{’/L\[D>2 (become). teeh = +leeh: L{[’/LI|Do (create O).

lin (~ dlin) ~ nin: LIN~ NIN (resemble). lish (~ dlish/ish): LIZH (urinate). lizh (~ dlizh/Aizh): LIZH (urinate).

leeh = t-leeh: LO’ (hold with a cord or handle). teeh~leeh: YAA (make O). fééh ~ lééh: YAA (make O).

tééh ~ lééh: LA (handle SFO).

If(- dif): LL (flow). If (~ dif): LIL/LI[Do (be). I,(-di): L\[D3 (interest). (Always with d-classifier.)

feet~leet LIl/L\[Do (become). feet = tleet: L{[’/L\|Do (create O).

lih (- dlih): LIH (taste O). lifd (~ difid/Aifd): LID (burn). liih (~ dliih/niih): LU/LIT (trust). li? (~ dli?/ni): LUVLIP (trust).

166t ~léét: LA (handle SFO). fi~li: LI? (trust, suspect O). f~ If LIP (trust O). tid = ¢-lid: LID (burn O). 4’ = tli’: LID (burn O). ft = +lit LID (burn O). tish ~ lish: LIZH (urinate).

lit (~ dlit/ni#): LI/LAT (trust). liit (~ dliit/ni#t): lft (~ dift/nif):

YAA YAA

(do, make, happen). (do, make, happen).

816

tish = +lish: LIZH (urinate O). tizh ~lizh: LIZH (urinate). fizh = #-lizh: LIZH (urinate O).

(live).

ndéh (- 'nddh): NAA’o (move, make movement).

fish ~ Ifish: LIZH (urinate). Hish = tffsh: LIZH (urinate O). tijd = t-lijd: LI[D1 (make O appear). fijh ~ lijh: LI[D4 (appear, exist). tijh = ¢-lijh: LI[D4 (make O appear). tijh ~ lijn: LIH (taste O). tf = +l: LUL/LI[D2 (create O). fit~ lit LIID4 (appear, exist). fit = t-lif: LI[D4 (make O appear). to’~lo’: LO’ (move by cord or handle, snare O). to’ =tlo’: LO’ (hold O by means of cord or handle). toh ~loh: LO’ (move by cord or handle, snare O). #5 = t-I6: LIIDy (make O exist).

n4a’: NAA’ (eye). (Stem noun used as verb stem.) nda’(~ 'n44’): NAA’o (move, make movement). naat= -(gh)aat: YA (sgl S goes). naat (~ ‘naat): NA’4/NAAD (live).

naat: NA’o (endure).

ndat= -(gh)4at YA (sgl S goes). nddt NAAt (witness, see, be present). ndat~ néét: NAo (capture O). ndat (~ 'nddt): NAA’o (move, make movement). né (~ ’né): NAz (move with houehold, migrate).

né ~nd: NAo (capture O). né: NAg (win).

né (~ 'né): NAqg (2+ S die).

$66t~166t LOOt (play a flute). 166s ~ 166s: LOOZ (lead sgl AnO).

né (~ 'né): NE’; (play). ne’: YAA (make O). (V. ’{{D4.) ne’(~ ’ne’): NE’, (play). ne': NE’o (move SRO abruptly). ne’~ni’: NE’3~NI’ (tell, relate). ne'~ni’ (‘ne’~’ni’): NIID4 (say).

M mal: MAL (gobble O up). mat MAL (gobble O up). mas: MAAZ (globular S rolls, roll globular O).

ne’: YAA (do, happen, make). neeh: NA’g (swallow O). neeh (~ ’neeh): NE’, (play). neeh: YAA (do, happen, make). nééh (~ ’nééh): NAH (forget). nééh (- ’nééh): NA’, (move with household, migrate).

maz: MAAZ (be round, globular). ma’ii: MA’ll (coyote). (Noun used as a verb stem.) maal: MAAL (be big around, large in circumference). maat MAL (gobble O up).

(globularS rolls). (globular§ rolls). (globular$ rolls).

nééh: NAg (win). nééh (~ 'nééh): NAqg (2+ S die). nééh

M MAAZ (globular S rolls). ‘ma’ii = d-ma’ii: MA’Il (coyote). (Used as a verb stem.)

'mdds = d-mdds: MAAZ (globular S rolls). 'mdds = d-mdds: MAAZ (globular S rolls). ’maaz = d-mddz: MAAZ (globular S rolls).

NA’4 (FFO moves freely through air or

néét (~ 'néét): NA; (move with household, migrate).

néét~ ndat: NAo (capture O).

néét NAg (win). néét (~ néét): NAq (2+ S die).

N (move with household, migrate).

neez

(~ ’neez): NEEZ

(be tall, long).

nééz: NEEZ/NEEZ (be relatively long, tall). ni= (li: LILI (trust).

nd~né: NAo (capture O). na: NA3 (win).

ni: NIIDo (enjoy).

nd (~ 'nd): NAq (2+ Sdie).

nf= lle LIYLIP (trust).

na: NAs (be accustomed to). na (~ 'na): NA’4/NAAD (live).

ni: Nf (sharp). nf(~ 'ni): NI’4 (ally, help). nf (~ ’nf): NIH4 (blink, thunder). nf (~ 'ni): NIID4 (say). nf (~'nf): NIID4 (crave, want). nf; NiIIDs (affect). ni (~ ‘ni: Nif’3 ~ NI’ (groan, thunder). nih: NE’p (move SRO abruptly).

nd (~ 'nd):; NAA’o (move, make movement). nah (~ ’nah): NAH (forget). nah (~ ’nah): NA’4 (FFO moves over surface or through air). na’ = -(gh)a’: YA (sgl S goes). na’ (~ ’na’): NA’4/NAAD (live). na’: NA’p (endure). na’: NA’s (swallow O). na’ (~ ’na’): NA’4 (FFO moves through air or over

nih: NE’g (tell, narrate).

nih (~ ’nih): nih (~ ‘nih): nih: NIHg nih (~ ’nih): nih (- nih);

NIH4 (blink, thunder). NIHo (tell, praise, brag). (suspect). Nl’ (block). Nil’, (act with the arm 4 hand). nih (~ 'nih): NIHa (hurt, become sore). nih (~’nih): NIl’4 (mind, learn).

surface).

na’: NAADz ~ NOOD (lick O). na’: NAADo (endure).

(lick O).

nat. NAADo (endure). naad (~ 'naad): NA’,/NAAD

(~’nééh):

over a surface). nééh: YAA (do, happen, make). neet (~ ’neet): NE’4 (play).

’mas = d-mas:

nat NAAD 4~NOOD

(lick O).

ndéh = -(gh)4ah: YA (sgl S goes).

fiih ~liih: Lf (trust O).

nd (~ 'nd): NAq

(endure).

NAADo

naah (~ ’naah): NA’4/NAAD naah: NA’o (endure).

fin ~lih: LIH (taste O). tid = t-lfid: LID (burn O).

MAAZ MAAZ MAAZ

NOOD

naad:

né4d: NAAD; NOOD (lick O,flare). néad: NAAD» (endure).

(= +I¢ L{ (make O flow).

mads: maas: méaz:

naad: NAAD;

(live).

817

nih: Nil’; (middle).

nit NIIDs (affect).

nih: Nif’> (boss).

nitt N{{D (be true).

nih: Nil’3 (move, pass).

nit(~’nit): NII (conserve). (Always with d-classifier.) niit YAA (do, happen, make).

nih (~ 'nih): Nif’3~ NI’ (groan, thunder). ni’ =I-li’; LVL, (trust).

nift (~ ’nff): NIL (move PIO).

ni’ (~ ’ni’): NI’4 (ally, help). ni’(~ ’ni’): NI’ (block). ni’(~ ’ni’): NIID4 (crave, want).

niftt YAA

nfish: NISH (work). nfish (~ ’nffsh): NIZH

ni’ (~ 'ni’): Nif'g~ NI’ (groan, thunder).

’na = d-na: NA4/NAAD

classifier.) ; ’nd = d-na: NAz (move with household, migrate).

niid: NIID3 (new). niih = I-lijh: LUH (taste).

nd = d-nd: NA4 (2+ S die). 'nd = d-nd: NAA’o (move, make movement).

niih = I-liih: LILI (trust). NE’a

(~ ’niih): (~ ’niih): (~ ’niih): (~ ’niih): (~ ’niih): NiIDo (~ ’niih): NIIDs (~ ’niih):

(move SRO abruptly).

‘nah = d-nah: NAH (forget). ‘nah = d-nah: NA’4 (FFO moves through air or over surface, crawl). ‘na’ = d-na’: NA’4/NAAD (live). ‘na’ = d-na’: NA’4 (FFO moves through the air or over a surface; S crawls). ‘naah = d-naah: NA’4/NAAD (live). *‘naah = d-naah: NA’o (endure). ’nddh = d-nddh: NAA’ (move, make a movement). 'ndd’ = d-nda’: NAA’a (move, make a movement). ‘naat= d-naat: NA’4/NAAD (live). ‘naat= d-naat NA’s (endure). ’nddt = d-nddt NAA’s (move, make movement). ’né = d-né: NA; (move with household, migrate).

NIH4 (blink, thunder). NIHo (tell, praise, brag). NI’4 (ally, help). Nl’a (block). NIIDy (say). (enjoy). NIID4 (crave, want). (affect). NIl’y (act with arm and hand).

niih: Nil’; (middle). niih: Nil’a (boss). niih: Nil’3 (move, pass). niih (~ ’niih): NII’4 (mind, learn).

niih (~ ’niih): Nil’ ~ NI’ (groan, thunder). nif; NID (be true).

'né = d-né: NAq4 (2+ S die). ’né = d-né: NE’, (play). ‘ne’ =d-ne’: NE’, (play). ’ne’~ 'ni’ = d-ne’~d-ni’: NIID4 (say). ‘neeh = d-neeh: NE’, (play).

nifh: NE’, (tell, narrate). nffh: NIH3 (suspect O). nifh (~ ’nfth): NIl’4 (act with hand and arm).

nifh: Nll’o (hurt, be sore).

’nééh = d-nééh:

nffh: Nil’> (boss). nffh (~ ’nffh): Nif’3 NI’ (groan, thunder).

Nilo

NA’g (FFO moves through the air or

over a surface; S crawls).

’nééh = d-nééh:

NA

(move with household, migrate).

’nééh = d-nééh: NAg (2+ S die).

Niih: Nil’o (hurt, be sore). nifh: NIl’3 (move, pass). nifh (~ ’nith): Nil’g (mind, learn). ni’: NIIDs (affect). nii’ (~ ’nii’): NIl’4 (act with arm and hand). ni’:

N (live).

'nd = d-nd: NAg (right directional). (Always with d-

nfid: Ni{D (true).

niih niih niih niih niih niih: niih niih: niih

(break SFO, pluck O).

nod (~ nod): NOOD/NAAD (lick O). no’: NOOD/NAAD, (lick). no’ (~’’no’): NOOD (lick O, dart). not (~ not): NOOD (lick O, dart). nood: NOOD/NAAD} (lick, dart). nééd (~ ’nd6d): NOOD (lick, dart).

nil (~ ’nil): NIL (move PIO). nin~lin: NIN~LIN (resemble). nit(~ ’nit): NIL (move PIO). nish: NISH (work). nizh (~ ’nizh): NIZH (break SO, pluck O). niid (~ ’niid): NIIDy (say). niid: NIIDa (enjoy). niid: NIID3 (be new). niid (~ ’niid): NIID4 (crave, want). niid: NIIDs (affect).

nih:

(do make, happen).

nit. V. ’ID/YAA.

’nééh = d-nééh: NAH (forget O). ‘neet= d-neet NE’, (play). 'néét =d-néét NAy (move with household, migrate).

’néét= d-néét: NAq (2+ S die).

(hurt, be sore),

‘nf=d-ni: NIH (blink, thunder). ‘nf= d-ni: NI’z (ally, help). ‘nf= d-dni; NIIDy (say).

nil’: NII’3 (move, pass). nii’ (~ ’nii’): NIl’4 (mind, learn).

ni? =i: LILI? (trust).

‘nf =d-ni: NIID4 (mind, desire). ‘nih = d-nih: NIH4 (blink, thunder).

nif: NIl’4 (middle).

‘nih = d-nih: NIH 9 (praise, brag). ‘nih = d-nih: Nl’o (block). ‘nih = d-nih: NIl’y (act with arm and hand).

nif: NIID (be true).

nit" Nil’s (boss). nf’ (+ ’ni): Nig (groan, thunder). nit= I-liit LULA? (trust). nit}

NE’a

= d-nih:

(move SRO abruptly).

niit (~ ’nit): NI’ (ally, help). nit(— ’ni#): NIIDy (say), nit NIIDo (enjoy). niit (~ ’niit): NIIDq4

NIl’o (hurt, be sore).

d-nih: NIl’4 (mind, learn). ‘ni’ =d-ni’: NI’y (ally, help). ‘nni’ = d-ni’: Nl’o (block). ‘ni’ = d-ni’: NIID4 (mind, desire). ‘nil = d-nil: NIL (move PIO).

(crave, want).

818

sé =+yé:

’nit = d-nit:

nizh ‘niid ’niid ’niih ’niih ‘niih ’niih ’niih ‘nih

= = = = = = = = =

NIL (move PIO). d-nizh: NIZH (break SFO, pluck O). d-niid: NIID4 (say). d-niid: NIID4 (mind, desire). d-niih: NIID7 (say). d-niih: NIHo (praise, brag). d-niih: NIH4 (blink, thunder). d-niih: NI’z (ally, help). d-niih: NI’p (block). d-niih: NIID4 (mind, desire).

séé6h = t-yééh: YA (grow, raise O).

séét=t+-yéét YA (grow, raise O). s66h =t-zé6é6h: ZA’p (burp O, make O belch).

sé6h =4-z66h: ZAo (mob moves). sé6h =+-zééh: ZEE’ (fart silently). 366": +266": ZEE’ (fart silently). séé6t=1-z66t ZA? (mob moves).

séét=+z66t ZEE’ (fart silently).

‘nih = d-niih: N{fD (be true). ’niih = d-niih: ’niih = d-niih: ‘nih = d-niih: ’nith = d-nifh: ‘nifh = d-nffh: ’nith = d-nifh: ni’ = d-nii’: ’nii’= d-nii’: *nii’ = d-nii’: nit = d-niit

NII’; (act with arm and hand). NIl’p (hurt, be sore). NIl’4 (mind, learn). NII’; (act with arm and hand). NIl’o (hurt, be sore). NIl’4 (mind, learn). NIl’4 (act with arm and hand). NIl’o (hurt, be sore). NIl’4 (mind, learn). NI’z (ally, help).

’niit= d-nitt

NIID;

t-sid =+zid: ZID (awaken O). sih = +-zih: ZI’/ZIl’ (shoot arrow, spurt, err).

sih ~sxih= +zih: Zi{{’ (revulsion). sih = tyih(?): YIH (hope). si’= 4-zi’: Zl’ (awaken O). si’ = +-zi’: ZI’/ZI’ (shoot arrow, spurt, err). sil = +-zil: ZIL (grind O coarsely, cook O lightly). sit = +-zib ZID (awaken O). sit = +-zib ZIL (grind O coarsely, cook O lightly).

st =+zit ZIIDy (grab O, catch O). st=tzth ZIIL (warm O). sin=#zin: Z{[’/ZIN/Z\\D (think, want, know). sin=tyin: Y\[D (bless O, make O immune). si=zi Z\’ (stand O). si’ = +2zi’: Z|’ (stand O up). sid =+-zfid: ZID (awaken O).

(say).

nit = d-niit NIIDq (mind, desire). nif = d-nift NIL (move PIO). ’niish = d-nfish:

NIZH

(break SFO, pluck O).

’nod = d-nod: NAAD4/NOOD (lick, dart). ‘no’ = d-no’: NAAD3/NOOD (lick, dart). ‘not =d-not NAAD4/NOOD (lick, dart).

siih = +-ziih: ZI'/Z{"’ (shoot arrow, spurt, err). siih ~ sxiih: = +ziih: ZIf’ (revulsion). sith = +-zith: ZI'/Z{I’ (shoot arrow, spurt, err). si =+zir: ZI/Z{" (shoot arrow, spurt, err).

oe} ‘oh: ’OH (become/be surplus, left over). ‘ot "EEL (floatinwater, droop).

si? ~sxi?: = +zi?: Zif (revulsion). siil = t+-ziil: ZIIL (warm O).

sift = +z/f: ZIL (grind O coarsely, cook O lightly). sit =+-zitt ZIIL (warm O). sijd = t-yijd: Y|[D (bless O, make O immune). sijd = 4-zijd: Z(|'/ZIN/Z\[D (think, want, know). sijh =t-yijh: Y|[D (bless O, make O immune). sijh = +-zijh: Z|’ (stand O up).

S /S/ does not occur as a stem-initial consonant except as a contraction of t-classifier with stem initial /z/ and ina few instances stem initial /y/, or as a devoiced allophone of stem initial /z/ when the preceding phoneme is a voiceless fricative (s, h, 4).

sijh = +zijh: Z([/ZIN/Z|[D (think, want, know).

s(h = tyfh: YAA’ (eat, feed O). sffh =+yfh: Y\|D (bless O, make O immune). sit = +-zijh Zi’ (stand O up). sf =tyf: Y\ID (bless O, make O immune).

sé =t(gh)d: YA (sgl S goes). sah =tyah: sah =tzah: sah =+zah:

YA’ (miss O, find O missing). ZA’; (scattered). ZEE’ (fart silently).

sf =+2{: Z{/ZIN/Z\D (think, want, know).

sa’ = +(gh)a’: YA (sgl S goes).

si = tziih Z\L'/ZIN/ZJD (think, want, know). sijt = tyij: Y|[D (bless O, make O immune).

sa’ = +-ya’: YA’; (miss O, find O missing). sa’ =t-za;: ZA’o (burp O, make O belch). sa’={-za’: ZA’, (scattered). sat=tzat ZAAL (dash). sas = +zas: ZASo (strew, scatter O). s4 = +yd: YAAD (become aware, wise). sa =t-ya: YAA’ (eat, feed O). sd = +zd: ZAo (mob moves).

s(ft'=+-yit: YAA’ (eat, feed O).

sift =+-yi Y|[D (bless O, make O immune). s0'=t-yo’: YOL (blow, swarm). sol=tyol:

sd4at=+-(gh)adt YA (sgl S goes).

(glitter). (Cf.

SH

=+-zddt ZAAL (dash). = +-z4ds: ZASo (strew, scatter O). = +yaad: YAAD (become aware, wise). = +yaah: YAAD (become aware, wise).

/SH/ does not occur as a stem initial consonant except as as a contraction of t-classifier with stem initial /zh/ and the when /zh/ initial stem of a devoiced allophone preceding phoneme is a voiceless fricative (sh, h, 4).

sd’ = tydd”. YAA’ (eat). YAAD

(blow, swarm)

sg’, star.) sool = t-yool: YOL (blow, bulge). soot =t-yoot YOL (blow, swarm). s66t = +y66t YOL (blow, bulge).

s4ah = +-yaah: YA’; (miss O, find O missing). saal ={-zaal: ZAAL (dash). saat=tzaat ZAAL (dash).

saat = t+yaat

YOL

sot=tyot YOL (blow, swarm) sos = ss (?) = +zos(?): SOS(?)/ZOS(?)

sddh = t-(gh)4ah: YA (sgl S goes).

saat sdds saad saah

YA (grow).

se’= tye’: YA (grow, raise O). sé(=+zél: ZEf (crumble O).

(become aware, wise).

819

shah =¢-zhah: shah =tzhah:

ZHEE’s (string the loom warp). ZHA; (flip, curve, cur, coil).

sha’=4-zha’:

ta: TAA’s (search for O). tah: TAH; (among, be among). used as a verb stem.)

ZHA’ (flip, curve, curl, coil).

shash = 4-zhash:

ZHAAZH

(erode, wear O away).

tah: TAHo (spring). tah: TAH3 (flip O).

shdash = t-zhaédsh: ZHAAZH (erode, wear O away). shaazh = t-zhaazh: ZHAAZH (erode, wear O away). shaad = +-zhaad: ZHAAD (make O watery). shaah = ¢+-zhaah: ZHAAD (make O watery). shaat=+-zhaat ZHAAD (make O watery). shééh = +-zhé6éh: ZHA’ (flip, curve, coil, curl).

shééh = +-zhééh: ZHEE’o

tah: TAH, (say). tah: TA’o (count O). tah: TAA’ (shatter).

tah: TAA’ (test 0).

(string the loom warp).

tahd: TAHgq (say). ta’: TAHo (spring). ta’: TAHg (flip O). ta’: TA’; (entertain O). ta’: TA’9 (count O).

shé6h = +zhé6h: ZHEE’o (mow, shear O). shee’ = {-zhee’: ZHEE’s (string the loom warp).

shih = +-zhih: ZHEE’s (mow, shear 0).

shéé’ = +-zhéé’: ZHEE’o (mow, shear O). shil = t-zhil: ZHIL4 (gasp). shit=4-zhit ZHIL4 (gasp). shish = t-zhish:

ZHIIZH

ta’: TAA’s (search for O). tal: TAALy (kick O). tat TAHo

(gouge O, poke O, dance O).

SH[~ ZH{ (become summer). (Stem initial /sh/ failed to vocalize.) shift= t+-zhift: ZHIL4 (gasp). Shiish = t-zhiish: ZHIIZH (gouge O, poke O, dance O).

shfish = ¢+-zhffsh: ZHIIZH shiizh = t-zhiizh: ZHIIZH

tas: TAAZ (bend, warp). tas: TAZ (twin O). taz: TAZ (twin O). ta: TA, (handle SSO). ta: TAo (3+ S sit).

(gouge O, poke O, dance O). (gouge O, poke O, dance O).

shfh ~ shgh: SH(~ ZH{ (become summer). (Stem initial

té: TAg (rain). té: TA4 (show, teach). té: TAs - TAA’ (be thick/deep).

/sh/ failed to vocalize.)

shh = +-zhfh: ZH{’ (blacken O). sh{ =+zhf: ZHI{{’ (blacken O). shf~ sh: SH(~ZHf (become summer).

(Stem initial

ta’: TA’ (hold onto O). tash: TAZH (peck, flick O). tazh: TAZH (peck, flick O). tadd: TAHo (spring).

/sh/ failed to vocalize.)

sh =tzh@: ZH{’ (blacken O). shoh = t-zhoh: ZHOO’ (brush, sweep O, shell corn). sho’ =+t-zho’:

ZHOOD

(slide/drag O).

shot =t-zhot ZHOOD

(slide/drag O).

shosh =+-zhosh:

ZHOOZH

tadd: TAH4

(move RO parallel, stream

taah: TA’o (count O). tadh: TAA’ (shatter). tadh: TAA’o (search for O).

(slide/drag 0). (slide/drag O).

téah: TAA’ (test O).

shooh =+zhooh: ZHOO’ (brush/sweep O, shell corn). sh66h =+zh66h: ZHOO’ (brush/sweep O, shell corn). sh66’ = +zh66": ZHOO’ (brush/sweep O, shell corn). shddésh = #+-zhdéd6sh: ZHOOZH stream O). shoozh = t-zhoozh: ZHOOZH stream O).

(say).

taah: TAA’o (search for O). taah: TAA’, (test O).

O).

shood = +-zhood: ZHOOD shééd = +zh66d: ZHOOD

(spring).

tat TAAL, (kick O). tat TAALo (sing).

sh

taal: TAAL,

(kick O).

tal: TAALo (sing).

taat TAA’s (search for O). taat TAAL, (kick O).

(move RO parallel, (move RO parallel,

taat TAALo

(sing).

taéat TAA’o (search for O).

shé: shO: SHO ~ZH@ (be good). (Stem initial /sh/

taa’: TAA’

failed to vocalize. Cf. ZHOOD.) sho’ = +zh9': ZHDOD/ZHO’ (tame, cheer, beautify O). shosh = t-zhdédsh: ZHOOZH (play the Hoop and Pole

taas: TAZ (twin). tadds: TAAZ (bend, warp). taaz: TAAZ (bend, warp). taad: TAAD (be scattered).

Game).

shood = +zhged:

ZHOOD/ZHO’

(tame, cheer, beautify

tad’: TA

t44’: téa’: ’: : ’: t44’:

O) shogh = t+-zhogh: ZHDOD/ZHOQ’ O.)

shod’ = +-zh¢¢’: ZHOOD/ZHO" O). shoot = t-zhoet ZHOOD/ZHO’

(tame, cheer, beautify

(tame, cheer, beautify (tame, cheer, beautify

O) sheesh = tzhegsh: beautify

sheosh = t+zhegsh: Game). shgezh = t-zhegzh:

(shatter).

(handle SSO).

TAg (rain). TAq (teach O). TAs (be thick, deep). TAA’, (gallop, lope). TAA’o (search for O). TAA’ (test O).

taéash: TAZH (peck, flick O). ZHOOD/ZHOQ’

(tame, cheer,

té: T{ (S reclines, move AnO).

O).

te’:

TE’~ TEE’ (race, run fast).

ZHDOZH

(play the Hoop and Pole

te’: T{ (S reclines, move AnO).

ZHOOZH

(play the Hoop and Pole

teeh: 7M (S reclines, move AnO). tééh: TE'~ TEE’ (race, run fast).

teeh:

Game).

820

TE’~ TEE’

(race, run fast).

(Postpositional stem

tééh: T( (S reclines, move AnO).

togh: TO’/TOOH

tééh: tee’: teel: téél:

toot TO’/TOOH

Tl’o (talk). TE’~ TEE’ (run fast, race). TEEL (be wide/broad). TEEL (be relatively wide/broad).

ils Stems listed as /t’/ initial include those composed of d-

téél: TEEL (slide). teet

classifier in combination with stem initial /’/ = /t’/.

TE’~ TEE’ (race, run fast).

teet TEEL

(RO breaks). (RO breaks).

t'é =d-’4: ‘A (handle SRO). t'é: T’Ay (fletch O).

(be broad, wide).

teet TEEL (slide). teet it(S reclines, move AnO).

t'ad = d-’ad: t’ah = d-'ah:

téét Tl (S reclines, move AnO).

teesh: TEEZH (2 Srecline). téézh: TEEZH (2 S recline).

‘AH, 'AHy

(propel, toss, drop FFO). (propel, toss, drop FFO).

t'ah = d-'ah: 'AA’ (trick, lure, deceive). t'ah: T’A’ (fly). t'a’: T’A’ (fly). t'a'=d-’a’: 'AHy (propel, toss, drop FFO). t'a'=d-’a’: ‘A (handle SRO). t'at=d-’at 'AHz (propel, toss, drop FFO). tlat=d-’at ‘AAL (chew/eat HO).

tih: TE’~ TEE’ (race, run fast). tih: TIH4 (become tight). tih: TIHa (become/ be old). tih: Tl’ (cover O). tih: Tl’o (talk). tih: Tl’g (break SSO). ti’: Tl’ (cover O).

t'ash = d-'ash: ’AAZH (2S go).

t'é=d-’4: ’A (handle SRO).

ti’: Tl’o (talk).

t’a: T’Az (fletch O).

t'é: T’Ao (ripen, mature). t'ah: T’AH~ TA’ (be flat and thin).

ti’: Tl’3 (break SSO). ti’: TIID (become hesitant, shy). til: TIL (be matted). tit: TEEL (be broad, wide).

t'ah: T’AA’ (nibble O). t'a’f; T'AH~ T’A’ (be flat and thin). t'as: T’AAZ (cut/slice O). t'ddd = d-’44d: ‘AH! (propel, toss, drop FFO).

tit TEEL (slide). tin: TAy (handle SSO). tin: TAg (rain).

t’'aah = d-’aah: ’A (handle SRO).

tin: TAg (show, teach O). tin: TAA’; (gallop, lope).

t’ddh = d’4ah:

tin: TIN (freeze). tis: TIS (over). (Postpositional stem used as a verb stem.)

t’adh: T’A’ (fly). t'adh: T’Ay (fletch O). t'aa’ = d-’aa’: AA’ (trick, lure, deceive).

t’4déh = d-dh:

t’aal = d-’aal: ttaat=d-'aat

tish: TEEZH (2 S recline). tt T{ (S reclines, move AnO). ti’: TA, (handle SSO).

’AA’ (trick, lure, deceive).

"A (handle SRO).

’AAL (chew/eat HO). 'AAL (chew/eat HO).

t'aat= d-’aat ’A (handle SRO). t'édt= d-'Adt ‘A (handle SRO).

tiid: TIID (become hesitant, shy). tiih: TIID (become hesitant, shy). tiih: TIH (become old).

th: Tl’3 (break SSO).

t'adt T’Ay (fletch O). t'aash = d-’aash: 'AAZH (2S go). t’aazh = d-’dazh (2S go).

tit TIID (become hesitant, shy). tiin: TIIN (trail, raod, path).

t'da’: T’Ao (ripen, mature).

t'éah: T’AA’ (nibble O).

t'é4": TAA’ (nibble O).

tijh: TA, (handle SSO). tijh: TAg (rain).

tijh: tijh: th: tih:

TA4 (show, teach O). TAA’, (gallop, lope). TA1 (handle SSO). TAg3 (rain).

tih: tjh: tth: tit;

TAq (show, teach O). TAA’; (gallop, lope). TIN (freeze). TAz (handle SSO).

t'édz: T’AAZ (cut/slice O). t'aas: T’AAZ (cut/slice O).

t’é: T’E (roast O). t’é: T’E’y (become, be). t'éhé: T’E’y (become, be). te’: T’E’y (become, be). tle’: T’E’o (be baffled). te’: T’E’3 (hop, toss SSO/AnO). t'eeh: T’E’4 (become, be). t'eeh: T’E’3 (hop, toss SSO/AnO). t'ééh: T’E’o (be baffled).

tit TA1 (handle SSO). tit: TA3 (rain).

t'ééh: T'EEH (be good, well).

tit TAg (show, teach O). ti TAA’, (gallop, lope).

t'ééh: t'ééh: t'eet t'eet t'eet t'éét t'ees t'ees: t'éés

tir TIN (freeze). tdli; TOOL (be clear). tot TOOL (clear up, clarify). toh: TOH (smooth-surfaced). to’: TO’/TOOH (RO breaks). tool: TOOL (clear up,clarify). toot

TOOL

(clear up,clarify).

821

T'l’y (SFO extends). T'l’o (wobble, go fast). T’'E’4 (become, be). T’E’o (be baffled). T’E’g (hop, toss SSO/AnO). T'EEH (become good, well). = d-’ees: EEZ (move the feet). T’E (roast O). = d-’66és: "EEZ (move the feet).

alts

t'eesh = d-’eesh: ’EEZH (string O, lead AnO). t’eesh = d-’eesh: ’IZH (pleat/ruffle O). t'eesh: T’'EEZH (blacken O).

tah: TLAH, (ignite, burn). tah: TLAHo (stop, halt). tah: TLAH3 (smear O). tlédd: TLAH (ignite, burn). tlddd: TLAHo (stop, halt). tte’: TLEE’ (handle/propel MM, become wet). tteeh: TLEE’ (handle/propel MM, become wet). ttéé’: TLEE’ (handle/propel MM, become wet). tid: TLID (tremble). ti’: TLAH (ignite, burn). tt’: TLAHo (stop, halt). tt’: TLID (tremble). tit TLAH (ignite, burn). tit TLAHo (stop, halt). tit TLID (tremble). tish: TLIZH (AnO moves freely through the air, falls). tish: TLIIZH (pack O down, compact O). tizh: TLIZH (AnO moves freely inedgh the air, falls). tid: TLID (tremble). thish: TLIZH (AnO moves freely through the air, falls). tHish: TLIZH (AnO moves freely through the air, falls). ttish: TLIIZH (pack O down, compact O). tizh: TLIZH (pack O down, compact O). toh: TLEE’ (handle/propel MM, become wet).

t’éésh = d-’6ésh: "EEZH (string O, lead AnO). tteez = d-’eez: EEZ (move the feet). teezh= d-’eezh: ’EEZH (string O, lead AnO). t’éézh: T’EEZH (blacken O). ti: T’l’o (wobble, go fast). tih: T’l’4 (SFO extends). ih: T’l’> (wobble, go fast). t’’: T’l’y (SFO extends).

tin=d-'in: ‘{['y (look, see). tin =d-'in: "Vo (hide, conceal). tin: T’IN (be dense). tis = d-'is: EEZ (move feet).

tis: T’E (roast O). tish = d-’ish:

"EEZH:

(string O, lead AnO).

tish = d-"ish: "IZH (pleat, ruffle O).

tiish: T’EEZH tish: viz = tizh tizh:

(blacken O).

T’lZH (graze, tap O). d-'iz: "EEZ (move feet). = d-'izh: ’IZH (pleat, ruffle O). T’IZH (graze, tap O).

t{=d-’G ti =d-'¢

"{JD4 (do, dislike, be rich). ’U’y (look, see).

tfish: T’'lZH (graze, tap O). t'ijd = d-'ijd: ’\[D4 (become rich, dislike, do). tijd = d-‘jd: YAA (do, happen, make). (V. ‘I\D4.) t'jh = d-"ijh: "\[D4 (do, dislike, become rich). tijh= d-'ijh: Wy (look, see). tijh= d- “yh: ‘l’o (hide, conceal). tijh: T’Ao (ripen, mature). tijh= dijh: YAA (do, happen, make). (V. ‘I{D4.) t’'fh= d-’fh: '[[’o (hide, conceal). t’'fh: T’Ad (ripen, mature).

tt6dh: TLOO’ (loosen, relax). tt66’: TLOO’ (loosen, relax). tt66t TLOO’ (loosen, relax).

t’ifh: T’[H (do sorcery).

t'aa’: TL’AA’ (buttocks). (noun stem used as a verb stem.)

wee ta: TL’AHo

t’4: TL’A (biped S trots). tPah: TL’AH4 (be angular). tvah: Tt’AHo (left handed, hamper O). t?adh: TL’AHo (left handed, hamper O).

t= d-'f: *\[D4 (do, dislike, become rich).

t/ =d-'f: ‘4 (look, see). t' =d-’f: ’[[’o (hide, conceal). tit=d-"tt [Dy

t’'é: TL’A (bipedS trots). 66h: Tt’A (biped S trots).

(do, dislike, become rich).

t’é6’: TL’EE’ (become night, get dark, carry ceremony to its final night).

tit =d-itt: ’[’4 (look, see). t'@=d-'f

‘i’o (hide, conceal).

t’éét TL’A (bipedS trots). tt’: TL’iID (throw PIO, limberO up, fart). tit TLD (throw PIO, limberO up, fart).

tf: T’A (ripen, mature). t’o: T’'OHo (shoot O). tod: T’OD4 (be embedded). tod: T’ODo (be tender, soft).

thin: tPin: tPin: tin: Pin:

t’od: T’'OOD4 (shred O, wipe O off). tod: T’?DOD2 t'édi: T’ODo

(left handed, left directional, hamper O).

(suck O). (be tender, soft).

t’oh: T’'OH4

(be bushy). toh: T’OHo (shoot O). toh: T'OH3 (smoke O). t'o’: T’OOD 4 (shred O, wipeO off).

TL’IN4 TL’INo TL’INg TL’INg TL'INS

(pile O). (sling). (become firm, pack down). (be gummy, sticky, adhering). (be speckled/freckled).

tis: TL’IS

(harden). tPish: TL’IlZH7 (wriggle, be serpentine). ish: TL’IIZHa (soak, become blue/green, dye blue/green). tiz: TL’IS (harden). trih: TL’INo (sling).

0’: T’'OOD»= (suck 0). tot T’'OD». (be tender, soft). tot: T’OOD , (shred O, wipe O off).

triid: TL’I(D

(throw PIO, limber O up, fart).

tot T’'OODo (suck 0).

tt'fid: TL’iID (throw PlO,limberO up, fart).

Vosh: t'ood: tood:

tPiish: TL'IZH4 (wriggle, be serpentine). TL’IIZHa (soak, become blue/green, dye blue/green). tPiizh: Tt’llZH4 (wriggle, be serpentine). tiizh: Tt'llZHo (soak, become blue/green, dye blue/green),. tijh: TL’IN4 (pile).

T’'OSH (S barely protrudes). T’'OOD (shred O, wipe O off). T'OODa (suck O).

tiish:

66d: T'OODs (shred O, wipe O off). t'66d: T’'OODs (suck O). t’66h: T'OHo (shoot O). t’66h: T'OH3 (smoke O).

822

ttf: Tt’INo

ttfh: th: ttf tg: tPi: to:

{Sie TSAAD (scoot or hobble on rump). (soak in). tsi’: TSEED

(sling).

Tt’IN3 (become firm, pack down). Tt'INg (be gummy, sticky, adhering). Tt’IN4 (pile O). Tt’INo (sling). TL’IN3 (become firm, pack down). TL’O (be hairy). (Cf. toh, grass.)

tsi: TSAAD

tsit TSEEDo

(scoot or hobble on rump). (pound O, kil/smash PIO).

tsit TSEEL (chop O). tsis: TSIZ

(quiver, extinguish O).

tsis: TSEED 4 (soak in). tsxis: TSXAS (whip, slam O).

t’6: Tt’O (grow meandering, tie, weave). to’: TL’D (grow meandering, tie, weave). t’'é: TL’D (grow meandering, tie, weave). t'tooh: Tt’ (grow meandering, tie, weave). t?66h: TtL’D (grow meandering, tie, weave). toot Tt’D (grow meandering, tie, weave).

tsiz: TSIZ (quiver, extinguish O).

t’66t TL’ (grow meandering, tie, weave).

tso ~ tsxo: TSOI|~ TSXOIl (become yellow, dye O yellow). tsoh ~ tso: TSOH~ TSO (be big). tsoh ~ tsxoh: TSOIl~ TSXOII (become yellow, dye O yellow). tso’; TSOOD (seize, tug, feed O).

tsi’: TSAA’ (rain). tsi’: TSI’ (head). (Stem noun used as verb stem.)

tsi TSAA’ (rain). tsijh: TSAA’ (rain).

S tsag: TSAG ~ TSA’ (be fringed). tsah: TSAH (be sharp pointed). (Cf. tsah, awl.) tsah: TSA’ (grasp O in teeth or beak). tsa’: TSAG ~ TSA’ (be fringed). tsa’: TSA’ (grasp O in teeth or beak). tsxas: TSXAAZo (cloud of S drifts). tsxas: TSXAS (whip, slam O).

tsot TSOOD (seize, tug, feed O). tsos: TSOOZ (handle FFO). tsoii ~ tsxoii: TSO! ~ TSXOII (become yellow, dye O yellow. Intensive forms describe deep yellow/orange.)

tsAzi~ tsxdzi; TSAZ{~ TSXAZI (be skinny, emaciated). tsos: tsood: ts66d: ts66h

TSOOZ (become wrinkled, shriveled). TSOOD (seize, tug, feed O). TSOOD (seize, tug, feed O). ~ tsx66h: TSOI~ TSXOII (become yellow, dye O yellow). tsoos: TSOOZ (handle FFO). tsdds: TSOOZ (handle FFO). tsooz: TSOOZ (handle FFO). tsdds: TSQOZ (become wrinkled, shriveled). tsoQz: TSQOZ (become wrinkled, shriveled).

tsaii: TSAI| (be/become dry). : TSA4 (glimpse, catch sightof O, see O).

tsd: TSAo (sgl S dies). : TSAAD (be pregnant). (Cf. stem noun -ts4, belly.) tsd: TSAA’ (rain). tsaa: TSAA (be big). tsaad: TSAAD (scoot or hobble on rump). tsddd: TSAAD (scootor hobble on rump). tsaah: TSAo (sgl S dies). tsdah: TSAI! (be/become dry).

tsaat TSA (sgl S dies). tsxdds: tsxdds: tsxaaz: tsxaaz: tsxd4z: tsaad:

TS:

TSXAS (whip, slam O). TSXAAZo (cloud of S drifts). TSXAAZ 1 (be huge). TSXAAZo (cloud of S drifts). TSXAAZ (be relatively huge). TSAAD (become pregnant).

tsaah: TSAAD

ts'ah: TS’EE’; (coil, eat MM). ts’a’: TS’AA’ (sound, hear). ts’a’: TS’A’ (trickle). ts’aa’: TS’AA’ (be concave, hollow). (Cf. stem noun ts’aa’, basket.) ts'aah: TS’A’ (trickle). ts’4a’: TS’AA’ (sound, hear). ts'aat TS’A’ (trickle). ts'6éh: TS’EE’y (coil, eat MM). ts'ee’: TS’EE’ (coil, eat MM). ts’ee’: TS’EE’o (S lie side by side). ts'‘id: TS’ID; (be tough, sinewy). (Cf. stem moun ts’id,

(become pregnant).

tsaa’: TSAA’ (rain). tsaat: TSAAD (become pregnant). tse’: TSAz (glimpse, catch sight of, see O). tsééh: TSA’ (grasp O in teeth or beak). tsééh: TSA, (glimpse, catch sight of, see O).

tséét TSA, (glimpse, catch sight of, see O). tseed: TSEED , (soak in). tseed: TSEEDo (pound O, kill/smash PIO). tseed~tséés:

TSIZ

ts'id: ts'‘ih: ts‘: ts’: ts‘il:

(soak in).

tsééd: TSEED 4 (soak in). tsééd: TSEEDo (pound O, kill/smash PIO). tsééh: TSI (stick, point, prod O). tsee’: TSEE’ (tail). (Stem noun used as a verb stem.)

sinew.) TS’ID2 (SRO moves freely through the air, falls). TS’I’ (pinch O). TS’IDo (SRO moves freely through the air, falls). TSI’ (pinch O). TS’IL (shatter).

ts’; TS'ILITS'([L (be translucent). ts't: TS’ID2

tséél; TSEEL (chop ©). tseet TSEEL (CHOP O).

ts’it ts‘in: ts'in: ts'tt

tséés: TSIZ (quiver, extinguish O). tsi: TSI (stick, point, prod O). tsid: TSAAD (scoot or hobble on rump). tsid: TSEEDo (pound O, kill/smash PIO). tsih: TSAI| (become dry). tsih: TSI (stick, point, prod O). tsih: TSIH (cut green corn).

(SRO moves freely through the air, falls).

TS’IL (shatter). TS’IN4/TS'D (become hard, ripe). TS’INo (strike with fist or forehoof). TS’|[L (be/become clear, shiny).

ts'iid: TS'IID (be nice, agreeable). ts'fid: TS'IDo

(SRO

moves freely through the air, falls).

ts'fid: TS’IID (be nice, agreeable). ts‘iih: TS’? (pinch O).

823

y4 = Ila: LA (handle SFO)

ts‘iin’ TS’IIN{ (be skinny , emaciated). (Cf. ts’in, bone.) ts'‘fis: TS'I[S (body). (Stem noun used as a verb stem.)

ya: YA (sgl S goes). (V. also sd, dz4, dlda’, 144’.) yah (~ sah): YA’ (find O missing, miss O). ya’: YA (sgl S goes). (V. also sa’, dza’ ha’, ta’.) ya’(~sa’): YA’ (find O missing, miss O).

ts'is{~ts'fis; TS'IS{~ TS’fisf (be little, tiny). ts'jjid: TS’IN4/TS'\ID ts'ih: TS’IN4/TS'\[D

(become hard, ripe). (become hard, ripe).

ts'iih: TS’AA’ (sound, hear). ts'—h: TS’AA’ (sound, hear). ts'—h: ts‘ijJ: ts’ ts’iit ts’it ts’: ts'—k ts'oz:

ya’=I-la’: LA (handle SFO), yazhf:; YAZH (little, be little). yé (~ sé: YA (grow, mature).

TS’INo (strike with fistor forehoof). TS’ {L (become clear, shiny).

ya (~sd, dz): YAAD

(be aware, wise).

yé: YAA’ (eat O). (V. dé, sf, 24.)

TS'{[L (be clear, glistening, shiny). TS'IN4/TS'{[D (become hard, ripe). TS’INo (strike with fist or forehoof). TS’AA’ (sound, hear). TS’INo (strike with fist or forehoof). TS'OZ (be long-haired).

ya’ (~ da’): YAA’ (eat O).

yaa (~ dzaa, faa): YAA (make, do, happen). yaah (~ sddh, z4ah): YA’ (find O missing, miss O). yaad (~ saad): YAAD (become aware, wise). yaah (~ saah, dzaah): YAAD (become aware, wise). yaa’ .saa’, dzda’): YAAD (become aware, wise).

ts'6z{~ ts’66z/:

TS’OZI ~TS’OOzi

ts'o’: TS’'DOD ts’ob TS'OOD

(stretch, stretch O). (stretch, stretch O).

(be narrow, slender).

yéa’ (-déa’, 544’, 246’): YAA" (eat 0),

ts’os: TS’DOZ

(suck on O).

yé (~ sé, 26): YA (grow, mature).

yaat (~ saat, dzaat): YAAD

ts’op9d: TS’'OOD (stretch, stretch O). ts'6¢d: TS'OOD (stretch, stretch O). ts'’e9s: TS'DOZ

(become aware, wise).

yé: YE’ (be called, named).

yé (~hé): Y(4 (kill sgl O). yé (~ 96, hé): Y{ (handle LPB). yé = 1-16: LA (handle SFO).

(suck on O).

ts'66z: TS’'DOZ (suck on O).

yeh (~geh, heh): YEH (marry, philander). ye’(~ se’): YA (grow, mature).

ye’ (~ge’, he’): Y({2 (handle LPB). ye’=I-le’: LA (handle SFO).

Stem initial /w = gh before o/ remains voiced when

preceded by a voiceless fricative (s, sh, h, t) when the theme includes |-classifier, but is devoiced by a preceding voiceless fricative when the classifier is @. In

yesh: YEEZH 1 (catch a glimpse of O). yesh (~hesh): YEEZHo (viscous S flows, S flows meandering). yeed (~ heed): WOD , (sgl S runs, flex O). yeed (~ heed): WODo (rock, sway, limp).

themes that include a double classifier (t-l), A/is

devoiced by the preceding /-/ but stem initial Aw/ remains voiced, responding to the effect of the “invisible” I-classifier. (V. WODj.)

yeeh (~ seeh): YA (grow, mature). yeeh:

waah: WAA’ (whine, whimper). wéa’: WAA’ (whine, whimper). waat WAA’ (whine, whimper). wod (~ hod): WODj (sgl S runs, flex O). wod (~ hod):WODo (rock, sway, limp). wo’ (~ ho’): WOD , (sgl S runs, flex O). wo’ (~ho’): WODo (rock, sway, limp). wol: WOL4 (eat marrow). (Cf. stem noun -wol,

yééh(~ gééh, hééh): YEH (marry, philander). yééh (~hééh): Y(4 (kill sgl O).

yééh (~ gé6h, hééh): Y(o (handle LPB), yééh = |-l6ééh: LA (handle SFO). yéé’: YEE’ (dread).

yéél (~héél): YEEL (become dark, quiet).

marrow.)

wol: ot wot wot:

WOLo

yeet (~ seet, zeet): YA (grow, mature). yeet. YE’ (be called, named). yeet (~ heeft): YEEL (become dark, quiet). yeet (~ geet, heet): v6 (handle LPB). yéét(~géét, héét): Yl2 (handle LPB). yéét(~séét, 2é6ét): YA (grow, mature),

(be rough, rutted).

(~ hot): WOD, (sgl S runs, flex O). (~ hot): WODo (rock, sway, limp). WOLy (eat marrow). wosh (~ hosh): GHAAZHy (boil, bubble, sleep, yell). wosh (~hosh): WOZHo (be ticklish, tickle O). wozh: WOZHy, (be thorny). (Stem noun hosh/-wosh, thorn.) wozh (~hozh): WOZHo (be ticklish, tickle O).

yéét(~ héét): Y(1 (kill sgl O)). yéét= I-léét: LA (handle SFO). yéés(~ géés, héés): YIZ we twist). yeesh (~heesh): YEEZHo (viscous S flows, S flows meandering.) yéésh: YEEZH (catch a glimpse of O). yéésh (~héésh): YEEZH (viscous S flows, S flows meandering). yeezh: YEEZH, (catcha chai of O). yeezh (~heezh): YEEZH» (viscous S flows, S flows

wodd (~hdé6d): WODo (rock, sway, limp). wodsh (-hddsh): WOZHo (be ticklish, tickle O). vs /Y/ represents two phonemes:

/gh written as y before

e/i/ and /y - a front palatal semi-vowel/.

YE’ (be called, named).

yeeh (~geeh, heeh): Y(o (handle LPB). yééh (~ sééh, z66h): YA (grow, mature).

Both are

devoiced when preceded by a voiceless fricative (s, sh,

h, 4). Stem initial Ay = gh/ takes the shape /q/ with deffect, and stem initial /y/ contracts with t-classifier to

meandering). yih (~gih, hih): YIH (pant, breathe). yih, breath.)

produce /s/. With d-effect /s/ becomes /dz/ (with Oclassifier), /z/ with t-classifier.

yil(~gil, hil): YIL

yit(-hit): YEEL yit(~gH, h#): YIL

824

(Cf. stem noun -

(push O, turn).

(become dark, quiet). (push O, turn).

z4 (~ dz4): ZAA’ (beat spouse). zaad: ZAAD/ZAAD (be far, distant). z4dd: ZAAD/ZAAD (be relatively far, distant). zaat (~ saat): ZAAL (dash). zAat (~ sdat): ZAAL (dash). zaal (~ saal): ZAAL (dash). zdds (~ s4ds): ZASo (strew, dribble O). zads: ZAAZ (disperse, scatter). zaaz: ZAS 1 (gird). zaaz: ZAAZ (disperse, scatter).

yin (~ gin, hin): YIN (oily). yin ~ hin (gin, sin, zin): Y\{D (become holy, immune), yis: YIS (be handsome). yis (~ gis, his): YIZ turn, twist).

yiz (~ giz, hiz): YIZ yish (~ gish, hish): yish (~ gish, hish): yizh (~ gizh, hizh):

(turn, YIZH YIIZH YIZH

twist). (pick corn). (bend, stoop, rub O). (pick corn).

y((- h zi): Y(y (kill sgl O).

y( (~ gG hd: Yo (handle LPB).

244’ = |-y44’ t-s44’: YAA' (eatO, feed O).

yé Y{° (melt). yih (~ hih): Y{{’ (melt, weld, rest).

za’ (~ dzaa’):

A’ (beat spouse).

z6((~ s6l): ZEf (crumble, crumble O).

yi? (~ gi’, hi’): Y\[D (become holy, immune). ylit (~ gff, hift): YIL (push O, turn). yiish (~ giish, hiish): YIZH (bend, stoop, rub O). ylish (~ gfish, hffsh): YIZH (pick corn). ylish (~ gifsh, hffsh): YIIZH (bend, stoop, rub O), yiizh (~ giizh, hiizh): YIIZH (bend, stoop, rub O). yiid(~ gijd, hijd, sijd, zijd): Y\|D (become holy, immune). yijn(~gijh, hijh, sijh, zijh): Y\JO (become holy, immune). yijh (~ dijh): YAA’ (eat O).

z66h (~ s6é6h): ZEE",

(go fast).

z66h (~ s66h): ZEE", (fart silently). z66h (~ dzééh, sééh):

266h(~sééh): ZA

ZA'o

(belch, burp O),

(tan hide, limber O).

266h(~s66h): ZAo (mob moves). zé6h: eet (become still, calm). ee’; ZEE’y (go fast). zee’;

ZEE’p

(become still, calm).

yin (~ di, we 2(h): YAA’ (eat O).

266’: ZEE"'y (go fast).

yih (~ hh): YU (melt, weld, rest). yf (- hf): ve(melt, weld, rest).

z66': ZEE'o

(become still, calm).

266’ (~ s66"); ZEE"4 (fart silently). 266t (+ S664): ZA (tan hide, limber O).

yift(~dij): YAA’ (eat O). yi (~ dit, sig, z@): YAA’ (eat O).

z66t (~ séét): ZAd (mob moves). z266t (~ S644): ZE "4 (fart silently). zéés (~ déés, séés):; ZEEZ (singe O). zeez (~ deez): ZEEZ (singe O). zid (~ dzid, sid): ZID (month passes, awaken, examine

yi (~ git, hit, sii, zijt): Y|[D (become holy, immune). yog: YOG (be shaggy). yoh: YOH (odor moves). yo’ (~dzo’): YOOD (drive one or several AnO). yol (- sol, zol, dzol): YOL (blow, swarm). yot (~ sot, zot, dzot): YOL (blow, swarm). yot (~ dzot): YOOD (drive one or several AnO, flee),

zid (~ cue sid): ZIIDo (pour, rake, stream O),

zih ~sxih: Z{{’~SX{f" (revulsion, tingle). (V. SIH.)

yor, YO! (be many, become amazed).

zih: ZEE;4

yood (~ dzood): YOOD (drive one or several AnO, flee). y66d (~ dzdéd): YOOD (drive one or several AnO, flee). y66h: YOH (odor moves). yool (~ sool, zool): YOL (blow, bulge). yoot (~ soot, zoot, dzoot): YOL (blow, swarm). yddt (~ sddt, 266+, dzddt): YOL (blow, bulge, swarm).

zih: ZEE’o (become still, calm).

(go fast).

zih(~dzih, sih): ZI'/Z{{’ (shoot arrow, spurt, err). zi’ (- dzi’, si’): ZID (month passes, awaken, examine QO). zi’ (~ dzi’,.si’): ZI'/z{{’ (shoot arrow, spurt, err), zi’ (- dzi’, si’): ZIIDy (grab, grope). zi’(-dzi’, si’): ZIIDo

(pour, rake, stream O).

zil (- sil): ZIL (grind O coarsely, cook O lightly). zi, ZIIL (warm, be tepid). zi; Z{Lfy (be well tuned physically).

zi; Z{Lfo (be tinkling).

zit (~ dzit, si): ZID (month passes, awaken, examine QO). zit (~ sit): ZIL (grind O coarsely, cook O lightly). zit (~ dzit, sit): ZIIDy (grab O, grope). zit(~ dzit, sit): ZIIDo (pour, rake, stream O). zit(~dzit, sit); ZIIL (become warm, warm O), zin = I-yin~4-sin: Y|[D (become holy, immune).

zZ Stem initial /z/ devoices to become /s/ when preceded by a voiceless fricative (s, h, 4); takes the shape /dz/ with d-effect in themes that contain O-classifier, and contracts with {- classifier to produce /s/ which, in turn takes the shape /2/ with d-effect.

zah: ZAAD/ZAAD

zin (- dzin, sin); Zi('/ZIN/Z\|D (think, want, Know). zis; ZAS4 (gird). zis (~ dis, sis): ZEEZ (singe O). zis: ZIS (pocket, bag). (Stem noun used as a verb

(far, distant).

zah (~ sah): ZA’, (scatter O). zah (~ dzah, sah): ZA‘ (belch, burp O). zah (~ sah): ZEE’, (fart silently). za’ (-~sa’): ZA’; (scatter O). za’(~dza’, sa’): ZA’o (belch, burp O). zat (~ sat); ZAAL (dash).

stem.)

(~ dzi, sf): i (stand). ov zi’ dzi’, si’):Z|’ (stand up). ziid(~ dziid, slid): ZID (month passes, awaken, examine). ziid (~ dziid, siid): ZIID4 (grab O, grope),

zas: ZAS1 (gird). zas(~ sas): ZASo (strew, dribble O). zas: ZAAZ (disperse, scatter). za (~ sd): ZA (tan, hide, limber O). 24 (- s4): ZAp (mob moves).

ziid (~ dziid, siid): ZIIDg (pour, rake, stream O). ziid (~ dzfid, siid): ZID (month passes, awaken, examine). zi(d (~ dzfid, sid): ZIIDy (grab O, grope),

24 = |-yA~t-sd: YAA (eat O, feed O).

825

zit (~ dz’, si): ZI'/ZII" (shoot arrow, spurt, err). zi'~ sx: Zi{'~SxXIl' (revulsion, tingle). (V. sf.)

zhaat (~ shaat): ZHAAD (make O thin and watery). zhé(: ZHE( (well cooked - "coyote language’).

ziil (~ dziil, sil): ZIIL_ (become warm, warm O).

zhéif(~shéi): ZHEI (be small, tiny).

zfit (~ sf): ZIL: (grind O coarsely, cook O lightly). zi (~ dzff, sf): ZIIL_ (become warm, warm O). ziin: Z\[D (abound). zijd = I-yijd~ t-sijd: Y\{D (become holy, immune). zijd: Z\[D (abound). ziid (~ dziid, sid): Z((/ZIN,Z\\D (think, want, know). zijh = I-yijh ~ +sijh: Y\[D (become holy, immune). zijh (~ dzijh, sijh): Z|’ (stand up). zijn: Z\|D (abound).

zheeh:

ZHEE’y

rene eel

zheeh(- jeeh, sheeh): ZHEE’ zhééh (~ jééh, shééh):

ZHA’

zhééh: ZHEE’y

(hunt game).

zhééh (~ shééh):

ZHEE’o

(spit).

(flip, curve, curl, coil).

(string the warp).

zhé6éh (- shééh): ZHEE’ (mow, shear O). zhee’: ZHEE’1 (hunt game). zhee’ (~ shee’): ZHEE’s (string the warp). zhé6' (- j66’); ZHEE’y (spit).

zijh (~ dziih, sijh): Z(('/ZIN/Z\[D (think, want, know). zifh = |-ygh ~ tsiith: YAA’ (eat O, feed O).

zhéé’ (~ shéd’): ZHEE'> ((mow, shear O).

z{fh = |-yh ~ t+sffh: Y\\[D (become holy, immune). zifh (~ dzfh): Z A’ (beat spouse). zii? = |-y. ~t-si2:; Y\(D (become holy, immune). zit (~ dz, s{): Z{(/ZIN/Z|D (think, want, know). Zijt= I-yitt ‘t-sijk Y|[D (become holy, immune). Zit(~dzitt, sit): Zl’ (stand up). zijf Z\D (abound). zit(~dzit, sit): Z(('/ZIN/Z\[D (think, want, Know). z(t= |-y@t- t-sgr YAA; (eat O, feed O). 2{jt= |-yiB~. Ss fe en sie oe holy, immune). ah(~ dz{@): (beat spouse) 0 (~ dzo); oeHe a line, mark, write).

zhii(~jf,sh); ZHI’ (name, call O). zhi(~jf): ZHI’ (cut, saw O).

zhéét

zhih (~jih, shih): ZHEE"’o (mow, shear O).

zhih (- jih, shih): ZHII'y (cut, saw O). zhil (~jil, shil): zhil (~jil, shil): zhit (~jit, shit): zhit (~ jit, shit):

ZHILy (gasp). ZHILo (inhale), ZHIL4 (gasp). ZHILo (inhale).

zhin (- jin): ZH{{' (be black). zhish (~ jish, shish): ZHISH (breathe in spirit). zhish (~ shish): ZHIIZH (move rhythmically, dance, gouge, time passes), zhizh(~ jizh): ZHIZH (breathe in spirit). zhi’(~ji’, shi):): ZHU’ (black moves). zhifd(~ jfid, shiid): ZHILo (breathe in spirit).

Jo (~ dzoh): ZO (draw a line, mark, write). zoh (~ dzoh): ZO’ (spit). zo’ (~dzo’): ZO’ (spit). zo’ =I|-yo’: YOL (blow).

zol = I-yol: YOL

aie, (over- boiled, soft).

zhiih (- jiih, shiih): ZHI’ (name, call O). zhith (- jith, shih): Zhil’ 4 (cut, saw O).

(blow).

26; ZOLI (be lightinweight).

zhi (~ ji’): ZHII’'y (cut, saw O).

zot = |-yot YOL (blow). z66h (~ dzd66h): ZO (draw a line, mark, write). z66h (~ dzd6h): ZO’ (spit). zool = lyool: YOL (blow, bulge).

zhi’: ZHil'o (make a sizzling sound). zhiit (~ jit, shit): ZHI’ (name, call O). zhift (~ jit, shift); ZHILy (gasp). zhiish (~ shiish): ZHIIZH (move rhythmically, dance, time passes, gouge O).

266|; ZOOL

(make a whirring noise).

zoot= l-yoot

YOL

(blow).

Z66t= |-y66t YOL

(blow).

zhiizh: ZHIIZH (move rhythmically, dance, time passes, gouge O). zhiish (~ shfish): ZHIIZH (move rhythmically, dance, time passes, gouge O),. zhifh (~ jifh, shh): ZH\’ (turn black, blacken O).

266s (~d6¢s, s6¢s): ZOOZo (pull, tear gently, be striped).

266z: ZOOZ 1 (sting). 266z (~ d66z) ZOOZo (pull, tear gently, be striped).

zhi (- j@, sh@): ZHi(’ (turn black, blacken O). zho: ZHO 4 (be velvety). zho (~ sho): ZHOa (moisten O).

2H

zhod (~ shod): ZHOOD

(slide, drag).

Stem initial /zh/ devoices to become /sh/ when preceded by a voiceless fricative (sh, h, t); takes the shape /j = dzh/ with d-effect in themes that contain ©-classifier, and

zhoh (~ shoh): ZHOo (moisten O). zhoh (~ shoh): ZHOO’ (brush, sweep O, shell corn). zho' (~ sho’); ZHOOD (slide, drag).

contracts with t-classifier to produce /sh/which, in turn,

zholf; ZHOLI (be soft).

takes the shape /zh/ with de-effect.

zhot

ZHOt

(drizzle).

zhot (~ shot): ZHOOD (slide, drag). zhah (- jah, shah);

ZHA’

zhah (~ jah, shah):

ZHEE'

(flip, curve, curl, coil).

zhdnt (~ jonf, shoni); ZHOOD/ZHO' (be pretty). zhosh (~ shosh): ZHOOZH (RO moves parallel, mass streams). zh@ (~ j6): ZHOOD/ZHO' (beautiful, peaceful, cheerful). zhoh (~ shgh): ZHOOD/ZHO' (tame O, become tame). zhg’ (~ jo’, sho’): ZHDOD/ZHO’ (become tame, peaceful; tame O). zhosh (~ shosh): ZHOOZH (play the Hoop and Pole Game).

(spit).

zhah (~ shah): ZHEE'o ie the warp), zhah: cee | (hunt game). zha’ (~ja’, sha’): ZHA’ (flip, curve, coil, curl). zhash (~ jash, shash): ZHASH (knot). zhash (~ shash); ZHAAZH (wear away, erode), zhaan: ZHAAD (be thin and watery). zhaash (~ shadash): ZHAAZH (wear away, erode). zhaazh (~ shaazh): ZHAAZH (wear away, erode), zhaad (- shaad): ZHAAD (make O thin and watery). zhaah (- shaah);

ZHAAD

zhood (~ shood): ZHOOD (slide, drag). zhdéd (~ shd6d); zhooh (~ shooh);

(make O thin and watery),

826

ZHOOD (slide, drag). ZHOO' (brush, sweep O, shell corn).

zh66h (~ sh66h): ZHOd (moisten O). zh66h (~ sh66h); ZHGOO’ (brush, sweep O, shell corn). zh66' (-shd6’); ZHOO’ (brush, sweep O, shell corn). zhdésh (~ shéésh): ZHOOZH (RO moves parallel, mass streams). zhoozh (~ shoozh): ZHOOZH (RO moves parallel, mass streams), zhoed (- jogd, shoed): ZHDOD/ZhOD’ (become peaceful, tame O). zhogh (~ jogh, shogh): ZH,ODOD/ZHO" (become peaceful, tame O), zhdé¢' (~ j6¢’, shdd’): ZHOOD/ZHO’ (become peaceful, tame O). zhoot (~ joet, sheet): ZHDOD/ZHO’ (become peaceful, tame O). zhoesh (~ shogsh): ZHDOOZH (play the Hoop and Pole Game).

zhogzh (~ shogzh): Game).

ZHOOZH

(play the Hoop and Pole

827

uzoqmsu)

(dtz3s)

AY

MIE PU

(butz3s)

NN

qoaw

HeuTeRUOD)

Qa 0 is] « (

YS

aw A |

5 a

YeXseq

0

OY

43dGua

uoco{[Teq(403)

(ITInz

Btq)

Goaw

Q 1o)

peagq

zo

beq

[Teus) (TINJZ

beq

(A3duis

[Teus)

(QeTS)

def

beq

uoseq

|; allel

(pzeoqéqeq

(petTpunq

pesusmoizze

uoorq

zs

qdoagv

QO

ut)

qoaw

HeATND

(S)mozze (eSOoT)

L

smozie ut)

Q 16)

a

eS eo) eee on,

TeTOTZ1z2e QUIT

B,¢9s/2.ts eSS/ETts|

Qa oO

a SO ne ae Ne

uoTRTSsog uoTRITSOg uoTRITSOd uoTITSsog uoT_TSoOdg uOTRTSOd auoTRITSoOg uoTRTSOg

¥U/yig PLt/FLP

{Ss

B3zSS/33tS|

deex/aq jut

ge MO.

deey/eq jut

ZOOSLY

ZOOS}

/ZOOSZITS|

desy/eq ut

a O fA con

1S) a

c

HT

oe Eee ee Eee. nas

¥«t/Z.D

Ttez/ATZ

ee

dasx/eq jut

«WND

a

Ttes/ATI

a

133ag T1Tez/ATZ

Ie Be

azr.SLi Ttes/ATZ

i el

2

ee ee en

04) bag

QO Oo m9 a ce eee

saqngtaqje

=

0 ioe Ie

3

eee Ne!

TeotsAyd

WELD

Qa 1S, a « en

stseq jo

.EWLT/

/,eeftus

desy/eq jut

GuWwg

|

Toolzeyus|

/joottus|

desxy/eq jut

Gay

ww

|

tuzes/iAts|

desy/eq jut

THt/yAg

HZ3SH?

wom |

qaoaw

Gaz

exzss/eyts

dseaxy/eq jut

|TOOLT/TOOD| YXT/PIS

IOOLg

TEER

See

{quewutequos juseueaou ssejT7 ds

|TTe3/ATZ Ttez/ATE Ttez/ATS

§ fa Oe eo ae eetn

patzrdeds uo syA

ee an

ADeuTt 4

ae

| ee

HZSSHt

sse

Be

Tez/4ATS

STPUEH

g

qDaw

qc

Oe

> ee

STPUPH

mM

Q « ee

ix¢

STPUEH

:

ae As

EERLE

qodw

a

n ' r ( {

LOgrao

829

‘ptTTos

‘eTqetedes *,OTd

*sasswId :OUuS

deaxy/aq |ut

[Teantd ut

‘fuotsngzoad :WON

{ZS ZOOS}

ayQ

HZAAHt

SasseTO We 4Ser

ATjuaepusedeput yo ue jzusbe

Woalqo

uoTqTsod

TLez/ATS

629t9T9S

Tates/tats| /.99t4TS| tuts

uoTATSoOg

ue

uedo

‘peazted/aeTqtxeTJ toss QOedwoo-uoU 478qQQeW 7:90 ut

/zoosqyts|

uoTATSOg

deex/eq ut

ZOOSLE

AepueTs

B3yes/24ts|

uoT}TSOd

deay/eq |ut

YLI/PLyS

‘ystpunoz ‘!yoedwoo :OgS

exes/etts

uotjTSsog TSOg uoTR

dsayx/aq |ut

-SePqQ

deax/eq jut

aaeyu/aq) ut

‘TTeI) “ATI

S

{tuzes/T

uoTATSOd

daay/aq jut

TTes/ATI

«agdqg-IN

‘peotT

3eTF

uOTITSOd

/,eeltys

*ieutTequoo ‘ddI

uTYR/ATSpueTs *FFTIS*Odd

Qa Oe ag; 0 ala

Teantd

YPaTAITDMsedsS UO sua

‘zemoT)yotd ‘dn

AvWAD

‘et[T

*(zaao

:uot}ztTsod ‘4TS

‘trTtds dtq soqtaosap(q)

‘yoed

feTqTXeTJ :Ouy

Toolyseys

/tooftys|

uoTRTSOd

deay/eq jut

Tles/ATF |

IOOLg

‘abazet/ueping ‘Aaeoy

feqewtue twW

eyzes/byts

uoTATSOdg

deex/eq jut

TTezs/ATE

*Aytnqd

‘Aysnu

uotytsog

tutes/tAts|

dsex/eq ut

"(deoxy

HZ4aaHt THI/TA9

*;OTd

Quebe

4AWOWUTeITHOS AUWUDWSAOW SSPTO

HbutTnuTAUOD AoOeQUOD yQTMue

Yet/Z.B

Zaonerp4

tZeuuew Aq(w)

!2raemimey

aI.SLT

TTes/ATI

¥2/Y¥1S

TAJagPp

jo

.ANT

Tedoirg

TTes/ATF

19gJat

[Tedo1rg

2fasn

di- by assimilating

to the preceding n- in hdishyeed (I start to run back) and to the following (y)i- in biih difzhéé’ ( spit into it); and similarly the ni- of nishdaah (| sit down) becomes ni- in nanishdaah (I sit back down) and in taah niftkaad (| drove them to water), assimilating to the preceding na- and to the following (y)i- respectively.

843

The Conjunct prefix vowel /i/ deletes before a following vowel-initial prefix. Thus the prefixes of Positions IV, V, and VI reduce to their initial consonant before the 1st and 2nd person dpl subject pronoun prefixes of Position VIII, as in: ni-: you + -ii(d)-VIIL we = nii(d)-: niich’id, we scratched you; shi-IV: me + -o(h)- ~ -o0-VIII: you dp! = shoo-: shooch’id, you dpl scratched me; di®-Vla + -ii(d)-VIII|: we = dii(d)-: diilwosh, we’re shouting; di®-Via + -o(h)- ~ -00-VIIl: you dp! = do(h)-: dotwosh, you dpl are shouting; ni!-Vib + -ii(d)-VIIl: we = nii(d)-: niikeeh, we are in the act of sitting down; ni'-VIb + -o(h)- ~ ~oo-VIII: you dpi = no(h)-: nohkeeh, you two are in the act of sitting down. Similarly, before -6-VIl, the modal-conjugation marker for the Optative Mode, the Conjunct prefixes reduce to their initial consonant with exception of Verb Bases that include the yi':2-Aspect markers of Postiion Vic. Thus shi-IV + -6-VIl = shé6-: shéch’id, that he might scratch me; di3-VIA + -6-VIl = d6-: désha’, that | might start to go; and ni!-VIb + -6- = no-:

ndéshdaah,

that | might sit down.

The Conjunct prefix those high tone inflectional 2nd and 3rd persons sgl of Thus ni-IlV: you sgl + (y)i- = you scratched me; shi-IV +

vowel /i/ is retained in the yi- (= ghi-) Perfective when followed by forms that include the / “ / Perfective marker - i.e. before the 1st, O/t-class verbs, and before the 2nd person sgl of D/L-class verbs. nii-: niich’id, | scratched you; shi-IV + (y)ini- = shiini-: shifinich’id, (y)i- = shi-: shiich’id, he scratched me (cf. G-IV + yi- = yich’id, |

scratched him).

Similarly, di®-Vla + (y)i- = dif-: diftid, | burned it, yidffid, he burned it; di? + (y)ini- = diini-; diinttid, you burned it; and ni’-Vib + (y)f- - nif-: taah niftkaad, | drove them to water, taah yinitkaad, he drove them to water; ni’- ~ (y)ini- = nfin/-: taah niinftkaad, you drove them to water.

The Perfective marker /~° / appears only in the 2nd person sgl in D/L-class verbs, as in

yinighal,

you ate it (meat) / shi-IV + (y)ini- = shiini-: shiinilghal, you ate me.

The deictic subject pronoun prefixes of Position V behave in the same manner as that

described above for prefixes of Position lV and VI. Thus: ji-V + (y)i- = jf-: jfich’id, he (8a or 4th person) scratched it; ji-V + -6-VII = j6-: jéch’id, that one might scratch it; ’a- ~ '-, 3i, something unspecified + (y)i- = ‘i-: ‘i’f?a, the sun set (lit. unspecified SRO moved away out of sight); and ha- ~ ho-, area, place, space, “things impersonal” + (y)i- = h66-: hddts’tid, place/conditions became agreeable. In the Simple Passives the Conjunct prefixes behave in the same manner as in the 3rd

person forms of D/L-class verbs. Thus di°-Vla + (y)i- = doo-: doodlid, it was burned; ni7-VIb + (y)i- = noo-:

taah noolkaad,

they were driven to water.

High tone Conjunct prefixes also reduce to the initial consonant before a vowel-initial prefix, but the high tone remains, transferred to the following vowel. Thus di@-Vla + -ee(d)-

Vill: we = dée(d)-: yah déetéézh, yah déotéézh,

we two lie waiting for aid; di@-Vla +-00-VIII: you dp! = déo-:

you two lie waiting for aid; ni!-Vib + -ii(d)-VIl: we = nfi(d)-: njfil’{, we’re looking

at it; nf!-Vib + -o(h)-VII: you dpl = nétj, you dpl are looking at it.

844

Included in the Conjunct category are the four Classifier prefixes of Position IX. Nonsyllabic in composition, these elements have the shape @,t, D and L. One, and occasionally two, of these elements is an essential component of all verb constructions.

under VERB

(V. Classifiers,

INFLECTION.)

The Optative Mode marker of Position VII has variable tone: low /o/ throughout when preceded by the yi-aspect markers (Transitional and Semelfactive) of Position Vic or by a Disjunct prefix: dah doosha’ (= dah di-[y]i-o-sha’)(that | might start off), haosha’ (that | might

ascend); but high /6/ in the Base paradigm and when preceded by any other Conjunct prefix: woshbizh (that | might braid it), dé6sha’ (that | might start). The 3i and 3s pronoun prefixes (’a-/ho-) are listed in both Positions lV and V. They are identical elements, but with transitive verbs they represent an unspecified direct object (Position IV), while with intransitive verbs they represent an unspecified subject (Position V). The dual

listing is a convenient means through which to indicate their functional identity.

Table | Pages 846-854) lists 73 root prefixes in the Conjunct category - a total of approximately 200 individual derivational elements combining the Disjunct and Conjunct classes. Table II (pages 855-862) lists over 1000 prefix compounds and clusters that function as semantic units in the derivation of the Verb Bases listed in the Analytical Lexicon. [he Prefix Tables:

The components of Table | are listed by numbered positional slot,

beginning with Position 0 (the objective/possessive pronoun prefixes attached to verbincorporated postpositions and nouns) and ending with the classifier prefixes of Position IX. Position | includes five subdivisions identified as la, Ib, Ic, Id, and le, and the Prefixes of Position VI are similarly divided into three groups: Vla, Vib and Vic. In addition, the prefixes of Position Ib are divided into three subgroups: (1) postpositional, (2) adverbial-thematic and (3) nominal.

Identification of many verb prefixes is speculative, based on apparent meaning and

function in particular Verb Bases.

845

TABLE I.

HE

V

PREFIXES

The Disjunct Prefixes

Position Ib

Position 0

Pronominal:

represent

(1) the object of a postposition,

(2) the possessor of a verb-

prefixed noun

Three types: (1)Postpositional,(2)AdverbialThematic, (3)Nominal. (1) Postpositional

Person 1. shi-/shi-/sh-: . ni-/ni-/n-:

. bi-/bi-/b-:

SINGULAR

Person

me/my. you/your him, her, it/ his, her, its.

2: 3.

him,her,it/

0. yi-/yi-/y-:

DUOPLURAL nihi-/nihi-/nih-: nihi-/nihi-/nih-:

bi-/bi-/b-:

us/our you your. them/their.

30.

yi-/yi-/y-:

them/their

3a.

ha-/ha-/h-:

4-: for, on behalf of ’4-: for someone or something. ‘Ada-: \ for self

P-a-: for P.

his, her, its. a.ha-/ha-/h-

him,her

them/their,

one,a person/his, her,

i.

people’s

-a-~

to (a recipient) on a temporary from.

loan basis, lend to, borrow

ho-

hw-:

‘a’-: lending to someone. ‘aha’- ~ ’atha-: lending to each other. P-a’-: lending to P.

space,

area (rarely in Position 0). ‘Adi-/’Adi-/’4-~’Ad-:

RECIPROCAL:

(a compound:
-Vla. ‘alts’Shi- = -ts’4-Ib(1) + hi!-Via. ‘alts’44’- ~ ‘atts’4nd’- = -ts’4-Ib(1) + nd-ld + ‘a-IV/V.

'An4-P'nii- = ’49-1b(2) + nd-ld + P-la + -'nii-VIb. ‘Anadee- = '4-O (self) + -na-Ib(1) + dee-Vla.

‘andha- ~ 'andhi- = 'a-Ib(2) + nd-Id +

hi'-Vla. ‘andhi’ni- = ’a-Ib(2) + nd-Id + hi’- ~ ‘'ahi-IV + ni7-Vib.

’ana’4- ~ ’and’- = ’a-Ib(2) + n&-ll + ’a-

IVAN.

’ana’ni- = ‘a-Ib(2) + nd-Id + ‘(a)-V +

ni?-Vib. 'anidi- = ‘a-Ib(2) + nd-Il + di®-Via. ‘anee- = 'a-V + nee-.

‘anee- ~ 'anoo- = 'a-IV + ni?-Vib = yi-VIl. 'ani- = ’a-Ib(2) + ni4-Vib. 'ani- = 'a-Ib(2) + ni’-Vib. ‘ani- = ’a-IV + ni!-Vib. 'ani- = ’a-IV + ni?-Vib. 'ani- = ’a-IV + ni®-Vib. ’ani-, P-it --- = P-it, with P + ’a-V +

ni!-Vib.

‘ani-, yah --- = yah, into an enclosure

+ ’a-Ib(2) + ni?-Vib. ’ani-, P-aa --- = P-aa, about P + ’a-IV

+nfl-Vib. ‘4ni- = ’49-1b(2) + ni®-Vib. 'Ant- = ’4'-1b(2) + ni@-Vib. + 'a-lV. (Cf. P-Fniva-.)

under P

supporting + ‘a-lV + ni!-Vib + (y)i!Vic. ’anii-, P-yah --- = P-yah, under P +

‘'a-IV + ni?-Vib + (y)i!-Vic. ‘ashdlani- = ’ashdla- < ’ashdla’, five + ni©-Vib, | ashja’a- ~ ’ashja’- = ’ashja-lb (2) + ’a-

IVAN. ‘asini- = 'a-Ib(2) + si?-Vla + ni’-Vib. ‘atidini- = ‘ati-Ib(2) + di9-Via + ni!-vib. 'até’6- ~ ‘at?i- ~ ‘ati’- = ’ati-Ib(2) + ’a-IV/V. ‘ayahwiini-, P-aa --- = -aa-lb(1) + -

ya-Ib(1) + ho- ~ hw-lV + yi@-Vla + ni’-Vib. ‘azada’a- ~ ’azada’- = -za-Ib(3)+ da-lll

+'a-lV, '4zaha- ~ ’Azahi- = -za-Ib(3) + hi!-Via. 'A24k'- = -24-1b(3) + -k’-1b(1). 824k idfin(- ~ -6- = -24-1b(3) + -k’F-1b(1) + di®-Via + yil-Via + ni?-Vib. ‘Aza’ii- = '4-za-Ib(3) + "(a)-IV + (y)i?Vic.

'azdi- = ’a-Ib(1) + dzi-Via. + di?-Vla. '4266dée- = -26-Ib(3) + nd'-1b(2) + dee-Vla.

'Aahdi- ~ 'Adtdi- = ’4dh- ~ '444-1b(2) + di®-via. '4&hoo- = '49-1b(2) + nd-Id + ho-lV + (y)i2-Vic. ’'aa'dii- = -aa-Ib(1) + '(a)-IV + di2-Vla + (y)i'-Vie. 'Adtdi- ~ 'dhdi- = '44t- ~ ’A4h-Ib(2) + di®-Via. bidaha- ~ bidahi- = bida-Ib(2) + hi'-Vla. bidahi’- ~ ’adahi’- ~ hadahi'- = bida- ’ada- ~ hada-lb(2) + hi’~ ’ahi-IV +

ni-Vib. bidahi- = bida-Ib(2) + hi!-Via. bida’a- ~ bida’- = bida-Ib(2) + 'a-IV/V. chadi- = cha®-Ib(2) + di®-Via.

chaha- ~ chaho- = cha-Ib(2) + ha-/ho-V.

856

cho’oo- = cho-Ib(2) + ’(a)-V + yi2-Vla

+ni’-Vib. ch’aadi- ~ ch’aa di- = ch’aa-Ib(2) + di?Via. ch’éhé- ~ ch'hi- = ch’-1b(2) + hi!-Via. ch’é’6- ~ ch’’- = ch’¢lb(2) + ’a-IV/V. ch’66-P-fy4- = ch’f-Ib(2) + nd-Id + -(Ib(1) + yA-Ib(2). ch’66"- ~ ch'ind’- = ch’-Ib(2) + nd-ld + ’a-lV. ch’é6'di- ~ ch’66di’- = ch’F-Ib(2) + nd-Id + '(a)-V + di?-Vla. ch'f-O-di- = ch’f-Ib(2) + O-IV + di®-Via. ch'(-P-izh- ~ ch’-P-(z- = ch’é-Ib(2) + -& Ib(1) + -zh- ~ -2- ~ dzi-Vla.

‘Ani’e- ~ ’Ani’- = ‘-Ib + ni- ~ ni’(ground) ‘anii-, P-fyah --- = P-iyah,

chohoo- = cho-Ib(2) + ho-V + yi-Vla +ni?-Vib, choini- ~ choo- = cho- ~ chi-Ib(2) + yi2Via + ni’-Vib.

ch'idahini- = ch’f-Ib(2) + da-ill + hi!Via + ni4-Vib, ch idi- = ch’-1b(2) + di!-Via. ch'idi- = ch’-Ib(2) + di!-Via. chidi- = ch’-1b(2) + di®-Via. ch'idi'- = ch’f-Ib(2) + di?-Vla + ‘a-IV. ch'idi’- = ch’é1b(2) + di?-Via + 'a-IV/V. ch ’idzi- = ch'i-lb(2) + dzi-Vla.

ch'thi- = ch'-1b(2) + hi!-Via. ch’thi- = ch’-1b(2) + hi?-Via. ch’hhi’ni- = ch’i-Ib(1) + hi’-= ’ahi-lV +

ni7-Vib. ch 'thini- = ch’-Ib(2) + hil-Via + ni”-Vib. ch'ihiini- = ch’f-lb(2) + hi2-Vla + yi Via + ni’-Vla, ch'tho- = ch’-Ib(2) + ho-IV/V. ch 'hodini- = ch’-Ib(2) + ho-IV + di3Via + ni!-Vib. ch 'hosi- = ch’i-Ib(2) + ho-V + si2-Via.

ch'’- = ch’é-lb(2) + ’a-IV/V. ch'ini- = ch’éIb(2) + ni?-Vib. ch 'ini- = ch’F-1b(2) + ni4-Vib, ch'ini- = ch'-Ib(2) + ni7-Vib.

dadi- = da-lil + di?-Via. dddi- = dd-Ib(2) + di?-Vla. dddi- = d4-Ib(2) + di2-Vla. dddi'- = d4-Ib(2) + di@-Vla + ’a-IV. dddii- = dd-Ib(2) + di®-Via + (y)i!-Vie. dddii- = d4-Ib(2) + di?-Vla + (y)i2-Vie.

dah di- = dah-Ib(1) + di!-Via. dah hidi- = dah Ib + hit-Vla + di! !-via. dah shi- = dah Ib + si2-Via. dahwiinf- ~ -6- = da-ill + hw- ~ ho-IV

+ yi'-Via + ni7-Vib. da’4k’ehi'ni- = d4’4k’e-Ib(3) + hi’- ~ ‘ahi-lV + ni7-Vib. da’ii- = da-Ill(?) + "(a)-IV + (y)i2-Vle. da’ii- = da-lll(?) or dah-Ib(2)(2) + °(i)- ~ "(a)-V + (y)i'-Vie. ddddii- = dd-Ib(2) + nd-Id = déa- + di?-Via + (y)i!-Vie.

daddini- ~ d4nd- = dd-Ib(2) + nd-Id + di'4-Via + ni7-Vib. daddiint- = d&4-Ib(2) + di!4-via + yiVia + ni’-Vib.

dadhodii- = dd-Ib(2) + nd-Id = ddd- + ho-V + di?-Via + (y)i-Vlc.

'66hwii- = --Ib(2) + nd-ld + hw-lV +

dda’dii-, P-aa --- = P-aa, about P +

'66di’- = -i-Ib(1) + n4-Id(?) + di2(?)-

d44-Ib(2) + '(a)-V + di@-Via + (y)ilVic.

dee- < di!-Via + yi-VIl. dee- = unidentified.

dee-/doo- = di!3-via + yi-VII. di’di-, ‘ayah --- = ‘ayah,under someone

+ di-lb(2) + ‘(a)- IV + di?-Via. di'ni, P-iih --- = P-iih, into P + di?-Via + '(a)-IV + ni!-Vib. di’ni-, P-iih --- = P-iih, into P + di2-Vla + '(a)-V + ni!-Vib didi- = di-Ib(2) + di°-Via. didi- = di4-Via + di?-Via. didi- = di®-Via + ‘(a)-IV + di3-Via. didi- = di®-Via + di?-Via, didii- = di'-Via + di?-Via + (y)i!-Vic. didini- = di'-Via + di9-Via + ni!-Vib, dihidi- = di-Ib(2) + hi!-Via + di5-via, dini- = di?-Via + ni!-Vib. dini- = di7-Via + ni®-vib. dini- = di9-Via + ni7-Vib. dini- = di!9-via + ni®-Via. dini- = di!9-via + ni®-vib. dini- = di'4-via + ni'-vib. dini- = di!4-Via + ni7-Vib. dini- = di9-Via(?) + ni®-vib. dint = di2-Via + ni’-Vib. dint = di®-Via + ni’-Vib. dinini-, P-iih --- = P-iih, into P + diVia + ni2-Vib + ni!-Vib. dinii- = di?-Via + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vic. dini- = di'4-Via + ni'-Vib + (y)i2-Vic. dinfi- = di9-Via + ni7-Vib + (y)i!-Vic. djni- = dé < d{’-Ib(3) + ni®-vib. dii- = di?-Vla + (y)i!-Vic. dii- = di-Vla + (y)i!-VIc.

dii- = di?-Via + (y)i'-Vic. dii- = di®-Via + (y)i!-Ve. dii- = di’-Vla + (y)i!-Vic. dii- = di!9-via + (y)i!-vic. dii- = di!@-via + (y)iP-Vic. dii- = di®-Via + (y)i2-Vic. dii- = di!*-Via + (y)i°-Vic. diint- = di14-via + yil-via + ni7-Vib. dinée- = di!!. 4 nee-.

doo- = di?-Via + yi-VIl. dzidi- = dzi-Ib(2) + di3-Vla. dzidzadi- = dzidza-|b(2) + di!-Via. dzidzadi- = dzidza-Ib(2) + di®-Via.

(y)i3-Vie. Via + ’a-IV.

'66honi- = -i-1b(1) + ho-IV + ni?-Vib. '66hoo- = 'f-Ib(1) + nd-Id + ho-V + (y)i'-Vie.

'66hoo- = -FIb(1) + nd-Id + ho-lV + (y)i1-VIc.

ha-O-ii- = ha!-Ib + O-IV + (y)i3-Vie. ha-P-6’6- ~ha-P-f- = ha!-Ib(2)+ -& Ib(1) + ’a-lV. ha-P-Idajii- = ha'-1b(2) + -/-Ib(1) + da-lll + dzi-Via + (y)i3-Vie. ha-P-'nii- = ha!-Ib + P-la + -’nii-Vib. hada’a- ~ hada’- = ha!-Ib(2) + da-lll + ‘a-lV.

hada’a- ~ hada’- = hada-lb(2) + ’a-IV/V.

hada’ni- = ha!-Ib(2) + da-ill + ‘(a)-V + ni?-Vib. hadadii- = ha®-1b(2) + + di!4- = hadi-: all the way + da-lll.

hadaha- ~ hadahi- = hada-Ib(2) + hi!Via.

hadahi- = hada-Ib(2) + hi!-Via. hadahi'- ~ ‘adahi’- ~ bidahi’- = hada- ~ ’ada- ~ bida-Ib(2) + hi’- ~ ’ahi-IV + ni?Vib. hadahii- = hada-Ib(2) + hi!-Via + (y)i! -Vie. hadi- = ha!-1b(2) + di!-via. hadi- = ha!-Ib(2)(2) + di@-Via. hadi- = ha!-Ib(2) + di?-Via. hadi- = ha!-Ib(2) + di®-via. hadi- = ha®-1b(2) + di!-via. hadi- = ha®-1b(2) + di!-Vla. hadi- = ha®-1b(2) + di!4-via. hddi- = hd!-1b(2) + di?-Via. hddf- = h4!-1b(2) + di?-via. hadini- = ha!-Ib(2) + di?-Via + ni!-Vib. hadini- = ha®-1b(2) + di!4-via + ni6Vib. hadini- = ha!-1b(2) + di2-Vla + ni!-Vib. hadi'ni- = ha!-1b(2) + di?-Via + ‘(a)-I V +ni!-Vib. hadii- = ha®-Ib(2) + di!4-via + (y)ilVic.

haha- ~ hahi- = ha!-1b(2) + hi!-via. haha- ~ hahi- =ha®-tb(2) +hi!-Vla. hahi- = ha!-Ib(2) + hi!-Via. hahidii- = ha®-1b(2) + hi!-via + di!4. Via + (y)i'-Vie.

dzidzahi- = dzidza-Ib(2) + hi-Vla. dzidzahidi- = dzidza-Ib(2) + hi!-Vla + di®-via.

hahini- = ha!-1b(2) + hi!-Vla + ni7-Vib. hahi’ni- = ha2-1b(2) + hi'-~ ‘ahi-lV + ni?-Vib.

dzidzaji-~dzidzadzi- = dzidza-lb(2) +

hahiini = ha’-Ib(2) + hi2-Via + yitVia + ni?-Vib. hahodi- = ha!-Ib(2) + ho-IV + di®-Via. hahodi- = ha!-Ib(2) + ho-V + di®-Via. hahodi- = ha®-1b(2) + ho-V + di!4-Via. hahodini- = ha!-Ib(2) + ho-IV +di2-Vla + ni!-Vib. hahodii- = ha!-Ib + ho-lV + di®-Via + (y)i3-Vie.

dzi-Vla.

dzii- = dzi-Vla + (y)i'-Vic. 'e'e- ~ 'i’- ~ 'o’- = ’a9-1b(2) +'a-lV/V. ’6ndhoni- = --1b(1) + nd-Id + ho-V +

ni?-Vib, "éndhoo- = -6- ~ -/-Ib(1) + nd-Id + hoV + (y)il-Vic.

857

haho'nii- = ha!-1b(2) + ho-la + -’nii-VIb. hahoni- = ha!-1b(2) + ho-IV + ni2-VIb. hahosi- = ha!-Ib + ho-V + si2-Via. hahwii- = ha!-1b(2) + hw-lV + (y)i2-Vie. hahwiini- - -6- = ha!-Ib + hw- ~ ho-lV + y('-Via + ni7-Vib. hai- ~ hayi- = ha!-1b(2) +-i- yi'-Vla.

haidini- = ha!-1b(2) + (y)i!-Vla +di3Via + ni!-Vib.

haji- ~ hadzi- = ha!-1b(2) + dzi-Vla. ha’- = hé!-1b(2) + ’a-IV/V. ha’a’~ha’- = ha®-1b(2) + 'a-IV/V. ha’a- ~ha’- = ha!-Ib(2) + 'a-IV/V. ha’a- ~ ha’- = ha!-Ib(2) + ‘a-IV/V. ha’a- ~ ha’ = ha@ -Ib(2) + ’a-IV/V. ha’a- ~ ha’- = ha4-Ib(2) + 'a-IV/V. hd’ainda’é- ~ hd’anda’- = ha!-1b(2) + -n4!-1b(1) + ‘a-lV/V. ha'di- = ha!-1b(2) + ‘(a)-IV + di®-Via. ha'di- = ha®-1b(2) + '(a)-V + di!4-via. ha’di- = ha! -1b(2) + ’(a)-IV + di3-Via. ha’di- = ha!-Ib(2) + (a)-V + di?-Via. ha’dii- = ha®-1b(2) + ‘(a)-IV +di!4-via. ha’dii-, P-it --- = P-it, with P + ’(a)-V + di'4-via + (y)i'-vic. ha'dii-, P-it--- = P-it, with P + ha®-Ib(2) + ‘(a)-V + di!4-via = ha-di-: all the way + (y)i'-Vle.

hd’e’e- - ha’i’- = h4!-1b(2) + ’a-Ib(2) + ‘a-lV/V.

ha’i- = ha!-Ib + ‘(a)-IV + (y)i2-Vic. ha’ni- = ha!-Ib(2) + "(a)-IV + ni@-Vib. hal- = ha-V + fi~ -FIX, hani- = ha!-1b(2) + ni!-vib. hani- = ha!-Ib(2) + ni7-Vib. hani- = ha®-Ib(2) + ni7-Vla. hasht’e-P-’nii- = hasht’e-Ib(2) + P-la + -'nii-VIb. hasht’e’- ~ ‘asht’e’- = hasht’e-Ib(2) + ’a-lV. hasht'edi- = hasht’e-Ib(2) + di3-Via(2). hayddini- = ha!-1b(2) + y42-Ib(2) + di?-Via + ni!-Vib. hdd-P-iy4- = ha!-1b(2) + n&-ld + -/Ib(1) + ya-Ib(2). hdddé = ha®-1b(2) + na-Id + di!4-via. hddha- ~ h4dhi- = h4?-1b(2) +nd-Id(?) + hil-via. hddhini- = ha!-1b(2) + nd-Id + hi!-Via +ni’-Vib. hédhwii- = ha!-Ib(2) + n4-Id + hw-lV + (y)iP-Vie. h4d’4- ~ hd4’- = ha!-Ib + né-Id+ ’aIVV hda’4- ~ hdd’ = ha!-1b(2) + nd-Id + ’a-IVIV. hda'ii- = ha!-Ib(2) + nd-Id + (a)-IV + (yi)iP-Vie. hddni- ~ hand- = ha!-Ib(2) + nd-Id + ni’-Vib. hddni- ~ hand- = ha®-Ib(2) + nd-Id + ni’-Vib. hee- ~ hoo- = hi!-Via + yi-VIl. hi-, P-aa --- =

hi-Vla.

hidi- = hi!-Via + di?-Vla. hidi- = hi!-Via + di®-via. hidii- = hi!-Via + di3-Via + (y)i'-Vle. hi’ni, taah --- = taah, to water + hi’- +

'ahi-lV + ni’-Vib. hitii- = hit-Ib(2) + (it-Vle. hini- = hi'-Via + ni°-Vib. hini-, P-iih --- = P-iih, into P + hi!-Vla + ni’-Vib.

hii- = hi!-Vla + (y)i!-Vle. hiint- = hi2-Via + y(!-Via + ni?-Vib. hodi- = ho-IV + di9-Vla.

hodi- = ho-IV + di®-Vla. hodi- = ho-V + di?-Vla. hodi- = hodi- = hodi- = hodini-

ho-V + ho-V + ho-V + = ho-V

di?-Vla. di’-Vla. di®-Via. + di3-Vla + ni!-Vib.

hodini- = ho-V + di®-Vla + ni®-Vib. hodini- = ho-V + di!4-Via + ni®-vib. hodinfi- = ho-IV + di3-Via + ni@"Vib + (y)it-Vle. hodii- = ho-IV + di?-Vla + (y)iP-Vle. hodii- = ho-V + di2-Vla + (y)i>"VIc. hodii- = ho-V + di°-Vla + (y)i!-Vle. hodii- = ho-V + di! !-via + yi!-vic. hodii- = ho-V + di!?-Via + (y)i®-Vic. hodiinf- ~ -6- = ho-IV + di?-Via + yi!Via + ni’-Vib. hojiini- ~ hojoo- = ho-IV + ji-Vla + yieVia + ni?-Vib. honee- = ho-V + nee-.

honi- = ho-IV + ni!-Vib. honi- = ho-IV/V + ni©-Vib. honi- = ho-V + ni!-Vib. honi- = ho-V + ni’-Vib. honi- ~ ha- = ho-V + ni®-Vib. honii- = ho-V + ni!-Vib + (y)i! "Vic. honoo- = ho-V + ni?-Vib + yi-VII. hoo- = ho-lV + (y)i'-Vle. hoo- = ho-V + (y)i!-Vic. hosi- = ho-V + si¢-Vla. hosidii- = ho-V + si¢-Vla + di?-Vla + (y)i'-Vie. hosiyoo- = ho-V + si?-Vla + yi?-Vie + yi-VIl.

hwii- = hw- ~ ho-V + (y)i9-Vie + ni®-Vib. hwii- = hw-lV + (y)i2-Vle. hwii- = hw-IV + (y)i2-Vle. ‘idi- = 'i-la + di?-Vla. ‘idii- = ‘i-la + di?-Vla + (y)i'-Vic. ‘idii- ~ di’yii-, P-it dah --- = P-it, with P + dah, off + ‘i- ~ 'a-V + di?-Vla + (y)i?Vie + (y)i'-Vie. ‘idii- = -(-1b(1) + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vle. ‘fhoo- = -(-Ib(1) + ho-IV + (y)i!-Vle. 'Pdi- = -(-1b(1) + "(a)-IV + di®-Via. 'i'di- = ‘i- ~ ’a-Ib(2) + "(a)-V + di°-Vla. ‘i'di- = 'i-la + "(a)-IV + di?-Vla. 'dii- = -(-1b(1) + ‘(a)-IV + di°-Vla + (y)i'-Vle. 'i'dfin- = ‘i-la + "(a)-IV + di°-Via + yitVia + ni’-Vib.

('dlinl- ~ ''d6- = 'f ~ ’d-le + "(a)-IV(?) + di-lV + y('-Via + ni7-Vib. ie = ie ~ ’a-lb + ‘(a)-IV + (y)i9-Ve. Vie = ‘ela + "(a)-IV + (y)iP-Vie. Wini- = -la + -(1b(1)(2) + (y)i-Vla + -'nii-VIb. ‘'ni-, P-it --- = P-it, with P + ‘i- ~ 'a-Ib(2) + ‘(a)-V + ni?-Vib. ‘ina’é- ~ ‘inf = ‘ie ~ 'a-O +nd!-1b(1) + 'a-IV/V. (Cf. P-n4’4-.) ‘ini- = -f-Ib(1) + ni?-Vib. Vnii- = ‘i-la + -’nii-Vib. ‘iyee-

‘iyoo- = ’i- ~’a-IV + yi?-Vie + yi-

Vi. ‘ile = “(i= ~’ (a)-IV + (y)i!-Vle. ‘ii- = "(a)-IV + (y)i2-Vle. ‘ii = "(a)-IV + (y)i4-Vle. ‘fi = ’(a)-IV + (y)i1-Vla + (y)iP-Ve. ‘iin = ’a-IV + yi@-Vla + ni”-Vib. fini- = '49-1b(2) + (y)i2-Vla +ni9-Vib.

‘fini- ~ -6- = 'a- ~ 'i-IV + y('-Via + ni7-VIb.

Yin(- ~ -6- = -(-1b(1) + y('-Vla + ni’-Vib. jidizhni- = dzi-Ib(2) + di’-Vla + -zh- ~ dzi-Via + ni®-Vib. ji: = dzi-Vla + (y)i2-Vic. jfi- = ji-V + (y)FVle. jiini- ~ joo- = ji-Vla + yi@-Vla + ni’-Vib. jfinf- ~ j6- = ji-Vla + y('-Via + ni?-Vib.

kééha- = k66-Ib(2) + ha-/ho-IV. kidini- = ki-Ib(2) + di!4-via + ni!-Vib. kthonii- = k(-Ib(2) + ho-V + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vie. kinii- = ki-lb(2) + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vie. kfi- = ki-Ib(2) + (y)i'-Vle. kOh4- ~ kOho- = k6-Ib(2) + ha-/ho-V. kOni- = k6-Ib(2) + ni®-Vib. k6ni- = k6-Ib(2) + ni®-Vib.

k'fi- = k'P-1b(2) + ji- ~ dzi-Via. k’i'di- = k’i-lb(2) + ‘(a)-IV + di!4-via. k(ii- = ki-Ib(2) + *(i)- ~ (a)-IV + (y)it-Vle. k'indhé- ~ k’66ho- = k’'-1b(2) + nd-Id + ha-/ho-lV.

king ~ -6- = k’'-1b(2) + y(!-Via + ni?Vib. kwiini-, P-ts’aa --- -ts’aa-Ib(1) ~ -6- =

kwi- ~ k6-Ib(2) + y('-Vla + ni’-Vib. te’a- ~ te’- = te-Ib(3) + ’a-IV.

te’di- = te-Ib(2) + '(a)-V + di°-Vla. tini- = ti-Via + ni®-Vib. Hidi- = #-1b(2) + di9-Vla.

Hdi- = H-1b(2) + ’(a)-IV + di9-Vla. nd-O-di- = nd-Il + O-IV + di?-Vla. nd-O-dii- = nd4-Ib(2) + O-IV + di?Via + (y)i'-Vle. na-O-ii- = na!-Ib(2) + O-IV + (y)i3-Vle. na-P-6’6- ~ na-P-/’- = na!-Ib(2) + -(Ib(1) + ’a-lV. na-P-f- = na!-Ib(2) + -fIb(1).

na-P- = na-Ib(2) + -F1b(1). na-P-idi- = na!-Ib(2) + -f-1b(1) + di®Via.

na-P-ini- = na!-Ib(2) + -(-Ib(1) + ni’Vib. na-P-izh’dii- = na9-Ib(2) + -f-1b(1) + dzi-Vla + '(a)-IV + di®-Via + (y)i!Vic.

na-P-k’ = na!-Ib(2) + -k’-Ib(1). na-P-k'itsaéha- ~ na-P-k’itsfho- = na’-

Ib(2) + k’GIb(1) + nd-P-’nii- = n4?-1b(2) + P-la + -'nii-Vib. na-P-’nii- = na-ld + P-la + -’nii-VIb.

naha- = na!-Ib(2) + ha-IV/V. naha- ~ nahi- = na?-Ib(2) + hil-Via.

naha- ~ nahi-= na!-Ib(2) + hi!-Vla.

k6nf- = k6-Ib(2) + ni@-VIb.

naha- ~ naho- = na!-Ib + ha-/ho-IV/V.

k’6-O-di = k’6-Ib(2) + O-IV + di®-Via. k’édi- = k’6-Ib(2) + di®-Via. k’6hé- ~ k'hi- = k’(2-1b(2) + hi!-Via. k’é-’ahi-di- = k’é-Ib(2) + ‘ahi-lV + di®-

naha- ~ naho- = na!-Ib(2) + ha-/ho-IV. naha- ~ ndhi- = n4!-1b(2) + hi!-Via. naha- ~ ndhi- = nd&4-1b(2) + hi!-Via. ndhé- ~ ného- = né-Id + ha-/ho-IV/V. ndhi- = n4-Id + hi!-Via. ndhi- = nd!-Ib(2) + hi!-Via. nahi- = na®-1b(2) + hi!-Via.

Via.

k’e’e-~ k’e’- = k’e-Ib(2) + ’a-lV. k'6n4-O-di- = k’é-Ib(2) + nd-Id + O-IV + di®-Via. k’6ndha- ~ k’éndho- = k’é-Ib(2) + nd-Id + ha-/ho-V.

k’6ni- = k’é-Ib(2) + ni?-Vib. k'66'dé = k’i-lb(2) + nd-ll + "(a)-IV + di'4-via. k'66'di- = k’f!-Ib(2) + nd-Id + ‘(a)-IV + di!4-Via. k'66'6- ~ k'66"- = k'e-Ib(2) + nd-Id + 'aIV. k’66’6- ~ k’66"- = k’(-Ilb(1) + nd-Id + ’a-IV.

kidi- = k’i-Ib(2) + di!4-via. k'idi- = k'('-Ib(2) + di!-Via. k'idi- = k’(-1b(2) + di9-Vla. k'idi- = k'P-Ib(2) + di°-Vla. k'idin&- = k'(!-Ib + di!4-via.4 ni?-Vib. k {dzi- = k’?-Ib(2) + dzi-Vla. k'thidi- = k'(@-Ib(2) + hi!-Via + di9-Vla. k'ihini- = k'('-1b(2) + hi'-Via + ni!-Vib.

858

ndhidee- = na °-Ib(2) + hi!-Vla + deeVia.

nahidi- = na®-Ib + hi!-Via + di?-Via. nahidi- = na9-Ib(2) + hi!-Vla + di?-Vla. ndhidii- = nd4-1b(2) + hi'-Via + di?-Via + (y)i!-Vie. (V. Adii- = nd4-1b(2) + di?-Via + (y)i!-Vie.) nahi'dii- = na9-Ib(2) + hi!-Via + ‘(i)Via(?) + di2-Vla + (y)i!-Vie. nahini- = n4!-Ib + hi!-Via + ni?-Vib. nahi'ni- = na-Ib(2) + hi’- ~ ‘ahi-lV + ni?-Vib. nahi'ni- = nd-Id + hi’- = ’ahi-lV + ni’Vib. ndhii- = nd-Id + hi!-Via + (y)i!-Vie. nahiint- = na?-Ib(2) + hi2-Vla + yitVia + ni?-Vib, nadho- = na-ld + ho-V.

ndhodi- = né-Id + ho-V +di9-Vla.

ndhodi- = né/-Ib(2) + ho-V + dil¥-via. nahodi- = na 1.1b(2) + ho-lV + di4-Via.

ndhodidii- = sna*-ib(2) +ho-lV + di!Via + di? a

+ yi! -Vic.

ndéhodinii- = n4!-1b(2) + ho-IV + di9Via + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vie. ndhodinii- = n4!-1b(2) + ho-V + di®Via +ni!-Vib +(y)i!-Vic ndhodii- = n44-1b(2) + ho-V + di2-Via + (y)i'-Vic. nahodii- = na!-Ib(2) + ho-IV + di?Via + (y)i2-Vic. per one~naha-= na!-Ib(?) + ho-lV + ni®-Vib.

ndhonii- = n4-ld+ ho-V + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vic. ndhoo-= na-ld + ho-IV + (yi? eae nahwii-= naib + hw-lV + (y)i? ele nahwii- = na Vib2) +hw-V + (yi? -Vic.

na’~ h’- = nd-Id + ’a-lV. na’- = na®-~ ni- + ‘a-lVNV.

ndnee- ~ ndnoo- = naé-id + ni’-Vib

+ yieVIl. nani- = na!-Ib(2) + ni2-Vib. nani- = na!-Ib(2) + ni7-Vib. nani- = na9-Ib(2) + ni7-Vib. ndni- = nd-Id + ni?-Vib. ndni- = nd&°-1b(2) + ni”-Vib. ndnii = nd-Id + ni2-Vib + (y)i!-Vie. ndnii- = n4-Id + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vie. ndo- ~ néi- = nd-Id + yi2-Via(?). naa-P- ‘né- = nal-ib(2) + -F1b(1) + nd'-1b(2). ndddi-, P-ghédh --- = ndd-le + di2-Vla. ndddii- = n&4-1b(2) + nd-Id = nd4-1b(2) + di9-Via + (y)i-Vic. ndaha- ~ nddhi- =nd-Ib(?) + nd-Id(?) +hil -Via.

naa’a-P-{ji- ~ naa’a-P-{dzi- = naa!-

Ib(2) + ’a-Ib(2) + -1b(1) + dzi-Via. naa’ahi- = naa!-Ib(2) + ’a-Ib(2) + hi!Via.

ndi- = na°-1b(2) + di3-Via. ndi- = na9-1b(2) + di! 1-via. ndi- = ni-Ib(2) + di°-Via. ndi- = ni-Ib(2) + di®-Via. ndi-, hasht’ bs--- = hasht’e’-Ib(2) + niIb(2) + di2-Via.

Kdi- = nd-Id + di2-Via. Adi- = nd-Id + di?-Vla. Adi- = n4-ll + di?-Via. Adi = nd-Id + di!-via. ndi’- = ni-Ib(2) + di®-Via + 'a-lV. fidinfi- = n&4-1b(2) + di2-Via + nilVib + (y)i!-Vic. Adinii- = n4-Id + di?-Via + ni!-Vib + (y)i!-Vie. fidi'nfi- = nd4-1b(2) + di3-Via + ‘(a)-IV + ni!-Vib + (y)i?-Vie. ndi'ni- = na9-Ib(2) + di3-Via + "(a)-IV +ni!-Vib. ndini- = ni- < naaki Ib(3) + di!4-Via + ni®-Vib. ndini-=nib + di?-Via + ni! “Vib.

na’a- ~ ni’- ~ f’- = na@ -Ib(2)+ ’a-IV

naa ain = nee 141 (2) + ’a-Ib(2) +

na’a-~n’-=na!-lb + ’a-lVIV. na’a- ~ A’- = nd-Id + ’a-IV/V.

naa’ani- = naa®-1b(2) + ’a-Ib(2) + ni?-

Adii- = na/Ab(22) + di2-Via + (y)i!-Vic. hdii- =nd4-1b(2) + di?-Via + (y)i2-Vic.

naa’i'e- ~ naa’i’- = naa!-Ib +'a- ~ ‘i-

ndii-, dah --- = dah, off + nd-Id + di?-

na’4-~ ’-, dah --- = n44-1b(2) + 'a-V. na’Adini- = né°-lb(2) + ’Adi-lc + ni-VIb. na’Adini- = na 1.1b(2) + ‘Adi-lc + ni7-Vib.

né’édii- == n&4-1b(2) + '4-di-Ic/V + (y)i2 -Vic. na’ahé’é- ~ na’ahi’- = na !-Ib(2) +-/-

Ib(1) + ’a-lV. na’ahini- = na!-Ib(2) + ‘ahi-lV + ni7Vib. na penn ==Nna Tip(2) + ‘ah-i-lb(1) +

ni?-Vib. na’ahini- = n4°-ib(2) + ‘ahi-IV + ni?Vib. na’ahizni- = na!-Ib(2) + ’ah-1b(1) + dzi-Vla + ni7-Vib. na’ahizni- = na!-Ib(2) + ‘ah-FIb(1) + -z- ~ dzi-Vla + ni’-Vib.

na‘éhodii- = na!-1b(2) + ‘4-Ic + ho-IV + di-lV + (y)i2-Vie, na’a’- ~ ni’ ~ f- = n4!-1b(2)+ ‘a-IV na’idi- = na!-Ib(2) + --Ib(1) + di®-Via. na‘id('nfi- = na1-Ib(2) + -i-Ib(1) + di®Via + -’nii-Vib.

na'i'nii- = n4?-1b(2) + ’-la + -’nii-Vib. na’ini- = na!-Ib(2) + --1b(1) + ni7-VIb. naii- = nd-Id + ‘(i)- ~ '(a)-IV + (y)i'-Vle. na‘ii- =na!-Ib(2) + "(a)-IV + (y)i?-Vic. na ge~na’iyii-= na!-Ib(2) + ‘(a)-IV + yiVile,

ndiii- = na4-1b(2) + ‘(a-)-IV + (y)i2-Vie.

naiii- = nd-Id + "(a)-IV + (y)i2-Vlc. na'ii- = nd-Id + "(a)-IV + (y)iP-Vic. na’fini- ~ na our~na’ii- = na!-1b(2) +

‘(a)-IV + y'-Via + ni7-Vib. na’ni- = na!-Ib(2) + '(a)-IV + ni?-Vib. na’ni- = na9-Ib(2) + ‘(a)-IV + ni?-Vib. na'ni- = nd-ld + ‘(a)-IV + ni2-Vib. nd’oo- = nd-Id(?) + yi2-Vla(?). ndnee- ~ ndnoo- = né-Id + ni-Vib +

yi-VIl.

hi! -Via + ni!-Vib.

Vib.

Ib(2) + ’a-IV/V. ndd'i- = nd4?-1b(2) + (a)-IV + (y)i2Vic.

meen: ~naani- ~ naan- =na Tb(2) +

nd'-1b(2).

ndii- =na 3.1b(2) + di?-Via + Wit-Vic.

Via + _itale hdzi- = na*-

) + dzi-Vla.

nehe- ~ ne= ni-lb(2) + hi!-Via. nei- = na!-Ib(2) + yi3-Via. néi- ~ nd-6- = nd-ld + y'-Via +ni?-Vla.

naandhi- = naand-lb(2) + hi!-Via.

naandhi'ni- = nd2-Ib(1) + hi'- ~ ’ahi-lV +ni’-Vib. naandhosi- = naana-|b(2) + ho-V + sit-Vla.

naandhw- = naa@-Ib(2) + n4!-Ib(2) + hw- ~ ho-lV.

néidii- = n&4-1b(2) + (y)i2-Vla(?) + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vic. pels ~nef- = na’ -Ib(2) + yil-via +

ni 7b.

nee- < ni@-IV/VIb + yi-VIl. nee- = unidentified. ni-, taah --- = taah, to water + ni?-VIb.

naana’é- ~ naan/’- ~ naan'-= naa? -

na!-Ib + n4!-Ib(2) + ‘a-IV/V. naanda’ahini- = naand-lb(2) + ’ahi-lV +

ni’-Vib. naanéni- = naané-lb(2) + ni’-Vib. naani-P-f- = na!-Ib(2) + nd! -Ib(2) + -Ib(1). naanidzi- = naana-Ib(2) + dzi-Vla.

naari'di- = naa®-Ib(2) + nd2-1b(2) + "(a)-V + di?-Via. ndadi- = na!-1b(2) + da-lll + di!-Via. } ndadini- = ni- < naaki Ib(3) + da-lll +

ni@-Vib, P-iih --- = P-iih + ni2-Vib. ni4-Vib, P-iih --- = P-iih, into P + ni4Vib. ni-P-é6hi- = na!-Ib(2) + -f1b(1)(2) + nd-Id(?) + hi!-Vla. ni-P-hi-nii- = ni-lb(2) + P-la +hi!-Via + -'nii-Vib. nihi-, P-aa --- = ni-Ib(2) + hi?-Vla. nihidi-, hasht’e’ --- = ni-Ib(2) + hi!-Vla + di?-Via. niho- = ni-Ib(2) + ho-lV.

niho- = ni-lb(2) + ho-V.

di'4-via + ni®-Vib. ndahwii- = na!-Ib(2) + da-lll + hw-V + (y)i3-Vie.

nihoni- = nee) + ho-lV + ni 7Vib. nihwii- = na be) + hw-lV + (yi -Vic.

nda’a- ~ nda’- = na!-Ib + da-lil + ‘a-lV.

nikehe- ~ nikihi-= niki@-1b(2) + hi'-Via.

nda’di- = na!-1b(2) + da-Ill + '(a)-V +

nikéhé- ~ nikihi- = niki-Ib(2) + hi'-Via. nikéé'- = nikf-Ib(2) + nd-Id +’a-IV/V. nikidadii- = niki!-Ib(2) + da-Ill + di?Via + (y)i!-Vie. nikida’di- = niki-Ib(2) + da-lll + (a)-IV

di®-Via. nda’di- = na9-Ib(2) + da-Ill + '(a)-V + di?-Via. nda’ii- = na!-Ib(2) + da-lll + '(a)-IV + (y)i3-Vie. ndi = ni-Ib(2) + di!-Via. ndi- = na'-Ib(2) + di!-Via. ndi- = na’-1b(2) + di9-Via. ndi- = na!-1b(2) + di?-Via.

859

nihwii- = na'-Ib(2) + hw-V + (Wit-Vie.

+ di?-Via.

nikidi- = niki-Ib(2) + di! '-Via. nikidi- ~ nihidi- = niki-Ib(2) + di!-Via. nikidi- = niki-Ib(2) + di?-Via.

nikidinfi- = niki'-Ib(2) + di?-Via + ni!Vib + (y)i'-Vie. nikidii- = nik(-Ib(2) + di?-Vla + (y)i2-Vle. nikidii- = niki'-1b(2) + di-Vla + (y)i'Vic.

niki'dii- = niki'-Ib(2) + "(a)-IV + di?-Vla + (y)i-Vie.

nikiho- + niki-Ib(2) + ho-V. nikihodii- = niki!-Ib + ho-V + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vie. nikii- = niki@-Ib(2) + (y)i'!-Vle. ni’- ~n’- = ni-lb(2) + ’a-IV/V.

ni’ii- = ni-lb(2) + ’(a)-IV + (y)i2-Vie. ni'ii- = ni-Ib(2) + "(a)-V + (y)iP-Vie. nind-O-dii- = n44-1b(2) + nd-Id + O-IV + di-lV + (y)i!-Vie. nini- = ni-Ib(2) + ni2-Vib. nini- = ni-Ib(2) + ni4-vib. nini- = ni-lb(2) + ni7-VIb. nina’- = ni-lb(2) + nd-Id + ‘a-IV.

nisi’- ~ ntsi’- = na!-Ib(2) +si- ~ tsi-Ib(2) + alVV, nizh- ~ niz- = ni-lb(2) + -zh- ~ -z- ~ Via.

nik’-P-f'ni- = nfk’F-lb(2) + --1b(1) + (a)-IV + ni!-Vib. nii- = ni'-Vib + (y)i'-Vie. nii- = ni'-Vib + (y)i2-Vie. nii- = ni@-Vib + (y)i2-Vie. nii- = ni2-Vib +(y)i'-Vie. nii- = ni?-Vib + (y)i!-Vle. nji- ~ ndzi- = na!-Ib(2) + dzi-Vla. Kji- = nd4-Ib(2) + dzi-Via. n'di- = na'-Ib(2) + "(a)-IV + di?-Via. n'di- = na!-Ib(2) + ’(a)-IV + di?-Vla. n'di- = na'-Ib(2) + "(a)-V + di?-Vla. n'di- = na9-1b(2) + '(a)-V + di?-Via. A'di- = nd-Id + "(a)-IV + di?-Via. n'dii- = na?-Ib(2) + "(i)-Vla(?) + di?Via + (pil-Vie.

K'dii- = nd4-Ib(2) + ‘(a)-IV + di?-Via + (y)i!-Vie. A'dii- = nd4-1b(2) + '(a)-V + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vie. f'dii-, P-aa --- = P-aa, about P + nas.

Ib(2) + "(a)-IV + di?"Via + (y)i2-Vle.

K'dii-, P-it --- = P-i, with P + nd4-1b(2) + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vie. n'dzi- = na!-Ib(2) + ‘(a)-V + dzi-Vla. noo- < ni7-IV/Vib + yi-VIl. ntsidi- = ntsi-Ib(2) + di'-Vla. Ats{dii- = nd4-1b(2) + ts-Ib(2) + di2-Vla + (y)i!-Vie (V. Adii- = nd4-1b(2) + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vie.) nts(fho-, hee hasht’e’ --- = nts/-Ib(2) + ho-V.

ntsdha- ~ ntsfho- = nts/-lb(2) + ha-/ho-

V. O-di- = O-IV + di®-via. O-diyii-, dah --- = dah, up + O-IV + di?Via + (y)i2-Vie. O-dii-, dah ---, dah, up + O-IV + di!Via + (y)i'-Vle. O-dii- = O-IV + di®-Via + (y)i3-Vic.

O-i- = O-IV + yi!-Via. O-ii- = O-IV + (y)i4-Vic. O-fi- = O-IV + (y)('-Vla + (y)iP-Vle. O-yee- ~ O-yoo- = O-IV = yi3-Vie + yi-

Vil. Pe'e- ~ Pe’- ~ Pi’- = P-la + 'a-lV. Pi'diin(- = P-la + ‘(a)-IV + diP-Via + yitVia + ni?-Vib. P-adi’- = -a- ~ -aa-Ib(1) + di?-Vla +

(a)-IV, P-4'di- = -4-Ib(1) + ‘a-IV + di@-Vla. P-4ha- ~ P-Sho- = -4-Ib(1) + ha-/hoIVI. P-aa di- = -aa-Ib(1) + di?-Vla. P-aa'dii-, P-it--- = P-it, with P + -aaIb(1) + '(a)-V + di?-Via + (y)i'-Vie. P-44'di- = -A4-Ib(1) + 'a-IV + di*-Vla. P-44'dii- = -A4-Ib(1) + ‘(a)-IV + (y)i?Vic.

P-badi- = -ba-Ib(1) + di!4-via, P-bahodidi- = -ba-Ib(1) + ho-V + di?Via + di'4-via. P-ch’a hoshi- = -ch’a-Ib(1) + shi-Vla. P-ch’ohoo- = -ch’o-Ib(1) + ho-V +

(y)i'-Vie.

P-ch’oni- = -ch’o-Ib(1) + ni®-Vib. P-chadi- = cha®-Ib(2) + di®-Vla. P-dadi- = -da-Ib(1) + di@-Vla + ’(a)-IV.

P-dAdi’- = -d4-Ib(1) + di?@-Via + "(a)-IV. P-dahidi- = P-la + da-Ill + hi!-Via + di@-Vla. P-di- = P-la + di®-Vla, P-dinfi- = P-la + di?-Via + ni?-Vib + (y)i!-Vle. P-dii- = P-la + di?-Via + (y)i!-Vlc. P-dddi- = -dd-Ib(1) + di?-Vla. P-ddhodi- = -d4-Ib(1) + ho-V + di2-Vla. P-ddhodini- = -dd-Ib(1) + ho-V + di2Ib(2) + ni?-VIb. P-danee- = -da-lb(1) + nee-.

P-ddni- = -d4-Ib(1) + nf'-Vib. P-ddddfinf- = -dd-Ib(1) + nd-Id(2) + di'4-Via + y(-Via + ni?-Vib, P-6'6- ~ P-(’- = -F-Ib(1) + 'a-lV. P-66di'- = -(-Ib(1) + nd-Id(?) + di@(?)Via + ’a-lV.

P-66'di- ~ P-66di’- = P-la + nd-Id + 'aIV + di?-Via. P-66dii- = -(-Ib(1) + nd-Id = -66- + di?Via+ (y)i'-Vle. P-66hi- = -(-Ib(1) + n4-Id(?) + hi'-Vla. P-66hidi- = P-la + n4-Id + hi! "Via + di2-Via. P-66honi- = -F-lb(1) + ho-IV + ni2-VIb. P-66'- ~ P-6n/- = P-la + nd-Id +’a-IV.

P-66'- ~ P-6nd"- = -Flb(1) + nd-Id + 'a-lV.

P-66'6- ~ P-66"- = -f-lb(1) + nd-Id + 'aIV, P-66'ii- = -(-Ib(1) + n4-Id + "(a)-IV + (y)i2-Vie. P-gha’- = -ghd-Ib(1) + 'a-IV. P-gh4-P-(zh- ~ P-gh4-P-(z- = -gh4Ib(1) + -Ib(1) + -zh- ~ -z- ~ dzi-Vla.

860

P-ghdda’a- ~ P-ghdda’- = -gha-Ib(1) + da-ill + ’a-IV.

P-ghdda’di- = -gh4-Ib(1) + da-ill + (a)IV + di?-Via.

P-ghddahini- = -ghd-Ib(1) + da-ill + hil-Via + ni4-vib, P-ghddi’- = -ghd-Ib(1) + di?-Via + ’a-IV. P-ghddi’- = -ghd-Ib(1) + di?-Vla + *(a)-IV. P-ghddi’- = -ghd-Ib(1) + di?-Vla + ’a-lV. P-ghddi’- = -gh4-Ib(1) + di®-Via + ’a-lV.

P-ghddi- = -ghd-Ib(1) + di! "Via.

P-ghddzi- = -ghd-Ib(1) + dzi-Vla. P-ghdhi- = -gh4-Ib(1) + hi!-Via. P-ghdhi- = -ghd-Ib(1) + hi2-Vla. P-ghahini’- = -gha-lb(1) + hi-’= ’ahi-lV

+ ni’-Vib. P-ghdhfiné = -ghd-Ib(1) + hi?-Vla + y'-Via + ni?-Vib. P-ghdho- = -ghd-Ib(1) + ho-V. P-gh4ni = -gh4-Ib(1) + ni*-Vib. P-ghdni- = -gh4-Ib(1) + ni2-Vib. P-gh4ni- = -gh4-Ib(1) + ni7-Vib. P-ghdz- = -ghd-Ib(1) + -z- ~ dzi-Vla. P-hidi- = P-la + hi!-Vla + di@-Vla. P-hodi- = P-la + ho-IV+di2-Vla. P-hodii- = P-la + ho-IV + di9-Via + (y)it-Vie. P-hodii- = P-la + ho-V + di-Vla + (y)iVic.

P-honi- = P-la + ho-V + ni’-Vib. P-honi- = P-la + ho-V + ni?-Vib.

P-(-O-nii- = --1b(1) + O-IV + ni!-VIb + yi'-Vie. P-(-O-yii- = -(-Ib(1) + O-IV + yi'!-Vle. P-(dee- = -(-lb(1) + dee-Vla.

P-(di- = -(-Ib(1) + di'-Vla.

P-(di- = --Ib(1) + di®-via. P-idini- = -(-1b(1) + di'4-Via + ni7-Vib. P-(dii- = -(-Ib(1) + di3-Via + (y)it-Vie. P-idii- = -f-Ib(1) + di?-Vla + (y)i2-Vie. P-fhd- ~ P-(ho- = -(-Ib(1) + ha-/ho-lV. P-thé- ~ P-fhi- = -f-Ib(1) + hi'-Via. P-thidee- = -f-Ib(1) + hi'-Vla.+ dee-Vla. P-thinii- = -(-1b(1) + hi'-Via + ni?-Vib + (y)i'-Vle. P-fhonee- = -f-Ib(1) + ho-V + nee-.

P-fhoni- = -(-Ib(1) + ho-V + ni?-VIb. P-thoo- = -(-Ib(1) + ho-IV + (y)i!-Vle. P-fji- ~ P-(dzi- = -(-Ib(1) + -ji- ~ dzi-Vla. P-fkani- = -kd-Ib(1) + ni7-Vib. P-(kA df- = “k4-Ib(1) + di!-Via. P-('- = -Flb(1) + 'a-IV. P-(’Adii- = -(-1b(2) + '4-di-lc/IV + (y)i?= Vic.

P-'di- = -f-Ib(1) + "(a)-IV + di?-Via. P-('di- = -f-1b(1) + (a)-IV + di®-Via. P-('dii- = -(-Ib(1) + "(a)-IV + di?-Vla + (y)i2-Vie. P-('dii- = -(-Ib(1) + "(a)-IV + di°-Via + (y)i!-Vie. P-('dfinf- ~ -6- = -f-1b(1) + "(a)-IV + di®Via +y('-Via + ni?-Vib, P-f'nee- = -(-lb(1) + '(a)-IV + nee-.

P-fldta’ii- = “ldta-1b(3) + "(i) ~ ‘(a)-V + (y)i'-Vle. P-ina-O-ni- = -(-Ib(1) + na!-1b(2) + OIV +ni?-Vib. P-fnani- = -(-1b(1) + na!-1b(2) + ni7-Vib. P-ffidinii- = -(-Ib(1) + nd-Id + di9-Via + ni'-Vib + (y)i'-Vie. P-inee- = -/-lb(1) + nee-.

P-ini- = --Ib(1) + ni@-Vib. P-ini- = -(-Ib(1) + ni’-Vib. P-ini- = -(-Ib(1) + ni?-Vib.

P-ini'a- ~ P-(ni’- = -F-1b(1) + ni- ~ ni’ (ground)(3) + ’a-IV. (CI. ’dni’e-.) P-inii- = -(-Ib(1) + ni!-Vib + yi!-vic. P-inii- = -f-1b(1) + ni@-Vib + (y)i2-Vie. P-iyi- = -(-Ib(1) + yi!-via.

P-izhdee- = -(-Ib(1) + -zh- ~ dzi-Vla + dee-Vla.

P-izni- ~ P-izhni- = -(-Ib(1) + dzi-Vla + ni?-VIb. P-fi- = -i-Ib(1) + (y)i'-Vle.

P-ii'di- = -ii'-Ib(1) + "(a)-IV + di?-Vla. P-ii’di- = -ii’-Ib(1) + '(a)-IV + di®-Via. P-finf- = -f-Ib(1) + yf'-Via + ni7-Vib. P-finf- ~ -6- = --1b(1) + yi!-Via + ni?-Vib. P-k-ehdi- = -k’eh-Ib(1) + di3-Vla. P-k’ehodi- = -k’eh-Ib(1) + ho-V + di2Via.

P-k'e'e- ~ P-k'e’- ~ P-k'i’- = k’i-Ib(1) + ’a-lV. P-k’e’ni- = -k’e-

=

:

C

=

:

:

yi-O/yi-O

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

yi-O/si

-

-

-

-

-

-

:

-

x

yi-O/yi

-

-

-

-

=

:

-

-

X

CONCL,

CONT.

REV.

DIST.

DIV.

CONAT.

SEM.

TRANS.

=

=

X

O-only

-

©

X

Xx

X

Xx

°

=

=

c x

THE SUB-ASPECTS A number of variations in meaning, some of which are quite subtle, attach to the expression of verbal action. As we pointed out in discussing the Modes, action can be represented by the modal-conjugation markers of Position VII as simply completive in nature (G/yi: no resultant sequence or Status is implied: e.g. taah yiya, | got into the water); terminative (it reaches a goal

or endpoint: e.g. niya, | arrived; ni’, | brought it [SRO] - i.e. | arrived carrying it); or stative (si/si: action results in enduring staticity: dah sé’, | set it up at rest [SRO]; déyd, I’ve started to go along - I’m in a state of having started to go along).

In addition, as we pointed out in discusssing the Aspects, verbal action can be variously described in terms of punctuality, continuance, repetition, transition and other features. And action can be further defined within the Modal-Aspectival framework as inceptive, terminal, rolongative, seriative, reversionary and semeliterative - semantic features that are marked by prefix, and to which we refer as Subaspects. The constructions that we have identified as subaspects are described and ilustrated below:

|. INCEPTIVE: marks the beginning of a verbal action. It can be distinguished as simply Momentaneous in Aspect, or as Transitional (the result of shift in status). In addition, inception takes several forms as it relates to locomotion or to process.

All inceptive verb constructions, Momentaneous and Transitional, take the Momentaneous stem set. (1)

m

n

ion: is marked by di3-Vla, start along in progression; by niki-Ib, Start with a terminative objective; and by the directional prefixes ha'-Ib, up out and ch’i-lb, out horizontally, as idiomatic extensions of their base meaning.

Di-: takes a O-Impertective/si-Perfective conjugation pattern: dishyeed, |’m in the act of Starting to run along/déshwod, I’ve started to run along - I’m on my way running along.

Niki-: takes a ni-lmpertective/ni-Perfective conjugation pattern: nikinishyeed, act of starting (for a destination) at a run/nikinishwod, | started at a run.

874

I’m in the

Ha-: takes a O-Imperfective/yi-Perfective conjugation pattern: haashyeed, of starting to run/haashwod, | started to run.

1|’m in the act

Ch’; takes a ni-lmperfective/ni-Perfective conjugation pattern: ch’inishniish, to work/ch'inishnish, | started to work. (2) Transitional Inception:

is marked by dii- (= di3-Via + [y]i'-Vic),

I’m starting

start along from rest:

nikidii (niki-Ib + dii-), start to perform an activity or a process; ndii- (= nd4-IV,

up + dii-),

set an activity or process in motion; and by Inchoative -’nii-, start a non-locomotional activity or process. All Transitional Inceptives are conjugated in a yi-O Imperfective/yi-O Perfective pattern.

Dii-; dah diishyeed,

|’m in the act of starting off at a run/dah diishwod, | started off ata run; dah diishteeh/dah diit{, |’m starting off carrying it (AnO)/I started off Carrying it.

Nikidii-: nikidiishniish, I’m starting to work/nikidiishnish, | started to work - began working (in the sense of starting one’s work experience or career): niki’diisbaas/niki'ditbaaz, |’m Starting to drive/I started to drive (as a car for the first time).. Ndii-: Ndiishyeed,

|’m in the act of springing up and starting to run/ndiishwod,

up and started to run; ndiishbééh,

|’m starting to bathe/ndiib/’,

-/Nii-: habi'niitifh,

it’s starting to get old or worn/habi'niitih, ‘V’niishffh, I’m starting to eat/’i’niiyaa’, | started to eat.

| sprang

| started to bathe.

it started to get old or worn:

ll. TERMINAL:

marks the end or termination of a verbal action. It may be distinguished as simply Momentaneous in Aspect, or as Transitional (the result of a shift in status).

(1) Momentaneous Terminal:

is marked by ni'-Vib, representing inherently terminal

action; or by ni-lb, cessative-terminative (stop, finish, end).

Ni-Vib:

takes a O-Imperfective/si-Perfective conjugation pattern:

act of sitting down/néda, it.

| sat down; nistséés,

nishdaah,

|’m in the

|’m extinguishing it/néttsiz, | extinguished

Ni-lp:

takes a ni-lmperfective/ni-Perfective conjugation pattern: ninisbaas, I’m in the act of stopping driving it, I’m parking it/nini#tbdaz, | stopped driving it, | parked it (a wagon,

Car); ninishniish/ninishnish, (2) Lransitional Terminal:

|’m stopping work, quitting work/I stopped or quit work.

is marked by nii- (= ni!-Vib + [y]i!-Vic), shift from non-terminal

to terminal.

All Transitional Terminals are conjugated in a yi-@ Imperfective/yi-@ Perfective conjugation pattern.

Nii-: niishch’if, 1’m in the act of closing my eyes/niishch’iil, | closed my eyes; niiltééh/ niiltee’, it’s in the act of stalling or balking/it stalled or balked (as a car, burro).

875

II, PROLONGATIVE:

is the product of arrested inception or of arrested termination of the

action denoted by the Verb Theme. It can be completive, terminative or Stative, Momentaneous or Transitional in Aspect.

(1) The Momentaneous Prolongative:

ni!-VIb).

is marked by the compound prefix dini- (= di3-Vla+

(a) Completive:

takes a O-Imperfective/yi-Perfective conjugation pattern: yiih dinilyeed/yiih dinoolwod, it’s in the act of running into it and remaining/it ran into it and remained (as a car stuck in sand)(cf. yiih yilyeed/yiih yilwod, it’s running into it/it ran into it); yah ’adinidaah/yah ‘adinoodzda, he’s in the act of entering and remaining inside/he went inside and remained (as into a building).

(b) Terminative:

takes a ni-Imperfective/ni-Perfective conjugation pattern and ni-lb, cessative-terminative: ndininishdaah/ndininisdz4, |’m getting stranded/I got stranded (i.e. | remain stuck in arrival status - as a person who goes to town but misses his ride back home)(cf. nishaah/niyd, |’'m in the act of arriving/| arrived). (Cc) Stative: takes a @-Ilmperfective/si-Perfective conjugation pattern: hadinishchééh/ hadinéshcha, |’m crying and crying/I cried and cried (i.e. | get stuck in a “begin to cry”

State)(cf. haashchééh/hdacha, dini-)

|’m beginning to cry/| began to Cry). (ha- + dini- > ha-

(2) The Transitional Prolongative: is marked by the compound prefix dinii- (= dini + [y]i!Vic); by compound ndinii- (= nda4-lb + dinii-); and by compound nikidinii- (= niki-Ib + dinii-) (N- + -dinii- > ndinfi- in the Transitional Prolongative). (Cf. n- + -dii- = ndii-.)

All Transitional Prolongatives take a yi-@ Imperfective/yi-O Perfective conjugati on pattern.

Dinii-: diniishgéésh/diniishgeezh, |’m in the act of fixing my gaze on it/I fixed my gaze on it (cf. yinishgéésh, I'm staring at it - i.e. directing my gaze at it); diniishtt6dh/diniishtt6d’, I’m in the act of loosening or slackening it/| loosened or slackened it. Ndinfi-: an arrested Transitional Inceptive in which the subject is represented as being Stuck in a state of having begun the action denoted by the Verb Theme.

Ndinfishbééh/ndiniiby’ I'm getting a good start bathing/I got a good start bathing (when an interrpution occurred)(cf. hdiishbééh/ndiibf’, I’m starting to bathe/I started to bathe); ndinfishddah/ndinfisdza,

|’m just getting a good start, just getting well under way/I just got

a good start, just got well under way (when something happened - as when | belatedly remembered my shopping list).

Nikidinfi-:

an arrested Transitional Inceptive in which the subject is represented as remaining in a state of having begun an activity or process: nikidinfisbaas/nikidiniisbd az, I'm in the act of borrowing and keeping it/I borrowed and kept it (i.e. | start to drive it and remain stuck in a state of having started - a car, bicycle) (cf. nikidiisbaas/nikid itbddz, I’m

Starting to drive it/I started to drive it); bit nikidinfisht’aash/bit nikidinfisht’aazh, |’m in the act of borrowing and keeping him/| borrowed him and kept him (as a child - i.e. | start to

876

go around with him and remain in that starting status) (cf. bit nikidiish’aash/nikidii’44zh, I’m starting to go around with him/I started to go around with him - as a companion).

IV. SERIATIVE:

is marked by hi-Vla or its alternant (y)i-VIc, and serves to mark verbal action as successive (one after another, one time after another) in contradistinction to collective, with reference to a 3+ plurality of subjects or objects. In addition, with roots of the type CHA’: hop hi- marks the verbal action as segmental.

Most seriative verbs take a O-Imperfective/si-Perfective conjugation pattern, with the Momentaneous stem set. Compare collective naaltsoos ch ’inijaa’, | carried the books out in one load - all at once / seriative naaltsoos ch’éhéjaa’, | carried the books out one or one quantity after another; and single versus successive action as distinguished in toshjeeh

‘ahéénitmaaz, | rolled the barrel around in a circle / t6shjeeh ‘ahééhétmaaz, | rolled the barrel around in (a succession of ) circles.

When hi- is preceded immediately by a prefix of Position IV or V, or by dzi-Position VI, it takes the alternant shape (y)i-. Compare ch’éhéjaa’, | carried them out one after another/

ch'tyiizhjaa’, he carried them out one after another; ’ahééhétmaaz, | rolled it around in circles / ‘ahééyiismaaz, he rolled it around in circles (-yi- = 3rd person object pronoun, Position IV + -iseriative marker; ‘adziyétaal, | let fly a succession of kicks [cf. ‘adziitaat, | let fly a kick). When hi- serves to mark the action denoted by the verb root as segmental, derived Verb Bases are conjugated in a G-Imperfective/yi-Perfective or in a ni/ni pattern, as required by the Base. Thus @/yi: tsidii yah ’ahichééh /tsidii yah ‘ahoocha’, the bird is hopping in/hopped in; ni/ni: tsidii ch heechééh/tsidii ch’fheecha’, the bird is hopping out/hopped out.

The vowel of the Seriative prefix hi- assimilates to that of a preceding or following prefix in many phonological environments. Thus: taah hishniit, I'm throwing them into the water one after another / taah nahdsh’niit,

ch’éhéjaa’,

|’m throwing them back into the water one after another:

| carried them out one after another / hahdjaa’,

yah ‘aheeskai, another.

| took them out one after another;

they entered one after another / yah ‘adahaaskai,

they (d.p.) entered one after

Hi- reduces to its initial consonant (h-/y-) before the Optative conjugation marker -6- ~ -o-,

as in taah héshjaah,

that! might put them one after another into the water; taah yiy6jaah, that

he might put them one after another into the water.

V. REVERSIONARY The Reversionary is marked by n@- (ni-~ n-), Position Id and denotes return to a previous State, condition or location. It is comparable to English “re- (as in remake, redo),” and “back (as in go back, give back).” Ch’indnishdaah/ch’inanisdza, |’m in the act of going back out/|

went back out; nanishdadah/ndnisdza, |’m in the act of returning or coming back/I returned or came back; baa nanish’niil/baa nanish’nil, |’m in the act of bringing or giving them back to him/I brought or gave them back to him/returned them to him.

877

Many @-class Verb Themes (i.e. those containing O-classifier) require d-classifier in the presence of na-Reversionary. Thus baa ninil, | gave them to him but baa ndnish’nil, | gave them back to him.

The Reversionary takes no particular conjugation pattern - pattern is determined by the Theme and Verb Base.

Vl.

SEMELITERATIVE

The Semeliterative is marked by nda- ~ ndana- (~ nddni- ~ nddni-), Position le, and denotes a single repetition of the action or event described by the Verb Base. It is comparable to English “again,” “once more,” and when preceded by ta’, one, the Semeliterative is equivalent

to “another one.” Ch’indanishdaah/ch’inddnisdza, |’m in the again; yah ‘andandashddah/yah ‘andanddsdzé, |'m in the act again; ta’ naayiittsd, he spotted another one of them; ta’ baa more of them; ta’ shaa ndanéini’a, he gave me another one Pe

Pa

act of going out again/I went out of going inside again/| went inside nddnish’nil, | gave him some of them (SRO).

Many ©-class Verb Themes (i.e. those containing @-classifier) require D-classifier in the presence of naa-Semeliterative. gave him some more of them.

Thus baa ninil, | gave them to him but ta’ baa naanish’nil,

The Semeliterative takes no particular conjugation pattern. Theme and Verb Base.

|

Pattern is determined by the

VERB CATEGORIES Verbs can be Active or Neuter, transitive or intransitive, Passive, Mediopassive,

Reflexive or

Reciprocal.

1. ACTIVE INTRANSITIVES: involve only the subject, represented by a prefix of Position VIII or V. Subject may be marked as a definite animate being or thing, as in naashnish, I’m working; nanilnish, you’re working; njilnish, he (3a person) is working, and with @ in the subject Slot in 3rd person forms, as in naalnish (= na-@-nish), he's working. Subject can also be represented by ’a-Position V, when it is indefinite or unspecified “someone, something,” as in ’atah ’aleeh, thereis a meeting (lit. someone - people convene), and by ha- ~ ho--Position V when the subject is space, area, impersonal it, “things,” as in honiigaii, it (area, space, a room) got hot (cf. niigaii, it [an object] got hot); hahodoogaéat, it will Commence (an activity, as a ceremony - lit “things” will start to go). And subject can be represented as 3a (4th) person by ji-Position IV, as in njilnish, one, a person, he, she is working.

2. ACTIVE TRANSITIVES require representation of the direct object in the form of a prefix of Position IV, as well as subject in Position Villor V. @ represents a 3rd person object when the Subject is 1st or 2nd person, in most transitive verbs, but a 3rd person object must be represented by yi- or bi-Position IV if the subject is also 3rd person. Thus naashté (=na-Q-

shté), I’m carrying it (AnO) around, but neitté (= na-[y]i-tté), he’s carrying it around.

878

The direct object of a transitive verb can also be represented by the indefinite pronoun ’aPosition IV, someone, something unspecified, or by ha- ~ ho- ~ hw- when space, area, “things”

is the object. Thus ’ashd, |’m eating (something unspecified) (cf. yisha, |’m eating it); honiissif, I’m warming up area/space (as a room)(cf. niissif#, |’m warming it up - an object); hashdééh, I’m cleaning an area up (as a field)(cf./ yishdééh, |’m wiping it off - adhering matter). 3. NEUTER

INTRANSITIVES

include:

[he Adjectivals, that describe attributes of size, shape, color, weight, taste and other features. These are conjugated in a O-Imperfective paradigm,and the subject may be represented as a specific animate being or thing, by ‘a- (~ 'i-)- Position V, something, someone,

or by ho-Position V, space, area.

Thus: nisneez,

|’m tall, nineez,

he’s tall,

it’s long; ‘algai, there is a white speck, whiteness (i.e. something is white); héneez (< ho-ni-neez), area is long. Dimensional adjectivals are distinguished in two aspects:

long), and Comparative (as ’anitnééz, ninftnééz, how tall are you?

Absolute (as nineez,

in shilddh ‘Anftnééz,

It is tall.

he’s taller than me; haa

The Existentials, verbs of being, as nilj, he is; honilé, you exist; ‘at’é, it is. The Positionals, which describe a subject in a state of rest and in a particular position or form as defined by the stem and prefixes. Neuter Perfectives are conjugated in a single Perfective paradigm. Thus séda, I’m sitting; sinizj, you’re standing; ’atkéé’ niidzj,

we're standing in a row one behind the other; ch’ini’a, it protrudes out (as a pole out a window); biih y?a, it extends into it (as a stick into a bottle). 4. NEUTER

TRANSITIVES:

are transitivized positionals, as in dah bisétda,

|’m holding him in

a sitting position (as a baby); biih yf’a, |’m holding it so it extends into it; ch’ini#’a, extending out (a pole out a window). 5. PASSIVES appear in two forms:

Simple and Agentive.

|’m holding it

Both types require a D- or an L-

classifier: D- for @-class verbs, L- for t-class verbs. The Simple Passives include no subject pronoun in Position VII, and the direct object can be

represented only by ©, indefinite ‘a- or ha- ~ ho- in Position lV. constructions converge in form with the 3rd person of D/L-class composition and conjugation (suggesting that the @-3rd person active voice represents the subject in the corresponding Simple relationships are illustrated in:

Simple Passive verbs of similar direct object in the Passive). These

@-Imperfective/yi-Perfective: biih yishteeh/biih yj, I’m putting it (AnO) into it/I put it into it: Simple Passive biih yilteeh/biih yilt{, it’s being put into it/it was put into it (cf. L-class 3rd person

yiih yilyeed/yiih yilwod,

he’s running into it/he ran into it); biih yish’aah/biih yd,

I’m putting it (SRO) into it/I put it into it: Simple Passive biih yit’aah/biih yit’a, it is being put into it/it was put into it (cf. D-class 3rd person yiih yi’nééh/yiih yi’na’, he’s crawling into it/he crawled into it).

879

ni-Imperfective/ni-Perfective: baa nishteeh/baa nitj, |’m giving it (AnO) to him/I gave it to him: Simple Passive baa yilteeh/baa yiltj, it’s being given to him/it was given to him (cf. LClass 3rd person yaa yfilyeed/yaa yilwod, it’s running to him/it ran to him); baa nish’aah/baa nia, |’m gving it (SRO) to him/I gave it to him: Simple Passive baa yit’aah/baa yit’d, it’s being given to him/it was given to him (cf. D-class 3rd person yaa y?nééh/ yaa yi'na’, it’s crawling to him/it crawled to him). O-imperfective/si-Perfective:

yishttah/sétttah,

|’m smearing it on him/I smeared it on him: Simple Passive yilttah/yisttah, it’s being smeared on it/it was smeared on it (cf. D-class 3rd person yitin/yistin, he’s freezing/he froze).

The Simple Passive includes the indefinite object pronoun ‘a-Position IV in ‘aljizh/'ashijjzh, baling is going on/baling was done, corresponding to active 'ashjjzh/’ashétijzh, I’m doing the baling/I did the baling. And the Simple Passive includes ha- ~ ho-Position IV representing area as in halttah/ hastlah, area is being smeared or coated/area was smeared or coated (as with asphalt), corresponding to active hashttah/hosétttah, I’m smearing it on an area/I smeared it on an area. The Agentive Passives are constructions in which the agent, as subject of the verb, is an indefinite or unspecified person represented by the pronoun ’a-di- in Position V (=’a-: someone unspecified + -di: person). A Position IV direct object pronoun is always required by the Agentive Passive, creating a phonological environment in which the -aof -’a-di- elides leaving only -’di-. Agentive Passive constructions are comparable to 3rd person D/L-class verbs of similar composition and conjugation, and the Agentives refer only to humans.

O-imperfective/yi-Perfective:

taah bi’dilteeh/taah bi’dooltj, he is being put into the water/he was put into the water (cf. L-class 3rd person yilghat/yoolghal, he’s eating it/he ate it [meat].) ni-Imperfective/ni-Perfective:

baa bi’deelteeh/baa bi’deeltj,

he's being given to him/he

was given to him (cf. L-class 3rd person yijddtah deeltaat/yijddtah deeltadl, he’s in the act of tripping him/he tripped him [bijédtah dinishtaal/bijddtah dinishtadt, I’m tripping him/| tripped him]; D-class 3rd person yaa heechééh/yaa heecha’, it’s hobbling to him/it hobbled to him [baa hinishchééh/baa hinishcha’, |'m hobbling to him/| hobbled to him)).

Mediopassives

represent the subject of the verb as both agent and object, but unlike the Reflexive, the Mediopassives include no reflexive object pronoun comparable to ’d-di: self. The Mediopassives are derived from Active and from Neuter Verb Bases, and include a wide range of forms. Like the Passives, the Mediopassives require a D- or an L-classifier. Compare:

Active Base: -iih tne’/-iih tne’: toss or drop a SRO into (a receptacle): biih yishne’/biih yfne’, I’m dropping it into it/I dropped it into it: Simple Passive biih yilne’/biih yilne’, it is being dropped into it/it was dropped into it; Mediopassive yiih nilne’/yiih noolne’, he’s quickly sticking his head into it/he quickly stuck his head into it (lit. he abruptly moves/

880

moved his own SRO into it - ni- = generic classifier for roundness).

(The ni-Conjunct

prefix triggers the contraction ni- + yi-VIIl in 8rd person and Simple Passive Perfectives > -00-. V. Perfective, D/L-class verbs.)

Active Base: ‘ahad-Oyeed/’aha-Qwod: flex out of joint: ’‘ahdyeed/’ahddwod, it's in the act of going out of joint/it went out of joint; ‘ahd-theed/’ahd-thod: disjoint, cause to go out of joint (as a chicken leg): ‘ahdnishheed/’ahdnishhod, I’m disjointing it/I disjointed it; Mediopassive:

lyeed/Iwod: single subject runs (i.e. flexes self): haalyeed/haalwod, in the act of running up/he ran up (lit. he’s flexing up/he flexed up).

he’s

Neuter Base: ni-I’@: hold own head in position: bitsék’eegi nésh’4, | have my head in his lap (subject has his own SRO in position - ni- = generic classifer for roundness). Reflexive verbs are a type of transitive in which the subject and the direct object are one and the same. The object is represented by the compound pronoun '4-di- of Positions

Ic-IV (< ’a-: self + -di-: person). 9-imperfective/yi-Perfective:

(d)ch’id/(d)ch’id: scratch: ’Adich’id/’Adooch’id, scratching himself/he scratched himself; Iznhééh/Izhéé’: mow, shave:

he’s

’adizhééh/’adoolzhéé’, he’s shaving himself/he shaved himself: ‘adadilzhééh/’adadoolzhéé’, they (d.p.) are shaving/they shaved: ‘andadilzhééh/’Andddoolzhéé’, he’s shaving again/he shaved again.

O-Imperfective/si-Pertective: (d)k’aas/(d)k’d4az: straighten:

‘4dishk’aas/’Adésk’d4dz,

Stretching/I stretched - ’ddik’aas/’Adeesk’ddz,

he’s stretching/he stretched.

yi-@-Imperfective/yi-@ Perfective:

break to pieces, blow self up:

‘Adiiltadh/‘Adiiltaa’,

Itadh/Itaa’:

I’m

he’s in the act of blowing himself up/he blew himself up.

ni-Imperfective/ni-Perfective:

Iteeh/It{; move AnO:

ni’ddinishteeh/ni’ddinishtj,

|’m in the

act of appointing myself/l appointed myself (lit. |set myself down - cf. ni’ ninittj, | set him down). Ni’andddinishtj, | again appointed myself.

si-lmperfective/si-Perfective:

t’aah/t’é: move a SRO:

’'ddaah dah hoshisht’aah/’adaah

dah hosist’a. I’m committing a crime/| committed a crime (lit. |set a sorrow or misfortune up at rest alongside myself). (cf. dah shish’aah/dah sé’4, I’m setting it up at rest/I set it up at rest [SRO as a book on a table].)(’adaah = ’ad-: self + -aah: alongside) Reciprocals are a type of transitive construction in which two or more subjects act on each other as the object.

The objects are represented by the reciprocal pronoun prefix ‘ahi-

~ ‘athi-Position IV: ni-l’/ni-l'f: look at: ’ahini’/’ahinéél’’, they’re looking at each other/they looked at each other; da’ahini’//da’ahinéél’/, they (d.p.) are looking/looked at each other; nddda’ahinil /nddda’ahinéél’j’, they (d.p.) are looking/looked at each other again (cf. yin#’/, he's looking at him; ’ddini'j, he’s looking at himself; ‘adadini’, they [d.p.] are looking at themselves). THE IMPERATIVE

is not distinguished by special verb form. An immediate positive Imperative

is rendered by any 2nd person Imperfective Mode form, and any 2nd person Future verb can

881

be used as an obligatory or remote (non-immediate) Imperative.

Thus:

Nich’ah shaa nf’aah,

give/bring your hat to me! Més/ch’inft’e’, put the cat out! Ndaah d66 ‘yd, sit down and eat! Yiskaéago hastdadigo ndidif’nah, you must get up at six tomorrow! Dif jf sha na’nftkaad dooleet, today you’re to do the herding for me!

As a Standing injunction the negative Imperative is rendered by the 2nd person forms of the Optative Mode, as: Nich’ah baa w66’aat, don’t give your hat to him! Mésich’ddétt’e’, don’t put

the cat out! Kintahg66 dddya’, don’t go to town! With continuant verbs the 2nd person forms in combination with the frame t’dAadoo --- -f produce an immediate Imperative equivalent to “quit ---!” “stop --!” as: T’€adoo nani’na’i, quit crawling around! (cf. ni’g66 nad6’nééh, don't crawl around on the floor!) T’aadoo ’ddich’idi, quit scratching yourself! (cf. ’Adddéch’id la4go, don't scratch yourself!)

“Let” is rendered by -ni’: mind, as in Bini’ mésj ‘athosh, let the cat sleep! shini’ kintahgo6 sitsilfbitdeesh’ash, let me go to town with my little brother! Nihini’ tt’6o’di neii’née dooleet, let us go Out and play! “Let's” is rendered by the Future 1st person dpl or d.p., as:

kintahg66 diit'ash,

let’s go to

town! Da’diidjft, let’s eat! NUMBER IN THE VERB is represented as singular (sgl) and duoplural (2+ = two or more) by the subject pronoun prefixes of Position VIII, and distributive plurality (each of 3+ Subjects) is derived by adding the Position III prefix da- to the dpl forms. Thus: ‘asha, | am eating, niyd, you are eating it, ‘lida, we dpl are eating, da’iidd, we d.p. are eating, ‘ohs4, you dpl are eating. A few verbs distinguish subject number by special stem, as: YA: one subject goes, as in

ch'infya,

| went out; "AAZH’:

2 subjects go, as in ch’iniit’44zh, we dual (2) went out; KAI: 3 or

more subjects go, as in ch’iniikai, we plural went out. Similarly DA/KE/BIN:

néda,

| sat down/neeké,

we dual (2) sat down/dineebin,

sit down, as in

we plural sat down; and

TI/TEEZH/JEE’: lie down, as in nétj, | lay down / neetéézh, we dual (2) lay down / neejéé’, we plural lay down.

And a few stems are distinctive with reference to the number of objects, as Tj: single animate object (AnO), as in mésf ndiitt{, | picked up the cat; NIL: several objects, as in ’eii naaltsoos ndiinfit, pick up those books! JAA’: a profusion of objects, as in ‘eii neeshch’i’ ndiijjaah, pick up those pinyon nuts! (V. NIL and JAA’ in the LEXICON.) The distributive plural prefix da-lll serves to pluralize the direct object in constructions of the type tsineheeshji? ‘ahadashéch’iizh, | sawed the board into 3+ pieces (cf. tsineheeshjii ‘ahanich’iizh, | sawed the board in two); latsin(t’66 ’ahayof ‘adaashtaa, | made many bracelets (cf. latsini ’fishtaa, | made a bracelet). NEGATION is accomplished by a variety of negative frames (V. FRAMES). The simple negative “not” is produced with the frame doo -- da, as in dgg tikan da, it’s not sweet; doo shit ya’at’ééh da, | don’t like it (lit. it's not good or suitable with me); tah dog chjfh yee ‘adilohii yiistséeh da, |’ve never seen an elephant (lit. I’m still not in the act of seeing an elephant); dif ch’ah doo shi da, this hat isn't mine (lit. this hat not mine). 882

VERB

INFLECTION

[he Verb Theme: is composed of the stem + one (rarely two) of the classifier prefixes (©, t,D,L) of Position IX + a thematic prefix, if any. Derivation of the stem from the underlying root constitutes the first derivational level in the production of a meaningful lexical construction, and the second level is the production of the Theme by combining the stem with one of the four classifier prefixes of Position IX plus, for some Themes, a thematic prefix. The stem cha carries the root concept “cry.” With @-classifier it constitutes the Theme for a Verb Base meaning “cry.” Similarly, the stem ti’ in combination with t-classifier and the thematic prefix ya- produces the Theme ya-tti’ which, in turn constitutes the Base for a verb meaning “talk.”

lassifiers:

Included in the Conjunct Prefix category are the four “Classifier” prefixes of Position IX - a designation that has become traditional in Athapaskan literature, although these elements doe not, in fact, serve to “classify” anything. The Classifiers (also known as Stem Classifiers) have the shape @,t, D, L. Actually, as Krauss (1969) and Stanley (1969) pointed Out, L-classifier is the product of D-effect on t-classifier and, of course, @-classifier simply marks the lack of a prefix in Position IX. However, for practical purposes in describing the Navajo verb, it is convenient to identify the Classifier prefixes as four in number, treating O ina positive sense. All Verb Themes must include one (rarely two) Classifier prefix(es). In many Themes the Classifier functions as a Thematic prefix, with no discernible meaning or grammatical function: in others, t-classifier is a causative-transitivizing agent, and a D- or an L-classifier are always required in Passive, Mediopassive, Reflexive and Reciprocal verb constructions.

(1) @-Classifier:

appears in about 41% of Verb Bases, Active and Neuter, transitive and intransitive. It is the Position IX element in the Theme @cha: cry (yicha, he is crying); @ch'id: scratch (yich’id, he is scratching it); and in Neuter @neez: be long (nineez, it is long/tall).

@-class Themes take D-classifier in Passive, Mediopassive, Reflexive and Reciprocal

derivatives, as in Simple and Agentive Passive baa yidl66z, it was led to him, baa shi’deed|66z, | was led to him (cf. baa nild6z, | led it to him); Mediopassive biih neesht’a (< neesh-d’a), | stuck my head into it (i.e. my own SRO) (cf. biih yd, | put it [SRO] into it); Reflexive ‘adoot’j (< ’Adoo-d’/), he sees himself; and Reciprocal ’ahoot{ (< ‘ahoo-d’f), they see each other (cf. yoo’s, [< yoo-@-j], he sees it). (2) L-Classifier:

intransitive.

appears in about 28% of all Verb Bases, Active and Neuter, transitive and

It functions thematically in Themes of the type ya-ti’: talk (yatti’, he’s

talking); ttsooz:

handle a FFO (shaa yinftsooz, he gave it to me); while in Themes of cause globular to roll, it functions as a causative-transitivizing agent, as in nantmaas, you’re rolling it around (cf. @maas: globular rolls, as in nanimaas, you're rolling around). the type tmaas:

t-classifier contracts with (devocalizes) stem-initial z- and zh-, as in désas (< dé-t-zas), I’m strewing it along; yiisj’ (< yii4-zj’), | stood him up; yishéé’ (< yi-t-zhéé’), | mowed it; yishd6’ (< yi-t-zhd66’), | brushed or combed it. However, t-classifier is vocalized under 883

D-effect, emerging as L-, as in: yiilzhéé’ (< yii[d]---zhéé’), [d]-t-zhéé’), it was mowed.

we mowed it; yilzhéé’ (< yi-

t-classifier deletes when it is preceded by the first person sgl subject pronoun (-sh- ~ -sPosition VIII), or by -s- ~ -sh- (< si-Position VII modal-conjugation marker) in 3rd person verb constructions, as in: naashjid (< naash-t-jid), I’m carrying it around on my back; yist’é (< yis-t-t’é), he roasted it; yishbéézh (< yish4-béézh), he boiled it. t-classifier devoices stem-initial |- and gh-, as in diftid (< dif4-lid),

| burned it (cf. diflid, it

burned); yith{f (< yit-yjf), | melted it (cf. yiyf’, it melted). The h-component of the 2nd person dpl subject pronoun (-oh-Position Vill) deletes when followed by the t-classifier, as in wotbéézh (< wo[h]-t+-béézh), you dpl are boiling it; wothaat (< wo[h]-t-ghaat), you dpl are shelling it (corn). t-class Themes take L-classifier (i.e. t- is vocalized under D-effect) in Passive, Mediopassive, Reflexive and Reciprocal derivatives, as in : Simple and Agentive

Passive baa yiltj, it (AnO) was given to him, baa shi’deeltj, | was given to him (cf. yaa shinitj, he gave me to him); Mediopassive yiih noolne’, he stuck his head (i.e. his own SRO) into it (cf. yiih yiyffne’, he tossed it [SRO] into it); Reflexive ‘Adinilj, he’s looking at himself; Reciprocal ‘ahinilj, they're looking at each other (cf. yinit'{, he’s looking at him).

(3) D-Classifier:

is not manifested in D-form (except perhaps as a component of the digraphs dl and dz) in Navajo - rather, it is manifested in the effect (D-effect) that it exerts ona following stem-initial consonant or on t-classifier (as noted above). It is summarized in the table below:

Stem-initial m|n-

= 'm (neii’maas, we dpl are rolling around) = dl (nasdljj, it again became, reverted) = 'n- (naa’na’, it’s crawling around)

y (=gh) y‘

= Q (baa yigj, it was hauled to him) = 'y- (t’66 ‘ahonii’y6i, we are many) = t’- (baa yit’a, it [SRO] was given to him)

4

= dz (biih yidziid, it was poured into it)

zh

=j(dzh)

t-|

= dI- (‘adoodlid,

L-classifer + D-effect

WwW

(yiijf’, it turned black) he burned himself)

-I- (baa yiltj, it [AnO] was given to him) 'w (yii'wozh, we're ticklish)

D-effect is not manifested before stem-initial b-, ch-,ch’-, d-, dl-, dz-, t-, t’-, tt-, -ts-, ts’, g-, j,k-, k’-. In these environments its presence is reflected in the distinctive Perfective Mode paradigm required for D- and L-class Verb Bases. Thus naakai = naa(d)kai,

they are going about, as reflected in bit nisiskai (not nisékai*), them; and ch’idaast’a’ (not ch’fdaazt’a”), they flew out.

884

|’m going about with

D-class verbs are predominantly Passive, Mediopassive, Reflexive or Reciprocal derivative s from -class Themes as noted under (1) above, However, D-classifier appears asa Thematic component of some Verb Themes, as: (d)t’a’: fly (y66’ ’eet’a’, it flew away); (d)kai: 3+ go/come (y66’ ’eekai, they went away). About 13% of Verb Bases employ D-class Themes. (4) L-Classifier:

As noted above, L-classifier is produced by vocalization of t-classifier, under D-effect. L-class verbs are predominantly Passive, Mediopassive, Reflexive or Reciprocal derivatives from t-class Themes as noted under (2) above.

L-classifier deletes when preceded by the 1st person sgI subject pronoun (-sh- ~ -s-Position VIII), or by -s- ~ -sh- (< si-Position VII modal-conjugation marker) in 3rd person verb constructions, as in: yishdéél (< yish-I-déél), | ate them; na’Adistsaah (< nd’ddis-ltsdah), |’m drying myself. However, before stem-initial z-, zh- and gh- the presence of L-classifer is reflected in the failure of the stem-initial consonant to devoice, as: ‘adishzhééh, ( ’é/: “there remote the one(s)” = that one, those there (out of sight). In addition, the Demonstratives may take the particularizing enclitic -df: the very one(s) and, functioning as pronouns, they can take -di+ -igif: the one(s), the kind = -difgf.

One type of Demonstrative (those in which the initial phonemes are ’e-/’6-) are derived

dif; this one, these (dif shit ya’at’ééh, | like this one; diftsé ‘at’é, this is a rock; diftsé ‘Adaat’é, these are rocks). diidf: this one, this very one, this one here (dfid{/shaa nfaah, give me this one here! dfidf shaa ninift, give me thesel). diidfigif, these here, this kind, these (difidfigif doo shit ya’at’éeh da, | don’t like these, | don’t like this kind; dfidfigff naa deeshnit, I’ll give you these). ’eii: thatone, those (close at hand) (’eii shaa nfttsdés, give me that one right there [FFO]! ’eii sh{baah dah haz’é, that one is probably sick;

’eii naa deeshnit,

I'll give you those.

’6f; thatone, those (remote) (‘é/t’ah doo baah hashish’néeh da, |’ve never yet climbed that one; éfbaah shfni’, | ’m sorry about that). ’eiidf; that very one, that one, those there (near at hand)(eiidfta’ shaa nfaah, give me one of those there [SRO]! ’eiidf naakidi neezndadiin béeso badh ’ilf, that one there / those cost two hundred dollars). 6idf, thatone, those (’éidf chodayoot’f nt’éé’, they used to use those; ’éidft’ah doo yiistséeh da, |’ve never seen that one).

’eiidfigif: these, this kind (eiidfigif naakidi neeznddiin béeso bdégh ‘ff, these cost two hundred dollars, this kind costs two hundred dollars).

naghaf: that one (over near the person spoken to or at some distance from the speaker) (naghdisha’ haf ’at’, who is that fellow over there?)

OTHER NOUN SUBSTITUTES include: niéidifg (= nléf. yonder, over there + -di: at + -igif: the one[s]): yonder one, that one over there (nléidiigif Tsoodzit wolyé, that one over there is called Mount Taylor; niléidiigif ’éf shf shichidf, that one over there is my car). -(; the relative enclitic used in the sense of “the place” + the postpositional enclitics:

-(di (-di: at): the place where, the place at which, where (shik’ad naashnishidi ’aydo deesdoi, I’m now working, the place at which I’m working now is very hot).

it’s very hot where

-fgi (-gi: at): the place where, the place at which, where (sézinigi hidees’naa’, the place where I’m standing started to move). -idéé’ (-déé’: from): the place from which, from where (ttiish haa’na’idg¢’ doo shit bééhdzin da, | don’t know -(d66

where the snake crawled out, the place from which the snake crawled out is unknown to me). (-d66: from): the point from which, the place from which (t6 hddlinidé6 shighanji’ doo nizaad da, It’s not far from the place at which water flows up out [the spring] to my home).

-ig66 (-g66: to): the place to which, where (yiskéago déyahig66 ’aydo deesk’aaz jini, it’s reportedly very cold at the place to which I’m going tomorrow, where I’m going tomorrow is reportedly very cold). The numerals may represent a noun or nouns:

naadiingo shaa niniit_ give me twenty of them! naaki t’éiya yisdziih: | only have two of them left. 'aldaji’igif (= ’aldaji’: ahead,

in the lead + -igif: the one)(‘aldajiigif éf shida’f bilf?, the leading one is my uncle’s

horse)

’aké6dé6’igif (= ’akéé-: behind + -dé’- < -déé’: from + -igif): the hind one (‘akééd¢’igif ’éfninil’, your horse is the one bringing up the rear).

lL THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: the dubitative enclitics sh{for da:

The interrogative pronouns

(and adverbs) become indefinite with the addition of

dikwiish{; several (haidda’ bijh haiilzheehgo dikwiish{ nisiiltseed, last winter we went deer hunting and killed several. hdiida:

anyone,

someone

(hdiidadsh nikd ‘eelwod,

did anyone help you?)

hdish{; someone, somebody (hdish{ shilééchaa’sits’éa’ yiyiisx, someone killed my dog). ta’ yinfyaa’, did you eat anything good?) ha’at’'fida: anything, something (ha’at’fidadsh tikanigjff ha’at’thfida: anything, something (ha’dt’hfida bik’infydago hadidiflwosh, holler if you find anything!) ha’at’fish{; something (shoo! nilééchaa’{ha’at’fishi{neit’in, look! your dog is barking at something). hdadida: somewhere (hdadida shi{ nda’ahiidiiltséét, we'll see each other again somewhere.) ha’dt’éegida: somewhere (ha’dt’éegida njélnish laanaa nisin, | wish | could finda job somewhere). hdadish{; somewhere (hdadish{hashttish biih dees’eez ld, | see that | stepped in the mud somewhere). ha’at’éegish{; somewhere (ha’at’éegishi{ nahattin k’ad, it’s raining somewhere now).

931

hdd géne’ shi; sometime

aa

(during a named month) (Yas Nitt’ees had géne’ shi{ ndooddat,

he'll come back

sometime in January).

\éi’: a certain one (with which the speaker is not familiar) (t?ééd4a’ Bilagdana léi’ nihaa nfya, some white man came to see us last night). fa’: someone, aperson (ge’! ta’ joolwot, listen! someone is coming). t’44 ’attsonf: everything (haiddd’ nihich’édh ‘fchiilgo t’da ’aitsonf nihee ’dsdijd, last winter when we got snowed in we ran out of everything. dd ’Ajfttso: everyone, everybody (t’dd ‘Ajfttso dibé bitsi’ hot daalkan, everybody likes mutton). t'44 bihdInthigif: just anything (it doesn’t matter what) (t’dd bihdinihigif ba’nftsdéd, just feed him any old thing). t’dd dikwihi: just a few (dibé laf shee hdld¢ nt’éé’ - k’ad t’4a dikwih/ yisdziih, | used to have a lot of sheep - now | have only a few left). t’4d dikwi; several, a few (k’ad bee’eldogh bik’a’ t’4d dikwif yisdziih, | have only a few cartridges left). t’Aadoo le’é: something, a thing (’adddddd’ t’dadoo le’é ’ayéo tikan léi’ yiyda’, | ate something really good yesterday). t’44 hdiida: anyone, anybody (t’44 hdiida naa nfydago dadi’diftkat, if anyone comes to see you close the door!)

IV.

THE NUMBER SYSTEM

1.THE CARDINAL NUMBERS: are used in counting; and they function as adjectives and as pronouns. employs a decimal system in which the numbers from 1-10 inclusive take the form:

tda’ii (in counting) t’adta’i (adjective/pronoun) ta’ (pronoun/equivalent to indefinite article) naaki: 2 (ni-~n-) tda’: 3 (ta-)

df’: 4 (di, diz-)

Navajo

’ashdla’: 5 hastad: 6 tsosts id: 7 tseebii: 8 nahast’él: 9 neeznda: 10

The numerals 11 and 12, and the -teens from 13-19 inclusive are formed by suffixing -ts’Aadah ~ -’Aadah to the numbers from 1-9, inclusive:

ta’ts’aadah:

11

hasta’dadah:

naakits’adadah: 12 téa’ts’dadah: 13 dfits’dadah: 14 ’ashdia’dadah:

16

tsosts’idts’dadah: 17 tseebiits’dadah: 18 nahast’éits’aadah: 19

15

The -ty numbers 20-90 inclusive, and hundred are formed by adding -diin ~ -dijto special or reduced forms of the numbers 2-10 inclusive: naadiin: 20 tadiin: 30 dizdiin: 40 ’ashdladiin: 50

tsosts’idiin: 70 tseebidiin: 80 nahast’édiin: 90 neezndadiin: hundred

hastadiin: 60 The intervening numbers in each group of 10 from 20-90 inclusive are formed by adding the numbers 1-9 directly for

the 20’s and optionally for the 40’s, but with the inclusion of d66 ba’aan ~ dé66 ba’aa ~ d66 bi’aa: “and in addition to it’ for the 30’s, 50’s, 60’s, 70’s, 80’s, 90’s and 100’s,

naadijja’: 21, naadijnaaki: 22, naadijtdd’: 23, naadijdif: 24, naadij’ashdla’: 25, naadijhastaa: 26, naadijtsosts’id: 27, naadijtseebii: 28, naadijndahdst’éf: 29 , dizdija’, or dizdiinddé6 ba’aant’adta’l. dizdijnaaki, or dizdiin d66 ba’aan naaki: 42, etc. ‘ashdladiin d66 ba’aan t’aata’f; 51, ’ashdladiin d66 ba’aan naaki: 52, etc. hastddiin d66 ba’aan t’adta’’; 61, hastddiinddéd6 ba’aan naaki: 62, etc. naakidi neeznadiin d66 ba’aan naaki: 102 The numbers 100-900 inclusive are formed by preceding neeznddiin:

hundred with the numbers from 1-9 + the

multiplicative enclitic -di: times:

t’ddtahddi neeznadiin:

100 (= 1 x 100)

naakidi neeznddiin: 200 (= 2 x 100) tdadi neeznddiin: 300 (=3 x 100) dij’di neeznddiin: 400 (= 4 x 100) ’ashdladi neeznddiin: 500 (= 5 x 100)

hastdadi neeznddiin:

600 (= 6 x 100)

tsosts’idi neeznadiin: 700 (= 7 x 100) tseebfidi neeznddiin: 800 (= 8 x 100) nahast’éidi neeznddiin: 900 (= 9x 100)

932

41,

Thousand is rendered by mifl~ miil (< Span. mil), and million by mffl + the augmentive enclitic -tsoh: big, or Neuter

verbal ntsaa(gif: big one, kind that is big. The 1000’s are derived in a manner similar to that described for the 100’s: t’adtéhddi mf: 1,000 (= 1 x 1000) naakidi mf: 2,000 (= 2 x 1000) tdadi mM: 3,000

t’4atdhddi miiltsoh ~ t’éatahadi mil ntsaalgif; 1,000,000 naakidi miiltsoh ~ naakidi mil ntsaafgil: 2,000,000

The intervening numbers 101, 102/1,001, numbers 1-9 inclusive:

1,002/ 1,000,001,

1,000,002,

etc. are formed with d66 ba’aan + the

t’ddtéhddi neeznddiin d66 ba’aan t’d4ata’f: 101 t’ddtéhddi mil dé6 ba’aan t’4at4"; 1,001 (= 1 x 1000 + 1) t'A4tdhddi miiltsoh d66 ba’aan t’44t4'[~ t'ddthhddi mi ntsaalgif d66 ba’aan t’4ata’f: 1,000,001

1,000,000 + 1)

(= 1 x

tseebfidi neeznddiindi mifl ntsaa(gif d66 ba’aan ndhdst’éidi neeznddiindi mil d66 ba’aan tsosts’idi neeznddiin d66 ba’aan naadija’:

800,000,900,721

(= 8 x 100 x 1,000,000 + 9 x 100 x 1000 + 7x 100 + 21)

With addition of the distributive pluralizing prefix da: 3+, the numbers acquire the meaning “by groups of ___, ___each,” as:

t’addaatd'fgo: one each, singly. ndaakigo:

two each to 3+ recipients,

in 3+ pairs.

daatda’go: three each to 3+ recipients, in 3+ groups of 3. ndaadiingo: 20 each to 3+ recipients, in 3+ groups of 20. tadaadiingo: 30 each to 3+ recipients, in 3+ groups of 30. dadizdiingo: 40 each to 3+ recipients, in 3+ groups of 40.

neeznddaadiingo:

100 each to 3+ recipients, by 3+ groups of 100.

124 each to 3+ recipients.

t’4445h4di neeznddiin d66 ba’aan naadijdaadj’go:

E.g. Sil4o ndaakigo tooh tsé’naa niheeskai, the soldiers crossed the river by two’s (in 3+ pairs); bee'ak’e’elchih{ daatda’go ’6tta’f bitaasénii’, | passed out pencils to the students, three each to 3+ students.

(Ib.

ih{ ‘éita’l bitaadasénii’) bee’ak’e’elchtéa’go In reduced or special form the numbers 1-10 inclusive combine with a Neuter derivative of the Root T’E’: be, to derive:

t’4dtah dinisht’éhé:

| alone, I singly, | by myself

ndiniilt’é: two of us, in pairs, by two’s ndilt’é: two of them, in pairs, by two’s

hasténiilt’é: 6 of us, by 6’s hastdlt’é: 6 of them, by 6’s

tdniilt’é: 3 of us, by 3’s talt’é: 3 of them, by 3’s

tseeb/niilt’é: 8 of us, by 8’s tseebiilt’é: 8 of them, by 8’s

diniilt’6: 4 of us, by 4’s dit’é: 4 of them, by 4’s

nahast’éniilt’6: 9 of us, by 9’s ndahdst’élt’é: 9 of them, by 9’s

’ashdlaniilt’6: 5 of us, by 5’s ’ashdlalt’é: 5 of them, by 5’s

neeznaniilt’6: 10 of us, by 10’s neeznalt’é: 10 of them, by 10’s

And indefinite:

dikwiniilt’é: several of us dikwilt’é: several of them

quantities less FRACTIONS: ’Aini?: center, mid-point is used as the equivalent for one half. Fractions representing 2. parts under fractional all = half one toward being than half and more than half are not detailed - ‘ani? t’44 bich’'go:

one half, and 'atni’ bildahgo: beyond one half = all parts in excess of one half.

3, THE ORDINAL NUMBERS:

Postpositional -tsé: before (in space or time) with either an indefinite (’A-) ora

/’/ replaced by /g/ + reciprocal (’at-) prefix is used as the equivalent for English “first.” T&d’ (3) reduced to ta’- and with géne’: inside of adding by produced are equivalents ordinal Other third. the relative enclitic -f; the one, produces tdgf: géne’ ~ géne’igff: naaki place; first in first, (gf: géne ~ gone’ tda’ii cardinals: the to of inside one the ‘gif: g6ne or , as tagfj(gdne’, second, in second place; té4’ géne’~ géne'igif: third, in third place etc. (Tdgf functions adjectivally on the third day.)

933

4, THE INDEFINITES: fa’: a, an, some and Iéi’: a certain one are roughly equivalent to the indefinite article of English, as: shibéégashii fa’ shee neest’{, a cow was stolen from me; dibé ta’ shaa yininil, he gave me some lambs; t'66d44’ Bilagdana Iéi’ nihaa nfy4, some White man came to see us last night.

ADJECTIVALS: THE

Navajo does not have an adjective word class as such - this function is performed by the

demonstratives, the numerals, a few adjectival enclitics and by Neuter Verbs that describe the physical attributes, condition and other features attaching to their subject. (V.ENCLITIC, NUMERALS.)

V. THE

DEMONSTRATIVE

ADJECTIVES:

share the same shape as the Demonstrative Pronouns:

dif; this, these (dif 'ashkii Yootdodi ‘dtta’, this boy goes to school in Santa Fe; dif 'ashiiké Yootdodi da’étta’, these boys go to school in Santa Fe).

diidf: this here, these very (in particular) (dfidf ‘ashkii ‘élta’dgg’ yd’ ’eelwod, this boy here ran away from school).

'éf; that, those

(remote from speaker and invisible) (’éf ba’élta’f bits’'44d66 t’44 18466 'thoot’44’, | learned

a lot from that teacher). 'éidf: that, those (in particular) (’6idf tééchaa'lt’Ad "Ataji’ shikéé’ ’atndndlwo’ nt’éé’ 'dlta’g66 'atndndshddahgo, that dog always used to follow me back and forth to school). eli: that, those (close at hand and near the speaker) (’eii naaltsoos t’44 'fidda’ yatta’, | already read that book; ‘eli yoostsah ta’ nahideeshnih nisin, | want to buy one of those rings). ’eiidf; that there, those (in particular) (‘eiidf4{ ‘aydo dilwo’ jinf, that horse there is said to be very fast). naghéf: that, those (at some distance from speaker or near the person spoken to) (naghaf hastiin béésh baah dah si’4, that man there is a councilman).

nléf: that, those yonder (way over there) (nléfchidftich’igif shi? dooleet, that red car over there is going to be mine).

(Both naghdf and niléf also function adverbially, as: sitsilf naghdidi naaghdago hago bidfiniid nt’éé’ doo shaa 'Andhodilt’, da, my little brother was nearby when | called him but he paid no attention to me; nléidi shighan, my home is over yonder.) VI. THE INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES: serve to introduce a question or to ask how? when? where? why? which? what? Three enclitics complement the interrogative particles: -ish, -sha’~-sh, -la. The particles are:

who?

da’: introduces a question of the type to which the expected answer is yes or no. Da’ is often accompanied by enclitic - sh (da’ ’6ola ’at’é, is it gold? da’ ’doladsh 'at’é, is it gold? da’ diish nichidf, is this your car? da’ ndaazish, is itheavy?) daa, daasha’, daash, daald (Ib. haa, haasha’, haash, haald): how? what? (daasha’/daash/daald/daa wolyé, whatis it called? daaléinidzaa = daala yinidzaa, what happened to you?) daashin: was it? wasn’tit? (something for which the speaker seeks confirmation) (niye’ Peter daashin wolyé, your son’s name was Peter, wasn’t it?) dikwiisha’, dikwfish, dfkwifl4: how many? how much? (dikwifld ninddhai, how many your years = how old are you? dikwffsh dah hidédlo’, how much does it weigh? dikwiig6dla ‘oolkit, what time is it?) haa, haasha’, haash, haald, ha- (lb. daa, daasha’, daash, daald): how? what? (haa hoolyé ~ haash hoolyé ~ haald hoolyé, whatis the name of the place? haaléinidzaa = haala yinidzaa, what happened to you?)

haa'l, haa’fsha’, haa’fld: just where?

let’s see where?

(haa’fld neezgai, just where does it hurt? haa’fsha’

bik’finfya, just where did you find it, let’s see where you found it) Haa-/daa-

combine with the Comparative Aspectual form of Neuter Adjectival verbs to pose questions of the type:

haa/daa ninfinééz, how tall are you? haa/daa nfinééz, how long is it or how tall is he? haa nitddds, how heavy is it? haa nfzah, how far is it? how long (in time)? haa ndolin, how does it look, what does it look like? With the Neuter Verb ni-Ot’é: be (in condition) haa-/daa- ask how? in what condition? haash nt’é, how are you (in health)? ‘atiinigffsha’ haa yit’é k’ad, how’s the road now? ‘abe’sha’ haa yit’éégo (~ hait’éego) sido k’ad, how hot is the milk now? tt’6o’disha’ hait’éego deesk’aaz k'ad, how cold is it outside now? And, with a 3s subject (ho-: area,

space,

“things”) haa hoot’é, how are conditions?

what's the weather?

Haa- takes the reduced form ha- with the 3rd person Neuter Verb ‘at’é ~ ’at’- to produce interrogative ha’at’ii, ha’at’iisha’, ha’at’fish, what? whatis it? asin: ha’dat’fish ninizin, what do you want? diisha’ ha’at’if ’at’é, what is this? ha’t’fish biniiyé yinfyd4, for what purpose did you come? why did you come? ha’at’fish biniinaa ndshidfinfkaad, for what reason did you slap me? why did you slap me?

Ha’ét’é- + the subordinating enclitic -go + an interrogative enclitic produces the interrogative ha’at’éegosha’ ~ ha’dt’dosh, ha’at’6egol4: why? how? in what way? how come? ha’at’éegold baa ntsinikees, in what way do you think about it? what is your opinion about it? ha’at’6egosha’ ~ ha’at’dosh ndshidiinkaad, how come you gave me a slap? why did you slap me? Ha’at’6- has the meaning where?

at what place?

in combination with the postpositional enclitics:

ha’at’6egisha’ (-gi: at): ha’dt’éegisha’ ni’finftb4dz, where did you park? ha’dt’éedisha’ (-di: at): ha’ét’éedisha’ naalnish k’ad, where is he working now? 934

ha'at'éédée’sha’~ ha’at’éédéé’sh ha’at’ééjd

(-déé’: from): ha’at’éédée’ sha’ yinfya, from where did you come?

(-jf in the direction of, on the side of): ha’at’ééjish dinf(, what direction are you looking?

ha’4t"66g66 ~ ha’4t’6égd6ld ~ ha’dt’6Ségddsha ~ ha’dt’6égddsh naaghdago ch’ééh hddinfsh'f’,

(-gd6: to, toward): sitsilfsha’ ha’dt’6ég66

where’s my little brother that |can’t find him?

ha’dt’6é6ég66l4 dinfya, where are you going, to what place are you going? hda- ~ hda- ~ hd- serve to ask where? who? when? H4aé- and its alternants always occur in combination with a postpositional (locative-directional) enclitic to produce: hdadi ~ hdadisha’~ hdadild ~ hdadish (-di: at): hdadilé

nichidf nffnfbgdz, where did you park your car? hdadish nighan, where is your home? where do you live? hddd颒 ~ hdddé6’sha’ ~ hdddéésh ~ hdddé6'ld (-déd’: from): hdddgég’sha’ nanind, where do you come from? h4dg66 hddgddsha’ hddgddsh hddgddld (-gdd: to): h&ddgddsh dinfy4, where are you going? hdéajf~ hadjisha’ ~ hddjfsh ~ hédjld (-jf: in the direction of, on the side of): hddjisha’ ndhookgs, what side is north? which way is north? hddjfgold bit dah ’ adiilwod, in what direction did he drive off? what direction did he go when he left? hdaji’ ~ hdaji’sha ~ hdaji'ld (-ji’: as far as): hdaji’ ni'finftbdaz t’6éd4g’, how far did you drive last night? where did you stop driving last night? hdajigo ~ hdajigold (-jigo: toward): hdajigold nit ’adoolwot, which way will you go? hdajigold Yootd hoolyé, which way is it to Santa Fe? Addition of the enclitic da produces the meaning “I wonder where?” as in hdadidasha’ shich’ah ninfé, | wonder where | put my hat? where under the sun did | put my hat? hdajigodasha’ bit dah 'adiilwod, | wonder what direction he took when he drove off. The reduced form ha- is required by the temporal enclitic -dé4’: past time: haddad’sha’ ~ haddéa’sh ~ hdédgash ~

h4d44l4, when (in the past): hddé4’sha’ yinfya4, when did you arrive? hddé@’ 4 bit dah ’adiilwod, when did he leave? hdddé’sha’ Adini’na’, when did you get up? haf~ hdfsha’ ~ hdish ~ héfld serve to ask who? hdaisha’ nichidf nee yineez’(?, who stole your car? hafsh ’Anit’, who are you? hdisha’ nd na’nitkaad, who’s herding for you? haf~ hd(sha’~ hdfsh ~ hafld + the 3rd person possessive pronoun bf: his/hers produces the meaning whose? dffsh haf bichidf, whose caris this? dfidiigifsh hafbf, whose is this? hdafsha’ bichidf nighan bine’jf siz{, whose car is behind your hogan? haf~hdfsha’ ~ hdish ~ hdfld + the 3rd person form of the postposition -4: for, in behalf of produces the

meaning for whom? for whose benefit? hafsha’ ba diff yoostsah ‘finilaa, for whom did you make this ring? haf ~hdisha’ ~ hdish ~ hdfd + the 3rd person form of postpositional -ts’44d66 or -ts'é4dé¢": from, yields the meaning from whom? hafsha’ bits’éad66 ~ bits’ééd¢¢’ dif yoostsah shdisinitt’e’, who did you get this ring from? from whom did you get this ring? hdid{ ~hdidfsha’ ~ hdidfsh ~ hdidfigifsha’ ~ hdidfigfish serve to ask which? which one? which kind? hdidish n{nfzin, which one do you want? dff bilasdanasha’ haidiigif deesh ninizin, which of these apples do you want to eat?

hdidiigifsh nahinfnii’, which one did you buy?

whatkind did you buy?

hahgo ~ hahgosha’~ hahgold: when (in the future) hahgosha’ ndfidaat, when will you return? hahgosha’ kintahg66 nit dah ‘adidoolwot,

when will you leave for town?

With addition of the particle da the meaning becomes “I wonder when” as in hahgodasha’ shinaaf 'dlta’g66 fideesdzd4, | wonder when my big brother is going back to school?

ya’: isn’tit? right? (assumes agreement on the part of the person spoken to): t’6o'di deesk’aaz ya’, it’s cold

outside isn't it? (‘Ouu’ tt’6o’di deesk’aaz, yes, it’s cold outside). Tt’60'di doo ts’ida deesk’aaz da ya’, it’s not real cold outside is it? ('Ouu’, doo ts’id4 deesk’aaz da, yes, it’s not real cold). y4dh: what? what did you say? (the person spoken to asks for repetition of a statement)

Vil, THE LOCATIVE PARTICLES: The adverbial particles that relate to space and time fall into two groups: that require a postpositional enclitic and (2) those that do not accept the postpositional enclitics.

(1) those

(1) Those requiring a postpositional enclitic are listed in the Table below:

LOCATIVE STEM

ee Fee nlaahnaghalkodzaa‘aa’ddPostpositional

nléf-

nah-

tt’66’-

enclitic

"adi -di: at ses -gi: at "Adil -jf. toward Aaiji-j’: as far as "h4d颒 -déé’: from '4d66 -d66: from -d4a": pasttime ‘fiddd’ ----g66: to -fgo: onside of ‘adjfgo -jigo: toward

"Aajigo

‘aadi oe ‘aajf ’aaj(’ = ’aadég’— ‘aaddd~ sees oes ‘aaj[go

dzaadi +o sere oe ------oe see seo

kodi oo kojf koji’ kodéé’ kod66 soos aoe kojfgo

,

naghaidi naghdaigi naghaijf naghaiji’ naghdid颒 nagh4(d66 oo naghé(g66 naghdijfgo

nahdi nléidi nldahdi nahgi nléigi Aldahgi nahjf nlé ff nlaahjf nahji’ nléiji’ nldahji’ nahdé¢d' nléfdgé’ fnlddhdé¢g’ flddhddd = fléfddd = =nahddd aces ones see flddhgdd = fléfgdd = nahgdd nahjfgo fnléfifgo flddhjfgo

tt’60’di tt’60’gi t'66'jf tt’60'j’ tt’dd6’dg¢’ ——tt'66'd6 ie tt’66'gd6 tt'dd’jfgo

naghdijigo

nladahjigo

tt’60'jigo

Adapted from The Phonology # Morphology of the Navajo Language, 935

Sapir-Hoijer, 1967

Aléijigo

nahjigo

The locative stems in Group (1) are defined below: '44-: there (a remote and invisible location in space or point in time - '44 sometimes occurs without a postpositional enclitic as in ’44 nfyd, he arrived there). ’aa-: there (close at hand, nearby in space or time).

dzaa-: here (ata nearby location in space - occurs only in combination with -di) ko-: here (at this location or point in time). naghal-: there (ata nearby location). nldah-: there yonder (invisible, remote) nléf-; there (a distant or remote location, but visible) nah-: aside, to a place out of the way. tt'66’-: outdoors, outside (out of a dwelling or enclosed space).

(2) Those that rarely accept a postpositional enclitic include:

k6¢: here, hereabout,

this way, around here

'&kK66 (= '4-~'A4-: there (remote) + kd¢): there, around there, toward there, around there. kdonf:

here, hereabout, around here. ’ak6¢: there (a nearby location) (= ‘a- 'aa-: there (nearby) + k¢¢-).

kwe'é:

here,

right here, at this place close at hand.

’Akwe’é: there (= 'd-~ 'd4-: there remote + kwe’é). kwii: here (at this place). ’Akwii: there (at that place)(= 'd-~ ’dd-: there remote). kwiidf; here (at this place or point in time). ’akwiidf; there (at that place or point in time). Although the Group 2 locatives do not accept the postpositional enclitics in a directional or spatial locative sense

kwe’é takes postpositional -gi to produce kwe’figi: here in this part, along this line: is where | didn’t understand it.

Kwe’figi doo bik’i'diitéa da, here

Vill THE ENCLITICS: are described in 9 categories, identified as: Relative, Subordinating, Conjunctive, Adjectival, Postpositional, Interrogative, Temporal-Modal and Miscellaneous

Adverbializing,

1. The Relative Enclitics are: -f, -ii, -igif, yée -f; the one,

the one that, the one who,

serves to nominalize verbs,

produce noun phrases and particularize

nouns: 'ani’jijhf (< ‘ani’jjh: he steals things + -f= the one who steals things), thief. bee’atsidf (< bee: with it + ’atsid: something is pounded + -f= that with which pounding is done), hammer. béésh baah dah si’dnf (< béésh: metal, badge + baah: alongside him + dah: up + si’é: SRO sits + - (n)f= the one upon whom a badge sits), councilman. naakif (< naaki: two + -f= that which is two), twin, twins. Attached to the Independent Subject Pronouns - f produces particularized derivatives as: t’dd shthf (), Begashinitani, Arizona. béégashii y44zh (YAZH{~ YAAZH), calf. béégashii yaazh bijadd wédleehigif (LO’), calf roping contest.

béégashii y4azh bitsj) (YAZH{~ YAAZH), veal. béégashii yii’ da’atchozhigif (CHOZH),

manger for feeding cattle. 1021

679 680

bee hadah dah fA’diilwo’f (WOD,), parachute. bééhdgod (-bééhdgod), (GEED), hoe.

681

bee hahwiikaahi (KA), scraper.

682 683 684 685 686

bee bee bee bee bee

ha’aldizf (DIZ), instrument used in twisting rabbits (from their burrows). ha’al’eetf (EEL), strainer. ha’iikaahf (KA), dipper, ladle. ha’iilgéshf (GIZH), shears, cutters, snips (for cutting out patterns). (Cf. bik’ehgo ha’iilgéshii, ha’nilchaadf (CHAAD), wool cards (tools used in carding wool).,

pattern.)

687 bee haldéhf (DEE’), grubbing tool, hoe. 688 beehaz’danii (-beehaz’danii)(’A), law, rule, regulation. 689 beehaz’danii bik’ehgo na’nilkaadigif (’A/KAAD), grazing regulations. 690 bee hadda’aldahigif (DEE’), staircase, flight of stairs. 691 bee hadhak’aashi (K’AAZHj), grindstone. 692 bee honeezdoof (DOIl), heater (as for a room). (Ib. bee hoozdoof.) 693 bee hoozdoof (DOIl), heater (as for a room). 694 bee k’éé’alchxoohf (CHXOQ’), eraser. 695 bee k’éé’aldgohf (DON), iron, flatiron. 696 bee’abézhi (BEEZH;), kettle, cauldron. 697 bee ’ach’iishf (CH’IIZH), file, rasp, saw, guitar. 698 bee ’ach’iishf bidazniisk’anigif (CH’IIZH/K’AAD), three-cornered file. 699 bee ’ach’iishf biwoo’ dantsaaigif (CH’IIZH/TSAA), ripsaw, saw with large teeth.

700

bee ’ach’iishf biwoo’ ’Adaatts’iisigif (CH’IIZH/TS 'IS/ ~TS’f{Sf), crosscut saw, fine toothed saw.

701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708

bee ’ach’iishf nfyizigif (CH’'IIZH/YIZ), rat-tail file, round file. bee ’ach’iishf nteeligif (CH'IIZH/TEEL), flat file. bee’adaditat (-bee’adaditat)(TAAL,), spurs (as those on a rooster). (lb. bee ’adaditati.) # naa’ahddhaika’i bibee’adaditati, the rooster’s spurs. bee ’ada’alne’é (YAA), camera. bee ’adéest’{f’ (jJ’;), telescope, spy glass, binoculars. bee ‘adich’idi (CH’ID), back-scratcher, scratcher (an instrument with which one scratches oneself). bee ’adilch’iishf (CH’IIZH), scrub brush (for use on one’s body, in bathing).

710 711

bee ’adilghatf (GHAAL), baseball bat. bee ’adiltashf (TAZH), slingshot, sling (for throwing).

712

bee ’ddittahf (TLAH3),

713

bee ’Adilttahi tikanf dahalchinigif (TLAH3/KAAD/CHAA’s), cold cream.

714 715

bee ’Adilttahf danitddligif (TOOL), vaseline. (Ib. ’ak’ah nittdlf.) bee ’adily(hi (Y{j’), crucible, melting pot (for metal). (Ib. bii’ ‘adily{h/.)

716

bee ’adinidinf (DIIN), electric light bulb, electric light, electric lamp.

717

bee ‘adinidinigif (DIIN), lamp, light.

709

bee ’adildil (DIIL;), gong.

salve, ointment, unguent, cold cream, vaseline, lotion.

718

bee’aditat~ bee’adaditatf (TAAL;),

719

bee ‘Adit’oodf (T’OOD}), towel, bath towel, face towel (for drying oneself).

spurs (as those on a rooster).

720

bee ‘ddit’oodf baah dah ndhidiiltsosf (T’OOD4/TSOOZ),

towel rack, towel hanger.

721 722

bee 'ddit'oodf ntsaaigif (T'OOD,/TSAA), bath towel, large towel. bee 'Adit’oodf yazhf (T'OOD,/YAZHI), face towel, small towel.

723 724 725

bee ’adit?{hf nahalinigif (TL’IN2/LIN), diamond shped, diamond design (lit. it resembles a sling). bee ‘adit’hf ~ bee ’aditt’jh (TL’IN»), slingshot, sling (for hurling stones); diamond design in a blanket. bee ’aditsxitf (TSEEL), indicator, stick, club (with which players in the Moccasin Game rap on the moccasins to guess the location of the hidden ball). bee ’adiyin (Y\JD), immunity, immunizing agent (to immunize one from evil forces). bee ’adizf (DIZ), spindle (for spinning yarn). bee 'adiidifid (LID), branding iron. bee ’adiiltPishf (TL’IIZH»), indigo, blue dye. bee ’adleeshf (DLEEZH), paintbrush (as that used in painting a house). bee 'adzoof (ZO), wooden fork used in weaving. bee ’aghddadzilne’é (NE’s), center punch (tool). bee ’aghdda’a’nilf (NIL), drill, drill bit. bee 'aghdda’dildlaadf (DLAAD), x-ray machine. (Ib. ’aghdda'didlaadgo bee ‘ida”alne ‘(gif.) bee ’aghdda’diltazf (TAZ), bow drill. (Ib. bee ’aghdda’diltaas/.) bee ’aghdda’diltaasf (TAZ), bow drill. (Ib. bee ’aghdda’diltaz/.) bee ’aghd’dl’ee (EEL), strainer (for milk), sieve. bee ’agha’nfldéhf (DEE’), sieve, sifter (as for flour or gravel).

726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740

bee 'aghdndidla’f (DLAAD), x-ray machine. (Ib. bee ’aghdda’dildlaad/: ‘aghdda’ditdlaadgo bee ’ida’alne’igif.) bee ‘ahida’diiljeehf (JEE’3), glue, mucilege, paste, solder.

741

bee ’ahfdiilyfhi (Y{f’), solder.

742

bee'ajilizhidéé’ (LIZH), urinary meatus.

743 744

bee ’ajjzhf (JJZH), a dipper formerly made of corn husk or bark.

745

bee

bee ’akalf (KAAL), bat, baseball bat. ‘akatf (KAAL), bat, baseball bat.

1022

746

bee ’ak’déhf (K’A), food grater, grinder, pestle.

747 748

bee ’ak’aasf (K’AAZ), arrow straightener (made from the perforated form of a bighorn sheep). bee’ ’ak’é’édzidf (ZIID2), baster (used in basting meat).

749

bee

751 752

bee 'ak’ihata’ nilfinii (TA’s/L{]’), entertainment, recreational activities. bee 'ak’ina’adzoof (ZO), brushes made of sharpened sticks, and used by the Medicine Man in drawing intricate designs in ceremonies. bee ’ak’inda’a’nilf (NIL), camera.

'ak’e’elchthf (CH],),

pencil, pen,chalk, crayon, steel stamp, writing instrument.

750 bee ‘ak’e’elchihi téhigif (CH{;) ink.

753

754

bee ’ak’inda’almaasf (MAAZ), roller.

755

# ‘atiin bee bik’i nda’almaasf,

steam roller, roller used in compacting a road bed under construction,

756

bee ’a’nizhf (NIZH), tweezers.

758

Bee’aldiflahsinil ~ Bee'aldifl Dah Sinil (D{fL/NIL), Albuquerque, New Mexico.

759 760 761

bee ’aldzéhf (DZA3), scraper, hide scraper (for removing hair from hides preliminary to tanning). bee ’aldzidf (DZID), sifting screen, sifter (of the type used to separate trash from pinyon nuts or gravel from sand). bee ‘aljjzhf (JJZH), hay baler, hay compressor.

757

bee’aldi (DIiL), gong, large bell.

762

bee ’alt’o’l (T’OODz), nipple ona nursing bottle.

763 764 765

bee ’alts’ilf (TS’IL), nutcracker. bee ’alzotf (YOL), bellows. bee ’alzot bee ‘ahfdiilleehf (JEE’3), soldering blowpipe.

766 767

bee ’alzhéhé (ZHEE’s), razor. bee ’alzhéhf (ZHOO’), brush.

768 769

bee ’atch’j’ didloh (LO’), buckle, belt buckle. bee 'attah '6’él'inf (’)]D4), kitchen mixer.

770

bee ’and’4kdhf (KA), baking pan, ovenware.

771

bee ’anitéhé (Tf), bedroll, bedding.

772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781

bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee

bedroll

782

bee ’aa fditfhi (TA), key.

783

bee ‘aa fditihibd ‘ahoodzdnf (TAy/DZA)),

784 785

Bee’eldiflahsinil (~ Bee ’eldifl Dah Sinil)(DIiL,/NIL), bee’eldogh ~ be’eldopgh (DON), gun, firearm.

786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793

bee'eldogh bee bii’ haa’dldisf (DIZ), cleaning rod (for gun barrels). bee’eldggh bee bii’ na’atsif (DON/TSI), ramrod (for a gun - especially a muzzleloader). bee'eldogh bee ‘andhdltahf (TAH>), trigger (of a gun). bee’eldogh bijaa’ (DON), hammer (of a gun)(lit. gun’s ear - especially with reference to the large hammer on old-fashioned rifles). bee’eldggh biko’ (DON), gunpowder, explosive, bomb (lit. gun’s fire). bee’eldggh bik’a’ (DON), bullet, cartridge, ammunition (lit. gun’s projectile). bee’eldogh bik’a’ bee ’ahi’nitigi (NIL), loading action of a gun; lever, bolt, pump (action). bee’eldogh bik’a’ bits’a’ (DON), cartridge case, shell casing (lit. bullet’s pod).

794

bee’eldgoh bik’a’ bits’a’ béésh tich’igt (DON/CHII’),

’atinf (TIN), freezer, deep freeze (for food preservation). (Ib. bii’ ’atinf.) ‘at’éhigff (T’E’), the underlying cause, the reason behind it, the reason why. ’at'fhf (TL’INs), sling (for hurling projectiles). (Ib. bee ‘attjfh, bee ’aditt’jfh, bee ‘aditt{hi.) ’atsidf (TSEED>), hammer, mallet. ’atsiditsoh (TSEED2/TSAA ~TSOH), sledge hammer, large hammer. ’atsxis (TSXAS), whip, quirt, lash. ’ats'i’f (TS’l’), tweezer, pincer. ’azk’azf (K’AAZ), refrigerator. ’aa ’ada’a’nilf (NIL), auger (for boring holes in wood or rock). ’aah ’ii’nihf (NII’;), wringer (for laundry use).

keyhole. Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(Ib. Bee’aldilahsinil.)

copper cartridge case, copper cartridge.

chamber (of a gun barrel - lit.

795

bee’eldogh bik’a’ biihi’nitf gone’ ~ bee’eldggh bik’a’ biih yi’nitf gone’ (DON/NIL), that into which the cartridges are inserted).

796 797 798

bee’eldggh bik’a’ deesdoghigif (DON), empty cartridge case, empty shell casing, fired cartridge. bee’eldogh bik’a’ hdayii’nftigif (DON/NIL), ejector (lit. that which extracts cartridges one after another). bee’eldggh bik’a’ ’ahi’nfi géne’ (DON/NIL), breech or chamber of a gun (lit. that into which cartridges are put away out of sight one after another).

799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808

haa’ii’nitig (DON/NIL), breech block of a gun (lit. the one that inserts and extracts bee’eldgoh bik’a’ ‘ayiinff cartridges). bee’eldggh bik’ehé dilt’ohf (DON/T’OH2), gun sights. A bee’eldogh bik’ehé dilt’ohf bdtahdigif (DON/T’OHo), front sight on a gun (lit. the sight at the tip end). bee’eldogh bik’ehé dilt’ohf deg hoot’atgif (DON/T’OH2/’A), rear sight on a gun. bee’eldggh bee’eldggoh bee’eldggh bee’eldgoh bee’eldogh

bitsiin (DON), gunstock, stock of a gun. bizis (DON), holster, gun case. bizoot (DON), gun barrel. biih ndlka’f (DON/KAAD), muzzleloading shotgun. chidi naat’a’i bee dawéldonigil (DON/T’A’) anti-aircraft guns.

bee’eldogh 'andhdlchahigif (CHA’,), trigger (ofagun). 1023

809

bee’eldogh nineezigif (DON/NEEZ),

810

bee’eldgghtsoh

rifle, long gun.

811 812

bee’eldgghts’6sf (DON/TSOOZ/), twenty-two caliber rifle. bee’eldooh yazhf (DON/YAZHfI) pistol, revolver.

(DON/TSAA~ TSOH),

cannon, artillery.

813

bee’eldggh yazhf bik’a’ dizdiin d6é ba'aa ‘ashdla'igif (DON/YAZH)I),

814 815

bee’eldogh yazhf bitsiin (DON/YAZHI), bee’élzhdashf (ZHAAZH), sandpaper.

816

bee 'ets’99s (TS'DOZ), whistle (used ceremonially).

817 818

bee '66haniihii (NII’4), souvenir, memento. bee 'ééh4niih binliyé ‘Alyaa(gff (NII’4/YAA),

819

bee 'eelk’Aah (K’AA’), fireboard (for use with afiredrill).

monument, memorial.

820

bee '(da’diiljeehl dijé’igff (JEE’3), rubber cement, glue.

821

bee "fda’diilyjjhf (Y{f"), welding tool.

822 823

bee ’fda’neel’aahf (‘AAD), ruler, yardstick, measuring tape. bee ’idfiizoolf (YOL), whistle.

824

bee ’i'diidlfid

825

bee "'diiljeehf (JEE’3), adhesive tape, glue.

826 827

bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee

828 829

830 831 832 833

forty-five caliber revolver,

pistol butt, pistol grip.

vial brand, brand mark.

'i’lilkeedf (KID2), movie projector. 'thada’agizf (GIZ), wrench, socket wrench. ’Ht hada’agiz{’atch’|’ ndigisigf (GIZ), crescent wrench, monkey wrench. ’it’ada’agizf (GIZ), wrench, screwdriver. ’t ’ada’agizi tsin bighédh dé’Ahigif (GIZ/’A), screwdriver, wooden-handled screwdriver. 'frdiidlohf (LO’), brake, ’iichfhf (CHII’), red dye. (Ib. bee ‘iilchthi.) ’iigisf (GIZ), washing machine.

834

bee ‘ih nd’4kahf (KA), funnel.

835

bee 'iijfhf (ZH{f’), black dye. (Ib. bee ‘iitzhjhl.)

836 837 838

bee ‘iikaat( (KAAL), cold chisel. bee ii’ ha’alzot{ (YOL), air pump (to inflate tires).

841

bee 'iiltsx6éhf (TSOIl),

842

bee ‘iilzh{hf (ZH{f’), black dye. (Ib. bee ‘iijfhi)

bee ’ii’nd’Alzooff (YOL), air pump, tire pump. (Ib. chidf bikee’ bee ’ii’ na’Alzoot.) 839 bee ’iilchfhf (CHII’), red dye. (|b. bee ‘iichhh/.) 840 bee ’iiltsé6hf (TSOII), yellow dye. (Ib, bee ‘iitséh/,)

843

bee ’lindanii

844 845 846 847

bee bee bee bee

848

bee ’étsa’{ tin bee naajaahf (TSA’JAA’),

849 850 851 852

bee 'oolk’ééh (K’AA’), firedrill stick. beeldléf bijdnil dahdlénigff (LIJD), fringed blanket or shawl. beeldléf 'i'ffmasf (MAAZ), blanket woven with diamonds or squares as the design. (Ib. 'i'fimasgo yistt’6n/.) beeldiéf’ yishbizhgo yist’6nf (BIZH/TL’Q), blanket with diagonal weave,

853

bee taf 'difnigif (L{{’), association.

854 855 856 857 858 859 860

861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871

bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee bee

(NA’,),

orange dye. (Ib. bee 'iitsxéhf.) natural resources, resources for livelihood, livelihood.

’iitséhf (TSOIl), yellow dye. (Ib. bee ‘iiltséhf.) 'iitsxéhf (TSOII), orange dye. (Ib. bee ‘iiltsxéhf.) 'étsagl~ bee dtsa’f (TSA’), pliers, pincers, tongs. ’dtsa’{’atch’)’ hdfgisigff (TSA’/GIZ), vise. ice tongs.

# béégashii bee ta’ ‘{difnigif, cattle association teda’a’nilf (NIL), post auger, auger for making holes in the ground. nahadidii (YA), ceremonial paraphernalia, equipment for the conduct of a ceremonial,

(Ib. bee nahaghahf.)

nahaghaht (YA), ceremonial paraphernalia, equipment for the conduct of a ceremonial. nahalzhoohf (ZHOO’), broom, brush (for sweeping). nahat'i’li (T'l’;), transportation, means for transportation. nadhwiidzidf (ZIIDo), rake.

na’ach’aahf (CH’AA’), artist's paint brush, (Cf. bee 'adleoshé, na’adlo’f (LO’), steering wheel. na’adzoof (ZO), chalk, na’adzoof dootl'izhigff (ZO/TL’IIZH2), blue chalk. na’adzooftichf'igif (CHII’), red chalk. na’adzooftigaaigif (ZO/GAII), white chalk. na’adzooftitsoolgif (TSOIl), yellow chalk. na’agizhf (GIZH), gear shift lever (in a car). nd’djeehf (JEE’s), grease gun. na’akdhf (KA), serving tray, tray (for carrying dishes). nd’dlkadf (KAD), thread.

872

bee na’al’eet (’EEL), oar, paddle (for moving a boat),

873 874 875 876

bee bee bee bee

na’dltsdhf{ (TSAII), clothes dryer. na’alzolf (YOL), spray gun, sprayer, na’anishf (NISH), tool(s). na’anishf bighan (NISH/GHAN}), toolshed, 1024

paint brush - as for painting a house.)

877

bee na’ayoo’ nif (NIL), turner, egg or pancake

878

bee nd’nitat (TAAL), spurs (of the type used by horsemen).

turner, spatula (kitchen).

879

bee na’ntin ~ bee na'nitin ~ bee na’ntinigf (TA,), instructional material, teaching materials.

880 881

bee na’oogisf (GIZ), crank (for starting a motor or turning a windlass); key (for winding a clock or toy). bee nd’ootddd (TAH), unraveler. (V. ‘iich’oshf.)

882

bee ndstl’ah

883

bee naatseedf (TSEED>),

(TL’AH,),

inside corner, recess, nook.

exterminator, killer, poison.

884

# ch’osh bee naatseed/,

885 886

# na’ats'ogsfbee naatseed/, rat poison. # ts6’6d¢’ii bee naatseed/, fly killer, fly poison.

887

# yaa’ bee naatseed/,

insecticide.

flea powder, louse killer.

888

bee nihwiildlaadf (DLAAD), plow (n.).

889

bee nik nilttish ~ bee nik’fnittishf (TLIIZH), batten stick (tool used in weaving).

890 891

bee ni’ hat’oodf (T’'OOD}), floor mop. bee ni’ijihf (ZH{i"), saw.

892

bee f'dilbat (BAAL),

893

bee n'dildlaadf (DLAAD), flashlight.

894 895 896 897 898

899 900

bee n’dildlaad/ bii’ siniligif (DLAAD/NIL), flashlight batteries. bee ’ddleehé ~ bee 'édleehf (LO’), trap, snare. (Ib. bee wédleehé.) béeso bee ‘ddina’anish (NISH), budget (of the type adopted by a governing body). béeso bidahidi'niigii (NIL), taxation, deduction (as from a check for Social Security, income taxes, etc.). béeso bik’é da’élta’igf (TA>), scholarship, scholarship money. (Cf. béeso bik’é 'fidéeshtahigf, my [future] scholarship; béeso bik’é’finishta igi, my [current] scholarship; béeso bik’é’ffta'igif, my [past] scholarship.) béeso bik’é na’anishigii (NISH), wages, salary. béeso bisga’ (GAN), trade money, trade chips.

901

béeso biydzhf (YAZHf), small change, coins.

902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909

béeso béeso béeso béeso

910 911

swing.

bizis bit rididésigif (ZOOZ), zipper purse or billfold. bizis ddndiit'ishf (IZH), drawstring moneybag, moneybag of the type closed by a drawstring. bizis 'ahdédh ndaniilyéhigif (LA), billfold (lit. folding money container). ’ada’iinitigf (NIL), loan company.

béeso yaa 'dhdlydnf (YAAD), treasurer. béésh baa ‘andajisihigf (ZI’), knife throwing target, spear throwing target. Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’dnf (A), Tribal Council, Tribal Government. Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’éni Bee ‘lindanii Bit Haz’édjf Biniiyé Bits’a’niligff (‘A/NA’,/NIL), Tribal Council Resources Committee.

Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’ani 'Akd 'And’dlwo’jf Yiniiyé Siniligif (‘AAWOD,/NIL), Tribal Council Welfare Committee. Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’dnf ‘Ats'fis Baa ‘Ahdydéijf Yiniiyé Siniligif (A/YAAD/NIL), Tribal Council Health

921 922

Committee. Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’dnf ‘Olta’jf Biniiyé Bits’a’niligif (A/TA’d/NIL), Tribal Council Education Committee. Béésh Baah Dah Naaz’dnf Sildojf ‘Oonish Biniiyé Bits’4’niligff (‘A/NISH/NIL), Tribal Council Law and Order Committee. Béésh Baah Dah Si’anf (’A), Councilman, Council Delegate. béésh bee bighdda’a’nilf (NIL), steel drill bit, drill (for metal). béésh bee hane’ (NE'3), telegram, telegraph. béésh bee hane’é (NE’s), telephone. béésh bee hich'iishf (CH’IIZH), hacksaw. béésh bee k’éé6’éldgghf (DON), flatiron, iron. béésh bee 'ach’iishf (CH’IIZH), steel brush, file. béésh bee 'aghddadzilne’é (NE’p), center punch (tool). béésh bee ‘ahdndgisf (GIZ), pipe wrench.

924

béésh bee ‘ak’e’elchihf (CH{;), typewriter.

925 926 927

béésh bee 'aich’’ hane’é (NE’3), telephone. (Ib. béésh bee hane’é, béésh halne’é, béésh bili’ yati’igff.) béésh bee 'ayana’algo’f (GO'), crowbar, bar (for poking and prying. béésh bee 'ayana’atsif (TSI), crowbar, bar (as the long prize used in railroad work).

929 930 931 932 933 934 935

béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh

936 937 938

béésh bii’ ‘iigisf (GIZ), metal washtub (for laundry). béésh bii’ kof bizoot (YOL), stovepipe. béésh bii’ yati'igif (TI'z), telephone. (Ib. béésh bee ‘atch’ hane’é, béésh halne’é.)

939 940

béésh dah naats'godigi (TS’OOD), leaf springs, flat springs. béésh dadilyjhgo t’dadoo le’é bii’ yAddaadzi'igif (Y{f’), mold (for casting molten metal).

912 913

914 915 916 917

918 919 920

923 béésh bee ‘ak’dhf (K’A), grinder, mill.

928

béésh bee 'eldzéhf (DZA3), metal hide scraper.

bee 'élzhéhé (ZHEE’), paring knife. bee ‘ida'diidlidf (LID), branding iron. bee diidlidf (LID), branding iron. bee yik’aashf{ (K'AAZH4), knife sharpener, whetstone. bikda’ 'iigisf (GIZ), washboard. bik’ ‘iigisf (GIZ), washboard. bitiin (TIIN), railroad track.

1025

941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981

béésh béésh béésh Béésh

da’ahdlzha’{~ béésh da’hdlzha’f (ZHA’), chain. da’ahdizha’ chidf bee naadzjzf (ZHA’/DZ{jZ), tow chain (to tow an automobile). deeshzhaaf (ZHA’), barbed wire. Dich’izhii (CH’IIZH), Cross Canyon, Arizona.

béésh dildg’f (DON), tin, tinfoil.

béésh dithit noolyinf (YEEL/YIN), dark agate flints (a ceremonial term). béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh

dit’6df (T’ODo), castiron. dit’6ddigff (T’OD>), cast iron, iron. doolghas (GHAZ), cogwheel. doolk’oolf (K’OL), corrugated metal (as that used in the manufacture of culverts and galvanized roofing). doolk’oolf kin bik’idaasti'(gff (K’OL/TI’;), galvanized corrugated roofing; “tin” roofing.

béésh béésh béésh béésh

doolk’ooll ’atiin t6 bd bighddaaz’ahigif (K’OL/’A), metal culvert. doottizh (TL’IIZHo), steel. dootlizh yitsid ba hooghan (Tt’IIZH2/TSEED2/GHAN}), blacksmith shop, smithy. doottizh yitsidf (TSEED»), blacksmith

béésh halne’é (NE’3), telephone. (lb. béésh bee ’atch’j’ hane’é, béésh béésh hataati (TAAL2), phonograph, music box. béésh hataat{ bik’i nehe’nif (NIL), phonograph records. béésh haagééd(GEED), mine (iron, copper). bééshkagf kin bik fdaasti’igif (TI’;), tin roofing, tin roof.

béésh ’ddaasz66lf (ZOLI), aluminum. (Ib. béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh

bili’ yati’igif.)

‘Adaasz6dligif, béésh ’Asz6If, béésh ’Aszddligif.)

’adishahf (ZHA’), barbed wire. ’adishahf ndhineests’ee’igif (ZHA’/TS’EE’;), barbed wire entanglement (military). ’aghddaaz’dhigff (’A), bolt (for attaching objects). ’ahédit (DEEL,), scissors, snips. ’ahédittsoh (DEEL;/TSAA ~ TSOH), shears, large snips. ’ahdlzha’f (ZHA’), chain. (Ib. béésh da’ahdizha’.) ’ahdizha’"t dzi’izf bijddd yindyoozdsigif (ZHA’/”EEZ/ZOOZ>), bicycle chain.

béésh ’Aits’6zf (TS’OOZI), wire. béésh ’Aninigff (NIID;), bell.

béésh 'Asz6lf~ béésh 'Aszddlig (ZOLI), aluminum. (Ib. béésh ’Adaasz6dll.) béésh béésh béésh béésh Béésh béésh

'atiin binfkadaaz’dahigif (’A), culvert (drainage tube that extends beneath a road). ’awéé’ bee haha’nftigif (NIL), obstetrical forceps. ’est’ogii (T’OD;), flint arrowhead. ’6é’ bee baah ’ii’nihf (NII’4), clothes wringer. Lich? Bigiizh (CHII'/GIZH), Washington Pass, New Mexico. (lb. Béésh tichii’ii Bigiizh, Cottonwood Pass.) tich’f’ii (CHII’), copper. tichfi’ii bee ch’iyaan ’Al’inf (CHII’/'JD4), electric stove, electric range. tichfi’ili bee dahane’igif (CHII’/NE’3), telegraph. tichii’ii bee ‘atch’’ hane’é (CHII’/NE’3), telegraph.

béésh béésh béésh Béésh tichfi'ii Bigiizh (CHII’/GIZH), Washington Pass or Cottonwood Pass, New Mexico. (Ib. Béésh tichi? Bigiizh.) 982 béésh tichfi’ii ’atsinilt?ish ba danit’’igif (CHII'/T'l’), electric power lines. 983 béésh fichii’ii ‘atsiniltish bil’ danlinigff (CHII'/L{f’), copper wire, electric conduit made of copper. 984 béésh tichi'’ii latsinf (CHII’), copper bracelet. 985 béésh fichii’ii néini#ttashigff (CHII’/TAZH), percussion cap (for a muzzleloading gun). 986 béésh tigaii (GAII), silver. 987 béésh tigaii baah naach’iizh (GAII/CH’IIZH), silver filings. 988 béésh tigaii bee tizhinigif (GAII/ZH{j’), silver tarnish. 989 béésh tigaii bee néilgahf (GAIl), silver polish. 990 béésh tigaii bee yiilzhfhf (GAII/ZH{j’), oxidizing agent for silver (used in highlighting the designs on silver jewelry). 991 béésh figaii dadik’anigif (K’AAD), silver slug(s) (the squares of silver used by silversmiths. 992 béésh figaii baah naach’iizh (GAII/CH’IIZH), silver filings. 993 béésh tigaii ’adee’ (GAII), silver spoon. 994 béésh tigaii ’aladhdi ‘Nfinii (L{f’), platinum. 995 béésh tigaii ‘aniit’'66! (GAII), silver bridle. 996 béésh tigaii (f’inf (GAII/'{{D 1), silversmith, 997 béésh tigaii ’ootseed (GAII/TSEEDp), silversmithing, silver crafts, silver jewelry. 998 béésh tigaii latsinf (GAII), silver bracelet. 999 béésh tigaii sis (GAII), silver belt. 1000 béésh tigaii sis ntsaafgif (GAII/TSAA), large silver belt, silver belt with large conchas.

1001 béésh tigaii sis yAzhf (GAII/YAZHI), small silver belt, silver belt with small conchas. 1002 1003 1004 1005

béésh béésh béésh béésh

tigaiitsidf ~ béésh tigaii yitsidf (GAII/TSEEDg), silversmith. tigaii yitsidf ~ béésh tigaiitsidf (GAII/TSEED,), silversmith. tigaii yitsid ba hooghan (GAII/TSEED2/GHAN}), silversmith shop. tikonf (KON), magnesium.

1006

béésh fitsoii (TSOII),

1007

béésh mdazo bii’ naanddjahigif (MAAZ?/JEE’s),

brass, gold.

ball bearing retainer ring. 1026

1008 1009 1010

béésh nahineests’ee’igif (TS’EE’;), coil spring. béésh na’atkadi (KAD), sewing machine. béésh na’atkad/ bitsahts’6sf (KAD/TS’OOZ/), sewing machine needle.

1011 béésh na’iildhi (LAA’), magnet, magnetic iron. 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023

béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh béésh Béésh Béésh Béésh Béésh Béésh béésh

naneesdizf (DIZ), chicken wire, woven wire. (Ib. béésh yistV6n/.) naadéa’ bee yilzhéhi (ZHOO’), corn-sheller (mechanical). naat’a’i (T’A’), airplane. (An old name, now superseded by chid/ naat’a’,.) neets’ee’ (TS’EE’s), cattleguard (of the type composed of a network of rails). ndaaz’dhigii(’A), monkey bars (playground toy). nttizigif (TL'IS), steel. Ntfizii ’Asdz4an (TL’IS/DZA,?), Hard Flint Woman (mythology). Ntlizii "Ashiiké (TL’IS), the Hard Flint Boys (mythology). Nt?izii At’ééké (TL’IS), the Hard Flint Girls (mythology). Nt?izii Hastiin (TL’IS/TIH5?), Hard Flint Man (mythology). Sinil (NIL), Winslow, Arizona. td bighddaazlinigf (Lf), drainage pipes, culvert.

1024 béésh té bii’ nilinigif (Lf), waterpipe. 1025 1026

1033 1034 1035 1036 1037

béésh tézhdanii (ZHAAD), mercury. flat thin sheet of metal. (Cf. bééshkagf, on tag, tin, béésht’dhi (T’AH), trade money, trade token, identificati bééshkag/ béeso.) bééshtsah (TSAH), metal awl. béésh yistt’énf (TL’D), woven wire, chicken wire. (Ib. béésh naneesdizi.) béésh yitsid bithaz’4é (TSEED2/’A), blacksmith shop. bee td’digéshf (GIZH), sheep shears, clippers for cutting hair or wool. bibaah ’ahéé’nit’i’ (T’l’;), border (on a rug or blanket). bicha’ach’i? (CH’fl’), cry-baby (as a child, puppy, kitten or teenager who breaks out in tears at the least provocation). (V. bindhashch’ff.) Bichjjtsah (TSAH), Needle-Nose, Pointed-Nose (personal nickname). bichjjh yee ’adilohii (LO’), elephant. Bichfh yee ‘adiloiijf dah ‘oonétigif (LO’/NA), Republican Party. bidabikéé’ (KEE’), its footprints or trail leading down. bidahiilinf (L{), waterfall. (Ib. ’adahiilfnf, hadahiilins.)

1038

Bidahdéchii’

1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032

(CHII’),

Bidahochee, Arizona.

1039 bidahoo’aahii (‘AA’), subject matter, curriculum, subjects (for study).

1042

bidah ‘i’iinfitii (NIL), bombardier (from an airplane)(lit. the one who drops things away downward). Viinftii, hadah ’iiinfiti .) bida’akéé’ (KEE’), footprints or trail leading down. (Ib. ’ada’akéé’, hada’akéé’.) bida’atiin (TIIN), road, trail, path leading downward. (Ib. ’ada’atiin, hada’atiin.)

1044

bidii’a’ (’A), symbol (of a ceremony)(lit. it points at it).

1045

bighd’igeed

1047

Bihdinfihii

1040 1041

(Ib. ’adah

1043 bideekéé’ (KEE’), its broken trail. (GEED),

tunnel. (Ib/ binfka’igeed.)

1046 bihdinfihii (Nils), official, person in charge, boss, authority, master, Lord (Christian usage). (Nil’>), Lord, Master (a Christian term).

1048 Bihélnfihii Bisodizin (Nil’2/Y|JD), the Lord’s Prayer.

1049 bfhoo’da’ii (~ ‘thoo’éa’ii)(’AA’), knowledge. 1050 bihwiidoo’dtigif ~ 'thwiidoo’dtigif (‘AA’), lesson (lit. that which will be learned). curriculum, course of study. 1051 bihwiidoo’dtigif binahat’a’ ~ thwiidoo’atigif binahat’a’ (‘AA’/’A), lesson plans, person. ed dark-skinn Indian, (TLIIZH), 1052 bikdgf yishtlizhii ~ diné bikag/yishttizhii 1053 bikdd’dah’antéhé ~ bik’idah’antéhé (Tf), couch, bed.

1054 bikdd’dah’antéhé 1055 1056 1057

’Atts’6zigif (T{//TS’OOZI), cot, single bed, narrow bed.

bikdd’dah’asdadht~ bik’idah’asdahf (DA), chair, seat. bikdd’dah’asdahi danineezigif (DA/NEEZ), sofa, davenport. bikdd’dah’asddhf t’4a’ nindwo’igif (DA/WOD)}), reclining chairor seat.

1058 bik4d’dah’asdah/ yilchdzhigii (DA/CHAAZHg), overstuffed chair, easy chair.

1059 bikdd’dah’asddhi yiwodigif (WODg),

rocking chair.

1060

bikdd’ dah na’nidaahf (DA), toilet, commode.

1061

bikdd’ k’66é’éldoghf (DON),

1064

bikdd’ ’at’eesi ~ bik’i ’at’eesi, (T’E), griddle, grill.

1065

bikétsiin ditPoof (TL’O),

ironing board.

1062 bikdd’ ’addni (YAA’), table (for eating). 1063 bikdd’ ’addnf bik’ésti’( (YAA’)/TI’}), tablecloth. 1066 1067

wooly rootstock (Actinea leptoclada). pickup truck, pickup. (’A), bikée’jj’ ’adeez’ahi bikooh (KOOH), canyon, ravine.

1068 bikooh hats’6zi (TS’OOZ/), gully, narrow ravine.

Fort Defiance). 1069 Bikooh Hodootlizh (Tt’lIZH2), Blue Canyon, Arizona (near 1070 bik’é sinil (NIL), prize, premium. 1071 bik’ehgo ha’iilgéshii (GIZH), pattern (as a dress pattern). of ceremonies. 1072 bik’ehgo hoogdatii (YA), chariman, presiding officer, master 1027

1073 1074 1075 1076

bik’eh ’adilt’ohf (T’OH»9),

gunsight.

bik’ehgo nahidizidf (ZID), calendar. bik’ehgo na’nilkaadf (KAAD), grazing permit. (lb. naaltsoos dah tichi?.) Bik’eh H6zhé6n (ZHOOD), universal harmony, peace, order (the concomitant of Tsi’ah Naaghdai)(ceremonial term).

1077 bik’é thwiidoo’datii (’AA’), tuition. 1078 bik’eh na’abaas/ (BAAZ), driver’s license. 1079 bik’idah’asddhf~ bik4a’dah’asdah{ (DA), chair, seat. 1080 bik’idah’asdahf nineezigif (DA/NEEZ), sofa, davenport. 1081 bik’idah’asda4hf t’4a’ nindwo’igif (DA/WOD,), reclining chair or seat. 1082 bik’idah’asdah/ yilchazhigif (DA/CHAAZHo), overstuffed chair, easy chair. 1083 bik’i hataatii (TAAL»), the patient in a ceremony (lit. the one who is sung over). (Ib. bik’i hatdalii.) 1084 bik’i hoogdatii (YA), patientin a ceremony (lit. the one over whom there is a ceremony). 1085 bik’i ’atsidf (TSEED>), anvil. 1086 bik’fdeesdizf (DIZ), intestines wrapped around a long piece of fat and roasted in the fire; roasted tripe. 1087 bik’?didisf (DIZ), spool. 1088 bik’i ’iigisf (GIZ), washboard. 1089 bik’i nahadla (YA), patient; person for whose benefit a ceremonial is held. (Ib. bik’i nahaghdii, bik’i hataalii, bik’i hataaitii.) 1090 bik’i nahaghdii ~ bik’i nahaghdhigif (YA), patient; the one over whom a ceremonial is held. 1091 bik’i na’ach’aahf (CH’AA’), easel. 1092 Bi’éé’ Daalchii’ii (CHII’), Russians. 1093 bi’iiniziinii (Z|JD), evil sorcerer, Satan, the Devil (in Christian usage). 1094 bi’oh nda’iisda’igif (YAA’), leftovers, left over food (from a meal). 1095 bi’oh njichi’ (CHID3), point on the back, between the shoulder blades, that one cannot reach. (ib. bi’oh naashchi’, bi’oh nizhdilchi’.) 1096 bi’oh naashchi’ (CHID3), point on the back, between the shoulder blades, that one cannot reach. 1097 bi’oh nizhdilchi’ (CHID3), point on the back, between the shoulder blades, that one cannot reach. 1098 Bilagdana Nééz (NEEZ), Counselors, New Mexico (named after James Counsleor, long time trader at that location). 1099 bilasdana bitsee’ hdléni (LIJD), pear (Pyrus communis). 1100 bilasdana diwozhigif (WOZH 4), pineapple. 1101 bflatah doottizh (TL}IIZH2), blue flowered gilia, lina (Cantua longiflora). (Ib. ’atsa nat’oh.) 1102 bit da’tinishta’igif (TA’s), my schoolmates, my classmates, my school companions. 1103 bit hajijéé’ (JEE’2), one’s blood brothers or sisters (lit. one came out with them. Bitha Paijéé6’, my blood brothers or sisters.) 1104 bit haji’a4azh (’AAZH), one's blood brother or sister (lit. one came out with him/her). 1105 bit ha’nighahf (GAII), hominy. 1106 bit haach’i (CH’l), western thoroughwort (Eupatorium occidentale). 1107 bit hinishndanii (NA’;), my spouse, my wife or husband, my consort (lit. the one with whom | live). 1108 bit kééhasht’finii (pl bit kKéédahasht’finii, my neighbors)(’JJD4), my neighbor (lit. the one with whom | live). 1109 bit k’éé’éldgghf (DON), laundry starch. 1) Bit ’Ahat’finii (‘\JD;), the Visionary (mythology). 1111 bit ’ahfda’diiljeehf (JEE’s), flux (for soldering, borax (flux). Ve bit ’é’él’inf (JD), baking powder. (Ib. badh bit ’6’él’inf.) 1113 bit nihwiichit (CHIIL), snowdrift. 1114 bit hda’alkadi (KAD), bias tape. iS bit hdidésf (ZOO@Z>), zipper. 1116 bit hdidgsigif (ZOOZ>), the zipper kind. wale binaadéé’ danlfinii (L{f’), outsiders, people from the surrounding area. 1118 binda’ digizf (GIZ), cross-eyed person. 1119 Bindd’ddaatts’6z{ Dine’é (TS’OOZ/), Oriental person, Chinese, Japanese. 1120 Bindd’ddaatts’6z{ Bikéyah Ntsaaigii (TS’OOZI/TSAA), China. 1121 Bindd’ Yee ’Aghdnf (GHAA’), Evil Eye Monster (mythology)(lit. it kills with its eyes). 1122 binka’igeed (GEED), tunnel. (Ib. bighd’fgeed.) 1123 Bini’ant’datsoh (T’A/TSAA ~ TSOH), September. 1124 Bini’ant’ddts’6zf (T’A/TS’OOZ/), August. 1125 binii’ dootVizhf (TL’IIZH2), pigmy owl. 1126 Biniishddhf (DA), Penistaja, New Mexico. (lit. the one | sit down against - the Navajo word mimics Penistaja). 1127 Bis Dah titso (TSOIl), Two Gray Hills, New Mexico. 1128 Bis Deez’ahf (’A), Nava (Newcomb), New Mexico. 1129 bis doottizh (Tt’IIZH»), blue clay. 1130 bisga’ (GAN), its dried up remains, its hulk. 1131 bisdodi bitsj’ yik’Anigif (K’A), ground pork, bulk sausage. 1132 bisdodi da’atchinf (CHAA’s), wild pig. 1133 bisdodi yazhi (YAZH/), piglet. 1134 bisdodi yii’ da’aydnigif (YAA’), pig trough, trough in which hogs eat. 1135 Bitat’ah Dzigai (GAII), Marsh Pass, Arizona (near Kayenta).

1028

1136 bit’aa’ ndzbas bikéchiin (CHAA’s), western red bud, Judas tree (Cercis occidentalis). 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146

bitsee’ hdlénf (LJJD;), pear (Pyrus communis). (Ib. bilasdana bitsee’ hdlénigif.) bitsee’ yee ’adithatii (GHAAL), crocodile, alligator. bits’ yishttizhii (TLIIZH), Indian (lit. the one with dark-colored flesh). (Ib. bikagf yishttizhii, diné bikagf yishttizhii.) bitsiichjjshgahf~ tsiishgahf (GAII), nutcracker (bird). Bits{fh Hwiits’os (TS’OS), a location at the base of Yale Point. bits’Adeet’Anigff (’A), restrictions, prohibitions, taboos (placed on the patient at the end of a ceremony). biwoo’hdlénf (LIJD1), piano. biyaa ta’ddigisf (GIZ), shower, bath. biyi’ ’iilndahii (NA’4), incubator. (Ib. bii’ ‘iilndahii.) biyooch’idf (CH’IID), liar.

1147 bizhéé’ hdlénf (ZHEE’;/LJJD4), beer. 1148 bizhéé’ hdldénf bizis, beer can or bottle. 1149 bfighahf (GHAH), all sorts of things, everything imaginable, supplies, provisions. 1150 bfighdda’ask’idii ~ ghdd’ask’idii (K’ID), camel.

1151 biih dahizhdizheeh{ (ZHEE’;), spittoon, cuspidor. 1152 biih hidijeehf (ZHEE’;), spittoon, cuspidor. 1153 biih ndjihf’adee’ (JAA’), powder horn. 1154 biilh ndwo’f(WOD;), pocketknife, folding knife. 1155 bii’ ’adily(hf ~ bii’adilyfhf ~ bee’adily(hi (Y{/’), crucible (for melting metal). 1156 bii’ ’adeest’{’ ~ bii’adeest’f (‘{[’;), mirror, looking glass. 1157 bii’ ’adlizhf ~ bii’adlizhf (LIZH), night jar, urinal, chamber pot. 1158 bii’ ’ak’ahf ~ bii’ak’ahf (K’A), mortar (for grinding). 1159 bii’ ’atinf ~ bii’atinf (TIN), freezer (for food preservation), deep freeze. 1160 bii’ ’azk’azf ~ bii’azk’azf (K’AAZ), icebox, refrigerator. 1161 bii’ da’jilizhf ~ bii’ da’jilizhigif (LIZH), night jar, urinal, chamber pot.

1162 bii’ da’njahf ~ kin bii’ da’njahf (JEE’;), dormitory.

1163 bii’dees’eez ~bii’ ’adees’eez (’EEZ), stirrup. 1164 bii’dees’eez bit?6d!l (EEZ), stirrup strap. in the saliva 1165 bii’dool’aal ~ bil’ ’adool’aal (’AAL), corn chewed and spit into (it) - i.e. into a bowl. (Enzymes caused fermentation of the dough used in making a corn bread [’alkaad], which produced sweetness.) 1166 bii’gistiin = bii’gi sitfinii (Tf), inner self, soul. out’). 1167 bil’ ha’ooch’id (CH’ID), cleaned yucca fruit (the seeds have been removed - lit. “clawed

1168 bii’hoodzé (DZA;), perforated, having a hole. 1169

1170 1171 1172

bii’ ’iigisf ~ bii’iigisf (GIZ), washtub (for laundry), laundry tub.

bili’ ’iilndahii ~ bii’iilndahii ~ biyi’ ‘iilndahii (NA’4), incubator. bii’jj’ yadaati’igif (Tl’2), microphone. bili’ tidf (LID), chimney pipe, stovepipe, exhaust pipe (of a car or gasoline engine).

1173 bii’ nd’akdhi (KA), oven. 1174 bii’ ndajibéhigi (Bif’;), swimming pool. 1175 1176

bii’ nd’Azotigif (YOL), toy balloon, rubber balloon. bil’ hda’a’nitf (NIL), drawer, compartment for storing things.

1177 bili’ sitlé’é (TLEE’), pie.

1178 bii’ ta’Adigis( (GIZ), wash basin, wash bowl, bathtub. 1179 bii’ ta’Aridazdigisigif (GIZ), sink, lavatory sink, wash bowl. 1180 bii’ ta’oo’nihf (NII’;), mixing bowl. animal that was not killed by a weapon that left 1181 bjjh bikagf doo k’aak’ehii (K’EH), unblemished deerskin (from an n). 1182

from animals killed by suffocatio a hole or mark. Used ceremonially, such hides are usually obtained (Ib. dinéch’il.) bjjhdda’ (YAA’), Fendler ceanothus, New Jersey tea (Ceanothus fendleri).

1183 bjjh yddzh (YAZH{~ YAAZH), fawn. 1184 1185

1186

(Physalus lanceolata)(lit. the one that bjjh yildee’f (DEE’), ground cherry, ground tomato, strawberry tomato resembles a deer’s antlers). (Frasera speciosa)(lit. the one that bijh yiljaa’f (JAA’), deer’s tongue, green gentian, American colombo resembles a deer’s ears). bjjstsoh (TSAA ~ TSOH), buck deer, large deer.

CH 1187

of the type ’dtchin/ t’66 cha yee cha (-cha)(CHA), weeping. (A verb stem used as a noun in contexts crying; and as a verb prefix in constructions shéédididla’, the children expressed their opposition to me with in company with: with crying, in tears.) -it, + cha= chaat also Cf. of the type chadilwd@’, he is whining.

1188 chahatheet (YEEL), darkness. _

1189 chahatheet géne’ bee ’anil’inf (’|)’4), fluoroscope. 14190 Chahatheet Hastiin (TIH2?), Darkness Man (mythology). y). 1191 Chahatheet ’Asdz4a4n (DZA;?), Darkness Woman (mytholog cone. nut pinyon (TS’IL), 1192 chd’ot bineeshch’f’ bits’iil

(beetle). 1193 chdtchaa’ bidee’ doolk’oolfgif (K’OL), wavy horned rock beaver (beetle). beaver 1194 chdtchaa’ tibdhigif (BA’;), gray rock 1029

1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204

chatchaa’ tichffgif (CHIl’), red rock beaver (beetle). chatchaa’ titsoof (TSOII), yellow rock beaver (beetle).

chatchaa’ nood¢gzigif (ZOOZ>), striped rock beaver (beetle). chatchaa’tsoh

(TSAA ~ TSOH),

large rock beaver, June bug.

chdtchaa’ yAzhf (YAZHI), young rock beaver (June bug). chashk’eh hatsoh

(TSAA ~ TSOH),

big gully, wash, ravine.

chdshk’eh hats’ézf (TS’OOZI), narrow gully or ravine. -cha’ashk’azhf~ tsa’ashk’azhf (K’AAZH4), kidney. chaa’ bee wédleehé (LO’), beaver trap. chaashzhinf (ZH{j’), Mud Dancers (featured as on optional performance on the last day of the War Dance.

The

dancers, smeared with mud, catch bystanders and toss them into the mud).

1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 We? 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 Zou 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258

chaadit (CHAA’), bloody flux, bloody stool, dysentery. chaattazhii (TAZH), fledgling, baby bird. chaaneithizii (YIZ), tumble bug, dung roller (beetle), dung beetle. (lb. chgaaneitmaasii.) chaaneitmaasii (MAAZ), tumble bug, dung roller, dung beetle. (Ib. chaaneihizii.) chaama’ii (CHAA’), youngster, “squirt,” “kid” (lit. excrement-coyote). chaa’ (-chaan)(CHAA’), excrement, fecal matter. chaa’ ba hooghan (GHAN;), outhouse, privy. chaa’ bee yildéhé (DEE’), toilet paper. chaa’ ’éé’ni’ (NI’2), constipation. chaa’ yiyanf (YAA’), dung eating beetle, dung beetle, scatophage. chaasht’ezhiitsoh (TSAA~ TSOH), carrot (Daucus carota). chéch’il ~ tséch’il (CH’IL), oak (Quercus).

chéch’il bichifh (CH’IL/CHII’), oak rouge, oak powder (used to paint arrows between the feathers). chéch’il bika’f (CH’IL), scrub oak (Quercus undulata). chéch’il binda’ (CH’IL), acorn.

(lb. chech’il nttiz/.)

Chéch’il Dah tich?f (CH’IL/CHII’), Ojo Encino, New Mexico. Chéch’il Dah tichi? (CH’IL/CHII’), Star Lake, New Mexico. chéch’il ntVizf (TL’IS), scrub oak (Quercus undulata). (Ib. chéch’il bika’,.) chéch’il nt¥iziyilt'aa’f (CH’IL/TL’IS/T’AA’), Oregon grape (lit. the one with leaves that resemble those of a scub oak). chéch’iltah (CH’IL), oak thicket. Chéch’iltah (CH’IL), Cheechilgeetho, New Mexico (southwest of Gallup, New Mexico - site of a Federal school). Chéch’iltsoh (CH’IL/TSAA ~ TSOH), Setsiltso Spring (store), Arizona. Chéch’izhf ~ Tséch’izhf (CH’IIZH), Rough Rock, Arizona; Rock Springs, New Mexico. Chéch’iizh Bil’ T6 ~ Tséch’iizh Bii’ T6 (CH’IIZH), Ojo Encino, New Mexico. chézhin ~tsézhin (ZH{j’), lava, traprock, malpais. Chézhin Deez’ah{ ~ Tsézhin Deez’ahi (ZH{j’/’A), St. Johns, Arizona. Chézhin Dilkgghf ~ Tsézhin Dilkgohi (ZH{f’/KO’), Dilcon, Arizona. Chézhin Ditt’oof~ Tsézhin DitPoof (ZH{f’/Tt’O), Rocky Point, New Mexico (west of Gallup). Chézhinf ~ Tsézhinf (ZH{j’), Chezhin (a volcanic dyke that divides the Canyon de Chelley from Canyon del Muerto). Chézhinf ~ Tsézhinf (ZH{j’), Black Rock, Arizona (south of Fort Defiance). Chézhin Nashjinf (ZH{j’), Matthew’s Peak, Arizona. (Ib. Tsé Binddyoott.) chézhin triish (ZH{f’/TL’IZH4), black lava snake (a ceremonial term). Chézhin Yistt’ah ~ Tsézhin Yistt’'ah (ZH{[’/TL’AH;), Blackrock Cul-de-sac (a formation located in the Canyon de Chelley, Arizona). chidf baah dah sitanf (TA), car license plate. # Hoozdodéé@’ chidf baah dah sitanf, Arizona license plate. # Sooléidéé’ chidf baah dah sitdni, Utah license plate.

# Yootd6déé’ chidf baah dah sitani/, New Mexico license plate. chidf bee bfndiidlohf (LO’), car brake. chidf bee dah ndiidlohf (LO’), jack (to raise a car). (Ib. chidf bee dah ndiit’ah/.) chidi bee dah ndiit’ahf (’A), jack (to raise a car). (Ib. chidf bee dah fdiidlohi.) chidf bee na’adlo’f (LO’), tie rods (on an automobile). chidf bee yidleeshf (DLEEZH), automobile enamel. chidf bidadhdéé’ nddbatigii (BAAL), radiator fan (in a car). chidi bidaahgi nadbatgo té yineesk’azigif (BAAL/K’AAZ), radiator fan (on a car engine). chid{ bigaan bita’ nanfahigif (’A), front axle ona car. chidfbighan (GHAN}), garage (for car storage or shelter). chidf bijaad bit ’adaasgizigif (GIZ), lug nuts (on a car wheel). chidf bijddd bita’ nanfahigif (’A), rear axle on a car. chidf bijéf bidiit’i’fgif (T’'l’;), battery cable in a car.

chidi bikeedéé’ tézis dah tichfigif (CHIT), tail light, brake light, reflector (at the rear of a car). chidf bikee’ bee ’ii’ na’alzoolf (YOL), tire pump. (Ib. bee ’ii’ na’Alzoot.) chidf bikee’ bii’ sittsoozigif (TSOOZ), innertube. chid/bilid (LID), exhaust gas (from a car). chidf bisga’ (GAN), old abandoned car hulk. (V. -sga’, dried up remains.) 1030

1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 i 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324

chidf bitoo’ bd 'a’fahf (’A),

chid{ chidf chidf chidf chidf chidf

gasoline station, gasoline pump.

bitoo’ bee dah si’anf (’A), gas tank in a car. bitoo’ ‘ih ndyiikaahf (KA), gasoline station attendant. bits’a’ bik’i dah si’Anigif (’A), camper shell (of the type mounted on a pickup truck and used as a shelter.) bits’a’ dahdlénigif (LIJD), pickup truck. biyi’ bee honeesdoojgff (DOII), car heater. biyi’ nftch’i sik’azgo biyi’d颒 hddtsxaazigff, (K’AAZ/TSXAAZp), air conditioning unit in a car.

chidichx6’f (CHXOO’f), old car, “old pot,” “junker.” chidichx¢’f haal’ahagi ~ haal’dagi (CH’O0'f), wrecking yard, place where old car hulks lie scattered about. chidf diné bee naagéhf (YJo), bus. chidf hahinidéhigff t’&adoo le’é béédahdastlinigif (DEE’/Tt’IN), automotive parts or accessories. chid{ ’dtchinf bee naagéhf (Y{2), school bus. (Ib. chidftsoii.) chidftsoii (TSOIl), school bus.

chidf na’ayéhé (Y{>), pickup, truck, freight vehicle. chidf naa’na’f (NA’4), caterpillar tractor, tractor. chidf naa’na’{ bee’eldgghtsoh bikda’ dah naaznilfgif (NA’4/DON/NIL),

army tank.

chidf naa’na’l y4zhf (NA’4/YAZHI), tractor. chidf naat’a’f (T’A’), airplane.

chidf naat’a’f bee ‘att’dah nijfjahigif (T’A’/JEE’s), fighter planes, attack planes. chidf naat’a’f bidddhdéé’ nddbatigif (T’A’/BAAL), airplane propeller. chidf naat’a’l bikdddéé’ bee’eldggh biko’ ’ak’ijj’ hadah ‘ahi’niigif (T’A’/DON/NIL), aerial bombardment. chidf naat’a’l bikdddéé’ bee’eldggh biko’ hadah ‘ayiiniitii (T’A’/DON/NIL), bombardier (the one who drops bombs from a bomber plane). cchidf naat’a’f bikad’ nd’oobatf (T’A’/BAAL), helicopter. chidf naat’a’f hadah ’ada’ii’nfigif (T’A’/NIL), bomber. chidf naat’a’l hdanidah biniiyé bd haz’é (T’A’/DA/’A), airstrip, landing field. chidf naat’a’f Adinibjjhgo ba ndahaz’anigff (BIN2/T’A’/’A), landing fields, airstrips (plural). chid/ naat’a’l idinibjjhigi (BIN2), landing field, airstrip.

chidf nindédaabas b4 haz’dnigi (BAAZ/’A), parking lot, parking area for cars. chidf ninddaabasigi (BAAZ), parking lot, parking area for cars.

chidf ninddaabasgi béeso biih yi’niitgo ’ahilkeedigff (BAAZ/NIL/KID>), chidf t’44 chodaoz’jjdigif (’|JD1), used car, second hand car. chiditsoh (TSAA ~ TSOh), truck. chiditsoh nda’ayéhigif (TSAA ~ TSOH/Yjo), freight truck.

parking meter.

chidf yazhfnimazigif (YAZHi/MAAZ), Volkswagen Beetle.

chidf yee ‘aninf (NIID;), car horn. -chilchii’ ~ -jilchi’ (CHI), anus. (Cf. tsxil.) Chishf Nééz

(NEEZ), Coolidge, New Mexico. chizh tahgo si’aéago (A), cord of firewood. (Ib. t’aata’f’az’aago.) chizh nehe’nfft (NIL), woodpile.

chizhts’6s{ (TS’OOZI), kindling. Chishch’fid ~Chfshch’fjd (CH'{{D ~ CH’{[Df), Stub-Nose, Pug-Nose (personal nickname). -chishni?’ (CHAA’2/NII’;), chifh

(CHIl’,

centerof the nose, septure.

red ochre, rouge.

chith doot¥izh (CHII’/TL’IIZ2), hematite, iron ore. Chith T6 (CHII’), an old name for Sanders, Arizona (or for an unidentified loctaion nearby). Lichi? Deez’ah/.)

chil (CHIiL), snowstorm. chiitchin ~ tsitchin (CHAA2), sumac (Rhus canadensis). Chiitchin Bii’ T6 ~ Tsiitchin Bii’ T6,(CHAAg), Chilchinbetoh, Arizona.

(Now known as

ochre). Chiftigai (GAII), Three Turkey House Canyon (in the Canyon de Chelley area) (lit. white chfishgaii (GAII), white goose.

“chfh (CHAAg), nose, snout. chjh bee yit’ood{ (T’OO2), kleenex, tissue (with which to wipe the nose). chijhlatah (CHAAg), tip of the nose.

chjjh yee ’adilohii ~ bich{h yee ’adilohii (CHAA2/LO’), elephant. Chih Yee ’Adilohiij/, Republican Party. n vote. Chih Yee ’Adilohiijf naaltsoos ba ’adahi’nift, (CHAA»/LO’/NIL), the Republica nickname). (personal Big-Nose OH), (CHAA2/TS { Chfshtsoh ~ f Chiishchoh

chishghé’iitgaii (CHAA2/GAI!), Rocky Mountain nuthatch (bird). chijshtigaaf (GAII), white goose.

chishtah (CHAAg), nostril. “chfjshtah ’az’é CHAA’2/’A), adenoid (lit. lump in the nose).

-chijshtah ’azt{ (Tf), adenoid (lit. lump in the nose). ), blue corn. 3135 naadé@’ haalziligif (YAA’/ZIL), cracked corn, coarsely ground corn. 3136 naada@’ ’ak’ddn (YAA/K’A), cornmeal, cornstarch, corn flour. 3137 naadd@’ attaas’af (YAA’/’A), variegated corn. 3138 naadéa’ noodggzii (ZOOZ>), striped corn. 3139 naadga’ t’dd dadoottizhigif (YAA/TL’IIZH>), green corn, roasting ears. 3140 naadéa’ yilt’aa’t (YAA’/T’AA’ - the noun "leaf" used as a Neuter verb stem), a plant (Smilacina amplexicaulis) 3105 3106 3107 3108

3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147

(lit. the one with leaves resembling those of a corn plant).

naadéatsoh

(YAA’/TSAA ~ TSOh),

large-kerneled corn.

ndddeek(~ ndddeekth (K(), parallelogram.

naadooboo ‘inii (04), small ground squirrel (lit. the one whose enemies do not see him). naadlo’f (LO’), pail, bucket.

naagééh (Y{(p), shield,

Nééhwittbijhf ~Nahwiitbijhf (BA), The Gambler (of legend, who won everything). Nadahwiitbijhf Bikin ~ Bighan (BA), Pueblo Alto (an ancient Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico lit. the house or home of Nadhwiitbijhi). 3148 Naahwitbijni Bitiin (BA), The Gambler’s Trail (the name applied to a trail made with footholds cut into the rock, leading down the canyon wall to a spring below. In Cly Canyon, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico), 3149 Nadhwittbijh{ Bitooh (BA), The Gambler’s Spring (in Cly Canyon, and accessible from the top of the canyon wall by following Nadhwiitbijhf Bitiin). 3150 Naakaii (KAI?), Mexican. 3151 # Naakaii bich’iya’, Mexican food. 3152 # Naakaii Bikéyah, Mexico. 3153 # Naakaii bitédithit, tequila. 3154 Naakaii Bidddnani~ Naakaii 'Adadnani (NA), Mexican Trail (lit. where the Mexicans descended - a trail in 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161

Canyon del Muerto, Arizona). (Ib. Naakaii Habitiin.) Naakaii Bito’ (KAI?), Mexican Springs, New Mexico. Naakaii Ch’ah (KAI?), Mexican Hat, Utah. Naakaii Habitiin (KAI?/TIIN), Mexican Trail (a trail in Canyon del Muerto, Arizona). (lit. Mexican’s trail up out.) (Ib. Naakaii Bidddndni ~ Naakaii ‘Adddnanf.) Naakaiitbahf (KAI?/BA’;), Spaniard (lit.gray Mexican). Naakaii "Adéandanf~ Naakaii Bidddndni (NA,), Mexican Trail (in Canyon del Merto, Arizona). (Ib. Naakaii Habitiin.)

Naakaii Lizhinii (KAI?/ZH{l’), Negro, Black. (Ib. Zhinii.) Naakaii naéazéét (KAI?/ZAz), praying mantis ( so called because, according to accounts, when asked the direction from which the Mexicans were coming the insect would point with its arm). 1062

3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173

3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200

3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208

Naakaiitahdi (KAI?), (in) Mexico (lit. among the Mexicans). Naakaii T6 (KAI?), Mexican Water, Arizona. Naakaii T6 Hadayiiznilf (KAI?/NIL), Mexican Water, Arizona.

naakiishchfin (CH{,), twins.

(Ib. Naakaii T6,)

Naak’a’ K’éédilyéhé (K’AA’/LA), Moencopi Wash, Arizona (a wash located southeast of Tuba City and south of Moencopi village) (lit. where cotton is raised). naak’a’at’ahi (K’AA’/T’AH), cotton, cotton cloth (lit. the thin one that burns). naak’a’at’éhf dadisosigif ~ disgsigif (K’AA’/T’AH/SOS), silk cloth, nylon, lustrous material.

naak’a’at’4h{ dishoof~ dishooigif (K’AA’/T’AH/ZHO)), velvet, velveteen.

naak’a’at’ahi néiséhé (K’AAT’AH/ZA)), fabric softener (such as Downy). naak’a’at’ah{ noo’otf (K’AA’/TAH/"EEL), polyester, cloth made of polyester.

naak’a’ neesmas (K’AA’/MAAZ), cotton ball.

naak’aatchi? (K’AA’/CHIl’), bayeta, red bayeta yarn (used when available to trim the rattlestick in the War Dance.) naa’adinii (D|[D), blind person. naa’ddijh (D\\D), toadstool, mushroom (the powdery material that is puffed out when the plant is disturbed is said to cause blindness). Naa’aghdni (GHAA’), an old volcanic crater north of Bluewater, New Mexico (lit. eyes that kill). naa’ahddhai bitago’~ bitago’ (GO’), chicken’s comb. naa’ahdohai biyeezhii ‘ak’ah bee sit’éego (T’E), fried egg.

naa’ahdohai biyeezhii shibéezhgo (BEEZHj), boiled egg. naa’ahd¢hai biyeezhii t’4adoo yéigo shibézhé (BEEZH;), soft boiled egg. naa’ahddhai biyeezhii yéigo shibéezhgo (BEEZH), hard boiled egg.

naa’ahédhai yee ’ak’ahigif (K’A), chicken gizzard.

naa’ahéohai yii’ da’aydnigif (YAA’), chicken trough (for eating).

Naa’ask’idii (KID), Hump Eye (mythology). naa’ bee yilttahf (TLAH3), eye ointment.

(Ib. Ghdd’ask’idii, Hump Back.)

nda’ bik’i’niiséhigif (YA), pterigium. Naa’digizf (GIZ), Cross-eyes (nickname). naa’diniih (NIl’2), conjunctivitis, pink eye, sore eyes. naa’diniih ’azee’ (NIl’o), eye medicine, pink eye medicine. naa’iilch’osh (CH’OZKH), sty (on the eye). naaiiiniih (NII’;), deposit (ceremonial deposit of offerings, sacrifice). nda’ titsoof (TSOll), silver leafed nightshade, white horse nettle, trompillo (Solanum elaegnifolium). naa’nil (NIL), slaves (plural - cf. naalté,slave). naa’ noodggzii (Z662Z>), pennycress (Tlaspi); caraway seeds (Carum carui). naa’ott (EEL), bean (Faba vulgaris and others).

naa’oot behégod ~ bikégod (’EEL/GOD), lima bean (Phaseolus limenus). naa’ot dootfizhi (’EEL/Tt’IIZHa), green beans, string beans. naa’oti nimazigif (’EEL/MAAZ),

garden pea, pea (Pisum satirum).

naa’otf yadiizinf bee naazniligif ('EEL/Z|’/NIL), canned beans, pork and beans.

naa’ot{ yilt’'aa’l (EEL/T’AA’ = the noun -t’aa’, leaf used as a Neuter verb stem), everlasting pea, vetchling (Lathyrus polymorphus) (lit. the one that has leaves resembling those of a bean plant); Spanish needles, burr Marigold, beggar’s ticks (Bidens bipinnata). naa’ yilch’ozh (CH’OZH), sty (on the eye). naalchi’f (CHI’), ambassador, spy, agent, scout (lit. the one that moves about squatting). naaldeehii (DEE’), living things, animal life, (p! ndaaldeehii). nihookaa’ ndaaldeehii, things that live on the surface of the earth, surface life.

ni’tat’ah ndaaldeehii, burrowing creatures, creatures that live in the ground. dzitatah ndaaldeehii, creatures that inhabit the mountaintops (wild turkey, deer, mountain goats). tatkda’ ndaaldeehii, creatures that live on the surface of the water. creatures that live at the bottom of the water (on the ocean floor or on the bottom of HHH HHtatt’ddh ndaaldeehii, rivers, ponds, etc.).

# tdayi’ ndaaldeehii, aquatic life, creatures that live in the water. 3209 # y6dt’dahdi ndaaldeehii, bird life, creatures that live in the air. 3210 3211 naaldeehii da’alghatigii (DEE’/GHAL2), carnivorous animals, carnivores, meat-eaters. 3212 naaldeehii da’atchozhigif (DEE’/CHOZH), herbivorous animals, herbivores, vegetation-eaters. 3213 naaldeehii da’att’o igif (DEE’/T’OOD>), mammals, mammalia (lit. those creatures that suckle their young.) 3214 naaldloosh ~ naaldlooshii (DLOOZH), quadruped, four-footed animal. 3215 naaléitchi? (CHII’), parrot (Haile 1950:318). 3216 naal’a’ (’A’), servant, orderly, errand boy, messenger, “flunky,” slave. 3217 naal’eeti (EEL), duck, goose (lit. the one that droops about - reference is to the drooping neck). 3218 naal’eet bik’os nineezf (’EEL/NEEZ), goose. 3219 naal’eet dootrizhigi (’EEL/TL’IIZH2), blue wing teal, pintail duck. 3220 naal’eettbaf (’EEL/BA’;), gray wing teal. 3221 naal’eetigaii ((EEL/GAII), snowy egret. 3222 naal’eet titsooigif (EEL/TSOI), canvasback duck. 3223 naal’eetitsoh (’EEL/TSAA ~ TSOH), mallard (duck).

1063

3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272

naalnishf (NISH),

worker, laborer.

naalnoodf (NOOD), swift (a type of lizard). naalté (-naalte’) , slave (singular; plural: naa’nil). naaltsoos (TSOOZ), paper, document, letter, mail, certificate, permit, book.

naaltsoos ba hooghan (TSOOZ/GHAN}), post office. naaltsoos ba si’ani (TSOOZ/’A), magazine rack. naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishigifi (TSOOZ/CH’IIZH), sandpaper. naaltsoos bee ’ach’iishf ’atsiniltish béédadiilt’ihigif (TSOOZ/CH’IIZH/T’I’;), power sander, electric sander. naaltsoos bee ’Ada nahodiit’'aahf (TSOOZ/’A), resolution, legislative bill or enactment (lit. paper with which planning is done for one’s own benefit). naaltsoos bee ‘ddit’oodf (TSOOZ/T’OOD}), toilet paper, toilet tissue, paper towel, Kleenex.

naaltsoos bee ‘ahidadiiljeehigif (TSOOZ/JEE’3), glue, paste, mucilage (for use with paper).

naaltsoos bee ’atch’i’? wéta’i (TSOOZ/TA’), paper clip. naaltsoos bee nehelgéshi (TSOOZ/GIZH), paper cutter. naaltsoos bee nda’iiniihigif (TSOOZ/NII’;), paper bag, paper sack, grocery bag, shopping bag (for use in carrying purchased items). naaltsoos bikaa’ ’e’elyaaigif (TSOOZ/YAA), photographic print, picture (produced by a camera). naaltsoos bik’ehgo ‘ahé’éskéhigif (TSOOZ/KE), marriage license, marriage certificate. naaltsoos bik’ehgo na’abaasf (TSOOZ/BAAZ), driver’s license, vehicle operator’s license. naaltsoos bik’ehgo na’anishf (TSOOZ/NISH), Social Security card. (Ib. naanish binaaltsoos.) naaltsoos bii’ yistinf (TSOOZ/TL’IN;), bookcase. naaltsoos dadildonigii (TSOOZ/DON), firecracker(s). naaltsoos dah tichi? (TSOOZ/CHII’), grazing permit (reference is to the red seal). naaltsoos dijé igif (TSOOZ/JEE’s) fly paper (paper coated with a sticky substance and used to catch flies). naaltsoos dilchxoshf (TSOOZ/CHOZH), firecracker. naaltsoos dildonf (TSOOZ/DON), firecracker. naaltsoos dildo’ f (TSOOZ/DON), tinfoil, foil (thin sheets of metal that emit a tinkling sound when moved). naaltsoos doolk’oolf (TSOOZ/K’OL), corrugated paper. naaltsoos hane’ bee hahinidéhigif (TSOOZ/DEE’), newspaper. naaltsoos ’ahi’nitf géyaa (TSOOZ/NIL), ballot box. naaltsoos ’ahi’niit (TSOOZ/NIL), balloting, election. naaltsoos ‘ahfyétta’igif (TSOOZ/TA’), paper clip (that which holds papers together). naaltsoos ’anda’ bee yit’oodi (TSOOZ/T’OOD}), paper for wiping the eyes, eye-wiper (the tissue formerly provided to trachoma patients). naaltsoos 'aseezj dabika’igii (TSOOZ), newspaper, gossip sheet, scandal sheet. naaltsoos ‘al’, (TSOOZ/"|[D;), secretarial work. naaltsoos ’azis (TSOOZ), paper sack, paper bag. naaltsoos ‘iiPinf (TSOOZ/'|\D4), clerk, secretary, recorder, stenographer. naaltsoos naagé (TSOOZ/Y(z),postal service, mail delivery. postal service naaltsoos naalt’a’i/ (TSOOZ/T’A’), kite. naaltsoos neitjidi (TSOOZ/JID), postman, letter carrier (of the type that carries mail for delivery ina bag slung over his back). naaltsoos neiyéhé (TSOOZ/Y{,), letter carrier, mailman, mail carrier (including the rural carrier who delivers mail by truck). naaltsoos nehegeehégi (TSOOZ/Y(2), post office.

naaltsoos né’éshtit bee yildéhf (TSOOZ/TEEL2/DEE’), tissue (for wiping one’s nose), Kleenex. naaltsoos ndahageehédi

(TSOOZ/Y(z),

naaltsoos nttizi (TSOOZ/TL'IS),

post office. (Ib. naaltsoos nehegeehégi, naaltsoos ba hooghan.)

card, cardboard.

Naaltsoos Sanf (TSOOZ/YAAD), The Treaty of 1868 (lit. The Old Paper). naaltsoos tsits’aa’ (TSOOZ), cardboard box, carton, paper box.

naaltsoos wélta’igif (TSOOZ/TA’s),

book, story book, book for reading, novel, magazine.

naaltsoos yd sidaéhf (TSOOZ/DA), postmaster. naaltsoos yee ndaajeehigif (TSOOZ/JEE’s), envelope. naaltsoos yik’inda’anitigif (TSOOZ/NIL), paper).

photographer (the one who puts unspecified people or things onto

3273 naaltsoos yik’inda’aniti (TSOOZ/NIL), photographer. 3274 naalyé ~ naalyéhé (-naalye’ ~ naalye’é)(Y(>), property, chattels, merchandise. 3275 naalyéhé baé hooghan (Y|2/GHAN}), trading post, store. 3276 naalyéhé yé4 siddhf (Y(p/DA), trader, storekeeper. 3277 naalzheehf (ZHEE’;), hunter, huntsman, game hunter. 3278 naalzhoodf (ZHOOD), sled (the commercial type.) 3279 naalzhoodhot { bidah fidilzho’f (ZHOOD), sled for coasting downhill, coaster, toboggan. 3280 Naatanf (LAAD»2), Comanche, Sioux. 3281 naatch’iih ’azee’ (CH’ff’), mountain spurge, mountain euphorbia, mountain carpet weed (Euphorbia 3282 naatdzid (DZID), cancer, gangrene (lit. rotten), 3283 naatdzid k’ee’aa nooséetii (DZID/YA), cancer, carcinoma (lit. the rottenness that spreads). 3284 -nddtgai (GAII), the white of the eyes. 3285 naataashii (’AAZH), tarantula. 1064

montana).

3286 naat’aash( dithitii ("AAZH/YEEL), dark colored tarantula. 3287 naat’aash(tichfigif (AAZH/CHII’), red tarantula. 3288 naat’aashffizhinigif (’AAZH/ZH((’), black tarantula. 3289

naat’aashitsoh

(’AAZH/TSAA ~ TSOh#),

large tarantula.

3290 naataashitsoh tibdhigit ("AAZH/TSAA-TSOH/BA’}), large gray tarantula. 3291 3292 3293

3301

naatniih (NIl’3), contagious disease, epidemic disease. naatniih yit naaghdii (NII’3/YA), carrier, disease carrier. naana’aztiin (TIIN), bend or curve ina road. naana’azt’i’ (T’l’;), corner ina fence. naandz’é (’A), outside corner (as that formed by a concrete curb at an intersection.) # kintahgi tsé naandz’ahigif, street corner. naanish (NISH), work, job, labor, business, position. naanish binaaltsoos (NISH/TSOOZ), Social Security card. (Ib. naaltsoos bik’ehgo na’anishf.) naanish ’aa dahidit’aah (NISH/’A), employment office. naanish t’dadoo ts’ida bich’’ na’aldzilf (NISH/DZIL), soft job, easy work (lit. work that requires no real strain or effort). naanishtsoh (NISH/TSAA ~ TSOH), major undertaking, big job, major project.

3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308

naaskédn (KAAD), sweet stuff. (Ib. ’attaaskddn.) ndads yee ndzit’if (T’'l’s), forward gear shift in a car. naashchiin (CH[;?), wild foods, things that are gathered. # t6 ’altah naashchiin, water gathered from various sources (for ceremonial use). # tah naashchiin, tallow gathered from various sources (for ceremonial use). # ch’iyéan naashchiin, different types of foods that are gathered together.

3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300

3302 Naanish Yee ta7Nilfinii Bitsineheeshji? (NISH/L(/ZHII’), National Labor Relations Board.

3309 naashkd¢t~ naashkd¢’ (KOO), raft, boat (an obsolete term now replaced by tsinaa’eet). 3310

Naasht’ézh{ (T’EEZH), Zuni, New Mexico; Zuni Indian (s).

3311

Naasht’ézhf Haaydhf (T’EEZH/YA), Zuni Trail (in Canyon de Chelley) (lit. where the Zunis climbed up).

3312 3313 3314 3315 3316

Naatélf (TEEL), Owl-Eyes, Wide-Eyes (nickname). Naatooh Sik’ai’/ (K’Al’), Grants, New Mexico. naat’agii (pl ndaat’agii) (T’A’), flying creatures. naat’4ah (’A), chieftain, leader, orator. # Hozh¢¢jf Naat’aah, Peace Chieftain (a legendary type of leader, trained in Hézh¢¢ji -Blessing Way -

3317

# Hodchxd6’jf Naat’addh, War Chieftain (a legendary type of leader, trained in the ceremonies and arts of war). naat’ddnaabaahii (’A/BAA’), war chief. naat’4anii (-nant’a’) (’A), leader, chieftain, boss, head man, superintendent, orator. # Sildo Binant’a’,, officer (in the Armed Forces), Chief of Police. # Naabeeho Binant’a’i, Superintendent of the Navajo.

whose responsibility it was to speak and teach on behalf of peace).

3318 3319 3320 3321

3322 3323

3324 3325

3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331

# ’Olta’ Binant’a’, Head of the Branch of Education. Naat’danii Nééz (’A/NEEZ), Shiprock, New Mexico (the community, not the Shiprock Pinnacle. The name given to Superintendent William T. Shelton, Superintendent of the San Juan (Northern) Navajo Agency during the period 1907-1917.) (Ib. Tooh.) naat’daniishchiin (‘A/CH{,), District Supervisor, Subagency Superintendent (lit. small replica or copy of the superintendent). Naat’danii T’4ata’{ (’A), The General Superintendent or Area Director (a term coined in 1935 with consolidation of the several Navajo Agencies to form the Navajo Central Agency) (lit. number-one boss or Superintendent). naat’danii yikéé’ gone’ nddndsdzinigif (’A/Z\’), assistant boss, assistant superintendent. naat’i’f (T’l’s), small creatures (as ants, bugs, rabbits, prairie dogs, mice) (lit. those that move swiftly about). # naat’i’{ nindneel’daji’, small creatures of all kinds. Ndatsohf (TSAA~ TSOH), Big-Eye, Bug-Eye (nickname). ndats’flid (LID), rainbow. nddts’6’ootdisii (DIZ), whirlwind, dust devil, tornado. co

3332 Nddts’ézi (TS’OOZI), Japanese, Orientals. 3333

# Naddats’6zitahdi ~Nadts’6zibitahdi,

Japan.

3334 naats’gedii (TS’OOD), rubber band. 3335

naats’godii tséso’ d66 daddilkat bindaazt’i’igif (TS’OOD/T'!’;), rubber weather stripping (for use around doors and windows). 3336 naayéé’ (YEE’), monsters (of legend). 3337 Naayéé’ Neizghdnf (GHAA’), Killer of Monsters (the name of one of the twin Culture Heroes - brother to Tdébajishchini). 3338 naay(zf (YIZ), squash (Cucurbita maxima and other varieties) (lit. the one that rolls about). 3339 # naayizfbich’osh, squash bug. 3340 naayizftbahf (YIZ/BA’,), gray squash. 3341 naayizitich’f~ naayizftchif (CHII’), pumpkin. 3342 naayizitchi? (YIZ/CHII’), red squash. 3343 naayizfttsoof (TSOII), field pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo); yellow squash. 3344 naayizfnteelf (YIZ/TEEL), flat squash. 1065

3345 naayizitsee’é (YIZ), tailed squash, squash with a tail. 3346 naayizits’ee’ii (YIZ), navel squash, squash with a navel. 3347 naazkaadii (KAAD), prostrate amaranth, spreading pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides). 3348 naaztanf (TA), honey locust, sweet locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). 3349 né’éshjaa’ (JAA’s), owl. 3350 né’éshjaa’ghaa’ (JAA’s), owl fluff (placed at the base of a mask). 3351 né'éshjaay44zh (JAA’2/YAZH/), owlet, baby owl. 3352 né’éshjaa’ yilkee’6 (JAA’>/KEE’ = the noun -kee’, foot, used as the stem of a Neuter verb), owl’s claw, South American rubber plant (Dugaldea hoopesil) (lit. the one that resembles an owl’s foot). 3353 -né’éshtit (TEEL), nasal mucus, snot. 3354 né’éshtit bee yildéhf (TEEL/DEE’), handkerchief, Kleenex. 3355 né’ézhiin (ZH{’), Rocky Mountain sapsucker. 3356 neeni (NIID5), fun, frolic, merriment, play, recreation. 3357 neesdog ~ neesdoig (DOG), jelly cake (a confection made of yucca fruit). 3358 neestiin (TA3), haze. 3359 # neestiin bee halbdhigf, haziness. 3360 neest’é (T’As) (-neest’a’), fruit, produce. 3361 # tsin bineest’a’, _ fruit, tree fruit. 3362 neeshch’i? (CH’((’?), pinyon nut, nut. 3363 neeshch’if bits’iil ~ neeshch’fits’iil (TS’IL), pinyon cone, pinyon nut shell. 3364 neeshch’ffibdhf (BA’;), peanut. (Ib. Bilagdana bineeshch’i’.) 3365 neeshch ‘its iil ~ neeshch’i bitsiil(TS’IL), pinyon cone, pinyon nut shell. 3366 neeshjZhii (J\ZH), shelled and dried tee’ shibéézh (corn roasted and steamed in its husks). 3367 neeznaa dahijihgo (JAA’s), ten card coon-can (a card game). 3368 nfbaal (BAAL), canvas, tarpaulin, tent, parachute. 3369 nfbaal bil’ dahooghanigif (BAAL/GHAN;}), tent house, tent in which a home is made. 3370 nfbaal kin (BAAL), tent house. 3371 nfbaal sinil (BAAL/NIL), tent camp. 3372 nibaal yadiits’6zigf (TS’'OOZ/), tipi, conical tent. 3373 nichx¢'f (CHXQ’), junk, property, belongings. 3374 nidiin ~ hdiin (DIIN), light rays (not used alone). 3375 # shdandfin ~ sha fdiin, sunrays, light rays. 3376 Nihodeeshgiizh (GIZH), Dalton’s Pass, New Mexico. 3377 Nihodeeshgiizh Ch'inflinf (GIZH/L(), Pueblo Pintado School, New Mexico. 3378 nihosdz44n ~ ni’hosdza4n ~ nahasdz44n (DZA,?), earth, the world, the Earth World. 3379 Nihoobd (BA’;), a location in the area between Mount Taylor-Torreon-Crownpoint, New Mexico. (lit. a gray area extends and ends.) 3380 Nihoobdanii (BA’;), the Nihoobdanii Clan (identified with the place known as Nihooba). 3381 nihookaa’ ndaaldeehii (DEE’), creatures that inhabit the surface of the earth. 3382 -nik'idé’Anf~ ’anik’idé’Anf (’A), halter. 3383 -ni’ (NIID4), mind, desire. 3384 ni’ainif,(NiI’;), the center of the earth or world. 3385 ni’ bitt ’aahdi hdéldonii (LI[D1), minerals, mineral resources (lit. those things that are in the ground). 3386 ni’ bit’dahdi hdlénigif naalkaah (L{lD;/KAA’s), geology, minerology. 3387 ni’ bit?dahdi hdéldonii ndeitkaahigif (L{[D y/KAA’), geologist, minerologist. 3388 ni’ bitt'aahdi ’ahoot’éii (T’E’), underground conditions. 3389 ni’ bitt'4ahdi ‘Ahoot’éii naalkaah(T’E’/KAA’»), geology. 3390 ni’ bit’dahdi ’ahoot’éii ndetkaahigif (T’E/KAA’s), geologist. 3391 ni’g66 bee hach’iishi(CH’lIZH), scrub brush. 3392 ni’g66 naazkaadf (KAAD), rug, carpet. 3393 ni’g66 naazkaadi dichxoshigif (KAAD/CHOSH), shag rug. 3394 ni’hach’idf (CH’ID), grasping beetle (lit. the one that grasps the ground). 3395 Ni’ Halchi? (CHII’), The Red World (mythology). 3396 Ni’ Haldzis (DZIS), Buell Park, Arizona (volcanic area north of Fort Defiance). 3397 Ni’ Halgai (GAII), The White World (mythology). 3398 Ni’ Hatso (TSOII), The Yellow World (mythology). 3399 Ni’ Hodithit (YEEL), The Dark World (mythology - the lowermost of the Worlds). 3400 Ni’ Hodisxgs (SOS), The Glittering World (mythology). 3401 Ni’ Hodoottizh (TL’IIZH2), The Blue World (mythology). 3402 ni’ hoottizh (TLIIZH), dusk, nightfall. 3403 ni’iijhf (ZHI), sawmill. 3404 Ni‘ijhf (ZHII’), Sawmill, Arizona (site of the former Navajo Sawmill, north of Fort Defiance, Arizona). 3405 Ni’iijith HasAnf (ZHI/'/YAAD), the Old Sawmill (the old Agency sawmill, north of Fort Defiance). 3406 ni’iizhth{ (ZHil’), carpenter, sawyer. 3407 ni’ nineel’é (‘AAD), the earth’s end, the far horizon. 3408 ni’ ndaha’ndnigif (NAA’s), earthquake. 3409 ni’tat’ah ndaaldeehii (DEE’), burrowing creatures, creatures that live in the ground. 3410 ni’ yits’9gsii ~ ni'ts'ggsii (TS’'HOZ), prairie clover (Petalostemum candidum) (lit. it sucks on the earth). 1066

3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439

Ni’ Yi’ Neeydnf (YA), Reared

In The Ground (a mythological personage).

nftth’i (CH’l), air, breeze, wind, spirit, ghost.

nftch’i bee halne’é (CH’I/NE’s), radio. Nftch’i Diyinii (CH’I/Y|([D), Holy Spirit, Holy Ghost, The Paraclete. nftch’i diflidigif (CH’I/LID), carbon dioxide. nftch’i hot halne’igif (NE’3), the Informing Winds (of legend). nftch’i tikonf (CH’I/KON), natural gas, propane. nftch’i tikonf bee ch'iy4an 'al’fnf (CH'/KON/"||D;), gas stove, gas range. nitch’i naalkidf (CH’I/KID), television set. nftch'i naalkidfb4 yaa’&h{ (CH’VKID/’A), television antenna. nftch’i naalkidf bee ndaalkidigff (CH’I/KID), controls ona television set. nftch’i t6 hayiileehigif~ nitch’i t6 hayiileehé (CH’/LO’), windmill (for pumping water). Nfth’itsoh (CH’/TSAA ~ TSOH), December (lit. high winds).

Nftch ‘its’6sf (CH’I/TS’O6OZ/), November (lit. light winds). nftch’i y4’4t’6ehii (CH’/AT’EEH), oxygen, good air. nftsé (TSAA’), rain. # nftsd bika’, heavy shower, violent or torrential rain, downpour, cloudburst (lit. male rain). # nittsd bi’ddd, gentle shower, light rain (lit. female rain). nfits4 bee chahatheet (TSAA‘/YEEL), cloudburst, torrential rain, heavy downpour of rain.

nitségo’ (TSAA’/GO’?), June bug, prionid beetle. nittsdgo’ tibdhigif (BA’;), gray rain beetle, gray horned beetle. nfttsdgo’ tikizh{gif (KIIZH), spotted rain beetle, spotted horned beetle. nitsdégo’ fizhinigif (ZH{{’), black rain beetle, black horned beetle.

nitsdé’66’ (TSAA’), raincoat, slicker. nfttsatt’d6l (TSAA”, rain-ray (the streaks of falling rain in a distant shower, backlighted by the sun). nftsézhool (TSAA’), mist, mist-like rain, spray. nimasii (MAAZ), James wild potato (Solanum jamesii), domesticated potato, Irish potato.

nimasii bee bélzhéhf (MAAZ/ZHEE’s), potato peeler. nimasii 'Adaatts’66zigo neheeshgizhgo ‘ak’ah bee shibézhigif (MAAZ/TS’OOZI/GIZH/BEEZH;),

French fried

potatoes, French fries.

3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472

nimasii nimasii nimasii nimasii

’Asaa ninaasdziidgo (MAAZ/ZIID2), fried potatoes. tee’ shibézhigif (MAAZ/BEEZH,), potatoes baked in the coals. sit’6higit (MAAZ/T’E), baked potato. shibézhigf (BEEZH,), boiled potato.

nimasii taa’nilfgif (NIL), mashed potatoes.

nimasiitsoh (MAAZ/TSAA ~ TSOh), Irish potato, white potato (Solanum tuberosum). nfmasiitsoh tikanigif (KAAD), field morning glory (Batalis edulis). nindlka’i (KAAD), cloth spread on the ground for eating. nisihwiinidéél (DEEL1), emergency. nish’inf ("\[D4), the one that | make, my step--, as in: # shizhé’6é nish’inf, my stepfather. shima nish’inf, my stepmother. shiye’ nish'inf, my stepson (man speaking). sitsi’ nish’(nf, my stepdaughter (man speaking). shiy44zh nish’inf, my stepson (woman speaking). H+ shich’6’6 nish’inf, my stepdaughter (woman speaking). He te

nish’nd

(NAg?), right (directional).

niteel bit'aa’ t4nigif (LAADz2), western wild iris, western blue flag, fleur de lis (Iris missouriensis). niteel nfyizi (TEEL/YIZ), broad flag, wild iris (used to make green dye). nitsistt’'ah ~ ftsistfah (TL’AH4), the front corner or west base of a hogan. niya’dhodittif (Tl’2), joker, person who tells jokes. nfyol (YOL), wind. nfyol t6 hayiileehé (YOL/LO’), windmill (for pumping water). nfyol tsin feeh yidinfyiizhf (YOL/YIIZH), windfall tree, tree blown down by the wind.

niik’éédit’Shf~ ’aniik’éédit’ahf (’A), halter.

nifanddzi’f~ nfriidzi’ (ZiID2) nosedrops. nirii’nit (NIL), snuff.

niii'nit ntsaaigif (NIL/TSAA),

large flowered zinnia (Zinnia grandiflora).

niPii’n#tsoh (NIL/TSAA ~ TSOH), hairy aster, hairy starwor t (Aster canescens). niilk’aazh (K’AAZHo9), paralysis. Niinah Nizaad (ZAAD), Nenahnezad (Fruitland), New Mexico. ai it nda’iinfish géne’ (NISH), Friday, on Fridays. Ndéé ~ ’Ana’f Nd44’ (DAA’), the War Dance (‘Anaa’j). Ndda’gi, where people assemble at the patient s home On the on the first night of the ceremony, to make preparations and decorate the rattlestick (‘aghdattsiin). in the late arriving usually (‘itdadi), carried is rattlestick following day they move on to the place to which the

to whom it was afternoon. On the next day they start back to nd4a’gi, leaving the rattlestick with the person sing all carried (ba'ftdanii), but they camp overnight enroute (bich’’ jinijeeh - lit. they sleep toward him). They night final the for origin of point the to return they morning third the on night where they camp, and 1067

3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502

(nizhneedddh), where the circle dance (ndazhnoodah/) takes place and where the patient (ba nd&a’ii) is blackened (jinit’eesh). fidaastt’ah ~ nfdaastt’ah (Tt’AHy), inside corners, coves (pl. corresponding to ndstl’ah).

Adeedddh (YA), ailing person, sick person, patient. Ndeelk’id (K’ID), Cedar Ridge, Arizona. ndeesgai (GAIl), yucca plant stalk after it has begun to grow tall, taking on a whitish cast.

fidees’ni’ (Nils), first thunder of spring. ndeeshjiin (ZH{{’), the yucca stalk at the time of its emergence from the ground.

fididahf (YA), sentinel, guard, sentry. ndik’a’~ naak’a’ (K’AA’), cotton, cotton cloth. ndik’a’ dadisgsigf (K’AA’/SOS), silk, shiny cloth. ndilkal (KAAL), wild gourd (Cucurbita perennis, Cucurbita foetidissima). ndilkal ’aghdat (KAAL), wild gourd rattle. ndilniihii (NIl’;), Hand-Trembler, diagnostician (a shaman who diagnoses illness, determines the proper ceremony for the patient, traces lost articles, and performs other types of divination by trembling-hand.) ndinfyflii ~ ndfyNii (YILo), sunflower.

Adfshchi? (CHif'?), pine, pinetree. fidfshchi? baa 'aéhdy4éjf (YAAD), forestry. fAdfshch?’ yaa 'aéhdlydanii (YAAD), forester, forest ranger. hdfshchif bits’iil ~ Adfshchfits’iil (TS’IL), pine cone. Adishch? bitsfits’iil (TS’IL), pine cone. Ndfshchi? Haazt’i’ (T'l’;), Gallo Canyon (a side canyon in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico). fidfshchffy4azh (YAZHI), pine seedling, little pinetree. ndfyflii ~ ndinfyiii (YIL2), sunflower (Gymnolomia multiflora, Helianthus annus). # ndfyfii bich’osh, sunflower bug.

ndfyflii nitchinftsoh (YILo/CHAA’s/TSAA ~ TSOH), Nuttall sunflower (Helianthus nuttallii). ndfyfliitsoh (YILg/TSAA~TSOH), common sunflower, wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus). ndizidigif (ZID), month (current). nideezid (ZID), month (past). # nideezidgedda’, last month. ndiidlidii (LID), mountain rice. ndii’4 (-ndii’a’) (’A), bundle prayersticks (specific for given ceremonials). Adiitgh (TA), a broom or brush made of the wing feathers of an eagle, tied together at the quills. The instrument is used to brush away evil, ceremonially.

It is often used over a sick or moribund person where the

practitioner places ashes on the broom and, from the east, south, west and north, sweeps through the air over the patient and thence to the door where the evil is blown away. The practitioner begins at the back side of the hogan, brushing first on the north and then on the south side. The ceremony may be continued day and night in an effort to save the patient. ndéstazii (TAZ), top (toy). ndoochii’ (CHIl’), pinedrop (a plant). n’dilkal (KAAL), shinny game, golf.

3503 3504 3505 3506 n‘dilkal b4 haz’éagi (KAAL/’A), shinny ground, golf course. 3507 n'dilniih (NIl’;), hand-trembling (a diagnostic and divining ceremony). 3508 ntiz (TL'IS), hard goods, jewels. 3509 ntsékees (KEEZ), thought. 3510 ntsidigo’f (GO’), kneel down bread (made of green corn). 3511 ntsfst’ah (Tt’AH,), space under the poles on the west side of a hogan. (In the Moccasin Game, the moccasin nearest the west side is called ritsistt’ahjf ké silahigif -the moccasin nearest the west.) 3512 Nooda Haas’éf (’A), Yucca Mountain, Arizona. 3513 noolyfnii (YIN), obsidian, agate. 3514 noosétf (YA), adolescents, growing children. 3515 # ‘dtchinf noosét danlfinii, growing children. 3516 nooséétjf (YA), the growing end of a plant.

Oo 3517 o’oogizhigff (GIZH), notched stick (used ceremonially to represent lightning supernaturals). 3518 ’6’oolkaah (KAN), advertisement. 3519 ’6’oolkaah bee dah na’astsooz (KAN/TSOOZ), advertisement or notice pinned to a bulletin board. 3520 ’6'’oolkaah bee dah na’azté (KAN/TA)), billboard. 3521 lta’ (TA’s), school. 3522 ‘6lta’ bitsineheeshjff (TA’s/ZHII’;), school board (a calque from English). 3523 ‘6lta’di t’ée’go 'dtchinf danijahf (TA’p/JEE’;), school dormitory, student dormitory. 3524 ‘dita’ gdne’ bik’i nda’adzoolgif (TA’s/ZO), school blackboard, classroom blackboard. 3525 ‘6lta’ hdétsaa ~’dlta’ hétsaaf (TA’s/TSAA), high school, college. 3526 ‘dita’ naéhdst’é(d66 naakits’dadahjj’ ni’iiltahigif (TA’2), secondary school, high school (school that goes from the ninth to the twelfth grade).

1068

3527 3528 3529 3530

3531 3532 3533

‘Olta’ t’'4dta'1d66 tseebiiji’ ni’iiltahigif (TA’a), elementary school, grade school (school that goes from the first to the eighth grade). ‘ota’ (pl da’6tta’t) (TA’s), student, pupil, scholar, school boy or girl (pI schoolchildren). ‘oobjjh (BA), gambling. ‘oodz4ajf saad ~’adzoodz44ji saad (DZA>), polite language required between certain kinfolk (as between

brother and sister). oodla (-’oodla’) (LAAD}), creed, belief. ‘oodlaanii (LAAD}), believer (Christian). ‘ookaahii (KAN), sponsor of a ceremony (usually a close relative of the patient. The sponsor initiates the ;

3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550

3551 3552

ceremony, negotiates with the medicine man, and assumes responsibility for payment.). (Ib. jish haaghdii.) oo'finii ("\’4), witness (as to a crime or accident).

‘oolch’fd (CH’{[D2), envy, jealousy. ’ooljéé’ (JEE’: cognate with Ahtna DZAES: shine), moon. oe NP eer erg

ooljéé’ bina’dstté’igif (TLEE’), ring around the moon.

’oolj66’ dah yiitaé (TA,), crescent moon. ooljéé’ daaztsa (TSAp), lunar eclipse, eclipse of the moon. ’ooljéé’ haniibddz (BAAZ), full moon.

’00lj66’ ’aini? bééthéél (Ni/’;/VEEL), half moon. ’ooljéé’ tahgo ’anda’niit (YAA), the phases of the moon. ‘oolt4ad (TAH), unraveling ceremony. oolts’ee (TS’EE’;), mush-eating (at weddings and as an optional ritual in Holy Way Chants). ‘ooshk’iizh nitv'ii~ Atif (T'l’4), traces of a harness.

oot’{ (‘{’;), vision, ability to see. ‘ootsd (TSAAD), ’ooya’ (-’ooya’) proposes to responds to ’O0zéf Hayazhf

pregnancy.

(YAA’), favorite food smoke Rabbit out of a the effect that they are (YAZHf), Moencopi,

(a term that occurs ina fable concerning a coyote and a rabbit. Coyote hole by burning various weeds, but as Coyote mentions them Rabbit each his “favorite food.” Ef shi’ooya’ ’At’é, that’s my favorite food!) Arizona.

‘oozhni? (-oozhni?’) (Nil’), waist, waistline, mid-section. Ss

3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558 3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564 3565 3566 3567 3568 3569 3570 3571 3572 3573 3574

sa (YAAD),

old age, senectitude.

# sd bibéeso, old age pension. # Sd Bitooh,

the San Juan River.

sé ’aghd (GHAA’), death ofold age. sd nd’00gd4a’ (GHAA’), a life span, the life span ending in death from old age (said to be 104 years). Tdadi sa na’oogda’dda’, three lifespans ago (= approximately three centuries ago). Sdshdijool (YAAD/JOOL), Old Age Monster. saad bd nijaa’igif (JAA’s), the main points of a speech. saad bee ’Al’ini (’|[D), alphabet, letter. saad naalkaah (KAA’), linguistics, language research. saad nddndtahdéé’ saad bee ’Andaalne’ (YAA), translation.

saad ndeitkaahigif (KAA’s), linguists, language researchers, students of language. saad neitkaahii (KAA’s), linguist, language researcher.

saad na’azoii (ZO), scribe. saad yik’i niyiinff, (NIL), magnetic tape (that which sets words down one after another). sdanii (YAAD), womenfolk. # Hastd6fd66 Sdanii --, Ladies and Gentlemen --.

s S{~ sf (-zéf) (ZEf), sand, crumb. cS)é/B ee Hooghan (ZEI/GHAN}), San Felipe Pueblo. S é(B idaagai (ZEI/GAI|), Seba Dalkai. Séi é(B i’ Téhf (ZEf), Sand Springs, Arizona, Whip-poor-will, Arizona. Séf é6(D eelzha (ZHA’), jagged sand dune located west of Klagetoh, Arizona. Sé/ é Haha’eet (ZE{/’EEL), Charley Day Spring, Arizona (near Tuba City, Arizona) (and also a location about two miles south of Bennett Peak, near Highway 666).

3575 3576 3577 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584

Ss éfHa’atiin (ZE(/TIIN), Sulphur Springs, New Mexico (near Nava). S) é{ Heets’és{ Bika’ (ZE/TS’OOZI), White Cone, Arizona.

Séf Heets’6s{Ba’ddd (ZE{/TS’OOZI), Little White Cone, Arizona. Séf Ndeeshgizh (ZEI/GIZH), Sunrise, Arizona.

seel bee nilk’ihigif (K’|H2), blood platelet. seel hasht’e ydsinii (Z\|D), cell nucleus. seel yii’ ’adisé/yigif (ZEI), lysozome. -sga’ (GAN), dried up remains, hulk. # ’asga’, dried hide. # didzétsoh bisga’, dried peaches. 1069

3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596 3597 3598 3599 3600 3601

3602

3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620

# chidf bisga’, old car hulk. # béeso bisga’, trade money. Sildo Habitiin (TIIN), Rattlesnake, New Mexico (south of Shiprock Pinnacle). sildo ’atiin yaa ’Ahdlyanf (TIIN/YAAD), highway patrolman. sildo ’atiin yaah Adadikahigif (TIIN/KAI), highway patrolman, traffic cop. sildo na’ateetigif (’EEL), sailor (in the navy), navy man (pl sildo nda’at’eetigif). sildo na’att’a’igff (T’A’), pilot in the Air Force, Air Corpsman (pl sildo nda’att’a’igif). sil40g66 ndaaskaii (KAI), veterans. sin (-yiin) (Y|[D), song, chant. sin bd sildii (YI[D/LA), essential elements of a song or chant. (Ib. sin bikétt’66l ~ behétt’6dl.) sin ’akaa’ haazt’i’f (T'l’y), carried over songs (chants). sin ’atkéé’ nifjaa'f~ Ajaa’i (JAA’s), sequence of song groups (ina ceremony). sis bighant’i’f (T'l’;), belt loop. sis tich?f (CHII’), sash, woven sash, “squaw belt.” sis tigaaf (GAIl), silver belt. (Ib. béésh tigaii sis.) sis nanil’eetf (EEL), Hopi belt, loosely woven belt. Sisnaajinii~ Tsisnaajinf (ZH{’), Sierra Blanca Peak. (Sacred Mountain of the East. Also known as J6hoona’éf Dziil, Sun Mountain and Yootgaii Dziil, White Shell Mountain.) Sis Naateel (TEEL), Wide Belt Mesa (west of Cuba, New Mexico. Sis is identified with sis, belt, rather than with sis ~ tsis, an obsolete term meaning “mountain” in this placename. The translation should probably be “mountain that extends downward broad.”). (V. Tsisnaateel) siil (-ziil) (ZIIL), steam, vapor, fumes. sodizin ~ tsodizin (Y\[D), prayer. # Bihdinfihii Bisodizin, The Lord’s Prayer. sodizin ba hooghan ~ tsodizin ba hooghan (Y\[D/GHAN,), church. sodizin ’al’{~ tsodizin ’Al’{ (Y\[D/"\[D), prayer-making. sodizin ‘iinf~ tsodizin ’ifinf (Y\[D/'|[D1), prayermaker (make of supplementary r prayers). So’baas (BAAZ), Star Hoop (used in So’tsoh, Big Star Chant). s9’ doo ndizidf (ZID), the Morning Star, Coyote Star. (Ib. sQ’ doo ndiziidii.) sg’ hidilyeed (WODj), shooting stars. So’ ’Ahéts’if (TS’l’), Aldebaran (lower branch of Hyades), cats cradle design composed ofjoined diamond

ack shapes. s6’ naalkaah (KAA’9), astronomy. sQ naalts’id (TS’ID»), fallen star, meteor.

sQ ndeitkaahigif (KAA’s), astronomers. so neitkaahii (KAA’s), astronomer.

Se’ Sil4 (LA), Sonsola Buttes (northwestof Crystal, New Mexico). Sg’tsoh (TSAA~ TSOH), the Morning/Evening Star. # So’tsoh (Hatddl), the Big Star Chant. Sg’tsoh tigaii (TSAA ~ TSOH/GAII), a star that appears in the east and in the west - probably the Morning and Evening Star. 3621 so’ yilwot (WOD,), shooting star. 3622 $66I dich ’(zhii (CH’IIZH), Rocky Mountain maple (Acer tripartitum). 3623 Sooléf Bindhasdzo (ZO), the State of Utah (lit. the area bounded around Salt Lake). 3624 -st’e’ (-yist’é) (T’E), lunch.

SH 3625

Sha Bik’e’eshch{, (CH{), Shabik’eshchee Village (a Basketmaker site in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, named for a large drawing of the sun on a nearby rock surface. The site was excavated in 1926-27. The location is also known as Tsé Bik’e’eshch/.)

3626

shabitVdjiitchii’ (CHII’), halo around the sun (portending a storm), short rainbows that appear on opposite sides of the sun during rainy or hazy weather. shdadi’4ah (A), south (lit. the sun starts to move - i.e. the direction toward which the sun starts to decline during the wintertime). # shddi ’Adhjf, on the south. # shddi ’dahjigo, southward, toward the south. # shddi Aah biyaadi, in the far south, in the extreme south, in the antarctic region. # shddi ’ddh d66 ha’a’aah bita’, southeast. # shddi ’Aah d66 ’e’e’aah bita’, southwest.

3627

3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640

shandfin (DIIN), sunlight. sha niighddh

(YA), Summer/Winter solstice (lit. the sun stops moving).

shash baah nanoogdé4d (GHAAD), pollen shaken from a bear.

Shash Dits’inf (TS’IN;), Black Pinnacle, Arizona (near Tsaile). polar bear, white bear,

shash tigaii (GAII),

shash fizhinii (ZH([’), black bear.

Shash Na’atkaahf (KAA’s), Tracking Bear (a mythological monster).

shash nat’oh

(T’OH3),

puncture vine, puncture weed, caltrap, burr nut, bean caper (Tribulus terrestris).

1070

3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653

shashtsoh

(TSAA~ TSOH),

grizzly bear.

shash yaazh (YAZHi), bear cub. shaazh (-zhaazh) (ZHASH), knot. -shchiin ~ -Ishchiin (CH\;), made as a small image or replica of, small copy, sample, facsimile of (something). -shchiinii (CHI), parents. (Shishchiinii, my parents - lit. those who gave birth to me.) shéé’ (-zhéé’)(ZHEE’;), spit, spittle, saliva, foam, froth. shiniinii ANIID4), claimant (at law) (lit. the one who says it’s mine).

shi, (SH|~ ZH|), summer. # shijddd’, last summer. # dif zhin/, this summer. # Sh{Dine’é, the Summer People (of mythology). # shjjgo nt’fhi (T’Ad), apricot (the one that ripens during the summer. (Ib. didzétsoh yazhi.O # shijgo yindldzidf, (SH/DZIID), fringed brome grass (the one that fears summer).

Af 3654 tabaahg66 dzit dani’ahigif (A), coastal range, coastal mountains. 3655 tabaasdisf (DIZ), snipe (a bird). 3656 tdbaastiin (T(), otter, river otter. 3657 # tdbaastiin ch’ah, otter (skin) cap or hat. 3658 Tachii’nii (CHII’), Red Streak Into Water Clan. 3659 tddidiin (DI{N), pollen. 3660 TAdidiin Bee Hooghan (DI/N/GHAN,), Pollen Home (mythology). The home of Nahodeettiizh Hastiin and Nahodeet?iizh ’Asdzdan). 3661 tddidifn bee kék’ehhashchiin (D{iN/CH{,), making of the Pollen Trail (in Holy Way Ceremonies). 3662 tddidiin doottizh (DI{N/TL’IIZH2), two-color larkspur (Delphinium bicolor); Nelson larkspur (Delphinium nelsonii). (Ib. k’ihooteel/.) 3663 tddidiin doot¥izh ’atts’fis( (DIIN/TL’IIZH2/TS'IISI), one-flowered bellflower, one-flowered bluebell (Campanula uniflora). 3664 TAdidiin Dziil (D{fN), Navajo Mountain, Arizona (a ceremonial name for Naatsis’a4n). 3665 tddidiin yideet (DEEL,), pollen administration, pollen-eating (in Holy Way Chants). 3666 tddidiin yiyanf (DIiN/YAA’), pollen eater, leaf beetle. 3667 tadiikéé’ (KEE’), its scattered footprints. 3668 -tago’ ~-tago’ (GO’), wattle on a chicken or turkey; comb (on a chicken’s head). 3669 -tahazhosh (ZHOOZH), muscle under the femur, upper leg muscle. 3670 tahoniigaah (GAIl), fever. 3671 tahoniigdah tichfi’go naatniihigif (GAII/CHII’/NIl’3), scarlet fever, scarletina. 3672 tahoniigaah ntsaaigif (GAII/TSAA), influenza, flu. 3673 tahoniigaah (ntsaaigif) naatniih (GAII/TSAA/NII’3), flu epidemic. 3674 td’Adazdigis ba haz’4 (GIZ/’A), washroom, lavatory, bathroom. 3675 ta’azhosh (ZHOOZH), loin area, inguinal area, crotch of the legs. 3676 ta’diikéé’ (KEE’), scattered footprints. 3677 ta’iitsé6hii (TSOIl), squash blossom (on a squash plant). 3678 ta’neesk’dnif (K’AAD), melon, cantaloupe (Cucumis melo). 3679 ta’neesk’dnf ’Atts’66zigif (K’AAD/TS’OOZI), cucumber. 3680 ta’neets’6hii (TS’EE’s), cockle burr. (Ib. ’atta’neets’éhii). 3681 taélawosh (GHAAZH), bubble, froth, foam, soap. 3682 taldwosh bee ’iigisf (GIZ), laundry soap. 3683 tdldwosh bee td’ddigisf (GIZ), face soap, hand soap, toilet soap. 3684 tatk4a’ dah yikat (KAAD}), alpine watercress, alpine nasturtium (Nasturtium obtusum or alpinum). 3685 taik4d’ dijddii (JAAD), water-strider (an insect that lives on the surface of the water). (Ib. tatkaa’ dilwo’) 3686 taikda’ dijddii ’ditsfisigif (JAAD/TS'(ISI), small water-strider. 3687 taka’ dilwo’? (WODj,), water-strider. (Ib. tatkaa’ dijadii.) 3688 taka’ kéyah dah si’nigif (’A), island. 3689 téikdd’ na’ashjé’ii (JEE’s), water spider. 3690 taikda’ ndaaldeehii (DEE’), creatures that live on the surface of the water. 3691 téikdd’ sikaad (KAAD), field mouse ear, mouse-ear chickweed, powder horn, starry glasswort (Cerastium arvense).

3692 3693 3694

3695 3696 3697 3698 3699

tait’dah ’alééh (LA), blue heron. tdtt’ddh naaldeehii (p| ndaaldeehii) (DEE’), creatures that live on the bottom of the water (i.e. on the bottoms of lakes, rivers and streams - as fish, bugs, crawfish, worms). tanda’niil (NIL), remixed mush (used in ceremonies where it is re-mixed for subsequent use), batter for the puberty cake (alkaad), formerly made with the addition of chewed corn to provide sweetening enzymes). tanaashgiizh (GIZH), a thick cornmeal mush.

tdniil’Af~ taniil’6¢ (’A), dragonfly. tdniil’Ai dinilzhin (’A/ZH((’), brown dragonfly. tAniil’4( doottizh ~ doottizhf (’A/TL’IIZH2), blue dragonfly.

tdniil’4f ’Atts’66zigit (’A/TS’OOZI), slender dragonfly. 1071

3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717

3718 3719 3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3729 3730 3731 3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3739 3740

3741

3742 3743 3744 3745 3746 3747 3748 3749 3750 3751 3752 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758

taniil’A(tibadhigif (’A/BA’;), taniil’A(tichPigf (’A/CHII’), tdniil’Af titsoofgi(’A/TSOIl), taniil’Aftizhinigf (’A/ZH((’),

gray dragonfly. red dragonfly. yellow dragonfly. black dragonfly.

tdniil’Aftsoh (’A/TSAA ~ TSOH), large dragonfly. tdniil’Af tatridi (’A), waterscum-green dragonfly. taos’nii’ (NII’;), dough. Tasf (TAAZ), Speedy (a nickname). -tasiil (ZIIL), perspiration (on the forehead), forehead sweat, sweat of (one’s) brow. tashchozh doottizhf (Tt’IIZH), purple martin (bird). tashchozhii (CHOZH), martin, swallow. tashchozhiitchi? (CHII’), barn swallow. tayi’d颒 tsé hdd’dhigff (’A), rock that juts up from the water, protruding reef. tayi’ ndaaldeehii (DEE’), creatures that live in the water, aquatic life (as fish, eels, waterbugs, frogs, tadpoles). (Ib. tayi’ naaldeehii.) tayi’ naat’i’f (T’l’s), protozoan. tazhii (TAZH), turkey.

tazhii bibé’6zh66’ (ZHOO’), turkey’s wattle, tazhii bindtsi’go’ (GO’), the appendage that hangs down on the front part of a turkey gobbler’s head. (Ib. tazhii bitago, tazhii binatsi’go’.) Tazhii Daaghat (TAZH/GHAL), Thanksgiving Day (lit. turkeys are eaten). tazhiitchiin (CHAA’s), Fendler meadow rue, maid-of-the-mist (Thalictrum fendleri). tazhii nitchiin (TAZH/CHAA’s), meadow rue (a plant). tazhiits’os (TAZH), turkey down (used to form the peak of a mask). téa’ be’estt’6nf (TL’D), a food item composed of a stiff cornmeal mush, placed in cornhusks folded and tied to produce three sections or lumps, and then cooked by boiling. (lit. tied in three bundles.) “tda’ hodit’6df (T’OD»), the soft spot on the head of a baby or small child, fontanel. T4a’ Naaznilf (NIL), Chapter, Chapter Officers. (The organization is named for its three officers: the President, Secretary and Treasurer.) taa’niil (NIL), mush, cornmeal mush, porridge, thick gruel. taa’ yiilchéshii (CHOZH), many-colored rattleweed, many-colored rattlepod (Astragalus allochrous) (lit. the one that is popped on the forehead - *t4a’, forehead.) tadchaa’ (CHAA’), slush, muddy or turgid (liquid), riled water. Taahdéteel (TEEL), Blanco, New Mexico; Largo Canyon, New Mexico. téd’go deez’d (’A), triangular figure, téd’g66 'adeez’d (’A), triangle (lit. something with three sides).

tad’astddn

(TA,), “set on the forehead” - part of the decoration of a mask.

(-taa, forehead)

Tdala Hodijool (JOOL), a Navajo archaeological site located near Ganado, Arizona. Tdala Hétsaa (TSAA), Pescado, New Mexico, Tdala Hooghan (GHANj), Awatovi, Arizona (a ruined Hopi village); a location near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico. taaskaal (KAAL), coarsely ground grain or corn (product of the first grinding), oatmeal, gruel. tadya’niilt’6shii (T'OSH), cardinal (bird).

taadee naaghdii (YA), snail, slug. télii (TEEL),

burro, donkey.

télii da’atchinf (CHAA’s), wild burros, feral burros, Tééh ’Anidééh ~ ‘Andééh (DEE’), a deep pit in the rock near Kayenta, Arizona, often partly filled with water into which animals fall while attempting to drink, and up whose steep sides they are unable to climb. This placename is the one applied to the community of Kayenta, originally pronounced Kay-yen-tay, without stress on -yen-.) tééhoottsddii (TSOOD), a mythological Water Monster (lit. the one that grabs things or people in the deep water), now applied to hippopotamus.

Téé6’ndééh (DEE’), Tyende Mesa. (Ib. Tééh ’"Andééh.) -té6! (TEEL), front of the body, # télii, burro, donkey (lit. the one with a front). téél dzitsoii (TSOII) yellow front (ground beetle). téél halchi{ (CHII’), robin (lit. the one with a red front or breast). -té6! sittsoozf (TSOOZ), apron (that which lies on the belly). teet (TEEL), broad-leafed plant, cattail, rush. teet bit’aa’ tanigif (LAAD2), bulrush. Teet Ch’intt’i’ (T’'l’4), Oak Spring, Arizona. TeetSikaad (KAAD), Gallegos Canyon, New Mexico (east of Farmington . Lit. clump of cattails.) tin (TIN), ice.

tin bee bikdd’ nda’ateetgif (TIN/TEEL), ice skates.

tin bee 'Al’inf (TIN/'\[D 4), ice-maker, ice-making machine, freezing compartment (of a refrigerator). tin bee naajaahf (TIN/JAA’s), ice tongs (a tool used for lifting and carrying large pieces of ice).

tin bee naatseedf (TIN/TSEED

), ice pick, ice cracker. # tin bee naatseed/tsahigff, ice pick. tin bee yiljizhf (JIZH), ice crusher. 1072

3759 tinildi~ tinléf ~ tiflaf~ tinléf (LA), Gila monster. 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 3765

tin nanoots’ee’ (TS’EE’s), hanging icicles (as along the edge of a roof). tin nda’Ahigif (pl tin ndaaz’dhigif)(TIN/’A), icicle(s). -tiin (TIIN), trail, tracks, tracks, road. # J6honaa’é/ bitiin, the (32) Sun Trails or Paths. té ba hooghan (G HAN}), bar, saloon, tavern. (T6 = tédithit, liquor.) T6 Bajishchinf (CH), Born For Water, Fathered By Water (one of the two Culture Heroes fathered by the Sun. V. Naayéé’ Neizghan/s.)

3766 t6 bd ’az’Ani (’A), water tank, water well. 3767 T6 Baazhnfazhi (’AAZH), the Two Came For Water Clan. 3768

t6 bee hahadzidf (ZIID2), syringe (lit. that with which water is extracted in successive quantities).

3769 t6 bee hahalt’ ood/ (T’OOD>), water pump. 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3778

t6 bee hahalt’ood/ yilwodigif (T’OOD2/WOD,), hand pump (for pumping water - lit. water pump of the type that is rocked). t6 bee haalt’oodi (T’OOD,), garden hose, water hose, siphon hose. T6 Bééhwiisgani (GAN), Pinedale, New Mexico (lit. dry area around the water). td bee naniildoh/ (DOII), teakettle, teapot. té6 bee naakah/ (KA), bucket, water bucket, pail (for carrying water) (lit. the open container for carrying water). t6 bee naat’ahi (A), canteen, water canteen (lit. the closed container in which water is carried about). t6 binthily( (Y\2), inlet, bay. t6 biyAazh (YAZHI), spring water (lit. the offspring of water). t6 bil’ naago’ f (GO’), spirit level.

3779 t6 bddlté (TA;), held against water (ceremonial plumes). 3780 téchxd’f (CHXO’), sewage, filthy water.

3781 téchx6’fbii’ nilinf~ flinf (CHXO’/L(), sewer pipe. 3782 téchx¢’f dah siyf (CHXO7/Y\[2), sewage pond. 3783 3784 3785 3786

T6 Dah Da’aztdni (TA;), Todastoni Wash, Arizona. Tdédda’ N’deetiin (TIIN), Crossing of the Fathers (a ford on the Colorado River in Navajo Canyon, Arizona). T6 Dich’i’ (CH’(l’), Raton Springs, New Mexico (a location north of the Crownpoint-Star Lake road), td dich’i{ (CH’f’), vinegar, alkaline or “gyp” water.

3787 3788 3789 3790

t6 dilchxoshf (CHOZH), soda water, effervescent water. T6 Dildo’ (DON), Todilto, New Mexico (on the west slope of the Chuska Mountains). tddithit (YILg), whiskey, liquor, alcoholic beverage (lit. liquid that causes dizziness). T6 Dithit (YEEL), Whiskey Creek (lit. dark-colored water). (The name was apparently equated with dithit, from

the stem YILo rather than with dithit from the stem YEEL. “Dark Water.”)

Thus the translation “Whiskey Creek” rather than

3791 T6 Dithit Biih Yi, (YEEL/L), Snowflake, Arizona (lit. where it flows into the dark water). 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799

tddithit ’attah yidziidigif (YILo/ZIID2), cocktail, mixed drink. T6 Dinéeshzhee’ (ZHEE’s), Kayenta, Arizona. t6 doo bidéétninf (NIIDs5), plastic (lit. impervious to water). # t6 doo bidéétnini ’azis, plastic bag, td doo bidéétininf ntVizigif (NIIDs5/TL’'IS), formica. t6 dd6 niyol ‘ooshashigif (ZHAAZH), wind and water erosion. T6 Dzis’d (’A), Wheattields, Arizona. t6 habd’ool’eezigif (EEZ), stomped out water (the water that fills footprints left by buffalo, people or other animals in boggy areas. Water from buffalo prints is used ceremonially).

3800

3801 3802 3803

té hahadleeh (LO’), water well (originally the noria type, from which water is pulled up in a bucket suspended on the end of a rope). T6 Hahadleeh (LO’), Indian Wells, Arizona. T6 Hajiileehé (LO’), Canoncito, New Mexico. T6 Hajiiloh (LO’), Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico.

3804 3805

T6 Hajiilohnii (LO’), Santa Domingo Indian. T6 Ha’nithoshi (GHAAZH), Boiling Spring, Arizona. Sheep Springs, New Mexico (lit. the spring in the meadow).

3806

T6é Haltsoof (TSOII),

3807

t6 hashtlishf (TL’IIZH2), muddy water, slush,

3808 té hayiilt’oodf (T’OOD2), water pump. 3809 T6é Haach’i’ (CH’ID), Tohatchi, New Mexico.

3810 T6 Haal( (L)), Toadlena, New Mexico. 3811 3812

3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819

té haasgeed (GEED), headgate, beginning of a diversion ditch. t6honiba’deezkad (KAAD), the asperging with chant lotion that takes place at the first streak of dawn, while the patient walks four times around the fire. T6 Hwiithinf (Y(;), Whitehorse Lake, New Mexico (lit. where a person drowned) (Ib. tiftgaii Be’ek’id). tdidoozohii (ZO’), mudhen, coot (lit. the one with a mouthful of water). Tdisdzddn (DZA;?), The Water World (a ceremonial-religious term). téko’f baah yiiltoot (TOOL), oil refinery. t6ko’l bee ‘adinidinigif (DIfN), kerosene lamp or lantern. téko’fyikd ’ada’atgo’ii (GEED), oil drillers, drilling crew. T6k’i Hazbif (Bl’), Black Mountain Store, Arizona. 1073

3820 3821

T6 ‘Adin Dah ’Azka (KA), No Water Mesa, Arizona.

T6 ’Aheedi{ (L{), Thohedlih, New Mexico (near the confluence of the San Juan and Los Pinos Rivers ) (lit. water flows around in a circle); also the name of a place mentioned in mythology, located at the confluence of the San Juan and Navajo Rivers. 3822 T6 'Aheedliinii (L(), the Converging Water Clan. 3823 to ’ak’éltah (TAH3), asperging, ceremonial sprinkling. 3824 t6 ’ak’iftah (TAH3), dedication of the masks (by ceremonially sprinkling water on them, a ritual carried out by two boys and two girls). 3825 to ‘atah naashchiin ~ t6 ’attah naashchiin (CH[,), mixed waters (used in ceremonials). 3826 té ’atchinf (CHAA’s), sacred water (used in the dedication of the masks, and in Nitch’iji, Wind Way. Lit. wild water.). 3827 t6’diisooligif (YOL), water blister, blister. 3828 to ‘it ndahonithiligif (YIL2), alcoholic beverages, liquors. 3829 to ‘ittd (TA), blister, water blister. 3830 t6 ‘iishfhi (ZH(L), fine leaf goosefoot, narrow-leafed lamb’s quarter (Chenopodium album). 3831 télasht’6shi (T’'OSH), ball made of yucca root, used in the Moccasin Game. 3832 tdélchiin (CHAA’s), tule mint (Menta canadensis). 3833 TOIf (TOOL), light or fair complexioned (used as a nickname). (V. nittdli, it is clear.) 3834 T6 tanf (LAAD»), Laguna, New Mexico; Tolani Lakes, Arizona. 3835 T6 tani Biyd4zh (LAAD2/YAZHI), Acomita, New Mexico (lit. the offspring of Laguna). 3836 T6tchi’fkooh (CHII’), Tolcheco, Arizona (lit. red water wash or canyon). 3837 to tibahi ~ td tibdago (BA’;), cloudy water, riled water, turgid water. 3838 t6 tichx?’/ (CHII’), red wine, wine. 3839 T6 tigaaf Hadlinf (GAIV/L(), Tolakai, New Mexico. 3840 T6 tikan (KAAD), Sweetwater, Arizona. 3841 t6 tikanf (KAAD), wine (lit. sweet water or liquid). 3842 t6 tikanihalchinf (KAAD/CHAA’s), perfume, toilet water, cologne. 3843 té tikonf (KON), alcohol. 3844 T6 Litso ~ T6 Litsoof (TSOII), San Anton Springs, New Mexico. 3845 t6na’a’ahf (’A), the one who hides the ball (in the Moccasin Game). 3846 T6 Naneesdizi (DIZ), Tuba City, Arizona. 3847 T6 Naadlinf (Li), Lybrook, New Mexico. 3848 T6 Nehelh (L{), Tonalea, Arizona. 3849 T6 Neinilii (NIL), Water-Sprinkler (a supernatural being). 3850 T6 Nitts’f (TS’IL{), Crystal, New Mexico, 3851 T6 Ndoots’osf (TS’OS), Stinking Lake, New Mexico (Ib. Buford Lake) (on the eastern boundary of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation). 3852 tonteel (TEEL), ocean, sea, large lake. 3853 # ténteel bibaah, seashore, beach. i i 3854 tonteel bibaahgi t’dadoo le’é dahidigeehgo ba nahaz’é (TEEL/Y|9/A), seaports. 3855 tonteel bikda’dd6 deigo --- ’adées’eez (TEEL/’EEZ), sea level, --- feet above sea level. (Ténteel bikad’dd6d deigo ’ashdladi mil ‘adées’eez, it’s five thousand feet above sea level.) 3856 T6 Ntsaa ~ Téntsaa (TSAA), Tunicha Mountain, Arizona. 3857 T6 Nts’ésikooh (TS’OOZI), Mancos Creek, Colorado; Mancos Canyon, Colorado. 3858 T6 Sido (DOII), San Rafael, New Mexico; Tocito, New Mexico. 3859 T6 Sik’az Hadlinf (K’AAZ/L(), Cold Spring, Arizona. 3860 téshchiin (CH{,?), gruel. 3861 téshjeeh (JEE’3), wicker water bottle, jug, keg, barrel. 3862 tétPiish (Tt’IIZH4), watersnake. 3863 t6’ tsi’nda’iitahigif (YA), intoxicating beverages, alcoholic beverages, liquor. 3864 T6ts’6zf (TS’OOZ/), Concho, Arizona. 3865 t6 yaniilzhee’igif (ZHEE’>), water fountain (of the ornate type that sprays jets of water up into the air). 3866 T6 Yaagaii (GAII), Sanostee, New Mexico. (Lit. water rises up in a white column. Reference is to an artesian well that formerly spewed up water at this location. The well has since been developed. The name Sanostee is properly applied to a location near the community known as Tsé ’Aindozt’i’i, Layered Rocks.) 3867 t6 yaah ha’at’eetf (’EEL), water filter. 3868 Téyéé’ (YEE’), Steamboat Canyon, Arizona. (Itis said that the original name for this place was Hdyéé’, Dreadful Place, because of the eerie sound produced by a spring in a nearby canyon, and that the name was changed subsequently to Téyéé’, Scarce Water); Tuye Spring, New Mexico (east of Tohatchi). 3869 td yiditta’’ (TAH3), water sprinkler. 3870 t6 yigeed ~ t digeed (GEED), ditch, small canal. 3871 t6 yigeed hatsohigif ~téfgeed hatsohigif (GEED/TSAA ~ TSOh), canal, large canal, large ditch. 3872 t6 yineesk’azi (K’AAZ), radiator fan ona car. (Ib. chidf biddahgi nddbatgo té yineesk’azigif.) 3873 t6 yineesk’azf yindyoozésigif (K’AAZ/ZOOZz), fan belt on a car. 3874 t6 yits'99sf (TS’OOZ), sponge. 3875 tézis bee 'adéest’(igif (’{(’4), telescope. (Ib. bee ’adéest’i’’.) 3876 tézis bee ’adldnf (DLAA’), water glass, water tumbler, drinking glass. 3877 tézis bii’ da’nf’inf (’((';), show window, showcase (in a store). 1074

3878 3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886

tézis t6 bee daadlanigfi (DLAA’), water glass, water tumbler, drinking glass. Tooh Haltsoof (TSOII), Sheep Spring, New Mexico. (Ib. Té Haltsoof.) Toohji’ Hwiidzoh (ZO), Woodruff Butte, Arizona (southeast of Holbrook). toohji’ ndiigaii (GAII), snowy egret. (Ib. toohk ’‘indiigaii.)

toohji’ nootnahii (NAA’s), blue heron. toohk indiigaii (GAIl), snowy egret. (Ib. toohji’ ndiigaii.)

tooh nlinigif (Li), river, stream (lit. flowing water).

tooh siyinigif (Y[>), lake, body of water. 4

t66’oot’Anigif (’A), hidden ball (in the Moccasin Game).

aE 3887 -t’a’ (T’A’), wing, feather. 3888 T’4ndaséét (ZA>), Bunched Feathers (a location in Canyon de Chelley, Arizona). 3889 t’dyaatchi? (CHII’), red shafted flicker (bird). 3890 t’dd bf bini’ bik’ehgo ’atah nfyahigif (YA), volunteer (lit. the one who came or went among of his own volition, the one who joined of his own volition). 3891 ’44 bihoniyazhf (YAZHI), small items, sundries. 3892 T’44 Biich’fdiii (CH’(\DI!), Aneth, Utah (named for a trader whom the Navajo named T’44 biich’fidii, the one who can barely make it - because he’s so weak or tired). 3893 t’4a dahdydanii (YAAD), adults, grown-ups. 3894 t’4adoo le’é ’atch’i’ be’estVdonii (TL’D), bundle (made by tying objects together). 3895 t’dadoo le’é bee ‘anadahat’fnii ('\|D;), war materiel, war materials, weaponry. 3896 t’dadoo le’é bee ’anada’ahijil’finii (’\[D4), war materiel, war materials, war supplies. 3897 t’dadoo le’é chidf yéédayiitVinigif (TL’IN;,), automotive parts, accessories that are added to a car. 3898 t’dadoo le’é da’dishah ndahalinigif (ZHA’/LIN), sore points, thorny issues, bones of contention. 3899 t’4adoo le’é danil’inigif (’{{,), exhibits. 3900 t’dadoo le’é k’éédadilyéehii (LA), agricultural produce, farm produce. 3901 t’dadoo le’é ’ddaal’jjgi ("\|D;), factory. 3902 t’dadoo le’é teeyi’ dahdlénigif (L\LD;), minerals, mineral resources. 3903 t’dadoo le’é naanidefjeehigif (JEE’s), machinery. 3904 t’dadoo le’é neest’{? danlfinii (’\l’2/L\l’), stolen property, stolen goods. 3905 t’4d k’6ts’6sigo dahak’é/ yigii (TS’OOZ/), one’ s distant relatives. 3906 t’4a ’akogo dit na’atkid (KID>), normal blood pressure. 3907 t’dd ’attson/, everything. 3908 t’4a ’aaniinii (NIID), the truth. (Ib. ’aanjfinii.). 3909 t’4dtahddi haagizgo (GIZ), one gallon (of liquid). (Ib. t'ddtahddi yikdatgo.) 3910 t’adtahddi neeznddiin nindhahaah (HAI ~ GHAI), century, a hundred years. 3911 t’4atdhddi yikaatgo (KA), one gallon (of liquid). (Ib. t’adtéhddi haagizgo.) 3912 t’ddtdhdgi bd haz’dago yinddyis (’A/YIZ), axis. # nahasdzdan t’ddtahdgi ba haz’dago yinddyisigif, the earth’s axis. 3913 3914 t’4at4’(’az’dago (’A), one cord (of wood). 3915 T’44 Sahdii Dah ’Azkdnf (KA), Lone Mountain, Arizona. 3916 t’44 yigddt shi (YA), all comers, anyone whatsoever, no matter who, it makes no difference who. 3917 t’da’ ’Anat’é (T’E’), hem, cuff. 3918 t’eesh (-t’eezh) (T’EEZH), charcoal. 3919 teeshchith (T’EEZH/CHII’), specular hematite. 3920 -’66zh (T’EEZH), charred remains, burnt remains, charred remnant. # teejin bit’éézh, coke. 3921 3922 tiisbaf (BA’), quaking aspen, American aspen, Rocky Mountain aspen (Populus aurea). 3923 tiis k’éghdazhii (GHAZH), cottonwood gnawed down by a beaver (used ceremonially). 3924 Tiiis (Pahi (’A), Pine Springs, Arizona. 3925 T’iis Nazbas (BAAZ), Teec Nos Pos, Arizona. 3926 Tis Ntsaa Ch’éélf, (TSAA/L(), Bluewater, New Mexico. 3927 Tiiis Sitanf (TA), Cottonwood Tank, Arizona. 3928 T’iistah Diiteeli (TEEL), Blanco Canyon, New Mexico. 3929 T’iistsoh Sikaad (TSAA ~ TSOH/KAAD), Burnham, New Mexico. 3930 Tiiists’6zf (TS’OOZ/), Crownpoint, New Mexico. 3931 tliists’66z (TS’OOZI), black cottonwood, narrow-leafed cottonwood (Populus angustifolia); Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra). 3932 T’iists’66z hdeeshgizh (TS’OOZI/GIZH), Crownpoint, New Mexico. 3933 tliis yéazh (YAZHI), cottonwood sapling. 3934 -t’oh (T’OH;), nest. # tsidii bit’oh, bird nest. 3935 3936 t’66 baa yahdsinigi (Z||D), a shameful thing, a shameful way. 3937 t’66 biza’a’nift (NIL), co-patient (lit. one who is merely given the medicine).

1075

It 3938 3939

tlah (TLAH3), salve, ointment, grease, cold cream, vaseline, unguent. tlah naashchiin (CH(;?), mixed tallow from various animals (used ceremonially).

3940

tlah sis?f (TLAH/ZIIH),

3941

taaji’éé’ bit hdiddsigff (ZOQZo),

3942 3943

taaji’éé’ dahoneestihigif (TIH1), tight fitting pants. taakat dahoneestihigff (TIH4), tight fitting skirt.

mentholatum, Vicks Vapo-Rub.

TEs zipper trousers, zipper pants.

3944 taakat ’dits'ffsigff (TS'IIS{), short skirt. 3945 3946

tt'aakat nineezigif (NEEZ), long skirt. -taak’id (KID), rounded or protruding part of the rump (of large quadrupeds, as cattle, buffalo, deer), the fatty prominence on the rump of a deer, near the tail. 3947 # -tPaak’idtsoh (K’ID/TSAA ~TSOh), steatopygous. 3948 Tl’Adshchi'f (CHII’), The Red Bottom Clan. 3949 -tlehgi bithaz’danii (’A), sex organs (male and female). 3950 t’éhonaa’é/~ t’éhonaa’af (’A), the moon. (Ib. ’00ljéé’)

3951 t’6’dtni? (NII’;), midnight.

3952 3953 3954

t’é’iigdhf (GAII), evening primrose. (V. t'66’ yiigdhii.) t’ézhii tibahigif (BA’;), gray horsefly. tHézhii tikizhigif (KIIZH), spotted horsefly.

3955 tt’ézhii noodgzigif (ZOOZ>), striped horsefly. 3956

t’ézhiitsoh

(TSAA ~ TSOH),

large horsefly,

3957 t’ézhii yAzhf (YAZHf), small horsefly. 3958

tt’ée’go bee da’njahigif (JEE’,), nightgown, pajamas.

3959 T1'66’jf Hatddl (TAAL2), The Night Chant. 3960

t’6é6’ naaldeehf~ t’66’ ndaaldeeh{ (DEE’), creatures of the night, nocturnal animals (those that sleep during the daytime and feed at night).

3961 té6’ nihonitéal ,(TAAL2) One Night Ceremony.

3962 t’66’ yiigdhii ~ t’6’iigahf (GAII), white evening primrose (Oenothera breviflora). 3963 t’éé’ yiigdhii tibahigif (GAII/BA’;), evening primrose, gray evening primrose (Oenothera marginate). 3964 t’66’ yiigdhii ntsaaigif (GAII/TSAA), many-flowered four-o’clock (Quamoclidon multiflorum).

3965 3966 3967 3968 3969

tt'eestsooz (TSOOZ), loincloth, breechclout, diaper, kotex. # 'awéé’ bitl'eestsooz, baby’s diaper.

tleeyah dah sinilf ba n(’dhigif~ ’att’eeyah dah sinilf bd ni’ ahigff (NIL/’A), doubletree. tl’eeyah dah sinilf bit '’'ahigif~ ’att’eeyah dah sinilf bit ‘'ah(gil (NIL/’A), wagon hammer, queen bolt. tizicho’ddinii (D\[D), wether goat, castrated male goat.

3970 tHizichogh (CHAA’s), billygoat. 3971 tizi da’atchinf~ thiz{ da’atchinigif (CHAA’s), wild goats, feral goats.

3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979

tPizfdoottizhf (TL’IIZH»), blue goat. tPizPilf (IL), angora goat. tizftbahi (BA’,), gray goat. t¥izitchi’f (CHII’), reddish goat, tannish brown goat. ttizfgaaf (GAII), white goat. tPizftkizhf (KIIZH), spotted goat. tVizAtsoof (TSOII), yellow goat. trizistPinf (TL’INs), speckled goat.

3980 tHizishzhinf (ZH{l’), black goat. 3981 tizfyazhf (YAZH{), kid goat. 3982 3983

-tPizh (TL’IIZHo), bile, gall. # -tPizh bizis,

gallbladder.

3984 # ’atVizhts6, gallstone. 3985 # ts{s’nd bitizh, honey. 3986 tiish (TL’IZH), snake, 3987 # téttiish, watersnake. 3988

# t¥iish bichéhi,

3989

# tViish bidee’, a type of milkweed (lit. snake horns).

3990

sidewinder (rattlesnake).

# trish bidee’ts’66z (TS’OOZ/), verticillate milkweed, silkweed (Asclepias verticillata).

3991 # tViishdéd’ (YAA’), wild tomato, three-flowered nightshade (solanum triflorum). 3992 trish doo nintt'i’f (TL'IZH4/T'l';), the Endless Snake (mythology). 3993 triishk’aa’ (TL’IIZH), racer (snake). 3994 tPiish ’Adaaninigif (TL’IIZH4/NIID;), rattlesnake. 3995 triish 'aghddt (TL’'IIZH1), penstemon, beard tongue. 3996 trish nat’oh (TL’IIZH4/T'OH3), four-o'clock (Quamaclidon oxybaphoid es). 3997 tPiish yilwoo'f (Tt’IIZH;/WOO’ = -woo’, tooth, teeth, used as the stem of a Neuter verb), snake tooth (plant) (lit. 3998

the one that resembles a snake's tooth). THdgi (TL’'O?) Zia Pueblo, New Mexico.

1076

3999 # THdgfDine’é, the Zia Tribe, Zia People. 4000 tl’oh bd hooghan (GHAN;), hay barn, hay shed. 4001 toh be’ets’os hdldnigif (LID), plumed grasses. 4002 toh bee daalzhéhigif (ZHEE’s), lawn mower, mowing machine. 4003 tt’oh bee higéshf (GIZH), sickle (for cutting grass). 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009

tl’oh bee hilghaati (GHAAL), scythe. tt’oh bee naaljootf (JOOL), hay fork, pitchfork. ti’oh bee yiljizhf (JIZH), hay baler. tl’oh bee yilzhéhé (ZHEE’>), lawn mower, mowing machine, sickle, scythe. toh bida’ast?nigff (TtL’O), baled hay, hay bale, bales of hay. tohchin (CHAA’s), onion, wild onion (Allium cernuum and other varieties).

4010 T¥ohchin (CHAA’s), Cebolleta, New Mexico. 4011 tHohchin ’ak’ah bee shibéezhgo ridaazbasigif (CHAA’s/BEEZH,/BAAZ), fried onion rings. 4012

Ttohchinf (CHAA’s),

Ramah, New Mexico.

4013 Ttohchinté (CHAA’s), Hotevilla, Arizona. 4014 Tt’ohchinté Biyédzh (CHAA’s/YAZHI), Bacabi, Arizona. 4015

t¥ohchin t’ahdii dootlizhigif (CHAA’s/Tt’IIZH2),

4016

t?ohdeef

4017 4018 4019 4020

t?ohdeefhoshf (DEE’), amaranth, pigweed. tPohdeef naayizf (DEE’/YIZ), tumbleweed. t’ohdeeitsoh (DEE’/TSAA ~ TSOH), lambs quarter, white pigweed, white goosefoot (Chenopodium album). toh deesk’idf (K’ID), green amaranth, rough pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). (Ib. t’ohdeef hosh/.)

4021 4022 4023

toh ’atch’’ be’estV6nigif (TL’G), bale of hay. t¥oh tichi” (CHII’), red grass (Sorghastrum nutans). TYoh tikizhf (KIIZH), Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico.

(DEE’),

green onion.

grasses whose seeds fall, Fremont goosefoot, Fremont pigweed (Chenopodiudm fremontii)

4024 toh nanool’otf (EEL), oats (lit. the grass that hangs drooping). 4025

t¥oh nastasf (TAAZ),

bent grass (Bouteloua gracilis).

4026 toh naadéa’ (YAA’), wheat. 4027 # t?oh naadda’ bizhool, wheat chaff. 4028 toh nitchiin (CHAA’s), Drummond pennyroyal, lemon verbena, sweetgrass (Hedeoma drummondii). 4029 tVohtsahii (TSAH), awl grass. 4030 toh waa’ nahalinigif (LIN), common white clover (Trifolium repens). 4031 t?oh yishbizh (BIZH), gunny sack, burlap bag. 4032 t¥osts’6z{~ tPohts’6zf (TS’OOZ/), rush grass. 4033 t’ozd6t (YOL), cotton cord (used to tie the white down on a mask). 4034 t’60’di bee ’adinidinigif (DifN), outdoor light, outside light, yard light, street light.

4035 t’d6t’atghaalyé (LA), tug-o-war (game). 4036 tPddits’6sf (TS’OOZI), string, cord.

4037 tsah (TSAH), awl.

4038 tsats’ési (TS’OOZi), needle. 4039

4040 4041

4042

tsah bee na’dlkadi

(KAD), sewing needle. tsah bfldtah dah ’azkdnf (TSAH/KA), round-headed pin, common pin. tsah bildtahf danteeligif (TSAH/TEEL), large needle (of the type used for sewing sacks and wool bags) , sacking needle. tsah ’azis bee ddda’dilkadigif (TSAH/KAD), sacking needle, needle used for sewing wool bags shut.

4043 tsahbéézh (BEEZH,) a glue made from boiled hooves and pinyon pitch. 4044 4045

4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053

tsah nazhzhahigif~ tsah ndzhahigif (TSAH/ZHA’),

darning needle, arched needle, suturing needle.

ts4’dszi’ nteelf (TEEL), yucca, soapweed, Spanish dagger, Spanish bayonet, broad-leafed yucca, wild date (Yucca baccata). ts4’4szi’ts’66z (TS’OOZI), narrow-leafed yucca, narrow leafed soapweed, narrow-leafed soaproot, mesa yucca, bear grass, Indian cabbage (Yucca angustifolia). tsd’dszi’ yistt’6 ~ tsa’szi’ yist’6nigif (Tt’O), woven yucca mat. tsdsk’eh bd hooghan (GHAN)), hotel, motel. tsdsk’eh bik’ésti’/ (Tl’}), bedspread, bed cover. tsdsk’eh bik’i dah siyinigif (Y(>), mattress, bed mattress (pl! tsdsk’eh bik’i dah naazyinigif).

tsdsk’eh bik’indltihf (Tl’;), bed sheet. tsdsk’eh bik ’indaaltihigif (TI’y), sheet, bedspread. tsdsk’eh bit haz’anigdne’ (’A), bedroom.

4054 tsdsk’eh dah naats’gedi (TS’OOD), bed springs. gif (TS’OOD), coiled bed springs. 4055 tsdsk’eh dah naats’god/ nidahineests’ee 4056 tsdsk’eh ’atk’i dah naazniligif (NIL), bunk bed (lit. beds superimposed on each other).

4057 tsdsk’eh ‘dits’66zigif (TS’OOZI), cot, single bed. 4058 4059 4060

tsdhodiniih (NIlI’p), bellyache, stomach ache, stomach cramps, abdominal pain. tsdhodiniih ’azee’ (NIl’), bellyache medicine, medicine for abdominal cramps, Kaopectate. tsdhodiniihtsoh (NIl’o/TSAA ~ TSO), typhoid fever. 1077

4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068

-tsa’dshch’ozh (CH'OZH?), kidney. -ts’Ashk’azhf~ -chd’dshk’azhif (K’AAZHj), kidney. -tsénilaf~ 'atsd siléf (LA), vital organs, innards, internal organs.

tsdstiin ~'atsdstiin (T(), fetus, embryo. tsdéghalts’aa’ (TS’AA’), pepper grass (Lepidium montanum). tsé baah naalzhé6’ (ZHOO?), a type of griddle cake produced by grinding corn ona metate and making a mush thatis boiled over the fire. tsé bee bit da’dildonf (DON), dynamite, blasting powder. tsé bee diilttish (Tt’IIZH2), blue ochre (combined with dleesh, clay, to produce a blue dye used in coloring masks). tsé bee haha’nff (NIL), crowbar, rock prize (used in quarries to dislodge and lift up rocks). ts6é bee hooghan (GHAN;), stone hogan. ts6 bee ‘ak’aashf (K’'AAZH,), grindstone, whetstone (for sharpening knives, axes and edged tools). tsé bee 'aljizhf (JIZH), stone trap (a trap designed to crush small game animals).

4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 tsé bee ndtseet (TSEEL), agate (rock is chopped with it). 4074 tsé bee yiljizhf (J|ZH), rock crusher. 4075 tsé béésh bee daak’aashigff (K’AAZH;), corundum, carborundum stone, hone, whetstone. 4076 Ts6é Bidddi’nfdnf (’A), Chetro Kettle (a major Anasazi ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

Lit. the plugged

or sealed rock, referring to a series of sealed niches in the kiva wall, found to contain turquoise and other jewels. The location is also known, in English, as Rain Pueblo, Chetho Kettle, Ketro Kete, and Shining

4077

4078 4079

4080 4081

Pueblo.) Tsé Bik’e’eshch({ (CH(;), Shabik’eshchee Village (a Basketmaker site in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. V. Shabik’e’eshch/). Tsé Binddyotf (YOL), Matthews Peak, Arizona. (Ib. Chézhin Nashjinf.) tsé bikda’ dleesh taahdookdatii (KA), palette ( stone slab with depressions for various colors. Used to mix colors for ceremonial purposes). (Ib. tsé’ét’A’l,)

Tsé Bfoos'nif (NII’3), Rock Struck By Lightning (a location in the Canyon de Chelley area). Tsé Bfyah 'Anii’ahf (’A), Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico (lit. the rock under which something extends supporting it. Reference is to the masonry wall built under a threatening rock by occupants of this ancient ruin - the rock did,

in fact, fall nearly a millenium later, in March, 1941.) 4082 tsé bii’ hodiits’a’ (TS’AA’), echo (in the rocks). 4083 Tsé Bii’ Naayolf (YOL), Chuska Pass (on an old trail through the mountain from Tohatchi Mexico). Tsé Bii’ Ndzisgaii

to Crystal, New

4084 (GAI!), Monument Valley, Arizona/Utah. 4085 Tsé Ch’échii’ (CHII’), Mesita, New Mexico. 4086 Tsé Ch’ideelzhah (ZHA), Los Gigantes, Arizona. 4087 Tséch'izhf~ Chéch’izhf (CH’IIZH), Rough Rock, Arizona. 4088 tsédahiilfnigff (L(), waterfall, cascade. 4089 Tsé Dah Hédziitdti (TAAL;), Kicks-People-Off-Monster (a mythological monster that killed victims by kicking them off high places. Ib. ‘Adah Hédziittatii, the one who kicks people down from a height). 4090 Tsédaa’ Hwiidzohf (ZO), Tseda Hwidezohi Peak, Arizona (the east rim of Black Mountain). 4091 tsédaa’ sikaad (KAAD), woodland star, star flower (Tellima tenella). 4092 tsédaashch’inf (CH’(?), upper millstone, mano of the metate. 4093 tsédaashjéé6'(JEE’;), lower millstone, metate. 4094 tsé daazt’éego kin bee ‘ddaal’inigif (T’E/'I[D}), bricks. 4095 Tsé De Ninit’i’ (T'l’}), Dinnebeto Dam, Arizona. 4096 Tsé Dijhf (ZH{{’), Nutria, New Mexico (northeast of Zuni). 4097 Tsé Dijoolf (JOOL), Lupton, Arizona. (Ib. Tsé Si’An/.) 4098 tsé dik’66zh (K’DSH), alum, impure alum. 4099 tsé dild§’~ tsé dildg'f~ tsé dildg’ii (DON), explosive rock (a brownish rock, porous in composition, identified as a Cretaceous sandstone of the Mesa Verde Group, which readily absorbs water and, if heated, is capable of exploding loudly and violently. Widely distributed in the Navajo Country, itis carefully avoided when rocks are selected for heating by persons taking sweat baths). 4100 Tsé Dildé’f (DON), Hard Rock, Arizona (north of the Hopi village of Oraibi). 4101 tsé dinisé (YA), “growing stone” (a ceremonial object, described by Kluckhohn and Wyman as either concretions or fossils). 4102 tsé diyilf (YIL1), a porous stone. 4103 Tsé Diyilf (YIL}), Mesa Fajada - in the Chaco Canyon area, New Mexico. 4104 tsé dizéigff (ZEN, sandstone. 4105 tsé diflid (LID), burnt limestone. 4106 tsé doottizhii (TL’IIZH2), peridot. 4107 Tségiizh (GIZH), Goulding’s, Arizona. 4108 tséghddi’ridinii (D{fN), rock crystal, quartz. 4109 tséghddinideet (DE Lo), tip of the firedrill. 4110 tséghddinidéél (DEEL), lightning struck rock (used in making ceremonial fire). 4111 Tséghdhoodzanf (DZA;), Window Rock, Arizona; Wittick Natural Arch (northwest of Cove School, Arizona), and numerous other locations characterized by a perforated rock.

1078

4112

tséghdanitch’i

(CH’l), common purslane, pussley, verdolaga (Portulaca oloracea); lemon scent, chinch weed

(Pectis angustifolia).

4113 Tsé Hadeesk’jh (K’|H;), Stepped Rock Trail (layers of rock overlap to form steps on the north side of Canyon del Muerto - Canyon de Chelley, Arizona), 4114 tsé haha’nitidi (NIL), stone quarry 4115 tsehégod ~ tsihégod (GOD), stump, tree stump. 4116 Tsé Honits’6zf (TS’OOZI), Little White House Canyon (in the Canyon de Chelley area), 4117 Tséhootsoof (TSOIl), Fort Defiance, Arizona. 4118 Tséhootsoof Ch ini, (TSOI/LO, the mouth of Bonito Canyon (behind Fort Defiance, Arizona). 4119 tséik’aan ~ tsé yik’adn (K’A), colored or powdered mineral used for sandpaintings. 4120 Tséiikiin (KIIN), El Morro National Monument, New Mexico. 4121 tséjéé’ (JEE’3), amber.

4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132

4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161

tsékooh hatsoh (TSAA ~ TSOGH), Grand Canyon, Arizona. tsék’i na’aich’izhii (CH’f[ZH), grant hyssop, nettle leaf hyssop (Lophanthus urticifolius ) (used for ceremonial blackening); also the name for hedge hyssop, Virginia hyssop (Gratiola virginiana), and MacDougal vervain (Verbena macdougalii). Tsék’i Na’asdzoo/f (ZO), El Morro, New Mexico.

Tsé Na’ashjé’ii (JEE’s) Spider Rock. tsék’i na’az6lii (ZOOL),

rock lizard, chuckwalla.

tsék’i ya’ii’ahii_(’A), hornworm. tsék’iz (K’IZ), rock crevice, pocket or cleft within or between rocks. Tsék’iz Téhf (K’IZ), Cubero, New Mexico. tsé ’ak’i ya’ii’dhii (’A), tail hornworm, sphinxcaterpillar. Tsé ’Atch’i’ Naagai (GAII), Whiterock, Arizona. Tsé ’Atch’’ Naak’anf (K’AAD), Gallup Hogback (a short distance east of Gallup, New Mexico. ’Ainaashii Haalini, Springs on Opposite Sides.). Tsé ’Aindozt’i’f (T’'l’), Sanostee, New Mexico. (V. T6 Yaagaii.)

Also known as

Tsé ’Asdz44n (DZA;?), Woman Rock, Arizona. tsé’dst’é/ (T’E), piki, paper bread, pancake, crepe.

tsé’Ast’éi dootPizhi~ doottizhigif (TL’IIZH»), blue piki. tsé’ast’éfichi? ~ tsé’dst’éitch’i~ tsé’dst’éAchPigif (CHIl), red piki. tsé’Ast’éfigaal~ tsé’dst’éitgaal~ tsé’dst’éftgaaigif (GAII), white piki. tsé’dst’éittsoo/~ tsé’Ast’éfttsoii ~ tsé’Ast’éAtsooigii (TSOII), yellow piki. Tsé’dhalzhini (ZHi[’), Kit Carson’s Cave, New Mexico (a short distance east of Gallup). tsé’éd¢’ii (DON), fly, housefly. # tsé’édd’ii bichaan, fly speck.

# tsé’éd¢’ii bich’osh, maggot. iv tsé’éd¢’ii ba naat’i’ dijé’igif (DON/T’I’4/JEE’s), fly paper (of the ribbon type that hangs down from above). tsé’éd¢’ii bee bitaa’alghaati (DON/GHAAL), fly swatter. tsé’édd’ii bee naatseedi (DON/TSEEDs), fly killer, fly swatter, fly spray.

ts6’6d6’ii binii’ noodézigif (DON/ZOOZ»), striped faced fly. tsé’6d¢’ii tsé’éd¢’ii tsé’éd¢6’ii tsé’6d6’ii

bitaaji’? doot?izhf (DON/TL’IIZH2), blue-buttocked fly. dishoof (ZHO}), furry fly. ditooigii (DON/TL’O), fuzzy fly. ’adithashigif (DON/GHAZH), biting fly. tsé’éd¢'ii titsooigif (DON/TSOIl), yellow fly. tsé’6d6’ii tizhinigii (DON/ZH{(’), black fly.

tsé’6d6'ii nooddzigif (DON/ZOOZp), striped fly. tsé’éd¢’iitsoh

(DON/TSAA ~ TSOh),

big fly.

tsé’6d6’iits’66z (DON/TS’OOZI), slender fly. ts6’éd6’ii yazhf (DON/YAZHI),

small fly.

tsé’édzis (DZIS), depression or concavity on the surface of a rock (where rainwater collects) (pl tséda’adzis). tsé’éjihf (JAA’s), talc, talcum powder. tsé’ésdaazii (DAAZ), mountain mahogany, palo duro (Cercocarpus parvifolius).

tsé’6sgizii (GIZ), golden currant, flowering currant, buffalo currant, Missouri currant (Ribes aureum); western serviceberry (Aronia alnifolia) (Ib. didzé dit’6d/.)

4162 tsé’ést’é(~ ts6’dst’éi (T’E), piki. V. tsé’dst’é/. 4163 ts6’6t’d’ii (T’AH), palette (for mixing ceremonial color minerals). (Ib. tsé bikaa’ dleesh taandookaaiii.) 4164 Tsé 'if’dhi~ Tsé ‘(raf (’A), Standing Rock, New Mexico; Navajo Church/Church Rock, New Mexico; Four Corners (the point of juncture of the States of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah). 4165 tsé ‘iP ah{~ tsé ’i’Af (’A), monolith, rock spire. 4166 Tsé’naa Na’n’ahi (’A), Rainbow Natural Bridge (located northwest of Navajo Mountain in southern Utah). 4167 tsétchi? (CHII’), red rock, coral. 4168 Tsétchi? Dah ’Azkdanf (CHII’/KA), Redrock, Arizona. 4169 Tsétgai (GAIl), Salahkai, Arizona. 4170 Tsétgai Deez’ahf (GAII/’"A), Seklagaideza Canyon, Arizona. 4171 Tsétgaii (GAII), Stony Butte, New Mexico (north of Crownpoint). 4172 tsé fichi?’ ~ tsé tichigif ~tsétchi’ (CHII’), red stone or rock, garnet, coral. 1079

4173 Tsé tichi? (CHII’), Atarque, New Mexico. 4174 Ts6 tichi? Dah 'Azkanf (CHII’/KA), Red Rock Mesa, Arizona; Red Rock, New Mexico. 4175 Tsé Lich? Deez’ahf (CHII'/’A), Rock Point, Arizona. 4176 Tsé Lichif Sikaadf (KAAD), Atarque, New Mexico. (Ib. ’Adddgii.) 4177 Tséichfit’'aah (CHII’), Rocky Point, Arizona. 4178 tsétkanii (KAAD), yellow mahogany, fendlera wood. 4179 tsé nddleehé (L{{’), concrete. (Ib. hashtt’ish tsé nddleehé.) 4180 tsé nddleehé bikda4’ nda’aldeehf (L{{'/DEE’), concrete (cement) sidewalk. 4181 tsé nddleehé kin bee ‘Al’inigif (L{{'A[D 4), concrete building blocks. 4182 Tsé Nahddzoh (ZO), Twin Lakes, New Mexico. 4183 Tsé N4’42z’6lf (EEL), The Rock That Water Flows Around (in Monument Canyon - Canyon de Chelley, Arizona), 4184 Tsé Nanféhf ('A), Natural Bridge, Arizona (a rock span southwest of Fort Defiance, as well as similar formations elsewhere in the Navajo Country). 4185 Tsé Nastdnii (TA,), Petrified Forest, Arizona. 4186 tsé ndstédn (TA), petrified wood, petrified treetrunk or log. 4187 tsé ndstt’ingo hooghan (Tt’IN;/GHAN;), stone hogan. 4188 Tsé Nashchii’ (CHII’), Hunter’s Point, New Mexico. 4189 tsé nazt’i’ (T'l’;), the circle of stones used in the stick dice game. 4190 Tsé Naachii’ (CHII’), Hunter’s Point, Arizona. 4191 Tsé Naaghdii (YA), The Traveling Rock Monster (of mythology). 4192 Tsé Naajiin (ZH{{’), Bennett Peak, New Mexico; Cabezén Butte, New Mexico. 4193 tsé naalkaah (KAA’»), petro-geology. 4194 tsé nddlwotf (WOD}), grindstone (of the type operated by means ofa treadle). 4195 tsé naédzhoozhf (ZHOOZH), rockslide, pile of rocks left by a rockslide or avalanche. 4196 Tsé Nadzhoozhf (ZHOOZH), Rock Slide, New Mexico (west of Gallup, near Defiance, New Mexico). 4197 Tsé NikAnf (KA), Round Rock, Arizona. 4198 tsé nindjihf (JAA’2), rock cairn, cairn. (The term serves to designate the pillars or columns of small rocks built up, usually on promontories, by travelers. The latter place another rock on the pile as they pass by, leave an offering, and pray for good fortune. “Shich’oha’nfi doo!” “Diné k’édash6’nfi doo!” [“things will be in my favor!” “I'll have the respect and friendship of people!”] exemplify the prayers uttered by supplicants). 4199 tsénit (NE’s), axe, stone axe (originally). 4200 tsénit yAzhf (NE’o/YAZHI), hatchet. 4201 tséni? hooghan (GHAN}), cliff-dwelling. 4202 tséni? kééhat’finii (’|[D,), cave-dweller, caveman. 4203 Tsénif Na’ichii’ (CHII’), Red Rock Middle Place (more properly Red Rock Niche) (a home of the Yé’ii). 4204 tsé ndaaz (DAAZ), iron ore. 4205 tsé ndeitkaahigif (KAA’), petro-geologists. 4206 Tsé Ndeeshgiizh (GIZH), Defiance Station, New Mexico (a trading post located about six miles west of Gallup, New Mexico). 4207 Tsé Ndoolzhah (ZHA’), Wild Horse Mesa, Utah (a mesa in southern Utah, north of Navajo Mountain. 4208 Tsé Ndoolzhaaf (ZHA’), Dinosaur Canyon, Arizona (near Tuba City). 4209 tsé nti'f (T's), cliff, rock cliff. 4210 tsé noolch’éshii (CH’OSH?), canyon wren. 4211 tsé noolch’éshiltbdhf (BA’;), rock wren. 4212 Tsé Ntsaa Deez’ahf (TSAA/’A), Rock Point, Arizona. 4213 Tsé Lanf (LAAD>), Salina, Arizona. 4214 tsé sikaad (KAAD,), pavement (of stone), masonry ground cover. 4215 tséso’ bee nehelgéshf (GIZH), glass cutter (tool). 4216 tsésq’ bich’Agh nanibaalf (BAAL), window curtain, window screen (the thing that hangs across a window obstructing it.) 4217 tséso’ bich’4gh nindlki’f (KID2), window lock. 4218 tsésq’ bidaddinibaal (BAAL), window shade, window curtain, drape. 4219 tséso’gi dfddadeezbaaligif (BAAL), window curtains, drapes. 4220 tséso’ naat’oodf (T’OOD)), celluloid, plastic sheeting. 4221 tsésg’ yit’oodf (T’'6OD,), windshield wiper. 4222 Tséta’ Ch’ééch’i (CH’l), Haystacks (rock formations near Window Rock, Arizona). 4223 Tsétaak’é (K’AAD), Hogback, New Mexico. 4224 Tsétaak’ddn (K’AAD), Hogback (near Fruitland, New Mexico). 4225 Tsé Tééh Yik’Anf (K’AAD), a diversion dam above Ganado Lake, near Ganado, Arizona. 4226 tséso’ bich’4ah nanfbaalf (BAAL), window curtain, screen on a window. 4227 tsétah bé’6zh66'(ZHOO’), broom grass. (Ib. ‘ats& bé’6zhd6",) 4228 tsétah dibé bich’il (CH’IL), narrow leafed fireweed, narrow leaf willow herb, blooming Sally (Epilobium spicatum). 4229 Tséteet Naagaii (TEEL/GAII), Coalmine Pass (the former Window Rock Coal Mine, New Mexico). 4230 tsét’ees (T’E), griddle, comal. 4231 tsét’ah (TtL’AH4), rincon, inside corner (in a rock). 4232 tsétt’4ah hooghan (GHAN,), talus ruin (Anasazi ruin at the foot of a cliff). 4233 tsétsoh (TSAA~TSOH), boulder, large rock.

1080

4234 4235

Tsétsoh (TSAA ~ TSOH), Tseh So (an ancient Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico). Tsétsohk’id (TSAA ~ TSOH/K’ID), Toreva-Mishognovi-Shipaulovi (Second Mesa Hopi villages - names fora large boulder sitting beside the road at the top of the hill as one approaches Toreva). 4236 tsé yazhi (YAZHI), gravel, small stones. 4237 tséyaa hataat (TAALo), common yellow mustard, rutabaga, rape, Swedish turnip (Brassica campestris). 4238 tséyaa hatsoh (TSAA ~ TSOH), overhanging ledge, grotto, hollow under a rock. 4239 Tséyaaniichii’ (CHII’), Rehoboth, New Mexico. 4240 Tséyaa Nda’azhgoshf (ZHOOZH), Hoop and Pole Game Rock. 4241 tsé yik’4an (K’A), minerals, ground rock (for ceremonial use). 4242 tsé yik’aan ~ tséik’dn (K’AAD), hogback (a straight line rock formation of volcanic origin), volcanic dyke. 4243 Tsé Yik’dan (K’AAD), Marsh Pass, Arizona. 4244 Tséyi’ Hats’6sf (TS’OOZI), Little White House Canyon (a narrow canyon northeast of Chinle, Arizona). 4245 Tséyi’ Hats’6zi (TS’OOZI), Tsegihatsosi ~ Segihotsosi, Arizona (in the Monument Valley). 4246 Tséyi’ Hayaézhf (YAZHI), Guadalupe Canyon, New Mexico (a canyon that heads the Cebolleta Mountains and runs eastward to the Rio Puerco), 4247 Tséyi’ Héchxo’f (CHXQ’), Walker Creek, Arizona. 4248 tsé yoo’atii (’A), stone-carrier beetle, snout beetle. (Ib. tsé nei’ah/.) 4249 tsézéf (ZEf), gravel. 4250 tsézhin ~ chézhin (ZH{(’), lava, traprock, malpais. 4251 Tsézhin Deez’ah{~ Chézhin Deez’ahf (ZH{{/’A), St. Johns, Arizona. 4252 Tsézhin Dilkggh ~ Chézhin Dilkpgh (KQ’), Dilcon, Arizona. 4253 Tsézhin Dits’in (TS’IN?) Tsaile Butte, Arizona. 4254 tsézhin ~ chézhin 'f’4hf (ZH((’/’A), lava spire, volcanic core. 4255 tsézhin ~ chézhin ndaneezhyeezhi (ZH[[’/YEEZH>2), where viscous lava flowed and congealed (the swirls and grooves can still be seen). 4256 Tsézhijh ~ Chézhijh Deezi{, (ZH{{’ + -iih, into/L(), Black Rock, New Mexico. 4257 Tsééhi(-Tsééh Yili (L(), Tsaile, Arizona. 4258 -tsee’ (TSEE’), tail. 4259 Tséé’déhdoon (DON), Taaiyalone Mountain (near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico). 4260 tseek’i ndstdnii (TSEE/TA»), gray ground squirrel (lit. the one with its tail bent back over the rump). 4261 tseet’ohf (TSEE’/T’OH4), bushy-tail (a circumlocution applied to a bear during the summertime). 4262 tsibaas (BAAZ), hoop, wooden hoop. 4263 tsidit (DEEL), stick dice. 4264 tsiditdeghii (DON), screech owl. (tree boomer). 4265 tsidii bee wédleehé (LO’), bird snare, bird trap. 4266 tsidii bind’neest?’§ (TL’O), bird cage (of the type made of woven wire). 4267 tsiditbahf (BA’;), sparrow, English sparrow. 4268 tsidiitchi? (CHII’), cardinal (bird). 4269 tsiditkizhigif (KIIZH), speckled bird. 4270 tsiditsoof (TSOII), Rocky Mountain goldfinch, orange crowned warbler, canary. 4271 tsidiittsoiitkizhigif (TSOII/KIIZH), Baird sparrow. 4272 tsidii yatti’f (Tl’5), parrot. 4273 tsidzo (ZO), ceremonial wood rasp used in Dzitk’ijf, the Mountain Chant, to accompany songs. 4274 tsihat (GHAAL), wooden club, boomerang. 4275 tsihat nteelf (GHAAL/TEEL), throwing club (used to kill rabbits). 4276 Tsi’ah Naaghdaf~ Sa’a Naaghai (YA), a ceremonial-religious concept relating to longevity and immortality. In the course of setting the stage for the coming of Man, the essence of longevity (of the individual) and immortality (of the species) was placed in the Sacred Mountains. Immortality is obtained, of course, through the chain of reproduction. This essence is called Tsi’ah Naaghdi~ Sa’a Naaghdi, and it has as its concomitant Bik’eh Hézhé6n, the essence of harmony, peace and order - a quality also placed in the Sacred Mountains, in the beginning, for only in a harmonious ambience can the species, including Man, immortalize themselves through reproduction, and only in the presence of Bik’eh Hédzhd6n can the individual attain longevity. Various species may, from time to time, wane or disappear in the world below, due to disharmonious influences or conditions, but when harmony is restored they establish themselves anew from their perfect prototypes, also placed in the beginning in the Sacred Mountains, drawing on the sacred capacity of all living things to reproduce endlessly under appropriate conditions. The essence of both the capacity (Tsi’ah Naagha/) and the conditions (Bik’eh H6zhd6n) remain in the Sacred Mountains. 4277 tsilghddh ~ tsxilghddh ~ tsxilaghdah(YA), waterdog, salamander, mud puppy. 4278 tsinaabaas (BAAZ), wagon. 4279 tsinaabaas bee bindiidlohf (BAAZ/LO’), wagon brake. 4280 tsinaabaas bee bifidiidlohf bita’ nan?'ahf (BAAZ/LO’”/’A), brake beam on a wagon, wagon brake bar. 4281 tsinaabaas biishghdan bit ‘ahi (BAAZ/’A), wagon coupling pin. 4282 tsinaabaas bij44d (BAAZ), wagon wheel. 4283 tsinaabaas bijddd béésh bindz’dhigif (BAAZ/’A), wagon wheel rim, iron tire on a wagon wheel. 4284 tsinaabaas bijddd béésh bindzhzhahigif (BAAZ/ZHA’), wagon wheel rim, iron tire on a wagon wheel. 4285 tsinaabaas bijddd bindneeskdligif (BAAZ/KAAL), wagon wheel spokes. 4286 tsinaabaas bijddd binddlwotigif (BAAZ/WOD}), wagon axle. 4287 tsinaabaas bijddd bita’ nan?ahi (BAAZ/’A), wagon axle tree. 1081

4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352

tsinaabaas bijddd bitsiits'iin (BAAZ), hub of the wagon wheel. tsinaabaas bij4dd bii’ nddlwotigif (BAAZ/WOD}), axle box on a wagon wheel.

tsinaabaas bij4dd tsin bindz’ahigff (BAAZ/’A), felloes of a wagon wheel. tsinaabaas bijéé’ (BAAZ/JEE’3), axle grease, wagon grease. tsinaabaas bik’ésti'f (BAAZ/TI’;), wagon cover. tsinaabaas bik’i dah ‘azbaaligf (BAAZ/BAAL),

covered wagon, prairie schooner.

tsinaabaas bik’i dah ndélbat( (BAAZ/BAAL), wagon cover. tsinaabaas tsinaabaas tsinaabaas tsinaabaas

bitsé4’ (BAAZ), ribs for a wagon cover. bits’a’ (BA. Z), wagon box.

bits’a’ b4 nfahf (BAAZ/’A), bolster of a wagon. bits’a’ ba nféhf bit(?dhf (BAAZ/A), king bolt of a wagon.

tsinaabaas tsinaabaas tsinaabaas Tsinaabaas tsinaabaas tsinaabaas

bfishghddn (BAAZ), wagon coupling pole. bfishghdan bit '(ahf (BAAZ/’A), wagon coupling pin. dij4df (BAAZ/JAAD), buggy, buckboard. Habitiin (BAAZ/TIIN), The Gap, Arizona. yézhf (BAAZ/YAZHI), buggy. ydzhf bij4d4d naakifgff (BAAZ/YAZHI), two-wheeled cart, chariot, two-wheeled carriage, chaise.

tsinaa’eet (EEL), boat, ship, vessel.

tsinaa’eet bd haz’4nidi (EEL/’A), harbor. tsinaa’eet bee da’ahijigdnigf (EEL/GHAA’), battleship. tsinaa'eet biyaadi nddbatgo yee naaghdhigif (‘EEL/BAAL/YA),

ship’s propeller, boat propeller.

tsinaa’eet biyaadi nddbatgo yee naaghdhigiibd nf4ii ("EEL/BAAL/YA/’A), ship’s propeller shaft. Tsinaa’eet Dah Si’dnf (’EEL/’A), Lee’s Ferry, Arizona. tsinaa’eet naaznilidi

(’EEL/NIL),

harbor.

tsinaa’eet tdtt’Aahdi ndaakaaigif ((EEL/KAI), submarines. tsinaa’eet tait’dahdi naaghdhigif (YA), submarine. tsinaa’eet t’Sadoo le’é ndeiyéhigif (EEL/Y(p), freighter, cargo vessel. tsinaalzhoodf (ZHOOD), sled (of the homemade type - a wooden platform with runners).

tsinaalzhood{ biyaa siniligif (ZHOOD/NIL), sled runners. tsin tsin tsin tsin

bee bee bee bee

bighdda’a’nilf (NIL), auger, brace and bit, drill (for boring holes in wood). dadiilkgghi (KO’), plane (tool for smoothing wood), wood plane. (Ib. tsin bee diilkoghf.) hahalzhishf (ZHIIZH), wood chisel, gouge. 'oogéét (Y{p), carrying pole (used to transport heavy objects - the burden is suspended from the center of a pole, which is then carried by a person at each end). tsin béélzhé6’ (ZHEE’s), wood shavings, whittlings, excelsior, shredded wood.

tsin bee na’addhf (YA), crutches. tsin bee nehech’iishf ’atsinilt’ ish béédadiilt’ihigif (CH'IIZH/T'l’;),

tsin bee nihijthf (ZH{(’;), tsin tsin tsin tsin

electric saw, power saw.

wood saw.

bee yich’iishf (CH’IIZH), wood rasp. bee yigotf (GEED), wood rasp. biba’ (BA’;), the dried up, dead limbs on a snag, the dead limbs ona bidadii’a’ (’A), tree limbs, branches of a tree.

tsin bighéa’ déttin (TL’IN;),

tree.

wooden roof.

tsin bit nihwii’eet ~bitnihwii’eet (EEL), driftwood.

Tsin Bit Dah 'AzkAnf (KA), Howell Mesa, Arizona. tsin bineest’a’ (T’A>), fruit, tree fruit. tsin bineest’a’ dadik’$zhigif (T’Ao/K’DSH), citrus fruit.

tsin bineest’a’ hdélénigifl (T’Ad/L|\D4), fruit tree. tsin bineest’a’ daazganigil (T’A>/GAN), dried fruit. tsin bineest’a’ ’Adaaniidf (T’Ap/NIID3), fresh fruit. tsin bisga’ (GAN), snag, dead tree. V. -sga’.

tsin bitadidiin ~ bihddidffn ~ bahddidiin (DI[N), pinyon pollen, tree pollen. tsin bil’ ha’ootséé] (TSEEL), wooden trough, log hollowed out by chopping to form a trough. tsin bd’oos’ni’ binaach’il (Nif’3/CH’IL), lightning herbs, herbs gathered in an area where a tree was struck by lightning. tsin dadik’anigff (K’AAD), wooden blocks, toy blocks. tsin dah diit?ingo bee hooghan (TL’INy/GHAN}), piled log hogan, hogan built by piling logs to form the wall. tsin dah diit'ingo bee kin (TL’IN;), log cabin. tsindit’inii (T’IN), ground squirrel. tsineheeshji? (ZHII’), plank, lumber, board (including a calque from English with the meaning “directing group, commission,” as ’Olta’ Bitsineheeshji’, School Board.). # tsineheeshjif bizhool, sawdust. tsineheeshj(f bee hooghan (ZHfi’;/GHAN;), plank hogan, hogan built with commercial lumber.

tsineheeshjf danfyizigff (ZHIl’,/YIZ), dowel. tsineeshbizhii

(BIZH?),

Rocky Mountain creeper (bird).

tsin hahaashjfigff (ZH{{’;), cut lumber, sawn lumber. tsin k’ézdon (DON), straight stick (in the form of a snake - used ceremonially). tsin ’andhalghéhf (GHAN>), javelin, assegai, throwing spear. 1082

4353 tsin ‘iP 4ii~ tsin '‘'4hf~ tsin iP4( (’A), standing tree, tree. 4354 tsinldtah ‘aydanii~ ’aydnf (YAA’), giraffe. 4355 Tsin teeh Yfahf (’A), Mocking Bird Canyon (Ib. Burnt Post Ruin), in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. 4356 tsin na’aya’ii (YAA’), termite. 4357 tsin na’aya’iitsoh (YAA’/TSAA ~ TSOH), large termite. 4358 Tsin Nazbas (BAAZ), Smith Lake, New Mexico. 4359 tsin nézhzhahf~ tsin ndzhahf (ZHA’), bent stick, crook (represents the staff carried by a supernatural ina sandpainting). 4360 tsin ndik’a’ bfldtahgi dah naazhjool(gif (K’AA’/JOOL), cotton swab, Q-tip. 4361 tsinttiz ~ tsitt’iz (TL'IS), ironwood (Fendlera rupicola) (used to make weaving tools), hard wood (in general). 4362 tsinidi’ni’ ~ tsindi’ni’ - tsin ndi’ni’ (Ni{'3), bullroarer (an object used ceremonially to imitate thunder). 4363 tsinteel ~ tsin nteel ~ tsin niteel (TEEL), wide boards (paddle-shaped objects made of lightning-struck cottonwood and used in several ceremonies, including Male Shooting Way, Navajo Wind Way, Hail Way and Water Way). 4364 tsinteel bighdhoodz4nigif (TEEL/DZA}), perforated wide board (ceremonial object). 4365 tsin noolttiizhf (Tt’IIZH), crooked snake stick ( used ceremonially to represent snake or lightning supernaturals). 4366 Tsin Sikaad (KAAD), a location northeast of Chinle, Arizona (lit. tee clump). 4367 tsin sitd (TA}), mile, statute mile, milepost (pl tsin naaztda). 4368 tsinteel (TEEL), seed beater (a paddle-shaped tool used to beat out seeds). 4369 tsin téshjeeh (JEE3), wooden barrel. 4370 tsints’dsf~ tsits’6s( (TS’OOZ/), stick, switch (also the name applied to designate the guards for the snake sticks 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385

used ceremonially to represent supernaturals). tsinyaa t’ohdeef (DEE’), pigweed, goosefoot (Teloxys cornuta). tsin yaah dzoot’ih{~ tsiyah dzoot’ihf (T’l’s), black-eared nuthatch (bird).

tsis’nd bighan (GHAN})

beehive.

ts(s’nd dithitfgil (YEEL), bluejacket (wasp). ts{s’nd doottizhf (TL'IIZH»), blue bee. ts{s’ndtba[~ tsis’ndtbdhf (BA’,), gray bee. ts{s’ndttsoof (TSOIl), yellowjacket, hornet (wasp).

tsis’ndttsoof ’atts’6dzigif (TSOII/TS’OOZ/), wasp. tsfs’ndttsooftsoh

(TSOII/TSAA ~ TSOH),

large wasp or large yellow bee.

tsis’nd noodézigif (ZOOZo), striped bee. tsis’ndtsoh (TSAA ~ TSOH), bumblebee. ts(s’ndtsoh tizhinigif (TSAA ~ TSOH/ZH{[’), black bumblebee, big black bee.

tsis’nd4 yazhf (YAZH/), small bee, honeybee. Tsisnaajinii ~ Sisnaajinii (ZH{{’), Sierra Blanca Peak (Sacred Mountain of the East). Tsisnaateel ~ Sisnaateel ~ Sis Naateel (TEEL), Wide Belt Mesa. (tsis ~ sis, an obsolete term meaning "mountain" is identified with sis, meaning “belt.” The name should probably be translated as “ mountain that

extends downward broad.”) (Tsisnaateel is a large, almost rectangular mesa, in the southwestern part of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, about 18 miles west of Cuba, New Mexico, and 10 miles east of Counselors

Trading Post, according to Van Valkenburgh [DINE BIKEYAH, 1941), who also mentions it as the site, according to some stories, where the Navajos attacked a Spanish caravan and first acquired horses.

In the

Blessing Way legends Tsisnaateel is identified as the home of Tséghddi’ndinii “Ashkii and and Tséghddi’hdinii ’At’ééd - Rock Crystal Boy and Girl.) tsistiin (T(), chronically impaired (limb or bone).

4386 4387 tsist'ahazt’i’ (T'l’;), dead end street or alley, blind canyon, cul-de-sac. 4388 tsitt'iz ~ tsinttiz (TL’IS), ironwood (Fendlera rupicola) (used to make weaving 4389 tsits’aa’ (TS’AA’), wooden box. 4390 tsits’aa’ bee y66’ ’Adaho’dilne’igif (YAA), coffin. 4391 tsits’aa’ naadlo’f (LO’), suitcase. 4392 tsits’aa’ ntsaaigif (TSAA), trunk (for the storage of apparel). 4393 tsits’aa’ yiltazhf (TAZH), guitar. 4394 tsiyaalzhahf (ZHEE’;), chicken hawk. 4395 tsiyaashitchi? (CHII’), vermilion flycatcher (bird). 4396 Tsj’asdz4an (DZA;?), The Forest World. 4397 tsiighd béttohf (TLEE’), hair oil, hair grease. 4398 tsiighd bee higéshf (GIZH), hair clippers. 4399 tsiighd bee ndltsahf (TSAII), hair dryer. 4400 tsiighd bee Adaaltsdhigi (TSAI), hair dryer. 4401 tsiighd bee tandgisf (GIZ), shampoo, soap for washing the hair. 4402 tsiighd bee yilttahf (TLAH3), hair oil, hair dressing. 4403 tsiighd bee yilzotf (YOL), hair spray. 4404 tsiighd bee yilzhéhf (ZHOO’), hairbrush. 4405 tsiighd bee yiilch’ff (CH’IL), curler, hair curler. 4406 tsiighd bee yiilzhth{ (ZH{{’), black or dark brown hair dye. 4407 tsiighd bik’ésti’f (TI’;), hairnet. 4408 tsiighd bik’indltinf (Tl’4), hairnet. 1083

tools), hard wood (in general).

4409

tsiighd bit dah na’nitf (NIL), hair curlers (of the type on which hair is wound - many are required to produce curls over the entire area of the head).

4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438

tsiighd bit dah ndthf (TA), hairpin. tsiighd bit dah nathf{ doott'izhii bii’ siniligff (TA,/NIL), turquoise hairclip or barrette. tsiighd bit dah sitanf (TA), hairpin (the one that sits up in company with the hair).

tsiighd daalzhéhédi (ZHEE's), barber shop. tsiighdjftchf (CH[(;), dodder (a plant).

tsiighdshchiin (CH(;), wig, hair piece. tsiighd t'66 bida’alyaalgf (YAA), artificial hair, wig. tsiighd yilzhéhé ba hooghan (ZHEE’s/GHAN,), barber shop. (Ib. tsiighd yilzhééh bé hooghan.) tsiighd yishéhé (ZHEE’s), barber. (Ib. n4’4shéhé.) tsiighaa’ bii’ hasdit (DEEL>), concussion of the brain.

tsiih yt’66d '(T’'OOD,), abrasion. tsii'Adt~tsiis'AAl (-tsii'A4l) ('A), pillow, headrest. # tsfs’nd bitsii'Adl, bee's nest. tsii'ddt bik’ésti’igif (‘A/TI’}), pillow case, pillow slip, pillow cover. -tsii’ dah diyoggo

(YOG),

Afro-hairdo.

tsii’détédn (TA), spear. Tsii’ Diwolf (WOL»2), The Mud Heads (Zuni Supernaturals). Tsii’ Yishbizhii (BIZH), Braided-Hair (nickname).

tsiitchin ~ chiitchin (CHAA’s), sumac. Tsiitchin Bil’ T6 ~ Chiitchin Bii’ T6 (CHAA's), Chilchinbito, Arizona. tsiinazt’i'f (T'l’;), headband. tsiis’&at ~tsii'adt (-tsiis’adl), pillow, headrest.

tsiishgaii (GAII), pygmy nuthatch (bird). tsiitah ’aba’ ~ tsiitaa’aba’ ~tsiita’aba’~ tsiiba’ (BA’;), dandruff. tsiit!’661 'éltt’o (TL'G), ceremonial token-tying (for a female patient). tsfits’iil (TS’IL), cone, pine cone. tsiits ‘iin diniih

(NIl’o), headache.

tsiits'iin diniih ’azee’ (NIl’2), headache medicine. tsiits‘iin tichfii (CHII’), child of the earth, earth baby (said to be a stage in the development of the Mormon cricket).

4439 Tsiiwolf (WOL»2), Close-Cropped Hair (nickname). 4440 -tsiiyah haldzisf (DZIS), nape of the neck. (Ib. ’atsiiyah ndhooldzisf.) 4441 tsiiyah wozhii (WOZH,), meadow lark. 4442 -tsiiyask’id (K'ID), lambdoid suture. 4443 -tsiiyastédn (TA,), muscle at the back of the neck. 4444 tsiiyéét (-tsiiyéél)(Y(p), hairknot, chongo. 4445 tsiiyog (YOG), “hippie.” 4446 tsijtkaatii (KAAL), woodpecker. 4447 tsijshdloozh ~ tsin yishdloozh (DLOOZH), sawhorse, small four-legged table. 4448 Ts6fNddleehé (L{{’), Changing (hermaphroditic) Grandchild (mythology). Is’

4449 ts’ah bijeeh (JEE’s), sage gum. 4450 ts’ah bisga’ (GAN), sagebrush stump. V. -sga’. 4451 ts’ahch'il (CH’IL), coppermallow, niggerweed (Sphaeralcea lobata). 4452 -ts'4oz'a’~ 'ats’A0z’a’ (A), limb (of a tree or person), bough. (Ib. -ts’daz’a’.) 4453 # tsin bits’doz’a’, tree limb. 4454 # 'ats’doz’a’ k’égéésh, amputation. 4455 ts'aa’ bee yikad (KAAD), basket-beater (an instrument made of rolls of yucca

leaves, and used ceremonially

after the fashion of a drumstick to beat a basket-drum),

4456 4457

ts’aa’ bil’ ha’noots’ee’ (TS’EE’;), coiled basket. ts’Aatbaf (BA’;), shelled tee shibéézh (= neeshj(zhii) is ground into a powder and placed in water or coffee after the fashion of non-dairy creamer (Cremora, Preem). 4458 -ts'4az'a’ ~ 'ats'44z'a’(’A), limb (of a tree or person). 4459 # tsin bits’daz’a’, tree limb. 4460 ts'(d4 naéhaah bijf géne’ (HAI ~ GHAI), New Year's Day. 4461 Ts'fhootso ~ Ch’thootso (TSOIlI), St. Michaels. Arizona. 4462 ts’Pii (TS'I’), gnat, mosquito. 4463 ts ii bijdad neezf (TS'I’/NEEZ), long-legged gnat. 4464 ts'Tii danineezf (TS'I’/NEEZ), long-lipped gnat, mosquito. 4465 ts'Tii tibahig (TS'1'/BA';), gray gnat. 4466 ts'Tiitsoh (TS'I'TSAA ~ TSO), big gnat. 4467 ts'ititsxoof~ ch’il titsxoof (TSOII), orange (fruit). 4468 ts'Hitsxoof dik’$zhigif (TSOII/K’DSH), lemon, sour orange. 4469 ts'ititsxoof bee yiljizhf (TSOII/J[ZH), orange squeezer, orange juicer. 1084

4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489

ts 'ititsxoof ntsaaigif ~ ch’il titsxoof ntsaaigif (TSOII/TSAA), grapefruit. ts’in (TS’IN;), bone, skeleton. ts'in hasht’e’ nindlkeed (KIDo), bone-setting, setting of a (broken) bone. ts’in ’ajdstis baah nfahigff (’A), fibula, shinbone.

ts’is6¢s (ZOOZp), flute. (Ib. disé¢s.)

ts’fth niidééh (DOI), sickness, disease, fever. -ts’iil (TS’IL), fragment (as a potsherd), remains (as those of a ruined building), cone (of a conifer).

ts’iilzéf (TS'ILV/ZEN), trash, rubbish, litter, burrs (in wool).

ts’iilzéf biih dahakaahigif (TS'IL/ZE(/KA), trash can, garbage pail.

ts ’iilzéf nehekaah (TS’'IL/ZE(/KA), trashpile, garbage dump, dump heap, junk heap, junk pile. tsiilzéftah (TS’IL/ZEf), rubbish heap, garbage heap, junk pile.

ts'iilzéf yah ‘iigeehdi (TS'IL/ZE(/Y(p), garbage pit, trash pit.

ts’iilzéf yaa ’dhdlydnf (TS’IL/ZE(/YAAD), junkyard caretaker. ts ’iiyahwozhii ~ tsiiyah wozhii (WOZH4), meadow lark.

-ts’oos dah ndaaltaligif (TAAL4), pulse. -ts’oos dah yiiye’ (YA), varicose vein.

-ts’oos doottizhf (Tt’IIZH2), vein. -ts’oos fich?igif (CHII’), artery. -ts'oostsoh (TSAA ~ TSOH), large blood vessel.

-ts’oosts’66z (TS’OZ/), capillary (slender vein).

Ww

4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534

Waashindoondéé’ hoot’datii (A), Federal planning, Federal plan. Waashindoondi beehaz’danii Adeitinigff (‘A/’\[D;), the Congress (lit. those who make laws in Washington). Waashindoondi dah nahdaztanigif (TA), the Congress (lit. those who sit about in Washington). Wdashindoondi ’atah beehaz’danii 'if’inigif (’A/’||D1), member of Congress, congressman, senator. Waashindoondi Sitfinii (T{), the President of the United States (lit. the one who reclines in Washington). Waashindoon ya ndaalnishigif (NISH), Government Employees, the Civil Service. -w6chaan

(CHAA’),

tartar or plaque on the teeth.

-wochii’ (CHII’), gums of the teeth. (Ib. -wétsi?.) -w6ch’iish (CH’IIZH), bony ridges along the inner side of the gums. wédahgo dit na’atkid (KID), high blood pressure. w6dé’atsahii

(TSA’),

pinching ant.

w6dé’atsahii bit’a’ hdlénigif (TSA’/L||D;), winged pinching ant, flying pinching ant. w6dé’atsahiitsoh (TSA’/TSAA ~ TSOH), w6dé’atsahiitsoh fizhinigif (TSA’/TSAA ~ w6dé’atsahiitsoh naat’agi (TSA’/TSAA ~ wode’etchihf (CHII’), red-horned beetle,

large pinching ant. TSOH/ZH{(’), big black pinching ant. TSOH/T’A’), big flying pinching ant. stink bug.

w6de’etchihi doottizhi (CHII’/TL’IIZH»5),

blue red-horned beetle, stink bug.

wéde’etchihi tibahigif (CHII’/BA’;), gray red-horned beetle, stink bug. wéde’etchihf tich’igif (CHII’), red red-horned beetle. w6de’etchihftikizhigif ~yédee’é tikizhf (CHII/KIIZH), spotted red-horned beetle. w6de’etchthf tizhinigif (CHII’/ZH((’), black red-horned beetle. wode’etchihi nithinf (CHII’/YIN), greasy or mouse-colored red-horned beetle. wode’etchiihii (CHII’), red-horned beetle, stink bug, (lb. wéde’etchih/.) -w6dinibinf~ ’awoo’ dinibinf (BINo),

the upper and lower incisors.

-wégiizh (GIZH), gap between the teeth. -w6k’iz (K’IZ), crevice or narrow space between the teeth. wok’iz ’andlditf ~ ’aw6k’iz ’analditf (DEEL), dental floss. wolachi? (CHII’), red ant. wolachi? beegd (CHII/GHAA’), antidote for red ant sting (an herb). wolachi? bighan (CHII’/GHAN}), red ant hill. wolachi? bitfaaji’ tizhinigif (CHII’/ZH{(’), black-buttocked red ant.

wolachif dithitf ~ dithitigif (CHII’/YEEL), dark colored red ant.

Wolachifjf (CHII’), Red Ant Way (a ceremony). wolachi’ ’ahéédin?dhi (’A), half and half red ant

wolachif’ fizhinigif (CHII’/ZH{’), black red ant. wolachi? naat’agf~ naat’a’igif (CHII/T’A’), flying red ant. woélachif’ ntsaaigif (CHII’/TSAA), large red ant.

wolachi’ yazhf (CHII’/YAZHI), small red ant. wolachifttsoof w6lachfftsoof woldchiftsoof wolachiftsoof

(CHII’/TSOIl), yellow red ant. bit’a’ hdlénigif (CHII’/TSOII/LI|D1), winged yellow red ant. naat’agf~ naat’a’igif (CHII’/TSOII/T’A’), flying yellow red ant. y4zhf (CHII’/TSOII/YAZHf), small yellow red ant.

wo6lachit’ yildeetf (CHII'/DEEL}), anteater. wolachfishzhiin (CHII’/ZH((’), black red ant. wola na’iitts’a’ii (TS’AA’), listening ant. 1085

4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558

Wola nd’iitts’é’ii naat’agf~ naat’a’igif (TS’AA’/T’A’), flying listening ant. w6lazhinf (ZH{{’), black ant. (Ib. w6ldzhiin.) w6lazhinf bighan (ZH{{'/GHAN,), black ant hill.

wo6lazhinf bit’a’ hélénigif (ZH{['/L[D;), winged black ant.

wolazhinf bit’aaji’ tzhinigf (ZH({’), black-buttocked black ant. w6lazhinf bitsiiji’ tichig (ZH{{’/CHII’), red-headed black ant.

wo6lazhinf dithitgt (ZH(['/YEEL), black black ant. w6lazhinf 'ahéédin?4hf ~’ahéédinf4ii (ZH({/’A), half and half black ant. w6lazhinf dts isigff naazt’’ tehigff (ZH{{'/TS'if/7'I’,), tiny line-forming black ants. wolazhinftsoof (ZH{{’/TSOII), yellow black ant. wolazhinftsoof naat’agf~ naat’a'igf (ZH{{/TSOII/T'A),

flying yellow black ant.

w6lazhinf na’iits’4'igf (ZH(('/TS’AA’), listening black ant.

wolazhinf naazt’i'f (ZH(['/T'l';), line-forming black ants. wolazhinitsoh (ZH{/TSAA ~ TSO), large black ant. wolazhinitsoh naat’agf~ naat’a’igff (ZH{[’TSAA ~ TSOH/T’A’), flying large black ant. wolazhinf nitchxonf (ZH{[/CHAA’s), stinking black ant. wolazhinf ntsxaazigf (ZH{{’TSXAAZ}), carpenter ant.

wolazhinf yazhf (ZH((/YAZHf), small black ant. (Ib. wéldzhinf ’dtts ‘fisigf.)

w6na’attéhii (T(), ichneumon fly, robber fly. w6naalch'ilf (CH’IL),

measuring worm, the larvae of the geometrid moths.

w6ne’é hatéd!l (TAAL»), a brief indoor ceremony. w6nikosf (KEEZ), walking stick, mantid, falling stick insect, mantis, all eculd larvae, asilid pupa exuvia.

w6nitchxonf (CHAA’s), stink bug.

w6nitrizf~ wénttizf (TL’lS), sowbug, hard-shelled beetle, especially a gray, hard-shelled beetle which, when disturbed, lies motionless. 4559 wondiltazf (TAZ), spinning or whirling ant. 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594

-wos ‘ahadit’Anf (’A), shoulder joint. -wost’anf (’A), shoulder joint, ball of the shoulder joint. -woshtah (TtL’AH,), inside of the cheek, interior side of the mouth. woyahgo dit na’atkid (KID»2), low blood pressure. -w6zhah (ZHA’), eyetooth. -woo’ bee ’at’aatigif (‘AAL), molars and pre-molars. woo’ diniih (NIl’o), toothache. woo'diniih ’azee’~ woodiniih ’azee’ (NIl’5), toothache medicine (Penstemon coloradensis).

woolk’égh (K’AA’), firedrill, tinderbox. woolk’édh biko’ (K’AA’), permanent fire (kindled on the first day of a ceremony). woolk’aéh bik’idét’é (K’AA’/’A), shaft of the firedrill. wddneeshch’ijdii binda’ tich’igif (CHII’), red-eyed locust. wo6neeshch’'ijdii binda’ tigaaf (GAII), white-eyed locust. w6dneeshch'ijdii dithitt (YEEL), dark colored cicada.

wodneeshch'ijdii

‘atts ’fisigf (TS’ISI), small cicada.

wodneeshch’jjdii tibdhigif (BA’;), gray cicada or locust. w6dneeshch Ydii tich’igif (CHII’), red cicada orlocust. w6dneeshch’ijdii binda’ doottizhf (TL’IIZH2), blue-eyed locust. w6dneeshch’'jjdii tigaaigif (GAII), white locust. wodneeshch ‘ijdii tikizhf (KIIZH), spotted locust. w6dneeshch ‘iii izhinigif (ZH{{"), black locust.

w6dneeshch’'jjdii noodégzii (ZOOZz2), striped locust or cicada. wodneeshch’ijditsoh (TSAA ~ TSOh), large locust or cicada. w6d6neeshch 'ijdiiyAzhf (YAZH/), small locust or cicada. w66 ntVizi~wonttizf (TL'IS), tiger beetle. wodseek’idii (K’ID), hawk moth, sphinx moth, caterpillar.

w6dseek ‘idii doott’izhigif (K’ID/TL’IIZH2), blue humped insect. wodseek’idii tikizhigif (K'ID/KIIZH), spotted humped insect. w6éseek’idii fizhinigif (K'ID/ZH{{’), black humped insect. w6éseek’idiitsoh (K'ID/TSAA ~ TSOH), big humped insect. wodseets 'inii (TS’IN;), grub worm. wodseets’inii nithinf (TS’IN4/YIN), dirty gray or mouse-colored grub worm, greasy grub worm. woésitsiif (TS’IL), bedbug. wodshiyishf (YIIZH), measuring worm. -wooshtt’agf (TL’AH;), wisdom teeth (tooth) (lit. corner tooth, because of its location in the inside corner or back of the mouth).

-woosht’ah ~ -wéshtt’ah (TL’AHy), the point inside the mouth where the rows of teeth end, including the inner cheek wall. 4596 Wéézhch'iid (CH’{{[D), March (said to refer to the eaglets, whose voices are in the process of changing). 4597 woozhé (ZHEE’,), big game hunting. 4598 Woozhék’eh (ZHEE’;), Hunting Way Ceremony. 4595

1086

Ye 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603

ya bighakaan (KA), flint knife (a ceremonial object). yadithit (YEEL), the blue sky.

Yadithit "Asdz44n (YEEL/DZA;?), Sky Woman (mythology).

Yadithit Hastiin (YEEL/TIH2), Sky Man (mythology). yaditkadn (KA), a small brush made of bluebird and yellowbird feathers, set in a reed handle, and used for the application of pollen, powder, and scent in ceremonies). yadinfilzhiin (ZH{{’), scarecrow (lit. stands up dark). yadiit?in (TL’IN;), masonry tower. yadiizinf (Z\’), tin can, can. yadiizinf bee naazniligif (Z|’/NIL), canned goods. yaghdhookdan ~ yahonikddn (KA), the Sky Opening, Outer Space (beyond yddithit and before ya’aash). yahasin (Z\|[D), shame, embarrassment. yah ’e’etiin (TIIN), access road leading into an enclosure (as into a field). yah ’andajikahf (KAI), toilet, latrine, privy, outhouse. yah ’arida’aldah/ (YA), toilet, latrine, restroom, privy. yah ‘iiniitii ANIL), sheriff, policeman.

4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 yajee’ (JEE’3), a pitch-like substance found in the ground (used in Navajo Wind Way as a fumigant). 4615 ya’aini? (NII’;), zenith. 4616 ya’at’ééh ndddleetii (L{[’), convalescent person, patient who is in the process of getting well. 4617 Ya’iishjaashchilf (JAA’s), June. (Ib. ’E’eshjaashchilf.) 4618 Ya'iishjaastsoh (JAA’s/TSAA ~ TSOH), July. (Ib. ’E’eshjddstsoh.) 4619 Ya'niilzhiin (ZH\l’), Torreon, New Mexico. (Reference is apparently to an old string of boundary markers.) (Ib. Na’neelzhiin.) 4620 yAnineel’é (’AAD), horizon, skyline. 4621 yas ~zas (ZAS»), snow. 4622 yas bee naageedi (GEED), snow shovel. 4623 yas bit ’ahaniheeyoligif (YOL), snowdrift. 4624 yas hastiin (TIHa), snowman. 4625 yasitsoh (TSAA ~ TSOH), heavy snowfall. 4626 yas tikanf (KAAD), ice cream. 4627 yas tikanf biih ndttohf heets’6zigii (KAAD/TLEE’/TS’OOZI), ice cream cone. 4628 Yas Nit’ees (T’E), January. 4629 yati’ (Tl’o), talk, speech. 4630 yat’ah naazldii (LA), the things that exist in the Sky World. 4631 Ya Yiyah Niizfinii ~ Y4 Yiyah Niizinf (Z(’), the Sky Supporters (according to mythology they stand, five in number, on Sisnaajinfin the east, Tsoodzitin the south, Dook’o’oostid in the west, Dibé Ntsaa in the

“Aghaata in the center, holding up the sky like a great umbrella). Ya Yii’ Neeydnf (YA), Reared In the Sky (a mythological personage).

north, and

4632 4633 yaa halzhiin (ZH{{’), desert sparrow. 4634 yaa’ bee naatseedf (TSEEDg9), flea powder, flea killer, louse killer. 4635 Yaaniilk’id (K’ID), Cedar Ridge, Arizona. ‘if (TS’IL), nit (louse egg). 4636 yaasts 4637 -yaats’iin biih y?ahigif (’A), joint of the jaw below the ear, condyloid process of the lower jaw. 4638 -yaats’iin deez’dhigif (’A), tip of the chin. 4639 -yaaya&h dah ‘iiye’ (YA), goiter. 4640 yaayddhalzhiin (ZH{({’), desert sparrow. 4641 yaayadh niichaad (CHAAD), mumps. (Ib. ’ayaat’ah niichaad.) 4642 -y4zh (YAZHI), offspring; son or nephew (son of one’s sister or brother)(female speaking). # ’Atsd Biyddzh, February, eaglets. 4643 4644 Y6’ii (YEE’), aclass of supernatural being. # Y6’ii Bicheii, Yei Bichei (leader of the masked impersonators of the gods and impersonator of Talking 4645 God in the Night Chant Ceremony. 4646 yé’ii bits4’4szi’ (YEE’), palmilla, yucca (Yucca radiosa). 4647 Y6’ii Dah Sidahf (YEE’/DA), Sitting God, Sitting Yé’ii (in the Canyon de Chelley, Arizona). 4648 Yé'iitsoh (YEE/TSAA ~ TSOH), Big Yé’i, giant. 4649 Yé'iitsoh Bidit Ninfyeezh (YEE’/YEEZH), Anzac, New Mexico (lit. where the giant’s blood stopped flowing. Reference is to the giant killed by the Twin Culture Heroes. The lava at this location is said to be the blood of Yé’iitsoh). 4650 Yé'iitsoh T’d4t4'f Naaghdii (YEE’/TA), Yé’iitsoh, fathered by the Sun. 4651 yélii (Y, hunch-back, hunch-backed person. 4652 yéé’ (YEE’), fear,dread, terror, horror. 4653 yee ’Aninigif (NIID4), rattle ona rattlesnake. (Ib. be’aghaat.) 4654 yeel~ ’ayeel (LA), fee, payment, offering (for services rendered, as to a medicine man, doctor, lawyer). 4655 yee naaldlooshii (DLOOZH), werewolf. 4656 yee naaldzilf (DZIL), low gear ona car. 1087

4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667

yiddanii (YAA’) edible things. -yid bi haz’danii (’A), internal organs of the chest. -yiditsee’ (TSEE’), tip of the breast bone, sternum, xiphoid.

yigéél 'azis (Y(j), carrying bag. -yih (YIH), breath.

Yikafsdéhf~ yik4th (DA), The Milky Way. yikaifhyiin (Y\[D), Dawn Songs (each ceremony has its own Dawn Songs). # H6zhd¢jf Biyikdfihyiin, Blessing Way Dawn Songs. yik'fididis(gf (DIZ), reel (on a fishing rod).

yfl4 bee noogazf (GHAZ), fingernail marks (as those placed on the rim of a pot during manufacture). yil4 deests’$6d (TS’OOD), span (a unit of measurement: the distance from the tip of the thumb to the extended middle finger). 4668 yilch’ozh (CH’OZKH), boil, furuncle. 4669 yilch’ozh ’azee’ (CH’OZH), Lyall lupine (Lupinus lyallii) (lit. boil medicine). 4670 yfidzis (DZIS), ditch, dip in the highway, trench, furrow, depression (as that formed on a road where an underground pipe has been laid.)

4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704

yfk’id (K’ID), hill. yilk’ootigii (K’OL), wave, swell (on the ocean or other body of water).

yinéél (NA;), moving (with household). yinf (NIID4), mind, intellect.

yinf ’Ahodildinf (D\\D), dim-wit, mentally retarded or mentally deficient person. yisgeh (YEH), wedding gift (given by the parents of the groom to the parents of the bride).

yiské damgg (KA), Saturday (lit. tomorrow is Sunday). yisnééh (NAd), captive. yist’é (-st’e’)(T’E), lunch (carried with one). yisté bee yitPohf (TL’D), knitting needle.

yisté 'At’44’f (T’AH), sheer hose. yist’ah

(Tt’AH,),

cul-de-sac, rincén, inside corner.

# D{(’go yistt'ah, quadrangle, rectangle, zig-zag four-angled lightning figure in sandpaintings.

yistsosgo be’est’6 (TL’D), bow knot. yishchfin ~ ishchfin ~ -shchiin (CH|4), small likeness of, small replica or facsimile of. yishttish (TLIIZH), blood blister, bruise

yitritf (TL’(fD), motorcycle. yot’dahdi ndaaldeehii (DEE’), bird life, creatures that live up in the air. yooch’fid (CH’I{D), lie, falsehood, untruth. # biyooch’id/,

liar.

yoo’ bee bighdda’a’nilf (NIL), bead drill, bow drill used for perforating beads. yoo’ daasdisf (DIZ), olivella shell bead. yédee’é tikizhf (KIIZH), spotted horned beetle. (Ib. w6dé’etchihf tikizhiof.) yoo’ bik’e'eshchinigif (CH[,), bead containing a design or engraving. yoo’ dijoolf (JOOL), round bead; olivella shell.

yoo’ diits’a’f (TS’AA’) small jingle bell (of the type used on harnesses or worn by Pueblo and other Indian dancers). yoo’ ’élt’o (TL’G), ceremonial token-tying (for a male patient). yoo’ fichi’ (CHIl’), coral bead, red bead. yoo’ tigaii ~ yootgaii (GAII), white shell, white shell bead (a flat disc made of white shell). yoo’ nitchinf (CHIN?), silver button, button (in general).

yoo’ nitchinfbd bigh4hoodz4nigif ~yoo’ nitchinf b4 ’aghdhoodz4nigif (DZA;), buttonhole.

yoo’ nitchinf dah ’ats’osigif (TS’OS), conical button, cone-shaped button. yoo’ nitchinf da’aka’ nahalinigif, square button, card-shaped button. yoo’ nitchinf deeshzhahigif (ZHA’), a type of silver button commonly worn on moccasins, composed of a series of diamond-shaped units joined together to produce jagged borders, top and bottom. 4705 yoo’ nitchinf dilkgghigif (KD’), smooth silver button, smooth button, common button. 4706 yoo’ nitchinf hadhaashchii’igif (CHIl’2), buttons made with pointed ends. 4707 yoo'nitchinf héahideeneezigf (NEEZ), oval or elliptical buttons (tapering to a point). 4708 yoo’ nitchinf ndddeekthigff (K(H), parallelagram-shaped buttons. 4709 yoo’ nitchinf nimazigif (MAAZ), round buttons. 4710 yoo’ nitchinf n’deesghasigif (GHAZ), button made with a scalloped border; cogwheel shaped button. 4711 yoo’ nimazf~ yoo’ nimazii (MAAZ), globular bead, squash blossom (on a silver necklace). 4712 yoo’ yichaaf (CHA), little tinkling bell. 4713 yootgaii~ yoo’ tigaii (GAII), white shell, white shell bead (a flat disc made of white shell). 4714 Yootgaii 'Asdz44n (GAII/DZA;?), White Shell Woman. (Ib. ’Asdz44n Nddleehé. Mother of the Twin culture Heroes, Naayéé’ Neizgh4nf and Tébdjfshchinf, fathered by the Sun.) 4715 Yootgaii Dziil (GAII), White Shell Mountain (a ceremonial name for Sisnaajinii, Sierra Blanca Peak, Sacred Mountain of the East. Yootgaii, White Shell, is the "jewel symbol" of the East). 4716 yootgaii noojthf (ZHil’;), scallop shell. 4717 yoosdisf (DIZ), olivella shell. 4718 Yooté Bindhdsdzo (ZO), the State of New Mexico (lit. the bounded area drawn around Santa Fe).

1088

4719 4720

yootsoh (TSAA ~TSOH), large bell, gong. yoozilf (ZILIz), small tinkling bells (of the type used on harnesses, and on the leg trappings of Pueblo dancers).

Zz 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726

zdbaah bee yichxihi (CHIl’), lipstick, lip rouge. zdabaah bee yit’ood/ (T’6OD)), napkin, table napkin. Seer the (ZHA’), Fringed Mouth (a ceremonial term referring to the Fringed Mask used in the Night ant). zahalanii (LAAD2), mockingbird. zahalch?ii (CHII’), red-mouth, solpugid or sun spider. -za’ (ZA’), belched gas from the stomach.

4727 -za’ nitchxonf (CHAA’s), halitosis, bad breath. 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732

zas~yas (ZAS»), snow. zaa’nit (NIL), herbal medicine. -zé{ (ZEf), crumb(s),small fragments. # badah bizéf, bread crumbs. # badh tikan( bizéf, cookie crumbs.

4733 zéédéeldhi (LA), necktie. 4734

zéédéelahf bit dah sitanf (LA/TA,), tie pin, tie clasp, tie tack (to hold down a necktie). 4735 zéédéelyé6h (LA), neckband (a ceremonial object made of otter or beaver skin, obtained from Utes or Paiutes). 4736 zéédéetdoii (DOII), muffler, scarf, neckerchief. 4737 zéédéettsooz (TSOOZ), muffler, scarf, neckerchief. 4738 zéédéet’if (T’'l’}), collar ona shirt or coat; necktie. 4739 -z66é’ (ZEE’s), death. 4740 Z66’ Hodikinf (K{), Crooked-Mouth (a nickname). 4741 zéé’iilwo’ii (WOD}), foxtail grass. 4742 zéénazt’if (T'l’;), shirt collar, necktie. 4743 -ziil (ZIIL), steam, vapor, fumes, sweat. 4744 -zoot (YOL), windpipe, trachea, bronchia. 4745 # béésh bii’ kof bizoot, stovepipe. 4746 # bee’eldogh bizoot, gun barrel.

Ze 4747 4748 4749

-zhéé’ (ZHEE’), spit, spittle, saliva, foam, froth. (V. shéé’, spit.) -zhi’ (ZHI’), name. -zhizhch’{d (CH’([D), changing voice (ofan adolescent boy), hoarseness.

4750 4751

zh(ii (ZHI’) raven. zho’ (ZHOOD), fun thing, something done for fun (rather than for a serious purpose). IV. THE NUMERALS

1 2 3 4 5

data’, one naaki, two tdd’, three dj, four ’ashdla’, five

20 21. 22 23 24

naadiin, twenty tadiin, thirty dizdiin, forty ’ashdladiin, fifty hastddiin, sixty

6 7

hastdd, six tsosts’id, seven

25 26

tsosts’idiin, seventy tseebjidiin, eighty

8 tseebjii, eight 9 ndahdast’é/, nine 10 neeznda, ten

27 28 29

ndhdast’édiin, ninety neezndadiin, hundred mifl~ miil, thousand

11

ta’ts’dadah,

30

mifl ntsaaigif, million

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

naakits’dadah, twelve tda’ts’dadah, thirteen djj’ts’dadah, fourteen ’ashdla’dadah, fifteen hasta’dadah, sixteen tsosts’idts’dadah, seventeen tseebiits’dadah, eighteen ndhdst’éits’dadah, nineteen

eleven

1089

V.

MISCELLANEOUS 1. The Clans

’Ashijhf, The Salt Clan. ’Ashijhnii, The Salt People (extinct). Bijh Dine’é, The Deer Clan. Bijh Bitoodnii,

The Deer Spring People.

Bijhtsoh Dine’é, The Big Deer Clan. Bit’ahnii,

The Within-his-cover People. Bit’aa’nii, extinct. Deeshchii’nii, The Red Ridge People. Dichin Dine’é, The Hunger People. Dibé tizhinif, The Black Sheep Clan. Dzaanééz tani (Dine’é), the Many Mules Clan. Dzit?ahnii, The Mountain Pocket People. Dzit Na’ooditnii, The People of the place called "Mountain that people go around." Gah Dine’é Tachii’nii, The Rabbit People division of the Red-Running-Into-Water-Clan. Haltsoof Dine’é, The Meadow Clan. Hashk’aa Hadzohé, The Yucca Fruit Strung-Out-In-A-Line Clan. HashtVishnii,

The Mud People.

Honaghdahnii, The He-Walks-Around-One-People. Hooghan tani (Dine’é), the Many Hogans People. ‘lich’ah Dine’é, The People Who Have Fits. Jaa’ Yaaldolii, The Sticking Up Ears Clan. K’aahandanii, The Living Arrow People. K’ai’ Ch’ébdanii, The Line Of Willows Extend Out Gray Clan. Kin tichfi’nii, The Red House People. Kin Litsonii, The Yellow House People. Kin Yaa’aanii ~ Kiyaa’danii, The Towering House People. L6k’aa’ Dine’é, The Reed Clan. Ma’ii Deeshgiizhnii, The Coyote Pass People (i.e. The Jemez Clan). Naaneesht’ézh{ Tachii’nii, The Charcoal streaked division of the Red-Running-Into-Water-People.

Naakaii Dine’é, The Mexican Clan. Naashashi, The Tewa Clan. Naashgalf Dine’é,

The Mescalero Apache Clan.

Naasht’ézhf Dine’é, The Zuni Clan. Naayizf Dine’é, The Squash Clan. Nat’oh Dine’é, The Tobacco Clan. Nihoobdanii

~ Nahoobdanii,

The Gray-Streak-Ends-People.

Ndédéda’f Dine’é, The Ute Clan. Nddéda’i Dine’é Tachii’nii, The Ute People division of the Red-Running-Into-Water-People. Séf Bee Hooghan, The Sand Hogan (San Felipe) Clan. Tabaaha, The Shore People. Tachii’nii, The Red-Running-Into-Water-People. Ta’neeszahnii, The Tangle People.

T6 ’Ahdni, The Near to Water Clan. T6 ’Aheedliinii, The Water-Flows-Together-Clan.

T6 ’Azélf, The Light Water People. T6 Baazhni’azhf, The Two-Came-To-Water Clan.

T6 Dich’i’nii, The Bitter Water Clan. Tdtsohnii, The Big Water Clan. T?raashchfi,

The Red Bottom People.

TtizitLanf (Dine’é ), The Many Goats Clan. T?égf, The Zia Clan. Ts’ah Yisk’idnii, The Sagebrush Hill People. Tsé Deeshgizhnii, The Rock Gap People. Tsé Nahabitnii (= tsé nahaditnii?), mg?

Tsé Nifkinf, The Honey Combed Rock People. Tsé Taa’danii, The Rock-Extends-Into-Water-People. Tsézhin Ndii’aaf~ Chézhin Ndii’aaf, The Slanted Lava Spire Clan. Tséikeehé, The Two-Rocks-Sit People. Tsi’naajinii, mg. uncertain. Tsin Sikaadnii, The Clumped Tree People. Yé'ii Dine’é, The Monster Clan. Yoo’6é Dine’é, The Bead Clan.

1090

2. Personal War Names Male

Hashké,

Angry; Fierce; Warrior.

Haské Dilwo’ii, The Fleet Warrior.

Hashké Haaswod, The Warrior Climbed Up Running. Hashkétbahi, The Gray Warrior. Hashké Haayd, The Warrior Climbed Up. Hashkéichi?, The Red Warrior. Hashkétgaii, The White Warrior. Hashké Naabaah, The Warrior Is On A Raid. Hashké Naabah, The Warrior Is Returning from a raid. Hashké Naddaat, The Warrior Is Returning. Hashké Naalwod, The Warrior Descended On The Run. Hashké Naalwot, The Warrior Is Returning On The Run. Hashké Naaya, The Warrior Descended. Hashké Nééz, Tall Warrior. Hashkétsoh, Big Warrior. Hashkéts’6si, Slender Warrior. Hashké Yaa Yilwodi, He Who Ran To The Warrior. Hashké Yaa Niyahi, He Who Went to the Warrior. Hashké Yazhi, Little Warrior. Hashké Yich’i’ Yilwot, He Is Running Toward The Warrior. Hashké Yich’’ Yigdat, He Is Approaching The Warrior. Hashké Yich’i? Haaya, He Climbed Up Toward The Warrior. Hashké Yich’i? Haaswod, He Ran up Toward The Warrior. Hashké Yikaaswod, He Ran After the Warrior. Hashké Yikaayad, He Went After The Warrior. Hashké Yika Deeya, He Is Going After The Warrior. Hashké Yika Deeswod, He Is Going To Run After The Warrior. Hashké Yit Haaswod,

Hashké Hashké Hashké Hashké Hashké

Yit Yit Yi Yi Yit

He Went Running Up In Anger.

Haayda, He Climbed up Ch’élwod, He Ran Out Ch’iniya, He Went Out Deeswod, He Is Going Deeyd, He Is Going To

in Anger. In Anger. In Anger. To Run In Anger. Go In Anger. Hashké Yi ’Eelwod, He Ran Off In Anger.

Hashké Yit ‘ifyé, He Went Away In Anger. Hashké Hashké Hashké Hashké Hashké

Yit Yit Yit Yit Yit Hashké Yit

Nadbah, He Is Returning From The Raid With The Warriors. Naddaat, He Is Returning In Anger. Naaghd, He Goes About In Anger. Nadlwot, He is Running Back In Anger. Nadya, He Descended In Anger.

Nadza, He Came Back In Anger. Hashké Yit Nalwod, He Ran Back in Anger.

Hashké Yinddbah, He Is Circling Around The Warriors Raiding. Hashké Yi Sida, He Sits In Anger. Hashké Yit Yah ’Eelwod, He Ran Inside in Anger. Hashké Yi Yah fya, He Went Inside in Anger.

Hashké Yit Yigadt, He Is Walking Along In Anger. Hashké Yit Yilwot, He Is Running Along In Anger.

Hashké Yit Y60’ ‘ffya, He Went Away In Anger. Hashké Yit Y66’ ’Eelwod, He Ran Away In Anger. Hashké Yitah Yigdat, He Is Going Along Among The Warriors. HashkéYitah Yilwot, He Is Running Along Among The Warriors. Hashké Yitaaswod, He Ran Among The Warriors. Hashké Yitaaya, He Mingled With The Warriors. Naabaahii, The Raider. Naabaah, He Goes Raiding, He is On A Raid. Naat’aah, He Orates; He is A Leader or Chieftain.

Naat’d Dilwo’ii, Naat’a Naabaah,

Naat’ddleet,

Fleet Chieftain. The Chieftain ls On A Raid.

He Will Become A Chieftain.

Naat’danii, The Orator; The Chieftain. Naat’atbahi, The Gray Chieftain. Naatdtchi?, The Red Chieftain.

Naat’digaii, The White Chieftain. 1091

Naat’anééz,

Tall Chieftain.

Naat’atsoh, Big Chieftain. Naat’ats’é6sf, Slender Chieftain. Naat’é Yich’) Deeswod, He Is Going To Run Toward The Chieftain. Naat’d Yich'i’ Deeyd,

He ls Going To Approach The Chief.

Naat’ Yich’i’ Haayé, He Climbed Up Toward the Chieftain. Naat’d4 Yich’ Haaswod, He Ran Up Toward The Chieftain. Naat ’4 Yaa Yilwodf, The One Who Ran To The Chieftain. Naat’4 Yaa Nfyahf, The One Who Went To The Chieftain. Naat’é Yazhf, Little Chieftain. Naat’4 Yik4 Deeswod, He Is Going To Run After The Chief. Naat’4é Yika Deeyd,

He Is Going To Go After The Chieftain.

Naat’4 Yika4 Naaswod, He Ran After The Chieftain. Naat’é Yikaé Naayd, He Went After The Chieftain. Naat’4 Naat’d Naat’d Naat’4 Naat’é Naat’é Naat’'é Naat’aé

Yit Yit Yit Yit Yit Yit Yt Yit

Ch’élwod, He Ran Out Making A Speech. Ch’infya, He Went Out Making A Speech. Deeswod, He Is Going To Run Along Orating. Deeyd, He Is Going To Go Along Orating. Naddaat, He Is On The Way Back Orating. Nddbah, He Is Returning From The Raid With The Chief /He Is Returning From The Raid Orating. Naaghd, He Goes About Making Speeches. Naalwod, He Descended At A Run Orating.

Naat’é Yit Nadwot, He Is Returning At A Run Orating. Naat’é Yt Nadya,

He Descended Orating.

Naat’é Yit Nadza,

He Returned Making A Speech.

Naat’4 Yit Nalwod,

He Ran Back Making A Speech.

Naat’é Yit Haaya4, He Ascended Making A Speech. Naat’é Yit ’Eelwod, He Ran Away Making a Speech.

Naat’é Yit ify4, He Went Away Making A Speech. Naat’aé Yi Sida, He Sits Making A Speech. Naat’4Yit Yah ’Eelwod,

He Ran Inside Making A Speech.

Naat’é Yit Yah ’ffyé, He Went Inside Making A Speech. Naat’a Yit Yat’,

He Talks With Orations / He Talks With The Chieftain.,

Naat’d Yit Yigadt, He Walks Along Making A Speech. Naat’é Yit Yilwot, He Is Running Along Making A Speech. Naat’d Yit Y66’ ’ify4, He Disappeared Making A Speech. Naat’é Yindadbah,

He Is Raising Around The Chieftain / He Is Raiding Around Them Making A Speech.

Naat’é Yitaaswod, He Ran Among The Chieftains / He Ran Among Them Making A Speech. Naat’é Yitaaya, He Mingled With The Chieftains / He Mingled With Them Making A Speech. Naat’é Yits’anfya4, He Gave Up Being A Chieftain. Females

For the most part the following list of feminine War Names was taken from old allotment records at Navajo Agency. A War Name was often the only tool for identification of Navajo women who shared possessory rights in a plot of alloted land. ‘Adeezbaa’, She Is Going To Lead On The Raid. "Ahéénibaa’, She Raided In A Circle.

‘Atch’’ Nibaa’, They Raided Toward Each Other. "Atké6’ Yibah, They Are Following Each Other On A Raid. "Atké6’ Handdbaa’, They Came Raiding Back Up Following Each Other. ‘Atk’i Naazbaa’,

They Went Raiding On Each Other.

’"Ainddbaa’, They Passed Each Other In Opposite Directions While Raiding.

‘Atsé Deezbaa’, She Is Going First On A Raid. Baa’, War, raid, Warrior Girl. Baa’ Y4zhf, Little Warrior Girl. Baa’nééz, Tall Warrior Girl.

Baa’ts’ésf, Slender Warrior Girl. Bijiibaa’, People Joined Her On The Raid. Bit Deezbaa’, She Is Going With Her On A Raid. Binfdzizbaa’, They Encircled Her On The Raid. Ch’infbaa’, She Came Out Raiding. Deezbaa’,

She Is Going On A Raid. Dig Warrior Girl, Amazon, (transvestite). Difbaa’, Warrior Girl, Amazon. Dich’, Red Warrior Girl. Di{Naabaah, The Warrior Girl ls On A Raid.

1092

Difnf, Warrior Girl, Amazon,

(transvestite).

Hadbaa’, She Climbed Up Raiding. Haazbaa’, She Climbed Up Raiding. Hadeezbaa’, She Is Going On A Raid To Find/Get Them. J(Naabaah, She Is On A Daytime Raid. Ké6’ Naazbaa’,

She Went Last On The Raid.

Nddbaa’, She Came/Went Down Raiding.

Ndddeezbaa’, She Is Going On Another Raid. Naadi(, Warrior Girl, Amazon,

(transvestite).

Naadlg@bahf, Gray Warrior Girl. Naadifch?, Red Warrior Girl. Naadi{ Nadbaa’,

The Warrior Girl Came Down Raiding.

Naadi(Naaznaa’, The Warrior Girl Went Raiding. Naadl(nééz, Tall Warrior Girl. Naadi(tsoh, Big Warrior Girl. Naadi(ts’é6sf, Slender Warrior Girl. Naadi{ Yaa Nibaa’, She Came/Went Raiding To The Warrior Girl. Naadl{Yazhf,

Little Warrior Girl.

Naadi( Yichi’i) Deezbaa’, Naadl{ Yich’i) Hd4dbaa,

She ls On Her Way To The Warrior Gin, Raiding. She Came Up Toward The Warrior Girl, Raiding.

Naadi( Yika Deezbaa’, She Is Going On A Raid To Get The Warrior Gin. Naadi( YitCh’fnibaa’, She Started Out On The Raid With The Warior Girl Naadi{ YitDeezbaa’,

She Is Going On A Raid With The Warrior Girl.

Naadl( YitHddbaa’, She Climbed Up Raiding With The Warrior Girl. Naadi{Yt Nadbaa’, She Went Down Raiding With The Warrior Girl. Naadi{YitNaazbaa’, She Went On A Raid With The Warrior Girl. Naadl{YitNanfbaa’, She Came Back From A Raid With The Warrior Girl. Naadi( Yitaazbaa’, She Went Raiding Among The Warrior Girls. Naandzbaa’, She Made A Turn/Turned Around As She Went Along On The Raid. Naazbaa’, She Went On A Raid. Nadnfbaa’, She Returned From A Raid. Taazbaa’,

She Mingled Raiding.

Ndnibaa’, She Came Raiding Back To Them. Yaa Diibaa’, She Passed Them Up While Raiding. Yaa Nibaa’, She Came To Them Raiding. Yaah Deezbaa’, She Is Going Alongside It Raiding. Yaa Naazbaa’, She Went On A Raid Alongside It. Yaah Nanibaa’, She Came Raiding Back Alongside It. Yaah Nibaa’, She Went Raiding Alongside It. Yich’) Deezbaa’, She Is Going To Go Raiding Toward It. Yich’) Hddbaa’, She Came/Went Raiding Up Toward Them.

Yich’'ifbaa’, She Went Away Toward Them Raiding. Yfkaazbaa’, She Went After Them On A Raid. Yik4é Deezbaa’,

She Is Going On A Raid To Get Them.

Yik4 Yit Deezbaa’, She Is Going With Them On A Raid To Get Them. Yiké6’ Deezbaa;, She Is Going To Follow Them On A Raid. Yikéé’ Nanfbaa’, She Followed Them Back From The Raid. Yiké6’ Yt Deezbaa’, She Is Going To Accompany Them On A Raid, Following Them. Yiké6' yt Nanfbaa’, She Accompanied Them Back From A Raid, Following Them. Yik’i Haazbaa’, She Climbed Up On It Raiding. YitCh'inibaa’, She Set Out With Them On A Raid. Yit Deezbaa’, She Is Going On A Raid With Them. Yit H4dbaa’, She Started On A Raid With Them. Yit Naabaa’, She Descended With Them, Raiding. YH Naazbaa’, She Went On A Raid WithThem. Yit Ndnibaa’, She Returned From The Raid With Them. Yinédébah, She Goes Around and Around Them, Raiding.

Yitaazbaa’,

She Went Raiding Among Them.

3. The Sobriquet clan, property, or In traditional Navajo society a descriptive name or sobriquet, based on physical appearance, kinship,

in other distinguishing characteristics, was commonly employed as a means for personal identification. It has been only adopted. been has society White of system naming the recent times that that lacked In the past it was the custom of school personnel to bestow a given and a surname on children such at the time of their enrollment.

The names thus acquired were often retained, and the surname was passed on to

represented an effort subsequent generations as the family name. The names given by school personnel sometimes Thus Ashijhf parents. child’s a by identification of way by offered term Navajo a to transcribe, translate or anglicize 1093

subsequent generations as the family name. The names given by school personnel sometimes represented an effort to transcribe, translate or anglicize a Navajo term offered by way of identification by a child’s parents. Thus ’Ashijhi Yazhf (Little Salt Clansman) became Littlesalt, T?aaf(Left-Handed One) became Cly; ’Atsidf(The Smithy) became Etsiddy/Atsiddy, and Béésh Ligaiitsidf (Silversmith) became Silversmith. A child might be identified only as “the son or grandson” of a certain person, as Hastiin Nééz Biye’ (The Son Of Tall Man), Hastiin BitPiz Lani Bindlfi (The Grandson of Mr. Many Goats). Instances of this type, Biye’ (His Son) and Binali (His Grandson) were construed as the family name and were transliterated in anglicized form as Begay and Benally. Similarly, a girl might be identified as Hastrishnii Ts’ésf Bitsi’ (The Daughter Of Slender Mud Clansman), in which case Bitsi’ (His Daughter) was assumed to

be the family surname, and it too appeared in anglicized form as Bitsi. Navajo terms were sometimes literally “butchered” in the course of anglicization,

as in the case of Uintillie

(’Ayof’Anidilf, Very Stocky One), John Guy Uskilith, in which “Uskilith” represents the Navajo sobriquet “Ashkiitgaii”, White Boy - but with transposition of -gaii (White One) and ’ashkii (Boy) and the rendition of +- as “lith.” In this instance the stem-gaii became a middle name Guy! Many sobriquets applied by Navajos to Navajos by way of identification are listed among the NOUNS proper. Others include the following: ’Adika’i, Card Player, Gambler. ’Adika’inééz, Tall Gambler, Gambler; ’Adika’i Bitsi’ Gambler’s Daughter.

’Adika’its’6si,

Slender Gambler;

’Adika’f YAzhf, Little

’‘Adékeedi, The Beggar. ’"Agodii, Stumpy,

The Amputee.

‘Akati, Cowboy. ’Akat Biye’, Son of The Cowboy. ‘Anddiohf, The Laugher, Laughy.

‘Asdzééitsoii, Yellow Woman; ’Asdzddtchi?, Red Woman; ‘Atsdzaatsoh, Big Woman; ’Asdzddatdd’, Thick (Corpulent) Woman; ’Asdzddnééz, Tall Woman; ’Asdzdats’ési, Slender Woman; ’Asdzé4 Yazhi, Little Woman. ’Aseeziinii, The Gossiper. ‘Ashiiké Naakif, The One With Twin Boys. ’Ashiiké Naakif Bitsdi, The Grandchild of The One With Twin Boys. 'Atsidii ~ 'Atsidf, The Smithy; ’Atsidf Sani, Old Smithy; ’Atsidits’ési, Slim Smithy, etc.

Badh ‘ift'inf, The Baker.

Ba’atchinf tani, Many Children. Béésh Biwoo’, The One With Metal (Gold) Teeth, Goldtooth; Béésh Ligaiitsid/, Silversmith; Béésh tigaii Bich’ah Binaz’ahi, The One With A Silver Hatband; Béésh Litsoii Biwoo’li, The One With Gold Teeth (Goldtooth). Bichidi Naalgeed/, Bucking Car, The One With A Bucking Car. Bidaghaa’ Nineezi, The One With A Long Mustache. Bigha’ii’nftf, The One Who Is Constantly Robbed. Bijaa’f,

The One With Ears; Bijaa’f Bindlf, The Grandson Of The One With Ears.

Bi’disziih, The One Who Turns Up Missing. Bi’éé’ Dinilch?'i, The One With A Pink Shirt. Bila’ tikizhii, The One With Spotted Fingers. Bila’tda’ii, Three-Fingers. Bill’ Daalbaf, The One With Gray Horses; Bilff’ Dijadf, Fast Horse; Bil’ Yishoghf, The One Who Tames His Horse; Bil Yisttinii, The One With A Speckled Horse; Bilj’ Ndaaldzidi, The One With Wild Horses. Binda’ Doottizhi, Blue-Eyes. Bitsii’ K’finigizhf, The One Who Cut His Hair. Bitsiiyéél Ntsaii, The One With A Big Hairknot. Biyooch’idi, The Liar. Bizahéchj’itsoh, Big-Cusser. Chaala = Charlie. Chiishch’ilf, The One With Curly Hair. Deen = Dan. Daghdhii, The One With A Mustache. Deez, Singed. Dilwoshf, The Shouter. Dlo Nizini, The Jolly One. Dzanf< 'Asdzdnif, Woman; Dzdni Yazhi, Little Woman. Hastiin Nééz, Tall Man; Hastiin Yazhi, Little Man. K’osnezf, Long-Neck. Neesk’ahf, Fatty. Tabaaha Nééz, Tall Shore Clansman. TOlf, Light Complexioned One. Federal Employees, Traders, Missionaries and other non-Indians also receive Navajo sobriquets, as;

‘Asaa Na’aziid, E.R. Fryer (lit. he stir-fries). ‘Awéésnééz, Tall Baby (A Ramah merchant). Béégashii tikizh, Spotted Cow (Fred Maxwell). Chih Nttizii, Hard Nose (Samuel Danoff-a merchant). Chffsganii, Dried Up Nose (a former missionary). Chijshdili, Huge-Nose (a former Government employee). 1094

Déeshch’aaf, Gaping-Mouth (a trader). Dooldinf, The S.O.B. (a trader).

Jaatsinf, Wooden-Leg (a rancher). Jéékat, Deaf (J.M. Cooper, Federal employee). K’ishchxosh, Cry-Baby (a Federal employee). Nahaljjid, F.D. Roosevelt (lit. he moves about squatting). Nat’ohchx¢’f, Rotten-Cigar (a trader). Ninfcha, Benjamin Taylor (lit. just stopped crying). Sodizin Bitt’66l, Prayer-String (a missionary). Wé66seets’inii,

The Grub Worm (a former superintentant).

1095

vi hrwap A .

'

| p=

|

Taber

8

as

«tht.

usantt

|

je

hereto. Gleec inl

Hid

bow

agen

depboyt

rele he,Cale x

towgeny (eet #) pM eES

Wallatiee Aellpay tice 06 Dry grukeneep aanS a,

(=a.

Pehit

©

bey. UR eee

ee

oe

(sonata) oe fd-sve4

HAT MGR I fey Pea , g

ODep rey ! :

nici

ah) eT ae Sart

aie

Or anee “Mee won

Saf vA

i

o

APPENDIX VIII THE ENGLISH-NAVAJO

INDEX

|. THE VERB: For the purposes of indexing, verbs are treated in two broad classes: motion (i.e. locomotion) and non-motion. The two types do not share the same derivational pattern -

non-motion roots such as BIZH: braid, BEEZH: boil, T’E: roast and YAA’: eat, are limited by semantic contraints to a relatively small number and variety of lexical derivatives, while motion

verbs of the type YA: go, WOD}: flex/run, EEL: float and TJ: lie/handle an animate object, are highly productive. The motion category accepts a wide range of derivational prefixes that define direction, manner and other features attaching to movement through space or overa surface. In view of this essential difference it is convenient to utilize two systems to index the verb corpus, designed to facilitate retrieval while at the same time conserving space. The two systems are described below:

1. NON-MOTION

VERBS: Navajo equivalents for the English entries are identified by

reference to Root/Aspect Category/Theme/Base, following the listing form in the Analytical Lexicon. The verbal root, cited as the first referent, directs the user to the Lexicon entry form; this is followed by the capital letter that serves to identify Aspect Category (A. Momentaneous/B. Continuative/C. Durative, etc.); followed in turn by the Roman numeral that identifies the Theme (@-[ti], O-[tt], t-[tt] etc.); and finally by the Arabic numeral corresponding to the Verb Base that represents the framework for the lexical equivalent sought by the user: (5) ch’-(ni/ni)--, (1) na-(@/si)-- etc. Thus the index entry BRAID O BIZH B(I)1 represents the form listed under B. Conclusive on page 55 of the Lexicon, and SWITCH O

(tail) DEEL1 E(II)1 represents the Navajo Verb Base and lexical derivatives listed as number (1), Theme Il under E. Repetitive on page 110. 2. MOTION VERBS, EXTENSIONALS and POSTPOSITIONS: The verbal roots that describe locomotion (go, run, dash, swim. fly etc.) share, to a large extent, a common the movement is accomplished by walking, running, derivational pattern. Thus, whether

crawling, tossing, handling, floating or flying it can be distinguished directionally in Navajo by derivatives that include adverbial elements with meanings of the type in, out, away, down, up,

around. Chii-: out yields ch’infyd4, | went out/ch’in’éél, (SRO) out/ch’inftf, | carried him out, etc.

| floated out/ch'inftne’,

| tossed it

To a more limited extent the Positionals (as sit, lie) and the semantically related

Extensionals (rigid object extends, thin line extends, elastic extension) share common derivational patterns. Locomotion is accomplished by: Handling, in which an agent moves an object or objects by continuing direct contact, usually manual, as in carry, put, take, bring, pick up, set down, turn over, haul, pour.

Propulsion, in which an agent produces abrupt movement of an object or objects by tossing, bouncing, throwing, dropping; and for purposes of the index by leading, driving, chasing, pushing, dragging, rolling, floating or flying.

1097

Independent action, in which the subject acts independently of an agent, as in walking, running, floating, rolling, hopping, skipping, crawling, trotting, flying through the air, falling. Conveyance, in which a passenger, acting passively or as an agent, is moved by a vehicle, including a horse, car, bicycle, motorcycle, wagon, plane or boat.

The roots that describe locomotion define not only the manner of movement but, for some root categories, the physical attributes or number attaching to the subject or object as well. The Handle verbs, the Propulsion verbs that involve the abrupt movement of an object or objects (toss, bounce, drop), and those that describe the abrupt independent movement of a subject through space (fly, fall) classify subject or object on the basis of shape, texture, mass, number, animacy and other features.

As a result, an English verb such as CARRY has 12 classificatory equivalents in Navajo; DROP has 9 and FALL has 11. Thus, CARRY = yish’dat, if the object is solid, compact and

roundish (a ball, shoe, stone); yishtéét, if the object is slender and flexible (as a belt); yishtéét, if the object is animate (a lamb) - and similarly DROP = naashne’ for a solid roundish object (a stone), naashdeet for a slender flexible object, and naasht’e’ for an animate object; FALL = naalts’iid for a solid roundish object, naadeet for a slender flexible object and naattiish for an animate object.

In addition, the Navajo correspondents of English GO,RUN, SIT, LIE distinguish singular/dual/plural number by means of separate verbal roots. Shared derivational patterns attaching to the verbs of motion, the positionals and the extensionals, make it feasible and expedient to consolidate the several categories in chart form for indexing purposes, thus obviating the need for an excessive number of definitions and index entries. About 7700 primary and secondary index referrals as (GIVE/GIVE BACK) are incorporated into fifteen Index Charts, all of which are designated MV (for Motion Verb) and identified by a Roman numeral. These present the English entries in the form of numbered listings, arranged in alphabetic order, with Navajo referents located in boxes to the right of the English verbs. The Navajo referents are in columns headed by a verbal root. The Chart system is illustrated by the English entry GIVE O TO P in the general index, where it carries the referral MV-I-70. MV-I-70 refers the user to the Chart identified as MV-I (= Motion Verb Chart #1), where twelve Navajo equivalents are listed for the item numbered 70 in the subject Chart. The referent located in the first box to the right of #70, under the root ’A, is A(1)80. This refers the user to the Lexicon root entry ‘A, and under this root to derivative #80 under A. Momentaneous/Theme I. This derivative, located on page 13 of the Lexicon, includes the Navajo equivalent for GIVE O TO P if the object given is of the SRO class. Ifthe object in reference belongs to the SSO class the referral is to TA A(1)5, and if it belongs to the FFO object class the referent is TSOOZ A(1)46. The acronyms that represent the several object classes designated by the Classificatory Roots are listed below, with a brief description, for ready reference in connection with Charts MV-I, MV-Il and MV-III. See also the charts on page 828-840 where concrete examples are provided to illustrate the types of object included in each object class.

(SRO) =a solid, compact, roundish object: including a ball, stone, book, knife. The SRO root (’A) is used for a wide variety of objects that do not share the physical characteristics

1098

or shape in reference, including a hat, land, news, a statement of fact, a song and many others. With intransitive verb constructions, SRO describes the movement of the sun. (NCM) = non-compact matter: including a fleece, wig, tuft of wool, loose bundle of grass, ora rag. With intransitive verb constructions NCM describes the movement of fog, smoke, gas and vaporous substances generally. (OC) = open container: describes the movement of anything contained in an open vessel, as a dish, bottle, jar, cupped hands, coffin. (SFO) = slender flexible object: as a belt, string, rope, snake, sapling. Also extended to include anything that comes in pairs, as socks, shoes, gloves and in some usages to plural objects.

(SSO) = slender stiff or rigid object: including a pole, pencil, rifle, license plate, sheet of metal, wedding basket. (AnO) = single animate object: as a baby, kitten, lamb, snake, microbe, fish (alive or dead). (MM) = mushy matter: including mush, mud, wet mortar, butter, ice cream. (LPB) = load, pack, burden: as a load of coal, a backpack, a large quantity of anything, a massive object, as a sack of wool, a mattress, a heavy coat. (PIO4) = plural objects: especially small objects in profusion, as seeds, cartridges, coins, books, kittens. (PIO92) = plural objects: especially in the sense of severalty, as several kittens, lambs, books, hats, cartridges. (FFO) = flat flexibie object: as a sheet of paper, blanket, shirt, towel, and by extension a small sack and its contents - as a bag of groceries. (LUG) = anything carried on one’s back, as a bag of wool, a child. (STREAM) = anything moved by streaming or pouring, as water, sand. The 15 Index Charts for the motion verbs are described individually below:

1. MV-I: handle O/be in position/keep O. Contains 212 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are in the form of Active or Neuter verb constructions based on 13 Classificatory roots. 2. MV-II: propel O. Contains 70 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 9 classificatory stems (bounce, toss, drop, throw).

3. MV-IIl: propel O. Contains 62 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 8 separate stems that describe the manner of accomplishment (yank, pull, lead, push, drag, by looped handle, strew).

4. MV-IV: independent movement. Contains 72 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 12 verbal roots that relate to movement of the types fall, fly through the air, bounce, land.

5. MV-V: independent movement. Contains 238 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 10 verbal roots, 6 of which are number specific. Locomotion

1099

here involves walking, running, trotting, creeping on all four, crawling and flying. Walk and run are distinguished on the basis of singular/duaVplural number.

6. MV-VI: independent movement. Contains 56 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 10 verbal roots. Locomotion here involves hopping, hobbling, swimming, darting, diving, dashing, skipping, scooting on the rump.

7. MV-VII: independent movement. Contains 30 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 9 verbal roots. Locomotion here involves floating in air, gliding, bucking, sliding, galloping, dancing. 8. MV-VIII: independent movement/propulsion. Contains 73 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as intransitive and transitive, are based on 3 verbal roots. Locomotion here takes the form roll and float. 9. MV-IX: independent movement/propulsion. Contains 50 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as intransitive and transitive, are based on 3 verbal roots. Locomotion here takes the form flee/chase, sneak, drive.

10. MV-X: independent movement/proplusion. Contains 50 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as intransitive and transitive, are based on 3 verbal roots. Locomotion here includes move a large object suspended, slide/push a small object

11. MV-XI: locomotion by conveyance. Contains 115 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents are based on 5 independent motion stems glossed as trot (a quadruped), crawl (a caterpillar tractor or slow truck), run or go swiftly (a car, cycle), gallop (on a horse), go (at an unspecified but relatively slow rate of speed). The Navajo referents are listed in a double column under each of the 5 roots. The left hand column is identified as 3-S P-it, and the right hand column is identified as 3i-S P-it, 3-S represents “3rd person Subject” and 3i-S represents “Si person Subject (i.e. 3rd person unspecified = something).” The person conveyed is transported by a specific 3rd person agent in the 3-S column, and the agent must be represented nominally. Thus, the first English entry ACROSS Carries the DLOOZH referent A(I)64, which yields tsé‘naa P-it niildl66sh, P rides across on it - as in tf tsé’naa shit niildloozh, | rode the horse across. In the 3i-S column the agent is represented as an unspecified quadruped, and the English entry ACROSS carries the DLOOZH referent A(1)65, which yields tsé’naa P-it ni’didé6sh, P rides across - as in tsé’naa shit niidloozh, | rode across horseback. 12. MV-XII: locomotion by conveyance. Contains 80 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as intransitive and transitive, are based on 2 verbal roots: BAAZ

and 'EEL. BAAZ: roll (a hooplike object) describes the movement of a wheeled vehicle

(Car, wagon, wheelchair), and ’EEL : float describes the movement ofa boat, raft or submarine.

1100

The Navajo first column S/3i-O P-it. as follows: 3-S P-it: 3-S

referents are listed in 6 columns under each of the two root headings. The is identified as 3-S P-it, followed by 3i-S P-it, S/3-O, S/3i-O, S/3-O P-it and These are explained and illustrated with the first English entry ACROSS, = a definite 3rd person subject (as a car, wagon) + P-it: in company with

P, with the Navajo referent BAAZ A(I)55 yields tsé’naa P-it nibaas, P rides across in it (a car, wagon)ii.e. it rolls across with O), as in tsinaabaas tsé’naa shit ninibédz,

| rode

across in the wagon. 3i-S P-it: 3i-S = unspecified 3rd person subject (a wheeled vehicle) + P-it, in company with P, with the Navajo referent BAAZ A(I)56 yields tsé’naa P-it ni'ibaas, P rides across (in an unspecified wheeled vehicle), as in tsé’naa shit ni’nibdaz, | rode across (ina wheeled vheicle, as a car, wagon). S/3-O: S = subject + 30 =a definite 3rd person object (as a car, wagon), with the

Navajo referent BAAZ A(II)62 yields tsé’naa nisbaas, drive it across, as in chiditsé’naa ninftbdaz, | drove the car across. S/3i-O:

S = subject + 3i-O = an unspecified 3rd person object (as a car), with the

Navajo referent BAAZ A(I|)63 yields tsé’naa ni’nisbaas,

drive across (in an unspecified

Car, wagon), as in tsé’naa ni’nftbadz, | drove across. S/3-O P-it: S = subject + 3-O = a definite 3rd person object + P-it, in company with P,

with the Navajo referent BAAZ A(II)62 yields tsé’naa P-it ninisbaas, drive it across with him/drive (convey) him across (i.e. drive it across in company with him), as in chidf

tsé’naa bit ninftbdaz,

| drove (conveyed, took) him across in the car.

S/3i-O P-it: S = subject + 3i-O = an unspecified 3rd person object + P-it, with P, with

the Navajo referent BAAZ A(II)63 yields tsé’naa P-it ni’nisbaas, drive (convey, take) him across (in an unspecified wheeled vehicle), as in tsé’naa bit ni’nftbdaz, | drove (conveyed/took) him across. 13. MV-XIIl: locomotion by conveyance. A continuation of MV-XIIl. Contains 74 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as transitive and intransitive, are based on 2 verbal roots: T’A’and LO’. T’A’: fly, desribes the movement of an airplane, and LO’: move by means of a looped handle is extended to mean “drive a guided vehicle” (as a car, motorcycle, boat, bicycle, airplane). 14. MV-XIV: extension. Contains 49 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as transitive and intransitive, are based on 3 verbal roots: ‘A, T'l’4 and

TS'OOD. ’A describes extension on the part of a slender rigid object (a pole, finger, ladder); T'l’y describes extension in a thin line (a wire, highway, rope); and TS’OOD describes extension by stretching (wire, rope, one’s neck, rubber band, sock, sweater).

15. MV-XV: positionals. Contains 38 English entries for which the Navajo equivalents, distinguished as intransitive and transitive, are based on 8 verbal roots. The roots represent 1/2/3+ (singular/duaVplural) subjects or objects sitting and lying, and a subject or subjects standing. The derivatives describe the act of assuming or the state of being in position in one or another posture (down. leaning, hanging, in a circle, etc.)

1101

Il. THE NOUNS: The noun index refers to the Noun Appendix, pp 967-1095. listed in five categories identified as:

The nouns are

|. The Stem Nouns and Derivatives ll. The Borrowed Nouns lll. The verbal Nouns and Derivatives IV. The Numerals

V. Miscellaneous

(Clan names, War names, Sobriquets - not indexed).

The categories, listed as N-l, N-Il, N-IIl and N-IV, followed by the Arabic number of the item in the listing are used for indexing purposes. Thus the English entry: buckskin:

carries the referent N-I-2

Salt: is indexed as N-I-73

rice (a borrowed noun):

is indexed as N-II-5

waterfall (a verb-derived noun): is indexed as N-III-38 mischief (verb-derived): carries the referent N-III-59

hundred (numeral category):

thirty (numeral):

is indexed as N-IV-28 has the referent N-IV-21

Ill. THE POSTPOSITIONS: The postpositions are indexed with reference to their root in the body of the Lexicon, and also to the consolidated Appendix on pp 922-929, where the stems are arranged in alphabetic order, in numbered sequence. POS represents postposition and the arabic numeral that follows locates the entry in the list, as: to: POS-17

with (instrumental): with (accompanying):

POS-24 POS-31

IV. THE PARTICLES: The particles, identified for indexing purposes by the abbreviation PAR, are listed by category (as Pronoun, Numeral, Locative, etc.) and each such category is identified by a Roman numeral. The categories are:

|. Personal Pronouns (listed in tabular form). ll. Demonstrative Pronouns. lll. Indefinite Pronouns. IV. Numerals.

V. Demonstrative Adjectives. VI. Interrogatives. Vil. Locatives. Vill. Enclitics (not fully indexed). IX. Proclitics (not indexed as such; included with the Adverbials). X. Conjunctives.

1102

XI. Interjections (not indexed). XII. Adverbials, adverbial phrases and miscellaneous (numbered). XIII. Frames (numbered). The English index entry: me: carries the referent PAR-I. you: PAR-I. my: PAR-I. this: PAR-II. someone: PAR-III. thousand: PAR-IV. third: PAR-IV. half: PAR-IV. who: PAR-VI. which: PAR-VI. here: PAR-VI;PAR-XII-339. there: PAR-VI;PAR-XII-28. at: PAR-VIII. across: PAR-IX;PAR-XII-. above: PAR-IX;POS-21;38;PAR-XIl-. and: or:

PAR-X. PAR-X.

down: PAR-XII-1 yesterday: PAR-Xil-4. yes: PAR-XII-61. next day, on the: PAR-XII-106. never: PAR-XIII-16. unless: PAR-XIII-24.

1103

> Pe

> me

©

oo

[>

A(l)12

B

Ail)

pry

[7]

[tsooz [+

eee ie !

rake

TolTnu

A(I)59

A(lll)36_}

B(I)1

back S’s on

direct MOTION THE

aes ee

A(I)49

A(i)49

A(\)54

C(I)

(handle/haul. contact indirect or (MV) :VERBS

|ofvaae [vie

ea

A(I)13,15

Fie

A(I)11,13

A(l)42

A(l)52

A(\)42

A(l)49

A(iy46__| Asa

A(|)46

A(l)67

;

A(l)13

mn

A(l)18

pot

A(l)1,2

@ — — por

Fil)4

Oo = => pare

A(l)52

B(I)1

Anything 3

beh

continuing by O

A(\)13,15

A(I)50

r

Py

12)

jo

n

o mM

i

move

C(l)1

esse

A(I)41

Ie

B(I)1

transportedAnything 2

G(l)1

oO =~ a= male

1

a

streaming by moved

1104

B(I)1

pour) (rake,

‘=

ie)

fe}

{=

eH,

~A

bea

7)

Lye}

oH

o

m >

D

=

Ww

C(I)1

(I)

| "A oO] |

or

enclosure) inside

(progressively) along

around

oc here (

GLoss

with

ENGLISH

arrive

GenaingyO

trance/exit) block

(entrance/exit) block with

keep borrow

location) position (in be

en-P

P O

it andO

height) (fromadown

(an

about

and

Anything

A(III)13,1 | 5 A(I)24,26

B(I)1

container openan in

fro forth and back

(a faras as

sign (out of

aroundina there and here around

ENGLISH GLOSS

point) stopping >

AeA

A(|)89 A(1)81

jo

a

(aa ee |

A

O by

ca continuing aa

A(I)42 A(I)51

backS’s on

(I)1

mre direct

or indirect

contact

A(I)4

A(I)25

aot

A(N)6

AW (IV)4_

A(|)4 A(l)3

F(I)4

A(|)47 Femass A(\)19 F

A(l)1

A(\)60

ale

Fare

rake

A(I)42

A(I)25

he ao A(I)26

(MV) THE :VERBS MOTION (handle/haul,

A(I)9

pour) (rake,

streaming by moved

Anything 3

44nNnceC

Dy

ee

= =

@

>

(o>)

> 4

> a

>

tor)

DN)

o

nom | sro

GLOSS

ENGLISH

destination a to

@ tee)

MV-I

an)a

[voo [+4 [9]r

|

(-g00)

39

oc! |

To

33

Ta Cle Hes[x

EB

Ve [o felnee [i

4 Very

0

A(l)41

BB

=

A(\)50

nm

A(lh)36_}

@

(beyond far too

44

A(l)42

clasp

45 upstairs incline, UP Up,

selfto O

cover

covering) (lid, with P

46

A(IV)6 ’ | Ny1

O

51

something) cover

4

ul

A(III) |

A(ij24_

(with P

7h

A(l)5 A(il)3 rea

Aiiil)13 J

A(i)25_]

52

cover

O

with P

deliver 53

4

‘ld

beverly

a7

A(tll)14

delivered

56

P to O

be P, to

Anything

8

6 A(l)49

E(il)4

A(1)38

container openan in

9

Na

a

transported Anything 2

0

4

A(\)42

|e

backS’s on

—jo

A(\)59

Anything 3

ae w@ks

o

A(|)46

streaming by moved

4

A(l)18

pour) (rake,

1106

(a)

5

1s]

Ss

Boe

o = D

> =

m

@

(handle/haul,

rake

A(\)

A()4,9

A(1)3,7

A(1)4,11

=

MOTION :VERBS (MV) direct or indirect contact

11

THE O by continuing move

Pel nee fo[ve [opuans fo[wn |v [rsocz [+ [ao [olaioe

3 Anything moved by streaming (rake, pour)

A()3,7

A(I)80

A

2 Anything transported on S’s back

te

ENGLISH GLOSS

get well on the O with way

give O back to P_}{

A

44n7

divide O in half or in two

O trade)

exchange (swap,

O’s positions)

exchange (switch

O over fight

hand O down (as in unloading)

(ey o

>

@ Anything in an open container

>

extract O O

hand O to P

A(1)80

enclose self (with something)

parts

O

72e\en with

A(\V)2

parts

carrying

Baba

75

I)2 13

divide two in O

3+ in O divide

get good a start

go ditch the into Be give part to O of

o N =

|

73

A

n

@ ®

=

a @

1)1 om

~
> nee

= i

Le} 12)

o

n

S

Oo

oO

N

nN

S) @

r a

nN

O

ce)

71

N

nn

r Cc

G) 2

o = D

=

m >

w

A(l)33

A(|)33,47

handle/haul contact , indirect or (MV) :VERBS

A(\)34

FE

rake

i m = B 1 direct MOTION THE

continuing by O

move

H(1)12

G(l)13

over (asP

hold suspended

limb) a over

air thein up O

O

A(\)50

> wave hold

Cc

A(1)34,46

G(vl)2

[e) 1e)

G(l)10

a

Gilg

E ® i) O and up O

© N

G(\)5

“| ; ie

@ to)

G(\)8

[Seam

knock

—_—

down

lease

lessor)

nm

F(i)1

[sirmad Bil)

P’s

(from O

BEB.

A(\)50,63

Piriae Warm

A(ll)10

94

A(1)36

A(1)36.49 |

A(l)14

1108

ee

© >

le)

ae

ss a

ay

IE

Odown lower A(ill)1,2

1)1

1

A(l)24

H(I

A(tl)47 A(\)79 A(1)36

elie H(1)4 H(1)16 I(1)9 1

(I 1

H(I

1

position in

IE:

GLOSS ENGLISH

1

soil in buried S,

W144

eed A(Ill)5 A(l)12 Otogether mix

1)1

et | pat

|bse fron eer

Lael Bali | P’s with off make A(II1)34

H

2 H(1)18

Part hon

| looms berries) | A(1)71,85 A(II)51 ed | mee (ine ee S| ees eral hae ae ais Laat Pberteey

A(1)53

in

dips laa

Anything in an open container

The

(3+), S about

or ashes

water

and here side its on S,

S

S, immersed

101 series

ilkesse | Faea| [el

balFal

97

i eee

Fe]

ae

ieee Pal

\(I 1

ele qian

A(\)25 (handle/haul, rake

ee)

MOTION :VERBS (MV) direct or indirect contact

44nn

Anything pour) (rake, streaming by transported back S’s on moved 32

THE moveO by continuing

I

A(\)34

rapes

ND

A(Il)5

A(I)}49

A(\)12

[rs0or |

A(I)63

A(ll)8

[ao Pr

A(il)14

A(1)47

A(\)19

A(l)13

A(|)60

A(\)52

hae A(1)23

A(1)46

A(|)43

A(1)47

(Pee

A(Iv)6

A(ill)44_|

A(itl)17_|

A()15

A(1)52 |

A(II)}40

PereaA(lll)37

A(I1)10 |

A(I)54

A(1)27

A(iy25 |

A(il)24

A(ill)44

back S’s on

A(1)20 A(|)}47 A(II)6

A(I)26 A(I)57 A(II)7

40

A(1)18

A(|)24

A(|)42

A(I)45

A(\)51

A(1)53

A(il)14

A(I)24

A(|)42

A(1)47

A(1)32

A(\)57

transported Anything 2

A(1)42

A(l)39

A(|)46

A(\)46

A(l)20

A(\)23

A(I)25

A(l)39

A(l)23

rake

(handle/haul. contact indirect or (MV) :VERBS

1p) n

oe >

5 oO

a

=

n =d D m >

wo

continuing byO

O direct MOTION THE

move

[opm lo [ve [ola neefol[a Trl Jo [ope r Te fo

A(\)67

A()52

ee

A(I)26

A(I)29

Anything 3

Freee

ACIS

A(ii2 |

A(\)49

A(I)67

A(|)52

A(l)23

A(I)34

beeaey |

A(|)22

A(1)30 A(I)32

A(1)27

A(I)39

A(|)28

A(I)30

A(I)43

A(1)31

i

A(l)19

streaming by moved

ee

mM wo

|

YEE

A(l)34

pour) (rake,

1110

A(\)81

A(I)67

aay |

A(I)93

A(l)42

A(1)39

cover)own der

jen)

own

GLOSS

(on up O

ENGLISH

surface elevated place

entrance/ plug

with exit

entrance/ plug

exit

away neck around

inside back storage) (in

O

122

TEE:

ee

[ea something) ee

(un- fold ownin (of

126

127

Veen 125

me)

ame

ashes 131 soil into eeeFE

fold P’s into

or

Anything

A(I)50

A(1)87

[Toor &

A(INN)52

A(ll)49

advy7 | 4s

A(II1)27

container openan in

fe Lye) oO

move

O by

continuing

direct

or indirect

(MV) MOTION THE :VERBS (handle/haul,

rake

A(t) 14

A(iy29

| Aqiyis

A(ily2

=

ated

bce

A(1)42

A(|)30

apm A(l)21

A(1)44

A(\)15

A(\)28

A(1)31

A(1)16

A(1)28

A(1)30

A(1)37

a

Vd A(II)17

A(l)32

A(IV)14 |A(II)16

A(i)12

ene

A(|)26

at

ered cia rea Pe | acini4

| er

Aiv)i4

ee “portowed te

Aas A(\)39 A(II)15 e cee |ee |A266 lage alts A(1)32 A(I)44 A(I)31 De => han

3 Anything moved by streaming (rake, pour)

; A(Il)7 A(II)9 A(II)10

from (as pile) a

4444

Rikon

out) it

O from P

A(l)32

| A(i)46

taking

jewelry) (as

remove

A(l)44

Aso

A()31

A(\)42

A(II)15 A(IN)45 ee ba he “bortowed te A127 |A(I)36 pawn pledge) celal aioe (aw EU (| cpsun “ieawnplese) | aayos [on [a _| rca or A(I)36

2 Anything transported on S’s back

ar

[sro | nem _| oc! | sro | sso_| ano | mm | tra | Pio; | Flog | Fro | Luc? | sTREAM®| enaisHatoss [o] ‘4 [+ |yoon [o [ka Jolra [o [tai[+ [ri Jol nee lo [vie [ojvase lolnn |+}rsooz [+ [uo [of ziio2 |

ai ra eal ee a eacece [us ame hee epee |

contact

ae

A(1)42

item

moving aside) it

O (as repossess

Anything in an open container

A(\)49

pledge)

renter) furniture)

(by O remove

(from O save

item) danger)

(pawn a car,

149 | borrowed 151

>

A(1)33

A(l)12

~

>

>

C(i)2

\)7

|>

So fo

1

F

>

A

on

iN

:VERBS

MOTION THE

nee fo]Pa

>

(MV)

A(\)8

>

wll

>

mM

continuin by O g

move

Pee

50 (Ill)

y Lee)

A(|)10

[ar

Doma ical Ee @

A(l)8

oO

A(|)66

Anything 3

NX

streaming by moved

>I

fe)

sTREAM? | LUG?

A(i)51

pour) (rake,

1dd2

=

it)

O

withO

over O

share

sits/lies S

sling

shoulder

ation

(as

O

separate

Be

fa

(segregating

taking separate

obstacles) about

it) ing (segregatapart

surface) (ona down

preparIn out wa theof out

eating for

surface) raised (Ona up

or

(carrying start

(carrying back start

withoff

it) with

it)

apart it (byO

P

O

161

ae) Le)

p>|>

i?)

>


ee> Cc

ipe

z

ie) O

Ho

o

N

=

N fe)

—_

as

iN

~N o

raed

Pp)

a an MaliaA(1)89 A(1)40

a

O

A(I)89

apart P from

_ N on

switch

180

separating

horizontally)

out Ssticks out) (dangles (dangles sticks GLOSS ENGLISH

A(l)2

I A(III)53A(IV)10 A(INI)53 A(IN)53A(III)28

Leauiio-- A(l)1

A(l)i8

cereal

A(I)65A(I)65A(II)18A(I)65 A(1)31

A(i)12

Eee

aA(i)1 A(1)21A(iy21

pee A(\)1

|

A(I)32

A(i)21 A(\)7

J4 — ee

move continuing by O

MOTION THE

direct

:VERBS

(MV)

G(l)7

A(l)1

A(itl)4 A(ll)3,5 A(ilj2

ett a

A(1)32A(1)43A(l)1 A(1)50A(1)50A(I1)10A(1)50 A(\)22

aa

A(1)48

7

A(I)44A(Il)26 ee

ve

G

ee

A(lij2

apnecll|

A(I)31A(1)39A(l)1 A(1)47A(1)47A(il)8 A(1)47 A(1)23

A(M)5

A(l)45 A(l)62

streaming by moved Anything 3 A(l)31 A(lj23 A()23

anittml

A(1)30A(I)15A(1)1 A(I)49ee A(il)14A(1)49 A(|)23

ee

(handle/haul, contact indirect or

| | | | es A(1)37 A(1)46A(\)1 A(1)53 ae A(i)13A(1)53 A()26 agnrocoe|

rake

A(ill)16

| zie [of[vio [+ [streaw®] tue? |

savin

A(ii}42A(itl)42A(IV)10

A(IV)2

A(iil)24

A(il)4

| mantel A(1)25

| | | | | A(I)36 A(1)47 A()1 A(I)55 A(I)55 A(ity14

A(Ih)4

ll Pa anntod

A(\)27__ A(I)15A(I)1 A(1)46A(I)}46 A(y1oA(1)46 A(I)19

4447

pour) (rake, A(\)22

|tsooz [+ lolnu polvas2| |o mee: fol[rf [rats fo fo}iA [Fropicog | [Porwre| mm| ano sso_| | [sro

| A(1)43A(1)43A(ity10

Pivonace

back S’s on transportedAnything 2 A(l)26 [rasa ea A(l)19

1 181

positions) ing (changO

back

“Sigh

container) (fromout back

(clothes,

self off

froma (as

down

P) (separaP from

jewel

down tree) shelf,

picking) in (as

series, in

O from

a oo Ln)

79 178 iN Ea efont water force ashore eee

container openan in A(iij28

Anything A()40

ting

a @ ioe)

OV nN

ined te)

A(I)44

2S

A(1)32

A(il)14

A(l)1

A(\)1

ea A(II)9

wicfo]

A(\)1

(a A(il)11 (ae [ea

A(iy12 |

A(l)1

A(I)13

A(|)20

continuing byO

A(IV)4 A(Il)22

A(|)34

A(l)1

A(itl)1

A(I)2

[eee A(iv)1132_] A(il)

cote |

Ce

P

from

encloan

sulelasis

hat) a as ing, (coverself off

jewelry) ing, (clothP of off

jewelry) “ing. Jewelry) ing,

195

SENOS [Read

room tally, (horizonout pocket hole, tainer, con- (fromout

froma as

[ier bOx,-iah 198

out

handP’s of out

without

P’s

pocket P’s of

consent

(mis-

appropriate

away O getto try

inside

fol[eefo [soot Jr& [o] ctoss enotist

A(l)1

bce |

Leona |

move

A(I)1

[a [Hhfo

A(\)1

direct MOTION THE

A(\)1

A(1)21 [bosaadA(il)14

A(IIl)13

[rcaA(i7 ee ee A(IV)3__| ee A(I)4 ee

A(I)4

+

oe

~
> Ree

fe) O

oo

”

N

=

1)

Ls)

By S) rake

A(\)1

A(1)27__

A(1)55

A(1)36 |

A(1)37 |

P

way theof aside, O tug other) the then end, (one O tug

out

Anything

A(I)55 | Aciy24

container openan in

A(1)37

Pe ei |

A(II)13

A(1)30

A(1)30

fr

m. m,

(handle/haul contact indirect or (MV) :VERBS

A(1)31

A(I)31

transported Anything 2

A(|)61

A(iI)20,22 14 A(t)

A(Il)20

A(I)44

A(1)32

A(\)54

backS’s on

nh o oO

ee A(il)13 |

a

A(l)31

A(l)49

Anything 3

nN o =

ae

A(l)44

A()32

==

streaming by moved

>

=

pour) (rake,

1114

nm oa

11

5a:

1 56;

A(l

rt

A(l)16

rake

|+[tsooz [olnun

A(|)10

5 BOL

Anything 3

:

A(l)11

A(1)1,2,35

1

ue

ii

(handle/haul, contact indirect or (MV) :VERBS

direct MOTION THE

A(y24 210 off) cover or lid

35 A(l)1,2,

A(l)1,2,32

move

|t4i]+ Jo [olis | [o

A(|)12

3 A(l)1,2,4 |

transported Anything 2

continuing by O

Adil), |

backS’s on

|olvaae [ve[o JoltA(1)44; [rf

A(l)14

A(l)1,4,54

streaming by moved

F( A(

| zoe [of [vo[+

A(l)11

pour) (rake,

444

2,29

F(I)1

(i aw

Oturning over

ted 209 over, and be

P (reuncover

A(l)219 coverin move

over O

O

Anything

6 A(|)2,4,

208

211

euaeeme turn |

Paatier

unload | 212

[voor A]A(1)69; |o| Gloss enauisH

A(ll)12

3 A(Itl)1,2,4

container openan in

ad ee

Paks oat, ee

A(l)52

a

Fe

ape

A(l)54 A(tl)22

Pie

A(il)16,19

1116 bouncetoss, (drop, (MV)

ATT

motion in O setO: VERBS MOTION THE

26 Propel

A(Ill)43 Paar]

of

blows)

GLOSS

ENGLISH

surface) repeatedly

object class with

(against

ee

18

19

Ea

down a

17

20

wall) (ground, surface a against

series (a

a

(as P to

firethe into

water the into

ogether) other each ainst

slperson a to

i

A(l)23

Q Es

Sul

= 2) 1s)

x) i)

=

[a [a [nea |v

A(\)3

A(\)43

>

A(ll)4

FFO

Peetu;’AHy|

=_

MV-II

[ano [1 [voor[+

bee

1

A(i)21

O) at

whacks

away

class series a

repeatedly

repeated

company in ow class with

O) blows of

(take O at

P) with a fly let - O

(with

teen O of rid get and

other each

GLOSS

air the

ENGLISH

into up

FS

reir a Pa

against

together)

repeatedlyogether) other each ainst

over O push

t

A(IIl)26;

A(i21

444°

A(\)1

A(l)57

fe)

—

A(il)19

13

acne

>

o

A(l)20

G(l)2

G(l)1

Ail)

“tl

TEs

E(l)1

A(l)i

A(ll)1

A(il)19

A(l)1

A(il)4

once at O) at O (take

A(l)39

A(l)39

A(i)1

E(ilj2

—_

“O one

whack

=

SSO/AnO

4

m,

Lal

m,

ae

S&S”

cr D o

A(l)1,2.3.43

A(l)1,54

A(1)1.2,.35

A(l)s2

A(l)1

A(ll)5,8

MV-II

of

or

a

(as

a

window) through

room)

door) horizontally out

chair) a over

onto

floor down

enclosure an into

over (asP

ground the

(hole,

out (as

back the

rooftop) or cliffa from down and edgethe over

through (asP

A(1)1,2,35

(drop (MV)

motion in O VERBS

setO: MOTION THE

P

tossing (byO

unload

make

with

rooftop) a from (as height a from down

a window) (asa through pPwith

with

series a

around O turn

corpse) board,

snowballs) with (asP

overor throws of

(log,

Sen) log, spit, a on (beef over and over O turn

ars it

A(1)1,2,16

through

i rat

Propel

A(II)1,3,12

stone

mud)

repeated! atO

GLOSS ENGLISH

powell away P with

feel

CN

strew,

seeds sand, O dribble

A(l)52

A(|)19

Ee

A(|)28 A(\)22

A(\)20

ee

MV-III

a

beads thorn,splin | bratter prisoner, (string family person, log,| Oasamule, horses,chilcar, dren, rope, a | recalcitrant a O plural O drag tow, along O jerk lead "EEZH: pull, D2{j[Z: yank, DAZH:

ee es

drag lead, shove,pull, contact motive continuing by O: Propel (MV) VERBS MOTION THE

box trunk, boulder, car, child person, wheelbarro blind w, horse, a | O shove O one push, YILo: lead LOOZ:

a

handle or cord looped plum ripe cloth, blood, ofa means by chain, rope, a | scatter, dangling O tear gently drag, ZASo: O move LO’ pull, ZOOZo.

A(1)6

ee

1120

om

Re Fa

ENGLISH

Fe

AROUND:

(around about

GLOSS

9

pway,

and

from

aroun as P_( d

ridofget

directions opposite in

about

hogan a

O

MV-XIII alsoV.

water or fire

A(\)13

pm

A(l)4

A(\)3

A(l)12

A(i)1,2

A(l)14

@

>

@

by of ameans

A

ZASo:

@

cord

handle looped

>

or blood, scatter,

A(l)9

A(l)10

Ail

A(\)34

A(\)3.5

A(\)39

A(\)32

A(|)56

A(\)23

A(1)1,2

A(l)5

A(l)5

Ail

plum ripe cloth, chain, rope, a

A(\)1

———

lead

|

LOOZ:

lead

bay —

plural

O (EEZE:

pull,

saeger

ae

drag lead, shove,pull, contact motive continuing by O: Propel (MV) VERBS MOTION THE

DZjjZ: yank,

A(\)1 |

DAZH:

Cae

O

circles.

circuit,

climb

down |

ee

bral

Pa

i

|

| at

barrier,

le

GLOSS

ENGLISH

commuting) locations (between forth and back sight of out dl

(blockage a to

around circle,

around

in

ina

make

with -- a

(ascend O withup

from

| ae from

he

29

sr

enclosure an

end one height a

otherthe to

building(room,

pate

box trunk, beads thorn,splinter _}| brat prisoner, family boulder, car, child person,(string person, log,| Oasamule, wheelbarrow, blind horse, a children,horses, car, rope, a | recalcitrant a O shove drag tow, O one O along O jerk

push, YiLg:

|

a

|

sg

——— Saat

-——|

eae | ‘aus —_ Lanie ee

A(\)24

A(l)1

A(l)32

A(l)32

A

strew,

>

A(|)16

A(\)61

>

|ie

seeds sand, O dribble

A(l)17

A(l)61

A(|)61

>

A(l)17

MV-XIII alsoV.

|se

drag,

gently

tear ZOOZo. pull,

dangling O

!

O move LO’

MV-III

pull,

>

2 ZOOZo.

: lead

LOOZ:

MV-III

plural *EEZH:

O

drag lead, shove,pull, contact motive continuing by O: Propel (MV) VERBS MOTION THE

push, YiLg:

O lead

children,horses,

Car,

rope, a

Oasamule, recalcitrant a along O jerk yank, DAZH:

horizontall

over over

ENGLISH

watertheof

cliff) a edgean

another to (as P

GLOSS

down and

person

39

move LO’

A(1)13 '|>

0

41

42

4

O

oe ie

b w

ZASo:

>

> >

strew,

li

> oO

dribble

= prisoner,

= thorn,splinter | brat

person, log,|

>

> D

beads |

@

= N

(string family

(as

MV-XIII alsoV. destination designated a

> ©

O

ae 0

on a

boulder, car, child person, wheelbarrow, blind horse, a O shove O one

A

OV nN

plum ripe cloth, chain, rope, a tear gently drag,

>

On w

or cord looped blood, a of means by dangling scatter, O

8

> oO a

A(1)14

A(l)29

A(\)29

OY on

seeds sand,

A(l)16

A(\)16 foe)

A(l)19

A(l)19

1122

oO cep)

tow,

drag

DZ{jZ: pull,

ENGLISH

GLOSS

V. also MV-XIll

D2{jz: pull,

’EEZH:

MV-III

lead

YILg:

push,

shove O

| ahorse, blind | wheelbarrow, person, child | car, boulder, trunk, box

one O

LOOZ:

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) Propel O: by continuing motive contact pull, shove, lead, drag lead

plural O

ank,

jerk O along | tow, drag O horses,children, family (string

DAZH:

a recalcitrant | a rope, car, log, person, O asa mule, prisoner, brat | thorn,splinter

41923

Z90Zo.

pull,, | a rope, chain, cloth, ripe plum

ZASo:

strew,

blood, sand, seeds

scatter, dribble O

move O

danaling |

LO’

by means ofa looped cord or handle

A(l)16

(I)9

A(l)11

A(l)19 | >

oz=

—

&

—_

oc

part 1x)

w

=

ote

is)

wo

>

= a et

mu! => =

_—

>

a

A(1)1,2,14 —_

E(I)1

A(1)19

A(ij24

ia

MV-IV

F(l)1

A(i)1.11 |

A(1)14 A(ly1.2.15

A(l)15

KG i

A()1,2.20

A(1)20,25

MOVEMEN INDEPENDENT VERBS MOTION THE

C(l)1

A(ly1,3,16 |

A(1)1,2,14 29 | A(1)1,3,

=

A(1)16,24

A(I)23

A(l)14 |

cad

A(1)1,2,14 >

—_

>

nD

—_

>

—s

>

nm

—

>

>

a

>

pert jer’

&>

A(l)1.2.11_| |

A(l)11

el

into

4

down

edge

out

sight away

and

up,

and

dropsS,P off, falls loose comes

S

a

Ee Fa

eatnes against

surface againsta repeatedly

falls breaks

comes

time one

off, loose

back

sinking) (after S

S

(accidentally)

lost gets and away bush or tree ged(asona caught/snag-

of

froma down

height

top on down P, onto down

over

offa (as

an

A(1)1,3,20

A(1)20of

hole a

fallto start downward, roofor cliff

or

(asa sure encloan into

GLOSS

the mud, stew,

into P (as into

into the ashes or dirt

in the water (S falls and off of P (as off of a tabletop) off of P (slab from a boul-

per, shoes,

ban

A(|)20

A(l)13

haa

NCM

A(|)4

A(l)11

TE=_

MV-IV THE MOTION VERBS INDEPENDENT

A(iy23__|

A(1)10

A(l)14

sae

bearer ie

A(1)18

——Awe6

[EF|e

ie aedEa ua

A(l)13

AWE?

Firmen

A(1)30

A()15

A(i)12

(naman A(\)33

A(\)24

A(l a A(I)11

A(I)16

A(I)15

A(\)21 A(l)15

A(l)8

= fe:

A(1)20

ree

AW ea

za > > 1]

A(l)14

>

off of P (asa ring, hat, diaoff (after breaking loose -

on the ground or floor

out horizontall

out of P (as out A(1)17

A(1)10

= a

= nN N

a

ofa De cinan drop out A(\)17

\)8

ill

=

out of P’s hand

= EX

ENGLISH

28

3 ial F Ft

A(|)20

>

3

— A(I)39

be be

oO

A pei

>A

v

a o eS ins)

© w a

°

v

>A >

°

out of view (S falls and

at

aealteaite jaw Laos Laas ne 44

°

i=) =

° 3 a ) = “

pest nN nm NO te)

Le) @

=i 12) Ls) w

wo a

ae

mes eae

ag

ROA

A(l)16

=

A(i)i2

el

A(l)13

A(I)25

A(\)12

A(1)24

A(I)16

A(I)15

A(I)19

A(1)24

A(I)114

A(\)21

A(I)19

A(\)21 A(I)14

i

ce | . |

A(l)13

A(\)17

Dee|]

A(\)13

A(l)20 14 A(\) A(l)20

A(I)15.25___}A(|)34

[ae

A(\)14

A()29

[aor

A(\)15

A(\)32

PireskanaalA(I)22

A(I)22

flow fly,

(fall, yt

MV-IV

MOVEMENT INDEPENDENT VERBS MOTION THE

[Yeti | vera[| [reze [e:en:[a] ieee [er] oetisTe

ee ee —| [ere ow

A(|)20

A(\)28

aoeee

rs

eaa

(2

A(l)8

A(\)14

>

a

A(l)17

A(l)i5

eerrr—rove|

A(i)28

A(l)j24

Price Eo (water)

1126

22

;

A(l)10

wheel,

oy

air,S_goes through along flying

[Pe]

edgean

over

Seoras

through through

cliffa from down and edge an over

a (asP

Sis downward, falling

Starts

(a as far as

stopping

(asa P of off

gob

the

point)

(as

to

of

A(\)17

A(1)37

[fame _[aowrr mons

A(\)14

aaa A(\)i9

[Toseve |e] 00%=

A(\)8

re

ialA(1)29

A(I)14

RO

aaa

eae

D(l)2

MV-IV (MV

a

| anaras| ane

A(1)21,25 | A(l)17

ied

aye | A(ts

| A(iy18

A(1)18,20

A(iy22 is a

‘ow

EL eee

ae2

A(I)18

1® | amsii9_| a(ii.41 Pee

ee

|

Peres Pre

fs

Bigeee

-—_aneras|—

Sa

Awiis___| A(I)1,2.14 pe

A(I)22

ee a A(\)22 > |)_Lf

_}—_foms

ade Ea

Es ae

Es alice

=f}

A(I)1,2,14

A(I)27 mae

AY

™m ™m N ie ine}

THE MOTION VERBS INDEPENDENT MOVEMEN

(os)

20

|

| 2°

rrr

ia

A(1)14

(Eee

Sar

S)

nea

|

| ami3.i6

ie)

=e A(1)31,32

A(l\)29 A(l)14

P heh con ween hae |

A(|)21 A(1)14

A(I)24

A(1)21

H(II)2

(Inyt

Dy Pe

aai220 | Poo Paisome Faicralbe

=

scum

S:

|

D(I)2

1)1,26,

A(I)27,30 |A(1)12,13

‘ie

a >> )

ai2.11 |ami2i15

A(I)1.26 | A(1)12,13

w

a A(1)1,3,20

>

hangs stationary, S (dust layer, ate [-

LANDS,

(car, log)

overturns , S

receivesS,P(S comes to P)

(flying

,P(S recoversS returns to P -

returns

(turns around

revolves ,S and around rises ,S (comes up-a Bunken

sinks, S (falls to the pee of

S

EES, upon S gets (fallan hatona

tips over,

tips over and spills, S

sideways, S

tips over

from a height, S

topples over, S tumbles down

Oo

oO

—

=

ne} eA

ne) =

ENGLISH GLOSS

72

>

> Spy

ia ro) a e D N

@ =

Oo |o Sees

= O

i! fy ie]

Ww

—

fl

crawl,run, (MV)

(walk, VERBS

MOTION THE

LOCOMOTION:

SSeS COMEGO,

_

GOONALL4: ON2LEGS] TROT

28]

WALK,

’AAZH: | 1S YA:

les}

CRAWL: |

WODy-1S | 34S KAI:

=

FLY:

o

CHAA’s: |

B(i)3

[| 34S JEE'a: | 2S

al

DLOOZH

>

—

eeNA’g

A(lt)1

>

1)4

1128

jee] .

to

and

ashore

water)

around

mountain)

around

(wandering)

(something: along

(people,

GLOSS

ENGLISH

plants) among about

among about

plants)

it) get (something: after

there) (here overall

after

neighbors) (relatives, P among

(people, P

P

here field, (a P

there and

it) getto

point)

(away

absent away

stopping (a as far as

from

remain and

ENGLISH GLOSS

from P

away after (something: to get it)

away

back (returning back exhausted

YA:

WALK, GO, COME

B(l)1,2

KAI: 3+

A(l)2 Bil)72

18 | ’AAZH: 2S

A(|)55 B(I)69

B

A(1)52

A(ll)1

Bil)71

B(l)71

Bil)7 C(l)1

Bee

B(l)20

WOD4-1S

MV-V

| CHAA’s: 2S | JEE’9:3+S

A(1)32

A(\)43

o

forth

(commuting)

back and

down from a height (descending)

danger

in an escape from

alley

into a cul-de-sac, blind

(hole, room)

into an enclosure

into an enclosure and remain

A(\)54 A(1)54

oe

A(l)10

>

22

29 30 into the water

roundtrip

on a circuit (to and back)

ona

get)

(horizontal

on around trip after (to

out

over an edge and down

P (fence, fog,

the entire length (end to end)

smoke)

eum

=

Le)

A(|)19

A(\j20

¥

je)

> oO

> 442900

31

32

> =

N nN Le) nN Nm Le)

33 wo oo aw on wo bez) a N

wo co

‘i

DLOOZH

TROT ON 2LEGS | GO ON ALL 4: TLA

CRAWL:

NA’4

TA’

| Pee THA

baad +

> N

D

>

2)

K

[k

>

=| fly)

crawl.run. (MV)

(walk, VERBS

eo Res

1130 MOTION THE

IS

B(i)58 LOCOMOTION:

SEEM

omens

to

now

POET] 28 ‘AAZH: | 18 YA:

it): get

(Preqeece) going be

river, road, (a

and

stairs)

GLOSS

(gateway, P

ENGLISH

through

retum destination a to

person another to (asP to

destination) designated (a to

(another P meet to

person)

town to

incline an UP

marketorto

shelter /to

(hill,

hole, {fromout up

mud)

ladder) (mountainsi P up de,

across

field) across

Progressive)

(something: AFTER

alon

back) be gone have to

going: (be

(and

seca

—

> Fe

=

di

nl rc


| ill

4 =

i) 7)

ro rc

il

ce)

ee >

9) (e) fe) m m

>

we

D cS

nm o

D 1} | +

a >

—

\s)

>

>

{ nN ie)

wo

ith

m, m.

=

1

i) 4404

N

w ~N

to) N

@

>

ce i 0

ao

>

(returning: 1e)

w oo

o>

back Progressive) > D

@

rice —

Ls) fez] wo

D fez] or

D NSN oO

fire ~“ nN N Ww

~ & »

NI

NI

=

A(I)39

A(il)57

A(ih28

A(l}39

A(ij26

fl

crawlrun, (MV)

(walk, VERBS

1132

MOTION THE

LOCOMOTION:

A(III)84

285 COME. GO,

B(I)59

B(I)59

B(i)71

WALK,

’AAZH: | 1S

A(1)44

YA:

A(I)66

A(1)39 |P

A(l}48

A(1)30

to

car,a

P

and

GLOSS

stopping (a as far as

77 ENGLISH

pom)

(abandon) leave and

lost get

(somethin afterg:

get

other each from

(separating)

it) from (separati P from ng

it)

i.

ery

(commuting) back

nest) box, (into) in

start off. a

company in

forth and

(asP

with

fl

ae

ny

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) (walk, run, crawl, LOCOMOTION:

|CHAA’): 2S | JEE’2:3+S

>

KAI: 34S |WOD4-1S

ee ad “is

|’AAZH: 28]

| DLOOZH

cipal

NA’4

T’A’

A(il)62

A(1)19

A(I)65

i an|a

A(il)19

A(l)61

=

A(Il)58

A(\)69

A(1)61

Pee

A(il)58

A()43

A(il)11

°

YA. 18

;

A()44

=

GLOSS

A(III)87

A(il)93

o

rn B(I)63

B(1)58

| gangs

B(l)23

>

| A(1)48

A(il)15,16

itera

N

ENGLISH

A(|)72

A(!)77

—[ares

get_}

o

break loose and get away (a tethered animal

around ina

catch up with P (overtake P)

circle, around in

ladder)

COME

(trapped),

with P

114 | discover P (find P

in company

cornered

ee rat

in company with P (companion)

(arrive):

circles,

107

o

>

N oO _

o a —_ —s

io oO [=] Ls)

_ oO w

ok oOo eS oaks to) on = _— = oO _ —_ —

— —_ = = w

CRAWL fl

crawl.run, (MV)

(walk, VERBS

MOTION THE

A(I)54 aHas

B(l)71 B(I)71

A(l)29

A(I)55

A(I)55

A()2,39

B(i)40

B(l)72

B(l)72

B(1)1,50

A(l)35

B(l)46

G(l)i0

A(1)29

B(I)40

A(I)54;

A(I)2

B(I)2.50

G(1)10

A(l)1

A(i)2.39

B(1)25.50

COMEGO,

eo

WALK,

"AAZH: 1S

\

LOCOMOTION:

2S

A(I)39

B(1)25.50

oO

3+S KAI: WOD4-1S

A(III)54

A(IN)97

A(III)97

A(III)5

A(I)29

B(I)40

A(l)11

A(l)42

B(l)23

o

FL

or oOo

A

A(ilj42

A(il)67

B(I)57

aa B(i)21

A(lll)79

-

—

TA!

A(l)71

A(i)42

A(i)50

A(l)42

A(l)70

1134

A(1)80

A(I)4

A(I)44

A(l)15

YA:

A(I)19

A(I)44

ae

P

(an or

A(ll)19

anit

>

P_on

into

waterthe

P

GLOSS

horse) from

bus, (car, get

Gapune)

eae

128

ey

129

(companion)

away

ENGLISH

(bicycle, dismount

down,

(descend) down

company in

height a from

with

from

clothingone’sinto

ess)

out

Plane)| 130

bus, (car, P of

(a P

a

on hole) car,“eer | 134or

self

(overturned P of out

mud)(as

animal)

position reclining kneeling a fromup

bicycle)

r€

me

S

ise

NGLISH GLOSS

go (come/arrive grazes P, S (nearly hits, brushes)

(companion)

in company with P

A(IIl)3

A(I}23

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) (walk, run, crawl, fl LOCOMOTION:

A(II)52

4425

in under P (as undera

roof)

and

into a hole or burrow into an enclosure into an enclosure remain

BI)37

(asa

jeaving P outside into P (car, barrel, mud, snow)

into P’s mouth bug)

A(IN)8

B(1)19.22

into the fire

--ceciorates

Acyi0.16 | A(lj9.12

B(I)19.22

Ail) 14

pany)

A(1)9.12

leave P (as a stranded car)

keep right on going (after an interruption)

aspeet)

B(I)38 depart

area

A(I)27

152 | leave

st

E

fe een

A(ilyi3

Ads

3

jyeyUOzoy

(pnw ‘ajoy

"sng Je) jo g -UIYYM WOIJ) jo gd

)dsepun woy

(seu}860)

eblow dYum ejbulwdUM

~ °o te} ° to} = U no)=| ry p = =] fe) < Se=

3


nN Le)

HID =ja

I:

3+

:

RUN

A(\)29

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) (walk, run, crawl, LOCOMOTION:

A(i)25

fl

TROT

aetna

DLOOZH

ON 2 LEGS | GO ON ALL 4:

TL’A

A(\)15

CRAWL:

A(U)67

A(l)70

A(1)56,58

A(1)58

CRAWL:4:

a DLOOZH

E(1)6

A(|)42

A(|)44

A(|)44.56

ALL ON GO|

———

D(I)6

A(il)43

A(ll)42

ep] w

A(!)42

FLY:

TA’

iil

A(|)67

~“ o

2LEGS ON

TLA TROT fl

348

apes —

crawl,run, (MV)

(walk, VERBS

JEE':28]

sage

1140

MOTION THE

eT

[CHAAy:

A(ii21

A(il)24

B(l)41

LOCOMOTION:

aa

WOD1.1S | 3+ Kal:

d

pa

D(\)8

A

A(|)4

WALK,

ding) (climbing, up

and

task, (a P

GLOSS

ENGLISH

around turning

project) undertake

snow) mud, cellar, hole, a (fromout up

ascen-

(tree, P up

stairs)

incline an up

money)land, (resource P waste s,

happens something (when get way, the on well

ladder, cliff,

justto

A(1)45,58

A(1I)18

’AAZH: | 18 YA: COMEGO,

2S]

E(I)5

ae

A(1)30

A(!)30.38

eee A(II)21

eer GiI)9

A(Ill)56.72

A(II)78

ENGLISH GLOSS

(separating

GO ON

WRIGGLE

KOO"

| SWIM

NAY

MOVE HSEHLD

NOOD

E(\)4

A(IV)1

TAAL

DART,DIVE | DASH

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) (hop, swim, dash, scoot LOCOMOTION:

GHAL4

D(l)1

o

HOP,HOBBLE,

CHA’

@ A(l)31

>

CRUTCHES

A(\)8

A(l)2

| Hop,skip

| HOP (FROG)

TSAAD

SCOOT (RUMP)

A(\)29

ZAAL

DASH

A(\V)1

A(IV)5

A(IV)14

A(IV)12

H(il)4

HIt)1

A(IV)14

Th

A(\)17

Ferien, A(IV)15

E(Il

A(IV)15

A(IV)4

A(IV)4

A(\)13

A(l)12

Pireramee

b.

A(\)28

—

= N

= —

o

>

{

> m

o me

@

apart

and disappear

from fire or water

(into hiding out of sight

Ke)

m. my,

>

ne _

18

>

= nN

3 Z oO

aa

—s —_

nm

iw

—_ >

=

N

_

>

A(\)31

=|

A(I)12

Perera

a

A(IV)1

i)

A

uli

2

(FROG) HOP|

cg

HOP.SKIP.

Ea TAAL4

A(IV)11

A(IV)11

(RUMP) SCOOT

>

DASH

>

TLEE’

aw

TSAAD

nm

ZAAL

A(IV)14

aE

A(IV)14

2

A(IV)1

ee

A(IV)4

1142

z

rz n


SWIM

O

WRIGGLE

GHAL

D

HOP,HOBBLE, GO ON CRUTCHES CHA’;

—_ m

A(l)14

A(I)17

\)2 A(\)2

MV-VI

Kents ——fisi A()2,21

el ae on: Co

>

Wok

a

(7)

0

A >

>

te)

> & & cand > pa > nal is > =

nm

A(IV)15

A(IV)14

A(IV)14

A(IV) 14

A(IV)15

A(IV)14

(RUMP)

A(i}12

A(i)28

A(I)19

TSAAD

A(I)34

ZAAL

TLEE’ |

A(IV)16

fee

A(IV)16

MOTION

MV-VI

1144

WRIGGLE |

GHAL,

A(i21

CRUTCHES ON GO HOP,HOBBLE,

CHA’,

A(\)4

GLOSS

ENGLISH

ENGLISH GLOSS

et AROUND:

FLOAT WAET

IN AIR,

DO:cloud,wisp of smoke, balloon

BUCK

| GEED:

MV-VII GALLOP, LOPE

| ZHEE’y

HUNT

person

ZHIIZH:

DANCE

ZHIIZH:

PASS MOVE

ZAo: horde,

game

| SLIDE TWIST

Viz-7a

flock, army, bee swarm

animals (as

| heavy boulder

(MV) slide, dance

SLIDE,SKID

THE MOTION VERBS (waft, glide. LOCOMOTION

GLIDE, SOAR

TEEL:

horse, dog | person, car, skater

K’|: eagle, |TAA’:

horse,mule | buzzard, hang-glider

of

MOVE

DANCE

PASS

HUNT

horde, ZA:

ZHEE’; |

ZHIIZH:

ZHIIZH:

swarm bee army, flock,

animals

game

deer

person

(as

Eee

period

time

|

a

glide, (waft, VERBS

SLIDE,SKID

dance slide, (MV)

TAA’: |

MV-VII

MOTION THE

SOAR GLIDE,

eagle,K’]:

buzzard, |

hang-glider

LOCOMOTION

LOPE GALLOP,

TEEL:

YIZ: TWIST SLIDE |

skater horse,

car,

fans

person, | dog

heavy

boulder

an |

BUCK |

GEED: | AIR,IN

horse,mule

ay a aes ae re

balloon

WAET FLOAT

DO:cloud,wisp

smoke, of

(as

eed ee

down and

fence) (cloud, P

cliff) a seitan

_ to

A(\)4

over over

through Ea

GLOSS

hogan

(around about

ENGLISH

across

about a tree, (as

from fire or water

from P

and get rid of O

and disappear

(come/go

= eS

(separating

i oO

arrive

to and fro, be going

P

(detouring P

sere= = on ms Le)

=k o>)

a o

oy N

a hoop, vehicle

skate, wheeled

S rolls:

(MV)

Transitive

@

MV-VIII

t

MAAzZ: globular animate S/O moves Intransitive

S moves floating:

t

submarine

Transitive

EEL: S/O moves by floating on or in

Intransitive water

a log, ship, boat,

Smoves O

by rolling @

S rolls O:

a

S rolls:

a barrel,

S rolls O:

barrel, ball,

animate object

ball, person, bug

Sailing, by

float roll,

pushes O:a wheelchair,

bicycle;drives O: wheel-

floating, driving rowing,

THE MOTION VERBS LOCOMOTION Transitive £

a hoop;

BAAZ: circular S/O moves by rolling

Intransitive @

in or on

O

floating by

Transitive t

movesS/O

Intransitive

floating, | boat, ship, log, a moves S | floating:moves S

2)

water ‘EEL:

a

rolling by

float (roll, (MV) VERBS

bicycle;drives

MV-VIII

LOCOMOTION MOTION THE

rolling by

movesS/O

Transitive 12

wheelchair, O:a pushes hoop; a O: rolls S

hoop, a

vehicle

circular BAAZ:

Intransitive

rolls: S

skate,wheeled

o

animate globularMAAz:

Transitive t|

Intransitive 12)

person, ball, |] barrel, a rolls: S

barrel, | bug rolls S

movesS/O

O:

ball,

1148

by

wheelO:

GLOSS

back

ENGLISH

(commuting forth and

Le) =—

A(il)64

A(l)15

A(ll)14

(blockagebarrier

catch

nN Ls)

(wagon,car vehicle ed

A(Il)10

A(l)23

(overtake P withup

Le) >

animate

A(Il)8

A(il)27

a

A(|)19 P

making

A(il)20

circuit,

around circles,

nN a

A(ll)s

nN ep)

around and

cornered

down

nN N

submarine object

A(1)38

A(ll)44

from

nm fee)

(trapped

(descend height a

nh o

driving

A(ll)73 w oO

Sailing, rowing,

A(1)60

A(ll)69

9

A(1)3,5

A(il)2.4

wo —

A(l)11 in

A(1)65

A(Il)74

w Le)

escape

from

end one

otherthe to

A(\)46

A(ll)52

33

dangerfrom

here

there and

(colliding P hit

over(all

with

A(1)58

>

A(II)67

Ww

it

enclosure an >

A(|)64

A(ilj2 wo

nN oOo

ENGLISH

of view

P

GLOSS

(into hiding

into a ditch

(running over P

OVER:

43

44

a

(aside way the of

aaasPal lave los ay be) ReFe loslor ss pS oo > ©

a hoop,

Intransitive

MV-VIII

2)

Intransitive

by rolling

|t

Transitive

animate object

t

Transitive

| S moves O

Intransitive

| floating, by

driving

rowing, sailing,

a log, ship, boat,

submarine

S moves floating:

@

water

MAAZ: globular animate S/O moves |] "EEL: S/O moves by floating on or in

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) (roll, float LOCOMOTION

Transitive

bicycle;drives O: wheel-

S rolls O: a S rolls: a barrel, S rolls O: a hoop; pushes O:a wheelchair, }} ball, person, bug | barrel, ball,

e

BAAZ: circular S/O moves by rolling :) S rolls: skate,wheeled

vehicle

AY 444A

in or on

O

floating by

Transitive t

movesS/O

water EEL:

Intransitive @

a

animate

Intransitive @

float (roll, (MV) VERBS

rolling by animate globular MAAz:

Transitive t |

rolls: S

person, ball, |f

barrel, a

barrel, | bug rolls S

movesS/O

O:

ball,

submarine object

floating, | boat, ship, log, a moves S | floating:moves S

Sailing, rowing,

by

rolling by LOCOMOTION MOTION THE

MV-VIII

rolls S

pushes

bicycle;drives

movesS/O

Transitive 2

hoop; a O:

wheelchair, O:a

wheelO:

A(II)56

A(Il)37,38

rolls: S

circular BAAZ:

Intransitive @

hoop, a

vehicle

snagged

eck)

ENGLISH

(caught

destination (a to start

another to (as P to

GLOSS

person

limb a on

skate,wheeled

or

A(1)33,34

destination (a to

destination designated (a to

back and

ENGLISH

GLOSS

eee

if

MV-VIII

t

Transitive

MAAzZ: globular animate S/O moves intransitive

by rolling 1)

Intransitive

t

Transitive

EEL: S/O moves by floating on or in water @

moves S O

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) (roll, float LOCOMOTION

Transitive

S moves floating:

sailing, by

BAAZ: circular S/O moves by rolling Intransitive

S rolls O:

submarine

a log, ship, boat,

@ S rolls:

animate object

barrel, ball,

a

S rolls O:

ball, person, bug

a barrel,

S rolls: bicycle;drives O: wheel-

pushes O:a wheelchair,

a hoop;

skate,wheeled

a hoop,

vehicle

A(ih28

floating, rowing,

(a O

one

number, small | by drives S

fiveto

I

danger

groups)(driven slips or

chase,(flee, VERBS

stea my)

13,14A(1I)

A(lt)14

MOTION THE

LOCOMOTION

flee) to O (causes chases S

MV-IX

moves sneaks S |

unobserved O sneaks S | or (acts

1152

‘)

pursuit)(from flees S

GLOSS

ENGLISH

across

a

ahd) steal, drive

‘{['2: S acts stealthily, secretly t Transitive

eee

=

A(l)1,2

unobserved moves

THE MOTION VERBS (flee, chase, LOCOMOTION

MV-IX Intransitive

O unobserved

CHAA’;; S/O runs away D

YOOD:

@

Transitive

drive a small number

D_Intransitive

er

Transitive

A(II)1,3

O to flee)

t

At)4

msmall (a Sflee O drives

A(ll)15

to fivenumber,

1.6 A(II)

pursuit)

Intransitive

|] | (causes (acts slips flees chases or Ssneaks

A(l)13

A(l)1,2

(from

@

| onesmall

A(il)21

GLOSS

groups)(driven

A(l)12

ENGLISH

commuting)

over(all

there and

from danger

ns)

here

escape

esc

down from a height

by

A(il)19

RP FE. PRERPPEPBRE

Le) nm nN ie] nh NO IND nm nm nN wo oOo [e) — [e) Le)

YOOD: stea oy)

MOTION THE

MV-IX

chase,(flee, VERBS

LOCOMOTION

GLOSS

ENGLISH

[ee)

@

flees S

pursuit)(from

wo ©

drive

flee) to O

(causes chases S

w ©

numbersmall a

sneaks S |]

> o

D_Intransitive

(acts

unobserved moves

& _

Transitive ©

sneaks S | or

unobserved O

aaa nN

slips or

> ao

danger groups)(driven

oa >

flee|S

& a

small (in

> o>)

fiveto one number, small | by drives S

entranceway) through

another to (as P to

destination to_a

> N

an (asP

person

back and

incline an up

f oO

(a O

A(1)8

1154

oO oO

(Progressive

THE MOTION VERBS (MV (move suspended, LOCOMOTION

L Intransitive

slide

t Transitive

t Transitive

massive S/O moves sliding

L Intransitive

ZHOOD:

inanior animate

KIDo: small S/O moves sliding

A(il)28

E(il)1

A(lh)17

A(il)7

A(il)12

E(Il)3

A(ll)27

A(l)28

A(il)1

A(t

A(i)14

dragging overa O

t Transitive

S moves O:

over mate asurface

S/O moves suspended

S moves:

window

gear shift, sliding

surface,

L Intransitive

S moves O:

clock hand,

moves: S

CH’AAL:

dangling, as from

speedometer

A(l)21

1

8

A(l)10

A(l)20

as

A(I1,30

O: moves S

a sled

S moves: animate or rope or handle

needle

inanimate dangling

A(ll)18

A(|)10

A(\) 11

m

_

A(\)14

m

A(l)21

E(tl)1

Dil)

1

A(\)10

9

a

po ——-——| pn A(ih)8 A(ll)4

Cll)

A(t)17

>

=

GLOSS

be going

2 =a

ENGLISH

across,

C(il)1

A(\)4

Bil)

A(\)10

A(ll)18

1

Oo

D(ll)1

A(\) 14

N

ert

A(ll)5

A(ll)1

A(l12

A(ll)11

mr

{2)

ice]

Oo >

Bil)

A(il)21

A(Il)30

be going

2

to and fro,

from fire or water

E

[se]

> =

(come/go

»

arrive

disappear and

on = fe)

and get rid of O

on

1

15 16 17

=a » =

ashore

AWAY:»

C(il)1

1

» n

_

rere Lae)

rere @ ~> _ feo)

O:

ZHOOD:

sliding movesS/O

massive

Intransitive L

moves: S

animate

Transitive t

moves S

inanior O:

slide

(MV)

sliding movesS/O

Transitive t

moves S

slidingshift, gear

KID:

rope

or

LOCOMOTION

inanimate animate

CH’AAL:

Intransitive L

moves: S

dangling

suspended movesS/O

Transitive t

dangling, moves S

handle or

suspended, (move VERBS MOTION THE

small

Intransitive L

moves: S

fromas O:

speedometer hand, clock

needle

A(l)1

dragging

window

A(\)7 A(\)1

mate

commuting) back

GLOSS

Led nm

ENGLISH

destination designated (a to

forth and

N Ww

overa O

surface a over

A(l)1,2,9:C(1)1

nO >

(as

circuit,

Ln) oO

around circles,

make

nN o>)

as

in

in

a

N N

surface, |

A(I1)17 |

A(\h)7

down

IN co

sled a as

A(1)17,18

height a from

escape

nN o

A(il)21

A(ll)1,2,53

w oOo

A(l)1,2,.3,19

dangerfrom

w =

A(il)1,2.22

A(il)14

w nN

A(Il)32

w wo

20

a

w =

eee

w oO

21

1156

w [o>]

(trap,

hole

ENGLISH GLOSS

of P

turn O around or over

incline an up

37 38 40 _ Le) [e)

o>) N fee) Ko}

39 BB

t Transitive

massive S/O moves sliding

ZHOOD: O: moves S gear sliding shift,

THE MOTION VERBS (MV (move suspende LOCOMOTION

L Intransitive

A(11)8,13

as O a overa O: moves sled S

slide

t Transitive

inanior animate

small

L Intransitive

dragging surface,

t Transitive

S moves O: rope or handle

dangling, as from

mate asurface over

S/O moves suspended

S moves:

or animate

inanimate dangling

A(l)11

moves: S

S/O

moves: S hand, clock speedometer

sliding window

CH’AAL:

LIntransitive

KIDg:

moves

tractorcar,

2

Car,cycle:

1158

|

Ail

oO

D >

0

a

ale

A(ll)38

A(ih)Z

i

iS) o

A(\)66

A(\)71

LOCOMOTION:

ele

passenger

°o

ENGLISH

_

MOTION THE

acorner

GLOSS

14

VERBS

Quadruped:

12

(MV)

trot

—

Tractor: |

(separating apart

=

crawl

A(1)16

=

(horseback,conveyance by travel

run

A(1)17

A(II)17

aa

eS

A(\)22

_—

A(l)53

A(l)23

A(l)26

feat

ad

18 a N

MV-XI

ENGLISH GLOSS

to)

LOCOMOTION:

THE

VERBS

MV-XI MOTION

(MV)

passenger travel by conveyance

A(\1)4

A(llj2

A(ll)58 A(ll)59

A(il)1

A(ll)32

A(ilj2 A(ll)1

A(ll)314 A(ll)17

A(il)i6é

A(ll)1

A(i)15

Ditlj2

A(ll)4 A(ll)58

D(il)4

(horseback, car, tractor

Dil)

A(\)41

A(|)5

as far as (a stopping point, up

A(l)17

tractorcar,

crawl

(MV)

VERBS

MOTION THE

MV-XI

3i-S

A(l\)21

(the

A(\)14

aoe

A(1)50

Quadruped:

P-it 3-S

aa

_| fants

1)9

LOCOMOTION:

trot

P

ie

passenger

Tractor:

2) @

(horseback, conveyance by travel

Car,cycle:

A(1)51

Rear A(l)13

baa

run

A(Il)50 >

P-it 3-S

eee

®

A(il)20

1160

|

A(\)17 >

GLOSS

ENGLISH

catch

length) entire end one from

(overtake P with up

othertheto

directions opposite in

~N N N N

77

GLOSS

[

A(|)9

trot

pLoozH_ Quadruped:

A(I)10

A(li)10

eee A(\I)66 A(I)35

NA’4

MV-XI

THE MOTION VERBS

crawl

(MV)

passenger travel by conveyance Tractor:

A(\)17

A(l)i1

A(l)12

A(|)18

A(\)12

A(l)19

A(l) 14

(horseback, car, tractor

A(II)55

Eig

ae

A(ltl)45

A(Ill)96 A(lll)43

Aue was ee aa | A(Il)36

A

A(i)80

A(l)32

A(1)33

A(\)33

A(l)64

A(\)34

A

ENGLISH

an enclosure (room, corral, hole, field)

keep right on going (after an interruption)

the well

lone fom

aon Pico eee A(I)75

A(I)33

ie}

2

—

iS

0 oO in ' ‘ ‘

>

>

oO

—s

on nm

) Er

a circuit (ps looping around to a round trip (to a destination and back)

to get it)

around

around trip after (something:

a turn;turn

A(1)32

ms A(\)74 ee over an edge and down (as in going over a Cliff)

“4 a aren Ce

~— ~“

iS

rs

>

>

o

8 A(i)12

at

(MV)

VERBS

MOTION THE

MV-Xl

conveyance by travel

nm

(horseback,

A(il)34

tractor car,

P-it 3-S

=

passenger

Tractor:

3i-S

a

A(1)34

A(\)20

DLOOZH

Quadruped:

P-it 3-S

LOCOMOTION:

trot

P-it

7

NA’4

crawl

A(\)2

{

|i3-sp-# P-t iS

eae Aciiy2

A(I)35

A(\)21

tcaet

P-a ais |—

anal

hao}

ee

eae Au)

A(ll)19

thein

eo

aa asa

A(\)34

trip

over n

round

(over P

GLOSS

a

ENGLISH

over

over

Pee

Ea

79%

PASS: 81

pel029)

stationary (a P by

ouse)

a

pasivence” 83

disappear and hill the

snake a

object

ea

88

returning

object, moving (a P up

seeing

A(il)20

A(I)29

A(1)35

an

aa as

it (as

A(Il)34

bee tell

A(I)34

snake a (as P

other each from

miss

re Ty

A(il)26

is)

A(I)36

an ©

A(1)35

>

by P and

A(\)32

ey

Aya

Ail

E(|

leaveout, (set off

through

PS) Speed

address)

A(1)33

es

a

A(Il)58

2

return

ee

Oo

D(il)1

Di!

A(I)39

fence, fate, (a P

SEPARATE: ru

84

A(\)32

A(II)34

en.

A(I)18.24

oo “I

Ail

aunse

A(ll)36

ro ©

Ci(l

A(lll)44

Lams Lamas

A(i)14 57

>

Bil

ee |

A(\)32

A(il)40

A(1)19

© =

A(l)14

—

>

9

A(1)33

>

s ra ° x = oos =c = 5 a

i)

Bl2

by

A(\)6

A(\)14

© ro)

PER

> wo

NA’4

crawl

MOTION THE

Rod Ls)

MV-XI

mh

VERBS

oO

(MV)

w

horseback,conveyance by travel

top)

DLOOZH

LOCOMOTION:

re

passenger

Tractor:

wert

>

tractorcar,

a an after back and

100

destination a

(something)

happens) something (when get just way,the on well

A(V)44

J

A(V)41

moves S

O

specified |

with

boat,

moves S |

raft)

P unspecified | O

lei

withO O| li P

P

moves S

vehicle/boat) wheeled

in/drive (ride TRAVEL (MV) VERBS MOTION THE

a

A(I)63

PASSIVE/ACTIVE

3i-O S

O fied specified }| unspecimoves S | moves S

withO

A(ll)62

A(I6

A(ll)62

A(l)1

A(I)18

1)41

Pee sal

Ayie

amet

A(ll)64

eee aap

A(t)

= She A(iyt7 |

A(il)614

A(ll)37

P-it 3-OS

unspecified

withO

P-i#t 3i-O S |

Specified

conveys S |]

A(I)63

A(ID6

within ‘EEL:

Unspeci-

fied|

conveysP

Prema A(\)35

A(II)17

floating or

specified S moves S

(submarine, water on

moves S |

unspeci|

fied

Fa

PiceaA(1)17

A(I)18

A(li)1

Snap

Esra

A(I)56

D

P

J

:

—-

dhs Fee

A(v)13__

mba: A

A(I1)50

|

Leia

A(V)5

ae

acv)14 |

Me iad

A(\)61

1164

| A(1)40

(go/comearrive

a

“Biectony directions)

ee

>


P-it

al

>


moves S

>


A(V)11

@

A(v)12

A(l)41

Z

ENGLISH

GLOSS

|s3-0

|s3io0

P-it

3i-O S

raft)

boat, ,

a

Pp

MV-XII

PASSIVE/ACTIVE

P withO O fied unspecified specified | unspecimoves S moves S | moves S

with O

vehicle/boat) wheeled

P conveys S |] Specified

O| P

conveys

GLOSS

down 5

ENGLISH

from

here 7

36

w@

in/drive (ride TRAVEL (MV) VERBS MOTION THE

fied| Unspeci-

conveysP

height a

thereand

3

O|

aie

foe)

specified S moves S

>

A(I)59

39

ema

4 (colliding P hit

3 i=] a = © © a

40

O fied unspecifi O ed specified | unspeci| moves S moves S | moves S|

is)

41

tes

startoff,

horizontally

4

bone

A(|)34

vertically

pasre)

mud

2

ease nea

ia

froma (as

from (as

43

ee

Poe

A(I)29

hole, a

44

ee ee ee

A(II)7

A(1)31

A(I)36

.S or

ee ee

a

A(I1)38

A(II)7

Praae A(1)36

A(I1)33

A(1)37

®

ara A(1)67

e.

A(I}35

A(II)33

A(I1)35

A(I)32

A(1)33

A(il)42

ass N

A(V)52

A(V)6

A(v)29

A(II)43

A(I}44

A(1)42

a oo

A(V)51

A(V)32

A(V)6

A(Vv)30 |

Fag

>

eI

A(v)29

A(V)30

tal

1166

9

“

toa)

>

51

4

61

Re BB eB

52 on w

5 55 oO oO On fon nN fon] wo

ENGLISH

(MV) (ride in/drive a

wheeled vehicle/boat)

TRAVEL

VERBS

MV-XIil THE MOTION PASSIVE/ACTIVE

S moves

| unspeci-

| S moves

specified O

S moves

unspecified

S moves

S 3i-O P-#

specified

within or floating on water (submarine, boat, raft)

S conveys

Specified

‘EEL:

unspecified

S moves

(wagon, car, wheelchair)

S moves

wheeled vehicle

| S moves

O with P

specified

A(V)27

A(v)30

A(V)28

GLOSS S moves fied O

| Aiy72 A(1)31

Av)29__|

A(V)59

| unspeci-

Aqy71

A(1)30

A(1)33

A(V)58

specified

A(I)63

A(II)36

A(1)32

conveys P | O

A(I)62 A(i)34__|

| A(II)35

A(V)30

off course) A(1)32

A(II)33

A(Vv)29

A(I1)36

| aiy30

A(I)31

A(1)33

A(II)34

A(I)29

A(1)32

(overa cliff, waterfall)

object)

A(II)35

A(V)59

A(II)33

A(I)75

A(il)é

A(l)62

A(l)35

A(I)63

rae

ee

bene

ee

A(V)49

eee

ie e ad A(1)13 [= aa A(V)17 ee Pacceal Sa A(1)54 A(I)53 i igo

A(v)58___|

A(1)31

A(II)74

A(il)62

A(I)76

A(I)29

| A(II)75

A(I)63

A(il)6, 65 | A()37

A(I)74

A(il)é62

A(I)66

a A(I)56

A(I)75

object)

A(1)33

_esaseerageesves———t harass

to go (begin

oe

A(il)63

ae |e |e | A(I)14 |ean Feed sideswipe P lege | A(II)57 A(i)s56 Wane, ees | centered) Gee |eaee teers Maes meen

start

Pees

P

A(v)48

acvy4 |

raft) boat,

P-it 3-OS

Acv)48

moves S

P

MV-XII

in/drive (ride TRAVEL (MV) VERBS MOTION THE

vehicle/boat) wheeled

moves S

A(1)51

A(39.53_ | A(1)53

=e A(Il)42,

Adse | A(\l)58

(wagon, vehicle

moves S

P-it 3i-S wheeled BAAZ:

specified

Anes

anes |

unspeci|

Aner

acn4|

oe Niue A(iiye1

A(1)50

P-it 3-S

ee

A(1)52

A()38.52

ae a

A(1)37

A(II)42

aciyt|

moves S |

wheelchair car, )

moves S |

specified |

A(II)61

PASSIVE/ACTIVE

unspecified

with O

a

‘EEL:

Specified

conveys S |]

ACI)

within

A(I)4

er ee he Me

floating or

specified

(submarine water on ,

unspecifie O d specified | unspeci| moves S moves S | moves S |

with O

il...

ere — hette i.Ct

1168

GLOSS

ENGLISH

designated (a to

destination)

eee

ka [al

|

ENGLISH

baa bal

GLOSS S conveys

Specified

se

Unspecified S

| ore

return

and adestination to

S drives

A()40

unspecifi-

unspecified

MV-XIill

bl

drives S

in a guided vehicle (car, boat, bicycle, motorcycle, airplane)

cain

drives S P with O

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) PASSIVE/ACTIVE TRAVEL (Ride in/

LO’:

aan

S conveys

Specified

drive or pilot an airplane/guided vehicle)

A(il)45

specified O

in an airplane

A(i)44

drives S specified

T’A’:

S flies

| A(il)19,

O fied

unspeci-

Ais,

A(ll)45

ee

A(tl)44

flies S specified

Ea PS Pe

A

Fabs.

P-it

3i-O S

specified | drives S

airplane)

a

i

circles,

circuit,

around circle.

around

make

O |P

edO

3i-S

in/

P

(Ride (MV)

vehicle)

P

with

PO

O

fied

Pa

aaiss |

A(il)2

3i-O S |

P-# 3-0S

MV-XIII

TRAVEL PASSIVE/ACTIVE VERBS MOTION THE

airplane an in

fied| Unspeci-

conveys

P-it 3-S

conveys S Specified

=

A()62 | point)

A(l)1

fan ee

A(I)63

A(I)41

See P-# 3i-S

specified S flies S

O| P

Aqs2

A(il)1

er

T’A’:

Se

unspecified O| specified | unspeci| flies S flies S$ flies S

withO

ee

aanse |

Ail)

airplane/guided an pilotor drive

P-it

conveys S |] Specified

=

So

P-# 3-S LO’:

fied| Unspeci-

conveys

ee

Berane [aie A(II)53

vehicle guided a in

Jo (S20 P-#

unspecifi| specified S drives S drives S

A()52

A(I)53 |

A(Il)2

A(II}19

GLOSS

ENGLISH

Es

Loa [a

stopping (a as faras

designated (a to

een)24

commuting)

ai. a a A a. a ee ne t ee = he ie ea he a el T fale

A(l)3

cool).

A(I)4

motorcycle, bicycle, boat, (car,

P-it 3-OS

unspecified O drives S

A(I)53

ii

A(l)4

A(iy17 |

ina

in

a

OO Sc A(I)14 Acta Fk)ad 1g A(l)13 Spleen28(2 a Ca [oe (ad eS| (eee eee Peal a ed ba Ona Cll a eeee e S eke

1170

9

ca

37

40

ENGLISH

GLOSS

ee

down from a height from one end to the other

hit P (collide

3-S P-#

horizontal

at

aad

=

Specified S conveys

vertical

Pe erasRear |

48

Pp

36

(ibe

35

laslas lao loo as ao ba jaa ssLa

3i-S P-it

T’A’: REE S flies specified

conveys P | O

MV-XIIl

O with P

S flies unspecified

| S 3i-O P-#

=

3i-S P-it

Eee

as

S 3-O P-i#t

with P

S drives |specified O

edO

S drives | unspecifi-

O with P

S drives | unspecified

in a guided vehicle (car, boat, bicycle, motorcycle, airplane)

S drives specified

conveysP | O

UnspeciSpecified S conveys | fied S

3-S P-#

LO’:

THE MOTION VERBS (MV) PASSIVE/ACTIVE TRAVEL (Ride in/ drive or pilot an airplane/guided vehicle)

with P

S flies | specified O|

S$ 3-O P-#

in an airplane

fied O

S flies | unspeci-

>

P

edO

nm @

nN ©

in/

vehicle) (Ride (MV)

LO’:

P

P

with

O

fied

31-0 S airplane an in

airplane/guided an pilot or drive TRAVEL PASSIVE/ACTIVE VERBS MOTION THE

MV-XIll

P-it 3-0S

unspecified |O specified | unspeci| flies S flies S flies S

withO

O| P

T’A’:

Ea

specified flies S

conveys

A(1)34

A(\)41

P conveys S Specified

GLOSS

ENGLISH

a _

vehicle guided a in

P

A(\l)36

Aci)

on nm

conveys S |] Specified

A(I1)37

A(iij2

over run/tly

object) moving (another up P pass

P

a wa

motorcycle, bicycle,boat, (car,

fied | Unspeci-

A(I1)36

Ali)

A(\)34

A(1)34

rll [evel

A(I)35

ee

on >

A(ll)37

A(il)2

FEF

A(I)34

A(I)72

A(1)18

on on

airplane)

with

A(il)36

A(\1)37

vesall I+ A(y36

a A”37 |

(eal onal

A(36

Aans7 |

aaa A(IN)37 acne |

27 A(ll)14, | Aaneo |

A(II)14 A(II)13 rae Leman A(II)60 aase | Ze A(l)i3, A(s9

aan23 |

aane2 |

a fe2)

specifiedO | unspecifi| specified S drives S drives S drives S

A(I)23

Ae

destination)

designated (a to

or N

unspecified | drives S

A22

Pewee] laraic

Pees A(I)61

A(I)14

fez)

withO

i)

D> wo

P

oe

A(II)54

A(IN)4 A(II)4

Ue A(il)t7,

Agiy17.18 | A(it)19

Aqty19 |

1172

fo7] N

73

7h Tees 74

turn, make a bank (ina plane)

3-S P-it

3i-S P-i#t

A(\l)49

Tinie S flies specified

conveys P | O

UnspeciSpecified S conveys | fied S

P

$ 3-0

MV-XIil THE MOTION VERBS (MV) PASSIVE/ACTIVE TRAVEL (Ride in/

S flies unspecified

O with P

| S3i-O P-H

P

So-One

oer oe

with P

S 3-0 P-it

O with P

S 3i-O P-it

S drives S drives S drives | unspecifi- | specified O | unspecified

edO

in a guided vehicle (car, boat, bicycle, motorcycle, airplane)

3i-S P-i#

S drives specified

conveys P | O

UnspeciSpecified |]S conveys | fied S

7 3-S P-it

LO’:

drive or pilot an airplane/guided vehicle)

S$ 3-0 P-t

in an airplane

faack

with P

| specified O|

fied O

S flies | unspeci-

O:

TS'OOD:

O:

line,

line thin ina

Transitive t

extends S

telephone fence,

rail

extends: S

MV-XIV

O:

series in or

Transitive

extends S

pole,

rigid

ladder finger,pole,

extend,Stick, EXTENSIONALS THE

T'l’y:

Intransitive o

stretch

extends S/O

wire, line,

telephone fence,

road

A(1)21;F(1)26 hills

trees,

Intransitive

extends: S

ladder, finger,

extends S/O ‘A:

2)

stretchingextends S/O

stretches: S

person's Intransitive o

neck

stretches S

or

Transitive t

rubberwire, rope,

sweaterband.

A(il)24,28

directions)

GLOSS

ENGLISH

across

Progressive

point) along,

opposite (in apart

(reaching start

~_

around

house)

=k

barrel, a (asP

oe IN

disappear and

from

out

wo

fire

sight of

destination) designated (a to _—

point) stopping (a as far as

water or

ccc >

E(1)1,3

a

in around around circles, around circle,

a

A(1)14;F(1)15

(descend) down

an

eed

and ina

height a from

—_

D(|)2:F(1)10

35

_

A(I)1;F(1)1

W)19

ez)

A(I)1;F

A(l)17;F(1)18

A(1)1,.2:F(I)21

al

N

4 (I)

1174

=k

@

ENGLISH

GLOSS

from one end to the other

everywhere

here and there,

hole)

mud)

off, start

(depart

joining P, S lies (pointed at)

(barrel, car, truck, P (room, enclosure an

bang nm

21 22 23 NO NO nm Ls) nN nN Ww [e) —_ w nm w wo

34

S extends:

hills

pole,

intransitive

TS'OOD:

__Transitive

A(I)20

band,

sweater

O: stretches S

rope, wire, rubber

t

S/O extends stretching

S stretches:

___Transitive

A(I)12

bod

S extends O: rail line,

person’s neck or

A(I1)29

fence, telephone

t

T'l’4; S/O extends in a thin line Intransitive S extends: road wire, line,

fence, telephone

A(1)22:F(1)34

__Intransitive @

MV-XIV THE EXTENSIONALS stick, extend, stretch

pole, finger, ladder

S extends O:

Transitive

’A: S/O extends rigid or in series @

trees,

finger, ladder,

(2)

O:

or neck

stretchingextends S/O TS’OOD:

stretches: S Intransitive

stretches S

person’s

Transitive __ t

sweaterband, rubberwire, rope,

a A(\)9

>

A(i)15

>

A(\)9

©

A(ll)15

O:

line,

A(ll)21

A(ih)21

extends S

line thina in

Transitive ___t

stretch

extends S/O

13

MV-XIV

O:

series in or

Transitive

extends S

pole,

rigid

ladder finger,pole,

extend,stick, EXTENSIONALS THE

T'l’4:;

Intransitive @

telephone fence, extends: S

road Wire, line,

A(l)13;F(1)13

A(1)16;F(1)17

A(1)16;F

A(N)13;F(1)13

A(il)17

F(1)30

A(1)16;F(1)18

A(l)1,2

17 (1)

1176

A(il)1,2

telephone fence,

rail

A(t)21 trees.

extends S/O ’A:

Intransitive @

extends: S

ladder, finger,

hills

26

fog) through

hole) through

GLOSS

ENGLISH

object) stationary (a P past

fence, a (asP

(window, P

destination) designated (a to

ae hang

dangling hang air thein

limb) ona

quarry) enemy or (an P for ambush in

GLOSS

id

(as P achil

ENGLISH

leaning against P

(Diversative/Distributive)

here around there and

on down

A

>

nm

nN

Ail

>

=

A(\)1,2

Gi(Ih2

A(i)2,3

MV-XV POSITIONALS THE

A(l)1,2

oO

=

A(l)1

A(il)2,3

nm

iu]

< >

A(il)4,9

Ci(l)1

Gi(IX)1 =

fa A(\l)1 A(il)1 A(l)3

> =

Two Subjects/Objects | 3+ Subjects/Objects

C(ij2

®

V

9) G2

G(V1)1,2

>

oz

Subjects/Objects 3+| Subjects/Objects Two

NE | lie

MV-XV

Subjects/Objects Two

gg ao il Subjects/Objects 3+ |

Sc

stand, sit, POSITIONALS THE

Subject/Object One

1178 GLOSS

ENGLISH

SARA Subject/Object One

bed) a underdog (asaout partly in, partly

immersed partly

water

partly -

waiting out partly in,

thein

(sickaid for

accident person,

master) its for for waiting victim)

adog(asP

straight 54

53

51

can

POSITIONALS lie stand, sit,

MV-XV THE

STAND

D(I)3

eee

ae

eae?

ae

bottle, a (as up

blocking P’s way

exit an

D(!)10

D(|)7

in P’s (obstructing way D(l)1

Eis

blocking an entrance or | D(I)6

guarding P

E)

in a leaning position

in a line, row or series

in P (mud, snow, water) | D(I)1

verticalerect,tall,

ARTSee)

supporting P under

GLOSS

£ oa

it

ENGLISH

B(il)1

ee

A(|)3;B(I)1

A(ll)1,2

el

> 12)

upright can) (bottle,

C(l)1

A(!)1,2

A(il)2

D(Ill)1,3

> N

Dg

D(!)1

D(l)1

waiting P for

around idly (loitering)

leaning against P

A(\)2

D(I)1

in a leaning position

Biilj2

D(l)2

cod @

@ @

STANDING, BE: (ina

around in a circle

@

D(I)5

A(l)3

PLL

> =

a

(stand) straight up

> Le]

ee)

under P supporting P

7 o

a

@ N

around P (encircling P)

hands one’s on head one’s on

a ©

UP:

@ @

ATOZ

ABORTION

ENGLISH - NAVAJO INDEX

A to Z, from a bit a little bit more a little bit

a little farther (at) a little farther away (to) a little farther away a little farther on a little more/further

a little way farther on a lot

a lot (of ways) aback, be taken (surprised) (by P) abalone shell Abalone Shell Woman (mythology) ABANDON: -- P (child, spouse, dog): 1 subject 2 subjects -- P (custom, religion - turning against it) be -- ed (a custom, language, religion) crawl off and -- P (a snake, person)

fly away and -- P/each other (as a bird) run off and -- P: 1 subject 2 subjects run off and -- each other abdomen abdomen, lower (part of) abdominal pain abeyance, laws were placed in

ability to see Abiquiu, New Mexico

ABLE: be -- to accomplish P be -- to afford P be -- todo P be -- to do something be -- to hear be -- to see still be -- to do things aborted, the baby was

abrasion

N-IN-364 "EEL A(I)40 "EEL A(IX)1 EEL A(V)43 PAR-XII129:505 MV-V-1 -AA;POS-3 MV-V-2 PAR-XII-689 PAR-XII-365 -DE;POS-21 PAR-XII-864 N-Ill-4420

abrasion, S suffers an

T’OOD, A(I)22

absence of, in the

PAR-XII-636 D\JD C(1)1 TSIZ A(|)1 TS’OOZ D(I)1 Z)JD B(I)1;A(1)1

ABORTION: P has an -induce an -- on oneself

A

PAR-XII-100 PAR-XII-811 PAR-XII798:799 PAR-XII796;800 PAR-XII-489 PAR-XII-557 PAR-XII556;558 PAR-XII396:921 PAR-XII919:920 PAR-XII-489 PAR-XII137;802 PAR-XII-104 YIZ A(II)6 N-Ill-1711 N-Ill-1713

induce an --onP

ABOUT:

go -- (around about), (concerning) go -- among P (people, plants) -- that time -- to

above (in quantity) above P, up

absent, be absorbed, S (liquid) is absorbs O,S abundant, S are/become

abusive language (to him), use/be using accelerates and takes off, P (in a car) accent, speak with an

accepts O,S acceptable, it became

YA A(1)39,41 ’*AAZH A(\)14,24

ACCESS: -- road leading into an enclosure P is not readily --ible p is --ible - by means of P (as a jeep)

YIZ A(II)4

DEE’ A(V)9,10; YIZ A(II)5 NA’, A(Il)37

prepare a route for -there are -- points (to ascend a cliff) there comes to be -accessories added to a car accessories, automotive

T’A’ A(I)36

ACCIDENT: there is an -there was a bad --

WOD, A(III)47 "RAZH A(|)24 "KAZH A(Il)11

--tally

N-1-201;1794;

1796 N-I-1171 N-IIl-4058 Tt’ Dil)1 N-IIl-3548 N-Il|-1927

acclimated (to P), be(come)

ACCOMPANY -----------

GHAH 1 GHAH1 GHAH1 "AAD C(|)4 TS’AA’ E(\)2 ‘1 E2

NAADp B(I)1 EEL A(I)39

1181

P:

about (around about) about among P (people, plants) after (something: to get it) all over (here and there) along (progressively) along after (something: to get it) along back (returning) among P (relatives, neighbors) around about around here and there (wandering)

NIIDy A()2; B(!)1,2 TAAL A(IV)18 Tl’ Bil)1 YAAD A(II)1 NifD A(I)1

N-III-4610 CH)’ (I)2 T'l’4 F(I)19 YAA Ci(IIl)1 ’A (Il) T's A(I)18 N-Ill-3897 N-Ill-1271

YAA A(Il)2 JD C(I) YAA A\(Il)3; PAR-XII-178 CHI'IZH D(I)1; DIN A(1)2,3 MV-V-3 MV-V-4 MV-V-5 MV-V-6 MV-V-7 MV-V-8 MV-V-9 MV-V-10 MV-V-11 MV-V-12 MV-V-14

ACCOMPANY

-- around P (a field, mountain) -- as far as (a stopping point) ashore (away from water) -- away after (something: to get it) -- away and disappear

-- away and get lost -- away and remain absent -- away from P

------------

back (returning) back and forth (commuting) back exhausted (returning) back from a raid down from a height (descending) in an escape from danger into a cul-de-sac, blind alley into an enclosure (hole, room) into an enclosure and remain into P (car, snow) into the water ona circuit (to and back) on araid

--on around trip after (to get) -- on around trip

-- out (horizontally) -- over an edge and down -- the entire length (end to end) -- through P (fence, fog, smoke) -- through P (gateway, doorway) -- to (a designated destination) -- to a destination and return -- to meet P (another person) -- to P (as to another person -- to safety / to shelter -- to town or to market - up (climbing) - up an incline (hill, stairs) -- up out (from hole, mud) -- up P (mountainside, ladder) ACCOMPLISH: --O -- something for P be able to -- P it can be --ed with less effort O is --ed P is being --ed try to -- P accord according to

account (of P), give an account (story) accounting error, run down an ACCUMULATE: -- O (as money, jewelry) -- savings S --es (as water)

ACCUMULATE

MV-V-13 MV-V-15 MV-V-16

S is --ing accuse P accustomed to P, be

MV-V-20 MV-V-17 MV-V-18 MV-V-19 MV-V-21 MV-V-22

ACE (in cards); -- of clubs -- of diamonds -- of hearts -- of spades play the -- (in cards)

MV-V-24

acerbic, S is

MV-V-23

acetylene torch ACHE: stomach -S --es

BAA’ D(|)1 MV-V-25 MV-V-26 MV-V-27 MV-V-28 MV-V-29 MV-V-30

S causes P to -S starts to -acid Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico Acomeno Acomita, New Mexico acorn

MV-V-31 MV-V-32

BAA’ B(I)1; C(l)1;D(I)4 MV-V-34 MV-V-33 MV-V-35 MV-V-36 MV-V-37 MV-V-38 MV-V-39 MV-V-42 MV-V-40 MV-V-43 MV-V-41 MV-V-45 MV-V-44 MV-V-47 MV-V-46 MV-V-48 MV-V-49

ACQUAINTED: be --ed with a few of P be --ed with P be(come) mutually -get --ed with P ACQUIRE: -- O/P P--sS S --s P --a showy P -- an ample supply of P

-- faith in O (a religion) -- Knowledge about O -- the necessary tools/ paraphernalia P is --ed P is hard to -re---O S --es a value S is --ed from P

YAA C(1)10

DIZ A(Il)2 GHAH 1 DLEE’ A(|)1 YAA C(V1)22 DEE’ C(|)2

TAA’s B(!)1

acre

N-IIl-109 -K’EH;POS-42 NE'g B(I)4 N-Ill-1943

ACROSS:

YA E(1)1 ‘AA(1)35 NAs (I)2 N-Il-10 N-IIl-12;39 N-II-14 N-II-13 N-Il-14 KAAD A(I)10 CH’ C(IN)2 N-Ill-2523

N-III-366 GAII A(IV)1; D (II1)1;NIl’5 D2 GAIl D(IV)1 NIl’p A(1)2 N-III-63 N-II-110 N-l-444 N-I-1586;3835 N-I-264;1295; 1810;N-IIl-1219 KIIZH B(Il)1 Z{f' Dilv)1 Z{{’ A(V)2;D(V)1 Z{f’ A(IV)1 T’E’y A(VI)1; ZHOOD A(I)20 DEE’ A(I)25; DEEL, A(l)22 Lf’ A(V)1;TLIZH A(I)19 DZA'o A(\)1 LA’ A(I)1 YJJD A(II)1 Nil’g C(1)1 LA A(l)3 TE’; A(V)1 CH|’ (\)2 T’E’, A(VI)1 Lf’ A(II)1 Lif’ A(V)2 N-Ill-2866 MV-III-1;MV-V50; MV-VI-1;

MV-VII-1;MVVIII-41;MV-IX-1; MV-X-1;MV-XI1;MV-XII-1;MVXIII-1;MV-XIV-1; PAR-XII-203;

KAA’s A(I)5 TS'A’ A(Il)1 NIL A(Il)30

TSA’ A(I)1;YA D(I)1;Yfo F(I)1

241;415;431;

1182

ACROSS

-- (over) there -- from (P)

ADDRESS

432;853;PARIX PAR-XII-21 -NAASHII;POS-

ADDRESS: -- O in friendly terms -- O in this way --P

54;PAR-XII-54;

be going -- (Progressive)

start to move -Across the River Branch (a chant) ACT: -- (thus)(on O)

------

as fast as possible futilely properly silly slowly

-- slowly and deliberately -- wrongly be --ing be --ing in vain on O

--ing on the chance that (the action will prove to be right) -- of measuring in the -- of action on p on behalf of P, take

ACTIVE: be -remain -- at P (old person at work): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects activities, recreational actually adaptable, be

be --ing O thus P is being --ed adenoid

441 MV-IIl-2;MV-V51;MV-VI-2;:MVVIIl-2;MV-IX-2; MV -X-2:;MV-XI2 MV-X-3 N-IIl-2003 D4 Fill)

adept at a skill, become quite

adept at something, think that one is adequate, be(come) ADHERE: -- to each other/to P S --es (to something unspecified) S is --ing

"D4 B()1;

(V1)1;C(1)4 ZEE’y Bi(|)1

adhesive tape adipose tissue, dorsal

‘WJD4 B(Vi)1 "O4 Fill) D4 Fil) NA’ Bi(I)1

adjacent to it adjourn, S

ADJUST: -- O (as gun sights, a timer)

ZID B(l)1 D4 Fill)

become --ed

YAA F(I)1 JD4 E(V)1

to each other to P S is --ed

PAR-XII-808 N-Ill-2179 PAR-XII-365 D4 FIV)

administer affairs ado, wthout further adobe ADOLESCENT:

YO(3

-- (male) -- (female) --S adorned, O is ADULTERY: be the victim of -commit -- against P adulthood, reach adults

YA D(\)1 ’KAZH E(I)1 KAI G(I)1 N-III-751 PAR-XII-720 (DE (II)1

Adah Chijiyahi Canyon (in Monument Valley) Adam’s apple adaptable (to changing conditions)

ADD: -- O to P (two objects) by rolling by pulling onO

-- O together/up (numbers) --O to P (a name to a list) S are --ed to P addicted to addicted to P, be(come) additional one, an

addled, be

ADVANCE (make progress, move forward):

N-Ill-37 N-II|-550 PAR-XII628;763

MAAZ A(\I)9 DZ{jZ A(I)9

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- jn one’s career (be promoted) army/crowd --es be --ing:

ZO A(\)3 ZO A(\)6 DEE’ A(|)7 “ A(II)1 KWI A(IV)1 BIZH B(I)1,2 BIZH A(|)1 N-Ill-4427 N-I-1988 N-III-834 N-III-654; 656;1242 N-IIl-653 N-II1-655 N-Ill-4280 N-Il-1254 LO’ A(I)15 LO’ F(I)2 LO’ A(I)16 LO’ A(1)44 N-I-762 N-l-772 N-Il]-2162 N-Ill-2160;4328

N-Ill-728; 930;931 LID A(III)1 LID A(III)1 LID A(IV)1 LID A(II)3 LID A(IV)1 LID A(IV)2 N-IIl-1006

BRASSIERE

brassiere brave, be (in an emergency) brazenly

BREAD: -- (the type baked in an outdoor oven) a type of -- (baked in ashes) fried -sliced -toasted -slice of --- slicer -- slicer/knife -- slicing machine -- crumb(s)

bread root Bread Spring, New Mexico BREAK: -- O (law) -- O (object) -- O (treaty) -- O (window) -- O: apart

apart lengthwise down in d.p. pieces in half in two:

by flexing, as a wire by pulling into d.p. parts/pieces lengthwise off

off of P (by flexing, as a nail from a board) off one after another

one after another with blows from a stick one after another to pieces

up (clods of dirt)

up

BREAK

N-Ill-8 A A(III)45 PAR-XII634:665 N-II-21 N-II|-2707 N-1-1143 N-Ill-1488 N-II|-608 N-IIIl-599 N-Il!-608 N-Il|-591 N-IlIl-592 N-II]-593 N-I-1436; 2259;N-Il-23; N-Ill-4734 N-Ill-2752 N-IIl-603

-- off a piece of O for P

-- off a piece of P -- off a piece of P without P's permission

-----

off P’s limbs (a hole in) P with a slingshot (tame) O (an animal) a succession of O on an area by clubbing

-- at pool

-- away violently

-- loose and get away (a tethered animal) -- P with a --shot -- P’s heart -- P’s legs

DLAAD A(IV)7; NIZH A(1)3;TI’3

A()S DEEL»

A(II)4; NIZH A(1)3,4

NIZH A(|)4 TI’3 A(1)7 TL’INo A(I)3,4 ZHOOQD A\(III)2

GHAAL A(II)16 TAA’ A(Ill)1 TAAL, A(IV)14 MV-V-97;TAAL A(IV)16 TL’INo A(1)3,4 "A G(Il)1 TI’3 A()7

-- through (as ice on a pond)

TI’3 A(I)8 NIZH A(1)1;TS’IL B(Il)1 DLAAD A(IV)

14;NIZH A(I)1 TAA’ A(ll)2 TS'IL B(II)1 DEELo A\(Il)3; NIZH A(\)2;TAA’ A(\l)1 DEELo A(Il)2 DEELo A(II)6; TI’g A(I)1,9 NIZH C(I)1,2; TI’3 B(I)1,2 NIZH A(I)1 DEEL» A(II)5; NIZH A(I)1,7; TI’g A(I)2,4,8 WOD, A(Il)4 DLAAD A(IV)14 TI’3 B(I)1,2 TI’ A(I)3 TI’ A(I)8;C(1)1

WOD, A(II)8 TI’3 A(1)6

(with P) -- wind (fart) disease --s outinS P is riding along at --neck speed S (adam) --s S --s (window) S --s: apart

around in a circle crosswise (bone) down

in two (stick) in two

loose and falls off

off from P out

through (as a layer of ice) to pieces up (a group that had united)

up start to -- O (by flexing)

GHAAL A(II)16 NIZH A(I)7 TI’ A(I)10; TSEEDo B(I)1 TSEED» B(I)1 TI’3 A(I)10

take a -- (rest)

--ing out (on the skin) BREAK OF DAY: start to stir at the --:

1 subject 2 subjects BREAK OFF:

KAAD A(I)6 TtfiD B(I)1

Nil’3 A(1)4 TAAL, Filll)1, 2,3 GIZH A(I)8 TO’ A(\)1 DLAAD A(\)3,6; TS’IL B(I)1 TO’ C(I) DLAAD A\()7 DEEL» A(I)1 CHXQ’ A(1)4; TO’ C(\)4;TLEE’ A(lil)1 TO’ A(l)1; C(I)2,4 DLAAD A(I)6; TO’C(I)4 MV-IV-5;TAAL4 A(IV)16 TO’ A(I)2 DLAAD A(I)5 TO’ A(I)3 TO’ B(I)2 KAI B(I)17 TAA’ A(\)1 WOD, A(II)9 YAA Ci(Ill)6; ZEE’o A(|)1 N-Ill-146 PAR-XII-813 YA A(I)69 *KAZH A(1)47

BREAK OFF

-- relations with O S --s off (event)

BREAK OUT: (disease) --s out (in S) -- out (in a sweat) rumors -- out one after another S (laughter) --s out S --s out (as a rash or sore) (on P) S --s out in spots breakfast

BREAST: false --

lacking one ---bone

have large --s BREATH: bad -be --less --less

be out of --

get out of --

be unable to get one’s -- back catch/get one’s -draw ina

’A A(IIl)7

-- in the soul of O

A A(1)84

-- in

NIl’3 A(I)4 EEL A(IV)1,2 DLAAD A\(II)1 TO’ C(I)3 JEE’o A(I)26; ZHIIZH A(II)4 KIIZH A(I)1 N-Ill-112 N-1-161;2212 N-I-168;N-III-12 N-I-171 N-l-2078;

tip of the --bone

become

BREATHE

--

draw the first -gasp for -get one’s -- back

let one’s -- back out let out one’s --

S makes O gasp for -shortness of -suck in one’s -- ceremonially take a -take a deep -BREATHE: -- back out -- heavily

-- in one time, ceremonially

2212;2215 N-I-2213;N-IIl4659 BE’ 1 N-I-2216; 2232;N-III-4661 N-II|-4727 GO’ A(IV)1;Li’ E(it)1 Lif’ A(l)1 CHP CIAL? Eciily1;2if° D(VI)5 CH'Il’ A(I)2;GO’ A(IV)1;L if’A(I)1; Z2iP C2 YOL A(I)13; B(I)2 YOL B(I)2,3, 4;(Il)2 D2if A(I)1; ZHIL A(I)1 ZHIL4 A(I)3 DZif’ A(\)5 YOL A(I)13; B(|)1,2,3,4; (II)2;ZHIL4 A(I)3 DZif’ A(\)10 D2if A(I)6:YOL A(1)13;B()1, 2;ZHILy A(I)3 ZHILy A(II)1 N-1-2223 ZHIZH B(I)1 DZif’ A(I)5;YOL A(|)1 DO A(II)2 DZil’ A(1)5;B(|)1 Dif’ A(I)10 DZif A(II)3;YIH A(|)1 ZHIZH B(I)1

Start to --

breathing spell, there is a breathlessness breech block of a gun breech of a gun breechcloth breechclout breed, S (animals) breeding, S (rams) are BREEZE: -- blows: around P (as a house) about around and around in circles down from above (as down a stairwell) into an enclosure (as into a room or house) out horizontally (as from a cave) -- came up (north, south, etc.) -- comes -- comes into an enclosure -- comes up out

-- is blowing -- is coming along -- Starts to blow (comes up) -- stops (blowing) cause a -there is a -bricks BRIDE: --groom O is given as the -- price BRIDGE: there is a -build a -- across (with O) -- of the nose dental --work BRIDLE: silver -puta--onP

briefly

bright, S/P is (as a light)

brightens up, P brimful BRING: --O: -- back -- back to P

ZHIZH A(I)1 DZif’ A(I)1;YOL A(|)1 ZHILy A(l)2,3 Lif A(v)1 N-1-2223 N-III-799 N-III-798 N-I-1678 N-I-1678;N-IlI3965 JEE’o A(I)32 ‘It A(I)2 N-Ill-3412

CH A(I)3;C(I)2 CH’ B(I)1 CHI A(I)2 CH’ A(I)1 CH’ A(I)1 CH’ A(I)4 CH’1 A(I)5 CH1C(I)1 CH’ A(\)1 CH’ A(I)6 CH’ A(I)7 CH C(I)1 CH’ A(I)5 CH’ A(I)1 CH’ A(Il)1 CH’ A(I)7 N-Ill-4094 N-Ill-291 N-Il!-1683 YEH A(I)1 N-IIl-3024;3037 ZHOOZH C(I)5 ZHOOZH A(II1)7,8 N-I-1233 N-Ill-421 N-1-1380;N-III455 N-IIl-995 TI’ A(ll)15,16 PAR-XII819;820 DIN (I)4;LID D(I)2 ZHOOQD A(I)3 PAR-XII-875

MV-I-8,9 MV-I-10

BRING

-- down (from a height) -- inside an enclosure

-- into being -- to P -- O/P up (child)

BROOM

MV-I-11 MV-I-12 CH BiIl)1

MV-I-13

A G(IN2;Lf

-- about (an event) -- misfortune on oneself S --s about (causes) --ing up the rear brink brink of a gully briskly BRISTLE: S --s S -- out sparsely S is rough with --ing protrusions S protrude --ing downward S stands --ing bristletail beetle bristly, be brittle, S is BROAD:

A(VII)1;YA B(Il)1 Lif’ A(IV)1 ’A’C(I)2 Zi B(I)1 N-I-945 N-I-459 N-I-242 PAR-XII-105

Broad Mesa

BROIL: -- O (over the coals) S is --ed S is --ing S starts to -start to --O “broke”, be

T’E T’E T’E TE TE TO’

line

be --

be be be be be be

as --asP comparatively -equally -quite -so -this --

broad flag (plant) Broad-Ears

“broke”, keep P

BROKEN: S is -S is easily -P is ---hearted spell or curse on P is --

the law was -bronchia bronchitis broom broom, hair

mother’s -- (female speaking) older -one’s blood -wife’s/husband’s --

younger -blood --s brother-in-law brother-in-law (sister’s husband) brought to an end, S is brought up, be (successive generations of children/child/calf)

ZHA’ E(iilj2 CH’OSH B(I)2 ZHA’ E(\II)2 ZHA’ E(III)6 ZHA’ E(IIl)2 N-IIl-2670 IL (I)1 (Di (I)1;TL'IS B(I)1

TEEL A(I)4 TEEL A(I)1,2, 3;(II)2 TEEL A(II)4 TEEL A(Il)1,2 TEEL A(II)3 TEEL A(II)5,7 TEEL A(II)7 TEEL A(II)5,6,7 TEEL A(\l)1,8 PAR-XII-282 N-III-3458 N-IIl-2321 N-I-1546

-- area extends ina

broom/brush made of the wing feathers of an eagle broom rape (plant) BROTHER: -- (male speaking) -- (female speaking) father’s --

BROWN: S is -cause O to turn -polish O -- (as shoes) S fades to -stain O --- hair dye browse around (as a shopper ina store)

BRUISE: --O become --ed (as fruit) O gets --ed P has a -S is --ed BRUSH: -- (for sweeping) -- made of bluebird and yellowbird feathers

Bill)2 C(\)1 B(I)1 A(l)1 A(ll)1

--es of sharpened sticks (used ceremonially)

--ing procedure (Evil Way Chant) scrub -steel --

-- against P with hand

D(I)2

TAA’ A(l)1

-- an area (as a tabletop) -- away evil from P -- O (teeth)

TS'IL C(|)1 (DI (I)1 Yf1 B(I)1 Tl’p A(IV)4 TI’g A(ll)2 N-Ill-4744 N-IIl-549 N-II1-858 N-Ill-645

--O aside away out of sight down from a height in under P into an enclosure off of oneself off of P

1213

N-Ill-3502 N-IIl-2704

N-I-1029 N-I-1056 N-I-1540; 2302;2303 N-I-2189 N-I-1282 N-Ill-1104 N-Ill-2056 N-I-1935 N-Ill-1103 N-Ill-2108 N-I-2192 Zif A(il)1 Lif’ A(V)5;YA B(Ill)1

ZH{’ D(I)3 TSOII A(II)1 CHI?’ B(III)1 CHif’ B(I)4 TLIIZH A(II)1 N-Ill-4406

GHAL, A(III)6; YEEZH, A(l)1 N-Ill-4686 TLIIZH B(Il)1 TEEL A(Il)2 TLIIZH B(I)1 THlIZHo D(I)2 TLIIZH D(I)2 N-III-767 N-II|-858 N-IIl-4603

N-Ill-752 N-Ill-172 N-III-708 N-III-920 CHID3 A(I)3 ZHOO’ C(!)1

GHAAL CH'IZH ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’

B(\)1 A(I)21 B(I)1 A(I)1 A(!)1 A(I)1,2,9 A(!)1 A(|)1 Biil)1,2 Bi|)1

BUFFALO

BRUSH

out from beneath

P

out of view out

together into a pile up -- one's hair -- one's teeth -- oneself off -- oneself

-- over P -- corral -- shelter

animate S -- against P S (vehicles) -- against each other S -- against each other: crawling rolling (two logs, balls) sliding (two logs, sleds) S --es against P: crawling rolling (barrel) sliding (sled) start to --O BUBBLE:

-- (n.)

ZHOO’ A(I)8) ZHOO’ A(I)1 !) ZHOO' !)A(I)8 ZHOO’' !)A(1)3,10 ZHOO’' l)A(I)11 ZHOO' !)BiI)1 CH'IZH (IA(I)21 DEE’ A(IV)1 ZHOO’ B(Il)1,2 GHAAL Bi(I)1 N-IIl-2196;2198 N-1-233 MV-V-98 BAAZ A(I)14

N-I-1492;N-IIl3681 N-Il|-2347 GHAAZHy

GEED;MV-VII GO’ A(V)7 N-1-223;

buckboard bucket

bucket (water) buckle O (a belt) buckles, S (bends over, as grass stem, Knee)

buckskin buckskin thong/strap buckthorn budge, refuse to budget budget (of the type adopted bya governing body) Buell Park, Arizona BUFFALO; -- fetlock -- hide -- rattle (ceremonial object) -- sandpainting

N-I-379;

black -chinch -flat thin -hopping -pine --

pollen --

rock -round -stink -striped -sunflower --

swimming -tree --

N-|-97 N-Il]-4301 N-l-64;N-III3144;3774 N-I-66;N-IIl-279 LO’ A(1)30

JOOL A(I)16 N-I-2,5 N-Ill-2 N-I-398 TE’ A(I)1 N-II-50 N-IIl-896 N-Ill-3396 N-I-103 N-1-898 N-I-109 N-1-104 N-1-105

buggy buggy, baby BUILD: --O

start to -- O -- a bridge across (with O) -ahogan -- a conical hogan -- a fence start to -- a hogan -- a wall of O (bricks)

BUILDING: fallen-down -ruined/abandoned

--

two story --

built, area is built, S/O is

bulb, electric light BULGE: S --s area --s, stopping up opening be --ing S forms a -bulky, be comparatively bulky, be equally bull

bull thistle bullet bulletin board bullroarer

bullroarer twirling, do the bullsnake

N-1-904;1116 413;2115 N-Ill-1446 N-I-1740 N-Il-1452 N-Il-1454 N-1-1319 N-I-1521 N-1-1818;1859 N-Ill-1456 N-Ill-1448 N-Ill-1457 N-Ill-1453 N-Il-3494 N-Il-1455 N-1-1950;1952 N-Ill-3329 N-IIl-4301;4303 N-Il1-407;408

Bug-Eye

NA'g A(II)24 MAAZ A(I)13 ZHOOD A(I)9 ZHOO' A(1)4

228;874

buck bush

(used ceremonially) BUG:

sucking/kissing --

NA'g A(Il)12 MAAZ A(I)13 ZHOOD A(I)7

A(ll)3 CHOZH E(I)1; GHAAZH] A(l)1 BUCK (as a horse): S --s O off buck (deer)

dirt from a -- footprint

YAA Ci(Ill)1; (VIl)1 YAA C(IIl)2 ZHOOZH A(II1)7,8 Bl’ B(I)1 TSI A(I)3 Tl’ A(IN)3,5 BY A(I)1;TL'INy A(|)16 TL’INy A(I)10 N-I-951 N-I-952 N-1-955 N-IlIl-2472;2499 YAA C(VII)4 YAA C(VII)2; ZHOOD A(I)21 N-II-662;716 YAA A(I)3;(II)1; YOL C(I)1 CHAAD A(I)1 CHAAD B(I)1 °K ()29 MAAL (1)1;(II)1 MAAL (1)2 N-II-94 N-l-1208 N-I-994;N-III791 N-Ill-1944 N-Ill-4362 MAAZ E(|)2 N-I-557

BULLY

bully bulrush bum “bum around” bumble around clumsily

bumblebee

bumblebee, black bumbling, be BUMP: -- against each other -- appears/S gets a --

-- heads together one time -2S -- into each other (collide with each other)

-- into P (against P) -- O repeatedly

-- O’s head against P one time -- one’s hand against P -- one’s head against P one time -- P over (with one’s head) give a series of --s give Oa -give O a series of --s have a -- ing contest with P P --s into p in S (passenger in car) P has a -- on the forehead S/area is --y there is a -bun

BURDEN

N-IIl-1744 N-Ill-3749 N-Ill-2943 Lif’ Bc!) JAA’o B(II)1,2 N-I-1967;N-III4381 N-Ill-4382 JAA’o B(II)1,2

GO’ A(lll)1; KAAL B(I)1 YA A(\)52 NE’o E(|ll)1

GO’ C(I)2 GO'C(I)3 GO’ D(Ill)1 NE'o E(Il)2 CHID3A(IV)9 NE’ E(IIl)2 GO’ A(1)26 GO’ Di(Il)1 GO'C(I)1 GO’ D(III)1 GO’ A(ll)1 GO’ C(I)3 ’A (\)29

WOLp (I)1,2 K'ID 14;Y{2 G(I)2; N-Il-24;N-IIl609;610

BUNCH: -- P up (by driving them together, as cattle) -- up (people, animals)

ZHOOD A(II)28 KAI B(I)14

move along in a -- (pack of dogs,

children)

S are standing ina -stand --ed there is a ---ed up Bunched Feathers (a location in Canyon de Chelley, Arizona) Bunched-Mustache BUNDLE:

-- (made by tying objects together) -- prayersticks (specific for given ceremonials) --O bunion bunk bed BURDEN:

ZHOOD E(I)3 ZHOOD F(I)1,2 K’AAZHp C(()1

Y{2 G(I)4 -CHA;POS-13 N-II|-3888 N-IIl-1473 N-I-739;2204;NIIl-2088 N-II|-3894

N-III-3501 YAA C((ll)1 N-I-930 N-IIl-4056 N-I-739;2204;NI1-2088

move a -P is --some P became --some burglar burglarize P

Yjo;MV-l YEE’ B(I)3 YEE’ A(I)1

burial ground

N-IlI-256 ‘We Ba N-Ill-2695

burial place

N-I-838

burl burlap bag BURN: -- a hole through P -- into P’s surface (as into a piece of wood) -- O apart/in two (with a torch) -- O down (as a tree) -- O in two (as a rope) -- O out (as a patch of weeds) -- off an area

N-I-1951 N-Ill-4031

-- out an area

-- out P’s interior -- P out be --ing each other be --ing O along (as grass) be --ing O/area be --ing oneself crops -- up (dry up) hot wind --s O/P is being --ed P’s crops are --ed by the hot wind P’s eyes -S (fire) starts to -- along S --s (as hot food) S --s (is flammable) S --s around in a circle S --s up (as one’s house) S is --ing along (as a forest fire) S starts to -S/area --s (smarts)

S/area is --ing along (as a forest fire) S/area is --ing start to --O start to -- off an area burned up (angry) (over P), be

burn P up (annoy P) Burnham, New Mexico Burnt Corn (an ancient Puebloan ruin) Burnt Corn, Arizona burnt limestone

K’AA’ A(II)4,6,7

K’AA’ A(II)8 K’AA’ A(II)2,11 K’AA’ A(Il)11 K’AA’ A(II)2,11 K’AA’ A(I1)9,10 ZEEZ A(I)3 K’AA’ A(II)10 K’AA’ A(II)5 K’AA’ A(II)9 LID B(IIl)3 K’AA’ C(II)1 LID B(II)1,2 LID B(IIl)4 GAN B(1)2 ZEEZ A()1 LID B(III)1,2 ZEEZ A(|)1 CH’i’ A(I)1 K’AA’ A(1)7 CH’ C(Ill)1 K’AA’ D(I)1 K’AA’ A(1)3,10 K’AA’ A(\)2 K’AA’ C(\)1,2 LID A(|)1 CH’Il’ A(\)1,2; C(IN)1,4;(III)1; (IV)1 K’AA’ C(1)1,2 LID B(I)1,2; TLAH, B(I)1,2 LID A(III)2 ZEEZ A(\)4 CH’ B(I)1; C(IV)1;LI’ C(V) 1;TAAL1 C(I)1 ZEEZ A(I)5 N-Ill-3929 N-III-3133 N-I-1280 N-Ill-4105

BURP

BURP; -- O (as a baby) P --s up

burr marigold burr nut burr, cockle

burro burro, male burros, wild

BURROW:

-- in the ground abandoned -prairie dog --- (through P) -- along (as a mole) -- into P (as into an arroyo bank) be --ing go/come/arrive --ing Start to -- along --ing creatures

burrowing owl burrs (in wool) BURST: -O

BUSINESS

ZA’o A(\)1 ZA’o A(l)1 GO’ A(|)22 N-Il1-3200 N-IIl-3640 N-II1-226 N-I-1550;N-III3738 N-I-1551 N-II|-3739 N-I-134;135 NIL A(\)2 N-1-138;1351 N-I-136 N-I-139 GEED A(I)7,11; NIL A(1)2,22,29 NIL H(1)2 GEED A(I)12 NIL H(I)2 GEED A(I)2 GEED A(I)4 N-I-1356;N-IIl3205;3409 N-I-587 N-Ill-4477 CHOZH D(I)1,2; TS'IL B(II)1

-- O (water blister, pimple,

bag of air) -- O by pressure (tire, rubber balloon)

P is stuffed to the point of --ing S -- s (as a watermelon) S --s (explodes - tire, bag of air) S --s (pops)

S --s

S --s into flame

TAAL

E(I)1

DO Ci(Il)1 DOG 1 TS'IL Bi(l)1 DO C(I) TAAL, E(IV)1 CHOZH Di(II)1; DLAAD A\(I)3,4; TS'IL B(I)1 NAAD A(1)1; NOOD A(II)2

S --s open

S is filled to the --ing point BURY: --O -- O (to make pliable, a sole,hide)

DOC(I)1 DON E\(II)2 MV-l-14

TAy D(\)3; TSOOZ A(1)26, 52

BUSINESS; do -- with each other/P, it’s none of (my/his/our etc.) --

BUSY: be -- with P: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects P become very -P gets/is -- with p (as a project) but

BUTCHER: --O be an accomplished --

be in the process of --ing (O) do the --ing get a good start on the--ing start to --O

--ing BUTT: -- end

-- end of a corncob pistol --

BUTT: -- against P -- each other -- in (on conversation) --O -- one’s head through P (as through a door) -- with head and shoulders (as in tackling) give a series of --s go --ing around have a --ing contest with P butter butter, pinyon nut/peanut butter O up (with flattery)

BUTTERFLY: big -black -blue/green -dark/black -gray --

bus

N-Ill-1268

pink --

bus, school

N-I1l-1270;1271

bushy, S is

CHOSH (I)1;

red -small -speckled --

T'IN (I)1;T’'OH4

(1)1;YOG (I)1 bushy-tail (a circumlocution applied to a bear during the summertime)

N-Ill-4261

N-IIl-251; 3020;3297

spotted --

white -yellow -butterfly weed

NII’y Che T'l’y F(ly9

YA B(I)1 ’AAZH B(|)1 KAI C(I)1 GHAA’, A(I)3 A G(II)1;Yfy A(\)1;B(1)1 PAR-X N-Ill-2945 ’AHo B(I)1 ’AHo A(I)4 "AHo C(I)1,2 ’AHo Bi(I)2 ’AHo A(I)7 ’AHo A(I)1,2, 3,5,6 N-Ill-2944 N-I-1662;1673 N-I-915 N-I-916;N-III3123 N-1-2015;N-III814

GO’ A(1)2 GO’ A(Ill)1 TAHg A(I)1 GO’ C(1)1;D(II)1 NE’ A(III)2 GO’ A(I)6 GO’ D(Il)1 GO’ BiI)2 GO’ A(III)1 N-II-123 N-IIl-345 CH{; B(III)6 N-I-1009 N-Ill-2562 N-Il|-2561 N-IlI-2555 N-Ill-2553 N-Ill-2556 N-Ill-2554 N-IlI-2557 N-Ill-2563 N-Il|-2564 N-Ill-2559 N-III-2558 N-Ill-2560 N-IIl-533

buttocks

N-I-1662

crimson hedgehog/erimaon

BUTTOCKS

buttocks, scoot on the

buttocked, be bigBUTTON(S):

(silver) ---§ made with pointed ends oval/elliptical -parallelogram-shaped -round --- made with a scalloped border conical -smooth (silver) -square ---hole -- P (one button) -- up

push a -- (as a doorbell)

BUY: -- O (from P) -- and sell O

buzzard

by (passing) a big margin and miss seeing P, go bits day hook or by crook itself/oneself

by by by by

means of P without noticing it preference snatches

TSAAD;MV-VI TL’AA’ (I)1 N-1-2238;N-III218534707 N-Ill-4700 N-Il|-4706 N-Il|-4707 N-Il!-4708 N-Ill-4709 N-Ill-4710 N-Il!-4702 N-IIl-4705 N-HIl-4703 N-Ill-47014 'A A(\)1 NIL A(I)3 CHID3 A(IV)1 Nil’y C(lI)1 Nil’y C(IIl)4 LA A(1)36 NII’ ACI)1 N-1-832 PAR-X -AAH;POS-10 PAR-XII-183 MV-X1I-40 PAR-XII-833 N-1-843 PAR-XII-637 PAR-XII-578;

-- on time (installments) the --ing of O starts

by by by by by by by

CACTUS

773;774

-EE;POS-24 MV-V-99 PAR-XII-32 PAR-XII-833

Cc Cabezén Butte, New Mexico Cabezén, New Mexico

N-IIl-4192 N-II-98 N-1-1942;N-IIl-

barrel -prickly pear -saquaro ==

N=Ill-2122

smooth surfaced -

Neth? 1)4

tree/cane/chandelier

N-llhP 12S

«brush

Nell D419

«= fruit

Nelle 1P0

~- picker

N-Hlhe118

~- stickers

N«l-304 N-ih-a98

cadaver Caesarian section

Caesarian Section, perform a (on P) cafe cage

cage, bird cagey (hard to outwit), be

N-lll-P126 N-lll-21D4

N-HPh65

T] Aiea Nell

(594;15a2

N-Ub 304 N-llh4266

LO’ A(I)18

cairn

N-lll4198

cajolery, practice

CH] y BUI)?

cake

Nel 16:1245N W605 Nil'4 BCI)

calamity, suffer calcaneous calendar calf (of the leq)

N-b-915

calf bone CALF;

Nelle? S03

pet +

Nell 1074 NeleA17

Neth4GsN-Ub675 Nel

159

~- roping contest California

Neth

calisthenics, do

TS'OOD BIA

CALL (name); be --ed thus

YE

N-bG76

149

AA, 5,6

come to be O/P is --ed

YE’ A(I)S NID 4 ACI)A;

place is --ed

BUNA ZAV A(2,9 YE’ R(S

place was--ed thus

YE’ A()2,4,6

CALL (summon, say);

customary « (of an aminal or bird) -- for P

Nele775

4343

-- O’s name

NID4 A(DA

cable car, ride ona

----

ZH BCI) NID y BCA NE‘q B(I)S NE‘q BCS

cabin, log

(lit. “move suspended”) CACHE: -- (in a niche in a rock) into a --

--O make a -Cache Mountain, New Mexico CACTUS: 2117

(a type of) -barrel -crimson barrel --

CH’AAL;MV-X

N-1-1408;1410 N-1-1853 N-I-1409 CHf; B(II)1 CH BII)S

N-1-2222 N-I-750;N-IllN-I-1001 N-Ill-2127 N-Il]-2336;2548

off names P (to get his attention) P back (on the phone) P on the telephone

-- the roll the rollis --ed CALL OFF (cancel): -- O off (as a game) S is --ed off CALLING (visiting): go -*

NE ‘a A(Da

ZI ZV

BI) 1,2 BCH)

Z{)' ACI) Z{l' A(t)

CALLING

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects start to go -callous CALM: be --

become

--

-- down

--O down conditions are -- and peaceful

caltrap

camass camel

camera Cameron, Arizona

CAMP: -- while on a raid be --ed with one’s family be --ed --er shell go ona --ing trip camphorated oil

CAN (tin): -- O (food items) beer ---ned goods canaigre canal, large canal, small canary cancel (an event) cancer cancer root

candidate for office, be a

candidate, Pis named asa candle candle, long slender candy candy, cotton candy, licorice CANE:

CANOPY

YA A(|)41 "AAZH A(1)36 KAI B(I)3,36,47 "AAZH A(I)26 N-1-1472

T’'E’; C(IV)1; YEEL D(I)1; (I)1;ZEE’o B(|)1,2 ZEE’o A(I)1 TE’; A(ll)1; YEEL B(I)1 YEEL Bill)1

TE’; C(IV)2 N-II|-3640 N-I-52 N-IIl-1150;1890 N-Ill-705:753 N-II|-3026 BAA’ D(\)1 'EEZH D(I)2 NAy D(I)2 N-Ill-1264 NAy A(1)26 N-IIl-1817 N-IIl-4606 NIL C(I)8 N-1-2275 N-Ill-4607 N-I-262 N-IIl-3871 N-Ill-3870 N-Il|-4270 "A A(\)84 N-Ill-399; 3282:3283 N-IIl-2704 NIL A(II)23; WOD, A(II|)79 DZil’ A(I)7 N-Ill-150;152 N-II1-155 N-Ill-214 N-IIl-214 N-Ill-213 N-l-658;870; 872;1128:N-Ill-

feathered -- (ceremonial object)

stalking --s cannon cannot

cannot, in such a manner that S Canoncito, New Mexico Canopus (star)

1877;2665 N-III-1881 N-Ill-664 N-Ill-814 PAR-XIII-3 PAR-XIII-4;7 N-IIl-3802 N-I-1207;1458

CANOPY: -- (of a cradleboard) -- is up in position put up a --

cantalope canteen

canvas CANYON:

big -blind -convergent --

divergent/forked -narrow -rock -into the -edge/rim of a -there is a --- emerges -- extends away out of sight -- forms a circle -- that extends away out of sight --S converge, join --s diverge, fork Canyon de Chelley Canyon Del Muerto (in Canyon de Chelley) Canyon Diablo, Arizona CAP: --(with a bill) beaverskin -fur -knit -old-fashioned worker's -capable of change capable of many uses, S is capacity, S gets filled to capillary capsize O

capsizes, S (with P)(as a boat, car) captive captor

capture O/P CAR: old --

(old abandoned) -- hulk second hand -toy -used -wrecked --

-- with one headlight

N-l-100 BAAL F(I)1 BAAL A\(II)1 N-IIl-3678 N-Ill-3775 N-Ill-3368 N-I-204;1881;N\11-1067 N-1-206 N-Ill-4387 N-II]-120 N-IIl-239 N-1-207 N-l-1833 N-l-1890 N-I-205;

461;1834 KOOH (I)5 KOOH (I)6 KOOH (I)1 KOOH (l)2 N-I11-24 KOOH (I)3 KOOH (1)4 N-I-1882

N-I-1883 N-I11-2491 N-I-346 N-Il1-1334 N-I-347 N-Ill-1337 N-Ill-1339 N-IlI-1338 PAR-XII-628 ‘WWD4 F(V)1 BID A(I)2 N-I-2108; 2110;N-III-4489 ’A A(1)68,69 TS'IDo A(I)24, 30 N-IIl-4678 N-III-344 DEEL, A(I)12; NAo A(I)1 N-I-275 N-I-288;N-III1266 N-I-282;N-III1258:3585 N-IIl-1289 N-Ill-1560 N-Ill-1289 N-1-282 N-I-1301

CAREFUL

CAR

parts of a --- battery -- exhaust fumes -- heater -- horn -- license plate

N-Ill-1819

-- motor

N-1-286

-- shed -- tire drive a/ride in a/travel by --

pass up all the --s on the road caraway seeds carbon dioxide carborundum stone carbuncle carburetor CARCASS: dried up cow -half a -- (split in two) sheep -carcinoma CARD (process wool): --O

do the --ing just get a good start --ing start to -- P start to do the--ing wool --s (used in carding)

CARD: -- (for a game) take part in a -- game -- player

playing --(s) deal a hand of --s start to play --s cardboard box cardboard cardinal (bird) cardinal flower

CARE:

take (good) -- of oneself/P

do P with great -handle P with -P is treated with -treat P with --

P is being --ed for careen from side to side, S starts to

careening, S takes off (car) carefree, P is CAREFUL: be --

(very)--ly

N-|-278;817

N-I-1697 N-Ill-1264 N-Ill-1293 N-II|-560 N-1-678 N-1-280 BAAZ;MV-XII; LO’;MV-XIII; WOD4;MV-XI 'EEZH C(\)1 N-IlI-3194 N-III-3415 N-Ill-4075 N-Ill-1461 N-Il-96 N-II|-667 N-I-1034;1035 N-Ill-1592 N-II]-399;3283

be -- about oneself carelessly caress O caretaker

caretaker/bodyguard cargo vessel carnivore, be a carnivores carnivorous animals carpals carpenter

carpentry work, do carpet(s)

YAAD CiIll)1 PAR-VIII;PARXII-761 KAAD DiIIl)1 N-Il-554 N-II1-554 N-Ill-4314 GHALo C(I)1 N-Ill-3211 N-Il1-3211 N-I-1076; 2087;N-Ill-2652 N-IIl-3406 ZHI’; B(I)1 N-Il1-2481; 2482;

carriage, two-wheeled

CARRIED: O is -- out (accomplished) P is -- up in a flash by S (sunbeam, rainbow- in mythology)

S is being -- on (activity) S/P is --: as far as a stopping point by flood water away by a flood

CHAAD A\(Il)5 CHAAD A(II)6 CHAAD A\(I)3 CHAAD A\(I)2 CHAAD A\II)7 N-Ill-686

2483;

3392 N-IIl-4304

YAA C(V1)22 DEEL, A()28 YA Bi(Il)5

EEL 64 "EEL A(I)8,34; GO’ A(I)1 "EEL A(1)8,51 off by flood water "EEL A(1)34 out (washed out) by flood water N-Ill-3292 carrier (disease) YA Bi(l)1 carrier of P (disease), be a N-Ill-1717 carrion eater N-Ill-1716 carrion worm N-Ill-1789 Carrizo Mountain, Arizona N-1-261 ;N-IIIcarrot 1215 MV-I-15 CARRY O: MV-I-16; -- across MV-I-17 -- along (progressively) MV-I-18 there) and (here -- around about MV-I-20 -- around here and there MV-I-21 -- around in a circle MV-I-19 -- around P MV-I-22 -- around to and fro MV-I-23 point) -- as far as (a stopping MV-I-24 -- ashore MV-I-25 -- away (out of sight) MV-I-26 -- away and get rid of it

N-Ill-3266 KAAD C((\)1 N-III-58 N-IIl-1517 NIL A(1)45,48 KAAD A(I)3 N-II|-3268 N-Ill-3266 N-I-1547;N-lIll3736;4268 N-III-1509 Nil’y C(V)1; YAAD Ci(Ill)1 Y\JD D(I)1 ZID D(|)1 TIID B(I)4 TID B(I)S YAAD C(IV)1 BAAL A(\)2 BAAL A(I)1 ZOLI (Il)2

-- back and forth

-----

TIID B(I)5 PAR-XII-243;

---

253;786;876

1219

(between places) by a looped handle entire length (end to end) in circles into an enclosure making a circuit off course (into a ditch)

MV-I-27 LO’;MV-III MV-I-28 MV-I-30 MV-I-29 MV-I-31 MV-I-32

CARRY O

-- out horizontally -- out of view

-- stop (carrying O) -- to a destination and back -- to a destination

-- to safety -- too far (beyond intended goal) -- UP, Up incline, Upstairs -- Up, upstairs -- uphill

start to -- O (as a practice) start to -- O (carry O )along --ing bag

--ing pole Carson’s, New Mexico cart, two-wheeled

cartilege carton carton, milk

CARTRIDGE: -- case (for a bullet) copper -- (case) empty -- case/shell casing cary, dental CASCADE: S --s down onto P people are --ing down (as from an airplane that explodes in mid-air) CASH: -- P’s check O is --ed (a check) Cassiopeia, part of CAST: -- a ballot (for P)

--aspellonP

-- evil spells with one's eyes -- for O (a fish) -- glances here and there

CAT'S CRADLE

MV-I-33 MV-I-34 MV -I-37 MV-I-39 MV-I-38 MV-I-40 MV-I-41 MV-I-44 MV-I-42 MV-I-43 MV-I-35 MV-I-36 N-II|-4660 N-Ill-4320 N-Ill-1942 N-II|-4304 N-I-1416 N-Il1-3268 N-I-166 N-Ill-791 N-Ill-793 N-III|-794 N-Ill-796 N-Ill-422 N-II|-4088 DAAZ A(!)14

-- design composed of joined diamond shapes cataract (on the eye) catarrh catastrophe, there is a

P (as a leg) is placed in a -cast iron castor

castor oil castoreum castrate P castrated animal cat

cat food

CAT’S CRADLE:

play -start to play --

‘D4 C(I)1;

G(I)1:YAA A(II)2;B(\)1 CATCH: -- (rabbits, by twisting) -- a disease

-- O (a fish on a hook) -- O (animate object) -- O (in a trap/snare) -- O (one after another - fish, animals in a trap)

------

O in the act (as a thief) P (and throw P down/rape P) P (as a ball, lamb) P (one after another) p (a disease) from P (another person) -- sightofO/each other

-- sight of P’s genitals fall and -- oneself with a hand play -- with P S/area --es fire

DEE’ D(I)1 PAR-XII-565 YAA C(Ill)1 YAA C(VII)2 N-II|-2896

--ing (one) unguarded CATCH UP with P (overtake P):

"AH A(I)12;NIL A(I)1;TSOOZ A(I)1 GAAZH E(I)1; Z{f A(III)1; D(IX)1 GAAZH D(\)1 DEEL, A(ll)2 GHAL, B(II)1

S (tribe/crowd) --es up with P CATERPILLAR: sphinx --- tractor

cathartic catkin, willow

catkins (on a cottonwood tree) cattail

CAST: (for the setting of a broken bone): puta--onO

N-Il1-3612 N-II1-3094 N-I-400

N-Ill-570;1973

CATTLE: -- squeezer --guard (of the type composed ofa network of rails) Cattle Association CAUGHT: get -- (snagged) on P (ona nail, branch): 1 subject crawling 1 subject walking passenger in a car

A A(I)83 A A(III)42)

N-Ill-947;948 N-1-247 N-IIl-87;156 N-l-247 NIL A(1)44 N-Ill-1328 N-Il-125;132 N-Ill-2816 N-IIl-2988 TL’O Cil)1 TL’O A(I)12

1220

DIZ A(II)3 ’A G(|)2;DEE’ B(I)1 LO’ A(I)32 ZIID4 D(|)1 LO’ D(I)1 LO’ A(I)12 ‘Po A(III)1 DEEL, A(I)23 DEEL, A(I)12 DEEL, A(I)23

YA A(I)15 DEEL, A(I)12; TSAy A(I)1; (I1)1;B(1)1 TSAy A(I)3 CHID3 A(IV)5 NE’s A(!)2;(II)2 TLAH, A(II)3,4 PAR-XII-617 MV-V-100;MVVIII-22;MV-XI41;MV-XII-29; MV-XIII-30 TEEL B(I)2 N-IIl-4585 N-IIl-4130 N-IIl-1273 N-III-94 N-1-334;988 N-1-1638 N-I-1125;

1559;N-IIl-3748 N-II-40 N-IIl-666 N-Ill-1015 N-IIl-665

NA’4 A(II)54 YA A(I)55 DEEL, A(\)21; TS'IDo A(\)22, 23

CAULDRON

cauldron

CAUSE: -- for it -- of it underlying --- (a condition) -- O to exist --P -- things to become nasty -- trouble for P be the -- (of an event)

caustic caution, P is treated with cautious, be cautiously

CAVE (in rock): ---dweller --man

CELLAR

N-Il!]-286; 287;696

CELLAR:

N-I-149 -AAH;POS-7 N-Ill-773 Lif? A(VIN)1;2Z)]” B(|)1

celluloid

root/storage -excavate a --

Lif? A(VII)1

cement

cement blocks cemetery

cemetery caretaker CENSUS:

T’E’4 C(Il)1 CHIJD4 A(II)15( MNl)1 CHIJD4 A(IIl)1 D4 Bilv)1 N-II1-63 TID B(I)4 TIID B(I)5 PAR-VIII;PARXII-784;786 N-I-140;1846 N-Ill-4202 N-I-1392;

-- tag

-- takers take -cent

CENTER:

-- (of an object) -- of the earth/world center punch (tool) CENTIPEDE: blue -large -small -striped --

1850;N-IIl-4202 S --s in (as a roof, arroyo bank) cavern (in rock) CAVITY: P has a -there are --ies there is a -there is a --in P there is a series of --ies cease (doing) O ceases to hurt, S Cebolleta, New Mexico

Cedar Ridge, Arizona Cedar Spring, Arizona Cedar Springs, Arizona CEDAR: -- (juniper) wood Rocky Mountain red --

ceiling celebrate boisterously, start to celebration celebrity, P becomes a celebrity, P is a celery, false mountain celery, wild mountain celestial space

GEERE: blood -red blood -white blood --- nucleus

DAAZ A(\)2,12

cents, fifteen century

N-I-140;1846 N-Ill-422 DZAy (!)1 DZA, (1)2 DZAq (1)1,6

century plant CEREMONIAL: -- application of materials (pollen, meal, etc.) -- naming of colors or directions in sequences of four -- paraphernalia

DZAq (I)6

DZA} (\)7 Zif A(\)1 Lif? AC) N-I-1733;N-III4010

container for -- paraphernalia observe -- restriction raw material for -- smoke

N-Ill-3475;4635

N-1-1039 N-Ill-2615 N-I-633 N-Ill-1632 N-Ill-1855 N-IIl-2484 DAA’ A(\)1 N-I-1304

treatments

-----

sprinkling token-tying (for a female patient) token-tying (for a male patient) wood rasp used in Dzitk’ijf, the Mountain Chant, to accompany songs CEREMONY: one-day --

Z{f° A(V1)1 zif Divy2

first songs of a --

N-I-415 N-Ill-525 N-1-2159 N-Il-147 N-Il-148 N-ll-149;N-III1643 N-Il-150;N-III1644 N-ll-152;N-III3580

-- is held (over P)

-- is started be carrying on a -- (over P) be conducting a -be on the final night of a -be performing the final day of a -bring a -- to its final day commence a diagnostic -- over P conduct a test/brief --

1221

N-Il|-2676 N-I-1400 GEED A(I)22 N-Ill-4220 N-III-1974 N-II-1975 N-IIl-2693;2695 N-Ill-2694 N-Ill-1690 N-1-853 N-Ill-1678 TA’ Bil)1 N-IIl-160;170 N-1-1383;N-III224 N-I-1384 N-III-3384 N-IIl-732;921 N-Ill-2290 N-Ill-2291 N-Ill-2293 N-III-2294 N-Ill-2292 N-II-100 N-Ill-3910 N-I-1403 N-IIl-627 N-Ill-1720 N-I-39;N-III856;857 N-I-836 YD Ell) N-Ill-429 N-IlI|-3823 N-IIl-4434 N-I!I-4697 N-Ill-4273 N-Ill-1976 N-I-844 ;N-III2369 N-1-90 TAAL BiIl)1; YA B(I)3 DEE’ A(V)18 YA Dcill2 TAALd B(!)1 Tt’EE’ (I)1 JJJD Bi) JID A(t)1 KEED, B(\)1 NIL A(1)13;C(1)5

CHANGING

CEREMONY

finish a --

TAAL A(I)2

fire -- (purification rite)

P is given a succession of --ies

N-IIl-34 TAAL2 B(I)1;YA B(I)3 TAAL» BiIl)1 LA A(Il)41

perform a --

YA Billl)4

starta

TAAL2 A\(I)1 PAR-III N-II|-3227 N-IIl-115 CH'lZH D(I)1 N-I-1744

hold a -- over P

P has a--

--

certain one, a

certificate certificate, marriage chafed, become

chaff, wheat CHAGRINED: be -- about P be -- by P be(come) -- about it

CHAIN: bicycle -tow -CHAIR: overstuffed/easy -reclining -rocking -chairman chairman, act as chaise (carriage) CHALK: blue -red -white -yellow -Chama, New Mexico

chamber of a gun chamber of a gun barrel chamber pot chamber, underground

Chambers, Arizona chamise chamiza chamizo

chance to do something, P gets a chance, give a chancre change, small (money) CHANGE: --O -- one’s mind (about O/P)

-- P’s diaper

-- the oil (in a car) it is --ing (weather) P’s voice is --ing there is a --

Lif? Eq) YAA A(II)3 KAAD A(|)16; Lif’ A(i)4;E (1 N-IIl-941;967 N-II|-968 N-Ill-942 N-III-1055;1079 N-II|-1058;1082 N-IIl-1057;1081 N-IIl-1059 N-Ill-41;1072 DA Fi(I)1 N-IIl-4304 N-Ill-749; 863;1747 N-IIl-864 N-IIl-865 N-Ill-866 N-III-867 N-1-2062 N-Ill-798 N-Ill-795 N-Ill-1157;1161 N-I-1400 N-I-385 N-Ill-2641 N-Ill-2614 N-IIl-1700;1702 YAA A(I)1 YAA C(I)1 N-I-1252 N-II-55;N-III-901 YAA A(Il)1 YAA C(Ill)1

CHAA’y A(\)8;

NIID4 A(1)1;2/f° A(l)1 YAA C(V)1 KA A(1)46;(I1)4,5 YAA F(I)2 CH’IJD4 (1)1 YAA A(II)2

Changing (hermaphroditic) Grandchild (mythology) Changing Grandson (mythology) Changing Woman change for P, make channel, there is a

N-III-4448 N-I-2023 N-II1-302 YAA Ci(Ill)1 DZIS (I)6 N-Ill-44 N-Ill-1976;3593

channels CHANT: -- with firepit (used in Shooting Way, Mountain top, Beauty, Night, Plume, N-I11-2044 Wind and Bead Way chants) -- with house (Male Branch of Shooting Way) N-IIl-2048 -- with jewels (Male Branch of Shooting Way) N-Ill-2046 -- with prayersticks (in Shooting Way, Male Branch, Red Ant Way, Big Star Way) ~ N-IIl-2045 -- with sandpaintings (a feature of all Holy Way Ceremonials) N-IIl-2042 -- with Sun’s House (Shooting Way) N-Il|-2047 essential elements of a -N-Ill-3594 be --ing TAALo BiI)1 stop --ing TAAL2 A(I)2 --er (medicine man) chapped lips, P gets chapped, become “chaps” Chapter Chapter House Chapter Officers charcoal

CHARGE (control): be in -- of O/P (a project): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects take -- of O/P

P thinks he is in -CHARGE: -- a price

-- high fees --Pafee P is --ed (a price) -- P (attacking P) set off a -- (explosive) -- (a battery) chariot

Charley Day Spring, Arizona Charley Charlie “chase skirts”

N-IIl-2051 DLAAD A(I)7

CH'llZH D(I)1 N-Ill-1905 N-IIl-3724 N-Ill-193;2470 N-IIl-3724 N-I-1631;N-III3918 ’EEZH E(Il)1; Nif2 B(I)2 YA B(I)4 ’AAZH B(I)2 KAI C(1)6 JEE’s A(I)42; Nis A(I)1;:Tf A(IV)1 Nis B(I)1

BA A(\)4

JD 4Dc D4 Dcitl)1 BA A(Il)2 WOD, A(III)52 DON E(I)2 NA’, B(II)1 N-Ill-4304 N-Ill-3574 N-Il-79 N-Il-79 YEH B(I)1,2

CHEW

CHASE

CHASE: --O -- O over the edge -- O to P (as achild or children to school): 1.0 3+ 0 P --s S away (an animal, person) P --s S back home (as stray lambs) chattels chatter (talk)

chatterbox, be a

chattering, S’s teeth are cheap, it is cheaply CHEAT: -- (be a cheater) --P start to -- on P (on one's spouse)

CHECK (bank): give Pa-personal -write a -- for part of P cash P’s -CHECK: -- O out (to ascertain its veracity) --onO for P --onP -- on things

checkered, S is

checkers (the game) Chee Dodge Cheechilgeetho, New Mexico CHEEK: -- bones inner -inside of the -cheerful, place is cheers up, P

cheese cheese, cottage cherish P CHEST: -- bone(s)

start to -- O (leafy matter) start to -- O (meat) stop --ing O (meat)

CHAA’;;MV-IX YA A(1)33

CHAA’, A(Il)4 KAAD F(II)1 WOD, A(ill)1 JEE’s A(I)35 N-II|-3274 CH’AL C(I)1; TAHg B(I)1;TI’2 D(\)1 TAHg B(I)1 DAA’ Di(l)1 Lif’ Ec) PAR-XII-165

LO’A(1)45;B()3 LO’ A(I)18;B(I)3 WOD, Ai(III)84 N-Il-80 ZOOZo A(I)22 N-Il-81 ZO A(\)5 YAA Ci(lil)1 KAA’s B(I)1

fs co

-- O (hard matter) -- O and spit O into P --onO -- on P (by tugging with teeth) S -- on each other S --s on self start to -- (O) (hard matter) “.- OQ out” chewing gum chewing tobacco

chewing tobacco, leaf Chezhin Chicago, Illinois chick chickadee CHICKEN: -- mite/louse -- pull -- trough baby -female -male -chicken pox chicle chicos

Chief Blessing Way Chief of Police chiefly Chieftain Mountains chieftain Chilchinbito ~ Chilchinbetoh, Arizona CHILD: small --- of the earth

TAA’2 C(I)

KAA’s B(I)2

K’AAD D(1)1; ZOOZo E(I)1 N-II|-2940 N-Ill-74 N-1-268;N-III1225 N-1-1381 N-I-1378 N-I-2150 N-Ill-4562 NA’, C(I)2 ZHOQD A(I)3 N-II-99 N-Il-14 DLEE’ B(I)1 N-I-2212 N-1-593;

have a --

attend at a --birth enter early --hood be --less CHILDREN: -- beginning school growing -schoolage -husband’s brother’s/sister’s -my wife’s sister’s/brother’s -wife’s sister’s/brother’s -brother’s -brother’s daughter’s -brother’s son’s /son’s -daughter’s -father’s brother’s daughter's -father’s brother’s son’s daughter’s -father’s father’s sibling’s --

819;2215

flesh on the -internal organs of the -chest of drawers

chestnut breasted bluebird Chetro Kettle (a major Anasazi ruin in the Chaco Canyon) CHEW: -- O (leafy matter)

N-1-2214 N-Il|-4658 N-Ill-1830 N-IIl-1722

N-III-4076 "AAL B(I)2 CHOZH Bi(|)1

1223

CHOZH A(I)2 GHAL» A(I)1 GHALo A(I)5 ’AAL B(I)1 "AAL B(II)1 GHAZH D(\)1 TSOOD B(I)1 ’AAL B(III)4 *AAL B(IIl)3 *AAL A(I)1,2 TE’ E(|)1 N-Il1-2343;2355 N-IlI-3081 N-Ill-3079 N-IIl-1233 N-Il-167 N-I-1307 N-I-296;388 N-I-1304 N-I-1308 N-I-1304 N-Ill-3183 N-I-1307 N-I-13-5 N-I-1306 N-Ill-562 N-III-2355 N-1-1339;N-Ill2706 N-IlI-1980 N-Ill-3320 PAR-Xil-8 N-Ill-1796 N-Ill-3315;3319 N-Ill-1306;4429 N-I-95 N-Ill-4438 CH{, Bill)2 YOOD A(II)15 CH'lIZH D(!)1 CH{, Bill)2

N-Ill-194;266 N-IIl-199 N-Il]-3514;3515 N-III-200 N-II|-2064 N-III-586 N-II|-2067 N-I-214 N-I-2028 N-I-1254 N-1-2028 N-I-451 N-1-2028 N-1-214

CHLOROFORM

CHILDREN

chloroform

father’s father’s sister’s

daughter’s --

N-1-451

chocolate, hot (drink)

N-1-1254

CHOKE: -- (on O/P)

father’s father’s sister’s/father’s

brother’s sons -father’s sister’s daughter's daughter's -father’s sister’s son's daughter’s --

N-1-2028

father’s sister’s son’s son’s --

N-1-451 N-l-214

-- P to death -- P with one’s hands

mother’s brother’s daughter's --

N-1-2028

chokecherry

N-1-2260 N-1-451

chokecherry, Western chongo

CHfy BiIN)2 CH{y A(1)4 CHfy A(|)2 N-Ill-463

choose from among P (items for purchase) choose O

mother’s brother’s/father’s sister’s --

(female speaking) mother’s sister’s daughter’s -be incapable of having -have a series of -start to have --

CHILE: -- pepper hot yellow -- peppers red -chilled, P gets (person) chilly, area/space/weather is chimney

chimney pipe CHIN: lower -neck area under the -surface of the lower jaw and -tip of the -under the -chinaware China China Springs, New Mexico chinch bug Chinese Chinese People, the Chinese person CHIP: -- a piece off of P -- O (as ice) -- O off (by pounding)

-- O out (of P)

CHOP: -- (O)

-- (O) out (of P) --ahole in P -- a piece off of P

N-1-2250

N-1-2175

-- a pointonO

N-IIl-4638 N-1-2187 N-1-1149 N-Il-1120 N-Il-2565

-- aring around P -- a succession of O on an area -- O (as firewood)

apart

N-1-1298 N-1-549 N-Ill-1119

apart lengthwise away from P in d.p. pieces in two (in half)

A(\)7

TSEEDo B(|)1

in two/apart

KAAD A(IV)3; NE’s A(|)24 KAAL4 A(1)12;

lengthwise off (of P)

KAAD A(IV)3

out

to a point (as a stake) to pieces

chipmunk

KAAD A\(\)7 KAAD A(I)13 N-1-723

Chiricahua Apache

N-1-293

up

Chiricahua Windway ceremony

N-I-105;N-III2013

up/to pieces -- off a piece for P

CHIRPING (of birds): S goes about -the bird is -CHISEL: cold --

N-1-776 K'IlZ D(I)1 NID BiI)1

-- off P’s head -- the cover off of P

N-II|-836 N-Ill-4319

-- through P (as ice) be --ed in two do the --ing

wood

---O out

K’AAZ A(II)2

MV-1-45;LAA’4 NE’5A(1)10,11; C(I)1;TSEEL A(I)1,16 TSEEL A(I)9, 10,11 NE’ A(1)21,28 KAAL A(I)7; NE’s A(I)18,20 TSEEL A(I)12 TSEEL A(I)7 NE’s A(I)39 KAAL4 A(I)5; NE’s A(1)10,11

--O;

N-1-1740

TSEEL A(I)11 -- P (as enamolware) S gets --ed (enamelware) S gets --ed (surface of a cup)

DzIf A(I)5;NA’3 A(1)5,6;(II1) 1,2 TSOOD A(IV)1 Nil’, B(I)1 N-I-517;N-Ill1619;1621 N-l-1042 N-I-743;2002;N11-4444

A(\)4

N-II|-468 N-Ill-465 N-Ill-470 K’AAZ A(|)11 K’AAZ D(Il)3 N-1-387 N-Il-1172 N-1-2185 N-1-466

KAAL

N-Ill-477 N-II-102;N-Ill1887

KAAL4 A(1)4 KAAL, A(\)6 TSEEL A(I)8

NE’s A(I)9,17 KAAL B(I)3; NE’5A(I)7,16,41 TSEEL A(I)3, 4,13 NE’ A(I)14 NE’o A(1)41; TSEEL A(I)5,13 TSEEA(I)10,11 NE’ A(1)38 NE’o A(I)9,17;

TSEEL A(|)14

-- off P’s branches (a tree)

KAAL4 A(l)12

1224

KAAL1 A(I)4 TSEEL A(I)14 NE’ A(I)18 NE’s A(I)39 KAAL4 B(1)3,4 NE’o A(1)19 NE’o A(1)21,28 KAAL B(II(2 KAAL1 A(I)5

CIRCLE

CHOP

start --ing along on P start to -- O in two (in half)

KAAL4 A(1)10,12 TSEEL A(I)8 KAAL, A(|)3 TSEEL A(I)9 NE’s A(I)8

start to -- P

TSEEL A(I)6

mark trees by --ing

separate O from P by --ing split O with a --ing blow

chopsticks, eat O with chosen, P is

Christians CHRISTMAS: -- comes have a good/bad -put up -- decorations (streamers, etc.) throw a -- party P receives a -- present chronically impaired (limb or bone) CHUCKHOLE: P hits a -- (a passenger riding ina fast-moving vehicle) there is a -chuckle chuckle to oneself (hide a laugh) chuckwalla chunky, be chunky as P, be as church Church Rock, New Mexico Chuska Mountain Chuska Pass CICADA: dark colored --

gray -large -red -small -striped -cider cigar CIGARET

(hand) rolled -ceremonial -roll a --

CINCH (of a saddle): --P -- ring woven/braided -cinnamon roll cinquefoil (plant) CIRCLE: travel in a --

around ina

MV-Il-23;MV-V101;MV-VI-24; MV-VII-15;MVVIII-23;MV-IX-

--

21;MV-X-23;

MV-XI-43;MVXI1-30;MV-XIII31; MV-XIV-15 MV-Ill-24;MV-V-

ZHA’ A(|)1 LA A(IIl)34

around in --s

N-IIl-1330

102;MV-VI-25;

MV-VII-16;MVVIIl-24;MV-X24;MV-XI-44; MV-XII-31;MVXIII-82; MV-XIV16

Lij’ A(lIl)1 Lif’ A(IV)1

TL’O C(I)1 Lif’ A(IV)1 YAA C(VII)2 N-Il|-4386 N-Ill-2146

-- of stones used in the stick dice

game around ina

--

footprints/trail leading around

WOD, Ail) 1,2 DZIS (I)4 DLO’ A\ill)1 ‘2 A(Il)4 N-Ill-4126 DifLo (\I)1

ina -its tracks leading around ina draw a -extend ina --

DfiLo (I)1

around a bear) there is a -- of red

N-Ill-3606 N-Ill-4164 N-I-411;N-III1451 N-Ill-4083 N-I-2118 N-Ill-4573 N-IIl-4575 N-IIl-4582 N-Ill-4576 N-Ill-4574;4583 N-Ill-4581 N-I-1611;N-II-69 N-II-156 N-I-1264;N-III3069 N-1-559;N-III3070 N-I-559 LA A(|)47

make a -- of pollen

N-Ill-116 N-Ill-117 ZO A(\)1 MV-XV NIL A(I)6

S are --ing around P (pack of dogs

things begin to go in --es for P (dizzy person)

DEE’ D(I)2 CHI’ G(II)13

Circle Dance Circle Dance, there is a

YiLo A(Ill)1 N-Ill-3095 DAA’ C(I)1

CIRCUIT: make a -- with O

MV-II|-25;MV-V103;MV-VI-26;

MV-VIII-25;MVIX-22;MV-X25:MV-XII-32; MV-XIII-33; BAAZ A(II)9 circular, S/area is

Circular House, Casa Rinconada (an ancient Puebloan ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico)

circulation of the blood circumcision on P, perform a circumcize O/P

N-I-338;N-III-28 TL’O B(I)3

N-IlI-27 N-Il-29 N-IIl-607 N-1-1134 N-II|-3088 MV-V-101;MVVI-23; MV-XI42:BAAZ A(II)9

--

N-Ill-4189 -NAp;POS-50

circumcized, be

circumstance, in view of that circus comes to town circus cirsium city Civil Service

BAAZ E(1)2,3

N-IIl-2496 N-Ill-1654 K’EE’ A(|)7 GIZH A(V)7; C(I)1;T’AAZ B(1)1,2 GIZH A(VI)1; K’EE’ A(Il)1 PAR-XII-192 NAq A(1)22 N-Ill-1533 N-Ill-496 N-Ill-2485;2488 N-IIl-4495

CIVIL

civil servant

clabber claim O as one’s own claim O, both

claimant (at law) clamor

clamor, there is

clamp down on O with teeth/beak clamp jaws shut

CLAMPED in teeth/beak: S carries O --: across along around here and there around in a circle around in circles around P as far as a stopping point away from fire/water down from a height out horizontally to safety have O -S arrives/comes/goes with O -S climbs up with O -S goes along with O -S turns O over/around -start off with O -CLAN:

a certain -be related by --

one’s -S belongs to (a certain) -(father’s side) such and such a -the Mexican --

they belong to the same -clandestinely CLAP (hands): -- (one clap) -- (repeated clapping) Start to -- (repeated clapping) clarification, P gets -clarification, there is -CLARIFY: --O S --s

S is --ed clasp O to self

clasped together, have the hands classmates, my

CLAVICLE

N-IIl-175 N-Ill-14 CH{y B(III)5 ’A B(II)3;UAA’o D(Il)1;JOOL D(II)1;KAE(II)1; NIL D(II)2;TA4 D(II)2;TLEE’ G(I)1;Tf E(2 N-Ill-3647 N-Ill-1912 ’A (\)30 TSA’ C(l)1 TSA’ C(Il)1

clavicle

CLAW:

-----

(of a bear) (of a hawk) (of an eagle) (on hind foot of a quadruped)

-- (something) --atO -- each other repeatedly have a --ing match (with P) have hold of it in one’s --s strike or rip with --s

N-I-1644 N-I-1063; 1083;N-III2426:2631 N-I-1066 N-I-1064 N-I-1065 N-I-910 GHAZ C(\)2 Jl’ Bill)4 GHAZ A(Il)1 GHAZ A(Il)1 JP’ D(I)1 GHAZ A(I)10

CLAY:

TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’ TSA’

-- pot/pottery blue -red -white --

A(II)12 D(I)1 B(I)1 A(II)3 A(II)4 A(II)5 A(Il)12 A(II)13 A(II)2 A(II)7 A(Il)15 E(I)1 A(Il)14 A(II)8 D(l)1 A(II)9,10 A(II)6

N-IIl-1970 N-Ill-1129 N-Ill-2730 N-l-576;N-III1746

CLEAN:

-- a ditch

DIJD C(1)1; ZHOOQD DiIll)1 KA A(1)29

-- a gun

T'OOD, Ai(ll)1;

-- be

-- O (as a fish) -- O off (by wiping it off)

N-1-545;571

-- oneself up -- out an area (by removing brush) -- P (a rifle barrel) -- something (by boiling) wipe O --- Up an area

N-I-16 CH; D(I)2 N-I-16

“-- P out” (gambling)

TSIC(I)2 Y{o A(1)30 T’OOD, A(I)22 ZHOOQD A(IV)1 DEE’ A(Ill)2 DIZ A(II)5 GAIL A(II)2 DEE’ A(IIl)3 DEE’ D(IIl)2; ZHOOD A(III)1;

BI)

CHAAZH4 A(l)1;T’E’4

CH{4 D(I)1 N-I-959 N-I-548 CHfy D(I)1 PAR-XII-762

be “--ed out” (gambling)

--ing rod (for gun barrels) CLEAR: S is--

KAAD E(I)1 KAAD D(I)2 KAAD D(I)3 Z2if' c(lvy2 Z2if Cclv)2

--Oup

-- off an area (by removing brush) -- one’s throat --ing was made S --s off (weather, cloud cover) S --s up (an infection) S --s up (water) S becomes --

TOOL A(II)1; YAA Ci(ll)1 TOOL A(|)1 TOOL A\(IIl)1 MV-1-46 TA’ (Il)1 N-Ill-1102

there is a --ing clearly

1226

A(IV)1 T’E’y A(lil)1 N-Ill-786 TOOL B(I)1; TS'ILI TOOL A(II)1 DEE’ A(Ill)2 KO’ A(I)2 ZHOOQD A(I)2 ZHOOD A(I)4 DZ" A(I)12 TOOL A(I)1 TOOL A(I)1; TS'JL A(I)1 (I)1;TSJL BUI) ZHOOD A(|)2 PAR-XI|-96;729

CLOCK

CEERM

CLEFT: -- in the hoof of a quadruped. --in the rock --within or between rocks

S has a -clench one’s fist cleome clerk CLIFF:

-- dwelling ---dweller --house --side base ofa -between --s edge ofa -cliffrose CLIMB: -- P (as a tree, ladder) -- up with O -- up

-- (large)

N-IlI-2408 N-I-1037 N-IlI-4128 GIZH G(\)2 JOOL F(I)1; YAA CiIll)1 N-1-2111 N-IlI-3258 N-Ill-4209 N-I-1849;N-III4201 N-I-1850 N-I-59 N-I-1534 N-I-1399:1855 N-I-1862 N-I-463;1824 N-1-97

alarm ---wise

clod clogged (with S), be clogs an area,S CLOSE (near): S are crowded -- together stay -- (1 subject) ae by

-- to

-- to it

-- to the ground -- together --er this way be -- to the final payment move in -- to P (as near another family): 1 subject 2 subjects P has a -- call S has ---cropped hair sit/lie -- to P sitlie -- together

MV-V-105;MVXI-48 MV-I-47 MV-IIl-26;MV-V104;MV-VI-27; MV-VII-17;MVVIII-26;MV-IX23;:MV-X-26;

Close-Cropped Hair

MV-X1-46,47; MV-XIII-34;MVXIV-17 -- to the top (of a hill, cliff, roof:)

---

---

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects to the surface (submarine) quickly onto P (as a person escaping a dog) up P up P and get stuck

-- up quickly clinch (as boxers)

cling to O CLINIC: medical -out-patient --

CLIP: -- O off of oneself -- O off of P -- the covering off of P start to -- P clippers (for cutting hair or woll) clitoris clobber P

CLOCK:

CLOSE (shut): -- (a hole)(with a curtain) -- (a padlock) -- a door (on P)

YA A(l)45 *KAZH A(1)30 KAI B(I)41 MV-XII-33

-- agate -- a space by raking (dirt) down -- an opening (with bars or poles in parallel position)

GO’ A(I)19 "EEZ B(I)5 NA’g A(Il)48 GO’ A(I)19 rc TSOOD AiIl!)1 N-Il1-503 N-II1-504 N-II1-501

-- by a drawstring -- by hanging (curtain) -- by sliding (as a glass door or window) -- O (a vise) -- O by twisting -- O off (by placing hand over it) -- one’s eyes

ZHEE’s A((Il)2 ZHEE’9 A(I)3 ZHEE’s A(\)1 ZHEE’s A(\)4 N-Ill-1030 N-|-425;589;

1227

°A (IIl)4 YA D(1)4;(II)1 -NA4;POS-49; PAR-XII-50 -T’AAH;POS-68 PAR-XII-561 PAR-XII-405 PAR-XII-677 PAR-XII-888 DIZ A(II)2 YA A(\)80 "AAZH A(\)54 Lf? A(V)1 WOLo (I)1

JEE’3 C(IN)2 JEE’s Ci(Il)1 N-IIl-4439 -DA;POS-19 BAAL A(II)4,5 TAHp A\Il)1 KAAL, A(1)8,9 TA1 A(I)29 ZIIDo A(|)27

JEE’y A(Il)6,7 ZH C(I)1 BAAL A\(II)4,5,7

-- one’s lips

KID2 A(1)4,10 GIZ A(\)8,9 GIZ A(I)8 NII'1 A(V)8 CH'L B(II)2 NOOD D(I)1

-- P in (by laying bars or poles parallel, as in a corral gate)

JEE’4 A(I)2,3

-- P with O (viscous substance, as putty)

JEE’3 A(ll)2,3

-- something off (by placing/ holding one’s hand over it) -- the door on P -- up P (an opening) with masonry bring O to a -- (an event)

785;2033 TS'INo A(I)6 N-Il|-2370; 2378;3039

N-Ill-3044 N-Ill-3043 N-I-1464;PARXII-498 N-I-212 BIJD/BIN4 B(I)3,4 BIJD/BINY A(I)3,4

NII’y A(V)8;1(1)3 KAAL4 A(I)8

TEIN, A(I)5,6 Ty A(j28

CLOSE

S comes to a -- (as a ceremony, rodeo) -- O (as a book) closet, clothes clot, blood cloth spread on the ground for eating cloth, shiny

CLOTHES: -- brush -- closet -- dryer -- hangers -- hooks (for hanging) -- making --line put one’s -- back on take off P’s/one’s --

CLOTHING: put P’s -- on into -put on --

school -suit of --

used/ugly -clots, S clotted blood clotting, blood CLOUD: small fleecy cumulus --

thin high --s -- figure (sandpainting) -- is moving about here and there -- moves -- of S (smoke, mist).hangs --burst --S appear dark with --s it --s up (clouds gather) itis partly --y

P gets --ed vision P gets caught in a --burst there is a --burst --burst clover, prairie

CLOWN: -- (act silly) --ing be --ing CLUB:

CLUB

-- (Moccasin Game)

T1’4 F(I)26 YAA C(!Il)1 N-Ill-1833;1837 N-Ill-1650 N-IIl-3447 N-II1-3481

flint -- (mythology) throwing -- (used to kill rabbits) wooden --- P to death bat O up into the air with a -beat each other with --s beat oneself with a -beat P up with a -break a succession of O by striking with a -engage in a -- fight with P give O a series of blows with a -go about --ing things go about swinging a -go along beating O with a -graze Pwitha have a --ing match (with P) hit O in the groin with a -hit O one time with a -hit oneself one time with a -hit P with a -kill P with a --

N-IIl-1827 N-Ill-1833;1837 N-IIl-873;1826 N-Ill-1822 N-Ill-1820 N-Ill-1835 N-Ill-628;1821 YA A(1)80 JAA’s A(I)29; (11)9,14;NIL A(II)22 N-I-619 YAA A(I)2;C(1)4 N-I-625 THIN, A(I)2 N-IIl-1825 N-IIl-1836 N-I-627;N-III1831 K’|Ho A(I)1 N-IIl-1666 N-Ill-1667 N-I-1044 N-I-1045;N-IIl2619 N-I-1046;N-III2621 N-I-1051;N-III2619 TSXAAZo B(I)2 DO;MV-VII TSXAAZo A(I)5 N-I-1367;1368

Knock O down with a blow from a --

scatter O with a blow from a -start to beat P with a -Start to beat with a -strike at O repeatedly with a -strike at P with a -- and miss strike out among P with a -strike out into space with a -take a swipe at O with a -Club-Foot club-footed CLUBS (in cards): one of -two of -three/trey of -four of -five of -six of -seven of -eight of -nine of -ten of -jack of -queen of -king of -ace of -clump (as a clump of grass) clumsily

Lif’ A(V)1 N-I-1686 Lif’ A(V)1;NA4 A(|)7 ’A E(|)7 ZHif’ A(I)3 GO’ A(I)35 TSAA’ D(l)1 N-Ill-3427;3429 N-I-715 N-Ill-2669 D4 Fil) PAR-XII-823 GIZ H(II)1 N-I-707;N-III1939

clumsy, be

N-IIl-725 N-I-191;708;N11-1940 N-Ill-4275 N-1-709;1915;N-

IN-1941;4274 GHAAL A(Il)22 GHAAL A(Il)25 GHAAL Ci(IIl)2 GHAAL Ci(IIl)4 GHAAL Aj(Il)22

GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL GHAAL N-I-914 N-I-913

N-II-25;38:181

N-II-26 N-II-27 N-Il-28 N-Il-29 N-II-30 N-II-34 N-I]-32 N-II-33 N-II-34 N-II-35 N-Il-36;162 N-II-37;117 N-II-38 N-II-39 N-IlIl-1897 GIZ H(Il)1;PARXI1-823 GIZ H(I)6; (II 1;JAA’o B(Il)1,2

1228

A(I)16 C(IIl)2 Ci(II)1 B(I)1 E(II)1 E(I)1 A(II|)8 Ai(III)2 A(Il)24 A(Il)23 Aj(III)3 Ai(II)11 A(Il)22 A(II)19 A(II)21 A(II)6 A(II)20 A(Il)27 A(Il)8 A\(II)9 A(II)114 A(II)26

CLUSTER

COFFEE

cluster composed of multiple strands,

there isa clustered, S stand co-patient

coach (O) coagulates, S

coagulation COAL: -- gasification -- shed --mine --miner Coal Mine Canyon, Arizona Coalmine Pass coal, live (from a fire) coals, over the (from a fire) coarse, S is

coastal range/mountains coaster (sled) coasts downhill on S (a sled), P coat coat, zipper COAT: -- a pot with resin -- an area (with grease) -- O/area (with paint)

be--ed start to -- P with pitch cob (corn) cobbler cobweb coccyx and sacrum coccyx Cochiti Indian Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico

cock (or aim) O (a gun)

cockchager cockerell (plant) cockle burr cocktail cocktail, make a

cocoa Coconino Point and Plateau cod liver oil

coddle P COFFEE: powdered/finely ground --- grinder/mill -- grounds

-- maker

ZHEE’s B(I)1 CH’OSH B(I)1 N-II|-3937 TAg B(I)1,2 K’JHo A(I)1 N-Ill-1667 N-l-968;1140; 1836;N-III-2698 N-IIl-2704 N-Il|-2699 N-IIl-2703 N-Ill-2702 N-I-2115 N-Ill-4229 N-1-1980 N-I-1982 CH'IZH E(|)1; YOG (I)1 N-Il|-3654 N-Ill-3279 ZHOOD A(I)14 N-1-628;N-III1848 N-Ill-1849

-- pot

electric -- maker make -coffin cogitate

cogwheel COIL: --Oup be --ing O up S is ---shaped S is --ed in a circle S is --ed S is --ed up S is --ed up

S is --ing up -- spring coins

coke (coal)

cold (in the head) cold (in the lungs) cold cream COLD: be -- (a living being): 1 subject 2+ subjects S (an object) is -S (an object) becomes -area/space is -- (as aroom, refrigerator) weather is -area/space/weather becomes --- draft comes: down (as from a smokehole) into an enclosure (room) out horizontally - as from a refrigerator room through P up (as from a cellar) -- draft moves about there is a -- wave

JEE’g B(I)1 TLAH3 BiI)2 DLEEZH B(I)1,3 DLEEZH B(Il)2 JEE’3 A(I)3 N-1-440 N-IIl-2415 N-Ill-2959;2971 N-I-1908 N-I-1901;1905;

1911 N-I-1579 N-I-1578 GIZH A(\)13; ZOOZo A(\)29 N-I-357 N-I-1958;N-III2616 N-II|-226;3680 N-IIl-3792 ZIIDo A(I)30 N-IIl-1887 N-Ill-1783 N-I-1197;N-IIl2800 NII’y C(V)1 N-Il-3;101 N-Ill-1886 N-Ill-1884;1885 N-I-1653;N-Il103

-- wave: ends/moves away (weather)

is coming our way moves about here and there comes down (as from a mountain comes/goes/arrives

P are suffering from -P P P P

catches-dies of the -is overcome by -starts to suffer from the -S gets -- in the genital area

1229

N-Ill-1883 N-I-455;804;NII-384;1883 N-III-384 BEEZH, Bi(Il)1 N-Ill-4390 KEEZ B(I)1

N-IIl-949 ZHA’ BiIIl)1 ZHA’ DiIl)1 TS’EE’4 C(I)2 TS’EE’y C(i)4 TS’EE’; C(I)1 TS’EE’y C(I)5 ZHA’ BiIl)1 ZHA’ Di(I)1 N-Ill-1008 N-II-55;N-II|-901 N-I-1634;N-III2700;3921 N-I-524 N-Ill-2342 N-Ill-712;713; 3938 N-Ill-1919 DLf A(1)1;(IUI)2

Y{, A(l)1 GHAA’, A(I)2 K’AAZ D(I)1 K’AAZ A(I)1 K’AAZ D(1)3 K’AAZ A(I)6 K’AAZ Ail)2 K’AAZ A(l)2 K’AAZ A(l)1

K’AAZ A(I)5 K’AAZ A(I)3,4 K’AAZ A(I)7 K’AAZ C(I)1 Nil’ B(I)1 K’AAZ A(I)1 Nil’ C(I) K’AAZ A(1)10 K’AAZ A(I)1,2 Nil’3 A(I)5 GHAA’, A(1)3 K’AAZ A(I)14 YA BiIll)1 K’AAZ A(I)9 Yfq A(I)1

COLD

(gets “Arctic Willy”) S has turned -- (object) they die of -weather becomes -weather has turned -weather starts to turn -get -- feet (lose courage) give someone the “-- shoulder’ Cold Spring, Arizona colic, S gets/has collaboration COLLAPSE: (a person) S --s (a tent,wall)

S --s (a tent) and falls in a heap (a building, roof, wall) collar on a shirt/coat collar, horse collar, priest's (stiff) collarbone collateral for

collateral, acting as

COLLECT: 20

-- one’s senses be --ed (calm) O are --ed S -- (as clouds) S --s (as water)

S --s into a puddle (water) start to -- P

S is --ing collection of O, take upa

collection of P, start to build a

college COLLIDE: -- with P S -- with each other S --s with P collision, have a near (two planes) cologne colon COLOR O: -- blue/green

~- gray -- red

COLOR

TIN A(I)2 K’AAZ DiIl)1 D|JD A(il)1 K’AAZ A(1)8; (I1)2 K’AAZ D(II)2 K’AAZ A(I)6 TID A(I)2 J{fD A(1)4 N-IIl-3859 NII’ A(1)3;D(1)4 N-Ill-129

-- white -- yellow be of various --s

GAIl A(Il)1 TSOI A(I)2 T’E’y C(il)1

ceremonial naming of --s colt column, S forms a slender comal Comanche

N-Ill-1720 N-II1-2675 TS’OZI (IIl)3 N-IIl-4230 N-II]-3280

comatose, P becomes

Lif’ A(V)1

COMB:

TLEE’ A(Ill)1; YEEZHp A(II)12 KAAD Ai(III)1; NA’g A(I)1,17

=)

ZHOO’ B(I)1

-- one’s hair

ZHOO’ BiIl)2

-- oneself

ZHOO’ B(Il)1

start to --

ZHOO’ A(1)4

comb (chicken’s)

combat, mortal combination, in combine O combined, be combustible, S is COME:

DAAZ A(1)14 N-Ill-4738:4742 N-IIl-460;462 N-Il|-460;461; 1845 N-I-1644 -NAH;POS-52 -NIILT’AA/ NIIT’AA; POS60

N-I-1512;

1513;N-Ill3177;3668 _ N-I-125 PAR-XII-740 MV-1-48 NIL A(Il6 KON (I)1 MV-IV-6;MV-V106;MV-XI-49;

in company with P -- across P (meet up with P)

MV-XII;MV-XIII MV-V-109; GHALy A(IIl)2 MV-V-110 TSA, A(ll)14

S --s comes about (happens)

YAA A(\)1

-- after (something:to get it) -- back (returning)

MV-XI-50 MV-V-108;MVXI-51 MA'Il (11)3 DEEL, A(I)15

-- upon (find, discover):

CH{i4 C(I)13J AA’s A(l)43; LAA’, A(|)4; YAA Ci(lll)1 DO A(I)17 T’E’y C(IVv)1 LAA’, A(II)1 NAq A(I)7 YA D(I)1 TS’A’ A(l)1 LAA’, A(1)3 YA E(!)1 CH{4 C(I)1,2 LAADp A(II)2 N-Il1-3525

------

back from (originate) in company with P (companion) MV-V-107 in on P (a visitor on a person) YA A(l)1 out (as a stamp from a vending machine) NA’4 A(1)14 -- out (as from a vending machine) (a pack of cigarets) TS'IDo A(1)17 (pI S) DEE’ A(1)17; -- out (in quality, as a photo or photos): 1 subject NA’4 A(1)14 2+ subjects -- toa stop

GO’ C(Il)3 GO’ C(1)2 GO’ C(I)3 T’A’ A(I)11; (I1)13,14,26,27 N-IIl-3842 N-I-396

-- together quickly (as in gathering at an accident or fire)

DEE’ A(|)17 TLAHp A(l)2

pi JEE’s A(I)3

-- together:

2 subjects 3+ subjects -- up (plants, seeds)

TLIIZHo A(V)2 BA’, A(Il)1 CHif BiIII)1

’AAZH A(ll)4,5,23 KA!B(!)8,9,58 JEE’s A(l)25; C(I)3;TSOI| A(\)2

-- up with P (as a weapon that S suddenly produces)

1230

WOD, A(III)56

COMMON

COME

-- into being one time after another P --s to pass

P --s to (regains consciousness)

S -- out (as the stars) S -- together S --s (epidemic)

S --s about S --s apart (by slipping) S --s apart (disjointed)

S --s back up (after sinking) S --s back up (level, as of flood water)

S S S S S S S

--s --s --s --s --s --s --s

from (originates) into view (white) loose and falls off off of P (as skin) true up (breeze) up (moon, morning star)

S --s up (plant)

S --s up (wind) S start to -- up (plants) S starts to -- into being water --s rushing down --ing close to --ing up behind P comedian comfortable, be

comforter comic comingling with command a good price command O (completive)

COMMENCE: -- a diagnostic ceremony over P S --es (an event, ceremony

life --es

P is --ed (as a ceremony, work project) --ment (of an event) commerce commission commit adultery against P commit suicide (1 S) commit suicide (2+ S) committee committee, be named as commode common milfoil common purslane common white clover

L{|' A(V)5 Lj’ A(I)1;ZHNZH

common yellow mustard (plant) commotion (disorder) erupts

A(V)5 DLAAD A(III)2; Lil’ A(VI)4 DEE’ A(V)12 DZIS (\)1 NIl’g A(I)S Lif ACI) KIDo A(II)4; ZHOOD A(\)8 WODy, A(I)1,2 MV-IV-7

commotion, be causing a communicate by signs/gestures

"AAD A(I)4 Lif’ A(V)2 GAII A(1)1,4,5 MV-IV-8 T'OOD, A(i)11 Lif’ ACI)

CH’ A(l)5 YA A(\)45

Lif A(V)1;YA

A(II)8 YOL A(I)11 Lif’ A(V)3 Lif A(V)2,3 GO' A(\)3 PAR-XII-368 PAR-XII-837 N-IIl-2669 TS'ID B(II)1 N-Il-106 N-Ill-2669 -T'AAH;POS-68 Lf’ E(\)1 "A' BiI)1 KEED, B(I)1 DEE’ A(V)13; YA A(1)37,53, 56,63 DEEL, A(I)3

community, out into the

COMMUTE

(as to work, school):

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- between two points ata run (2 S/3+ S) -- by boat -- by plane COMPACT; -O -- an area area becomes --ed area is --ed be going across in a -- group

companion, be P's raiding companions, my school company, keep P company, loan compartment, storage

COMPASSION:

N-lll-4237 YA A(\)53 YA D«h2

GIZH B(\)2 PAR-XII-116

WODy, A(ill)24; YA A(II)5 ‘AAZH A\II)7

KAI B(I)15 CHAA’, A(IIl)7; JEE's A(I)9 ‘EEL A(V)11 TA’ A(\)14

TLS A(II)4 TLS A(II)2 TLS A(I)2 TLS Bil)2 ZHOOD E(I)3 BAA’ D(\)1 N-Ill-1102 TA’, (I)1 N-Il-49;N-II1-905 N-Ill-1176 N-1-780;1445;N\Il-2379

have -- for P treat with -compel O to go to P (as to school): 1 O (child) 3+ O (children) compensation for, as complain about P

complainer, be a

complaining COMPLAINT: -- arises air a -register a (loud) -- about P there is a -- about P

DEE’ A(V)18 N-Ill-1913 N-II|-3020 N-IIl-4345 LA A(l)14 Y{_ Bill)1 GHAA’ A(!I)3 N-II|-396 NIL A(il)12 N-Ill-1060 N-Il|-2063 N-Ill-4112 N-Ill-4030

COMPLETE: --P

--ed be --ed

be --ed (done from beginning to end - an activity as a sheep-dipping) ly

complexion comprehend (P)

Z{{' D(VI)S

BA's A(l)1 CHAA’, A(II)4 KAAD Fill)1 -DEENA;POS22 LIJD4 BUI) YA B(|)1 N-1-1434 Lif? A(V)1 ‘A (II) 13 DLAAD A(V)1; Lf’ A(VIN)4 LIJD4 B(I)1 KAI B(I)18;YA A(I)20;YAA C(I)10 -BA-;POS-11 T'E’y C(VII)1

ZHIIZH A(V)3,4 TSOH BiII)1; PAR-XII-243; 448,907 N-Ill-140 TAg A(l)1,3

COMPREHENSION cone-shaped, S is comprehension, without compress O compress one’s lips tightly compressor, hay comprise an association comrade “cOnm@

concave, S is CONCAVITY: -- on the surface of a rock there is a -CONCEAL: --ed from in --ment -- O (from P)

-- oneself be --ed have O --ed

O is --ed conceited, be conceive O (a child) conceived, S is (animal, human) concentrate O (as rounded-up cattle) conception occurs

CONCERN: be --ed about P (apprehensive) be --ed with P (affected by P) cause -- to P S -- each other

PAR-XII-818 JJZH B(I)1;NII'4 F(I)1 NOOD D(i)1 N-Ill-764 Lif’ Eq) N-Ill-1463 CHAAZH, A(I)1 TS’AA’ (II)1 N-Il1-2154;2245 N-IIl-4158 TS’AA’ (I)2

TS’AA;POS-74 PAR-XII-471 MV-I-49;CH{, B(II)1;"If'o A(V)1,2 ‘I!’2 A(IV)1 ‘2 Ec ‘Wo Ec) LA A(IlIl)41

TE’; C(Il)1 DEEL, C(II)1 DEEL, C(I)1 ZHOOD A\(II)28 DEEL C(I)2

concussion of the brain concussion, P received a

CONDITION: --S are thus be in serious --

T’E’y C(IN)2 TE’; C(Il)1

go around in a miserable -(because of P) conduct a test/brief ceremony

GAAZH B(I)1 NIL A(I)13;C(I)5

conductor of ceremonies

N-Il]-2855

Concho, Arizona concludes, the War Dance CONCRETE:

-- (cement) sidewalk -- blocks

-- building blocks

confidence in P, have -confident, be, feel -confident, become

confine P with O (as horses, with corral bars) confluent, be (2+ streams) confound (baffle) 3+ O confused, be -- (about P)

confused, become (get) --

confusion, throw P into

congeals, S congregate

congregated CONGRESS: upper house of -lower house of -member of ---man

YA B(II)7

T’4 F()9 ’A (II)6 T’4 A(I)5 -AA;POS-3;EE;POS-24 N-I-1591;N-III3864 DAA’ A(1)2 N-Ill-1974;4179 N-Ill-4180 N-III-1975 N-Ill-4184 N-Ill-4419 DEEL» CiII)2

--ing

conference confidence in P, come to have

(after first day)

cone (of a conifer) cone, pine/pinyon

CONE

N-Ill-578 N-IIIl-983 N-IIl-4637 N-Ill-4435;4476 N-1-238;1337

JEE’; A(Il)2,3 Lf A(|)4 KAAD A(V1)37 Bi'y C(I)1; KEEH B(I)1;L{f’ E(IIl)1 KAI B(1)16; KEEH A(I)1; T’E’o (I)1 GHAAZH, BiII)2 K’'JHo A(I)1 KAIB(1)5,6;Lif" A(\)1 PAR-XII-38 N-II-174;N-IlI4491:4492 N-III-54 N-IIl-438 N-IIl-4493 N-Il-174;N-Ill4493

CONICAL: S is --

S forms a -- helix

build a -- hogan conifer branch (possessed form) conjunctivitis CONNECT: -- O to oneself -- O to P (as an electric cord to an appliance) S --s to P connive conquer O (countries)

CONSCIOUS: P is -P becomes -P loses --ness P regains --ness

NEEZ A(\)4; TS’OS (I)1 TS'EE’y C(I)2 TSI A(I)3 N-I-772 N-IlI-3188 Ty ACIIN4

Ty A(ID6 T’'l’y A(I)6;F(I)7 Ty BUI) A A(II)4;NIL A(ll)1 Zi’ Dciy2 2if' c(v)2 Lif A(V)1

conductor of the War Dance conduit, electric (made of copper) condyloid process of the lower jaw

TS'OS (I)1; TS'O2Z/ (IIl)1 N-Ill-192 LI’ A(|)1 LI’ c(i) LI’ cci)t LI’ A(II)1

consequences, with no thought for the conservation

conserve P

CONSIDER

DLAAD A\(III)2; LifA(VI)4;NII'g B(IV)1;z/f" C(Iv)2 PAR-XII-611 N-Ill-2189 Nit. (1)1

CONTRACT

CONSIDER

CONSIDER: --P -- P an inferior P is --ed an inferior considerate of P, be CONSIDERATION: give -- to P P is getting -P is taken under -consolidated, be (as schools, herds) consort, my

conspiracy conspire against P

conspiring against P, be constantly constipated, S/P becomes constipation

constitute a majority/minority constricted, P becomes construct O construction, a hogan is under consume (all of) P CONTACT: --d.p.0 come into -- with P

--ing contagion takes place contagious disease container container, move something in an open:

contains a series of rooms, P

CONTAMINATE: S--sP S -- each other foul odor --s the air place becomes --ed by lightning content(ed), P becomes -content(ed), P is -contest, calf roping Continental Divide near Thoreau, New Mexico CONTINUE: -- O (an activity, habit) -- O (keep on doing O after others

stop - as working) -- on the way P is --ed (as a ceremony, debate) S --s (as a war, famine, activity)

continuously contraceptive

KEEZ C(I)1 KEEZ B(I)1 KEEZ BiIl)1 KAA’y 1 KEEZ C(I)1 KEEZ BiII)1 KEEZ C(II)1 NIL A(II)6 N-Ill-1107 N-Ill-487 A A()48 A D(I)1 PAR-XII-696; 736 NI’p A(l)1;TL'IS A(\)3 N-IIl-1213 T’E’y C(XIII)1 NI’o A(I)1 YAA Ci(il)1 BY B(Il)1 YA A(1)9,20,41

TSA, B(I)1 NAA’o A(\)1 -[-;POS-29

DEE’ B(I)1 N-Ill-3291 N-1-2267

CONTRACT P (a disease): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects p --sP CONTRACT (agreement): enter into a -- with each other

--ing parties contracts (shrinks) in size (notch by notch), S contribute money to P CONTROL: be in -take -- of O/P

(as that of a guardian) have -- over P P loses -- of S stand with an air of -controversy over P ends

convalescent person convene convened, be convention CONVERGE: S -- (two canyons/hills/ clouds/roads)

-- floating --ing trails/paths

DZA4 (I)7

CH’AAL A(I)2 CH’AAL A(\)1 CH’AAL B(|)1 TL’IIZHo A(IV)3 ZHOOD A\(I)3 HWIIH (I)1; ZHOQD D(I)1 N-Ill-676

Converging Water Clan CONVERSATION: start a -- (telephone) hold a (telephone) -- (with P) converse together (2 subjects) convey P conveyance, travel by: convict convict P (a criminal) convince P

N-lll-123 convolution, there is a

Ty Ei)

convulsion

T1'4 A(I)23 YA A(\)59 DEE’ A(V)14 Ty A(I)14; E(\)1 PAR-XII-608; 630

convulsion, have a COOK:

N-Ill-480;1726;

1727

DEEL, A(I)18 NIL A(I)1 Nifo B(I)2 Nilo A(I)1;Tf

A(IV)1 fall under P’s --

--ent canyons

KA;MV-I

DEE’ B(I)1 YA A(l)15 *AAZH A(I)11 KAI B(1)21 "A G(1)2;(IN)2 N-Ill-109 A A(Ill)S N-Ill-107

--ing utensils --O by stir-frying in the ashes

lightly

TLIZH A\(|)1 Nils B(I)2 BAAL A(\)2 YA B(|)7 Ty A(i)21 N-Ill-4616 Lif’ A(\)1 Lif? Ec) N-Ill-192 "A (|)4;DZIS (1)1;K’ID 4;NAq A(\)7 "EEL A(I)14 N-IIl-120 N-Ill-1193121; 126;127 N-II|-3822 N-Ill-128 NE’s A(l)1 NE’, B(I)3 NE’3 Bil)3 MV-XI,XII, XIII MV-XI,XII, XIII N-lI-9 KAA’s A(\)5 A A(Ill)21;LIJD4

A()2 TS’EE’; C(I)3 N-Ill-71;313;

3016 CH’AH ()1

N-1-178 BEEZH4 B(II)1;7’E Bill)2 ZIIDo C(I)2,3 BEEZH1 B(II)1,3 ZIL B(I)1

COOK

ona

stone griddle

rare -- for oneself

do the --ing S --s S --s/was --ed in the ashes

CORD

T'E B(Il)1 CH'L E(I)1 D4 E(4;YAA C(VII)8 BEEZH,B(Il)2; T’E BiIl)1 TE Bi) BEEZH B(I)1; C(I)

S is --ing

TE BiI)1

S is/has been --ed

BEEZH, C(I)1; TEC(I)1 TE A(l)1 BEEZH,A(II)1; TE A(II)2 PAR-XII-785 N-III-598; 605;606 N-II|-4732

S starts to -start to --O

without --ing cookie(s) cookie crumbs

S gets --- back off (an object, person refreshed) -- O off -- off area --s off P --s down (an angry person) Coolidge, New Mexico coop, chicken cooperation

coordinated, be poorly coot

cop, traffic

copied, O/P is

copper coppermallow (plant) COPULATE: -- with O/P

be --ing -- prolongedly -- together excel at --tion start to -- (with P)

Start to -- together copy P copy, small coral coralberry CORD:

carry O by an attached --

N-III-381 N-I-1991 N-I-1751 N-I-1989 N-Ill-1296;3914 ZH{i'4 D(I)1

core of an apple cork

N-I-816;N-I|-67

CORN:

N-Ill-49 N-1-62;430; 471;472;1269;

N-Ill-1566;3121

black -blue --

chewed -- (ingredient of corn bread) cracked/coarsely ground -freckled/speckled --

gray -green -large-kerneled -red -spotted/speckled --

COOL: S is --

electric --- (for tying hairknot) cotton -- (used ceremonially) spinal -cord (of wood), one corduroyed, S is

K’AAZ D(I)2;Z1’ C(I)1 K’E’ A(l)1,2

striped --

variegated -white -yellow -butt end of the -- ear butt of the --cob

K’AAZ A(ll)1 K’E’ A(II)1,2 K’E’ A(IIl)1 K’E’ A(I)1,2 DO A(I)20 N-I-294:N-III1295 N-I-1310 N-Ill-129;2668 JAA’s BiII)1,2 N-II1-3814 N-II|-3588 YAA C(VI)6 N-III-977 N-Il1-4454

leaf of the -- plant ear of -young ear of --

-- ears -- flour -- kernel(s)

N-Ill-3119 N-II1-3134 N-Il-1165 N-IIl-3135;3735 N-IlI-3116 N-IlI1-3105 N-II1-3139 N-Ill-3141 N-IIl-3106;3117 N-Il1-3118 N-Ill-3138 N-Il-3137 N-II]-3107 N-Il1-3111 N-I-1272

N-1-916;1272;N-

II|-3123 N-l-1273 N-Ill-3130;3131 N-I-110 N-IlIl-3129

N-III1-3136 N-I-1277;N-III3126

‘It A(I)1;K’EED B(I)1 K’EED B (1)2 )

K’EED B( )3 K’EED B(II)1 ( K’EED A(I)3 ( K’EED A(I)1,2 K’EED A(II)1 "IID4 E(V)2;YAA C(I)3 N-II|-3644 N-Ill-4167;4172 N-I-1875 N-I-1759; 1765;N-II|-4036

-- louse -- pollen (used ceremonially) pith of a --cob pith of a --stalk

N-I-2314

smut on --

N-I-434

dried kernels of roasted pit-roasted --

N-I-1339 N-II|-2706

-- sheller (mechanical sheller or -- ripens

corn shelling tool) -- smut

-- tassel -- worm

---sheller (mechanical) --cob --field --husk

CH’AAL;MV-X; LO’;MV-III

--meal

1234

N-Il|-3127 N-I-1516

N-1-441;2311

GAIl A(I)2 N-IlI-3128 N-IlI]-1515 N-I-1278;2292 N-I-1270;N-III3122 N-Il]-1013 N-l-440;1275;NI-3125 N-1-435 N-l-439 N-Ill-164;3136

CORPUSCLE

CORN

--silk --stalk

--starch -- (kernels) form cut green -- off the cob do the -- husking grind -- coarsely/crack -make --meal mush Corn Mountain (mythology) Corn World (mythology)

Corn World leg Cornfields, Arizona CORNER: -- ina fence around the -- (from P)

N-I-1274;N-IIl3124 N-|-433;872;

1271 N-IIl-3136 Lif A(V)1 TSIH A(\)1 DLAAD A(IV)1 KAAL, A(I)13 GIZH B(I)4;NIL A(1)64 N-IIl-3120 N-I-437;N-III1522 N-I-438 N-IIl-2613 N-III1-3294 PAR-XII-103; 856;357;

from around the --

get --ed (trapped)

922:924:925 PAR-XII-923 MV-V-111;MVV1-28;MV-VIII27;MV -IX-24;

in a/the --

inside -- (in a rock) inside --(s)

MV-XI-52;MVXII-34;MV-XIII35 PAR-XII-404; 496 N-Ill-4234 N-IIIl-882;3055;

white blood --

blood --s CORRAL: brush -game -horse -sheep --

S forms an inside -street --

there is a -- (as in a fenced area) turn a --

4682 MV-IlI-27 N-1-1342 TL’AH4 (I)2 N-III-3296 T'1’4 F(1)23,24 MV-V-227;MVVIlIl-69;MV-XI17;MV-XII-75;

cornet

corpse CORPULENT:

be --

be as --as P

be comparatively/relatively -be equally -CORPUSCLE: red blood --

MV-XIII-71 N-Ill-1633 N-IlI-398 PAR-VIII CHAA’ 1; TSXAAZ1 (I)1; (Il)‘TSS (1)1 DiiLo (1)1,2;

TSXAAZ{ (II)2,3 it CHAA’ 2;DiiLo (lI) DifLo (1)1 N-IIl-1646

N-Ill-2196;2198 N-I-1335 N-I-679;1175 N-1-498;511; 677;N-Il|-1587;

sheep -- (picket type) Corral Dance (Mountaintop Way, Shooting Way)

CORRECT: --O start to -- O be -O is being --ed --ly O is made --ly Correo, New Mexico corrode P, start to CORRUGATED: -- metal -- paper S/area is -- (as a gravel road)

Cortez, Colorado corundum COST: it --s (p) for P

P --s (an amount)

3056;3473;

into a -- (with O) outside --/out of the -- of the eye

N-IIl-1647 N-Ill-1648

at no --

1615 N-Il]-1588 N-IIIl-2049

YAA C(IV)2 YAA C(IV)1 TE’, C(INl)1 YAA C(VI)14 PAR-XII-685 YAA C(VI)12 N-I-1011 GHAZH B(I)8 N-IIl-950 N-Ill-3249 DAZH E(I)1; K’OL F(I)1; ZHil’; D(I)1,2 N-I-1880 N-Ill-4075

DEE’ A(I)9, 10 DEE’ A(I)9, 10; Lif A(III)1; E(I)1; DEEL, A(I)8 PAR-XII-604; 606;771

without -Costa Lake, New Mexico cot

cottage cheese COTTON (cloth): -- ball -- candy -- cord -- swab cottontail rabbit COTTONWOOD tree: -- sapling black/narrow leaf

-- gnawed down by a beaver (used ceremonially) Cottonwood Pass, New Mexico Cottonwood Tank, Arizona couch cougar

PAR-XII-654 N-III-639 N-lil-1054;4057 N-IIl-14 N-Ill-3167;3480 N-Ill-3172 N-Ill-214 N-Ill-4033 N-II|-4360 N-Ill-1859 N-I-1637 N-Il|-3933 N-I-1642;N-Ill3931 N-IIl-3923 N-Ill-981 N-IIl-3927 N-I]]-1053 N-I-1262

COUGH

COUGH:

-- once -- repeatedly -- up O time after time -- up P be sick with a --

feel like --ing have a -have a terrible --

have whooping -let goa -P is --ing P starts to --

Start --ing whooping -could it be that? Council, Tribal Council Chairman Council Delegate Councilman counsel P about p Counselors, New Mexico

count (matter) count on P (rely on P) COUNT (number):

--O -- around in a circle get well into one’s --ing lose --

lose track of the numbers in --ing Start to -- P stop --ing count P in counted (included) in with P, be counter clockwise counteract P, know how to

counters (Moccasin Game) country

country, all over the

county couple, married

couples, by

courage to approach P, lack courageous, be (in an emergency) course of study COURT: P’s case comes up in -S goes to --

--house COUSIN: be P’s first --

COUSIN

N-I-524;N-IIl1628 KEEZ A(I)2 KEEZ Dil)1 KEEZ E(I)1 KEEZ A(I)3 KEEZ A(I)1 LA B(I)1 2Zi]’ C(\)2;D(V1)5 KEEZ E(I)1 KEEZ E(\)2 KEEZ E(I)2 KEEZ D(I)1 CH'Il’ C(II)4 }

CHI’ A(IN2;Yf A(l)1 KEEZ A(\)2 N-Ill-1629 PAR-XIII-1 N-Ill-908 N-Ill-44 N-Ill-914 N-IIl-914 KEEZ B(I)1 N-Il-65;N-III1098 Lif’ E(1)1

LI’C(IV)1;(V1)1 TA’s B(I)2 TA’o B(I)1 TA’s A(I)1 TA’s A(l)7 TA’s A(I)6 TA’o A(I)6 TA’s A(\)2 TA’s A(I)5 TA’o B(I)2 TA’ (IV)2 N-I-1463;PARXII-500 NIl’g D(I)2 N-1-918;N-III2434 N-I-935 PAR-XII-767 N-IIl-2865 N-Ill-124:207 PAR-XII-417 TIID A(I)2 A A(II1)45 N-Ill-1051;2173 N-II-109 ‘JD B(V)1 T1’4 A(i)22 N-Ill-552 N-IIl-2199 ’AAZH B(I)1

first --

first -- (female speaking) cove, thereis a

coves Cove, Arizona

COVER: -- P with O (lid, covering) -- P withO -- P (with something) -- (for the foot) -- O (a drum) -- O with dirt -- O with P (FFO) -- oneself (with a blanket) -----

P by digging P with a layer of O P with earth (by digging — P with O (as a child with a blanket)

-- P with O (as by raking dirt onto P) -- up (with a blanket) be --ed be in the process of getting --ed with silt cradle -get --ed with silt P comes to be --ed with S P is --ed by a layer of S P is --ed over by S (cloth) P is --ed up (by raking) P loses its --(by washing away) paw/scratch the --ing off of P S --s P over S lie --ing holes tear the --ing off of P the -- is washed away (as sand from a buried object) wash away the -- on P coveralls

covered wagon covertly covet P covet P’s property, come to COW:

breeding -dried up -- hide/carcass, dried up

--’s milk cowardly, become cowbird

N-I-1935;N-III2109 N-I-2260 TL’AH4 (1)2,3 N-IlIl-3473 N-I-1008;N-III2549:2550 -DA;POS-19 MV-I-50 MV-I-52 MV-I-51 N-I-917 Tt’O BiIII)1 GEED A(I)9 BAAL A(II)2 TI’y A(Il)1; TSOOZ A(II)4 GEED A(I)9 KQ’ A(II)1 GEED A(I)8

BAAL A(Il)2,3; KAAD A(IV)5; TI’ A(\)1 ZIIDo A(I)18 TI’ A(II)1 TE’, C(V)1 CHAA’ D(I)1 N-IIl-409 CHAA’ A(I)3 KQ’ A(I)1 KO’ A(\)1 TI’y B(I)1 ZIIDo A(II)7 EEL A(I)19 CH'ID A(I)2 KO’ A(I)1 NIL 1(1)5 ZOOZo A(I)16 EEL A(I)19 EEL A(V)15 N-Ill-1903; 1905;1907 N-Ill-4293 PAR-XII-762 ‘Wy Cis NIIDg A(II)1 N-II-40 N-II-45 N-IIl-667 N-I-163 DZiiD A(I)2 N-Ill-1331

CRANE

COWBOY

N-I-36,37 N-Ill-2394 N-IIl-2422 JOOL A(IV)15 JOOL H(III)151 (1il)4 N-I-1206 COYOTE: N-IIl-2804 -- dung N-IIl-2803 -- trap/snare N-I-1212;N-III-- urine (a plant) 2810 N-Il1-2812 Mexico New Coyote Canyon, N-Ill-3610 Coyote Star N-IIl-2009 Coyote Way N-I-1030 CRACK: DLAAD C(I)1 -- forms DLAAD Dii)1 forming of -- is in the process DLAAD D(\)1 top the from rd downwa running -- is TSEEDo -- nuts by pounding A(II)3,4 TS'L A(I)1,2 -- nuts K'Z B(Il)1 --O TS'IL A(l)1 fingers or teeth with -- O (nuts) ZIL A(1)1,2 -- O (wheat) DEELo A(il)2 --O apart lengthwise K’'IZ Bill) cause O to develop a hairline -DLAAD C(()1 S --s DLAAD A\(\)7 S --s around in a circle DEEL» A(l)1 S --s crosswise (bone) KZ A(\)1 S --s in converging lines

COWBOY: -- boots -- boot type shoes cower cowering, sit/lie

S --s open (as the earth after an earthquake) S becomes --ed

S gets --ed lips -- corn crackerjack crackers crackles, S

crackles and pops, S cradle cover cradleboard liner cradleboard ofa cradleboard, canopy or face cover crafts, silver CRAMP: muscle -have --(s)

be(come) --ed cranberry tree

crane crane, sandhill

crane, lower O by means ofa

DO C(I)1 KZ Bil)1 DLAAD A\\)7 KAAL1 A(l)13 N-IIl-3115 N-II|-597 DON G(I)1;K’'IZ C(l)1 CH'L F(\)1 N-Ill-409 N-I-98 N-I-96;97

N-I-100 N-Il|-997

N-III-75 K’AAZH2 C(I)1;K’AAD A(\)1 K’AAZHoB(I)2; C(\)1 N-1-1324 N-1-487 N-1-489 CH’AAL A(I)2

crane one’s neck about

(as in gawking) crane’s bill (plant) cranebill scratcher cranium

TS’OOD B(!)1 N-I-597 N-Ill-1576 N-I-1993;2076

CRANK:

-- (for starting a motor or turning a windlass) -- O (as an old-fashioned car) -- O (window) up/down -- O slowly ina circle -- O to a stopping point be --ing be --ing O (old car) stop --ing O CRASH (fall heavily): -- into P

P is a -- victim (airplane crash) S --es (tree) S --es (airplane) (with P a passenger)

N-III-880 YIZ A(Ill)2 GIZ A(I)14 GIZ D(l)1 GIZ A(I)14 GIZ G(I)2 YIZ F(Il)1 GIZ A(I)14 GHAAL A(\I)17 GHAAL A\(II)2, t7; TS'IDo A(I)33 KEEZ A(|)24

S --es (to earth) with P S causes O to -send O --ing down crater(s), there is/are crave P

craving craving for it, get a/nave a crawl space beneath a house

crawl crayon crazy, be

crazy, become (because of committing incest) Cream of Wheat cream colored, S is creamer, non-dairy creased, S/area is

CREATURES: -- of the night -- that inhabit the mountaintops -- that inhabit the surface of the earth water -- that live at the bottom of the

---.-

that live that live that live that live water

in the air in the ground in the water on the surface of the

TS'IDo A(l)1, 20,32 NA’g A(1)21;

TS'IDo A(I)32 YIIZH A(\)2 KAAD A(VI)26 TS’AA’ (I)1,2 Lif E(Ml)1;NID4 B(I)1;(1V)1; WOD, A(IIl)98 “

start to -- (O) stop --ing O

DO A(I)23 DO A(I)23 ZID A(ll)1 BA A(\)4 PAR-XII-876 N-Il|-2857; 3378 N-1-1344 N-Ill-2859 N-II|-3407 N-IIl-4438 N-I-550 N-I-1345 N-IIl-3408 N-I-1139; \I|-2858 N-IIl-1970 N-I-1151 N-Ill-1971 DEEL» C(II)1 NAA’ Ail) 1;B(I)1 DIJD A(il)1 N-I-1249;N-

-- P with one’s meals -- unspecified O by dunking get full --ing have --en too much of O start to over-walk around --ing --ahole inP battery acid --s P’s clothing EAT (crisp or hard O):

==(O) -- half of O --O allup -- too much of O finish --ing O start to -- (O) EAT (fast):

--(O)

EAT (leafy matter):

(OQ) --too much of O

\|-2857;3378;

easel easier, it is easily

Y AA’ B(l)1,2 \ > > A(II)2,

-- around here and there

1348:1354;N-

--enware Mexican --enware --enware dishes P feels an -- tremor there is an --quake

EAT (general): be --ing (O) -- too much (O)

N-Ill-1091 DLEE’ A(\)1 PAR-XII5353631 (Di (I)1 (Di (Il)1 N-Ill-1923 PAR-XII-227 PAR-XII-226 PAR-XII-227 PAR-XII-498 N-I-1464

finish --ing (O) start to -- (O) EAT (liquid, as soup):

--(O) -- too much (O)

start to -- O EAT (marrow):

EAT (meat): --O -- too much O

KAA’, 1

(DE (II) (DI (II)1 DZAAD B(|)2

be --ing (O)

be over--ing

CHOZH Bi(I)1 "AAL B(I)1,2 "AAL A(I)4 *AAL A(\)4 "AAL A(II)1,3 "AAL A(\)4 ’AAL A(I)1,2 MAL A(I)1; B(I)2 MAL B(\)1 MAL A(|)2 CHOZH B(I)1,2 CHOZH A(\l)1,3 CHOZH A(\)4,5 CHOZH A(I)2,3 DLAA’ B(I)1,2 DLAA’ A(!)4, 5;B(I)1,2 DLAA’ A(\)2 WOL, (|)1 GHALo B(|)1 GHALo A\(1) 3,4;B(I)3,4 GHAL2 B(\)1,2 GHAL2 B(|)2,3

EAT

finish --ing O start to -- (Unspecified) O start to --O

EAT (mushy matter): --O -- mush -- too much O

be --ing (O) have --en too much O

have over--en

over-start to -- (O)

EDGE

GHALo A(|)5,6 GHAL» A(I)2 GHALo A(I)1

area is on --

over an -S extends with a narrow -setOon-water’s --

TS’EE’, A(i)1 TLEE’ A(Il) 12 TS’EE’y A(Il)1:B(Il)3 TS’EE’y A(|)1,2 TS’EE’y B(II)1 TS’EE’y B(II)2 TS’EE’y A(II)2;B(11)4 TS’EE’y B(I)1,2

edible things educated, become education effect on P, S has/had an effervesce, make O

effervescent, S is

EFFORT: apply -- on P, apply only by dint of great -apply continuing --

be making a continuing -be making an all out -be putting forth --

EAT (plural objects): -- (more than half of O)

-- too many O be --ing O

finish/stop --ing O over--onO start to -- (O)

DEEL, A(IIl)7 DEEL, A(ill)6 DEEL, B(I)1,2 DEEL A(IIl)7 DEEL B(I)1,2

it can be make an make an put forth EGG:

DEEL, DEEL4

A(\II)4,5 EAT (SRO): -- too much O be --ing (O) finish --ing (O) have --en too much

-- (on P)

-- (of a bird) -- (of a chicken)

A(\t!)1,2 to have --en too many O

accomplished with less ---- to obtain P

-- is laid boiled -fried --

KIDo A(Il)16 KIDo B(I)1,2 KIDo A(Il)19

hard boiled --

K|IDo

soft boiled --

A(11)13,14 over-- (on O) start to --O

EAT: echo (in P), there is an

echo (in the rocks) eclipse of the moon eclipse, solar

economically independent, be economize on (the use of) P

eczema eddies, S (water, wind)

EDGE;

KIDo Bil)1,2

--beater

KIDDA(I1)6,11

powdered --s --shell

DLAAD A(\I)2;TS’AA’ A(I)7;E(Il)2 N-Ill-4082 N-II1-3541 N-II|-2374 DZIL C(\)2

egotistical, be egret, snowy

EIGHT: -- of clubs there are -- of us,

Zi’ C(\)2;

D(VI)5 N-Ill-1697 Lf A(iI)2; MAAZ Gi(Il)2 N-1-150;

--een

ty either/or ejaculates, P (a male) ejector (to extract cartridges from a gun)

459;983

-- of a canyon -- of a gully -- of the earth

N-1-205 N-1-242 N-I-1346

1258

K’AAD D(I)2 PAR-XII-874 K’AAD D(Il)2 K’AAD A(II)2 N-l-462;

1486;1575 N-Ill-4657

’AA’ A(1)4

N-IIl-2170 NIIDs A(I)1; B(I)1 GHAAZHy A(Il)3 CHOZH E(I)1 N-Il|-2922 DZIL A(II)2 PAR-XII-310 DZIL C(I)1 DZIL D(Il)1 GO’ E(1)3 GO’ E(1)3 DLEE’ A(I)1 DZIL A(Il)1 GO’ E(I)3 DZIL A(II)2 N-I-2206: 2210 N-Il-2209 N-I-1309;

2208 CH{ B(I)1 N-Ill-3179 N-IlI-3178 N-II|-450; 3181 N-Ill-449: 3180 N-IIl-447 N-III-454 N-I-2081; 2211;N-lIl448 KWI A(IV)1 N-Il|-32214 N-IV-8:PARIV;TSEEBI N-II-33 T’E’y C(X)1 N-IV-18;PARIV;TSEEBIL N-IV-26:PARIV:TSEEBI PAR-X DAAZ A(I)6 N-IIl-797

ELK

EL CAPITAN

El Capitan (in Monument Valley)

N-1-689;N-lll101

El Morro National Monument,

N-Ill-4120 N-Ill-4124 TS'OOD elastic, S is B(I)2 N-I-419 elbow Lf A(I)19 river) a (as an elbow (bend), S makes N-I-716;N-IIIelders 1957 T{ A(II1)37 elect O Tf A(IV)15 elected, O is N-Il|-3252 ELECTION: NIL A(l)1 participate in an -New Mexico

El Morro, New Mexico

WOD,

win an --

A(\II)51

ELECTRIC: -- coffee pot/percolator -- cooling fan -- cord -- current

-- generator -- heater -- light bulb -- light bulb/lightlamp -- light switch (button type) -- outlets -- power lines -- stove/range do -- wiring

give P an -- shock P receives an -- shock there is an --al storm --al work electricty elementary school _ elephant elevated location

ELEVATOR: passenger

--

P ascends/goes up in an --

P descends/goes down in an --

N-II1-384 N-Il|-3097 N-IlI-381 N-IlI-379 N-Il-385 N-IIl-3096 N-IlI-662 N-IlI-716 N-IlI-661 N-III-380 N-IlI-982 N-IlI-978 Ty BI)2 TSI A(\)7 WOD, A(II1)97 CHIL D(II)1 N-IIl-2471 N-Ill-379 N-Ill-3527 N-Ill-1034; 1312 N-I-1010 N-III-2103; 2105;2106 CHAAL Ail!) 7,8;WOD4

A(\II)56,57; ZHOOD A(\)17,18 CH’AAL A()2,3; WOD, Ail) 5,6:ZHOOD

eleven

eliminated, P’s job was

A(\)3 N-IV-11;PARIV;tAAW/LA’ YAA Ci(lll)1

N-1-590 N-1-592 N-1-484;591 N-1-592 N-I||-3089 PAR-XIl383;384;

ELK: --hide --horn --skin ellipse elsewhere

387;

425;427 NE’s B(|)3

elucidate P ELUDE: --P; 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects EMACIATED (thin): be comparatively -be this -be very -get --

P is becoming -start to become -emanate from, sounds

EMBARRASS: be --ed become

YA B(I)1 *AAZH B(|)1 KAI C(1)1

TSAZ[ A(I)2 TSAZI A(Il)6 TSAZI A(I)1 GAN A(l)1, 2;B(I)1 DyJD B(I)1 TS'IINI (I) TS’AA’ A\() 5,6

Z2{f° D(VI)5

--ed about P

Zi?’ C()2,3

ember embezzlement, commit

N-I-2153;NI|-4609 zi’ Bil) TOD4 (I)1 N-I-1980 ‘2 Bal)

embittered, P becomes embrace each other

"A G(I)1 DEEL, A(|)1

--ment

S causes --ment about P embedded in P, S (arrowhead) is

embrace P

embryo

EMERGE: -- from P: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects Emergence Hole emergency emergency arises, an emigrate emigrate and disappear (as a band of people) emotion, be overcome by

EMOTIONALLY become --:

DISTURBED:

CHID3 Bi!)1, 2;DEEL4 A(I)1;NII'4 G(I)1,2 N-I-1798;NI11-367;4064 JIL A(I)7 YA A(|)44 *KAZH A(|)29

KAI B(I)40; N-IIl-1918 N-Ill-3448 DEEL, C(I)3 NAq A(\)2I

DEEL, A(1)1 TLAH, A(\)1

A G(\)1

EMOTIONALLY

1 subject 2 subjects 3 subjects emotionally upset (about P), become

END

YA B(II)7 'AAZH Bi(II)4 KAI C(I)8 LI’ A(V1)1;TE’ B(I)2;TLAH4

butt -ceremony, event --s

P (a custom, habit, institution, practice) --s P (cold/hot weather) --s

A(Il)3 emotionally upset over p, be

employee employee, government employment office

empyrean enamel, automobile encamped with one’s family, be ENCIRCLE: -- O with P (a masonry wall) -- P with a masonry wall/fence --P with O S --s P

S --s P’s neck (as beads) --ment

--ing Encircling Mountains ENCLOSE: -- oneself (with something) -- oneself with a curtain -- oneself with O

-- oneself by plugging an entrance --P with O -- P (by fencing)

P is --ed (encircled) (as a fenced garden) S is --ed in a woven circle in an --ed space inside an --ed space

ENCLOSURE: be making an -- with O (as with fencing) its trail leading into an -S forms a woven -encourage P END: -- of the earth -- of the nose -- of the world comes

a war/controversy --s area/time/space --s

bring O (event) to an --

P comes to the -- of his rope

LI'c(v)1 N-IIl-250 N-II-175 N-IIl-3299 N-1-2159 N-IIl-1248 'EEZH D(I)2

S --s S comes to an --

--ing at that point (in time or space) Endless Snake (mythology) endorse P endorsed, be endowed with supernatural powers, be endurance endure P, be able to endures, S enduring, S is enemy Enemy Monster Blessing Way Enemy Monster Way (War Ceremonials) Enemy Way energetic, be energetically energy engine (of a car)

THIN, A(I)10 TEIN, A(I)3, hie 718 KAAL A(I)3; Ty D(N2 A (I)7;7 14

Pit 2;F(1)10 JEE’y B(I)3; LA G(I)6 N-IIl-3009 -NAo;POS50 N-Ill-1784

engine, train

MV-I-62 BAAL A(Ill)1,2 MV-I-61 NIL A(II)3,4 Ty D(II)1 Ty A(I)S; D(II)2

English language, the enjoy each other’s company enjoy P enlarge enlarge P enormous, S is enough enough for oneself enraged, become (at P) enroll in school ENTER: -- an enclosure, hole, room, house: 1 subject

T'I'y D(I)3 TL’'O F(I)3 -T'AH;POS67 PAR-XII-204

2 subjects 3 subjects people -- (into a bus or plane)

T'y E(il)4 N-Ill-22 Tt’'O F(I)4 YAA Cill)1 N-I-1096; 1098;1105 N-1-1346 N-I-317;318

--P P --s S (boat, car, horse) in a race

--ing the interior (of a thing)

DEEL

ENTERTAIN: --P -- p with P -- oneself (with P) P is --ing

A(\)24 T'y A(i)21 ‘A (I1)18 T’4 A(I)28

--ment enthusiastically ENTICE: --O

1260

N-I-915 YA A(1)67 DEE’ A(V)4 ZHIIZH A(V)1 DO A(I)6 T'l’4 F(I)26 NIl’g (1)1 PAR-XII-664 N-IIl-3992 Lif’ A(Iv)1 Lif? A(II)4

YIJD E(I)1 N-I-617 DZIL E(I)3 NA’o A(l)1 NA’g D(tl)1 N-I-54;1266 N-IIl-1979 N-Il|-2037 N-Ill-2033 YOL3 PAR-XII-901 N-IIl-134 N-1-286;1994 N-Il|-2528 N-I-63;1431 DIJD A(V)2 DJJD A(V)2 YA A(II)7 TSI A(1)9 DifLo (1)4; TSOH B(I)9 PAR-XII-27 PAR-XII-666 CHIJD4 A(ll)1 TA’s A(l)3

YA A(\)1 ’AAZH A(I)1 KAI B(I)1 DEE’ A(V)8 YA A(1)80 WOD, Ai(III)79 -IIH;POS-35

TA’, (I)1 TA’, (I)1 TA’, (II)1 Zi’ Dc) N-III-754 PAR-XII-591 "AA’ A(I)6

ERECT

ENTICE

--O into P -- O into the water --O out

be --ing O along entire body entire, be entirely

entirety, in its/their

entrance flap entwine with each other, S entwined, S are envelope envelops P, S (as smoke) envious (of O), be

envy EPIDEMIC: -- disease -- arrives/moves

P have an -there is an -they are wiped out by by an -epidermophytosis interdigitalis epiglottis epileptic seizure epoch, there was an (when) Epsom salts

"AA’ A(I)6 "AA’ A(\)6 "AA’ A()4 ’AA’ C()1 Z\’ D(I)1 T'E'4 Cill)1; (VII)1 PAR-XII-

ERECT: --aloom S assumes an -- posture stand -erection, get/have a penile

789:TSOH

ERODE: --O away

B(II)1 PAR-XII 450;593; 712;789;907 N-IlI-1549 TAAZ» Ci(l)1 TAAZ» D(I)1 N-Ill-3271 DO A(I)10;T{ A(\)3 CH'JDo (I)1,2 N-II|-3535

N-llI-3291 Nil’g A(I)5 Nil’ B()4 Nil’s B(I)2 D|JD A(II)1 N-II!-2388 N-I-851 N-IlI-2210 ZHIIZH B(IV)1 N-I-113;N-III92

EQUAL: -- to

-- (in value to) be -- number be --

S are -- in measurement

--ly worthy equidistant, S/places are

equipment for the conduct of a ceremonial equipment, with all of one’s

equipped, be -- (for a job, ceremony) equipped, get -- (for a job) equitably equivalent (in measurement), S are erase a sandpainting (by raking) erase O

eraser

-- the surface of O S --s away S --s

S is --ing away S starts to -erosion, wind/water err errand boy errors, make a series of erupts, S

ESCALATOR: ride an --: -- along -- down -- up ESCAPE: -- from danger:

{IGHAH;POS-

34 -AAH;POS10 T’E’y C(XIN)2 T’E’y C(VI)1 ‘AAD Ci\)2 PAR-XII-174 TSOH B(I)3; ZAAD (I)1 N-III-855;856 PAR-XII-790 LA F(\)2 LA A(I)3 PAR-XII-732 ’AAD C(I)2

in company with P -- by sneaking away -- from P (captive)

TL’O BiIl)2

TSI A(I)28 DOOD A(\)2 °K (\)32; CHA’, A(Il) 1;JILA(I)8; C(l)2

ZHAAZH A(il)1 GHAZH B(I)11 ZHAAZH A(\)1 ZHAAZH A(I)10 ZHAAZH B(I)1 ZHAAZH A(I)6 N-Ill-3797 ZI’ D(N2 N-Il1-3216 ZI’ B(I)1 GHAAZH A(Il)2 N-II1-2104 DO A(I)2 DO A(I)2,3 DO A(I)16 MV-V-118;

MV-VI-30; MV-VIII-29; MV-IX-26; MV-X-28;MVX|-55 MV-V-119

‘2 A(I)1,6

MV-V-120; TAAL, A(IV) 11 JEE’s

-- with P (as one’s herd) P has a narrow -Escavado Wash (Chaco Canyon, N.M.) Eskimo esophagus especially

Z\IDo A(I)31;

essential elements of a song or chant

(II)8 CHXQ’ A(III)3 N-IIl-694

establish a value/price established, O is (as a committee) esteem, hold O in high

A(|)25 CHAA’,

A(I)9

Lif’ A(V)1

N-I-637 N-Ill-1920 N-1-2246 PAR-XII-643 N-IIl-3594 Lif? A(IV)1 NIL A(l)11 CH’ (1)1; NIID4 B(IIl)4

ESTEEM

EVIDENTLY

esteem, hold O in low:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects eternally ether

ethnic groups, various eucalyptus, oil of eunuch even more even though even with P, get

EVENING: -- approaches -- comes it becomes -toward --

evidently

YA B(I)1 ’AAZH BiI)1 KAI C(I)1 PAR-XII-320 N-IIl-477 N-I-546 N-Ill-164 N-IIl-1328 PAR-XII-537 PAR-X YAA A(IIl)3 A A(|)6 CH’) A(I)1

A A(I)3;ZHff’

A(\)2 CH'’ A(I)1

-- twilight

N-Il|-2899

every --

PAR-XII708;722;759

tomorrow --

evening primrose Evening Star Evening Twilight Man (mythology) Evening Twilight Woman (mythology) ever evergreen bough/needle evergreen branches placed at the opening of a lair, to seal it off everlasting pea EVERWs -- few -- last one

PAR-XII-834

everything imaginable everything one owns, with everywhere everywhere (at) everywhere (to) everywhere (from)

-- spirit -- wishes

among the -- spirits be -Evil Eye Monster (mythology) Evil Way (a class of ceremonies. V. hataal.) Evil Way (group of chants)

Evil Way, Female Shooting Branch of Evil Way, Hand Trembling Branch of Evil Way, Male Shooting Branch of the EWE: breeding -unbred -unbred yearling -yearling --

N-II|-3952

N-Il|-3618 N-IIl-2900

N-II1-29014 PAR-XII-324 N-Ill-2183

N-Ill-2186 N-IIl-3200 PAR-XII136;690 PAR-XII-598 TE’; C(Il)1; PAR-XII448:450:712

-- morning at dawn -- night -- now and then -- once in a while --one of S -- other day -- two days in -- way everybody everything

BVI -- mind plant -- person

PAR-XII-638 N-I-1687 PAR-XII-826 PAR-XI|-826 ’A (III) 16 PAR-XII-104 PAR-XII-1014 PAR-XII-707 PAR-III N-Ill-3907; PAR-III;PARXII-704 N-Ill-1149 PAR-XII-790 PAR-XII-767 PAR-XII-705 PAR-XII-706 PAR-XII1193121

exaggerate exalted opinion of oneself, hold an

EXAMINATION: make an -be given a physical -give O a physical -EXAMINE: --O -- O (by feeling with hand) -- O visually O is --ed excavate a cellar excavation, make an excavation, start to make an

exceeding P exceedingly excel at P excellent terms with P, be on excellent, conditions are excelling (ata skill) excelsior except

exception of, with the exception, without excess of it, in

excess of, slightly in excessively

exchange (swap, trade) O exchange (switch O's positions) exchange for, in

PAR-XII603;729 N-Ill-2263 N-II-2265 N-Ill-1680 N-I-403 N-IlI-2263 N-I-404 ZHOOD D(Il)1 N-Ill-1121 N-I||-2094 N-IIl-2026 N-I]]-2031 N-I1]-2032 N-II|-2030

N-I-509;1786 N-I-507;2171 N-ll-1614 N-1-507;N-lll1608 Z|)’ D(VIl)1 TE’y C(II)1

ZID A(V)2 Wy C(I)4

Wy Cy ZID A(V)1 NiI’y E(I)3

‘i's C(t ‘Wy C(t GEED A(|)22 GEED A(I)18 GEED A(I)19 PAR-XII-376 PAR-XII73;75 TIS (I)1 NIID4 Bi(IIl)1 YA D(I)7

-EE;POS-24 N-IIl-4324 PAR-XII-643 PAR-XII-643 PAR-XII-626 PAR-XII-536 PAR-XII-799 PAR-VIII; PAR-XII15431773515 MV-I-63 MV-I-64 -DEENA; POS-22

EXIT

EXCITED

excited, P becomes exclaim exclusively excrement execute 2+ O

exercise

exert pressure on P

exhale

exhale smoke exhaust (from a car) exhaust fumes/gas (from a car) exhaust pipe (car, engine)

EXHAUST: -- P (use it up)

DIJD A(I)4 DZil’ A(I)6

PAR-XII-794 N-I-252;N-Ill1210

GHAA’4 A(\)4;Y{y

B(1)15(IN)2 TS'OOD B(IIl)1 KAALo A(II)1

be returning --ed be returning --ed in company with P

S becomes --ed before reaching P (as surplus commodities)

without becoming --ed (future context) without becoming --ed (past context) exhaustion, to the point of

exhaustion, work P to EXHIBIT: -- hall items on ---8 P--sO exhume O (a body) EXIST: cause O to -S starts to --

existence, S begins EXIT: -- hunting 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects people

there is an -- hole there is an -toward the -EXPAND:

--P S --s in size notch by notch S is --ing

DZil’ A(\)6;

YOL A(1)13; B(1)3;ZHIL4 A(1)3 DZil’ A(I)10

N-I-279 N-I-1112; 1161;1691 N-Ill-1172

expanse EXPANSIVE: S are equally -S is (extremely) -S is as -- as P EXPECT: -- something to happen to oneself -- to die

YA A(1)9,20; 'KAZH A\(I)8, 15;KAI

be --ed (a supply)

S --s (on all four)

B(|)18,26 CHAA’, A(!) 3:DIJD C(I)1; NA’, A(V)1 MV-V-121

MV-V-122 NA’, A(V)2 PAR-XII-618 PAR-XII-619 -BA-;POS-11 NAADo2

A(\ll)1 N-Ill-1533 N-IIl-1534 N-Ill-1540 N-II|-3899

‘4 Cay

be --ant

be --ing (something unspecified) be --ing O P is --ed expectorate

EXPER -- O (from mouth) -- stomach gas S is --ed (the afterbirth) expensive, itis experience in P (a skill), S has EXPERT: be -- atO P is an -- roper

P is an -S has become -- at P

quite --ly --S expired, declare pawn explain O/P

EXPLODE: -- O (as a toy balloon) --O

T’E’s A(Il)14 LA G(1)10;

L\JD4 B(I)1 L\JD4 B(Il)1 LJJD4 A(I)1 Lif A(V)2,3 ZHEE’y A(|)7 YA A(1)32 *KAZH A(|)23 KAI B(1)31 DEE’ A(V)5

S --edonP S --s exploit O for profit EXPLORE: -- for oil --P

go about --ing explosion, cause an --

DLOOZH A(1)34 DZA15 T’'l'y F(l)14 PAR-XII-848 YAA A(|)3;(I1)1 TSI A(1)9 DEEL4 A(1)18 DEEL, D(|) 3;YAA G(\)1; ZHIIZH G(Il)1 PAR-XII-93

TEEL A(Il)3 TEEL A(Il)8 TEEL A(Il)4 LI’ B(IN)2 LI’ B(II)4 LI’ B(I)2 LI’ B(I)2 LI’ B(I)1 LI’ BIN) ZHEE’; A(I)9 NA’3 A(I)3 ZA’o A(l)1 TS'IDo A(I)17 Lif Eq) TS'INy A(l)1

CHAA’s |(V)1 LO’ A(|)46 Z{f’ D\l)1 TS’IN4 A(I)1 PAR-XII-164 N-Ill-1528 A A(II)1 NE’3 B(|)3; YAA Ci(ll)1

DO C(II)1 CHOZH D(I)1;DON E(I)2 DON E(l)2 CHOZH Di(Il)1 CHAAZH4 A(\)2 YA BiIll)3

TAA’s C(\)1 TAA’s C(\)1 DON E(I)1;(li)1

EXPLOSIVE

EXTRAORDINARY

explosive

N-IIl-790

explosive rock explosive, S is

N-IIl|-4099

DON G(I)1

exposed to view, area is

iy Eis

exposed to view, be

‘ty Ea

extraordinary extremely

515;802:867

EXTEND: -- one’s arm: -- out

-- up -- one’s hand: -- into P’s mouth

-- up -- one’s remarks

a row of S --s out to a point S (hill) --s: along in a line

along to a point away from P away downward into an enclosure out horizontally up and back S (mound) --s around in a circle S -- from one extreme to the other

extremity

NIP4y A(V)12 Nil’y Bcil)2

EYER

NII’y A(V)6 NII’'y B(I2 T'y A(II)19 KAAL C(I)2

CH’

-- bone(s)

N-1-1230;

-- doctor

-- medicine (for pink eye) -- ointment -- shadow (cosmetic)

K'ID 12 K'ID 9 K’'ID 7 K'ID 1 K'ID 1 K’'ID 8 K'ID 14 K’ID 3 NEEZ A(IV)1

--(S) ---wiper --brow --brows --drops --glasses --hole for the shoe laces --lash

ina line, row,series in a taut line in a thin line into the fire rigid/in series stretching to a level (as water) to a stopping point

--ing over extension cord extensive, area is

extent, to a partial extent, to a small extent, to a still greater

extent, to an overwhelming exterminate O exterminator EXTINCT: be -be becoming -become -extinguish (a light/fire) extract O (tooth) extract O extract one’s own O extract things (medicine man)

"AAD C(1)3 BAAL F(I)4 KAAL C(I)1 DOOD E(I)1 T’'l’'4;MV-XIV KAAD H(Il)4 "A;MV-XIV TS'OOD;MVXIV ‘AAD A(1)6; C(I)5 "AAD C(I)6 -NAH;POS52 N-IlI-381 TEEL A(I)2; TSOH B(I)4 PAR-XII-390 PAR-XI|-796 PAR-XII-537 PAR-XII-860 DIJD A(III)2 N-IIl-882

--lid --tooth

--wash around the -before one’s --es

bifocal --glasses, bifocal bone of the --brow ridge close one’s --s false --lashes

fold under the -have --s like --

have poor --sight in one’s -keep an -- onP liquid contained in the --ball outside corner of the -outside corner of the --/ out of the corner of the --

over the --es(shading them) P has a black --

P is losing his --sight pocket under the --lid

DID C(I)1 NAg C(I)1 DIJD A(I)1 TSIZ BiIl)2 ’A A(I)55 MV-I-65 A A(II1)34 NIL A(1)48

pupil of the -right before one’s --es secretion from the -socket sore --es white of the --

1264

N-I-1096; 1105 N-I-1218

(P’s) --s getirritated, burn

S --s:

as far as P (as a cold front) curtainlike

PAR-XII-321 PAR-XII 169;170; 177;221;

A(I)1

2074 N-IIl-248 N-IlIl-3189 N-Ill-3185 N-Ill-3068 N-I-1294 N-II1-3254 N-l-1237 N-I-1635 N-I-1227;NIIl-2903;2904 N-IIl-2908 N-Ill-2437 N-I-1223:NII|-2820 N-I-1243 N-I-2133;NIIl-4564 N-l-1227 N-I-1219 N-I-12314 N-Ill-2912 N-I-1239 CHL BiII)2 N-I-1224;NIll-2821 N-I-1240 NAA’; 1

‘1 Ewe N-I-1236 ‘Wt A(i2 N-I-1235 N-I-1221

N-I-1342 N-I-1231 TtIZHo B(I)3 DJJD BUI) N-I-1236 N-I-2320 PAR-XII-413 N-I-1234 N-I-1018; 1226 N-IlI-3188 N-I-1225

FAIRLY

Bye

N-II|-2824 N-I-1302

white of the -with --es m

fabric softener

FACE:

-- cover (of a cradleboard) -- down

N-IIl-3170 N-I-1325; 1374 N-I-100 PAR-XII242;854;855

oo

up

N-I-1369; PAR-XII-108

side of the --

N-1-1037; 1377 N-1-307 PAR-XII-14;

--ing in opposite directions

fake

falcon

FALL (autumn): last --

PAR-XII-851

on the --

--ing a blizzard

fairly nice looking, she is FAITH: acquire -- in O (as religion) come to have -- in P have -- in O/P (as a religion)

during the -this -- (current) FALL:

KEEZ;NA’4;

N-Il1-4685

’A A(I)47; E(I)3

faculties (as mind, senses)

N-1-642

FAIL:

-- at O/P

-- P on an issue -- to accomplish O be --ing atO S --s to go off (a gun) FAINT: -- because of P (bad news) P has a --ing spell FAIR (reasonable): be -fair (an event) fair-complexioned fairly good, it is

away and gets lost away out of sight down from a height

YAA C(\)3

N-Ill-1860

fads and stupidities, live with

S --s: and gets caught/snagged (as ona tree) apart (as boiled meat)

YAA C(VI)6

faculties (arms, legs, etc.)

FADE: be --ing away P starts to -- away S is --ing (as an epidemic)

TLIZH:TS’ID; YEEZHo;MVIV;GHAAL A(Ill)1

N-II1-3644

N-II1-3901

DAAZ:DEE’;

DEEL4;GO’;

PAR-XII-765 N-1-1819 N-IIl-495

factory

YIJD A(il)1 LI’ A(I)1 LY C(I)1:YIJD E(\l)1 D4 E(\)2 N-I-1422;N1-354 N-I-130 N-I-131;PARXII-92 N-I-132 N-I-133

JOOL;KAAD;

48;49

--ing in the direction in which one is moving Face Rock, Arizona facial Iparalysis, lateral FACSIMILE: -- of (something) small -- of -- is made of O make a -- of P fact(s), bring out (a)

DZAAD B(I)1

down onto P, down on top of P

down over an edge (as off a cliff) in the water (S falls and lands) into a hole or burrow

MV-IV-11 T’ODo A(\)1 MV-IV-12 MV-IV-13 MV-IV-14 MV-IV-15 MV-IV-16 MV-IV-24 MV-IV-18

into an enclosure (as a hole,

DID B(I)1 DID A(I)2 ZHIIZH G(IV)1 YA D(I)2

hogan) into P (as into the mud, a container)

into P’s mouth into the ashes or dirt into the fire off (after breaking loose poster, hat) off of P (as a ring, hat, diaper) off of P (as off of a tabletop)

D4 B(I)1; KAI (1)1;Y{o E(\)2 CHID3 A(I)10 T'IZH Ci(Il)1 "D4 E(V)1 T'IZH C(Il)1 LA A(1)39 GO’ A(|)27 DjJD A(|)1; ZH{f’ A(|)3

off of P (slab from a boulder,

part of P) on (top of) P on the ground or floor out horizontally out of P (as out of a container)

out of P’s hand out of P’s pocket out of view (S falls and lands) over over an edge and down (as from a cliff)

Lif’ E(\)1;

TE’ C(VIII)1 N-1-1304 N-IlI-3833 DZAAD BiI)1

1265

MV-IV-19 MV-IV-20 MV-IV-21 MV-IV-22 MV-IV-23 MV-IV-28 MV-IV-27 MV-IV-25 MV-IV-26 MV-IV-30 MV-IV-29 MV-IV-31 MV-IV-32 MV-IV-33 MV-IV-34 MV-IV-35 MV-IV-36 MV-IV-41

FALL

FALL

over an edge (as off a tabletop) over backwards (with P) (as a ladder)

MV-IV-4

MV-IV-37; KEEZ A(i)1

over forward (with P) (as a ladder)

to earth

-- across (tree across a road)

among P (as cacti, rocks) and get hung up (as ona limb) and go pawing down and go rolling

-- and go sprawling on one’s face -- back on P

-- behind (as in work) -- down and catch oneself with

CHID3 A(IV)5

hand -- fat person --s on P -- flaton one’s face -- for P

-- heavily (on top of P) -- into a hole -- into P’s eye

-- off of P (a moving sled, toboggan) -- off of P (as a ladder, roof) -- off of P (as a running racehorse) -- on one’s head (headfirst) -- over and pass out (as a drunk) -- over asleep -- over backwards

-- over forward (fall over on one’s face) -- over stiffly (as a tree, post, person)

YEEZHo

A(I)5 CHID3A(IV) 9;GO’ A(I)17 NIID4 A(Il)1 GHAAL Ai(II) 2,5,17.22 GO’ A(V)3 TS'IDo A(I)10 WOD, A(III)54 TLIZH A(I)14 TAAL4 A(IV)1 GO’ C(I)4 CH’AA’ A(I)3 GHAAZH, A(V)3 GO’ A(I)1; TLIZH A(I)1

GO’ A(I)1; TLIZH A(I)1 WOD A(I)4, 5

-- short of P

"AAD C(I)5

-- under P’s control

(as that of a guardian) -- with legs spread (horizontally/ sideways) be --ing spread-eagled be struck by a --ing object (bundle, package)

back (into P) back into the water

down from a height

MV-IV-38; KEEZ A(I)1 MV-IV-39 MV-IV-43 MV-IV-42 WOD, A(I)4 GO’ A(I)29 TLIZH A(I)12 GHAZ A(I)7 MAAZ A(1)2,30 GHAAL A(Il)22 LI’ C(vi)1 Lif’ A(II)3

over sideways through P (as through a cloud)

-----

level is --ing make O --

TLIZH A(I)1 K’Al’ A(I)1,2,3 K’AI’ C(\)1

down

horizontally into an enclosure into P

into the water off of/out of P over P’s teeth -- out part of P --s off (as an arroyo bank, cliff) push and make O --; away from P away out of sight back

down from a height horizontally out into a ditch into a hole into an enclosure into P into the water

over an edge over S (fat person) --s on P S (something huge) --s on P S is --ing downward S starts to -- downward slip and -- over backwards (as on ice) slip and -- over forward

falling stick insect false mallow false mountain celery false teeth falsehood falsehood, tell a falsetto, (start to) sing falsie familiar with a place, be

FAMILY: -- members be the -- head -- use area FAMINE: -- comes P are having a -S causes --

"AH4 A(IIl)1

"AAD B(I)1 GO’ A(V)12 GO’ A(V)8 GO’ A(V)8 GO’ A(V)1,2 GO’ A(V)10 GO’ A(V)5 GO’ A(V)1 GO’ A(V)12 GO’ A(V)12 GO’ A(V)7 GO’ A(V)9 DEE’ A(I)17 TS'IDoa A()7

GO’ A(V)4 GO’ A(V)1

GO’ A(V)8 GO’ A(V)1,2 GO’ A(V)5 GO’ A(V)11 GO’ A(V)3 GO’ A(V)1 GO’ A(V)12 GO’ A(V)12 GO’ A(V)6 GO’ A(V)9 YEEZHo A(I)5 GHAAL A(II)4 MV-IV-44 MV-IV-17 TLIZH A(I)20 TLIZH A(I)20 N-Ill-4556 N-I-1186 N-Ill-1429 N-Ill-416;426 N-I-2233:NIIl-4689 CH'IID (I)1

K’AAZH4 A(1)3;B(I)1 N-Ill-12 ‘Wy E()3 N-Ill-1496 N-Ill-194 ’EEZH E(IIl)2 N-Ill-1687 N-I-515;N-lIl2098 NII’3 A(I)5 Nil’3 B(I)3 2{{' B(\)1

FAST

FAMINE

situation became serious because of -there is --

they die of -famous, be

famous, P becomes fan belt on a car fancy P (want P) far off

FAR: quite -itis -it is comparatively -itis extremely -FARM:

-- (n.) -- (verb) -- produce -- products

--er --ing do --ing Farmington, New Mexico FART (n.): -- (verb) -- in P’s presence -- silently go about --ing

go along (to and fro) --ing let a -let a succession of --s

CHJDo A(|)1 CHIN 2 DD A(Il)1 YA D(l)1;Z/{f’ D(v)2 Zi’ A(VI)1

N-II|-3873 NIID4 B(|)1 PAR-XII-160 PAR-XII-4614 PAR-XII-283 ZAAD (1)2; (il)1 ZAAD (II)2 ZAAD (II)3 N-I-435

GO; live a -- life move/go/act as -- as possible as -- as possible fast plant FASTEN: --O -- (buttons) -- O (a zipper)

TLD B(I)3

ZEE’ A(I)1 TLIID B(I)6; YOL E(ill)1 TLID C(l)1,2

FAT:

N-I-969;970;

get --- person falls on P

--tenO be getting --er and --er make O -P starts to get -Fat-Legs FATHER: husband’s --

TLD Bil)1

P is going to be a --

CHAAZH»2

wife’s ----in-law

B(I)5 TLD Bil)2 PAR-XII-31 PAR-XII-554 PAR-XII-895 PAR-XII-549 PAR-XII-43

my ---in-law (male speaking) Fathered By Water (mythology) fatigue fatigued, become

faucet, turn on the cold/hot water

FAULT: it is one’s own ---less favor of it, P is notin

457;556

-- Up still -- up

fashion d.p. O by beating (as silver buttons) FAST (swift):

be -be a -- runner

be traveling along --

O down with bolts oneself to P P down is --ed with a zipper

be --

3;434;435;

a little -- on still -- on

ZOOZe

fastidious in one’s dress, be fastidious, be

A(\)1;TLifD -- P away (squander P) FARTHER: -- back still -- down -- forward -- on

GHANo A(Il)2,3 NIL A(1)3 A(l)20 GIZ A(\)2 Tt’O B(V)1 GIZ A(\)2 ZOOZoe A(Il)3 TAZH CiIl)1 D4 D(I)2

---P

LA A(1)34

N-III-3035; 3900 N-II|-3034 N-Ill-2570 N-IIl-2571 LA A(|)34 N-I-1589 N-I-1696 TLiID B(l)1

ZEE’, A(\)1 GAAZH B(|)2 ZEE’, Bil)1 PAR-XII-876 N-Ill-1380

PAR-XII-921 PAR-XII-458 PAR-XII-595 PAR-XII-555

fawn

faze it, S doesn’t

NE’o A(|)37 -AAH;POS10;PAR-XII13;212;535 NA’ B(I)1 JAAD (II)1 K’EEZ B(I)1

FEAR:

=- (fi.) there is -P is to be --ed become --ful

1267

N-IIl-2534; PAR-VIII JOOL |(1)7; K’All D(!)1 K’All B(I)1 YEEZHo A(\)5 K’All B(Il)1 K’All C(l)1 K’All B(Il)1 K’All A(l)1 N-I-790 N-I-1540; 2302 N-Il|-2064 TSAAD B(1)2 N-IIl-2067 N-III-2064; 2067 N-IIl-586 N-Ill-3765 N-III-69 GHAAL A\I) 1:;NA’4 A(V) 4,5:;YAA(II)21 GIZ A(1)10 N-IIl-179 ZI’ D(I)2 N-Ill-180 NifD B(I)1

N-I-227;N-Ill1183 NIIDs B(I)1 N-I-2199;NI1-4652 YEE’ B(I)3 DZI{D B(II)1 DZIID A(I)2

FEAR

--lessly S became --stricken feasible, it becomes feasible, it is

FEATHER(S):

GEER

PAR-XII-634 DEE’ A(V)17 DZAAD A\(\)1 DZAAD B(I)1 N-1-1623;

in P’s hair

in P’s pocket inside of P

on an area on O/P

1927;2097:N-

downy --

on oneself

IIl-3887 N-I-

with hands/claws (for P)

1620;2099

place --s on O (prayerstick) white eagle --s (used ceremonially) --y frost Feather Chant (ceremony) features, principal February fecal matter

feces FED UP: be -- (with O)(as with a boring job)

TAY (1)1

after P in P’s hair in P’s pocket inside of P

N-II1-375 N-1-2103 N-I-2100 N-II|-94 N-Ill-352; 4643 N-1-252:N-III1210 N-1-252

-- sad --ing returns ASEle -- to head at P’s -stinking -cross one’s -- (while standing)

LAA’s B(I) 1;B(IV)1

3+ Federal Federal Federal FEE:

subjects Government land planning/plan

charge a -charge high --s make a -- offer to P feeble, P is

FEED: --O to P -- O to P (as a sardine to a child) -- O to P (hay to an animal)

-- P (as chickens, by scattering grain)

YA B(II)7 ’AAZH Bi(II)4 KAI C(I)8 N-Il-172 N-I-1160 N-Ill-4490 N-I-2205;NIIl-446:4654 D4 Dll) D4 Dit) YAA C(Ill)1 NA’; C(I)2

have -- like

have big -have/hold have/hold hold one’s hold one’s

one’s -- in position one’s -- on P -- in the water -- to/in the fire

kick one’s -- in the air lower one’s -move one’s -- about (refuse to stand still) move the -place one’s --on P

YAA’ B(IlI)4 Tf A(IIl)17; YAA’ BiIll)1 JOOL A(III) 49,50

place/hold one’s --in position pull in one’s --

rub one’s -- together FEIGN:

JAA’o A(|) 44;KAAD

A(IV)1

-- illness -- sleep

DLAA’ BiIl) be --ing P be --ing O to P --bag (for a horse) Ree --O -- around: (with one’s hand) after P for P (pawing)

Lif? A(II)4

N-1-938 PAR-XII-44 - PAR-XII-333 N-Il1-2417 'EEZ A(IV) 14;TAAL4

become --:

1 subject 2 subjects

CH'ID C(I)4 CH’ID B(I)3 CHD B(I)2,3 GHAZ B(I)3 NII’y E(lll)4; ZOOZo C(II)1 Nil’'y E(i2 CH'ID A(I) 12;B()2 CHD B(I)2 CH’ID C(\)4 CHD B(I)3 CH’ID Bi!) 2;B(I)3 KWII (I)1

2;TSOOD A(I)1;(Il)3 YAA’ BiIIl)2 YAA’ BiIll)4 N-IlI-2773

fell O (as a tree)

FEMALE: unbred -- (animal) -- animal capable of reproduction

NII’4 E(1I)3

-- genitalia Female Mountaintop Way Female Shooting Way Female Smooth Cane (ceremonial object)

ZIID4 Bil)1 CH'ID B(I)2 CH'ID A(|)4

1268

A(V)11 KEE KEEw "EEZ 1(1)1;(I!)4 "EEZ |(Il)2 "EEZ \(II)1 *EEZ A(IV) 8;1(II)1 [EEZE()a "EEZ A(IV)1,2

TAAL, C(I)1 TAAL, A(I)11

'EEZ A(IV)8,14 'EEZ A(IV)8 'EEZ A(IV)3; TAAL, A(V)11 'EEZ E()2 CH{y B(III)3;’ \JD4 E 2 TSAo B(II)1

GHAAZH, B(IV)1 KAAD A(V1)26 N-I-122 N-I-2169 N-I-1784 N-I-1933 N-Ill-1994 N-Ill-1987 N-Ill-1879

FIDGET

FEMUR

femur

femur, front of the femur, muscle of the

FENCE:

-- post(s) corner in a --- P (as a pasture) be building a --line build a -build a --ed enclosure (as a pasture) enclose with a -put a picket -- around P fencing match, have a fend for oneself Fendler ceanothus

Fendler meadow rue (plant) fendlera wood feral (wild), S is Ferris Wheel (or merry-go-round), be riding on the

Ferris Wheel is revolving/revolves ferry P across (a passenger) fertilizer fertilizer on P, put FETISH: game --

horse -sheep -fetlock (horse or buffalo) fetus

FEVER: be --ish

P becomes --ish P has a-there is --

they are wiped out by -FEW: ae be --

justa

--

in a -- minutes few-flowered psoralea (plant)

fibula fidget

N-Ill2283:2304 N-1-2034 N-1-1528 N-Ill263;3009 N-Ill-265 N-Il|-3294 Ty D(I2 Ty Eye Ty A(II)3,5 T1’4 A(II)3,5 T'1’4 D(II)5,7 KAAL A(\)2

ZHIIZH A(Il)1 TS’ Bill)1; YA B(Il)1 N-I-221;N-III1182 N-IIl-3719 N-Ill-4178 CHAA’s Ci(\)2

YIZ A(I)16; F(\)3 YIZ F(I)3 "EEL A(V)50 N-III-3048 YAA Ci(ll)1

fidget, start to FIELD: landing --(s)(for planes) run into a --(animal, person): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects field morning glory field mouse ear (plant) fierce, be

fierce, S is (as hunger) fiercely fifteen fifteen cents fifth

fifty fifty cents fig

FIGHT: aerial --(among planes) -- (2 contestants) -- with P: 1 adversary

N-1-556;N-III2 adversaries

1694 N-1-1188 N-|-506

WwOD,

A(\Il)46 CHAA’4 A(IIl)19 JEE’s A(I)21 N-Ill-3446 N-Ill-3691 KEED> B(I) 1;Z{f' D(VIl)1 K’AL1 PAR-XII-251 N-IV-15;PARI\V;,;ASHDLA’ N-II-100 PAR-IV N-IV-23;PARIV;;ASHDLA’ N-I-178;563 N-I-719

N-Il!-234 woD4 A(IIl)19

GHAA’y A(\l)1

WOD4

A(Ill)19 JEE’s A(I)8

-- for possession of O (by pulling on it)

N-|-897;898;

-- over O

N-Il1-2414 N-I-1798;NI1-367;4064 N-II|-3670; 4475 GAIl D(Ill)2; KID C(\)2 GAIl GAII GAII D\JD

CHIDg A(\)1 N-I-435 N-IIl-1285; 1286

go swaggering along looking for a -prepare to --

start to --

--er planes

figure, cloud (in a snadpainting) FILE (tool): flat -rat-tail/round --

A(IV)2 D(Ill)2 A(IV)2 A(tl)1

three-cornered --- (unspecified) O

PAR-III CH'{pi (I)1 PAR-III;PARXII-596;697 PAR-XII-609 N-II|-2752; 3078 N-Ill-4473 CHID4 B(I)1

-- a groove in P -- a notch/groove -- 3+ notches/grooves --O: apart

1269

TS'OOD D(II)1 MV-I-66 ’A D(II)1 K’AAD A(\)2 GHAA' A(ll)2 N-Il|-1277 N-1-1045 N-IIl-697;920 N-Ill-702 N-IlI-701 N-IIl-698 CH'IZH A(l)1,21 CH'IZH A(|)12 CH'IZH A(l)2 CH'IZH A(I)3 CH'IZH A(\)21 CH'IZH A(I)7

FILE

FIND

in two

CH'IZH A(1)4,16

into 3+ pieces

CH'IIZH A(\)6,8

off smooth to a point

CH'IZH A(l)16 CH'IIZH A(1)20 CH'IIZH A(1)14

-- off a piece for P

CH’'lIZH A(I)9

give O single stroke with a -start to --O

CH'IZH C(I)1 CH'lIZH

A(l)11 start to -- O in two

CH'lIZH

A(1)5,17 start to -- O off

stop/finish --ing O

CH'IZH A(|)17 CH'IIZH

A(1)20 --ings silver --ings FILL: -- (with unspecified O) -- a hole back up (by shovelling) -- O (a tobacco pipe)

N-II1-568 N-IIl-569;987

FIND:

--O -- O out (a miscreant) -- P (come upon it)

-- P (while in a boat)

-- P by groping/pawing P --s out about it try to -- something, by sniffing FINE (good): S is -things are going -FINE (powdery), S is FINE (thin): S is (as yarn) S is extremely (as thread)

BIJD/BIN4

fine leaf goosefoot (plant) fine, pay a

A(\l)j2

FINGER:

GEED A(I)5 JAA’. A(1)49

-- P up (with O)

BID A(Il)1,2

-- P’s tooth (for P)

Y{f’ A(IV)7;

-- Up

(V)1 BIJD/BIN4

-- with O

A(\)1 BJD/BIN,

--(s)

middle/ring --

index -little --

A(Il)1 get one’s --of P

DIJD A(V)2

spaces between the --s

P --s up P gets --ed to capacity

BILD A(l)1 BID A(l)j2

--tip(s)

S --s

BIJD/BIN;

--nail(s)

S has --ed

A(\)2 BJD/BIN 4

S is --ed to the bursting point filling (of a tooth)

filth FILTHY: -- thing be --

catch something -- (disease) S/P becomes -fin of a fish FINAL: -- (in time or series) be close to the -- payment

be onthe --nightofaceremony

B(I)2 DON E((il)2 N-IlI-423 N-1-292;759

--nail marks --nail clippers --nail file

red --nail polish/lacquer P is ---printed

N-|-760 CHXO’ C(I) 1;’lH (1)1

YA A(\)8 Lif A()1v)1 N-1-1199; 1624 N-1-945 DIZ A(il)2

_—‘TL’EE’ (\)1

be performing the -- day of a ceremony, JD B(I)1 bring a ceremony to its -- day JIJD A(l)1 --ly PAR-XII31233133884

pocket under the --nail put one’s --: into P’s mouth

into P’s eye

run the --s through P’s hair stick one’s --: into P into the fire into the water

through P

FINISH: --P --a song -- O (a certain grade in school)

MV-1-67;

TAA’s A(l)2 ‘ff’ A(II)1 MV-V-123 ‘EEL A(V) 19,20 CH'ID A(I)4,5 Z2if' Ccv)1 CHAA’s E(|)1 N-IIl-180 TS’fID Bil)1 YA D(I)7 BAH (I)1 TS’OZ/ (Il)1; TS'1ID B(I)1 TS’OZIi (Ij2 N-II|-3830 LA A(il)21

N-I-1057; 1080;1087;N\I|-2624;2654 N-I-1088; 1039;N-IIl2629 N-I-1090 N-I-1079;N11-2653 N-IlI-2625 N-I-1061; 11014 N-I-1063; 1083;N-III2631 N-Ill-4666 N-IlI-2632 N-Il|-2633 N-IlI-2634 ‘A A(IN)41 N-I-1067;N1-2635

CHID3 A(IV)8 CHID3 A(IV)9 CH'ID3 C(I)4 CHID3 A(IV)6 CHID3 A(IV)9 CHID3 A(IV)9 CHID3 A(IV)4,7 YA A(\)20 ‘A A(I)74 TA’o BiI)1

FIRE

FINISH

-- school

P is --ed (done from beginning to end) Fir Line Trail

fir, Douglas FIRE (flame): -- engine -- extinguisher --fly -- hose --place --place (ceremonial term) -- procession (a ceremonial feature in which people go around the fire) --side -- truck --weed before the --(in front of the) in the -into the --- burns across

TA’s B(I)2

down into an enclosure out horizontally to a destination

ZHIIZH A(V)3,4 N-Ill-1425 N-Ill-1426 N-I-960 N-Ill-2533 N-Ill-2516 N-I-414 N-Ill-2517 N-I-964 N-I-967

climb up carrying -make a -- with a --drill make/kindle a --

P is wiped out by -pick up -prairie/forest -- starts put -- into P rekindle a -S catches -S turns around before the -S/area is on --

N-III-2518 N-I-746;965 N-Ill-2533 N-I-297;382 N-1-963 PAR-XII190;852 PAR-XII189;862 K’AA’ A(l)11

cuts P off descends is spreading is spreading moves/spreads: across around P as far as a stopping point away and disappears away out of sight down from a height

Ds >

LS © =

build a -- under P carry --: about about here and there around P as far as a stopping point away away and disappear

>. =

i) SD SD

start a --

TLAH4

to move along spreading a --brand is a forest/prairie --

A(IV)1 ’A A(IV)5,6 K’AA’ A(|)7 K’AA’ A(l)11

GAZH1 TLAH, Bi(I)2 DIJD A(il)1

they are killed by -permanent --(kindled on the first N-IIl-4569 day of a ceremony) ---jumping (a ceremonial feature in which participants leap over the N-Il]-2519 live coals) N-I||-2520 --man N-Il|-2516 --plug N-I|l-4568 --drill N-III-849 --drill stick N-IIl-4570 shaft of the --drill N-I|l-4109 tip of the --drill N-II|-819 --board (for use with a firedrill) N-I|]-1298 cord of --wood N-II]-2150; Fire Chief (in the Peyote religion) 2521 N-IIl-2197; Fire Dance (Corral Dance) 2273 N-Ill-2532 Fire dancers

cDy° Dy rp, —

into an enclosure out horizontally under P up (a mountainside) -- starts to spread (or move along) -- sweeps up (as up a mountainside) be carrying -be carrying -- along

B(I)1,2 TLAH A(IV)2

starts stops swing there

I Dya)

Dy cD, °

TLAH 4

set O on --

start to carry --

-- burns around in a circle

------

A A(IV)2 ’A A(IV)1 "A A(IV)4 ‘A A(IV)8 ’A A(IV)7 K’AA’ B(|)1 JEE’y A(II)8 YA BiIll)1 ’A A(IV)10 TLAH, A(lll)4 "A A(IV)11 JEE’y A(I)8 TLAH, A(III)3 YA D(\)8

>SPy

RAKRAA D> : Dy eDy sD, cD. &

FIRE (gun): -- a glancing shot -- a shot into the air -- at O (a shot) --onP open -- onP S misses ---arm --ed cartridge FIRE (pottery): --O S is --ed start to --O

A DiIll)1 A D(III)2;NIL

H(1)3 NIL A(1)54 "A C(Ill)1 A A(IV)12 ’A A(IV)3

"A A(IV)9 ’A A(IV)1 ’A A(IV)1

1271

DON A(I)5 DON A(I)1,10 DON B(\)2 DON A(I)4 DON A\(\)4 TIZH C(Il)1 N-III-785 N-IlI-796 TE Bill)2 TE C(|)1 TE A(Il)1

FIRE

fire O (an employee from a job) firebrand

firecracker(s) fireweed

fireweed, narrow-leafed FIRM: S/area is ---

up

S becomes --

FIRST: -- (in time) be -- in a series (as the first member of a family to catch a disease)

-- thunder of spring be the ---born FIRST AID: give P-receive --

First First First First First First First

Boy (mythology) Dancers, minor Floating One (mythology) Girl (mythology) Man ((mythology) Woman Scolder (Coyote)(mythology)

FISH: big -male --

-- by casting -- food -- for P (information)

-- scales --hook --ing rod be --ing (by bait- or fly-casting) --line --pole fissure

FIST: clench one’s --

go to and fro swinging the --s have a ---fight (with each other) hit oneself with a -hit P with a -strike (out) with the --

FISTICUFF

T’E’3 A(Il)3 N-Il-2116; 2530 N-IIl-3243; 3246;3247 N-III-1367 N-Il]-4228

fisticuff, let fly a fit (convulsion) fit, have a

FIVE:

-- cent coin -- dollar bill -- fingers (plant) -- of clubs (cards) there are -- of us

DZIL E(I)1 TL’INg A(I)1; TL'IZ A(I)2,3 DZIL B(I)1; TL’INg A(l)1

-- spot (cards) ---card coon-can (a former card game) FIX: --O

PAR-IV;PARXII-65 PAR-XII-326

ZHIIZH A(V)10 N-IIl-3477 YA B(I)1 N-Ill-368 WOD, A(IIl)1 WOD; A(Ill)2 N-I-82 N-I-91 N-II|-369 N-I-93 N-Il|-235;370 N-Ill-236:372 N-IIl-371 N-I-1196 N-I-1200;NIl-2802 N-I-878 DEEL, A(il)2 N-IIl-2798 KEED, C(I)1 N-Ill-2799 N-IIl-2794 N-Ill-2794 LO’ A(1)64 N-Il|-2792 N-Ill-27914 N-I-207

-- (and hold) one’s gaze onO start to -- O --O O

a flat tire something to eat for P is --ed is being --ed start to --O fixedly fizzle out

flabbergasted, be(come) flagellate oneself (with P)

Flagstaff, Arizona flail flail, start to

flakes offof P,S

FLAME: --s are leaping up --s leap up burst into --

flammable, be flank flanking movement around P, S (as an army) performs a FLAP: --O

MAAZ F(II)2 TS’INo D(I)1;(II)1 TS’INo A(Il) 1;B(I)1 TS'INo A(Il)2 TS'INo A(I)6 TS’INo A(I)1

-- wings one time give Oa-give O a series of --s P is --ing its wings S --s one time

strike at O with a -(once/repeatedly)

TS’INo A(1)12,13

1272

TS’INo A(I)1 N-III-71;313;

2210;3016 CH’AH (I)1 N-IV-V;PAR-| IV;;ASHDLA’ N-IIl-2740 N-I-72 N-1-1134 N-II-30 T’E’; C(X)1 N-I-72 N-III-315

YAA C(IV)2; (V)1 GEEZH A(I)1 YAA C(Ill)2; (IV)1 YAA C(V)1 YAA C(III)6 YAA C(VII)7 YAA C(VI)11 YAA C(I)6; (IIl)1;(IV)2 PAR-XII-714 D\JD A(\)1; NAg B(I)1 BAAZ E(I)1; YOr1 TSXAS C(lll)1 N-Il|-2489 NE’s A(I)40 GHAAL A(II)20 CH'IL C(I)1

NOOD C(\)2 NAAD 4 A(|)1,3 NAAD} A(!) 1;NOOD A(ll)2 KON (|)1 N-1-1040 ZAp A(I)3

BAAL C(Il)1; KAAD D(I)1 BAAL D(Il)1 BAAL D(Il)1 "AH C(Il)1 BAAL C(Il)1 BAAL D(I)1

FLAP S hangs --ing S is --ing bird started to -- its wings Flap-Ears flare up (leap), flames flares up, S

FLASH: -- a light around -- a signal to P S --es S --es (lightning)

there are repeated --es of lightning

there is a -- of lightning flashlight flashlight batteries FLAT: --iron -- land -- open area -- on one’s back -- on one’s face

area is --- area extends in a line ---top

--enO

--en P by pounding be -- and thin (as a tin can lid) fix a -- tire move a -- flexible object S goes --(a tire)

FLATTERY: butter O up with -practice --

flatulent, be (very) flax flax, blue/[prairie/Lewis flea flea powder/killer fleabane (plant)

fledgling flee fleece P (of money, valuables) fleet of foot, be

FLESH

KAAD B(\)1 BAAL C(\)1 BAAL C(\I)2 N-Ill-2312 NOOD Ai!) 2;C(I)2 NAAD4 A(\)1 DLAAD B(I)1 DLAAD A(VI)8 LID C(I)1 CHI? E(I)1; GIZH A(VI)2; TAHp A(!)1 GESH A(1)2; GIZH Di(Ill)1 GIZH DiIll)1 N-III-893 N-Ill-894

N-IIl-695;919 N-Ill-1764; 1936 N-IIl-2882 PAR-XII-850 PAR-XII108;854 TEEL A(I)3 TEEL A(|)4 N-I-1542 JJZH B(I)1 NE’o A(I)26 KAAD H(I)1 YAA C(V)1 TSOOZ;MV-I TLEE’ A(III) 1;TSOOZ A(\)2 N-II|-2739 CHf; BIG CH{4 B(III)7 TLD B(I)5; YOL E(IIl)1 N-Ill-2636 N-IIl-1674 N-I-2176 N-Il|-887; 4634 N-I-1004;NII1-518;2552 N-IIl-1206 CHAA’s; YOOD;MV-IX LAA’, A(l)2 JAAD (I1)1; WOD, D(\)1

fleur de lis

N-I-1972;1973 N-I-1979; PAR-XII-863 N-I-1671 N-I-1971 CHID> (I)1 T’AY (1)1 N-Ill-3457

FLEX: -- O in two

WOD,

FLESH: into --

-- of the rump, pelvic area -- between the ribs and the hip S is --y (a mouth) fletch an arrow

break O to pieces by --ing separate O from P by --ing start to -- O apart

start to -- O in half/in two flexible

flexible, S is flexure, signoid FLICK ; --O -- (among P) (with a whip) -----

down from a surface O away (out of sight ) up into the air one’s tongue (as a snake) (at/after P, to catch it)

give each other a -give Oa-give oneself a -S--s flies, thunder, etc. are gone

flight, be in (fleeing) flinch FLINT: -- (for making fire) -- arrowhead -- club (mythology) -- knife (a ceremonial object) dark agate --s (a ceremonial term). be --y Flint Way Ceremony Flint Way, Female Branch

Flint Way, Male Branch Flint Way Medicine Pouch FRR: -- O (as a marble)

--O away and get rid of it away from P away (out of sight)

A(\l)1,4,7 WOD, A(II)6 WOD, A(II)7 WOD, A(II)5 WOD4 A(Il)2,9 PAR-XII628;763 T’OOD, B(I)1 N-Ill-1421

TAZH E(I)1 TSXAS B(I)1;C(I)1 TAZH A\(I)1 TAZH A\(I)1 TAZH A(|)2 NOOD A(I)1;C(1)1 TAZH E((I)1 TAZH E(\)1 TAZH E(I)2 TAHp B(I)1 NII’3 A(|)1 YOOD C(I)1 CHID3 D(Il)1 N-I-183:1841 N-1-1693;

1870 N-I-193 N-I-191:708 N-Il|-4599 N-Ill-946 BEESH 1 N-I-197 N-Il1-2021 N-II|-2020 N-I-198

TAH A(I)2 TAZH E(|)1; ZHA’ A(I)8 ZHA’ A(\)1 ZHA’ A(\)3 ZHA’ A(\)1

FLIP

FLOOR

down from a height

from the --

into an enclosure

on the --

into P into the fire into the water

onto the --

FLOP: -- down limply (relaxed, with limbs extended, as in a faint)

one time after another onto d.p. P onto P one time

out horizontally repeatedly up into the air up out

give Oa-S --s up out (as a rope) S is --ing over and over (as a jumping bean)

flirting with P, be FLOAT (in air): S (aroma/odor) --s S --s (a feather, cloud, flag)

S --s about S --s out S -- down (through the air) one after another FLOAT (in/on the water):

TAH3 A\) ZHA’ A(|)4 TAH3 C(\)1 ZHA’ A(|)7 ZHA’ A(I)5 TAH A(\)2 DEEL A(I)15

-- over be --ing along/around/across P S --s out, (as a tongue from a mouth) flotation flour flour sack FLOW: -- away (out of sight) -- back -- back into P, in a rush -- into an enclosure -- out in a rush a torrent --s away and disappears be --ing along rapidly

TS'IDo D(I)3 DLO’ Bi(I)1 DO;MV-VII; JOOL A(II)1 YOH A(1)1,2,3,4,5 ZAAL C(\)1 JOOL B(III)1 ZAAL A(\)19

blood is --ing out S -- together (two streams) S -- up out S --s: around here and there around in a circle around P away (out of sight)

ZAAL A(I)2,4 EEL;MV-VIII

S --s on the surface of the water:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects float (used in fishing)

FLOCK: move ina --- is moving along be ina -come/go/arrive in a -people -- to town S--toP FLOOD: -- comes -- is growing be wiped out by a -P is carried away/washed down by -- water P is carried out/off by a -P is lostin a -P is washed out by -- water FLOOR: dirt --- cover in a sweathouse -- cover -- tiles

Ti G(I)1

TEEZH C(I)1 JEE’; Bil)1 N-Il|-2793 ZAo;MV-VII YOL H(II)1 YOL B(IV)7 YOL B(IV)1 DEE’ A(V)8 YOL B(IV)1

in a rush away from P into a fire into a hole out

quickly back up out the entire length through P to a stopping point

S goes --ing past P (a rush of water) S is --ing along FLOW slowly, make O (as a slow stream of water or wet mud): -- across (as across a road or field)

DIJD A(II)1;YA B(IIl)1

ya

EEL A(I)5; GO’ A(|)1 "EEL A(|)8;34

N-I-1360 N-I1357;1359 N-!-1358

DEEL; A(I)19 YEEZHo A(II)12 TLEE’ H(II)1,2 DEEL, A(I)15 N-Ill-1497 N-Ill-162 N-I-2280

GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’ GO’

A(I)35 A(I)1 A(I)24 A(1)24 A(\)1 A(I)15 A(|)1 E(I)1 A(1)20 A(I)5 A(|)20

GO’ B(I)1 GO’ A(I)4 GO’ A(I)11 ZHOOZH A(I)5 GO’ A(I)14 GO’ A(I)18 GO’ A(I)7 LIZH A(1)7 GO’ A(1)22 GO’ A(I)21 GO’ A(1)9,13 GO’ A(I)30 GO’ A(I)15 GO’ E(I)1

YEEZH2

A(Ill)7

EEL A(I)8 EEL A(I)34

-- around about (here and there = irrigation water)

N-1-1146 N-IIl-439 N-IIl248252483 N-Ill-2482

-- around P (as a tree) -- as far as a stopping point

1274

YEEZHo B(II)1,2 YEEZHo A(IIl)3 YEEZHo A(III)7

FLOWS

FLOW

-- away out of sight -- down from a height -- into an enclosure or hole -- into the fire -- out horizontally

-- to P (as irrigation water to another person)

make O arrive --ing FLOW, make O (a stream of water): -- across (as across a road or field) -- along ina line -- around in a circle -- around P (as around a plant -- as far as a stopping point -- away (out of sight) -- in under P -- into an enclosure (as a hole, -- out horizontally -- out of P (as from a tank or -- up out

or tree) pasture) reservoir) make O stop --ing FLOWS ina sheet, S (as flood water): -- across (as a road) -- along (Progressive) -- and arrives -- and falls short of P (as irrigation water that fails to reach a plant) -- and overflows (as a tank or

trough) -- as far as a stopping point -- away and disappears -- away (out of sight) -- down from a height (as a waterfall) -- into an enclosure -- into P’s mouth (as water from a leak) -- out (as blood from a wound) -- out horizontally -- over an edge (overflowing as from a trough) -- over an edge and down -- through P (as a doorway) -- through P (as a roof) -- up into the air (as spray or spout from a geyser) starts to -- along

YEEZH>

FLOWS ina stream, S (as a river): -- across (as across a road or field)

A(Ill)2 YEEZHo A(ill)1,2 YEEZH» A(III)2

-- along -- along ina

YEEZH>

that surrounds a building) -- apart (diverging - as two streams) -- around here and there (as rivulets) -- around in a circle -- around P

A(III)5 YEEZHo A(Ill)4 YEEZHo A(III)6 YEEZHo A(IIN)6

-- as far as a stopping point

------

Lf A(III)6 Lf A(III)7 Lf A(II)2

away away away down from

and disappears from P (out of sight) from a height one end to the other

L{ A(\)8

Lf A(I)5 Lf A(1)20 L{ A(I)3 L{ A(1)3,9 Lf A(1)22 Lf A(I)1 L{ A(I)10 L{ A(|)1 Lf A(I)1,2,17

Lj A(I)16 (the full length) Lf A(1)18 -- ina circle -- in opposite directions L{ A(I)5 (as two rivers) Lf A(I)26 -- into a rock (canyon) -- into an enclosure (as a hole, house) -- into P (as a jar, barrel) -- into P’s mouth -- joining P Lf A(I)18,19 -- making a bend (as a river) Lf A(I)12,13 -- out horizontally (as from a pipe) -- out vertically (as an artesian well) Lf A(I)15 Lf A(1)24 -- over an edge (overflowing) -- over an edge and down Lf A(I)13 (as over a cliff) L{ A(I)7 -- through P (as a pipe) -- together (converging, Lf A(I)4;(II)1 as two streams) -- up into the air (as a gush of water L{ A(I)25 from a geyser or fountain) Lf A(1)15 -- up out (as a spring)

Lf A(III)6 L{ A(IIl)1 L{ A(IIl)1 Lf A(III)4

Lf A(III)5 Lf A(II)2,3 Lf A(Il)1 Lf A(III)5 Lf A(III)6

NA’g A(I)20 NA’, D(I)1 NA’g A(I)19 NA’g A(I)20 NA’g NA’g NA’g NA’g

line

-- and collects in a pool -- and surrounds P (as flood water

Li A(l)22 L{ A(I)14 Lj A()21 L{ A(1)23

A(I)23 A()20 A(I)1 A(I)1

FLOWS

ina

torrent, S

(as a rushing stream): -- across (as a road)

NA’g A(I)1,2 NA’g A(I)1

-- along (Progressive) -- and surrounds P (as a house)

NA’g A(I)8 NA’g A(I)14 NA’g A(I)10

-- around about

-- around and around in circles -- around P

NA’g A(1)23 NA’, A(I)9 NA’g A(I)7 NA’g A(I)4

-- away from P -- away (out of sight) -- down from a height

NA’g A(|)24 NA’g A(I)11

-- in under P (as a bridge, car, house)

1275

GO’ A(I)30 GO’ E(\)1 GO’ A(I)11, 12;L{ A(I)8 GO’ Bil) GO’ A()4 GO’ A(I) 11,12 GO’ A(I)14 GO’ A(l)1 GO’ A(I)1,3, 23

GO’ A(|)1

FLOWS

------

--

---

---

---

S S

into a hole or burrow into an enclosure into P (as a basin or pond) into the fire out horizontally (as froma canyon) out vertically (as a hemorrhage, geyser) over an edge and down (as over a cliff) past P (as stationary object, as a house) the entire length, all the way from one end to the other through P (as a pipe or tunnel) through P (as a tunnel) together (converging, as two streams) arrives --ing starts to --

FLOWS

FLOWS

GO’ A(I)7 GO’ A(I)1 GO’ A(I)35 GO’ A(I)18

from an overturned container) -- up out

S arrives --ing S starts to -- along FLOWER(S):

GO’ A(I)15

-- pot

GO’ A(1)20

perfume of --s flu (epidemic)

GO’ A(I)16 GO’ A(I)15

fluctuation (as indicated by a thermometer) LUE

GO’ A(|)21 GO’ A(|)9 GO’ A(I)13

--Oup

-- up area -- up soil S is --ed up S is --y

GO’ A(I)5 GO’ A(|)29 GO’ A(|)17

fluid fluid, amniotic flunk O “flunky”

in a trickle, S

(a small trickling stream):

--------------

along ina line around in a circle around P (as a tree) away and disappears away out of sight down from a height in under P (as under a rock, building) into a hole or burrow into an enclosure or hole into P (as into a container) out horizontally out vertically over an edge (overflowing)

-- up out

FLOWS slowly, S (viscous matter or a meandering rivulet): -- along (Progressive) -- and dams or blocks P (as a mud slide) -- across (as a road)

-- and reaches P (as irrigation water ------------

that reaches the plant) around about around in a circle around P as far as a stopping point away and disappears

away from P away (out of sight) down from a height into a hole or burrow into an enclosure or hole into the fire

TS’A’ B(I)8 TS’A’ B(I)3 TS’A’ B(I)3,5 TS’A’ BI) TS’A’ B(|)1 TS’A’ B(I)1,2

fluoroscope

flurry, S moves ina FLUSH: -- a toilet -- an area (with water) -- O away (ina toilet) -- O down/off (rinse, wash off) -- O out with water flute

TS’A’ B(I)1 TS’A’ B(I)4 TS’A’ B(I)1 TS’A’ B(I)10 TS’A’ B(I)6 TS’A’ B(I)7 TS’A’ B(I)9 TS’A’ B(I)7

flute, play a Fluted Rock, Arizona FLUTTER: S --s S -- down (as snowflakes, leaves,ash) S --s in the air

YEEZHp C(II)1 YEEZHp A(II)5 YEEZHo A(Il)15

YEEZHp YEEZHo YEEZHo YEEZHp YEEZHo YEEZHp YEEZHo YEEZHp YEEZHo YEEZHpo YEEZHp

S --s its wings rapidly S causes O to --

A(II)14 B(I)1,2 A(Il)2 A(II)6 A(II)15 A(II)4 A(Il)7 A(II)4 A(Il)1 A(II)3 A(II)4 (Il)10

flux (for soldering) flux, bloody

YEEZHp A(II)8 YEEZHpo A(Il)11 YEEZHp A(II)14 YEEZHp A(II)9 N-1-383;N-Ill1376;1387 N-IIl-1369; 1371 N-III-2737 N-IlI-3672; 3673 N-Il1-2934

CHAAD A(Il)1 CHAAD A(II)8 CHAAD A(II)4 CHAAD Bi|)1 CHOSH (I)1; ZHOLI (I)1,2 N-I-1567 N-I-397 D4 Bil) N-II1-3216 N-IIl-1189 DAAZ A(I)6

"EEL A(V)2 "EEL A(V)42 ‘EEL A(V)1 EEL A(V)45 EEL A(V)34 N-Ill-1696; 4474 LOOL A(I)1 N-Ill-1772

TAHp> B(I)1 ZAAL A(I)2,4 ZAAL C(I)1 KAAD Ci(Il)1; TAHp BiIl)1 TAHp Bill)1 N-Ull-1411 N-I-253:531; N-Ill-1205

FLY (through the air):

--ing creatures S --ies: across as far as (a stopping point) off of P (as a wheel, gob of resin) out horizontally

-- out horizontally (as wet cement

1276

DAAZ; DEEL4T’A’; MV-IV,V,XIll N-IIl-3314 MV-IV-45 MV-IV-46 MV-IV-48 MV-IV-49 MV-IV-50

FOIL

FLY

out vertically, up out

MV-IV-51

up into the air

MV-IV-52; ZAAL A(I)33

S starts to -- along

S is --ing along (cloud, wisp of smoke) send O --ing (by throwing)

FLY (a plane):

-- O into P and get it on self S --es into P and gets it on self (as a plane into a snowstorm) FLY (insect): (common) -big --

ZAAL D(\)1 ZH’ A(IV)1 T’A’;MV-V;

blue-buttocked --

N-Ill-4148

furry --

N-IIl-4149

fuzzy -ichneumon/robber --

N-IIl-4150 N-IIl-4553

slender -small -striped faced -striped -yellow --

N-IIl-4156 N-Ill-4157 N-Ill-4147 N-Il-4154 N-Ill-4152

-- swatter

-- swatter/spray --killer

FOAM: -- (n.)

-- on water make O -- over

S --s (back) (pocket knife blade) --ed over (on each other) foliage (of pinyon) FOLLOW

trail along

-- along behind P at a run: 1 subject

N-1-568;570 N-IIl-4155

N-Ill-4153

2 subjects

-- along behind P at a walk:

1 subject 2 subjects

make $ -FOG: dark with -dense --

KAA’s A(\)7 WOD, C(|)2

CHAA’4

JEE’o C(l)1 YA D(!)1 *KAAZH E(I)1

3+ subjects -- along behind P flying a plane: -- along behind P flying

KAI G(1)1 T’A’ Diil)1 T’A’ D(|)1

-- O’s trail:

oe KAA’p A(I)13

N-Ill-3245; 4144 N-Ill-4142

along (Progressive) around about around in a circle

N-II]-4145;

around P (as around a hill/building)

N-IIl-4146

as far as a stopping point (up to)

N-IlI-885;

away and disappear

4146

away out of sight

4146

down (overtaking O) down from a height (as down a

N-I-1476;

mountain)

1492:2305;N-

KAA’s C(I)1 KAA’o B(I)1 KAA’o A(l)3

KAA"s A(!)4 KAA’s A(1)13 KAA’s A(l)1

KAA’2 A(|)1 KAA’ A(l)5

KAA’o A(|)1,2,7

l|-3646;

from one end to the other

KAA’s A(\)14

3681;4747 N-I-1494 BEEZH,

here and there

KAA’o A(1)14,15 KAA’o A(\)1

A(ll)2;

into an enclosure

in under P(as a building)

(building/pasture)

into P

bys

KAA’o A(\)1

KAA’s A(|)14

BEEZH,

into town

KAA’ A(1)14

A(|)2;

out horizontally

a. KAA’o A(I)6

(as from a canyon)

GHAAZH 4

S spreads --ing and frothing

LA A(III)37 WODj,A(I)6,7 -AAH;POS 10 N-|-236 start to -- O’s

across (as across a valley/plain)

GHAAZH4

S --s up (as warm beer)

N-I-1970

cclly2

3+ subjects

A(Il)3 S --s over

N-Il-2322 Nil’4 A(V)3

(for carrying things)

4144

black --

YAA Ci(Ill)1

-- of the ear -- one’s arms

O is --ed

MV-XIII

TA’ C(I)1; Ci(Il)1 N-IlIl-1723;

-- O (paper)

-- under the belt

T’A’ C(II)1

N-IIl-4151

-- speck

FOLD:

MV-IV-47

biting --

-- paper

N-Ill-3248

=LA =O. A(\)43

A(\)2

to (a designated location)

KAA’s A(1)12

YA A(|)44

to water

KAA’o A(1)14

GHAAZH4 A(Il)4

up (climbing, as up a mountainside)

Ss KAA’? A(I)10

N-I-33;128 N-I-1685 N-I-1679

-- one another in -- one another speaking -- one another through P

up out

YA Allll)1

1277

KAA’o A\(|)9 YA A(\)1 DZif A(I)6 YA A(l)11

FOOT

FOLLOW

-- one’s nose around -- P (a practice)

arrive/come/go --ing O’s trail

be --ing along behind P be --ing O’s scent be --ing O’s trail across (Progressive) make a circuit --ing O’s trail overtake O following O’s trail refuse to/fail to -- orders S (quadruped) starts to --O

CHAA’s D(\)1 "JD4 E(vy2 KAA’o A(I)12 'EEZ H(I!)1 CHAA’o H(I)1 KAA’o C(I)1 KAA’o A(I)3 KAA’s A(I)5 ’A’C(I)1 DLOOZH A(I)66

start off --ing O’s trail

KAA’o A(|)8

start to -- along behind P ata run (1 subject)

WOD,

--ing behind

on the --ing day --ing foment war on P

fond of fond of P, be(come)

FOOD:

A(IIl)79 -KEE’;POS39 PAR-XII-106 N-1-894;944 CH{, B(II)1 -CHA;POS14 DIN A(1)1,2; Z(f’ D(VI)S N-I-390;393;

ball of the -bones of the upper --

phalanges of the -side of the -sole/bottom of the -tendon of the -on ---wear -- cover -- odor extract one’s

-- from P

(as from a shoe)

follow along in P’s --steps get one’s -- stuck in P give O’s -- a tap/a series of taps with one’s own have one’s -- on P hold up one’s -lift O’s -- up

lose one’s --ing missing one -move one’s -- away move one’s --:

430;471;N-III1406;1408;

1566

-- brought or contributed ata wedding -- grater

-- scraps canned -favorite -Mexican -Oriental -proper --- store

be going along with -be holding up -carry about -share -- with P FOOL: -- around --P be --hardy be going along like a -be looking for O like a -make a -- of oneself

foolish, be foolishly FOOT: -- bone arch of the --

N-II|-2880 N-III-746 N-IIl-1410 N-II1-1417 N-IIl-3550 N-I-391;N-III1407 N-I-392 N-Ill-1415 N-1-394;676 ’A D(II)3 ’A D(II)2 ’A C(II)3 TSOOD A\(I)1 N-I-803;N-III1733 ZID B(l)1 CH’AA’ B(I)3 GAAZH B(I)2 MAI (I1)4 MAH (II)2 NE’, A(II)2 YAAD Ci(Ill)1 PAR-XII-155 N-1-884;938 N-1-927;2069 N-1-907

away blocking P into a hole/enclosure into the fire out from under P out horizontally out straight through P together up up out

place one -- over the other

place one’s -- on P, (to block) place the --

point at P with one’s -push O along with one’s -push O into P with S’s -push O into the water with one’s --

put one’s -- through P raise one’s --

rub one’s -- against P stick one’s --: into an enclosure into the fire out horizontally stick out one’s --

foot (in measurement) foot (of a mountain, tree) -- of a cliff

N-I-906 N-I-929;2086 N-I-932 N-I-887 N-1-1657 N-I-926;2058 PAR-XII-766 N-I-883 N-I-917 N-|-896;N-III2412

TAAL4 A(V)10 TAAL, C(I)2 ’EEZ A(IV)10

'EEZ F(II)1; G(I)1 'EEZ W(II)2 'EEZ H(I)1 ’EEZ A(V)1,2 GHAZ A(I)2 N-1-941 'EEZ A(IV)2 'EEZ A(I)1; TAAL 4 A(V)10 'EEZ A(IV)2 ’EEZ A(IV)4 'EEZ A(IV)2 ’EEZ A(IV)11 'EEZ A(IV)12 'EEZ A(IV)6 'EEZ A(IV)13 'EEZ A(IV)5 "EEZ A(IV)3 "EEZ A(IV)15 'EEZ AIV)12 "EEZ A(IV)14 ’EEZ A(IV)4 'EEZ A(IV)7 ’EEZ A(IV)8 'EEZ A(II)1 'EEZ A(Il)1 'EEZ A(II)1 'EEZ A(IV)5 "EEZ A(IV)15 "EEZ E(I)3

'EEZ A(IV)2 'EEZ A(IV)11 'EEZ A(IV)6 TAAL4 A(V)7 N-IIl-2425 N-I-2019 N-I-2021

FORCE

FOOT

ceremonial -dirt from a -hollow --s make a line of --s

N-I-611;613; 1396;2020 N-II1-2384 N-1-894;944; 1014 N-II1-2411 N-1-903;1115 N-I-908 TAAL C(I)2

walk in each other’s --s

"KAZH A\|)7;

-- of a mountain football

FOOTPRINT(S):

--s leading: around in a circle away and disappearing

away (out of sight) down from a height down(ward)

KAI B(I)12

FORCE: -- P off (of P’s land) -- P out by straining apply continuing -be --ing O back P is --ed back S applies -- against P

start to -- P back take O away from P by -unspecified S applies -- against P forcefully

590;781

N-III]-116 N-IIl-1809 N-II|-1806 N-Il|-1807 N-III-43;

forceps, obstetrical

N-II|-973

forearm forebear

N-l-650;654

foreboding, get a forefoot (of a quadruped)

up its ascending --s scattered --s FOOTRACE: run a -- with P: 1 subject with 1 competitor 1 subject with 2+ competitors start to runina

--

for

for (in exchange for) for a one day period for a short distance for a short time/little while

for a single day for an indeterminate distance around

for every purpose for how long (in past time)?

for nothing for the purpose of for what purpose? for what reason?

FORAGE for food: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

1900 N-II!-1808 N-Ill-1347 N-Ill-1922 N-IIl-1894 N-II|-3667; 3676

*AAZH A(II)6 KAI B(|)4,11 CHAA’4 A(iil)21 -A;POS-1;DAAH;POS20;-KA;POS37;-K’E;POS41;PAR-X DEENA; POS-22 PAR-XII-743 PAR-XII-490 PAR-XII819;820 PAR-XII-743 PAR-XII-279 PAR-XII-707 PAR-XII259;262 PAR-XII606;771 -NIIYE;POS61 PAR-XII-235 PAR-XI|-234 YA B(II)4 ’AAZH BiIl)3

KAI C(I)3

N-I-2256 LI’ BcIl)2 N-I-1083;

1087

1036;1041;

into an enclosure out horizontally

JJZH A(l)4 DZIL A(Il)3 DZIL C(I)1 DZIL D(|)1 DZIL D(l)1 DZIL A(|)1 JJZH A(I)2 MV-I-180 DZIL A(\)1 PAR-XIlI-

forefront, move to the: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects forehead (of a person) forehead

foreigner FORELEG (quadruped): having a -- missing bone of the -forelock (on a horse) foreman, be the foremost foreskin

FOREST: (in the) --- (obs.) -- ranger --er

aaty, Forest World, the (myth) forever

forget (about P) forgetful, be forgetful, become

forgotten, P is FORK (utensil): four-pronged -wooden -- (used in weaving) FORK (diverge): S -- (as two canyons) --ed canyons lock --ed poles S has --ed shape/ is --ed

YA A(|)7 ’AAZH A(I)5 KAI B(1)10 N-I-1541 N-I-1511 N-1-54;473;

618;1268 N-I-643 N-I-647 N-I-651 N-I-1514 'EEZH B(\)2 PAR-XII-36 N-I-330;331; 1636

N-I-1922; 1923 N-I-706;1919 N-Ill-3488 N-I1I-3488 N-Il1-3487 N-I-1918;NI11-4396 PAR-XII-320 NAH A(I)1 NAH A\(\)1 YA’ B(I)2 NAH A(Il)1 N-I-210;1093 N-I-209;1092 N-IlI-731 DZIS (I)2;K’ID 5 N-II-239 TSI A(I)3 GIZH G(\)1

FORM

form, in human

FRAGMENTS

formerly

PAR-XI|I-600 PAR-XII-45;

formica

N-Il]-3796

111;548;551

FORSAKE P (as a religion or custom): 1 subject

foxtail grass fracture O fractures crosswise, S

YA A(\)39;YIZ A(II)4 'AAZH A(1)24 DEE’ A(V)9 DEE’ A(V)9, 10;YIZ A(II)5 'A A(I)5 "AAZH A(II)11 N-Ill-4117 N-Il-112 N-I-1469;1603 PAR-XII-779 N-IV-22;PARIV;D{f’ N-Ill-813 PAR-XII-433 N-IIIl-3304 YAA G(I)1 YA D(I)6;’ AAZH E(1)4; KAI G(I)7 GHAAL A(II)8 Tf A(IV)12 CHIJD4 A(!) 1;B(I)2 LA A(III)34 ZHEE’s B(I)4 N-I-560;N-IV4;PAR-IV;D{{’ N-IV-14;PARIV;Dif’ PAR-IV N-I-178;563 N-Il-29 T’E’4 C(X)1 N-I-562 N-Ill-3214 ’A (1)20 N-IIl-3996 N-Ill-4164 N-II|-2809 N-Ill-4741 TI’3 A(I)8 DEEL» A(I)1

fragile, S is

‘(PI (I)1;

2 subjects 3+ subjects P is --en

--O go away and -- each other Fort Defiance, Arizona Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Fort Wingate, New Mexico fortunately forty forty-five caliber revolver FORWARD: -- gear shift in a car be moving -step --

foul ball, hit a foul humor, be ina foulmouthed, P is/became found, P is fountain, build a FOUR: --teen

--th -- bits (fifty cents) -- of clubs there are -- of us

-- spot (in cards) ---footed animal S is ---pointed (rectangular) four-o’clock (plant) Four Corners

fox, blue/kit

FRAGMENT(S): crumbled

T’'ODp2 Bil)1 N-1-2080;NII1-4476

small --s

-- of a ruin fragrant sand puff (plant) fragrantly frail, S is frames, picture fraud

fraud, practice

freckled, S is Freckled Boy (a personal name) FREES P is set -setO--

'

--ly

be in -- fall (a parachutist) -- of charge

CHID3 A\(IIl)1 NIL A(II)19; NII’s A(IV)1; T’E’g A(II)10 PAR-XII-634 TLIZH D(I)1 PAR-XII604;606; 654;771

FREEZE;

--(O)

-- to death

area --s S/area starts to start to -- to death, weather becomes --ing --er (for food preservation)

TIN B(II)1;(I)1 DIJD A(II)1; DLf A(1)2;B(1)1 TIN B(I)1 TIN A(1)1,3 DLf A(I)1,2 TIN B(I)1 N-IIl-660; lleyisg

deep -- (to preserve food)

--ing compartment (of a refrigerator) freight truck freight vehicle freighter Fremont goosefoot/pigweed (plant) French fried potatoes French fries

French-fry O

frenzy, be rushing around ina frequently

N-III-772 N-Ill-3754 N-Il]-1291 N-Ill-1272 N-Ill-4314 N-l-1735;NIl1-4016 N-Il1-3439 N-I1l-3439

BEEZH, B(II)1 TLIZH D(I)2 PAR-XII-

375;658;679

fresh, S is

Friday

FRIEND(S):

NIID3 1

N-II-88;N-III-

314;3471 N-I-1023;

1054;N-II77;

N-1-1435;

2258

N-I-2322;NII|-4730 N-IIl-2511 N-II1-2584 PAR-XII-394 (DE (I)1 N-IIl-2955; 2956 N-IlI-245; 2921 LO’ A(I)45 TL’INs (I)1 N-IIl-329

N-Ill-1463

be --s (with P) be P’s --

NI’y B(II)1 NI’; B(I)1

37;MV-XIV-

FRIEND(S)

19

become --s

FRIENDLY: be --

get -- with P address O in -- terms be on -- terms with O/P/each other

restore -- relations with each other/O/P

-- relations are restored FRIGHTEN: -- O/P p is --ed by P P is --ed conditions are --ing FRINGE: -- (blanket, shawl)

NI’4 A(ll)1;CH’O;POS-18

NIID4 B(1)8; Zi’ D(vil)1 Zi C2 NID, A(\)6 NIID4 B(|)7; (II)5;NIID4 B(III)5

from from from from

from (stealing) from afar from from from from from from from

NI’y A(l2; NIID4 A(II)3 Lif’ A(V1)3

frisky, be

fritter P away

frog frog, large frolic FROM: from (a designated place), be: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects from -- on up (as from a certain age)

from one end to the other:

-TS’AA’;POS-

all directions/everywhere another direction around the corner both sides/each side elsewhere everywhere/all over here

-EE;POS-24 PAR-XII181;463 PAR-XII-121

PAR-XII-382 PAR-XI||-923 PAR-XII-41 PAR-XII-426 PAR-XII-119 PAR-XII

341;343

YIZ A(lll)1,3 YIZ A(II)8 YEE’ B(|)3 YEE’ B(I)3

from how far? from nearby/a place not far away

PAR-XI|I-258 PAR-XIl674;718

from from from from from from from from from from

N-I-784; 1770;N-Ill-3;

Fringed Mouth (a ceremonial term) frisk (search) P friskiness frisking along/about, S goes (lamb, colt, kid)

MV-II|-30 PAR-XII-166 PAR-XII-916 73

4;133;134

-- (saddle) --eS put -- around P, put --ed blanket/shawl --ed brome grass S is --ed

under P: (a designated point) on out (a pointin space) on (deriving)

N-III-565 N-Ill-132 KAAL A(\)2 N-III-850 N-IIIl-3653 TSAG (I)1; ZHA’ E(\II)5,6 N-Ill-4723 CH'D BiI)2 N-I-777

now on one place to another one side one to another place to place the bottom up the first the other side then on there

PAR-XII-344 PAR-XII-744 PAR-XII-402 PAR-XII-744 PAR-XII-391 PAR-XII-100 PAR-XII-102 PAR-XII-382 PAR-XII-180 PAR-XII-78; 79;86;87

from this point in time from time to time from time to time

from today on from where from where?

GEED Bi(Il) 1;D(Il)1,3

YOI3

front axle on a car FRONT: in-- of P

NAAD» A\(I!) 1:TLlID B(I)2;YA D(I)1 N-I-354 N-IIl-1342 N-IIl-3356 PAR-VIII

-- corner of a hogan -- end of a car -- loader -- to rear

-- wheels (car) FROST: -- occurs feathery -S is ---bitten S is hit by -S is killed by -frost O (cake)

YA B(I)1 *KAZH Bil)1 KAI C(I)1 °A (Ill) 14 MV-1-28;MVIl-29;MV-V124;MV-VI34;MV-VIII30;MV-XI56;MV-XII36;MV-XIII-

FROTH:

-- (foam), as warm beer

1281

PAR-XII-343 PAR-XII-381 PAR-XII-826 PAR-XII-149 PAR-II PAR-XII286;291 N-II1-1251

PAR-XII-858 N-Il1-3459 N-I-315 N-Ill-2202 PAR-XII-49 N-I-276;656 N-1-323;1483 DLf A(Il)1 N-I-448:2103 DLf A(II)2 DLf A(1)2 DLf A(II)2 DLEEZH B(I)1 N-1-1476; 1492;2305;N-

11-3646; 3681;4747 YA A(1)44

FROTH

FUN

S starts to -- atthe mouth

YA A(I)53

make -- of P

make

YA A(IIl)1 CH'IL B(I)1

there is --

S --

frown

CH{; B(III)5; Ty BUS NIIDo A(1)1; B(|)1 TS'INo A(I)13 N-III-834 N-I-685 DLAAD A(VIII)1 N-Ill-4670 DZIS (I)6 PAR-XII-549 PAR-XII-919 N-Ill-1462; 4668 PAR-XII-109 D4 B(vi)1 PAR-XII435;436;447 PAR-XII-437

FRUIT:

(from a tree) citrus «dried «-

fresh -VUCCA

«+

{tree

yueca

-- worm

Fruitland, New Mexico frustrated, become

FAY: a start to --O

S is ing (in oil) S starts to --(in oil) “ing pan fugitive (from P), be a

N-Il|-3360; 3361:4332 N-Ill-4333 N-Ill-4335 N-Ill-4336 N-I-719 N-Ill-4334 N-I-720 N-II|-600; 1737 "AAZH A(|) 52;YA A(\)77

funding, try to get funnel fur

furious with P, be furrow

furrow, there is a further on further, a little furuncle

futilely futilely, act

BEEZH,B (II)1;T'E B(II)2 T'E A(iI)1 T'E B(I)1 T'E A(\)1 N-I-1906 CHAA’y B(I)1

future, in the

future, still farther into the

fuzz (on a peach)

N-I-303;

fuzzier, S is getting (visually) fuzzy, S is

305;519 BA's C(I)2 ZHOj (I)1

oo Fe a be « (of S)

be -y grown get -- eating itis half «+ O is in = view

P is -- of mischief there is a moon moon

~- of life and vigor - to overflowing ly fumble around

fumbling, be fume

fume with anger FUMES:

-- (from car exhaust) blood -fumigant plant FUN:

~ thing have «+; 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects people

be making -- of P

BI|D/BIN4 B(I)1,2 TSXAAZ} (I)1 CHAAD A\(I)3 ‘AAD C(I)5 ‘Il’ D(tlys LAA's B(V)1 BAAZ A(1)49 N-Ill-3542 PAR-XII-105 PAR-XII-875 PAR-XII-907 JAA'o B(II)1,2 GIZ H(II)1 N-1-1453 TE’ D(I)1 N-IIl-3603; 4743

G gag (on O) gained, O is

gall gall-bladder

Gallegos Canyon, New Mexico Gallinas, New Mexico Gallo Canyon (a side canyon in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) gallon

gallop gallstone(s)

N-I-1118;

1697 N-1-530;1455 N-Ill-1627 N-IIl-3356 N-IIl-4751

Gallup Hogback Gallup, New Mexico galoshes

NA’, A(I)5,6 BA A(Il)2 N-I-1706;NIll-2742;3982 N-I-1713; 2283;N-lll348;3983 N-Il|-3751 N-Ill-1775 N-IIl-3491 N-Ill-2068; 2069;3909; 3911 TAA’y;MV-VII N-l-1714;NIIl-3984 N-Il|-221; 4132 N-Il|-3038 N-|-888;N-III2401

GAMBLE:

YA A(I)15 ‘AAZH A(\))14 KAI B(I)21 DEE’ B(I)1 DLO’ B(I)1

-- (with cards) -- for P (the stake) lose a --ing lose everything --ing

win at --ing --er --ing

1282

KAAD C(I)1 KAAD C(I)1 BA A(l)1 TE’ A(ill)1 BA A(\)3 N-III-58 N-Ill-3529

GAS

GAMBLE

--or --ing Gambler (of legend) Gambler's Spring Gambler's Trail GAME: wild -- (e.g. deer) -- fetish

N-IlI-58 N-II|-3529 N-Ill-3146 N-IIl-3149 N-IIl-3148 N-1-554 N-1-556;N-IIl1694

-- hunter -- hunting Game Corral Way Game Way Blessing Way Game Way ceremony

N-IIl-3277 N-Ill-30114 N-Ill-2041 N-Ill-1982 N-1-555;N-Ill-

stove/range natural -poison -exhaust -- (from a car) stomach --- tank in a car

S fills P with --(as beans) get full of -- (bloated) GASOLINE: -- station attendant. -- station/pump GASH: --O -- oneself -- oneself with nails -- the flesh with claws/nails

2040

game, stick dice Ganado, Arizona Ganado Lake, Arizona gang, come/go/arrive in a gangrene gangster

GAP: -- (in mountains) -- between the ears -- between the legs

N-1-1914

N-IIl-2661 N-IIl-635 YOL B(IV)1 N-Ill-3282 N-IIl-1680

gasp (for breath)

N-1-660;

gasp for breath,

978;1030

gate gate (in an irrigation ditch)

N-Il-1777 N-I11-2306 N-IIl-2284;

GATHER:

aie

2307

-- between teeth

-- from a missing tooth -- between P’s horns having a -S has a -S is --ed there is a -- extending downward there is a -garage

N-l-982;GIZH G(il)1 N-1-663 GIZH Gi(Il)1 GIZH Gi(Il)1 GIZH G(l)2 GIZH G(|)1 GIZH Gi(Il)1 GIZH Gi(Il)1 N-1-678;N-III-

--O up by snatching it -- O up hurriedly --Oup

-- at P (an event) -- into a crowd

-- pinyon nuts -- pollen start to -- P

GATHERED:

1250

GARBAGE: -- can -- dump

be --

N IIl-1358; 1413 N-Il1-280 N-Il-1361;

food that is -- (for ceremonial use) tallow that is -- (for ceremonial use) water that is -- (for ceremonial use) things (food) that are --

1362;4479

-- heap -- pail

-- pit garble one’s words GARGLE:

be --ing (O) --ing solution GARMENT: one piece -reversible --

garter

S makes O

N-IIl-4480

GAWK: -- around -- out the door

N-Il-4478

N-Ill-4481 Tl’o BiI)1 DZIDo Bi|)1, 2;N-IIl-1902 DZIDo B(I)1,2

gay (happy), P is GAZE: -- through P fix and hold one’s --onO hold O in one’s -GEAR: -- shift lever (in a car)

N-Ill-1902 N-1-619 N-IIl-1906 N-Ill-1839; 1840;4172 N-1-2225

put (a car) in -S slips into --

shift --s (on a car)

GAS:

1283

N-IIl-3418 N-Il1-3417 N-Ill-588 N-I-1118; 1167 N-I-2259 N-IIl-1260 YOL A(II)1 YOL Ci(II)1 N-I-283;1612 N-Ill-1261 N-Ill-1259 T’AAZ C(\)1 GIZH D(Il)1 GHAZ A(II)2 GHAZ A(I)10 DZIl" A(|)5; YOL A(|)1; ZHIL4 A(I)1; ZHILo A(I)1 ZHIL4 A(Il)1 N-Ill-1543 N-IlI-46 JEE’ A(I)3; KAI B(I)5,6 LAA’, A(|)4; YAA C(IIl)1 JI’ A(I)3 CHID3 A(|)7 JAA’s A(\)5 KAI B(|)5 CH{o A(\)1 LAA’, A(1)5 GHAAD A(\l)2 LAA’, A(I)3

LAA’, A(Il) qsUff Ec) N-II|-3308 N-II|-3307 N-II|-3306 N-Ill-3305 TS'OOD A\\)9 TS’OOD B(I)1 TS'OOD A(\)7 ZOLI (Il)2

‘4 Da)

fs As

GEEZH A\|)1 GEEZH B(!)1

N-III-868 GIZH A(I)13 KIDo Ail) KIDo A(\)1

GELATINE

gelatine gelatinous, S is General Superintendent (of the Navajo) generate (electricity)

generate (bring into being) generation of children comes up, a generation,

a new

generator, electric generosity generous, be -- (with P)

GET

N-II]-2358 YIL4 (I)1 N-Il|-3325 NA’, B(Il)1 Lif’A(VII)1 JEE’s C(I)3 N-IIl-266 N-III-385 N-Ill-178; 2379 BA’3 B(I)3;

DLEE’ B(I)1, 2;'JD4 F(I)1 GENITAL: -- area look at P’s --s P breaks out in a sweat in the -area to have seen P’s --s wash P’s --s genitalia, female gentian, green GENTLE: S is (as a horse) -S becomes --- (tame) an animal genuflect geologist

geology geranium, wild German

(people)

German

soldier

GESTURE: make a --to P make --s at P make this kind of -- at P Gesture Dance

GET (acquire, receive): -- O (back)

P--sS S --s P GET (take): try to -- O away from P by rolling O (as a barrel) GET (move): -- into P -- into the water -- away from P (escape from a captor) -- out of P (car, bus, plane)

N-1-1674 Wy Cie

-- out of P (overturned car, hole) -- away from P (abandon: dress, language) -- P on self (as mud) -- up from a kneeling/reclining position (animal) -- a good start carrying O -- well on the way (with O)

D4 Fc) ZHOOD A(I)4 ZHOOD AI(III)2 GO’ A(|)31 N-IlI-3387; 3390 N-Ill-3386; 3389 N-IIl-1459 N-I-186; 187;352 N-I-351 CHID3 C\(I)1 GIZH D(I)3 GIZH B(I)1 D4 G(I)2 N-IlI-2039; 3101 MV-IV-54; TE’, A(VI)1 MV-IV-55 TLIZH A(I)19 MAAZ B(III)1 MV-V-125 MV-V-127 MV-V-129

MV-V-126; TAAL A(IV)11 MV-V-130

DEE’ A(V)11 MV-V-132 MV-V-133 MV-I-68 MV-I-69;MVV-238

-- back together (with P) (as estranged spouses) ’AAZH A(II)4,23 -- into a field (livestock, a melon thief): 1 subject WOD, A(III)46 2 subjects CHAA’, A(Ill)19 3+ subjects JEE’o A(I)21 -- into bed with P NA’g A(Il) -- O up (from bed)

"EEL A(IV)1 ‘IY’ E(2 GIZ F(I)3 N-I-1933 N-IIl-1374

MV-V-131

--O out ---together -- after p about P (behavior) -- along well with each other

-- into one’s clothing (dress) -- into P -- itin for each other -- O from P (by siphoning) --OonP -- O up (sleeping person) -- outofamess -- over an illness -- P on oneself be --ing along be --ting worse help O to -- back up

P --s behind (in work, studies) P --s high-centered P --s S in (his) eye (as a cinder) S --s in P’s eyes ( as smoke) GEIRUPs -- (from a kneeling/reclining position) -- (from bed or from a chair) -- at the break of dawn

ghost

ghost power, P is overcome by Ghost Way giant Giant Yé’ii (of mythology) Giant's Chair, Arizona

30;YA A(I)29 T’E’3 A(II)20 YAA C(I)9 N-Ill-192 JD4 Biv)1 NAs (I)1

MV-V-128 "AAZH A\I)11 LAA’s A(\I)1 T’OODo A(II)8

TA, D(I)2 T’E’3 A(Il)20

YA A(|)44 BOG A(I)1 YA A(I)15

D4 FCI) YAA F(I)1 YA A(V1)5 DO A(1)12 TS'IDo A(I)19 TS'IDo A(I)10 JOOL A(II)1 YA A(Il)19 NA’g A(Il) 56;JEE’o A(I)34 YA A(I)69 N-I-403;N-III1422:3412 TLAHpd A(I)1 N-Il|-2035 N-Ill-4648 N-I-2201 N-I-953;

2085;N-Ill2512 giggle

‘2 A(lN)4

Gila monster

N-I-1563;NII|-3759 N-I-814;1198

gills (of a fish)

GLARES

GIMP

gimp giraffe gird oneself (as with a belt) girded, be GIRL: teenage -warrior ---friend girth (of a saddle) Gishy’s Land (the upper crossing in Navajo Canyon) GIVE: --OtoP -- O back to P -- part of O to P S --s way

S --s way (melts away) (as a pile of dirt)

-- a small quantity of O to P --O a shake (one’s finger or head as a sign of refusal) -- O a turn/whirl -- oneself up -- Padrink of O S --s out on P (as a winded horse) “.-O/P hell”

GIVE UP: (as a job, a habit - quit O): -- O/P:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects P is --en up

gizzard, chicken GLANCE: --atP -- around (in a circle) -- back and forth (trade glances two people) -- up

cast --es here and there

glances off of P,S (as a bullet from a rock)

GLAND: prostate --

inguinal --s glans penis

N-II-3032 N-IIl-4354 ZAS4 A\l)1 ZAS 4B(I)1 N-I-92 N-I-370 N-IlI-615 N-I-94 N-I-338;N-III-27 N-IIl-1880

MV-I-70 MV-I-71 MV-I-72 JOOL A\(\) 16;ZHOOZH A(\)7

glares, S glass (for water, drinking)

MAAZ Fi(Il)1 BAAL Bi(I!)1

A A(IIl)4

N-l-1595;

2281;N-Ill3876;3878

N-I-1457;

glass (as in a window)

1857

N-Ill-4215

glass cutter (tool) GLASSES: -- (for the eyes) -- for distance dark --

N-IlIl-2908 N-Ill-2913 N-II|-2909;

reading -gleams, P glee, with glide

glimpse O

JOOL A(|) 16;YEEZHo A(II)13; ZHOOZH A\I)7 CH’AAL A(1)10

LID D(\)2

glistens, S

glittering, S is glitters, S/P Glittering World (mythology)

globular, S is glossy, S is glottis glove

ZIIDo A(I)9 YA A(1)41 TE’ E(I)1;7/ A(Ill)1;Zif" C(Il)1

N-I-837;

1058;1081 N-Il|-2627

gloves, knitted

N-1l-1779;N-

GLUE:

-- d.p. O onto the surface of P

-- O together/to P

A A(|)5,49; D4 B(Ml)1; LI’ B(Il)1 YA A(\)18,41 ’AAZH A\\) 14,26 KAI B(1)24,36 DEE’ A(V)10 N-Il|-3182

glutton, be a gluttonous, be

glycosuria gnash O (teeth)

GNAT: big --

GHAL4 A(IIl)3 GHAL Ai(lll)1

gray -long-legged -long-lipped -GNAW: -- on O/P

GHAL D(I)1 A A(IIl)35 GHAL B(Il)1

-- (unspecified)

O out (hollow out)

TAAL A(IV)7 N-1-880 N-I-1170

-- a hole in P

N-1-1675

-- around P

N-1-764;

-- into the surface of P

1022;1636

1285

2910 N-Il1-2911 DIfN (1)4 PAR-XII-187 K'|:;MV-VIl; NOOD; MV-VI TSA, A(l)1 CHIt 1 TS JL Bil) CHIt 1;DIIN (1)4;SQS (I)1 N-IIl-3400 JOOL |(I)7 LID D(I)1 N-1-424

825;3234; 4043 JEE’s A(Il)4 JEE’, A(I) 1,5;(lI)1 YAA’ BiIl)2 BID (I)1 N-IIl-2748 K’AAZH E(\)1 N-1-2061;NIIl-4462 N-Ill-4466 N-Ill-4465 N-Ill-4463 N-Ill-4464

GHAZH B(I)7;D(I)1 GHAZH B(I)13 GHAZH B(I)6,10 GHAZH B(I)9 GHAZH B(I)11

GNAW

GO

-- O apart

GHAZH B(I)1,3

--O from P

T’AA’ (I)1

S (arrows/bullets) -- through P

GHAZH B(1)1,3,14 --O out GHAZH B(1)12 -- O to pieces GHAZH B(I)16 -- ON a marrow bone WOL, (I)1 -- the covering off P GHAZH B(I)5 -- through P GHAZH B(I)6 it has been --ed hollow GHAZH B(1)13 S --s into the surface of P, eroding it ZHii’4 A()7 S is --ing along (on O) GHAZH G(I)1,2 start to -- O apart GHAZH B(\)2,4 start to --O in two GHAZH B(|)2,4 start to -- O to pieces GHAZH B(I)15 start to -- on P GHAZH B(1)8:D(I)2 GO (come/arrive): MV-V-134:MV -XI;MV-XII;MVXIll -- about with P (as a gun) YA B(l)1 -- about, here and there TLIZH A(|)23 -- about/along swinging the fists TS’IN» D(!) 1;(II)1 -- after P (attacking) BAA’ A(I)6 -- along beating P with FFO "AH, F(I)1 --O in two

-- and stand beside P (as a post, car)

-- around here and there, sniffing -- as fast as possible (rush) -- away (out of sight) one subject ata time -- everywhere, far and near -- farther than intended -- fast ------

in to see P (as in P’s office) into the ditch with O off and leave P (spouse, pet) out with P (gun, tool) racing away

-- separate ways

-- swiftly -- swiftly about here and there -- to see P (as a doctor) -- touring

-- visiting the neighbors -- wild shopping (buying or wanting everything) be -- ing along swiftly be -- ing to go be --ing along like a fool P -- es under (loses consciousness)

S S S S S S S S

WOD,4A(III)7,25 CHAA’s A(ill)14 JEE’9 A(I)11 "AAD A(I)1 DEE’ C(I)1 Lif A(l)1 TI’4 El) TSIZ B(I)1 Lif A(V)1 DZif A(I1)12 TSOOZ A(|)1,2 TS’AA’ Ci(IIl)1

S --es off (alarm clock) S --s around in circles (the minute hand of a clock) KEEZ S --s back up/down (price, temperature)

S starts to -- back up/down “-- easy on p” GOAT:

angora -breeding -wether/castrated --

YA A(1)25 CHAA’9 BiI)1 ZEE"y B(I)1

male -female -kid --

YA A(l)1 YA A(|)79 YA A(II)9 ZEE’, A(\)1 YA A(\)1 MV-I-73 YA A(I)39 YA A(1)32 TE’ C(l)1 ’AAZH A(I)6 TE’ C(I)1 T'’o A(ll)1; B(I)1 YA A(1)41 YA B(I)1 YA A(|)1

gray -pet --

speckled -spotted -reddish/tannish brown -white --

yellow -black -blue -wild --s

--’s milk --hide lariat

--hide --skin

--skin/hide

--skin carrying basket gob of O (mushy matter), move a GOBBLE: --O down start to --O up be --ing O up Gobernador Knob God god,a God Impersonators God Who Makes a Sucking Sound

YA A(I)75 ZI’ E(il)1 MA’Il (Il)1 MAI (Il)4

Lif’ A(V)1

P is --ing on (as a ceremony, war, rodeo) S “-- es to sleep” (as one’s arm)

(target): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects (level) is --ing down/up -- about here and there -- es away (vanishes) -- es on (activity) -- es out (as a fire) -- es to seed (a plant) --es away (an infection) --es down (deflates)

DEE’ DiII)1 ZIIH B(I)1

1286

A(1)4 "AAD A(|)4;KIDo A(Il)8,12 KIDo A(II)15 KAA "ant

N-I-1700 N-I-1711;NII|-3973 N-I-1788 N-I-1707;NII|-3969 N-I-875:1706 N-I-1708 N-III-3981 N-IIl-3974 N-I-1709 N-Il|-3979 N-IlI-3977 N-Il|-3975 N-III-3976 N-II|-3978 N-II|-3980 N-IIl-3972 N-IlI-39714 N-I-165 N-I-5 N-I-861 N-I-864 N-I-1703 N-I-1704 TLEE’; MV-I

MAL A(I)1 MAL A(I)2 MAL B(I)1 N-I-418 N-IlI-1706 N-I-731 N-Ill-1998 N-II|-2074

GOOD

GOD

god whose Call is “dédi” Gods, Female

Gods, Male goiter goiter, geta

gold gold, pan for goldenrod goldenrod, Vasey rayless goldfinch, Rocky Mountain GOLF: -- course

play--

P is thought of as ---looking

N-I-735 N-I-732 N-I-733 N-Ill-444; 4639

S becomes -S comes to be in -- supply S is in -- supply (abundant)

YA F(\)2

weather is, conditions are --

N-ll-142;N-IIl1006 "EEL A(V)34 N-I-1213 N-I-119;2145 N-Ill-4270 N-Ill-8505 N-III-3506 KAAL C(\)1,2

-- and highly respected man almost as -- as P itis a -- thing have a:-- (enjoyable) time, 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects people (a good time is had)

things are --

goods, soft “goo

te

gone for P, to have (as a doctor,

medicine man)

gong gonorrhea (venereal disease) gonorrhea, P has gonorrhea, P gets

GOOD: be --

a -- time is had

area is --

be -- for nothing be ---looking

be on -- terms with P be pretty -- at doing something become quite -- at a skill conditions are --

conditions are/place is --

get (back) on -- terms with each other have a -- laugh at P have a -- time have a stroke of -- luck make -- time (as in travelling)

P has -- fortune

P P P P

is is is is

---looking having a -- time (with p) in -- condition regaining his -- humor

YA A(\)46 N-1-2236;N-I

goose

\|-709;

goose, white

757;4719 N-Ill-553 Nil’o D(I)1 Nil’o A(l)1

gooseberry goosefoot (plant)

SHO (I)1; T’EEH BiI)1; ZHOQD D(Il)1 DEE’ B(I)1 ZHQOOD D(Il)2 ‘YJD4 F(V)1; SHO (I)1 LIN (I)2;YIS (1)1;ZHOOD D(Ill)1 NI’y B(II)1 YOI3 KAAD A(1)2;B(I)1 ZHOQOD piilj2 TS'ID A(1)1;B(I)3

NI’ A(iI)1,2 DLO’ A\Il)1 YA A(\)15 NI’y A(II)3 DO A(I)18; D(I)3 NI'y Billy2 YIS (I)1 NiIDo B(I)1 TEEH Bi(\)2 ZHOOD C(I)1

goosefoot, white (plant) gopher

gophersnake gorge gorilla goshawk goshawk, western Gospel

GOSSIP: -- sheet be --ing be a-start --

LI Cctil)1 T'EEH A(I)1 Z\ID A(\)1 Z\JD B(I)1 ZHOQOD D(I)1 T’EEH B(I)2 N-Ill-1686 PAR-XII-810 PAR-XIII-13 YA A(l)15 "KAZH A(l)11 KAI B(I)21 DEE’ B(I)1 N-I-2230 ’AA’ B(I)1; CH’AA’ A((l)1 N-IIl-3217; 3218 N-III-1308; 1317 N-Ill-2604 N-I-1959;N-I \l-1370; 4371 N-Ill-4019 N-II|-2993 N-I-557 N-1-1833 N-Il-122;131 N-Ill-1875 N-Ill-1874 N-Ill-1947 N-I-69 N-IlIl-3255 NE’3 C(I)1

Z{f’ D(VIl)1 Ty A(I)21

gotten, O is --

T’E’y A(V)1;

gouge gouge O out gouge P out (as with a chisel)

(VIl)1 N-Ili-4319 ZHIIZH A(V1)1 ZHIIZH A(\)7,8 N-Ill-4107

Goulding’s, Arizona gourd gourd rattle govern government (in general) Government Employees

N-1-12;475;476

Government land Government, Federal Government, Tribal

N-I-18;N-III-105 AC(I)3 N-Il-172 N-Ill-4495 N-I-1114 N-Il-172 N-III-908

GRAB: -O -- at each other

ur ci) Jr ACI)

GRAB

-- at O repeatedly -- at O/P (once)

-- each other and hang on -- each other -- O (animate object) --O and hang on -- O and roll over with it -- O up (against oneself) -- oneself

-- P and run with it -- P by the genitals -- P by the nape of the neck go along --ing at each other make a -- atO make a -- for P make a series of --s atO (with claws/nails) S --s O with teeth/beak Start to -grade school

gradually graduate from school grain, coarsely ground grains, small Grand Canyon, Arizona Grand Falls, Arizona grand-daddy longlegs (spider) grandfather and grandmother, paternal

grandfather, maternal grandmother, maternal grandson granddaughter grandson and granddaughter grandsons and nephews granddaughters and nieces (collectively) grant hyssop (plant)

Grants, New Mexico GRAPE: cultivated --- juice --vine grapefruit GRASP: --O -- O with one’s nails and hang on -- O with teeth/beak -- P (with one’s mind)

GRASS

CHID3 A(!) 8;JI’ A(I)4 CHID3 A(!) 9;JI’ A(I)5 JI Cll) ZIID4 D(II)3 ZIID4 D(I)1 JI’ C(II)3; TSOOD A(III)1 MAAZ A(1)25 ZIID; DiIl)2 JI’ C(N)2; ZIID4 D(Il)1 WOD, Ai(IIl)79 JI’ C(i2 Jc) NIL H(II)1 JV A(I)5: JI’ A(I)2

GRASS:

hedgehog --

tassel/head on -area is covered with --

GRASSHOPPER: big -black -blue/green -crackling -dark brown -glittering -gray -greasy/mouse-gray -muddy/mud-colored -pink --

red -red-legged -sizzling -slender -speckled/freckled -spotted -striped -yellow --

GRATE: --O food --er stop --ing O grateful (for P), be

1777;N-Ill-4029 N-Ill-4025 N-Ill-351;4227 N-III-4744 N-l-1738 N-IIl-4004 N-Ill-4022 N-l-1749;NIll-4032 N-l-1748 ie. One N-Il]-2825 N-II|-2840 N-Il]-2837

~N-III-2830 N-I]]-2827 N-IIl-2842 N-IIl-2829 N-Il]-2833 N-Ill-2838 N-Ill-2831 N-Ill-2828 N-I|]-2834 N-I|]-2826 N-Il|-2832 N-I1|-2841 N-Il|-2843 N-II1-2835 N-IIl-2839 N-IIl-2836

CH'IZH A(1)21 N-IlI-746 CH'IZH A(1)20 Lif ACu2;

E(I)t;:2/f°

gratis

gratitude GRAVE: talk P into the --

--yard

GRAVEL:

TSOOD A(II)4 TS’ D(II)3 TSA’ C(|)1

S is --ed (a road)

TAg A(!)3

TA’ (|)1

N-1-1745;

plumed --es red -rush --

N-I-365 N-Ill-4123 N-IIl-3313 N-Ill-1395 N-IIl-1397 N-III-1396 N-Ill-1395 N-IIl-4470

have O in one’s --

awl --

foxtail --

N-1-1254 N-l-272 N-I-1203 N-I-1254 N-I-1254 N-1-2028 N-I-1904

TS'l’ D(I)15( 11)3;F(1)1

N-1-1729 N-l-1735;NI11-4016

bent -broom --

JP BI) TSA’ C(IIN)2 JP A(I)2 N-II|-3527 PAR-XII-526 TA’s B(I)2 N-III-3735 N-Ill-1375 N-Il]-4422 N-III-39 N-II|-2960

-- with nails:

--es whose seeds fall

P’s voice is --ly gravitational pull on each other, S exert

gravy

1288

C(I)2;D(VI)5 PAR-XII654:771 N-I-30 N-I-838 Tl’p A(Ill)2 N-I-838;N-III2693:2695 N-|-1877;

1886;N-Ill4236;4249 ZIIDp> F(1)1 ZHA’ E(III)2

YAA C(VI) 16,17 N-I-1609

GRAZE

GRAVY

gravy, thick GRAY: be -be --ish be dirty --- area extends horizontally out

N-Ill-642

-- P with a stream (urine, water,

BA’; B(|)1 BA’, B(I)3

musk) -- P with a whiplash be --ed by a projectile

YIN (1)4;(II)1 BA’, B(II)3

-- slope extends up/down

BA’

-- streak runs across

B(II)8,15 BA’; BiIl)12 BA’, B(Il)14

-- strip extends across

-- strip/streak extends away into the distance --streak ends make oneself -S is ---tipped S turns -there are -- streaks there are dabs of -- lying about there there there there there there there there

is a is a is a is a is a is a is a is a there is a

-- area -- circle

-- gray patch/spot -- line -- outcropping/patch -- patch -- slope -- speck/dot/flag descending -- line or strip

turn --

turn O -graying (the putting of ashes on the Scalp Shooter in Enemy Way) Gray God Gray Mountain Wash, Arizona Gray Mountain, Arizona gray rock beaver (beetle) Gray-Mustache GRAZE (eat grass): -- around here and there --onO start to --

--ing (sheep) permit

--ing regulations Grazing Committee GRAZE (with a glancing blow): -- O/P -----

each other (with O) (vehicles) itwith P (a whip) O (with a blunt instrument) O (with a bullet, arrow)

-----

P with O (vehicle) P with a blow (fist, hoof) P with a kick P with a shot

BA’ B(Il)1,5 BA’; B(II)17 BA’y A(lll)1 BA’; B(Il)9 BA’, A(\)1 BA’4 B(Il)4 BA’ B(II)10 BA’; B(I)6 BA’ B(Il)13 BA’; B(I)4 BA’y B(II)16 BA’, B(II)6 BA’; B(1)4,5 BA’, B(II)7 BA’; B(I)2 BA’ B(Il)11 BA’y A(\)2; BA’s A(I)1 BA’, A(\l)1

--ing (barely touching) GREASE:

axle --- (for a wagon axle) -- gun -- O (car) --O apply a --y substance to oneself be --y daub -- on P do a--job get a -> job O/area is --ed P gets a -- job onit smear --onO start to -- P start to put -- on P there is a --y spot GREASEWOOD: black --

gray -Greasewood, Arizona Great Plains great grandfather great grandmother(maternal) great grandmother/grandfather,

N-II1-2255 N-Ill-2072 N-IIl-1784 N-Ill-1783 N-Il1-1194 N-Ill-1478 CHOZH B(I)2 CHOZH A(I)6;C(I)1 CHOZH B(I)1 CHOZH A\(I)3 N-Ill-1075; 1589:3244 N-Il|-689 N-Ill-1590

paternal

great great grandfather (maternal) great great grandmother (maternal) great uncle great aunt, maternal/paternal GREATER:

-- than P slightly -- than P greedily greedy, be greedy, S became GREEN: be -be yellowish--a -- area extends along a -- line ends a -- line extends across a -- line/streak/strip extends

MV-V-135; T'ZH A(\)2 BAAZ A(Il)13 TSXAS A(|)2 T'IZH C(I)1 KAAL4 B(I)2 BAAZ A(II)22 TS'INo A(\)4

downward a -- slope extends up a -- streak/strip extends across

TAAL, A(I)7

DON B(|)1

1289

LIZH A(|)4 TSXAS A(I)2 KAAL BiIl)1 -TA-;POS-63 N-I-830;969; 970;1647; N-IIl-2534;3938 N-Ill-139;4291 N-I-831 N-IIl-869 TLAH3 B(I)1 JEE’3 B(I)1 TLAH3 BiIl)1 YIN (1)1;(11)1 TLAH Bi|)1 TLAH3 B(I)3 JEE’3 B(Il)1 TLAH3 B(I!)3 TLAH3 BiIl)3 TLAH3 B(I)1 JEE’s A(I)3 TLAHs A(I)1 Yip A(U2 N-Ill-1700 N-Ill-1703;2685 N-Ill-1702 N-Ill-1704 N-Il]-1765;1937

N-I-272 N-I-324 N-I-1256 N-|-274 N-I-325 N-I-272 N-I-1203 -LAAH;POS47;PAR-XII33;376 PAR-XII-376 PAR-XII-798 PAR-XIlI591:662 °A (IIl)2;NIID4 B(IV)1 TSOH A(l)2 TL’IIZHe B(I)3,6 TSOII Bi(l)1 TSOII B(II)8 TL'IZHe B(I)12 TL’IZHo B(I)11

TSOII B(II)16 TSOII B(II)9 TSOII B(II)13

GREEN

a -- strip extends up a --line/strip extends across a -- strip extends up

GRIND

TSOI! B(Il)7 TSOIl B(Il)15 TLlZHo BiI)5

--stone --Stone (of the type operated by means of a treadle)

grip on P, lose one’s grip, pistol “griper’, bea gristle grizzly bear groan groan, let outa Groaning Lake, Arizona groceries

a -- strip/streak/stripe extends

away into the distance a a a a

yellow--- line/streak ends yellow--- ridge/strip extends away yellow----strip extends away yellow---meadow extends horizontally out area turns blue--color/dye/paint oneself blue--dye O blue--S S S S S

--s back up (as grass) blooms with a blue--- blossom flashes blue--is ---tipped is --ish

S recover(s) its/their -- color there are yellow--- streaks there is a -- patch there is a -- slope

there there there there

is is is is

a descending -- line/strip a yellow--- circle a yellow---line a-- circle there is a-- speck/dot/spot turn blue--green chile green gentian (plant) Greene rabbit brush

greyhound Greyhound Bus GRIDDLE: -- bread -- cake cook on a stone -grievance against P, geta grill (for cooking)

TLIZHo Bi(|)4 TSOIl BiIl)18 TSO! BiIl)5 TSO! BiIl)1

TSOI! B(Il)3 TtIZHo A(IV)3 TL’IZHo A(VI)1 TtlIZHo A(V)1 Lif’ A(I)4

grocery bag grocery store

TL’IIZHo A(IV)1 TLlIZHo A(IV)2 TtlIZHo B(I)7 THIIZHo BiII)1 TSO! A(1)4,5 TSOII B(II)4 TSOII B(I)6 TSOII B(II)7 TSO B(II)12 TSOI B(II)14 TSOII B(II)17 TtlIZHo B(I)8 Tt’IZH B(I)1 TtlIZHo A(IV)2 N-Ill-468 N-Ill-1185 N-I-57 N-Ill-2688 N-IIl-2688 N-Ill-1064;4230 N-IIl-3045 N-IlI-7 TE Bill) ’A G(Il)1 N-Ill-1064 N-I-292;759

groin, area below the groom (at a wedding) groom oneself GROOVE(S): there is a -- worn around P there is a -Wear a -- around P GROPE: -- about -- around in P (as in a sack) -- around oneself -- around with hands -- for P

-- O to a point --Oup

get a good start --ing O get a good start on the --ing start to --O

start to --O

--er

Nig C(I)1 Nils A(|)1

N-III-634 N-I-393;N-III1408 N-Il|-3237 N-I-394;676; N-Ill-1409 N-I-1008 N-Ill-1683 ZHOO’ BiIl)2 N-IIl-44 ZHAAZH A\()4 DZIS (I)6 ZHAAZH A\(II)4

GHAZ B(I)1 ZIID4 B(I)1 ZIID4 C(I)1 CH'ID A(!) 12;B(I)2 CH'ID A(I)12; ZIID4 B(I)1

ZIIDy A(\)2 ZIID4 A(I)6 ZIID4 A(l)1 down from a height ZIID A(l)1 into an enclosure ZIID4 A(I)1 out horizontally ZIID4 A(1)4 outside ZIID 4A(1)4 through P ZIID4 A(I)3 to P ZIID4 A(I)5 to safety ZIIDy A(I)7 be --ing one’s way around P ZIID 4C(\)2 be going along --ing one’s way ZIID4 C(I)3 come/go/arrive --ing one’s way ZIID4 A(I)5 go away out of sight --ing one’s way ZIID1 A(\)1 grosella N-IIl-2604 grotto N-Ill-4238 grouchy PAR-XII-371 grouchy, be Lif? Ect) GROUND (earth): N-I-1146 animals that live in the -N-I-1356 in the -N-I-1138;1156 into the -N-I-1137 on the -N-I-1147; 1357;1359 around P

as far as a stopping point away and disappear

K’AAZH4

-- O together (teeth)

N-Ill-4194 CHID3 A(I)5 N-Ill-814 LI’ C(V)1 N-I-1416 N-Ill-3641

- one’s Way:

B(I)1;K’AA(II)1; -- O coarsely

N-IIl-691;4071

B(I)1,2 KAAL4 A(1)13; ZIL A(I)1,2; B(I)1 K’AAZH, A(I)5 K’AAZH, E(I)1 K’AAZH, B(I)1 K’A A(I)3

K’A A()4

K’AAZH, A(I)3;K’A A(l)1 K’A A(|)1 N-IIl-746;923

1290

GROWLING

GROUND

onto the -close to/just skimming the -ground cherry (plant) ground tomato grounds (of coffee or tea)

ground meat ground rock (for ceremonial use) GROUP: the main -in a compact --

various ethnic --s grouse GROW: -- and reach a certain stage -- around P -- back (to P) -- into an enclosure -- into P -- into the water -- out horizontally -- through P -- up (to maturity)

be --ing pl S -- around here and there S --s: across among P (as squash among the corn) and winds around P as far as a stopping point away out of sight

N-I-1148;1358 PAR-XII-405 N-Ill-1184 N-Il]-1184 N-I-1652;N-II103 N-Il|-390;391 N-I1l-4241

N-Ill-584 -CHA;POS13 N-I-546 N-I-523 YA A(Il)10 YA A(II)9 YA A(Il)4 YA A(\l)3 YA A(il)1 YA A(Il)10 YA A(II)10 YA A(Il)6 YA A(l)2,5 A G(I)2;J EE’9 A(l)31; Lif A(V)1;YA B(I)1 YA E(\l)1 YA C(\)1 TL’ A(Il)9

YA C(I)2 TL’O Cil)1 TL’O A(Il)5 TL’O A(II)9 TL’O A(II)3; YA A(ll)1 TL’O A(il)1,3 downward from a height TL’ A(Il)3 in under P TL’O A(II)3 into an enclosure TL’O A(Il)7 out horizontally TL’ A(Il)4,6 through P TL’ A(Il)8 up (the side of P) T’A2 C(l)1 S is --ing TL’O E(\)2 S is --ing along (toward P) T’Ao A(\)2,3 S starts to TL’O A(II)2; S starts to -- (along) YA A(\)1;(II)7 ZHIIZH A(II)3 ) quantity S starts to -- (in number, YA A(il)11 S stops --ing N-Ill-3516 --ing end of a plant “ing stone” (a ceremonial object) N-IIl-4101 TSXAAZ4 be fully --n

grown-ups growl (at P)

(1)1 N-lil-3893 NIID4 A(I)5

growling, be Growling God grubbing tool grudge against P, have/get a gruel gruel, thick gruel, thick, made without flavoring, gruff, P’s voice is gruffly grumbling grumpy, be Guadalupe Canyon, New Mexico

guano GUARD:

--P be/sit --ing P guardianship, be under P’s GUESS: -- (right) --P be good at --ing guide for ,actasa guided vehicle (car, motorcycle), drive a/ride in a: guilty, P is found guitar

gullet gully gully, big

NIID4 B(I)6;(I1)4 N-I-736 N-II|-687 ’A G(II)1;NIl’o C(I)2;D(I)2 N-Il-2;N-Ill3735;3860 N-Ill-3725 N-Ill-1853 ZHA’ E(III)2 PAR-VIII; PAR-XII-928 N-I-1434 Lif Ell

N-Ill-4246 N-I-257 N-IIl-1546; 1931;3479

‘1 AW2 MV-XV-12;’

{f'4 Bq) T/ G(l)1 Zif C()2;D(VI)s TAg A(|)4 TAg A(1)2 Nil’g D(l)1

‘1 Es LO’;MV-XIII NID 4 A(Il)4 N-II1-697; 1558;4393 N-1-421;2246 N-1-204;241; N-I1l-1068 N-I-206;243;

N-II|-1200

gully, narrow

N-I-207 5244;

N-IIl-1201

GULP: -- O down: 1 object 2+ objects -- © down one after another

GUM (pitch): blue -bubble -sage ---drops S is --my

gums (of the teeth):

gums, inner side of the GUN:

A A(III)53

NIL A(II)32 NA’ A(I)1 N-1-822;N-III2343 N-II|-2348 N-IIl-2347 N-l-2036 N-Ill-212 JEE’ C(I)1; TL'ING (\)1 N-I-2122; 2129;2130;NI1-4497 N-I-2124 N-III-785

GUN

-- barrel

-- case

-- sights --powder

--sight --stock

have a --fight (with P) gunny sack gurgles (sloshes), S (as liquid in a jug)

gurney GUSH: S --es (up)

HAIR

N-I-2294:N11-805;4746 N-I-2271;N1-804 N-II1-800 N-I-961;N-III790 N-II|-1073 N-I-2014;N1-803 DON C(II)1 N-III-4031 K’OL B(I)1 N-II-2110

-- dryer

-- oil/dressing -- piece -- spray -- tie

--brush --knot --net

--pin area is covered with -artificial --

gut

CHOZH DiI) 2;GHAAZH,4 A(II)2;LIZH A(l)7;Lf A(!) 25;NA’4 A(I) 24;ZI’ A(I)1 GHAAL A(II)10 GHAAL A(II)10 GHAAZH, B(I)1 N-I-395

gut O (as a fish)

Y[2 A(I)30

S’s -- gets thin

guts

N-I-1797 CH’AA’ B(!) 3;LAA’4 A(\) 2;LO’ A(I)45 LO’ A(Il)1; YAA C(Il)1 N-Ill-3786 N-Ill-2731 N-I-1876

spiral pattern of -- (on the head) turquoise --clip underarm --

-- over P come/go --ing out horizontally S is --ing

gyp (P)

gypped, get “gyp” water gypsum gypsum, crystallized

be --y body -leg -nose -P gets a --cut

hack (O) hack O (with a knife)

hacksaw HAIL: --stone

-- damages/ruins O for P -- falls Hail Way Chant

HAIR: --(on the head) -- (hanging over the forehead) -- broom -- clippers

-- comes out leaving a bare spot

N-1-1331 ZHEE’s Bill) 1,3,4 T’'OOD, A(I)9

N-I-685 GIZ H(1)1 T'OOD, A(I)9 N-II1-335 N-Ill-4411

-- moon one ----wit drink -- of O eat -- of O P is ---witted S is -- full HALFWAY: be -- between (2 places) run -- (as halfway up a hill) S reaches the -- mark (as the level of water in a barrel) halitosis hallucinates, P

halo around the sun HALT:

--bring O to a ---come to a --

be --ed with a backpack

walk with --ing steps halter halteron P, puta

1292

N-|-787

P loses --

HALF:

TSEEL A(l)1,16 GHAAL A(II)15 N-IlI-918 N-I-1361 N-I-43 TSEED»o C(I)1 TA3 BiI)1 N-I-1362;NIIl-1984 N-I-1983 N-I-1985 N-I-1514 N-IIl-645 N-IIl-4398 T'OOD, A(\)14

N-1-743;2002:N-

11-4444 N-Ill-4407;4408 N-Ill-4410;4412 TL’O (I)2 N-Ill-4416 ‘IL (I)1;TL’O (1) 1;ZHO, (I)1 N-I-866;1533

pubic --

S (road) is full of --pin turns

EE

N-lll4399;4400 N-Ill4397;4402 N-I-1987;N-I 11-4415 N-Ill-4403 N-I-1991 N-IIl-645;4404

N-I-359;

688;2040 N-I-1383;N-III224 N-Ill-3543 PAR-IV N-I-803 DLAA’ A(I)6 ’AAL A(I)4 GIZ H(I)3 ‘AAD C(I)5 PAR-XII-702 TSOH B(I)3 WOD, A(III)81 ZHIIZH A(II)6 N-Ill-4727 ‘D4 Gl) N-Ill-2371;3626 "AAZH A(1)44; BAAZ A(Il)62, 63;TLAHd A(I)1 YAA Ci(IIl)1 YAA C(IIl)6 JID C(I)1 K'AAZH, A(I)1, 2,4,6;C(1)1;D(I)1 N-Ill-3382;3464 'A A(\)38

HAND

HAM

ham hock hamburger

hames (of a harness) HAMMER: -- (of a firearm) large/sledge --- handle --O start to -- (P) hamper O HAND:

(in the) -the entire -tendon of the -tip end of the -middle of the -palm of the --- bone

bone(s) of the -bones of the upper --- labor by --

by -- (handmade) by -- (manual) -- O down (as in unloading) --OtoP be holding one’s -- up be on --s and knees brush against P with one’s -bump one’s -- against P cross one’s --S cup one’s --s over the eyes do ---trembling at P

end of the -extend one’s -- away out of sight get down on --s and knees

go/be on one’s --s and knees have one’s -- init have one’s --s clasped behind one’s head have one’s --s in one’s pockets heel of the -hold one’s -- in the fire

hold one’s -- over (something, closing it off) hold one’s -- over P’s mouth hold one’s -- over something to block it hold one’s --s in position

N-I-2045 N-III-390; 391;673 N-III-459 N-IlI-775 N-I-802;N-III244:789 N-Ill-776 N-1-2016 TSEED> C(I) TSEEDo A(I)1,2 TL’AHd A(Il)1 N-I-1019;1063; 1065;1082; 1087;2217 N-I-1082 N-1-1525 N-I-1074;2057 N-I-1060;1101 N-I-1062 N-I-1069;1656 N-I-2071;2073 N-I-1075 N-I-1076;2087 N-Ill-1862 PAR-XII-197; 569;788 N-1-2218 N-I-653 MV-1-74 MV-I-75 NII’4 1(1)5 DLOOZH F(I)1 CHID3 A(I)3 CHID3 A(IV)9 CHID3 A(IV)13 NII’y B(II)2 NII’ C(V)1 N-I-1106 NII’y A(V)1 DLOOZH Bi!) 4:YIIZH B(|)1 DLOOZH:MVV;MV-XI NII’4 1(1)2

hold one’s --s to the fire

keep one’s --on P

make O by -make one’s -- tremble move one’s -- about here and there

NIl’y A(V)8 NII’ 1(1)3

NII’ 1(1)3

NII’ 1(1)2

B(I)2 1(1)1 C(Ill)1 C(V)1

NII’ C(V)1 A(IV)12

CHID3 move one’s -- up out perform a ---trembling ceremony over P_

NIl’y

place one’s --on P place one’s --s on one’s hips place/put down one’s --(s) press on P with one’s -pull in one’s --s

c(v)1 CHID3 A(IV)3 NII’, A(V)9 CHID3 A(IV)13 NII’4 I(1)1 CHID3 A(IV)13

put one’s --(s): into P’s mouth over P’s mouth through P down on P onP put one’s arm and -- down raise one’s -reach out and place one's -reach with/extend one’s -rub one’s --s together shake --s (with P) shake P’s -slip one’s -- out of P start to ---tremble

CHID3 A(IV)8 NII’y A(V)8 CHID3 A(IV)4,7 CHID3 A(IV)13 NII’ B(II)1 NII’y A(V)13 NII’4 B(IN)2,3 CHID3 A(IV)10 CHID3 A(IV)9 NII’4 E(ll)4 NII’y A(V)9 Nil’y A(V)9 CHID3 A(IV)12 CHID3 A(IV)12

stick one’s --: into an enclosure into P

into P and get it stuck into P’s mouth into P’s pocket into the fire into the dirt or ashes into the water

Hand Trembling Branch of the Life Way Hand Trembling ceremony, one who performs the

NII’ (()2 NII’4 (I)2 N-I-1068 NII’4 (2

NII’4 NII’4 YAA NII’,

Hand Trembling Way Hand-Trembler hand-trembling (a diagnostic and divining ceremony) hand-me-down (clothes) handbag handcuff P handcuffs handcuffs off P, take the handicapped (by P), be

CHID3 A(IV)1; NII’y A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)9; NII’y A(V)9 NII’y A(V)10 NII’y A(V)6 NII’y A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)9; NII’y A(V)11 NII’y A(V)9 CHIDg A(IV)9; NII’y A(V)9 N-Il]-2025 N-IIl-3015 N-Il]-2014 N-III-3484

N-Il|-3507 N-1-627 N-I-2273 NIL A(I)61 N-Il]-2647 NIL A(II)28 TL’AHo B(I)1

HANDKERCHIEF

handkerchief

HANDLE: curved --- (ON a cup) -- (on a tool or vessel) carry O by the --:

HANDLE: --O: -- (P) with care -- O (tractor) handsome, P is handsome, P is thought of as handspring, turn a HANG: --O: by a looped cord, handle from P on P (3+ strings of beads, as on the wall)

HANG

N-Ill-3354

motionless in the air (a cloud, balloon) onto the teat

N-Ill-625 N-I-1532 N-1-2011 CH’AAL;LO’; MV-III MV-I NAg (II) 1;ZID D(I)1 CH'ID B(I)1 LIN (I)2;YIS (1)1 LI’ Cciil)1 TLEE’ B(I)1 CH’AAL;MV-X MV-I-76 LO’ A(I)43 CHAAL A(I)8

over an opening static (as fog) S is --ing up on P (as a towel)

S is in position --ing

HANG AROUND (loitering, dilly-dallying): 1 subject YA B(II)6 2 subjects "AAZH BiIII)3 3+ subjects KAI C(III)1 S with 1 companion *AAZH BiIII)3 S with 2+ companions KAI C(IIl)1

HANG-GLIDER: ride ona

--

P is riding along ona -P is soaring to and fro ona hangover, get a/have a Hano, Arizona haphazardly HAPPEN: S --s (event)

up onP

JEE’y B(I)5 MV-I-77 BAAL A(II)8 MV-I-78

up suspended (by a cord)

CH’AAL A(I)8

S --s (thus)

TIID BiI)1 TID A(I)2 BAAL A(II)6

S --s like that

up up (as a dress)

-----

back out of shyness back d.p. O (as clothes) in a fleecy line (a cloud, a wisp of smoke) -- O (a criminal) -- from P (suspended) -- oneself (committing suicide by hanging)

LO’ A(II)2

(hummingbird, moon) foul odor --s in the air out (dangling) S -- down (as icicles) S -- down ina row S --s curtainlike S --s in the air (a cloud) S --s around P’s neck suspended

dangling down

stationary (cloud, snow, blizzard) over P (as over a limb) dangling (a massive object) flapping (as a flag in the breeze)

TAY Fi(I)1 CH’AAL B(I)1 MV-I-82 ZA’, B(I)2

--

S --s like this S is --ing something terrible --s/--ed itis --ing

TSOOZ G(I)1 LO’ A(1)43;T’E’3 A(II)15 CHAAL A(II)9

-- poised in midair

it --s this way

HAPPY: make O --ily --iness striking a -- medium P becomes/is --

KAAL C(I)3

BAAL F(I)4 GIZH Fi(II)1; TSXAAZ» A(I)5 MV-I-79 MV-I-80 MV-1-84 MV-I-81;DEEL4 A(\)20; KAAD H(II)6

DO B(I)1 T’OODo BiI)1 BAAL F(I)2 GO’ E(1)2 TSOOZ Gi(III)5 BAAL F(I)1

harbor

HARD

CH’AAL:MVX;K’} B(I)1,2 K’| C(1)1,2 K’] C(I)3,4 LA A(!)23;B(1)1 N-I-1314 PAR-XII-667

D4 G(I)1,2; YAA A(I)5 ‘ID4C(I)1;YAA A(II)2,4 D4 C(I)3;G(I) 1:YAA A(II)4 D4 C(I)2;G(IN3 D4 Fily2 ‘YD C(1)1;G(1)1

YAA F(I)2 YAA A(1)4

ZHOOD A\(III)2 PAR-XII-318 N-Ill-2188 PAR-XII-869 ZOLI (II)2; ZHOQOD A(|)3;D(I)1 N-Ill-4306;4311

(firm):

S is -area is --

-- goods -- hat

-- lump forms (as a breast tumor, cyst)

MV-IV-56 MV-I-83 ZHOOD F(I)4

--enO --en oneself (by exercise) become --ened begin to get -get

KAAD B(!)1

pack O --

TLS B(I)1; TS'IN4 B(I)2 TES B(I)2 N-IIl-3508 N-Ill-1336 TS'IDo A(I)30 TLS A(II)1,4 TLS A(III)1 CH'lIZH D(I)1 TL'IS A(I)1 TS’INy A(I)1 TLS A(II)3

HAT

HARD

S --ens S has become -S is/nas become ---boiled S/area becomes

--

start to --en O

start to --en oneself (by exercise) start to --en Hard Flint Boys (mythology) Hard Flint Girls (mythology).

Hard Flint Man (mythology) Hard Flint Woman (mythology) Hard Rock, Arizona

HARD (difficult): give P a -- time have a -- time P has --ship there is --ship “.. to beat” be -- to beat area is -- to reach itis -- to do P is -- to acquire play -- to get

HARD (diligently): hardly ever HARM: -- oneself --P do --toO --ful thing/substance (as drugs, liquor) S is --ful HARMONIOUS: conditions become --

conditions are becoming -- again --ly

HARMONY: there is things revert to a state of -universal --(ceremonial term) harness (n.) harps on S, P harrow

harrow (a field) harshly HAT: -- (of wildcat skin/fur) beaverskin -fuzzy --

K’JHo A(!)1; TLS A(I)3 TS’INy B(I)2 BEEZH, C(\)1; TE C(l)1 TLS A(I)2,3 TENS A(II)1 TLS A(III)2 TLS A(I)1; N-Ill-1019 N-IIl-1020 N-II-1021 N-IIl-1018 N-Ill-4100 NAA’o B(II)2 NAA’s B(I)2; Nil’g B(Il)1 NAA’o BiI)2 Nil’g B(ll)1 PAR-XII-179 T’E’4 C(ll)1; TS'(D B(l)1 TL’AHo B(I)1 TL’AHo B(I)1 CH)’ (I)2 CH{y B(III)2 PAR-XII-303; 802;901 PAR-XII-379 N-Ill-336 YAA C(V1)214 NE’; A(l)2 YAA C(I)2 N-Ill-337 "\JD4 G(IV)1; YAA Ci(l)2

hard --

straw --

large round ---band have a -- like put one’s -- on backwards hatch O (an egg) hatches, S (bird, turtle) hatchet HATE: -O -- each other be --ed come to --O hatred, have a mutual haughty, be

haul O (LBP) haul O up/out suspended (bucket from a well) haul, to have made a (as a trucker) haunches, be sitting/squatting on one’s

haunches, sneak squatting around on one’s Havasupai HAVE: -- an ample supply of P -- itin forO -- itin mind to go -- O on (be wearing O - as a skirt) --O on one’s person -- something and refuse to share it --ing the nerve to (do something risky) HAWK:

ZHOQD A(I)3 ZHOOD C(I)1 PAR-XII318;640 ZHOQD D(!)1 ZHOQD Ai(II)1 N-Ill-1076 N-IIl-175 "A H(I)1 N-Ill-1715174 ZHOOD Bi(II)2 PAR-XII-251 N-I-352 N-1-353;1261 N-I-347 N-I-348

-- (Cooper’s, sparrow, chicken) blue -chicken -desert sparrow -marsh -western red-tailed -yellow-tailed --

HAY: -- bale bale of --- barn/shed -- fork -- baler -- baler/compressor do the -- baling Haystacks (rock formations near Window Rock, Arizona)

N-I-350;N-III1336 N-I-349 N-Ill-1335 N-Ill-1333 CH’AH ()2 CH’AH (I)1 DEEL, Ci(Il)1 DEEL, C(I)1,2 N-IIl-4200 LAA’s B(I)1 LAA’s BiIl)1 D|JD C(ill)1 LAA’s A(I)1 LAA’s Bill)1 NIID4 B(III)3 Y{2;MV-I

CH’AAL A(1)6,7 Yfo B(I)2 CHI’ B(1)1;u{[D D(I)1

CHI’ A(|)1 N-II-108 LA’ A(\)1 LAA’s B(I)1 KEEZ A(I)1 KAAD H(Il)3; TE’; C(V)1 TSOOZ GiIIl)1

"A’ D(II)1

PAR-XII-586 N-I-664;N-lIll356 N-1-596 N-ill-1876 N-Ill-4394 N-IIl-1875 N-Ill-1404 N-Il1-357 N-II1-358;376 N-I-1729 N-IIl-4008 N-Ill-4021 N-I-1730 N-IIl-4005 N-IIl-4006 N-Ill-761 JIZH B()2 N-Ill-4222

HAZE

HEAD

--ache --ache medicine --band --gate -- man -- to feet -- to tail over P’s -from -- to toe (all over) -- down -- P (in a certain direction) -- P homeward bang --s together repeatedly 2S bang O’s -- against P repeatedly bang O’s --s together one time

N-IlI-2113; 2888:3358 N-III-2884 TLIZH» B(I)6 N-III-3359 YA’ B(I)1 PAR-I PAR-XII-795 N-I-1983; 1993;2076 N-I-1996;2093 N-I-809 N-1-1990 N-I-2076 N-I-1734 N-I-2004:2284 N-I-2004 N-I-346 N-II-1339 N-I-2009;N-III4421:4431 N-IlI-4436 N-III-4437 N-II-393:4430 N-II1-3811 N-III-3319 PAR-XII-334 PAR-XII-44:49 PAR-XII-864 Z)’ DiI) PAR-XII-242 NIl’s A(1)2 Nil’g A(I)2 NE’p DiIl)1 NE’s D(I)2 NE’p E(II)1

bang O’s --s together repeatedly {©}

NE’s D(\)1

HAZE:

blue -there is a blue ---iness be --y in one’s mind about P, be he he alone

HEAD:

back of the -side of the -top of the --- bone

-- (of a piece of grass) -- basket tumpline for the -- basket --gear elastic --gear -- rest

bang one’s -- against repeatedly be the family -bump --s together one bump O’s -- against P bump one’s -- against fall and hit one’s --

P

NE’s DiIl)2 'EEZH E(II)2 time -2S NE’o E(III)1 one time NE’o E(II)2 P one time NE’o E(III)2 GO’ C()4 get a (running) -- start WOD, A(III)54 go -- over heels TLEE’ BiI)1 go about with one‘s -- hanging JOOL B(IV)1 go to and fro swaying one’s -’A D(II)5 have a -- like TSII (Il)1 have a large -TSI (1)1 have one‘s -- stuck out (a hole, window) have one’s -- in position

’A H(II)6 ’A H(II)1

have one’s -- stuck away out of sight have one’s -- stuck through P

’A H(II)2 "A H(II)4,5

hold one’s -- up out (as froma hole) hold one’s -- up (proudly)

jerk one’s -- about looking lay one’s --on P move one‘s -- and get it caught move one’s --into a slanting position put on a --band

’A H(II)7;D(1)6 A D(IN)6 NE’s B(I)1 A A(III)19 ’A A(III)27

A A(Ill)28 T1’4 D(IN)7

put one’s -- down A A(II)46 raise one’s -- slowly ’A A(I)35 ram one’s -- through P (as a windshield) NE’

S has a --ache

S/P gets a --ache stick one’s -- (slowly): away (out of sight) in under P into an enclosure into P into P’s mouth into the fire out

through P up up out

stick one’s -- (quickly): away (out of sight) horizontally out in under P into an enclosure into P into the fire into the water throughP up out

thump --s together repeatedly (as 2 rams) thump one’s -- against P repeatedly turn one’s -- away from P Head of the Branch of Education HEADWAY, make: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects heal, S (lesion) begins to heald stick (on a loom), lower heald stick on a loom, upper heald sticks

heals, S (boil, lesion) HEALTH: good --- diet oe |

A(IIl)2 Nil’o D(I)2 GAII A(IV)1; Nil’o A(I)2 A A(III)14 A A(III)14 A A(III)14

A A(III)40 NE’s A(III)4 ’A A(III)30 A A(II)26 A A(II1)22,23 A A(III)35 TS’OOD A(I)9

NE’s A(III)1 NE’ A(III)5 NE’ A(III)1 NE’s A(Il)1 NE’ A(III)8 NE’p A(III)6 NE’s A(III)8 NE’s A(III)3 NE’o A(III)7 NE’ D(Il)1

NE’o DiII)2 "A C(IN)2 N-Il|-3322 YA A(1)41,65

’KAZH A(I)26,43 KAI B(1)36,58 D2if A(I)13 N-Ill-658 N-III-51 N-Ill-2253 DZil’ A(I)12,13 N-I-1467 N-I-239 N-Ill-1415 N-I-1467

HEAT

HEALTH

be --y be in good

--

recover/regain one’s --

restore O to --

--ily HEAP:

Lif? Ec) N-I-1554;T’E’y C(Il)1 DID A(IV)4;Li?’

administer -- treatment

A(l)13(11)4;

P is/are suffering from --: 1 subject 2+ subjects

T’EEH Bi(!)1 YA A(VI)2 PAR-XII-171

S lies in a loose --

DAAZ A(|)12; TLEE’ A(Ill)1 °K (\)24; K’AAZH4 G(I)1 A (|)37

there is a --

K'ID 15

S falls into a -S lies in a --

HEAR: -- about P

NII’4 B(I)1; C(I)1,3

--O

TS’AA’

-- each other --ing is poor be able to -be losing one’s --ing heard, S is heard, without being HEART:

--, liver, and lungs hailstone -- (ceremonial term) blood vessels of the ---burn break P’s -S has --burn S is ---shaped P is ---broken

P becomes --broken --breaking(ly) HEARTS (in cards): jack of --s king of --s queen of -HEAT: --er (as for a room) --er fan car --er electric --er -- treatment (therapeutic) -- waves --O -- O/ area very hot -- comes out a -- wave comes/goes/moves

-- waves are rising -- waves rise (shimmering) -- waves shimmer

C(I) 1;E(1)1 TS’AA’ E(II)3 TS’AA’ E(\)2 TS’AA’ E(I)2 Lif? D(I)1 TS’AA’ E(IV)1 PAR-XII-623 N-I-815;818;NIIl-2332 N-I-815 N-1-44 N-I-820 N-II|-453 ’A GiIl)1 LID B(I)2 NEEZ A(\)4 Yf4 Bul) "A G(I)1

PAR-XII-806 N-II-20;107 N-II-165 N-Il-184 N-II-120 N-Ill-1908;2916 N-Ill-692;693 N-IIl-3096 N-IIl-1266 N-II|-3096 N-Ill-431;432 N-Ill-1896 DOI A(II)4 GAII A(V)1,4 ZIIL B(l)1 NII’ A(\)5 K’OL C(|)2 NOOD C(I)2 NAAD4 A(I)3

apply -- to P come into -- (female)

P dies of --

P P P P

gives off -has a --stroke is overcome by -starts to suffer from the --

start to --O start to -- P

they die of -heaven (Christian usage) heavens, center of the heavily HEAVY: be -be as --as P be comparatively -be equally -be less -- than P be this -be very -S starts to become --

HEAVY be be be

SET: comparatively -equally -this --

heckle P hedgehog grass heed heed, give heel heel area on the sole of the foot height as P, be the same height, reach a certain

heinous held back, be

GHAAZH4 A(ll)1 DOI! A(|I)1 CHA’, A(\I)1 Y{q A(\)1 GHAA’, A(1)3 YA BiIll)1 DOI A(IIl)2 DOI A(iI|)3 DOI A\(|Il)3 Y}y A(!)1 GAII A(V)2 DOI A(iI)2 DIJD A(tl)1 N-1-2159 N-1-2155 PAR-XII-303 DAAZ C(I)1; TSOH A(I)3 DAAZ C(l)1 DAAZ C(Il)2 DAAZ C(Il)1 DAAZ C(\l)2 DAAZ Ci(\l)2 DAAZ C(Il)1,3 TSOH A\(I)1 PAR-VIII DifLo (IN)1 DifLo (1)1 DffLo (1)3,5 DLAAD A\(II)3 N-I-1738 D4 A(IV)I D4 E(I)5 N-I-915 N-Ill-2432 TSOH Bi(|)2 NEEZ A(II)4 PAR-XII-731 TL’AHo A(I) 1;B(I)1

held out of reach, O is helicopter HERE raise --

be raising -give P --

hello helmet

REP: -- O back up:

Zi D(xXl)3 N-Ill-1281 N-I-404;406 BAA’ A(!)1 YA D(ill)2 LA B(I)1;TE’ E(I)1; T{AC(Ill) 1;TLAH, A(Ill)2 T’EEH Bil)1 N-I-350;N-III1336 N-Ill-141;142

HELP

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

-- P: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects ask for -- from O become P’s --er S is a -- to P (as an education) self --

--er to the medicine man HELPMATE: be --s be P’s -become --s

hem hematite hemoglobin hemorrhage

hen

henhouse

her PAR-I HERB: --S (for vegetable dye) --§ (used for smoke therapy). lightning --s willow --- peddler HERBAL: -- infusion (used ceremonially) -- medicine --ist

HERD

YA A(V1)5 ’*AAZH A(IV)1 KAI B(II)2

WOD, A(ill)1 CHAA, A(III)5 JEE’o A(I)1 T1’4 A(I)27 NI’4 A(1)1; (11)1;B(I)1 DO B(I|)2 N-III-57 N-II|-2052 N-Ill-1463 NI’ B(II)1 NI’4 Bill) NI’y A(II)13CH’O;POS-18 N-II|-3917 N-Ill-1299 N-IlI-1644 N-1-532;L{ A(I) 10, 15;N-III1649:1669 N-I-1305 N-I-1304

-- arrive --ing O --O: across (as across a road) as far as (a stopping point)

aside, out away and away from away from

of the way get rid of them fire or water P

away out of sight back and forth (to and from a place) down from a height into a corner into an enclosure (as acorral) into P (as a truck)

off oneself (as a pack of dogs) out horizontally out of view (concealed)

N-I-112 N-IIl-1368 N-IIl-428 N-Ill-4340 N-|-382 N-Ill-523

out vertically (up out, as from a pit) over an edge and down (as over a cliff) part of O out past P through P (a fence) through P (a gate)

N-I-919 N-IIl-4729 N-IlI-485;

to (a designated destination) to P (a recipient) to town (to market)

522;523

specialist in -- medicine herbivores herbivorous animals HERD: --(of horses) --er

--ing -- moves

be P’s --er do the --ing for P to have --ed to a place and back

N-Il]-485 N-III-3212 N-II]-3212

N-I-1173 N-II|-3029 N-II|-3027 TEEL B(I)13;C(I)1 KAAD BiIIl)2 KAAD BiII!)2 KAAD Bi(II)1,2

-- (unspecified O - a group

of animals) -- around here and there

-- around P (as a hill)

YOOD BiII)2 KAAD A(V1) 34,35 KAAD A(VI) 11,12

to water

together (concentrating a herd)

KAAD A(V1)8,27 KAAD A(V1)32 KAAD A(V1)32,33 KAAD A(V1)7 KAAD A(V1)7 KAAD A(V1)36 KAAD A(V1)15,16 KAAD A(V1)7

KAAD A(VI1)5,6 KAAD A(V1)1,7 KAAD A(V1)37 KAAD _ A(V1)7,25 KAAD

A(V1)8,28 .KAAD A(VII)1 KAAD A(V1)18,19 KAAD A(V1)8,28 KAAD A(V1)22

KAAD A(V1)18 KAAD A(V1)9 KAAD A(V1)17 KAAD A(V1)10 KAAD A(V1)13,14 KAAD A(V1)27 KAAD A(V1)27 KAAD

A(V1)8,28 KAAD A(V1)8,28 KAAD A(V1)4,27

up (climbing - as up a mountainside)

KAAD

A(V1)23,24 be on the way --ing O KAAD A(V1)2,20 conceal O (a herd) by --ing it KAAD A(V1)8 just get a good start --ing (a herd) KAAD A(V1)29 remove part of P (as a herd) KAAD A(V1)9 start for home --ing O KAAD A(V1)30,31 start to -- along (Progressive) KAAD A(V1)20 HERE: PAR-VII;PARXII-133;339; 358;359;360;

362;363 -- and there

MV-III-31;MV-V-

HIDE

HERE

14;MV-VI-32;

-- (at) -- (over) -- again -- inside --about(s) heretics hernia

heron, blue

heron’s bill (plant) hers herself

HESITANT: be -be -- in one’s speech

become -- (about P) --ly hesitation, without

hew O

hex O/P

hexagon hexing P, go about hibernating quarters, bear’s hibernating, S is hibernation hiccups, have _ hidden, be (from P) hidden, have O (from P) HIDE (conceal): -- (oneself)

-- O (from P) --ing place --the ball (Moccasin Game) be in --ing go into --ing HIDE (pelt): -- (of animal or human) buffalo -cured -dried -dried up cow --

MV-VIII-31;MVIX-27;MV-X29;MV-XI-20; MV-XII-37;MVXIII-38;MV-XIV20;PAR-XII24;391 PAR-XII-342 PAR-XII-188 PAR-XII-424 PAR-XII-355 PAR-VII;PARXII-358 N-Ill-1729 N-Ill-1910 N-I-754;N-III3692;3882 N-I-597 PAR-I PAR-I

-- scraper -- scraper (metal) HIGH: -- as a horse’s belly -- place

-- point

-- water subsides be ---priced be equally -be this -charge -- fees live -- on the hog (opulently) -- blood pressure -- center (in a dirt road) -- school

Up -very/extremely -(at) the very --est point only the --lights in a ---pitched voice

HIGH-CENTERED: P (passenger) gets -- in S (a car) S (a car) gets -the road is -HIGHLIGHTS: give p the -- (regarding P) P is given the --

A C(I)4;Lif’

E(itl)1 TI's Bil)1 TID A(I)1 PAR-XII-784 PAR-XII-634 TSEEL A(I)16 GAAZH E(1)1; Z(f A(INI)1; D(Ix)1 N-Ill-1954 GAAZH C(I)1 N-Ill-182 K'AAZHp B(I)1 N-II|-2936 NA’s A(III)3

HIGHWAY: paved --- patrolman

HIJACK: -- O (a truckload) -- O (P’s plane) -- O from P HILL:

-- (obs.) on the other side of the --

‘ff’ Eq

over the --

a

‘Wo Eq a -- extends: along to a point away from P into an enclosure out horizontally up and back a -- slopes downward a -- terminates S is surrounded by --s there is a circular -two --s fork/separate two --s join/converge a long -- stretches downward from a height --side

DEE’ A(V)8;'{f’o A(V)1;YA

A(\)80 ‘I’2 A(V)1,2 N-1-1408 A A(\)88

‘i-=0)

DEE’ A(V)8;'{J’o A(IV)1 N-I-852 N-I-109 N-1-34 N-II|-308;3583 N-Il|-667

him himself

1299

N-Ill-759 N-II|-928

N-I-250 N-I-1010 N-I-1009 GO’ A(|)1 D4 D(INl)1 NEEZ A(Il)1 NEEZ A\(II)3 D4 D(INI)1 JD4 D(IV)1 N-Il1-1663 N-Ill-2722 N-IIl-3525;3526

PAR-XII-871 PAR-XII-302 N-III-93 PAR-XII-807 PAR-XII-927 TS'IDo A(I)19 TS'IDo A(I)19 TIIN 20 N-I11-94;254 NE’s B(I)3 NE’ BiIl)2 N-I-1565 N-I11-342 N-IIl-3588;3589 Y{oA(II)14 TA’ A(\l)2 Yfo A(II)14 N-Ill-4671 N-I-1452 PAR-XII-238; 245;246 PAR-XII239;874 K'ID K'ID K'ID K'ID K'ID K'ID K'ID K'ID KID KID KID

9 7 1 8 11 16 13 6 3 5 4

K'ID 1,2 N-1-1257 PAR-| PAR-|

HIND

hind leg (quadruped) hind leg tendon (quadrupeds) hind one, the hinder O

hinge hinterland HIP(S);: pain in the ---bone

upper crest of the --bone “hippie” hippopotamus hire O his

hisses, S (green wood in a fire) HIT:

-- P (colliding) S--s P -- O (marble) -- O one time/repeatedly: with a fist with a club with a hammer with a whip

with a FFO (as a towel) with a SRO (as a rock, hammer

with a SFO (belt, chain) with the hand (slap)

-----

O in the groin with a fist O in the groin with a club O repeatedly (shinny ball) one’s foot against P

-- oneself a single blow with a SRO (as with a rock) -- oneself one time with a club -- oneself with a fist -- P; with a club with a fist

with a lashing motion with a SRO dropped (as from a plane) with O (wig, blanket) with a hand (slap) with a FFO (a towel)

HIT

N-I-799 N-1-2059 PAR-II Tt’AHp A(II)1 N-Ill-1552 N-II|-2466 N-I-990;992; 1007;N-IIl-2536 N-Ill-2537 N-I-990 N-I-1007 N-Ill-4445 N-IlI-3744 KAN A(I)1 PAR-| ZHil’o (I)1

-- p with P (a whip) -- the ground or water (as with a shoe) P --s p in S (vehicle), P -- or miss “. Pup”

“-- the deck” HITCH: --O to P: 1 object (horse) plural objects (team) --ed to hither

hives appear onS hoarder, be a hoarse, P’s voice is

MV-VIII-32;MVX-30;MV-XII 38;MV-XIII-39 TAAL E(IV)2 TAZH E(I)1

hoarsely hoarseness

TSXAS A(I)3

NE’ A()40 GO’ C(I)3 PAR-XII-581 KEED, A(II)2 JAH A(|)1 T{A(IIl)20

NIL A(1)37 -GHAAH;POS28 PAR-XII-133 KIIZH A(I)1 NIID4 B(IV)1 CH'IJDy (1)1; ZHA’ E(II)2 PAR-XII-928 N-Ill-4749

HOBBLE: -- (for a horse) --P

N-I-922;1176 TL’O BiI)3 -- (hop, skip) CHA’4;MV-VI -- as far as a stopping point GHANpd A(III)10 -- away (out of sight) GHANpd A(ill)2 come --ing back to P GHANp A(III)8 come --ing down GHANp A(III)1 come --ing up out GHANp A(III)6 go --ing about GHANp BiII)1 across GHANp A(III)10 along GHANpd C(I)1 around P GHANb» A(III)4 into P GHANp A(II)7 into the water GHANp Ai(II)7 through P GHANp A(III)3,5 to P GHANp A(III)8 go/come --ing down from a height GHANp A(III)2 start off --ing GHANp A(III)9 hobo N-Ill-2943 hobo, bea JID BI)2

TS’INo A(I)9; C(Il)1 GHAAL A(II)23; C(Il)1 TSEEDp C(I) 1;D(1)1 TSXAS A(I)6; C(II)1 "AH, A(1)20; C(Il)1 NE’s A(I)45; DiIil)1 DEEL, A(Il)13; EI) KAAD A(1)20; C(IIl)1 TS’INo A(I)10 GHAAL A(II)24 KAAL4 D(I)1 TAAL, A(|)4

HOCK: -- (of an animal) goat’s -ham -HOE: -- made from deer/elk bone -- (with a toy hoe) -- an area -- around P hog’s potato hog-tie O HOGAN:

NE’ A(Il)3 GHAAL Ai(III)3 TS’INo A(Il)2

GHAAL A\(II)11 TS’INo A(I)6 TSXAS A(I)3 NE’o A(I)33 JOOL A(III)35; TLEE’ A(I)34 KAAD A(I)14 "AH, A(I)9

abandoned/deserted ceremonial --

1300

--

N-I-2043 N-I-2044 N-1-2045 N-II|-680;687 N-Ill-84 TIZH B(I)2 GEED C(I)2 GEED C(I)3 N-I-52 ’A A(1)23 N-I-670;N-III2133 N-I-672;671;NI-2145 N-I1-2135

HOLD

HOGAN

conical/forked pole -cribbed log/“woven’” -piled log -plank --

up (in the air)

N-IIl|-205 N-Ill-2144 N-Ill-4342 N-I-682;N-Ill4347 N-I1l-2141;2142 N-IIl-2136 N-1-681;1817;N-

round -stacked log -stone --

up and wave O up supporting O (as a ladder) -- one’s arm outstretched

-- one’s breath -- one’s feet outstretched -- one’s feet to the fire

\l-4070;4187

vertical walled -doorposts of a --

N-Il-2134 N-IIl-1350

north main pole of a --

N-II|-2786

front corner/west base ofa -- is under construction -- consecration -- consecration/blessing build a -build a conical -start to build a --

--

HOGAN TO HOGAN, go from (visiting):

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

Hogan Blessing Ceremony hogback Hogback (near Fruitland, New Mexico) Holbrook, Arizona HOLD: -- (onto) O

-- an event, ceremony

N-IIl-3459 BU’ BiIl)1 N-Ill-2143 N-Ill-2138 BU’ B(|)1 TSI A(l)3 BY A(I)1;TL'IN 4 A(l\)16

-- onto one’s own throat -- P back

-----

YA B(l)1 "KAZH A(\)36

-- various Official offices and positions be --ing O: an animal S is leading against one’s breast stretched taut (as a robin with a worm) up (fire/torch) up curtainlike up (by a handle/cord - bucket)

JI’ D(I)1;TA’ (I) 1;TSA’ E(I)1; TSOOD A(ll)4;TS'’ F(|)1 "A H(IV)1 Lif’ A(IV)1

KEEZ B(I)1

-- O (mouth) shut

TSOOD A\(IV)2

P by the throat P down P in low esteem P up (rob P)

-- P up in the air -- up one’s foot/feet -- up one’s thumb/arm

KAI B(|)47

N-II|-2137 N-Ill-4242 N-Ill-4223;4224 N-I-1643

-- an opinion --O: against P

-- one’s hand over (something, closing it off) -- one’s head on/against P -- one’s head over P -- one’s head up -- onto O prolongedly

up (in the air)

back

1; TA’ (Ill) TSOOD Ai(|l)2 TL’AHo AiIl)1

by pinching it with the nails

Hisoeie tein

up (in a reclining position,) up (in a sitting position) up (in a standing position)

down

Z{f D(X)3

be --ing one’s hand up

grasped between the nails

TS’ Fi(l)1

GEEZH Bi(|)1 ZO’ C(|)1 MV-I-173 JID C(I)1

be --ing P’s hand be --ing up food be a --er (of a parturient) be able to -- one’s own have -- of O in teeth/beak have -- of O

open

Z{f' D(X)3

have -- of one’s own throat

stationary(unfluctuating - speed, temperature)

KID» E(l)1

have -- of P by the throat have --of each other i/S --s out (impersonal it)

taut (wire, rope) together

E(il)1;TS! G(ll)1 DOOD E(l)2 TSOOD Ai(Il)1

in a leaning position in one’s gaze in one’s mouth (food, liquid) in readiness (store O) on one’s back (a pack)

straight out (arm, finger, pole)

up (as one’s trousers)

Z{f’ D(X)3

—_’A(II)17;D0OD

P gets -- of himself P --s S in high esteem S --s P back

z{f' D(X)3

1301

MV-I-85; CH’AAL Bi(I)1; C(I)1;Z{f’ D(X)3 MV-I-86 KAAL A(I)1 NII’, 1(1)4 Z{f’ D(X)3 'EEZ I(II)3 'EEZ A(IV)8 NII’4 A(V)8 "A H(II)3 ’A D(IIN6 ’A D(II)6 TSA’ C(IIl)2; TSOOD A\((Il)1 TA’ (II)2 TA’ (1)1 TA’ (N2 NII’4 1(1)1 KEEZ B(I)1 LA’ A(II)9,10 MV-I-85 "EEZ H(I)1 NII’ H(1)1

TLIZH A(I)23 LOOZ C(I)1 TA’ ({Il)1

TS’OOD DiIl)1 "A D(III)2 BAAL F(Il)1 CH’AAL C(I)1; LO’ E(!)1 ’A (\I)22;MV-I-

85 Ti Gill) DA Filll)1

ZI’ D(IIl)1 NII’4 1(I)5 TA’ (\)1 A DiIN)2,3

TSOOD A\(II)3 NAADo B(I)1 TSA’ E(\)1 TA’ (\)1 TA’ (Il)2 TA’ (\)2 TA’ (II) NA’o A(\)1,2 DO A(I)20 Lif Ein) LO’ F(\)1

HOLD

S is --ing out (lasting) (as a supply) take -- of O

HOLE: having a --- in the ground bottom of a ---/hollow in the rock -- leads up out

P has a -O has a --(as one’s trousers) there is an exit -S/P gets a -- (torn, worn)

bite a --inP

blast a -- through P blow a -- in (through) P bore a --

bore --s (in P) chop/beat/pound a -- in P cuta --inP

dig a -- (in the ground) dig/bore a --

drill a -- in (through) P drill --s in (through) P jab a -- in (through) P

HOLE

push O into a --

NA’, D(IIl)1 JIC()1:TSA’ (l)1;TSOOD A(Il)4;TS'1’ D(I)1 N-1-134;135 N-Ill-1168 N-I-138;1351 N-I-137 N-1-1391 DZA4 (1)5

there is a -- (in P)

there is a -- in the ground there is a -- through P wear a --inP HOLLOW: -- (in a canyon wall) -- under a rock -- O out (by burning, as a log) -- O out by scratching make a -- spot (in P) (by rubbing)

DZAy (|)1

ZO0Zo A(II)2 DZA (I)5

make a --ed out spot

P is being --ed

DLAAD A\(I)3; T’OOD, A(I)8, 18;z002> A(II)

S/P is -there is a series of -- spaces

2;ZHAAZH A(I)2 GHAZH A(I)8,10 DON 2,3 DON 2,3;YOL B(III)6,8 NIL A(I)2;TAAZ, A(\)1 TAAZ, B(I)1,2 NE’p A(I)21,28 GIZH A(I)5 GEED A(I) 18,20 GEED A(I)18, 19,20;NIL A(1)2; H(1)2 NIL A(I)22,29; TAAZ, A(I)1,2 TAAZ, B(I)1,2 GEED A(III)

--ness hollyhock, wild holster holster, pistol HOLY: be -become -keep oneself -make O -O is made --

Holy Holy Holy Holy

Holy Spirit/Ghost (Christian usage) Holy Way (group of chants) Holy Young Man (mythology).

5,7;TSI A(l)11; kick a --in P poke a--inP punch a--inP

rip a -- ub (through) P

saw a -- in (through) P tear a -- ub (through) P be digging/boring a -run into a -fall into a --

S goes flying into a -crawl into a --

roll into a -roll O into a --

observe a -- day -- messenger -- roller Boy Girl (mythology) Maiden (mythology) People, the

ZHIIZH A(\)2,5 TAAL, A(I)2,5 ZHIIZH A(|)2,5 GEED A(Ill)5,7;TSI A(\)2,11,15; ZHIIZH A(I)2,5 ZOOGZo A(I)14 ZHI?’ A(I)4 ZOOZo A(I)14 NIL H(I)2 WOD, A(Ill)18 GO’ A(I)7;TLIZH A(\)14;TS'ID A(I)5 TS'IDo A(I)5 NA’, A(II)13 MAAZ A(I)9 MAAZ A(II)5

Home or Hogan Made Of Plants (mythology) HOME: -- visitor mobile -orphan’s --- place

--land --sick, become be at --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

1302

GO’ A(V)3 DZA; (I)1,6

DZA, (I)6 DZA, (1)3,4 ZHAAZH A(II)2

N-I-1848 N-Ill-4238 K’AA’ A(II)5 CH'ID A(I)9 ZHAAZH A(iI)5,8 ZHAAZH A(Il)8 ZHAAZH A(I)8 DZA; (1)6; TS’AA’ (II)1 DZA4 (|)7 N-Il!-2245 N-I-1186 N-IlI-804 N-1-2272

YIJD (11 Y\JID A(I)1 YIJD Evit)1 YIJD B(I)2 Y|JD B(Il)1; E(IV)1 YIJD E(in2 N-IlI-1708 N-III-1707 N-IIl-327 N-II1-344 N-II-1364 N-I-551 ;N-lIll1679;1705 N-Il1-3414 N-IlI-1983 N-1-553;N-III1692 N-IIl-3050 N-l-669;670;N-

11-2133 N-Ill-2152 N-I!l-2140 N-II1-196 N-1-46 N-1-935 K’AAD A(I)3

DA F(I)1 KE F(I)1 TAo (ll)1

HOP

HOME

S stays -- while others leave: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects be --sick start back -in company with P start back --ward HOMELESS (orphaned), be: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects hominy hominy, cook homosexual hone honestly HONEY: --bee

--comb -- locust

S is ---combed honk it one time after another hood of a car HOOF(S): -- (hind hoof of a quadruped) -- clippers -- or claw

trimmers

-- rattle

having overgrown --s HOOK: -- (for handling) --s (for hanging clothes) --O a fish takes the -be --ed together have O --ed O -- onto P protrusions extend up ---like

S --s (catches, snags) S is ---shaped S is --ed “get --ed on O” hooky, play hoop hoop, wooden

HOOP AND POLE GAME: -- Player -- Rock play the --

HOP:

DA D(!)1 KE F(I)1

TAo (Ill)1 K’AAD D(I)2 MV-V-93,94, 136 MV-V-137 *KAZH A(\1)24

HOPE: give P -our only --

-- is gone conditions become --less

have high --s have/act in -lose -P has -P has lost -there comes to be -there is ---lessly --ing and praying that everything will turn out all right Hopi Indian horehound (plant) HORIZON:

YA B(I)1 ’KAZH Bi(I)1 KAI C(I)1 N-Ill-1105 GAII A(V)3 N-Il|-2823 N-Il|-4075 PAR-XII-721 N-I-1715; 1963;N-IIl-3985 N-II|-4383 N-I-1964;2010 N-II|-3348 KIN (1)1 CHA A\(IIl)1 N-I-315

-- (on land) -- (on water) -- blue the far -Horizon Blue Man (mythology) Horizon Blue Woman (mythology) HORN:

N-I-1063;1083;

N-Ill-2426;2631 N-I-910 N-II|-2428 N-Il|-2632 N-I-911;N-III2427 N-I-913

-- area of the head powder -space between the --s --less

N-IIl-625 N-Ill-1820 ZHA’ C(\)1 DA A(|)4 ZHA’ E(\Il)1 ZHA’ E(II)2 ZHA’ C(I)2 ZHA’ E(Ill)4 ZHA’ E(Il)1 TAAZo D(I)3; ZHA’ E(l)3 YIIZH G(I)2 YA A(\I)16 CHAA’, A(lil)8 N-I-155;N-Ill630 N-I-157;1940;NII|-631;4262 N-Ill-3012 N-Ill-2985 N-Ill-4240 ZHOQZH A\(|)1

P has stubby --s horned rattlesnake horned toad Horned Monster (mythology) horn, car

hornbeam, American (tree) hornet horno (outdoor oven) hornworm “horny”, be “horny” P becomes horrible, incredibly horror HORSE:

--(s) wild --(s)

black -blue-gray/turquoise -brown --

1303

CHA’4;T’E’3; TLEE’;TSAAD; MV-VI N-I-1445;N-Ill2100 YAA Ci(Ill)1 PAR-XII-639 SIH (1)1 CHJJDo A(I)1 Zif D(V1)4 BA’s B(I)1 LI’ B(II)1 "JD4 F(V)1 SIH (1)1 SIH (I)1 SIH (I)1 PAR-XII-615

PAR-XII-832 N-1-102;957 N-III-529 N-I-983;2157;N\Il-4620 N-I-984;1346 N-I-985 N-Ill-2884 N-Il|-3407 N-Il|-2885 N-Il|-2886 N-I-12;474; 475;476 N-Ill-1573 N-Ill-1153 N-l-662 N-1-480;N-III1567;1569 CH'{[D4 (12 N-I-1724 N-Ill-2978 N-II-1571 N-Ill-1295 N-1-1028 N-Il|-4377 N-Il-22;N-II1-594 N-Ill-4127 CHA’, BiIl)1 Yf4 A(l)1

PAR-XII-731 N-Ill-4652 N-l-1120;1121; 116150072; abil} N-IIl-2762 N-Ill-2781;2785 N-Il]-2765 N-Ill-2784

HORSE

buckskin -dark bay -draft/work -dwarf -gray/roan -light bay -mouse-gray -Palomino --

reddish/bay/chestnut/sorrel -riding/saddle/pack -roan -roping -speckled/freckled -spotted/paint -striped -stud -unbroken -white -wild --

yellow/sorrel --- barn/corral -- collar pad for a -- collar -- fetish

HOSKININNI

N-Il|-2758 N-II|-2764 N-Ill-2749;2767 N-I-1184 N-Ill-2774 N-II|-2763 N-Ill-2778 N-IIl-2756 N-II|-2775 N-Ill-2768;2769 N-II|-2757 N-Ill-2754 N-II|-2782 N-IIl-2779 N-Ill-2771 N-1-335 N-II-1745 N-Il|-2776 N-Ill-2766 N-Ill-2780 N-Ill-2753 N-Ill-2764 N-Ill-458 N-I-1188;N-IIl2783 N-Ill-2750 N-Il|-2772 N-1-692;1182 N-I-1187 N-1-1180 N-I-1178

Hoskininni Mesa, Arizona (in the Monument Valley) hospital Hosta Butte, New Mexico HOT:

S is -P is -- (person) weather is -area is --- coals pop out (one after another) S becomes very --

S is -- (peppery) hotcake hotel Hotevilla, Arizona Houck, Arizona HOUR: at an early -be a certain --

spend --s doing an -- passes take an -take --s HOUSE: rectangular/Pueblo style --

-- trailer -- trough --hair --hair (used ceremonially). --hair rope/lariat --shoe engage in --play with each other (children, puppies)

NIL B(II)2

two story --

mounta

DA A(1)4

--ing low quality --ing -- on stilts under the ---top -- trailer -- wiring --fly

--

S is --shoe-shaped

HORSEBACK: ride -- (at a trot): ride -- (at a gallop):

be dashing on --: 1 rider 2 riders 3+ riders

dash off on --: 1 rider 2 riders 3+ riders

HORSEFLY: gray -large -small -spotted -striped -horsemint hose, garden hose, garden/water/siphon hose, sheer

N-IIl-1963 N-Ill-501;502 N-IlI-168;176

stone --

wooden/log -run-down --

ZHA’ E(I)3 DLOOZH;MV-XI TAA’s;MV-XI Ti G(l)1

TEEZH C(I)1 JEE’y B(I)1

be a sloppy --keeper move --hold

TE’ C(I)1

TEEZH A(|)3

House of Representatives house of Congress, upper

JEE’y A(I)3 N-I-1181;1679 N-Il|-3953 N-Il|-3956 N-II|-3957 N-II|-3954 N-II|-3955 N-III-528 N-II]-2346 N-Il|-3774 N-Ill-4681

HOVER: be --ing in O (be causing O to hover) P (a passenger) is -- ing (in S) S --s by beating wings rapidly S --s in the air S is --ing (as a helicopter) how how?

1304

DOIN B(I)1;GAII DcIll)1 DOI B(III)1 DON B(III1 GAII D(IIl)2 TAAL, A(IV)114 GAII A(IV)1 CH’? C(IIl)1 N-Il|-2708 N-I-1790;N-III4048 N-Ill-4013 N-I-1214 N-II-144 PAR-XII-552

KEEZ A(I)2;L{f’ A(ill)1 KIDo A(Il)3 KID2 A(II)3 KIDo A(II)3 KID> A(Il)3 N-I-951 N-I-951 N-I-1816 N-I-1942 N-IIl-2475 N-IIl-2472;2499 N-Ill-2469 N-IIl-2475 N-Il|-2209;2467 N-I-1659 N-1-698 N-Ill-2498 N-I1-2471 N-l-568;570;

1845;N-Ill-4141 2if D(x)2 NAy;MV-VI N-Ill-438 N-II1-54 TA’ DiII)2 T’A’ D(I)1,2 TAHp BiII)1 YA B(I)1 T’A’ D(I)1 PAR-VI;PAR Vill PAR-XII-124; 224;254:270

HULK

HOW

how how how how how

come? deep? far (at)? far down? far?

how how how how how how

frequently? high up? is it (he)? large a quantity? long ago? long will it take (as to do something) how long, for how long? how many are there how many/much how many?

how much longer(in future time)? how much? how often? Howell Mesa, Arizona however huck (clear one’s throat) HUDDLE: -- together: 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- with P: (another person) (2+ other persons) P is --ed up sit --ed --ed hue and cry, setup a Huerfanito, New Mexico HUG: -- O (to oneself - clasp O) -- oneself

PAR-XII-230 PAR-XII-266 PAR-XII-260 PAR-XII-266 PAR-XII-261; 290 PAR-XII-264 PAR-XII-265 PAR-XII-269 PAR-XII-267 PAR-XII-209

ZHIIZH A(V)12 PAR-XII-462 PAR-XII-185; 263 T'E’s A(l)2 PAR-VI PAR-XII-26; 138:139;144; 268 PAR-XII-256 PAR-XII-138; 139:144:267 PAR-XII-264 N-Ill-4331 PAR-X KO’ A(I)2

hulk hulk (of an old abandoned car) hum a tune under one’s breath hum to oneself

HUMAN: -- being(s) in -- form --kind humerus hummingbird humor, be in a bad

humor, get into a /be in a bad HUMP: -- back there is a -S is ---nosed S is --ed

Hump Eye (mythology) HUNCH: S is --ed -- one’s shoulder be --backed be --ed up

be going about --ed over

’AAZH D(I)1 KAI B(I)14;F(I)1 *AAZH D(\)1 KAI F(I)1 "A H(I)1 JOOL I({II)1 -CHA;POS-13 DLAAD A(V)1 N-Ill-1791

MV-1-87 CHID3 Bill)1; NII’ G(Il)1 CHID3 B(I)1; NII’ G(I)1,2 TA’ (IIl)1

sit --ed up/over stand --ed up --back

hundred

hundred years HUNG: be -- (a criminal) get -- up on P (a person who falls) S gets -- up in/on P (a car, boat)

HUNGER:

world --

be comparatively/relatively -be equally --

CHAA’ 1; TSXAAZ; (I)1; TSOH B(I)9; TS'ffS (I)1 CHAA’ 2;MAAL (1)45(II)1 MAAL (I)2; TSXAAZ, (Il)1

meat --

be suffering from -die of -there is --

HUNGRY: be --

N-III-308; 1130;3582 N-1-289;N-III1260 TAALo B(I)1 TAALo B(I)1 N-I-208;1091 PAR-XII-600 N-1-1345 N-Ill-1861;1871 N-Ill-1505 CHXQ’ B(I)1;Lif’ E(lll)1;TE’y D(I)1 TE’; B(I)2;D(I)1

N-Ill-1892 KID 14 YIIZH G(I)2 GAAZH F(I)1; K’AAD C(I)1; YIIZH G(I)2 N-Ill-3184 K’AAD C(I)1 KID» C(I)1 K’AAD C(I)1 GAAZH F(I)2 YIIZH C(I)1 JOOL I(IIl)1; K’AAD C(I)1 GAAZH F(|)2 N-1-342:2195;N-

IIl-1891;1892; 1893:4651 N-IV-28;PARIV;NEEZNAA N-Ill-3910

LO’ A\(II)5 TLIZH A(I)12, 18; YA A(I)55 TS'IDo A(I)19 N-I-514;N-III1616 N-I-515 N-I-8 DEE’ A(1)24;LA B(I)1 DIJD A(II)1;YA B(IIl)1 CHIN 2 Li? Eq4;Yiy B(I)1;Z/f’ D (VI)5

HUNGRY

P gets/is -get --

be getting -become very --

HURT

Y {4 A(1)1;B(1)1 Lif A()1;2{f" C(I)2 Li?’ D(l)1

S stops --ing genitals -HUSBAND:

GHAA"; A(\)3;

father’s sister’s daughter’s -mother’s or father’s sister’s -sister’s daughter's -sister’s -wife’s/husband’s sister’s -husk corn (as an ear of corn)

LA A(\)23;Y{, HUNT:

--er --sman --ing big game --ing -- (rabbits)

go --ing (rabbits) Hunter’s Point, Arizona Hunter’s Point, New Mexico Hunting Way Ceremony

A(l)1 ZHEE’;;MV-VII N-Il|-3277 N-II|-3277 N-Ill-3011 N-IIl-4597 DIZ A(Il)2 DIZ A(II)2,4 N-Ill-4190 N-Ill-4188 N-Ill-4598

with sling)

HURRY; -- back and forth --O on the way

-- to P -- up be in a --

be on the way --ing along get O off ina -get off in a --

be --

be equally --

HURT:

-- O/P -- oneself

-- P’s feelings area --s area starts to--

get --

make O -- self

make O stop --ing S--sP

S (injury) --s P S makes P -S S S S

causes causes ceases makes

Tt’INo A(I)2 DIJD A(iI)1 PAR-XII-641; 865;866 ZEE’; A(I)1 K'EEZ A(\)2 CH{; B(Il)1 K’EEZ A(I)3 "D4 F(t) Lf’ Eq) ;zif’ D(VI)5 K'EEZ A(!)1 CH{; BiII)1

an area to -P to -to -O/area --

S starts to--

DifLo (Il) DiiLo (I); TSAAZ

be --ier than P

(2 DiiLo

be as --as P

DiiLo (I)2;

(Il)1

TSXAAZ4 be comparatively -be less -- than P hustle about here and there Huérfano Mesa, New Mexico Huérfano, New Mexico hypnotize oneself hysteria hysterical, become

(I)2,3 DifLo (II) DffLo (Il) T'’o A(Il)1 N-IIl-1790 N-Ill-1942 GHAAZH, A(IV)2 N-IIl-71;313 TLAH, A(I)1

CH; Biilly2

PAR-XI|-247 GAII D(IIl)1,2; NIl’a D(I)2 KOO" B(I)1; NE’; B(I)1 ‘Jy E(Iv)1; NII’ C(I)1;YAA C(vi)21

ina --

N-I-714;873;N-

IIl-1107;2107 N-I-127 N-I-127 N-I-127 N--2186 N-IIl-2108 DLAAD A(IV)1, 8, 20;Z60Zo A(1)15,32

HUSKY:

hurl (P) away into space (missile

hurricane, they are destroyec bya hurriedly

K’E’ A(\)1,2 NIl’> D(I)1

| | don’t know where/when | sure am | wonder how far/long | wonder how much/many | wonder what/how

'A G(II)1;ZEEZ

| wonder where

A(I)5 Nil’o D(I)4 Nilo A(I)3 NIl’o C(I)1 Nilo C(II)1 K’'E’ A(Il)1 GAII D(IIl)2 GAII A(IV)2; GAIl D(IV)1,2 GAII D(IV)1 GAIl D(IV)1 Lif’ A(1)1 GAII A(V)1,4; NII’ A(II)1,2; D(II)1,2 Nil’o A(I)2

Ice Caves, New Mexico ICE:

--box -- cream -- cream cone -- crusher -- maker/machine -- pick

-- pick/cracker -- skates -- tongs go ---skating

1306

PAR-I PAR-XII-295 KALI (I)1 PAR-XII-277 PAR-XII275:276 PAR-XII-125; 273;278 PAR-XII294;298 N-I-505;N-III1601 N-I-43;1562:NII|-3752 N-Ill-1160 N-II|-9;4626 N-Ill-17;4627 N-Ill-3758 N-IIl-16;660;

3754 N-IIl-3757 N-III-3756 N-II|-3753 N-IIl-848;3755 TEEL B(I)1,3

IMMUNE

ICHNEUMON

ichneumon fly icicle(s) icicles, hanging

idea in P’s mind, put identifiable, S become (as characteristics ) identification tag idiot idyllically if not if S hadn’t, S would have Ignacio, Colorado ignite O (with a torch, firebrand)

igniter ignore O (another person) iliac crest ILL: --ness be ---ness comes --ness strikes P be chronically --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects become ---humored cause an --ness feel --

feign --ness give P an --ness P is ---humored illuminate P illustrate O (as a book) image (small) of imagines it, P imagines seeing things, P

imbecilic, be imitate P immaculate, P is

immediately

immerse O immersed, lie

immigrants move in successive waves or groups immortality, a ceremonial-religious concept relating to IMMUNE (to a ceremony): be -become -make O --

N-Ill-4553 N-Ill-3764 N-II1-3760 LIJD4 A(|l)1

O is made immunity (from evil forces) immunized (against evil), O is immunizing agent (from evil forces) impaired, chronically

DEE’ A(I)17 N-I-853;N-Ill1026 N-Ill-1733 PAR-XII-640 PAR-XIII-5 PAR-XIII-6 N-II-76 GEED A(III)9; TLAH4 A(IV)2 N-1-1694

impede P’s progress

imperfection

TS’AA’ B(I)1 N-I-1007

impetigo implore (O) impolitely impolitely, speak to P important, very impose a term/jail sentence impossible to P, it appears impossible, itis impotent (sexually), be impractical, it appears to be (to P) impractical, it is imprint (of a reclining body, on

N-Il|-1523 ’A H(I)10 ’A Gi(\)2 ’A G(I)2

improve (as a sick person) improved, conditions are improved, S is impulse, on

J{fD A(\)4;

grass, etc.)

IN POSITION, BE: -- about (3+ sitting/lying)

YA B(\)1 ’RAZH Bil)1 KAI C(I)1 DID CiIl)2 ’A GiIl)2 KWI C(I)1;KWII (1)1;7°E’y C(Ill) 1;TS'fID B(|)3 TSAod Bill)1 A GiIl)2 CHI’ C(II)2 DLAAD A(VI)6 CH’AA’ B(I)1 N-Il1-3644 D4 Fit) JD4 G(l)1 DIJD C(Il)1 ‘JD4 E(1)3;NIID4 B(IIl)1 DIJD C(I)1 PAR-XII-247; 544:684 MV-I-130 MV-I-98

-- floating on the water -- guarding P -- hanging dangling down on P (as a child ona limb) -- hanging dangling in the air -- in a circle -- in a row, line or series

-- in ambush for P (an enemy or quarry) -- in company with P -- leaning against P -- leaning against Pin company with P -- leaning -- on (top of) P -- on the ground or floor -- partly immersed in the water partly in, partly out -- partly in, partly out (as a dog under a bed) -- waiting for aid (sick person, accident victim) -- waiting for P (as a dog for its master) -- with a blanket on in (a certain number of) minutes in (a language) in (a time period) lin (numbered) place

NAq A(\)2

N-Ill-4276 YJD E(\)1

YIJD A(I)1 Y|JD B(I)2

1307

Y|JD E(IV)1 N-Ill-726 YJJD Biil)1 N-Ill-726 N-I-1969 YA A(l\)66 N-Ill-179 N-Ill-2987 KAN A(Ill)1,2 PAR-XII-665 Dzil’ A(I)6

PAR-XII-868 A A(\)81 DZAAD B(I)1 DZAAD B(|)1 "AAD A\(I)7 DZAAD B(|)1 DZAAD B(I)1 N-I-1789 Lif’ A(l)1 SIH (I)1 TS’((D B(I)1 PAR-XII-610 MV-XV-9 MV-I-3;MV-XV11 MV-XV-16 MV-XV-12 MV-XV-13 MV-XV-14 MV-XV-17 MV-XIV-21;MVXV-19 MV-XV-15 MV-XV-10 MV-XV-20 MV-XV-21 MV-XV-18 MV-XV-22 MV-XV-23 MV-XV-25 MV-XV-24 MV-XV-26 MV-XV-27 MV-XV-28 PAR-XII-114 PAR-XII-370 -NI;POS-56 PAR-XII-205

in a body

in a boring or uninteresting manner in a compact group

in a different direction in a few places

in in in in in in

a good-smelling manner a single body/group a single day a wide area addition to all directions

in an area apart

in an enclosed space

in in in in in in in in

another way back of combination company with conformity with excess of (a number) excess of it exchange for

in former times

in front of (P)

PAR-XII-741 PAR-XII-153 -CHA;POS-13 PAR-XII-389 PAR-XII-380 PAR-XII-394 PAR-XII-740 PAR-XII-742 PAR-XII-279 -"AA;POS-6 PAR-XII-122 PAR-XII-713 -T’AH;POS-67 PAR-XII-386 -NE’;POS-55 PAR-XII-740 -IL;POS-31 -K’EH:;POS-42 PAR-XII-135 PAR-XII-536 -DEENA;POS22:-K’E:POS44 PAR-XII-548 -DAAH;POS-

in that direction

in that way/manner in the act of

in the area extending from (a designated location) in the beginning in the direction of in the direction of the other side in the midst of in the opposite direction from it/P

in the recent past

PAR-XII-166 PAR-XII-102 -T’AAH;POS-68 PAR-XII-880 -T’AAH;POS-68 PAR-XII142;143 PAR-XII-388 PAR-XII-148

in the vicinity

-GHAA/-

in the other direction

in the way (obstructing) in there in this manner

in this way in total

in under P

20;-LAA- (+-

in here in high esteem

in in in in in

his own way/language just one way length many places mid-air

in no time in no time (in a past time context) in opposite directions

in opposite directions, move

in order to in part in place of

ji’);POS-48; PAR-XII-37; 377;:858 PAR-XII-355 PAR-XII-137 PAR-XII-575 PAR-XII-736 PAR-XII-438 PAR-XII-127 PAR-XII-891 PAR-XII-535 PAR-XII-614 -DIN/NAA;POS23;PAR-XII-142 MV-XI-57;MVXII-39;MV-XIII40 -NIIYE;POS-61 PAR-XII-390

in unison

in vain in vain, try

in in in in

plain view possession of resumé reverse some direction or another

in some

place

in sufficient number

on O, be acting direction? manner/condition? way

in-law in-law (a person married into one’s family) in-laws, one’s inaccessible, area is inactive, S becomes inadequate, be

INCANTATION: -- to ward off evil affect P by -attract P by -attraction by -- takes place itis attracted toward P by -P is affected by -P’s release from bondage is secured by -property/poverty is attracted toward P by --

16;-NA4;POS-

in in in in in

vain what what what

in width

-CH’AAH;POS49;N-I-1791 PAR-XII-413 -EE;POS-24 PAR-XI|-807 PAR-XII-412 PAR-XII297;300 PAR-XII-387 PAR-XII-27

1308

PAR-XII-81; 89;91;480;486 PAR-XII-727 PAR-XII-365

GHAADI;POS27;-NAA;POS53 -CH’AAH;POS16 PAR-XII-22 PAR-XII-145 PAR-XII-146 PAR-XII-711 MV-I-133;MV-II56;MV-III-38; MV-V-138;MVXIV-22 PAR-XII392;741 PAR-XII-109 D4 B(Vi)1 JD4 E(v)1 PAR-XII-299 PAR-XII-270 PAR-XII-124 PAR-XII431;432 N-Ill-1928 N-I-2196;2197 N-III-579 TL’AH> B(I)1 Lif? A(1)1 "AAD A(I)7

N-IlI-33 Tl’p A(IIN)2 Tl’o A(lll)1 Tl’o A(IV)1 Tl’p A(IV)1 TI’p A(IV)2

TI’a A(IV)3 TI’p A(IV)1

INCREASE

INCANTATION

secure release of P (from prison)

by -incapable of doing something, be incapable of having children, be inception (of an event) incessantly incest incest, become crazy because of committing Incest Way Ceremony (to dispel the effects of incest) inch inch O across/along inching O along/across, be incision (in O), make an

incisors, upper/lower (teeth) incite a riot inclined, S is inclined, area is sharply INCLUDE: -- O/P be --ed as

amember of P be --ed in be --ed with P --ing (it)

income (from oil) income, P receives

incompetent, be

incompletely inconsequential incontinence incontinent, P is

incorrectly INCREASE: -- (in number, quantity) --O start to --O be --ing be --ing O cause O to -quantity is --ed S --s (by accretion - a herd to which there are periodic additions) S is on the -- (disease incidence,

-- in size

TI’p A(ltl)3 GIZ H(I)2 CH{y B(II)2 N-Ill-1913 PAR-XII-459 N-IlI-2569

incubator incurs a debt, S

NA’, A(Il)414

indented in the middle, S is independent, be economically independently, S moves:

N-Ill-2232 N-II|-306;1491 KIDo A(I)10,11 KIDo D(I)1 GIZH D(\)1,2; K’EE’ E(I)1; T’AAZ C(I)1 N-Ill-4513 YA A(VI)7 "A H(I)14 A (1)42 TA’o B(I)2;TA’ (III)2 TA’ (IV)3 TA’ (IV)3 TA’ (IV)1,2 PAR-XII562;723 N-I-973 DEE’ A(|)24 GIZ H(I)2 PAR-XII-581 PAR-XII-176 N-IIl-2746 Lf A(\)7 PAR-XII-167

LAAD> A\\)1 LAADo A\Il)1 LAADp A(Il)2 LAADo BiI)1 LAAD» Bill)1 LAADo A(Il)1 DEE’ A(I)7 DEE’ A(|)7

TSI A(I)9;YA

indebted to P, Sis

A (IAS JIL

Indian cabbage Indian currant

N-l-1875

indeterminate index finger Indian (people)

Indian fig Indian paint (plant) Indian paint brush (plant) Indian turnip Indian Wells, Arizona indicator (Moccasin Game) indigo indiscriminately individually ineffective manner, in an inept, be

infect P (with a disease) infection clears up infectious, S is

N-Ill-2125 N-Ill-494 N-IIl-1506;3075 N-Ill-2752;3078 N-I|I-3801

N-Ill-725 N-Ill-729 PAR-XII-174 PAR-VIII PAR-XII-176 GIZ H()6 'A G(II)2;NA’4 A(IV)2 Dzil’ A(I)12

NA’4 A(IV)3

"AAD C(1)5 inferior (to P), be KEEZ B(|)1 inferior, consider P an YAA Cilll)1 infest O with lice CH’OSH infested with insects/worms/maggots, get A(l)1,2 B(Il)1

Nil'’g infirmities of old age, suffer inflamed, area (as one’s throat) becomes inflate P influence over P, gain/have influenza information, P acquires information, pump P for

informed, P is Informing Winds (of legend) infrequently infuriated with P, be infusion made with water and herbs,

S starts to --

inguinal glands

keep --ing O

ZHIIZH A(II)3 YAA H(I)1

S keeps --ing

E(II)1;YAA A(I)3 N-Ill-1145;1170 ‘A (I)26 JIL A(I)7 A(|)7 TS'OS (Il)2 DZIL C(\)2 MV-IV PAR-XII-274 N-I-1090 N-Ill-1052; 1139;1671 1672 N-Ill-4046

KID» D(Il)1 T’Ad C(I)1;YAA G(I)1 ZHIIZH Gi(Il)1 LAAD2 A(\)2;

living costs) S is/are --ing

CHAAD B(I)1;

used ceremonially

inguinal area

T’Ap A(I)2:

CH'Il’

A(I)2;C(II)4 YOL Biill)1 T'l'y A(ll)1 N-Il|-3672 Z({' C(IVv)2 YiLo D(Il)1 Z{f' D(\y2 N-II1-3416 PAR-XII-379 DLAAD A(VIII)1 N-I-919;N-IIl2436 N-I-1008; 1674;N-IIl-3675 N-1-1675

INHALE

INHALE:

-- one puff of smoke after another -- smoke

INITIATE: --O

a project/ceremony is --ed (launched) S is --ed

initiation rite is taking place inject medicine into P INJECTION: -- (as of medicine) intravenous -give p an -- (of P) give oneself an -- of O (as penicillin) take an -- of O

INSIDE

DZi? A(1)1;YOL A(I)1;ZHIL4 A(I)1;ZHILo A(\)1 DZil’ A(I)1 DZil’ A(I)1

Ty A(I)21;Y]JD B(I)2

-- oneself

be --ed

O (human) is --ed O (non-human) is--ed

injurious thing injurious, S is injury ink inlet innards

inner being innertube inquire of P inquiry to P, direct inquiry, make an Inscription House, Arizona

INSECT: big humped -black humped -blue humped -spotted humped -insecticide insecticide, dust O with

insert O in(to) P

-- an enclosed space -- corner(s)

-- corner (in a rock) -- corner area S forms an -- corner S has an -- corner

DEE’ A(V)18 Lif A()4;7714 A(I)16 TSA, B(I)1 ZIIDo A(I)34

N-III-2238 N-Ill-402 TSI A(I)2 T’OODo A(II) 1;ZIIDo A(II)10 KA A(Il)16;ZIIDo A(Il)10

INJURE: --O

INSIDE:

YAA C(I)2

feel around -- P

INSIDE OUT: S is -- (coat, sock) turn O --

turn a stomach or intestine -insist on P (demand) insomniac, S/P becomes

ZOOZo E(I)2

TSOOZ A(1)40; ZOOZo A(\)26 GQZH (\)1 DEEL, A(II)14

KEEZ A(I)7;Kfa

A(I)2 INSPECT: --O -- P (as a new building): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects P is --ed (as a school)

‘D4 E(IV)1;

YAA C(VI)21 NII’p C(I)1;YAA C(VI)3,20 YAA C(VI)3 YAA C(VI)2 N-Ill-337 ID4 G(IV)1; YAA C(I)2 N-III-336 N-IlI-750 N-III-3776 N-IIl-4063 N-IIl-2254 N-III-1256 KEED, C(Il)1 KEED, C(Il)1 KEED, C(II)2 N-1-2038 N-I-419:2115 N-IlI-4589 N-III-4588 N-III-4586 N-III-4587 N-IIl-884; 1430;1431 YOLF(II)1;(III)1 MV-I-123;71’4 A(II)29;YAA C(I)9

PAR-XII-886; PAR-IX;-II’/YI’;POS-36 PAR-XII-204 N-III-3055; 3056;3473 N-II-4231 N-IlI-2868 TL’AH4 (I)2 TL’AH, (I)1 CH'ID B(I)2,3

inspection, make an

install

O (a subterranean pipe)

installments, buy on instead of instep

instruct O instructional material instructions (to O), give instrument

instrument (swordlike) insufficient for P, S is (as money needed to pay bills) insult O insuperable insuperable, be integument (of animal or human) intellect intellectuals

intelligent, be intense (too -- to allow) intensive care, be in

intentionally inter O INTEREST (financial): -- free

--onit INTEREST: be --edin P

ZID A(V)1

YA B(III)3 ’AAZH BiIII)2

KAI C(II)3 DEE’ C(\)4;YA B(II)3 DEE’ C(I)4;ZID A(V)2 TA, A(1)57 LA A(1)36 N-I-1791 N-I-907;1386 TAg Bi!)1 N-IIl-879 TA4 B(|)1,2 N-I-183 N-I-513 NA’g A(V)6 DZif A(I)15 PAR-XII-605 TE’, C(Il)1 N-1-852 N-I-1341; 2219;N-III-4674 N-Ill-1958 YAAD C(I)1 PAR-XIII-7 TE’; C(II)1 PAR-XI|-688 T{ A(II)44 N-Ill-2203 N-Ill-2205 N-IIl-2204 LIJD3 Bil)1

INTO

INTEREST

become --ed in P

it became --ing iv/P is --ing lose --inO S makes P --ing INTERIOR: -- area/surface/space

LIJD3 A(I)1 LIJID3 A(2 LIID3 B(I)2;2/)" D(Ill)1 DJJD Acill)1 Z\’ B(I)1

-- an enclosure and remain -- an enclosure and remain,

N-I-867;1616 N-II1-3055 ‘(f’4 Dc) CH'ID A(I)9

leaving P outside

-- corner P’s -- is visible take out P’s -- (by scratching) intermediary (the person who is sent by the sponsor of a ceremony to make arrangements with the medicine N-IlI-2365 man) KAI B(I)16 intermingle, S (as people, sheep) N-Ill-1803 Intermountain Indian School N-Ill-4063 internal organs N-Ill-4658 internal organs of the chest PAR-XII-584 internally NE’s B(I)3; interpret (for P)

-- dirt or ashes

TS’AA’ E(I)2 N-IlI-334 NE’g BiIl)2 N-Ill-73;333

-- the distance

interpretation (between languages) interpretation is done for P

interpreter (between languages) interrelated, S are (as clouds and rain)

interrogator interrupted, S is interruption, without INTERVALS: at -- (of) at frequent -at two week --

intervening protectively (shielding) INTESTINE: coiled -large -small ---s wrapped in fat and roasted turn an -- inside out

INTO:

-----

(against) P (colliding) aditch a hole/burrow an enclosure (room, building)

VII-34;MV-IX29;MV-X-32; MV-XI-59;MVXIl-41;MV-XIII42; MV-XIV-24 MV-V-141

T'1’y A(I)S N-IIl-3015 DLAAD A\|)6; TO’ C(\)4 PAR-XII-608

PAR-XII136;826 PAR-XII-658 PAR-XII-419 -CH’AAH;POS16 N-1-395 N-Ill-1421 N-1-396;N-III1418 N-Ill-1420 N-Ill-1086 GQZH (I)1 MV-IIl-32;MVV1-33;MV-VIII33;MV-IX-28; MV-X-31;MVX1-58;MV-XII40;MV-XIII-41 MV-VII-21 MV-XI-61 MV-V-139 MV-IIl-33;MV-V140;MV-VI-34; MV-VII-19;MV-

-- P (mud, weeds)

-- P (truck, hole)

-- P and getit on self -- P’s mouth

-- the fire

MV-V-142 MV-XIV-27 MV-VI-36;MVVIII-35;MV-XII42;MV-XII|-43; MV-XIV-25 MV-III-34;MV-V143:MV-VII-20; MV-IX-30;MVX-33;MV-XI60;MV-XIV-25 MV-VIII-36 MV-V-144;MVXIV-26 MV-XIV-29 MV-III-35;MV-V145:MV-VI-35; MV-VIII-37;MVX-34;MV-XI62;MV-XII-43;

MV-XIV-28 -- the water and remain -- town, to market

-- water (or to water)

MV-V-147

MV-II|-36;MVVIIIl-38;MV-IX31;MV-XI-64; MV-XII-44;MVXIIl-44; MV-XIV29 MV-III-37;MV-V146;MV-V1-37;

------

(a surface, without penetrating) (an enclosed space) (bumping) (motion/extension) (penetrating)

its trail leading -- an enclosure S comes -- view rolling intoxicates O, S intoxicating beverages intravenous injection INTRODUCE: -- a resolution/legislative bill (regarding P) -- O to P (as a cultural institution) -- oneself (to P)

MV-VII-22;MVVIII-39;MV-IX32:;MV-X-35; MV-XI-63;MVXII-45;MV-X130 -N{;POS-57 PAR-XII-897 -[-;POS-29 -IIH;POS-35 -AA;POS-3

N-Ill-22 BAAZ A(1)34 YA A(V1)6 N-Il|-3863 N-IIl-402

TSOOZ

A(1)47

Ty A241

Z{J' A(V)1

INTRODUCE

--ptoP S is --ed (as a cultural trait)

inured, become INVALID: be an -- (a sickly person): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects invent P invention, make an investigate O

investigation investigation, carry on an invited, P is involve oneself in a war involved, be

involved in P, become iodine iodine, tincture of iris iris, western wild iris of the eye

irked, be greatly (on account of P) IRON (metal):

-- ore -- stove

-- tire on a wagon wheel branding -cast --

magnetic -iron O flat and smooth ironing board ironing, do the ironwood

irrigate P (as corn) irrigated, S is being (as corn) irrigation irritable, be irritated (angry), P is -irritated, S becomes customarily -irritated (sore), S (as eyes, throat) or area is/become(s)

isinglass island Isleta Indian Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico isn’t (it)? isoniazid (anit-tuberculosis drug) isthmus

it

Zif A(IV)1 T1’4 A(I)16 CH"IZH D(I)1 N-IIl-2386

it makes no difference who it will be ITCH: skin --

S --es area --es

YA B(I)1 ’AAZH BiI)1 KAI C(I)1 TAg A(\)2 TAg A(I)4 KAA’s Bi(I)1 N-IIl-2933 KAA’o B(I)2 NIID4 A(II)1; B(II)3 ’AAZH Bi(I)1 Lif Eqn) Lif’ A(1)1 N-IIl-64 N-IIl-499;500 N-1-1559 N-IIl-3457 N-IIl-3066;3093 CHXQ’ A(I)3 N-I-183;N-III695;919:948 N-Ill-1299:4204 N-I-189 N-Ill-4283;4284 N-Ill-728 N-Ill-947 N-IIl-1011 KO’ A(II)2,4 N-IIl-1061 DOOD AIIl)1; KO’ A(II)5 N-I-1034;N-III2614:4361; 4388 YEEZHo B(II)1,2 YEEZHo B(I)1,2 N-III-3036 CH’ C(II)3 CH’ B(I)1 CH’ B(I)2

S --es all over

P has an -- in the genital area S starts to -items on exhibit itinerant

N-IlI-3916 PAR-XII-172 N-Ill-145 N-Ill-1697 HEEZ B(I)1 HEEZ B(I)3 HEEZ B(I)1 HEEZ B(I)2 HEEZ A(I)1 N-IIl-1540 PAR-XII-906

itinerant, be (moving from place to

place) its itself

lyanbito, N.M.

JAB: -- at O (repeatedly/one time) -- (at O)(with a spear) -- (with fire) -- around --at P -- away into space -- away (out of sight) -- into an enclosure -- into P (roughly) --O: about here and there into flesh into P through P once (give O a jab) roughly away through multiple times -- oneself -- oneself once (give oneself a jab) -- oneself repeatedly -- P with O -- p (with P) -- repeatedly give O one/a series of --s take a -- at O (with a spear) jabber jabber-mouth jabberer jack (to raise a car) jacking up a car, be JACK (in cards): -- of clubs -- of diamonds -- of hearts -- of spades jackass

CH’? A(I)1; C(II)1,4 N-1-1876 N-Ill-2448;3688 N-I-1312 N-1-1306 PAR-XII-118 N-Ill-2335 N-Ill-2444;2446 PAR-|

1312

NA A(1)26 PAR-I PAR-I N-I-107

ZHIIZH A(1)11,12 T’OHp A(I)4 GEED A(III)9 TSI C(I)3 TSI A(I)13 ZHIIZH A(I)1 TSI A(I)2 ZHIIZH A(I)1 YIIZH A(I)1 YIIZH A(1)3 TSI C(I)1 ZHIIZH A(1)10 GEED A\(IIl)1; TSI A(I)10 ZHIIZH F(I)1 YIIZH A(I)1 TSI B(I)3 ZHIIZH A(Il)2 ZHIIZH F(Il)1 ZHIIZH D(IIl)1 TSI A(I)5 ZHIIZH A(I)2 ZHIIZH D(I)1 TSI D(1)1;F(1)1 T’OHo A(I)5 CH’AL C(I)1 N-Ill-1929 N-Ill-1929 N-Ill-1243;1244 ’A D(I)1 N-II-161 N-II-36;162 N-IIl-164 N-Il-165 N-IIl-163 N-I-1557

JERK

JACKET

jacket

jackrabbit Jacob’s Well, Arizona jagged, S sticks up jaguar JAIL: be in -be putin --

impose a -- sentence O are --ed put O in --

January Japan Japanese Japanese People, the Japanese person

JAR (container): water --

bottom ofa -JAR (jolt): -- O one time -- O repeatedly

S/area is --ed

javelin jaw, lower jaw (lower) and chin, surface of the

Jay jay, long-crested JEALOUS: be -- (of O/P) become -- of O

ay, --y (sexual) Jeddito, Arizona Jehovah jell jello jelly jelly cake Jemez Indian Jemez Mountains, New Mexico Jemez People/Indians/Clan Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico Jemez, New Mexico JERK: -- (as a sleeping dog) -- arm or leg repeatedly -- O:

N-I-628;N-III1848;1850 N-I-639 N-IlI-130 ZA’, B(I)1 N-IIl-3059;3064

N-ll-7 T/ G(\)1 NIL A(II)2;T’E’3 A(\II)1 "A A(I)81 NIL A(II)2 T’E’s A(ll)1 N-Ill-4628 N-Ill-3333 N-I-1298;N-IIl3332 N-I-549 N-Ill-1119 N-I-64 N-I-66 N-|-1650

DEEL» C(I)1;

DIH B(|)1 DEEL» B(I)1; DIH A(Il)1 DEEL» Ci(Il)1,2 N-IIl-4352 N-1-466;2185 N-I-2175 N-I-2042 N-I-527;N-III1638 CH'{{Do (1)1,2; Z(’ D(VI)5 Zi’ C(\)2 N-IIl-3535 N-1-1131

N-I-782;N-III2278 N-IIl-1706 N-II-113 N-Ill-2358 N-II-113 N-Ill-3357 N-II|-2808 N-Ill-1788 N-I-1210 N-I-1209 N-Ill-2807 DAZH;MV-III YIZ A(II)10 TAHd B(II)2 GHANp A(Il)4

off (garments)

open out from under P out of P out quickly -- on O (as ona rope) -- one’s head up -- P out (as a pistol) -- repeatedly on O -- the covers off of P be --ing O along be unable to make a --ing stop (a runner who tries but fails) come to a --ing stop (a runner who is not able to stop) give Oa-go --ing into P (as a runner into the mud) go --ing into the fire (as a runner who is not able to stop) go --ing into the water (a runner who is unable to stop) S --s and “misses” (car) start to --

TLD A(III)4;

GHANgp A\(II)4 GHANp A(I)6 GHANp A(I)6 GHANpd A(\)6 TS’OOD A(I)14 NE’o A(III)7 DEEL, A(I)15 DOOD BiIl)1 GHANp A(Il)1 GHANp CiII)1 DAZH Ai(|l)2

DAZH A((I)1 DOOD C(I)1

DAZH A\(Il)1 DAZH A\(Il)1 DAZH A\(Il)1 DOOD Bil)1 DOOD B(II)2 GHANp A((I)5

start to -- O JERKY STEPS: run with -- as far as a stopping point DIZ A(IV)2 DIZ A(IV)1 run with -DIZ F(I)1 be running along with -N-1-1974;N-IIIjerky (dried meat)

Jesus Christ jet (mineral related to coal) jet basket (ceremonial object) Jet Mountain (ceremonial term for Dibé Ntsaa) jet plane JEWELRY: silver ----making make silver -jewels Jicarilla Apache jiggling one’s foot, be jimson weed

JITTERS: P has the -P gets the -give O the -jittery, be jittery, become JOB: big -soft -have a -geta --

216;668 N-IIl-1730 N-II1-620 N-Il!-621

N-IIl-622 N-IIl-2620 N-IIl-2182 N-II|-997 N-Iil-377 TSEEDo C(I)1 N-III-3508 N-1-179 WOD?2 A(I)3 N-1-418;N-III1427

NAA’s B(I)2 NAA’o A(II)2

NAA’o A(ill)2 CHID4 B(I)1 CHIDg A(!)1 N-Il|-251;3297 N-III-3301 N-III-3300 NISH B(|)1 A G(I)2

JOY

JOB

go ---hunting just get well into a -Joe-Pye weed

JOIN: -- P (church, political party)

-- Pin company with p -- together (with P) be --ed together (consolidated)

P has --ing ridges run and -- P

YA B(IIl)3 NISH A(I)8 N-Ill-2566

there is -be overcome with -Judas tree

judge

MV-V-148;L{f’ A(\)1 MV-V-149 ‘KAZH A(II)5, 23;KAI B(I)9 NIL A(II)6 K’AAD D(IV)1 WOD, A(ll|)24

jug jug, water (traditional, made of wicker) juice juice, apple July

JUMP; -- across (on horseback) -- at an offer -- at P (a bargain, a travel opportunity) -- down (as off a chair, bus)

A (|)3,4

S (extend and) -- together S -- (canyons, washes) S -- (hills) S lies --ing P (pointed at) --ed to

DZIS (I)1 K'ID 4 MV-XIV-314 -GHAAH;POS-

--ing

28 -[-;POS-29

-- down from a height -- down off of P (rooftop, horse, bicycle)

N-III-108; 110;111 N-1-1078 N-IIl-2237 N-IlIl-4637

-- for P (as to get an apple ona tree)

JOINT; -- of limb/bone

thumb ---s of the spine -- of the jaw below the ear S goes back into -- (as a dislocated ankle or shoulder) S goos/slips out of -jointly (with P), own something JOKE: dirty --- about P

go around telling --s P is the butt of a ---Or --ing jolly, be JOLT: give Oa--- O (series of --s) --O one time S/area is --ed Joseph City, Arizona jostle P JOURNEY: make a -- to see P start on a --; 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects 1 subject with 1 companion 1 subject with 2+ companions JOY;

-------

KIDo A(II)1,5 KIDo A(II)9; WOD, A(I)1,3 K'IIZ (1)1 N-I1-2877 N-Il|-2878 T'l'y B(II)3 TI’o C(III)1 Ty Bi2 N-II|-3460 N-Ill-1749 Z{{' D(VI)5

a hurdle hurdles (a series of) in and out of a melee into the water (1 subject) onto P (as a horse, bicycle) out of P’s hand

-- out of the water (a fish) -- over P (as a log, fire, fence): 1 subject 3+ subjects -- up (into the air) -- up and down -- with joy (a pleased and excited

child) be --y (easily startled or spooked) become --y

DEEL» C(I)1; DIH B(I)1 DIH A(iI)1 DIH B(I)1

play a --ing game S --ed (attacked) P jump a battery (with a cable, to start a car)

DEEL» C(Il)1,2 N-1-1241 YA A(l)13

junco sparrow

junction (of roads) June June (old name) June bug (beetle)

YA A(|)65

YA A(1)41,42 'AAZH A(|)26 KAI B(1)38 'AAZH A(1)26 KAI B(1)38 N-I-2321;N-III2188

jungle jungle, itis a juniper juniper berry juniper tree, inner bark of

1314

NiIDo B(I)1 Lif’ A(Il)1 N-Ill-1136 N-Ill-253 N-I-1588;N-IlI3861 N-I-1588 N-I-1609 N-I-69;1611 N-Ill-4618 J{fD A(II)1 J{fD A(II)1

TLAH4 A(Il)1 TLIZH A(I)6 TE’ C(I)1;WOD4 A(III)52,74 J{f[D ACII)1 WOOD,

CHA’, A(\)20 WOD, A(IIl)79 WOD, C(I)1 TAHo A(l)1 WOD, A(III)52 GHAL, A(II)1 TAAL, A(IV)11 NOOD A(III)16

WwOoD, JEE’s A(I)23 CHA’ A(1)20;J/fD A(\l)1 JffD ACil)1 ZHIIZH B(III)1 YIZ B(II)1,2 TLAH A(II)3 J{fD A(il)1

DEEL, A(l)28 Tl’ A(I25 N-Ill-1631 N-Ill-127;2176 N-Il1-4617 N-Ill-2276 N-I-271;1372;

1495;N-Ill1198;3430 N-Ill-2099 CH’'IL H(III)3 N-l-633;N-IIl1634 N-1-522;634 N-|-856

SEER

JUNK

JUNK: -- heap/pile --er (car) --yard --yard caretaker just just just just just just

a bit more than about then about to any old way as

just as the sun was coming up just barely just enough for oneself justin case just one night just recently just that many/much justice (judge) JUTS, S:

N-IIl-3373 N-IIl-4479;4480 N-Ill-1266 N-IIl-1362 N-Ill-1363;4482 PAR-XII794;801 PAR-XII-35 PAR-XII-689 PAR-XII-663 PAR-XII-761 PAR-XII-577; PAR-XIII-14 PAR-XII-815 PAR-XII-783 PAR-XII-666 PAR-XII-698 PAR-XII-746 PAR-XII-710 PAR-XI|-657 N-Ill-253 °K (\)20;’A

kalispell kangaroo mouse kangaroo rat kaolin Kaopectate karate karate match, have a Kayenta, Arizona Keams Canyon, Arizona

Kee (a personal name) “keel over” (as a person who faints)

KEEP: -- on (doing something):

N-1-989;N-III2540 N-Il-104 N-Ill-2875 N-II|-2874 N-IIl-1746 N-Ill-4059 N-IlI-1516 TAAL, A(il)1 N-IIl-3793 N-Il|-2660;2662 N-1-84 CH’AA’ A(1)3;

-- on with O

-- on running (without stopping)

-- flying O -- on flying (after a momentary interruption) -- O going -- O in the air (as a kite) -- O (a bush, rug, house plant) -- O (animate: bird[s], cat[s)): 1 object 2 objects 3+ objects

MV-XI-65 WOD, A(Ill) 65;YA A(I)59 WOD, A(ill)71 T’A’ A(I1)48

TA’ A()54; T''4 A(II)18; E(|I)1 T’A’ BiII)1 KAAD H(lll)1

-- O (in a location) -- O (something borrowed)

-- O on hand

-- O/area in a certain condition

-----

aneye on P one O (as a riding horse) one’s foot on the brake one’s hand on P

-- oneself -- P “broke” --P -- trying (to accomplish P) Keet Seel (an ancient Puebloan ruin in

T{ G(II)3 TEEZH C(Il)1 JEE’, B(Il)1 'EEZH E(Il)1;2Z)’ D(X)3 MV-I-7;'AAZH A(Il)26;LOOZ A(IN)2;Z)’ D(ill)1 MV-I-88;Zl’ D(IIl)1 YAA C(\)9;Zif’ D(X)4 Ziff’ D(x)1,2,3

‘1 AW2 LOOZ B(I)1 LO’ F(I)2 NiI’4 1(1)1 2{f D(X1)1,2 TAA’ A(\)1 *KAZH A(Il)26 GO’ D(I)3

Navajo National Monument,

Arizona)

N-I-953;2084;NW-2512 N-I-1588;N-III-

DEEL A(|)19;

keg

GO’ A(\)27;LA A(I)39;WOD A(\)4;YEEZHo A(\l)12

kept up, P is kept, O is (in a certain condition)

Zi’ D(x!)4

kernel, corn

N-1-1277 N-I-972;1582

PAR-XIII-21;

kerosene kerosene lamp/lantern kettle

MV-V-150;

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- at P (a task)

-- on going

MV-V-150;

--O out of P’s reach

lz Kaibetoh, Arizona

-- on going (after an interruption)

T14 A(l)14; E(l)1

H(1)12 A (1)16 "A H(I)6

-- away from P -- horizontally out

S --s on (activity)

YA A(Il)18 ’KAZH A(\I)21 KAI B(I)56 DEE’ A(I)5; KAALo A\Il)1 T1’4 A(il)23; E(\I)1

3861

kettle, small

KIENG -- (for winding a clock or toy) --hole KICK: -- a hole in P (as in a door)

DEE’ A(V)14

N-II|-3817 N-1-64;185;N-IIl278;287; 386;696 N-1-68;N-III-2814 N-Ill-782

N-II]-879 N-III-783

TAAL, A(1)2,5

KICK

KIDNEY

-- a piece off of P (as the bark froma

kidney(s).

tree)

TAAL, A(I)3

-- about

TAAL, C(I)1

-- at O repeatedly/one time

TAAL4 A(1)12,13 TAAL, A(III)4 TAAL, A(V)2,4

-- away the cover on P -- O off of oneself (as a blanket)

-- one’s feet in the air

-- oneself (repeatedly/one time) -- oneself (for doing something stupid

-- P’s rear

N-I-1799;N-III-

1202;4061;

KILL: -- O (one object): -- O (plural objects)

'EEZ E(I)1

-- each other

TAAL D(IN)1;E(M)1

-- oneself -- oneselves

CHA BiIl)1

-- P; with a club

TAAL, A(l)1

with a flick of the finger

wolf's

4062

Y{; B()2,3 GHAA’; A(1)4; TSEEDo Bi(I)1

GHAA’y Ai(II)1

Y{4 Bil)1 GHAA’y A(II)3 GHAAL A(Il)22

T'ZH A(I)1

apartito pieces (as a box) away (as a ball)

with a slingshot

TAAL4 A(II1)2,3 TAAL, A(ill)1

TL’INo A(I)5

be --ed by lightning

GHAA’; A(l) 1;Y{4 B(I)1

down from a height (as a box downstairs)

# TAAL, A(III)1

S (laughter, hunger, thirst, etc.) --s O

in the belly

TAAL, A(I)9

he GHAA’, A(|)

1;Y{4 B(l)1

into an enclosure (as prisoner

into a jail cell) out horizontally over (as a chair) to death up into the air (as a ball) aim a -- atO

TAAL TAAL, TAAL, TAAL TAAL4 TAAL

S --s P (as when water splashes on

A(lIl)1 A(III)5 A(III)6 A(I)10 A(III)7 A(I)13

a motor and stops it) O is --ed S is --ingO start to -- P start to-- each other S starts to -- P

be a --er (as a child, burro who

has a habit of kicking)

TAAL D(Ill)1

deliver a -- (as in football) get a -- out of P

TAAL} E(II)2 NIIDo A(1)1;2/f' D(VI)5 TAAL4 D(I)1

give Oa--ing give O/P a -give oneself a -go along --ing P (as a tin can) go along --ing P (as in spurring a slow-moving burro)

start to -- O start to -- selves --er Killer of Monsters

TAAL A(I)8; E(Il)1 TAAL E(|ll)1 TAAL Fi(Il)1

kilter, things go out of Kimbetoh, New Mexico

Kin Biniola (a ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico)

N-Ill-2473

TAAL} A(\)7 TAAL4 D(Ill)1

in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) N-III-2492 Kin Klizin (an ancient Puebloan ruin in

TAAL} D(Itl)1

TAALy A(I)13

a side canyon, off the Chaco

Canyon, New Mexico)

DEEL, A(ll)4;

PAR-XII-

kind, be

BA’3 B(I)3;Z/f’

kindle a fire

JEE"; A(II)8

kindling

N-I-299;N-III1298 N-IIl-178;2379 BA’ A(|)1 TE’y C(tl)1

ZHA’ A(\)7

Kicks-People-Off-Monster

N-Il|-2493

kind of

KA A(I)19;ZHA’

A(\)7 (a mythological monster) kid (young person)

N-IIl-3337 GEEZ B(I)1 N-I-665;N-III1873

Kin Kletso (an ancient Puebloan ruin

S has a -- (as liquor)

“kicked off’, P (died)

GHAA’y A(1)2;

TSEEDo A(\I)1,2 GHAA’, A(II)4 N-Ill-883;2266

A(|)1,8,9,10

take a -- at O (aim a -- at O) “kick off" (die - slang)

Yf4 B(I)1

Kimenola (a ruin in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) N-Il|-2473

TAAL4 F(I)1

have a --ing contest with each other TAAL4 A(II)1 let fly a -TAAL4 miss or graze P with a -S --s (a gun)

GO’ A(I)30 Y{q B(Il)2,3 Y{4 B(I)1 Yf4 A(I)1 GHAA’, A(II)2 GHAA’y A(I)3;

585:811

D(VI)5;(VII)1

kid goat kid, pet

N-IIl-4089 N-1-259;N-III1209 N-1l-1702 N-I-1709

kindness kindness, treat with kinds, be of various

kid P (tease)

CHfy BiIII)S

kinfolk (by blood or maternal clan)

N-I-1555

NIID4 B(l)1

KING (in cards):

N-Il-180

kidding, be (not serious)

1316

KNOCK

KING

-----

of of of of

clubs diamonds hearts spades

kingbird King birdbeak (plant) Kinlichee, Arizona Kinnazinde, Arizona Kinnickkinnick kinsman Kiowa Indian KISS: --P

-- each other repeatedly be --ing each other be --ing O give O a single -give O/each other a series of --es make a --ing sound Kit Carson’s Cave, New Mexico kitchen kitchen sink kite kitten kiva, abandoned kiva, Pueblo

Klagetoh, Arizona Kleenex

KNEAD: --O -- oneself

--ing and molding of the body of a nubile girl in the Puberty Ceremony KNEE: above the -midway on the --- joint --cap go on hands and --s KNEEL: -- down be in a --ing position

N-II1-38;181 N-II-183 N-II-184 N-Il-182 N-IN-1344 N-Ill-1698 N-Ill-2476 N-Il|-2500 N-I-536 N-1-1022 N-Il-114 TS’OOZ BiI)2 "A A(IIl)24 TS'OOZ Cill)1 TS’OOZ Bill)1 TS’OOZ Bil)1 TS'OOZ Dil)1 TS'OOZ C(I)1;C(II)1 TS'OOZ A(l)1 N-Ill-4140 N-IIl-1414 N-IIl-2719 N-Ill-3260 N-Il-127;134 N-I-1402 N-1-1401 N-I-1157 N-lil-1307; 3233;3264; 3354

NII’y E(ill)4 NII’4 E(IV)1 N-II|-2460 N-1-666 N-1-668 N-I-667 N-Il]-2288 N-Ill-1882 DLOOZH;MV-V

GO’ A(I)31 GO’F(|)1;JOOL A(IV)15

-- down bread (made of green corn)

KNIFE: bread -folding -paring --- scabbard -- sharpener

-- throwing target knitting needle

N-Ill-3510 N-I-183 N-IIIl-592 N-II]-1154 N-Ill-929 N-I-2274 N-Ill-932 N-II|-907 N-IIl-4680

KNOCK: --O: over (pot, chair) over (with a gunshot) over/down with a club unconscious with a club up into the air -- down P’s O -- a piece off of P

-- down P’s O (as his rifle accidentally)

-- it over with P (a whip) -- on O (a door) --onO -- P off (with a gun) -- P off with a flick of one’s finger -- P over: (by butting or tackling P)

(posts) with a blow of the fist with a FFO

with a lashing blow with a SRO -- P up in the air with a fist be --ed over by a torrent of water be --ed over by lightning “knock P cold” Knock-Knees knoll, there is a KNOT:

S is --ed S become --ed together S is full of --s tie a -- (in P) tie O shut with a -KNOW: -- P (a person) -- a place -- about (P) -- all about it -- each other -- how to scheme

-- nothing about P --O -- P (how to do it) come to -- each other P comes to -- about it P is in the -KNOWLEDGE:

being common --- exists acquire -- about O

there is -- about P

MV-II-19 MV-II-20 DON A(I)8 GHAAL A(II)19 GHAAL A(II)22 MV-lI-21 MV-I-89 NE’s A(I)18,20

T’E’g A(II)16 TSXAS A(I)4 TS’INo C(Il)1 TAZH D(!)1 DON A(I)7 TIZH A(\)1 GO’ A(I)26 NIL A(I)57 TS’INo A(l)7 "AH, A(I)19 TSXAS A(I)4 NE’p A(1)44 TS’INo A(I)11 GO’ A(l)15 T’E’3 A(II)19 TS’INo A(I)8 N-III-2289 KID 10,14,15 N-I-1472;

2301;N-Il|-3643 ZHASH Bi(I)1 ZHASH A\(I)1 ZHASH B(!)2 TL’O Bil)3; ZHASH A\(Il)1 ZHASH A\(II)2 Zi’ Dcl)1s(VIj2 z{f’ DiIv)1 ‘Ws E()s CHAA’2 K(IV) 1;Z{f’ D(V)3 NII’4 D(I)3 2{f Div) GIZ C(I)3

Z{f’ D(v)3

CHAA’s I(V)1 Z2(f' Div) Zip A(V)2 Zif C(IV)1 zi D2 N-Ill-1049;2171 PAR-XII-563 zit’ Dci2 Nil'g C(I)1 Z{f° D(il)4

KNOWN

KNOWN (famous): P gets to be -P comes to be -- about knuckles of the hand kotex

Kydestea, Arizona

LAKE

Z2(f A(V1)1 Z2i{' C(lv)1 N-Ill-2630

Lake Valley, New Mexico LAKE: large -small --

N-l-1678;N-III1329;3965 N-Ill-2542

“lam”, be on the (a fugitive) LAMB:

-- near White Cone, Arizona

pet --

La Jara, New Mexico La Plata Mountain, Colorado

LABOR:

hand/manual/unskilled ---er

go into -- (with the birth of P) lace O up

lace O up (rough-stitch O) lacerate O with claws/anils

lacerate oneself (with claws/nails)

-- (meat) twin --s lamb’s quarter (plant)

N-Ill-2544 N-IIl-1606 N-Ill-251; 2952;3297 N-Ill-1862 N-IIl-3224 CH{, A(l)1,2 TL’'O B(III)3 LO’ A(I)30 GHAZ A(I)10 GHAZ A(Il)2;

lamb’s tail (plant) lambdoid suture

Lambert locoweed LAME: -- person

-- courage to approach

P

-- the time to do P there comes to be a -- of P

~-ing (P)

--ing in nothing --ing one breast, teat P is --ing lackadaisical, P is lackadaisically, be going along lackey (servant), bea LADDER: extension -twelve rung -Ladder Trail (in the Canyon de Chelley area) Ladies and Gentlemen

LADLE:

clay -pottery --

wooden -ladybird beetle lagging far behind

Laguna, New Mexico lair

-- wick lance leaf sage

N-IIl-3032 WODo Bi(I)1 WOD> A(l)1 N-IIl-717 N-IIl-716 N-I-972 N-IIl-153 N-IIl-1340

LAND:

N-I-935;

be --

become --

LAMP: electric --

K’EE’ A(I)12 LACK: P --s -- the means (to do something)

oil --

DIJD C(I)1 PAR-XIII-29 TID A(I)2 ‘AAD A\(I)7 NI’o A(I)1 -(DIN;POS-

Federal/Government ---slide takes place S (falls and) --s

30;PAR-XII-

S --s on the ground

568;636

people -- (in a plane) S --s (with P) (an airplane) --ing takes place (people return to earth) --ing field(s)

PAR-XII-152 N-I-174 YEE’ B(I)3 YEE’ B(I)3 CH'{JDII B(|)1 ’A’ D(IIl)1 N-II|-2081 N-Ill-2083 N-Ill-2085

N-IlIl-636 N-IIl-3885 N-Ill-3852 N-1-174 N-Ill-633 CHAA’, BiI)1 N-I-510;N-III1612 N-I-159 N-lll-1613 N-I-1294 N-I-1737;N-III4019 N-1-640 N-I-1998;N-III4442 N-Ill-1605

--ing net (used to land fish after catching them)

111331133 N-I-1114;1160 CHAA’ A(1)4 MV-IV-57 MV-IV-58 DEE’ A(V)15 DA A(\)1,4

DEE’ A(V)15 N-Ill-1283; 1284:1285 N-Ill-2797

Landslide, Arizona (near Rough

Rock)

LANGUAGE: the English --

N-Il]-2082 N-1-717;1428;

N-IIl-3568 N-I-12;N-IIl-

the Navajo -the Spanish -become an expert speaker of a --

684 N-1-485 N-Il]-1969 N-1-486 N-Il-3127 PAR-XII-182 N-I-1585;N-III3834 N-1-134;1846

-- research

-- researcher(s) students of/researchers in -LAP (as water): S --s against P (as waves against a boat) S --s up O S is --ing up (unspecified) O

1318

N-IIl-2096 N-I-1429;2257 N-I-1431;N-II63 N-I-1430 N-I-1432 TA, A(1)36 N-III-3561 N-II|-3563; 3564 N-Il|-3563

K’OL D(I)1,2 CH’AL Bi(I)1 CH’AL B(I)2

LASH

LAP

S starts to -- O up S starts to -- (unspecified) O up

LAP (of a person): in one’s -be sitting in P’s --: 1 subject 2 subjects sit down in P’s --: 1 subject 2 subjects LAP (circuit): S runs a -- (a racehorse)

CH’AL A(I)1 CH’AL A(l)2 N-1-1897 N-I-1898 DA Fi(l)1 KE F(I)1

DA A(\)4 KE A(II)3 WOD, AilIl)13

S runs a succession of --s (a racehorse) S runs a -- (3+ racehorses)

WOD, A(lIl)14 JEE’s A(I)4

S runs a succession of --s (a jockey)

WOD, A(lil)16

lard LARGE: S is very -S is getting progressively --er (as a person's belt as he gains weight) S reaches -- proportions (as a snowfall) there is a -- quantity

large rock beaver (insect) Largo Canyon, New Mexico Largo Canyon, New Mexico (lower part) lariat, buckskin/goathide lariat, horsehair larkspur, two-color

larvae of the geometrid moths larvae, eculd

larynx larynx, muscles of the

LASH (hit): --(n.) -- (v.) -- among P -- at O one time --atP -- back --O

S --s (endures)

N-l-969;970 S --s (goes on) a long time (as a war, snow on the mountain)

TSOH B(I)9

TSXAS A(I)6 TSXAS Ai(l)2

TSXAS C(III)1 TL’O B(IV)1 Tt’O B(V)1 LO’ A(I)12; D(I)1;NE’o A(1)46

Nit. (1)1;Z/’ C(l)2 NA’o A(1)1,2; NA'4A(V)6,7; D(Ill)1; ZHAAZH A(I)9; ZHIIZH A(I)9 NAAD»> A(\) 1;ZHIIZH

DEEL, D(\)3

TSOH A\(\)3 Y{o G(I)4 N-Ill-1198 N-Il-122;3728

S is --ing --ing (future context) --ing (past context) LAST (of a series):

A(V)12 NA’g D(ill)1 PAR-XII-618

PAR-XII-619 N-1-945;946;

948:PAR-XII15;16;902

N-|-1981 N-I-1760 N-I-1180 N-Ill-2579; 3662 N-Il1-4554 N-I!l-4556 N-III-550 N-|-2296

-- repeatedly at each other -- repeatedly at O -- something (unspecified) about

give O aconnected series of --ing blows let fly a whip-make whipping---ing motions strike in a --ing manner

TSXAS TSXAS TSXAS TSXAS

-- out

LAST (hold out): make P -- (conserve P)

(V also BIG)

N-Il1-777 TSXAS C(I)1 TSXAS B(I)1 TSXAS A(I)8 TSXAS B(I)1 TAH A\l)1 TSXAS Ci(ll)1 TSXAS A(I)3 'AHy A(I)9 TSXAS A(I)1 TSXAS A(II)1 TSXAS A(I)7 TSXAS E(II)1

-- out into space (with a whip) -- out into space with a FFO

strike O a single --ing blow strike oneself a --ing blow whip oneself with a series of --ing blows LASH (tie): -- O together -- oneself to P lasso O/P

-- time the -- time -- year at this time -- child born

N-I-946

PAR-XII-16 PAR-XII-353

N-I-1129;N-III2666

S is the -- one ina series

(last farm in an area) moon enters the -- quarter

latch, door LATE: -- at night at a -- hour

a long time --er on not until --er be -- at night be -- for P (as for work, school) be deliberately ---er (on) latrine

Latter-Day Saint LAUGH: be --ing (at P) -- and -- (about P)

Ci(ll)1 A(I)3 C(I)1 A(I)1

spCm pe)

’A (IIl)18 YA A(It)11

N-Ill-1550 PAR-XII163;903 PAR-XII163;903 PAR-XII-760 PAR-XII-308 KA G(Il)1 KIDo A(II)2 ZID B(I)1 PAR-XII436534 N-lll4611;4612 N-II-97

DLO’ Bil)1 DLO' A(Il)1

LAUGH

LAY

-- quietly to oneself

‘fl’ (Iya

--ing

N-I-579 YA A(1)80;Z{{' C(I)2;D(VI)5 YA B(I)1 ‘{f'o A(IN)4 DLO’ Bi(ll)1 DLO’ Bi(II)1 DLO’ A(IV)1 GHAA’, A(\)1 DLO’ A(\)1 N-Ill-328 PAR-XII-187 N-I-578;N-lll1748

feel like --ing (about P) go about --ing hide a -- (chuckle to oneself) keep O --ing make O -make O burst out --ing O die --ing about P stop --ing Laughing Boy (a personal name) laughingly laughter laughter, with launch an attack launched, P is (as a project) laundress

LAUNDRY: --man -- (room, building) -- tub

do the --

just get a good start doing the -start to do the -LAVA: -- rock

-- spire into the -lavatory LAW: --breaker --S were suspended a -- is passed

be ---abiding make a -the -- was broken lawn mower

lawyer laxative laxative on P,S acts asa

-- a series of eggs -- O (a turtle) Start to --

lay away for P (an item for purchase) LAY O (set O down):

1 subject/object 2 subjects/objects 3+ subjects/objects

N-Ill-1676 N-Ill-1529 N-Ill-1169 GIZ E(|)2 GIZ B(I)3 GIZ B(I)2 N-1-1887;N-III1229;4250 N-I-71;1808 N-Ill-4254 N-1-1888 N-Ill-3674 N-III-688 N-III-50 TL’'O Dil)1 'A G(\)2 YAA C(I)3 ‘A G(II)2 TI’ A(Il)1 N-Ill4002;4007 N-II|-89:1889 N-I1-86;91 ZIIDo A(I)16

CHi; B(II)1 CH 1A(I)4 NIL A(1)67 CHiy A(\)2,3 TSOOZ A(1)22 T{;MV-XV

TEEZHiMVXV JEE'y;MV-XV

GHALy A(illy2 N-lll-2167 GIZ H(I)2; YEE’ B(I)3 N-ill- 1699

--O;

1 object plural O;

-- horizontally out (a canyon) -- P to decide

-- unwisely (lead astray) be --ing O along be in the -start to - O along

N-1-579

-- in parallel position, side by side (as shoes in the Moccasin Game)

lead (metal) LEAD:

take the -:

BAA’ A(I)3 DEE’ A(V)18 N-II1-295

LAY (egg{s]):

-- O (an egg)

-- eyes on P laziness lazy, be

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

the --ing one -- O on (fool O) LEADER;

LOOZ;MV-lI ‘EE ZHIMV All DZIS (\)3 LyJDy Ale ‘FEZH A(I)20 ‘AA’ C(I) 1 YA B(I)1 ‘AA! A(\)5 TLA(IV)17;2]' A(I)1 YA A(|)7,66 ‘AAZH A(I)5 KAI B(I)10 PARI ‘AA! A(1)5 N-L-716:N-ll185;252:310;

452;1957; 3916;9919

leaf

‘EEZH B(I)2 ‘EEZH A(I)20 DA F(I)1;2}' D(I)t YA DI) TL A(IV)17 N-1-1626;1627

leaf, corn

N-l-459

be a-be a bad -be P's --

P is a strong -assume

--ship

LEAK: S --s (in dribbles, as a faucet) S --s out

CH'AAL A(Ill)4 LIZH A(I)7

S --s through P (as liquid from a tank)

LEAN: -- into an enclosure --O;

NA‘y A(I)4 [S'‘OOD A(i)1 MV-1-90;

ZHOOZH A(ID6

against P in a standing position

MV-1-91;T8] A(\)12

TSI A()22, 24,26

side by side against P

ZHOOZH

A(lil)4 -onP

KAAL@ A(II)1

- out the window place O --ing place O in a ing position

TS'POD A(I)7 MV-XIV-42 MV-XV-ae2:

TA A(I)41, TSOOZ A(I)37

JEE'1 A(II)14

LEDGE

LEAN

S lie side by side --ing against P LEAP: -- up (into the air)

ZHOOZH C(I)3 J{fD A(t) J{D A(II)1; TAH> A(!)2;

WOD; A(III)88 -- up in one’s sleep (because of P) flames -- up flames are --ing LEARN: --ing -- (a fact) -- about O/P

-- O (language) -- one’s lesson -- P (skill, language) -- P’s language --ing is taking place make O -- P P --s (a language) P is being --ed start to -- (P) lease O (from lessor) lease O to P leash on P, puta

LEATHER: -- (for shoes) -- maker LEAVE (depart): -- in company with P 1 subject with 1/2+ companion(s) -- P (as a stranded car) -- P (abandon P): 1 subject

2 subjects -- against P’s wishes: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- office -- ajob

GAAZH A(\)1 NOOD A(II)2 NOOD C(I)2 N-Ill2170;2171 2 Cc) *AA’ A(I)4;NII"4 C(1)1,3;Z[f" c(Iv)1 TS’AA’ C(Ht)1 YAAD A\(I)1

‘AA’ A\(I)3

LAA’, A(I)4 'AA’ A(II)2 "AA’ All) LA A(lll)18

‘AA’ A(ll)1

AA’ A(\)1,2 MV-I-92 MV-I-93 T'I'y D(tI)4 N-1-34 N-I-893 N-IlI-208 MV-V-152 MV-V-153 MV-V-153 MV-V-1514 YA A(I)30, 39,41 *KAZH A(l)24 YA A(1)42 *AAZH A(|)27 KAI B(I)36 YA A(I)44; (1I)10 YA A(1)44;( 11)10

-- O behind to guard the property or babysit: DA D(Il)1 1 object (person) 2 objects (persons) -- P (one’s spouse or companion) move away and -- P behind

--ing

lectures, go about giving

LEDGE:

KE D(il)1 YA A(1)30,41 NAq A(l)2

-TS’AA’;POS73 TI's C()2 N-1-867;1534

-- (on a mountain) -- on the face of a cliff/rock rock -subterranean -- (mythology) underground --es (earth) Lee’s Ferry, Arizona LEFT (hand): on the -(from) -- to right from the -to the -LEFT (remain - time, space): be -have O -- over have O -- to be cared for (as children) P gets -- out (because the supply is exhausted before his

turn comes) P is -- behind (abandoned, as a custom) P is -- behind (as a passenger who misses his bus) P is -- out S is -- over

S is -- over (because it is surplus to

need) leftover (food) leftovers, eat

LEG: -- (human, primate or bird; table or chair) -- bone

hollow of the -lower -muscle of the upper --

between the --s --s fly up into the air (those of

passengers ina hits a bump) cross one’s --S

vehicle that

draw in one’s --s extend one’s -force O's --s apart (as those of a rabbit)

have large/heavy --s have one’s --s drawn together have one’s --s outstretched

have one’s -s- open/spread

N-I-603 N-l-1537 N-I-868;1864 N-I-1538 N-l-1355 N-IlI-4310 PAR-XII-456 PAR-XII-498; N-1-1464 PAR-XII-454 PAR-XII|-455

DzZil’ A(|)8 Dzil’ A(1)14 "EEZH A(l)9

NA’4 A(V)2 YIZ A(II)5 WOD;, AiII!) 10,52,54,55 Lif’ A(V)1 DzZil’ A(I)14;’ OH (I)1

NA’4 A(V)3 N-Ill1094:1410 YA B(Il)4

N-|-786;799 N-|-796;2068 N-l-797 N-I-588 N-I-1528;N-IlI3669 N-I-795

DEE’ A(\)28 'EEZ A(IV) 14:LA A(I)45 "EEZ A(IV)14 TAAL A(V)7 K’AI’ E(il)1 JAAD (I)1 JA’ (1)1

"EEZ I(II)3; ZHOOZH C(tl)1 K'AL' F(Il)1

LEG

lie pumping one's --s in the air

lie with one’s --s apart open one’s --s

P’s -- is paralyzed

LESSON

'EEZ K'AI’ K’Al’ GAN

C(|)1 F(I)1 E(I)1 C(I)1

--S are being given give --s in P els --O go -- P (do something) -- go of P:

put one’s --s around one’s own

K’Al’ D(Il)1 K’Al’ Di|)1 put one’s --s around P’s neck K’Al’ D(I)2 spread one’s --s apart K’Al’ E(|)1 stick one’s -- out from under P "EEZ A(IV)12 stick one’s -- up out 'EEZ A(IV)12 stick one’s --s out (extend them out) 'EEZ A(IV)13 throw one’s --s about K’Al’ B(I)1 LEG-DRAGGER WASP (insect): N-Ill-2295 N-lll-2298 N-Ill-2297 N-Ill-2296 slender -N-Ill-2299 small -N-IIl-2300 LEGGING(S): N-1-2224;N-III2282 buckskin -N-1-6;2226 women’s wrap-on -N-Ill-2395 yucca -N-I-2227 legal, Pis ’A H(I)10 legend N-Ill-1943 legerdemain N-I-39 LEGISLATIVE BILL: N-Ill-3232 -- is before the house TSOOZ G(\)1 -- is introduced/tabled TSOOZ A(II)16 introduce a -- regarding P TSOOZ A(I)47 legislative enactment N-Ill-3232 LEISURELY: PAR-VIII;PARXII-526;782 in a -- manner PAR-XII-648 ata -- pace/rate PAR-XII648:660 lemon N-lil1394:4468 lemon verbena N-Ill-4028 lendO to P MV-I-94 lending to POS-2 neck (as a contortionist)

put one’s --s around P

--'s see (where) there is a ---up in the work -- a fart -- fly an arrow

-- O out (pets) LETTER: -- carrier write a -- to P lettuce

Leupp, Arizona EEVEIs area is -be a -- area at the same

--en O (pant leg, sleeve) --en P (by attaching O)

--ily --wise leopard lesion appears less than

LESSON: -- (to be learned)

--

-- an area off

-- extends back away -- goes (back) down/declines/ recedes -- is declining/rising -- is falling/rising -- is moving along -- moves -- returns (to previous level)

-- rises/comes (back) up -- Starts to move back (to previous level) S reaches a -(as water in a barrel)

LENGTH: in --

N-lll1051;2173

-- plan(s)

there is a -- spot lever

PAR-XII-438 LA A(l)23 T'l’y A(lI)19 PAR-XII-281 PAR-XI|-438 N-Ill3059;3064 Lif’ A(I)1 -'OH;POS-62 N-Iil1050;2170 N-IIl-2172

lever, gear shift (in a car)

Lewis flax Leyit Kin liar liar, bea libidinous, be

libido lice, get infested with

lice, infest O with

1322

'AA’ A(II)2

TAq B(It)3 Nil’, A(IV)1 NIID4 B(V)2 CHID3 A(!)1; TSA’ A(|)1 PAR-XII304;305 Lif’ A(V)1 TLD B(I)1 T’'OHp A(\)1 NIL A(I)33 N-Ill3227;3560 N-Ill3261;3262 CH] B(II)3 N-Ill1390;1391 N-I-2000 KO’ B(I)2 LA G(I)11;KQ’ B(I)2 PAR-XII-564 ‘AAD A(Il)1; KO’ A(II)3 ‘AAD A\(!)3

‘AAD A(I)3,4,6

‘AAD ‘AAD ‘AAD "AAD ‘AAD

A\\)1 B(I)1 Bil)1 A\(\)1 A\(l)4

"AAD A(1)3,4,6

‘AAD A(I)5 ZHIIZH A(II)6 ‘AAD Ci(\)1 N-IIl-792 N-III|-867 N-Ill-1674 N-I-1158 N-1-2234;N-III1146;4690 CH'IID (1)1 Jit (I) N-Ill-2916 Lj A(l)1 YAA Ci(ill)1

BIE

LICENSE

license plate (car)

license, driver’s license, marriage LICHEN: ground -rock -tree --

lick (beat) P (in a fight) licked (beaten) (in a fight), be LICK (with the tongue): --O give Oa-give O a series of --s -- oneself start to --O licorice candy licorice, wild (plant)

lid LIE (falsehood): tell --s (about P) LIE (recline): 1 subject/object 2 subjects/objects 3+ subjects/objects S (3+) -- about here and there -- outstretched -- pumping one’s legs in the air -- scattered about -- scattered on the surface 3+ S$ -- about (flat or spreading objects pl S -- parallel to one another

(vertically) S --/--s: buried in soil/ashes immersed in water in position ina circle

in a row or series on its side about here and there

covering holes

covering P’s eyes ina heap

in alternating blocks (land sections) on the surface scattered about S (3+ flat/spreading S) -- about

N-Il1-559; 560;1238 N-Ill-1078 N-UI-115 N-I-572 N-I-575;1349 N-1-574;1829

S -- side by side:

across alternating in parallel position

leaning against P

N-1-573;

1941;1953 uff Ad2 Lif A(VI)1

CIEE

-- span following his own -- style full of -- and vigo -- goes on (continues) -- on earth begins/commences

ZHOOZH C(l)1 ZHOOZH C(I)4 TS’EE’s (I)1 TS'EE’o (I)2 ZHOOZH C(l)2 N-I-1445;N-III2260 N-II|-3557 PAR-XII-575 PAR-XII-105 DEEL, D(I)2 DEEL, A(\) 3:YA A(I)53

bring O (back) to -come (back) to --

N-Il-213 N-Ill-227 N-III-49 N-|-2233;N-III-

keep fighting for -O/P is serving a -- sentence (in prison)

4689 CHD (1)1;TSI

A(\)29 MV-1-95;MVXV T[;MV-XV TEEZH:MVXV JEE’4;MV-XV MV-I-99 KAAL C(\I)2 'EEZ C(I) BEEZHp (I)1 BEEZHp ()2

P lived (his) -P’s -- ends S comes to -- (is conceived or hatched) to have lived a long --

Life Way (group of chants)

Life Way, Female Shooting Branch

NA‘, DJD NA"; Nil'g DID

B(Il)1 A(IV)4; B(I)1; B(IV)1 Bill)

GHAA’y A(!) 1;Y{4 Bil)1 KA A(IIl)4 Ty A(21 DEEL, C(I)2 DIJD A(IV)1; YA B(I)1 N-IIl-2019 N-Ill-2023

Life Way, Hand Trembling

Branch of the Life Way, Male Shooting Branch

Life Way, Shaft Branch of the UE?

KAAD H(Il)5

-- O (up)

TS'EE’9 (Il)1

-- O up (a heavy object, by dragging)

MV-I-97 MV-1-98 MV-1-96 MV-I-100 MV-I-101 MV-I-102 ZHOOZH C(I)6 NIL 1(1)5 NIL 1(1)5 K’AAZH 4 G(I)1

-- up O’s foot --up one’s arm (raise one’s hand)

ligament LIGHT (in weight): area is -be -be equally --

light-complexioned LIGHT: -- rays

NIL 1(1)10 BEEZHo (\)2 BEEZHp (I)1 KAAD H(Il)5

electric --

outdoor/yard/street --

-- a -- (lamp, fire;turn on a light)

1323

N-IIl-2025 N-IIl-2022 N-Il|-2024

MV-I-103;YAA C(Ill)1 ZHOOD A(II)26 EZ AI aye Nil'y B(I)S N-1-565;2056

ZOLI (Il)1 ZOLI (It)1 ZOLI (1)1 N-III-3833 N-I-962;N-III70;717 N-ill3374;3375 N-I|1-382;716 N-I!1-4034 TLAH, A(IV)1

LIGHT

-- breaks out again -- comes back on -- comes through P -- is cast about -- is moving around to and fro -- moves --O

-- one’s way along with P -- shines into an enclosure -- shines through P

LIGHTNING

DLAAD A\(III)2 DLAAD A(III)2 DIN (\)2 DIN (\)8 DLAAD Di(II)1 DLAAD A(III)3 TLAH, A(IV)2 DLAAD D(IV)1 DiiN (I)6; DLAAD A(III)3 DIIN (1)2,3

area/space --s up

‘fy Bq

be holding a --

DIIN (I1)7 DITN (I)5 DITN (II)1 DLAAD D(IV)1 DITN (1)4 DITN (I)2 DITN (1)4 DIN (I)8

beam

of -- shines up out

direct, throw a beam of --

go along shining a -P gives off -P lets -- through P reflects -P sheds --

there is a flash of --

lignite LIKE (be pleased by):

KAAD Bi(Il)1;

P --s me/S

Uff Ect; P --s the weather/place S --s P

P doesn’t -- it (something nasty, bad weather) LIKE (resembling):

-- this

shine a --:

away into an enclosure onP out horizontally

through P toward each other up out

signal with a -there is --

there is a beam, ray of -things are --ed up turn ona

--

LIGHTNING: -- charcoal -- herbs -- prayerstick -- struck rock (used in making ceremonial fire) -- flashes

-- strikes (P)

be killed by -P is struck by a bolt of -P was killed by a bolt of -P was transported by -there are repeated flashes of --

GESH (I)1; GIZH A(VI)2; D(III)1;TAH A(l)1 N-II-2698

DLAAD A(VI)8 DLAAD A(VI)8 DLAAD A(VI)6 DLAAD A(VI)3 DLAAD A(V1)4,5 DLAAD A(V1)8 DLAAD A(VI)7 DLAAD A(VI)8 DITN (1)1 DIIN (\)7 ‘4 D(IV)1 TLAH, A(IV)1 N-IlI-379;2246 N-Il-2251 N-Ill-4340 N-IIl-2247

appear -be --

be --P be -- that be -- this become -- each other/P --

have an appearance look -- P look -- this

seem -likeness of, small lily, mariposa

ZHOOD Dilil)1 TEEH B(I)2 KAAD Bi(Il)1; Lif Ect; T’EEH B(I)1; ZHOOD D(til)1

MH (1)1,2 -K’EH:POS42:PAR-XII198:369 PAR-XII145:146 LIN (1)5 TE"; C(VI)1 TE’; C(VI)1,3 TE’, C(I) TE’, C(I) YAA C(VI)1 LIN ()5,6 LIN (1)1,3 LIN (1)4 LIN (I)5 N-Il-4685 N-I-54

LIMB:

--(S) (of a tree or person):

N-l-643;657; N-Il1-2161; 4328;44524453:44584459

N-Ill-4110 CHIl’ E(\)1; GESH (I)1; GIZH A(VI) 2;TAHp A(I)1 CH'IL A\(1)1; G(I)1;Nil'g B(I)t GHAA", A(!) 1;Y{, BI) CH'IL A\\)1 Yj; BiI)1

dead --s (ona

tree)

the cutting off of a -LIMBER: -- Up (an area)

ZA4 A(l)4;(I)2 TE'TID A(I)1

up

S is --

EEL B(IIl)1; T’OOD, Bil)

Start to -- P/area up

ZAq A(I)2

limit, peripheral

LIMP (be lame): -- about

CHIl’ E(\)1; GESH (I)2; GIZH D(IIl)1

go --ing to a location and back start to --

--eF lina (plant)

1324

N-II|-397

=
Bi(|)1 WODp» Bi(I)1 WODp A(I)1 N-Ill-3032 N-Ill-360:1101

EiiNLeE

LINE

LINE: -- of sight extends away out of view

Un pilise

‘{f'4 D(2

lion, African

ZO E(I)1,2 ZO D(!)1,3 Ty E(1)1 T'l’4;MV-XIV ZA"; B(I)3 MV-XIV-21; MV-XV-19 ‘ff’ Dcuy1 Ty A(Il)14,18 T1'4 F()25 N-IlI-53 N-I-98 N-II|-3564 N-Il1-3564 N-Il|-3563 N-IlI-505 ZHA’ E(Ill)1 ZHA’ E(II)2 N-Ill2482;2483 N-Il1-3061 N-Ill-3062

LIP(S):

N-I-420;

be drawing a -make a/draw a -S are moving along ina -S extends in a thin -S form a thin undulating -extend/sitlie/place O ina

--

there is a -- of sight line O up (one behind the other) lined up, be (two abreast/single file)

linear foot (measure) liner (for cradleboard) linguist linguistics linguists liniment linked together, be linked, have O

linoleum lion

interior of the --- rouge --stick smack one’s --s at P

“give P --” Lipan Apache liquid liquid, muddy/turgid/cloudy

a -- bit

just a --little bit -- by —

-- one just a -- while ago be -be as --asP be quite -be this -be this -Little Boy (personal name)

Little Nose (personal nickname)

lisp

BISie --O -- O in sequence S are --ed on P (as names ona roster)

GISTIEN: be --ing (to O) do --ing (divination)

Little-Eyes Little-Mustache

Little White Cone, Arizona

Little White House Canyon (in the Canyon de Chelley area)

454;2245 N-I-2128 N-Ill-4721 N-II1-4721 TS’OOZ A(\)1 Dit’ A(1)10 N-I-1865 N-I-1567 N-I-1508;N-IlI-

little blazing star (plant) LIVE (be living):

-- a long life -- beyond a certain age -- in the old way -- out one’s days -- to a specified age -- well

N-Il|-3789; 3828;3863 Tl’o B(I)1

start to --

LIVE (reside): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- with P -- with P (marry P)

ZO A(I)7 NIL A(1)60 T'1'y F(l)25;ZO D(II)1 TS’AA’ B(I)1; PAR-XII-817 TS’AA’ B(I)1,2 D4 E(V)1; YAA C(\)1

P --es beside p live (subsist)(on P) LIVELIHOOD: derive one’s -- from P

--er (one who does divination by

listening) --ing (a form of divination) listless, P is

litany litter (mess), make

litter litter of six

PAR-XII-42; 58;659 PAR-XII-697 PAR-XII-526 N-I-2300 PAR-XII60;710 TS'IISI (1)1 YAZHI (I1)3 YAZHI (I!)1 YAZHI (1)1 ZHEMt (1I)1 N-I-85;N-III2515 N-1-322;N-III7 eV7/

Little Warrior Girl

3727

liquor(s)

PAR-VIII CH {DI (1)1;

N-Il|-2270 N-Il|-2269 YEE’ BiI)3

N-I-147;N-IIl617 N-I-1296 N-IlIl-1474 N-Ill-3577 N-lll4116;4244 N-Il|-2258 *AAZH B(I)1; D|JD A(IV)1; JD4 D(IV)1; LA G(I)10 D\JD A(IV)1 D|JD A(IV)1 YA B(I)1 DJJD A(IV)5 D\JD A(IV)1 JD D(IV)1 NA’; A(l)1 YA B(l)1 *AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(I)1 NA’4 C(\)1 ‘AAZH A(Il)23 GHAN, (1)1 NA’, C(\)1; TS'ID Biil)1 N-Il1-843 NA’, C(l)1; NA'3 A(Il)1

make one’s -- from P:

1 subject 3+ subjects resources for --

N-II1-147

LAAD» A(il)1 N-Il|-4477 N-I-712

lively, P is

lively, place is liver

1325

YA D(l)1 KAI G(I)4 N-I|-663 ZOLI (Il)2 NA'y C(\)2 N-|-2266

LIVER

liver, lungs and heart liver-lipped person Liver-Lips

LIVESTOCK:

-- (horses) -- (sheep) unproductive -LIVING: -- Quarters

-- things be --

make one’s -- from P

start to make one’s --

LIZARD: gray -green -leopard -rock --

lizard’s horn (plant) Lizard Spring, Arizona LOAD:

move a ---O -- O into P O is --ed onto P O is --ed up --agun

-- O (muzzleloader)

--ing action of a gun LOAN: -- company On a -- basis

have O on -- (from P) make --s to 3+ P have P’s O on--: airplane

N-I-815 N-Il-1547 N-I-456 N-I-1161; 1172;N-IIl2930 N-I-1173 N-I-1122 N-Ill-2931

location farther up, ata

PAR-XII-797 PAR-XII-672 -DA;POS-19 N-Il-4217 TSI A(I)3 TAHpd A(Il)1 KAALy A(II)1

-- forked poles -- O (a padlock) -- oneself in

locoweed locoweed, Matthew LOCUST: black -blue-eyed --

gray -large -red -red-eyed -small --

spotted -striped -white -white-eyed --- shell lodging place log log hollowed (to make a trough) Lohali Point, Arizona loin (of a quadruped) loin area loincloth

LOITER about (dilly-dallying around): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects with 1 companion Lokasakad, Arizona

loll around (idly) lollipop Lone Mountain, Arizona

lonely, P is

N-Ill-1509

-- Window

locomotive

with 2+ companions

lobelia, cardinal (plant)

LOCK:

locomotion, power of

N-Il-49;N-IIl905 PAR-XII-825 MV-I-104 TSI A(I)20

wheeled vehicle loathing for O, develop a loathing, develop a mutu al

location, ata nearby

lockjaw lockjaw, get

N-II1-2469 N-Ill-3203 NA’, C(I)1 LA F(\)1;NA’y C(I)1;NA’3 A(Il)1 NA’, A(I)1 N-II|-2977 N-Ill-2984 N-Ill-2979 N-II|-2980 N-Ill-4126 N-Ill-2984 N-Ill-2982 N-I-739; 2204:N-Ill2088 YjoiMV-I YAA C(III)6 YAA C(Ill)1 YAA C(VII)2 YAA C(VII)6 "A A(I)93;NIL A(1)67 JAA’s A(I)49 N-Ill-792

TA’ BiIl)1 "EEL B(Il)1 BAAZ B(II)1 LAA’s A(|)1 LAA’s A(Il)1

boat

--Pin -- up a house

lonesome, be lonesome, become

LONG (in dimension): be -area Is -S is -- and indented S is -- and narrow be ---haired

be be be be

1326

--er awfully -comparatively -equally --

KAAL A(I)8 KAAL4 A(I)9 N-Il1-1527 TSA’ C(II)1 N-1-642;N-III1860 N-I-1995;N-IIl2525:2528 N-III-1385 N-I-115 N-I-2118 N-Ill-4580 N-IlI-4577 N-Ill-4575 N-Ill-4582 N-II-4576 N-III-4571 N-II1-4583 N-III-4579 N-Il1-4581 N-I11-4578 N-Ill-4572 N-I-2119 N-l-1790 N-Ill-3054 N-IIl-4339 N-IIl-2801 N-I-1771;1896 N-I-1526;N-Ill3675 N-IlI-3965

YA B(II)6 ’AAZH Bi(III)3 KAI C(III)1 ’AAZH BiIII)3 KAI C(III)1 N-IIl-2664 GHAL, B(I)1; D(II)1 N-Ill-215 N-Ill-3915 TS'IID B(I)3 K’AAD D(I)2 K’AAD A(I)3 PAR-VIII NEEZ A(I)1 NEEZ A(I)5; A(IIl)2 TS’OS (II)2 TS’OZI (Il)1,2 IL (\)1;TS'OZ (I)1;YOG (I)4 NEEZ A(I)2 NEEZ A(II)5 NEEZ A(lil)1 NEEZ A(Il)1

LOOK

LONG

be this --

be too -- for P have a -- life

-- (in time) -- (in time/duration) -- ago how --? how -- ago? for how -- ? a -- time a -- time afterward for a -- time (future context) for a -- time (past context) -- way (to) a --way off a --long way the -- way it is a -- way LONG (want):

be --ing for O

P --s (to go/return to a designated place) P --s for (as a smoker for a cigaret) Long Lake, New Mexico Long-Mustache Long-Teat longevity, a ceremonial-religious concept relating to LOOK:

-- alike -- all around

-- through P -- up quickly (as a startled person)

NEEZ A(II)3; A(III)3 NEEZ A(lil)1 YA B(I)1 PAR-XII-461 PAR-XII-465 PAR-XII-45; 102:772 NEEZ A(II)4 PAR-XII-464 PAR-XII-466 PAR-XII-62 PAR-XII-760 PAR-XII-64 PAR-XII-63 PAR-XII-184 PAR-XII-181 PAR-XII183;467 PAR-XII-438 ZAAD (1)2

-- up be --ing for O like a fool be --ing for P be going along --ing for sex be going along --ing for be going to -- for be good---ing be on the --out for P go --ing for sex O is --ed at

take a quick -- around

take a leisurely -- around to have started to -- for P

--ing glass LOOM: upper and lower -- poles

NID, B(I)1;T'1, A(I)1;YAA D(\)1

heald stick crossbeam crossbeam heald stick

on a -on a -on a -on a --

put up a --

-- (wire or other) carry O by an attached -drop a -- over P (to snare or lasso P) throw --(s) at O (as in lassoing)

N-Ill-4276 ‘ff (1 LIN (I)1 GHAL, Ail) 1;B({I)1

LOOSE: S becomes --

-- at (P’s genitals) -- at each other

S extends --ly S is --ly woven (as a blanket) S lies in a -- pile/heap turn O (sheep) ---ly

--atO -- at oneself -- back

-- down on P -- fixedly at it -- for (P)

-- like (P) -- like this

KEEZ B(|)1

‘Ps Ci

LOOSEN: --O -- O (a string) -- area (by spading) -- open O by --ing a drawstring

4 A()1; "D4

F(il)3;(II1)1; TAA’s Bil)2; TS’ Bill)1 LIN (1)1,3,5,6; TE’, C(VI)3

-- surface soil lop O off lop off P’s head

LIN (\)4;T'E’4

Cilll)2 -- O/P over

-- on O in this way (an issue)

GHAL,

lope

Bill)

2;C(I)2;TAA’2

loquacious, be

C(I)1;ZID A(V)1

Lord (a Christian

4c

1327

CHA’, Ci(\l)1

TAA’2 DiI)

TAA’s A(I)3 LIN (1)2 ‘Y’4 BUI) CHA’, A(IIl)1

‘1 cay GHAL4 A(lI1)4,5 NE'o B(I)1

‘ACilij2 TAA’2 All) N-Ill-1156 N-Il1-1494

N-III-349 N-IlI-51 N-lll-42 N-III-309 N-Ill-658 TL'O Bill)2 TS'OOD A(Il)2

tighten a -E@OP:

Ty F(l)1 Ty A(!)1 N-IIl-640 N-Il-1483 N-I-173

TAA’s Bil)1

Lif E(u

P --suptoS start to --

upper upper lower lower

‘f'4 AWS

NE'p A(Il)7 YAA A(Il)1 MAI ({1)2

term).

N-I-1123; 1193;N-IlI2787 N-I-1532 LO’;MV-III

NE’s A()46 LO’ A(1)64,65 TL’OO’ A(I)1; ZHOOZH A(\)11 TLOO’ BiI)1 "EEL BiIll)1 A ()37 NIL A(I)33 PAR-XII-631 TLOO’ A(I!)1 "AH, D(I)1 CHAAD A\(II)8 "AH C(I)2 CHAAD A\(II)4 KAAL 4 B(I)3,4 KAAL4 B(I)3,4 TAA’4;MV-VII TAHg B(I)1 N-lll1046;1047

LORDS

LOST

Lord’s Prayer, the

N-IIl-

Los Cerros, New Mexico

1048;3605 N-I-1011 N-Il!-4086

Los Gigantes, Arizona LOSE;

-- count

MV-Il-22;"JD4 A(il)1 MV-IV-59 DZA"o A(I)1 BA A(Il)1,2; TE’, A(II)1 TA’s A(I)6

-- hope

CHIJDo (1)15LI’

-- one's eyesight -- one’s grip -- one's head

B(II)1;SIH (1)1 DIJD A(1)1 CHID3 A\(I)5 JAA’s A(II)12 YA’ B(I)2

--O

P--s$S --a showy P

-- at gambling

-- one’s memory -- P (as a shoe) -- plural S out of one’s pocket

-- weight, start to cause P to -- everything make P -- stakes (in gambling)

S are -- (teeth) S are --from P S gets -- (bag of wool) S is -- from a group (a sheep) ROT

ats there are a -- (of them)

2;Y{o G(I)4; P has --s of S

LOTION: put --on P start to put -- on P

loudly LOUSE:

1 subject flying (as a bird, airplane) 1 subject rolling (as a ball, coin) 1 subject walking P is --ing (ata game)

human pine

N-I-538 N-I-1322 N-I-379 N-I-1950 N-Ill-887;4634 YAA C(IIl)1 Lif’ A(I)1

plant wood -- killer

make O --y (with lice) get --y (with lice) LOVE? -- O/P

"EEL A(I)1 B)"4 A(I)1

NA’, A(II)1

T’A’ A(I)1 MAAZ A(\)2 YA A(\)1 NA3 B(I)1; C(I)1

-- each other -- oneself be in -- with each other be in -- with O

go to make -have a -- affair going make -- to P --ed one

LOW: -- blood pressure

hold P in -- esteem P is held in -- esteem -- gear ona car lower house of Congress LOWER: -- O down -- O down suspended (by cord/handle)

TSN

(1)1

LOST;

go away and get --

MV-V-154 Z{{' Dll) YIZ A(I)16

-- one's feet lowing along,S goes (a bull) lubricate O

P is -- in a flood

"EEL A(I)8

P -- (gambling)

NA3 A(l)2 DEE’ A(1)17

lucerne LUCK: be P's --y night have a stroke of good --

i/P is -P is -- (as in the mountains)

P -- his teeth P becomes

--

P rides off and gets --

N-I-2164:2176

TAAL4

P is --ing ground (in the face of adversity) P is --ing weight P starts to -- (at gambling) P was on the --ing side P was one of the --ers S --es the benefits of P S --s its tension S --s substance (as boiled meat) start to -- weight

N-I-2308

A(V)10 DEE'A TS"IN(

P --s his teeth (the teeth fall out)

1 subject (swimming)

YOf2 ‘A (1)47 N-Ill-712 TLAH3 B(I) 1;(1I)4 TLAH3 A(I)1

N-Il-1308

P --s his crops to drouth

1 subject (crawling)

PAR-XII104;137 LAAD2 C(!)

chicken

P --s control of S (a vehicle)

P --s sight of S: 1 subject floating (boat)

DEE’ A(I)18 DEE’ A(I)4 YEEZHp A(I)1 TLIZH A(I)4

Z|" C(IV)1 YA A(\)2

P has a streak of good/bad --

NIID4 B(II)4; Z2if D(VI)5 NIID4 B(Ill)1 NID4 B(IN)2 NIID4 B(IIl)1 NID 4 B(IIl)4 TLAH, A(Il)2 TLAH, A(II)2 Jit. (1)1 N-I-1054 PAR-IX;PARXII-893;894 N-Ill-1664 KEEZ B(I)1 KEEZ BiIl)1 N-lll-4656 N-IIl-438 MV-I-105

CH’AAL A(I) 9,14;LO’ A(I)3,5 EEZ A(IV)1,2 Nil’z E(2

TLAH3 B(I)1 N-I-1179 KA G(Il)1 NI'y A(II)3 KEEZ A(I)25

MAD

LUCK

P has bad --

GEEZ

P is in/out of --

GEEZ C(\)1;

S is --y

TAY H(I)2 TAy H(\)2

luckily lug nuts (on a car wheel) lugging on the back, move O by Lukachukai, Arizona lukewarm, S is lull, there is a lumbar region lumber lumber, cut/sawn

LUMP: -- appears (as a swelling after bumping one’s head) -- forms (on a surface) a hard -- forms

S forms a -lunar eclipse lunar month, the 13th

Junation is in progress lunch lunch (carried with one) lung lungs, liver and heart lunge against P lupine, short stem Lupton, Arizona LURE: --O away out of sight

CHJJD4 BiI)1 CHIJD4 ACI)

Bi(l)1

2;TAAL4

become “-- at the world” make P --

PAR-XII-779 N-Il-1251 JID;MV-I

made, be

YJO4 E(t

N-Il!-2659

made easy with it, everything is magazine rack maggot(s)

DZAAD B(|)2

maggoty, get

CH'OSH A(\)1,2

ZIIL B(IN)3 YEEL D(I)1 N-Il-1902 N-Il!-4350

MAGIC: --al power by --

YA A(1)52 Yfo F(\)2 TS'IDo A(I)30 A (\)29;YA D(I)1,2 N-I-3541 N-Ill-2946 ZID C(I)1 N-Ill-3624 N-Ill-4679 N-IIl-2338 N-I-815 GO' A(\)2 N-I-114 N-Ill-4097

P is pauperized/enriched by --

procedure or rite involving ---ally magistrate magnesium magnet magnetic tape magpie maguey mahogany, mountain mahogany, yellow maid-of-the-mist (plant) Maiden That Changed Into A Bear (mythology) MAIL: -- carrier -- delivery --man carry the --

into an enclosure into P into the water

be --ing O along lust lustrous, S/P is

lusty, be Lyall lupine (plant) Lybrook, New Mexico lysozome

MACHINE: --ery bread slicing -ice -sewing --

washing -x-ray --

N-Ill-3229

N-I-400; 413;N-lll1717;4143

N-I-4345

down

out

A(IV)14 K'OSH Bil)1 CHIJD 4 A(IIl)1

P receives --

'AA'C(I)1 N-II|-2916 DLAAD E(\)1; LID D(I)1 CHA’, B(II)1; Jit. (1)1 N-II|-4669 N-IIl-3847 N-II-153;3581

N-I-39 N-I-40 TI'o A(IV)1 N-I-44 N-I-40 N-I11-253 N-III-1005 N-IIl-1014 N-Il1-3566 N-I-142 N-I-1403 N-IIl-4160 N-IIl-4178 N-II-3719 N-lll-1365 N-Ill-3227 N-Il|-3262 N-IlI-3259 N-Ill-3262

Yio A(II)6; B(|)1 WOD, Ail!) 80,85;JEE'o

A(\)36 S goes after the -main group, the MAIN: -- part

-- points

YA A(1)48

N-III-584 N-I11-254;584 N-II1-94;

254;584 -- points of a speech/talk

-- points of a story MAINTAIN: -- O (keep O)

N-II|-3903 N-III-593 N-IIl-660 N-IIl-1009 N-IIl-833 N-1134;739

-- O/area in a certain condition -- oneself O is --ed

1229

N-II1-585;

3559 N-Il-1945

KA H(II)152Z{]" D(X)3 2{{' O(X)1,2,3 Z{{' O(XI)1,2 Z|j' O(X1)4

MAIZE

maize

MAKE

MAKE OFF WITH 1 subject

N-|-62:472; 1263:;N-Ill-

(as a stolen melon):

3121 major lines on the palm of the hand

N-Il-2628

major project/undertaking majority, be in the

N-Ill-3301

2 subjects

LAAD> C(I)

3+ subjects

-- O (by leading it) --P’s O -- P’s O (as a suitcase, briefcase) -- P's O (as another hunter's deer, by dragging it)

WES

A(XIII)1

MAKE: i

MV-X1I-66

‘YD 4 E(tl)1;(

V)1:YAA

C(I)10;(II)1; VIl)4 -- O (a bed)

-- a piece of P’s O (something torn off without the owner's permission)

YAA C(1)5;

(IV)2 -- O (unspecified)

MAKE UP (after a quarrel): -- with each other

YAA Cill)3;

-- O over (remake or repair O)

O O O O

ready thus (correctly) for oneself go to school

-- an area -- another O -- a circuit (as looping around to the well) -- a round trip (to a destination and back)

-- with O makeup, put on

malachite MALE: -- (of a species) -- deer -- fish -- eX organs

A

4:KAA seen YAA C(IIl)4 YAA C(V)3

(something: to get it)

-- P last

-- sure that

MV-XI-67 MV-XI-68

MV-XI-69 MV-X1I-70 YAA C(I)3 ‘Dy EC) Z\J' C(2 PAR-XIIIOna

--useofO -- War on O/P

--ing a bend or turn --INg a wild guess e --ing fun of P be --ing d.p. O be a--erofO go to -- love S --es P sterile S --s one's flesh crawl

ZHOOD A(Il)18

ZO0Z2

NI'y A(II)2;

ZHOOD A(IV)2 NIID4 A(II)3 CH'AA’ Bill) N-IIl-72

N-1-873 N-I-874 N-I-878 N-I!l-1681 sterile -N-II-1725 unmarried -N-I1-643 Male God N-I-877 Male Mountaintop Way N-III-1990 Male Shooting Way N-IIl-1986 Male Smooth Cane (ceremonial object) N-Ill1878 malevolence N-II1-2263 malignant neoplasm N-IIl-399 mallard (duck) N-I|l-3223 mallet N-IIl-775 mallow, Fendler false (plant) N-Il]-532 mallow, glove (plant) N-Il-534 mallow, scaret/red false (plant) N-IIl-530 malpais N-I-1808; 1889;N-lll1229;4250 Maltese cross design N-lll-1719 mammalia N-Ill-3213 mammals N-I11]-1521; 3213 MAN: N-I-537 -- (mature) N-I-714;N-III1962 -- of compassion N-Il]-1686 big -N-I-544 corpulent -N-I-541 husky -N-1-5414

-- around trip after

-- a turn (turn around) -- a copy (facsimile) of P -- oneself

A(IIl)22 JEE's A(1)42 LOOZ A(|)1 MV-I-106 LO’ A(1)3,34

NID 4 A(II)4;

E(I)1,2 -----

CHAA’y

A(I)13

‘Dy E(l)4;(

)2(V)1:YAA C(IN)6 --d.p.O

WOD,

A(II1)97

JO 4 Bul) BAA’ A(I)6; CHiq BiIl)1 MV-XIV-33 PAR-XII-808 DLO’ Bi(\)1 YAA DiIl)1 ‘JOy E(V)4 TLAH, A(Il)2 ae

start to -- P Start to -- it over

start to -- a bed star to -- O ready

1330

MANY

MAN

Many Sandpaintings (Navajo Wind

mandible, lower

N-1-540 N-1-552;1939 N-1-1345 CH'ID B(I)1 (DI (tN) N-Ill-3102 N-Il-3857 N-1-2185

mane (of a horse)

N-1-1182;

S becomes --red MARBLE:

small --

young ---kind manage O (business) manageable, be easily

management

Mancos Creek/Canyon, Colorado

manger for feeding cattle mangy

spot appears

mangy,

S becomes

MANNER: in this -in the -- of in a leisurely -in like -look after one’s --s mano (of the metate) mantel mantid mantis MANUAL: -- labor --ly

Manuelito, New Mexico Manuelito Canyon, New Mexico Manuelito’s Spring, New Mexico manufactured, O is

MANURE: COW -horse -sheep -MANY: -- things -- times to -- places in -- ways tOO7=-

be ==

be that -be this -become

--

many-flowered four-o'clock (plant)

many flowered gromwell Many Farms, Arizona

Many Ladders (in the Canyon de Chelley, Arizona)

Way - phase) manzanita

map maple, Rocky Mountain

MAR: --O -- P with a kick (as furniture)

1985;2007 N-Ill-678 T'OOD, A(|)14 T'OOD, A(!)9

-- (used in the game) hit a -- (with another marble) play --es

CHXQ’ A(IIl)4 TAAL, A(I)3 CHXQ’ A(|)4 N-l-1216 TAZH E(I)1 TAZH Bi(I)1 N-1-2152;N-

March

PAR-XII-145 PAR-VIII PAR-XII-648 PAR-XII-198 YAAD Ci(ll)1 N-1-1828 N-Ill-1499 N-Ill-4556 N-Ill-4556 N-I-653 N-IlI-1862 PAR-XII197;569 N-II|-2487 N-Ill-2510 N-IIl-1383 YAA A(VII)2 N-1-252 N-I-254;N-II43 N-1-256;1174 N-I-255 PAR-XII-374 PAR-XII-755 PAR-XII375;822 PAR-XII-755 PAR-XII-755 PAR-XII-860 LAAD2 C(\) 1) 1;T'E’4 C(XIIN)5;YOI2 LAAD» CiIl)3 LAAD» C(II)4 LAAD2 A\!) 1;YO!1 N-IIl-3964 N-lll-517 N-1-436;N-III1520

N-II|-2043 N-Ill-2604 N-Ill-2442 N-III-3622

MARE:

breeding -unbred

--

margin, by a big Mariano

Lake, New Mexico

marigold, burr marijuana (cigaret) mariposa lily

MARK:

11-4596 N-l-1190 N-1-1785 N-lkena al ye PAR-XII-183 N-I1-641 N-|-751 N-IIl3073;3077 N-I-51 al ©) ZO)

-- a series of lines -- around here and there

--O off P -- O with black paint --onP

-- trees by chopping be --ing along on O make a -- on oneself make --s on oneself

ZO A(\)5 T'EEZH B(|)1 CH BiIl)4 KAAL 4 A(1)11,12 ZO E(\)1

CH{y Billl)4 ZO BiIl)1

make a -O were --ed P was --ed out

MARKET: --O

MV-l-201;

Nil’y C(ll)1 N-I1]-3020

--ing go to --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects marksman,

bea

marmot

MARRIAGE:

-- license/certificate

relative by -propose -- (to P)

N-Il1-2084

1.33311

YA A(1)80 "AAZH A(I)54 KAI B(1)71 DON C(1)2,3; T'OH> A(\)2 N-Ill-1630 N-Ill-114 N-Ill-115; 2236 ;3239 N-I-2196 ’A A(I)55

MARRIED

MATERIAL

MARRIED:

MATERIAL:

-- couple

be -- (a pair)

get O -- (as children) MARROW: -- (of a horn) eat -marry (P)

N-IIl-124:207 KE F(il)1; YEH D(I)1 NIL A(I)59 N-1-2135 N-I-484 WOL, (I)1 YA A(I)65;" AAZH A(II)23

martin

N-I-1324 N-Ill-1401 N-Ill-1502 N-IIl-1135; 4243 N-II]-3710

mask (face), worn by the Yé’ii

N-l-1376

mask, ceremonial

N-I-836 THIN, A(I)3, 10,11,17,18

marsh

elder

marsh hawk marsh wren Marsh

Pass, Arizona

masonry wall (around P), build a

masonry, block/seal/plug an opening with

matrimony matrimony vine

N-Ill-429 N-II|-878 N-IIl-878 ZHIIZH A(V)5 N-Ill-114 N-I-734

matron (in the old Indian Boarding Schools)

N-Il-201

-- for ceremonial smoke treatments instructional --

teaching --s materializes, P (as a dream)

MATTED: S is --

S is (as a fleece) --

S (fringes) are -S extends -matter with, be the matter with one, have nothing the

Matthew locoweed Matthew's

Peak, Arizona

mattock

TIL (I)4 MAAZ H(I)3 TEEL A(lIl)1 TIL (2 CHJDII A(I)3 TE*y C(Il)1 N-I-115 N-lil1235:4078 N-lll241:1372 N-Il|-4050 TS'INy A(|)1 T'Ap BiI)1 TS'INy B(I)2

TL'INy A(l) 5,6,12,13 N-1-2319 TSEED» B(I)1 TSEED» A(ll)1 Nil'y E(IV)1 Nil'y E(i2; (IV)1

may as well May

master

N-Ill-1046

maybe

master of ceremonies

N-Ill1072;2147 YA D(I)7 N-IIl-1047 N-I1-2325 N-I-808:N-III2324 N-I!1-2326

meadowlark

N-l-1997;:N-

CHAA’ A(Ill)1

meal sprinklers (for a ceremony)

IIl-4441:4483 N-Ill-165 N-IIl-164

mass massacre

O

massacre O, start to

massage O massage oneself

master of ceremonies, be the

Master (a Christian mastoid infection

term)

mastoid process

mastoiditis

mattress

MATURE: S --s (a crop) S has become -S is --ing S starts to --

-- man

maze of tracks, there is a

me meadow meadow, there isa

meadow

death

meadow

rue (a plant)

MASTURBATE: -- (male)

--(female): 1 subject 2 subjects

3- subjects --P

MATCH

(to light fires):

woocen

--

strike a --

meal, corn

YA B(II)2 'AAZH Bi(II)2

KAI C(I)1 CHAA' A(II)1 N-1-1693 N-I1695;1920 KAAL E(I)1

MEAL: morning -a -- is preparted for P be eating a -MEAN (cruel): -- person be --

MATCH:

mane a -- (by putting O together) S --Es --lessly

mated. O are

NIL A(I)59 TEYc(vis PAR-XII-151 LA A(Ill)10

become

--

in a-- manner, ina be as -- asP

be equally --

T’Ao C(I)1;YA E(Il)1 T’Ad A(I)2 N-Ill-1682 PAR-XII-196 N-I-1630 PAR-XII129:505:510 TIIN 24 PAR-I N-I]-2153 TSON B(II)8 N-I-52 N-IIl-3720

N-Ill-112 YAA C(VII)6 YAA B(I)2 N-Ill-1744 KEEDo Bil) 1;TS'ID B(I) 2;2Z)J’ D(VII)1 Z\J' Cc) PAR-XII-2514 CHJDII A(1)1,2 CH'JDII A(I)1

MEDICINE

MEAN

--ness

MEAN (signify): --(by saying) -- (to say) -byO means of transportation MEANDER: the trail --s S --s about (as a trickling stream of irrigation water)

go --ing about measles MEASURE:-- P -- up to P in fair/reasonable ---ment

take P’s --ment

--ing cup --ing tape MEAT: ground -jerked/dried --

rump --- (of the neck) mixed dried --s (used ceremonially) -- sandwich ---eaters

be -- hungry become -- hungry be a ---eater

be a ---lover

meatus, urinary

“medical clinic MEDICINE: herbal --

-- taken from living plants (for ceremonial purposes) liquid --

burning -eye --- for arthritis -- for abdominal cramps

-- bag/pouch -- cup (used ceremonially) -- man/men helper to the -- man

-- pouch (for the Night Chant) -- stopper (ceremonial object)

--al herb -- is practiced

N-Ill-1961

NIID4 A(I)3; B(I)3 Z{f’ D(VI)5 NIIDy B(I)3,4 N-III-859

put -- onit

medick MEET: go to --P -- P (a new acquaintance): 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- together (rendezvous): 2 subjects

TIIN 22

DIZ G(I)2; YEEZHo B(\)1,2 YA D(Il)7 N-Il|-2733 'AAD A(Il)2 "AAD C(\)4 PAR-XII-732 N-IIl-2179 "AAD A(II)2 N-II1-624 N-Ill-822 N-l1972;1973 N-II|-390;391 N-I-1974;NII|-216;387 N-I-16714 N-1-1049

3+ subjects with P: 1 subject with 1 other person 1 subject with 2+ other persons -- up with P: 1 subject with 1 other person 1 subject with 2+ other persons S -- (join) (as two beams) --ing (joining)

MEETING: -- house -- place

there is a --- breaks up (lit. people scatter back) melancholy melancholy, P become(s)/is(are)

N-1-112 Yor Ey YAA Ci(Ill)1 N-I-1169 MV-V-155 Z{{" A(IV)1 'AAZH A(il)23

KAI B(1)58 Uff A(\)1 ‘AAZH A(1)4;(II)5 KAI B(I)6,8 ‘AAZH A(\)4 KAI B(I)6,8 TSAy A(ll)1 'AAZH A(II)23 KAI B(I)58 ‘A (1)3,4 -DAAH;POS20 N-Ill-192 N-IIl-2470 N-IlI-193

Lif’ A(III)1 DEE’ A(V)20 N-l-129;399

GHAA" A\(\) 3;Y[4A(I)1;

N-I-1975 N-IIl-602 N-IIl-3211

melilot, white

N-1-1747

Zif' O(V1)s

melon

N-Il|-3678

GHAA’, A(!) 3;Yf4 A(|)1 GHALo» C(I)1 GHALo C(I)1 N-Ill-742 N-Il|-504 N-I-112 N-Ill-4729

MELT: -- O;

B(|)1

Y{l' A(2 (1V)6

apart

off of P do --ing S --s! away back off (snow, ice)

N-IIl-2093 N-I-117;N-III539 N-I11-64 N-I-1227 N-I-341 N-II|-4059 N-1-836 N-IIl-478 N-IIl1959;2051 N-II|-2052 N-1-1684 N-II1-482

down S can be --ed S starts to --

start to -- O --ing pot (for metal) MEMBER: bea --

be a -- of a raiding party become

--s

become

a -- (of

political party):

1333

achurch,

1 Yip ACI2;(II)A YEEZH2 A(\l)13 LID A(V)2

Y|f'A(Iti)3 Yi’ BCI) Yi} A(l)1 Y ff’ACI) N-IIl-715

TAH, (1)1 BAA’ B(\)1 'AAZH A(1)37

MEMBER

MERINO

YA Al) 10,16,57 '‘AAZH A(I)9, 1237 KAI B(I) 19,22,48

1 subject

2 subjects 3+ subjects MEMBERSHIP,

memorial memory, lose one's memory, P has a lapse of

menacing, P is mendicant menfolk menses, first

menstrual discharge menstrual period, be having one’s menstruant, become menstruate for the first time (reach puberty: a young woman) menstruating, be

menstruation

MENTAL: -- concern --ly deficient/retarded person be --ly deficient have a (certain) -- attitude toward O mentholatum mentioned, P is mentioned

for office, P is

meowing, the catis merchandise merciless one/person mercurochrome

mercury mercy

merely

N-II1-3356

merriment, there is

NIIDo A(l)

4103

organization, as a club,

memento

N-I]-1578

merriment

1;B(\)1 Mesa Fajada - in the Chaco Canyon area N-Ill-

take out (in an

political party): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects membrane covering the lungs membrane covering the heart and lungs

Merino ram

YA A(I)57 ‘AAZH A(1)37 KAI B(I)48 N-II1-2339

N-I-2334 N-Ill-817 N-Il!-818 YA’ B(I)2

Mesa Prieta, New Mexico Mesa Verde, Colorado

N-Ill-2994 N-I-1407;N-

mesa

IN1-1852 N-IIl-1493

mesa, be a

KA H(1)2

mescal

N-I-758:765

Mescalero Apache mesh enclosure

N-ll-139 N-Ill-3021

Mesita, New Mexico

N-IIl-4085

MESS:

JEE'o A(l)1 YEE’ B(I)1

N-Ill-76 N-I-716;N-III1957 N-IIl-2459 N-I-340 Li’ Ect LIP A(t)

-- p up (for P)

NAADo A(Il)1

get into a --

Ty

make a --

“(HN)12 LAADo Ai(il)1

start to -- P up message to P, senda messenger metacarpals and phalanges metacarpals METAL: flat piece of -flat thin sheet of --

DA Gi(Il)1

-- pail

Lif Eau N-I-340 N-1-2219 N-Ill-4675 DIJD C(Il)1; GIZ H(I)3 NIIDg B(INDS N-Ill-161; 3940 DZIl' A(I2 Dzil’ A(I)2 NID; B(I)1 N-II|-3274 N-Ill-1732 N-Ill-507 N-IIl-1025 N-I-1445 PAR-XII-801

A(1)8;

CHXO’ A(IIl)1 YAA Ci(IIl)1 N-IIl-3216 N-I-1086 N-Il-2654 N-I-183 N-I-853 N-Ill-1026 N-I-185

-- pot

N-Il-185

-- sheet -- spoon

N-l-192 N-I-184

corrugated -metapil metatarsals metatarsals and phalanges of the foot metate meteor Meteor Crater, Arizona

N-IIl-950 N-I-1828 N-I-932 N-II|-2453 N-Ill-4093 N-Hl-3614 N-III-40

meter, parking

N-II]-1290

metropolis

N-I1l-2485

Mexican

N-I-1278;N-

Mexican paint brush (plant) Mexican.campion (plant) Mexican catchfly (plant) Mexican food

I1]-3150 N-Il-1507 N-Ill-1506 N-II1-1506 N-III-

Mexican Hat, New Mexico

N-I-1289

Mexican Hat, Utah

N-I1l-3156

1407;3151

MERGE:

Mexican People, Clan

N-|-548

Mexican Springs, New Mexico

N-I-1282:N-

1 subject

MV-V-156 MV-V-157; NA, A(Il)3 YA A(I)65;

2 subjects

AAZH A(\)43

Mexican Trail

3+ subjects --iIng with

KAI B(I)58

-- together -- with P:

IW-3155 N-I1-3154; Sih7¢3

-T'AAH;POS-

Mexican Water, Arizona

68

159

N-I-1290;NI-3163;3164

1334

MILK

MEXICO

Mexico

N-I-1286;NW1-3152;4355

sheep's --

N-|-164

curdled --

N-Ill-14

powdered --- can -- carton or bottle

N-I1]-10;15

--man -- strainer --O do the --ing

N-Ill-13

mid-winter, it becomes

N-1-1287;N11-3162 N-I-1403 N-I-1876 N-Ill-1440 N-Ill-1440 N-Il1-1444 N-IIl-1443 N-Wl-1171 N-Ill-1442 TS'IS{(I1)1 'A A(I)6 PAR-XII-891 Nii’; BUI) Nii'y A(I)1 N-IlI-3552 Nil’4 A(\)1 Nii’ A(\)1

midday, it becomes

A A(l)14

milling around, S are

N-I-1382; 1383;N-IIl224 N-Ill-1688 N-I-1088 NII’ A(l) 1;B(|)1

(as horses in a pen) million

Mexico, in

mezcal mica

micro-organism microbe microbiologist microbiology microphone microscope microscopic, S is mid-afternoon, it becomes mid-air, in

mid-point, be the mid-point, reach the mid-section mid-summer, it becomes

MIDDLE:

-- Class -- finger be(come) the -Middle Trail Canyon (in the Canyon de Chelley) midnight

midnight, it becomes midpoint on the nose

midriff midwife might and main, with all of one’s

mightily MIGRATE: -- across (P) --away from P and disappear -- one after another

-- southward (birds) 3+ S are --ing (a band, herd) mile milepost MILK: cow's --

goat's --

N-|-2268 N-I-166

she has --

start to -- P start to do the --ing MILKWEED: showy -verticillate --

Milky Way (stars) mill (grinder) mill(s), woolen

NIl’4 A(l2 N-I-372;1718 N-I-373 N-I-1719;NII1-3990 N-Il1-144; 2709;4662 N-IIl-923 N-II|-95

ZHOOD E(I)4

N-II-129;N-III2815;

N-IV-

30;PAR-IV million, one

millipede millstone, lower millstone, upper

N-II1-332 N-1-1388; 1691;N-III3951 Nii’4 A(I)1 N-1-319 N-I1382:1387 N-IIl-297;411 JAA’o G(Il)1; PAR-XII-191 PAR-XII-303

mimic P mimic the sound made by P

MIND:

be of one -change one’s -- (about O) come to have in -get P to make up his -grasp with one’s --

NAq:;MV-VI; DEEL, A(\)1 DEEL, A(l)

have in --

23,33 DEEL, A(I)1 DEEL A(I)23

have it in -- (to go)

NAq A(l)2

P gets/has his -- set on it (as on taking a trip)

have one’s -- set on it

make up one’s -- about P

DEEL D(I)1 N-II|-4367 N-II|-4367

p has P on his --

N-|-161;162;

N-I1-42 N-I-163:N-I42 N-I-165

put one’s -- to it set P’s -- at ease

mine (belonging to me)

a]ShEHS)

N-IV-30;

PAR-IV N-Ill-2290 N-Ill-4093 N-I-1828;NII|-4092 JD4 E()3 NID 4 Bill) N-I-1341; 2219:N-Ill3383:4674 Lf Eqn) NIIDg A(1)1; ZiJ' A(\)1 2)" Cc)1 LIJD4 A(Ily2

TAg A(\)1 Zi)" C(1)2; D(VI)5 KEEZ A(Il)1 Lif Eq); TI" F(I)7 KEEZ A(Il)2 T'I'y A(I)6; F(I)7 Tei eAG F(\)1 KEEZ B(I)1 NE'3 B(I)3 PAR-|

MINE

MINE (for minerals):

-- O (as coal) -- shaft emerges

Carry On a --ing operation do --ing (be a miner) start to --O MINERAL: -- resources

--s (for ceremonial use)

MISFORTUNE

N-lIl959;1921 GEED A(I)15

misfortune on P, bring

misfortune on oneself, bring misgiving, with misgivings about P, have

DZA4 (1)5

GEED A(I)16

GEED A(I)16 GEED A(I)21 N-lII3385;3902 N-Ill3385:3902 N-I1-4241

mishap, without misplace O MISS: -- O (the mark in shooting) --P:

with (one’s) foot (as the brake pedal) with a blow (fist, hoof) with a kick

--s (colored/powdered)

used for sandpaintings minerologist minerology MINGLE: -- with P: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- with one another (3+ people or animals)(intermingle)

minister, Protestant minor sandpainting minority, bea MINUTE: so many --s after the hour in a matter of --s miracle (luck), be saved by a

MIRAGE: -- stone white -- stone mirror mirth mis-identified as P, be misbehave

misbehavior

MISCARRIAGE: P has a-induce a -- on oneself

miscarried, S is MISCHIEF:

get into --

P gets full of -mischievous, P is/are

mischievous, P gets

misdeed misdemeanor miserable condition, go around ina

misery, go about in (because of P)

N-Il1-4119 N-II]-3387 N-IIIl-3386

with a shot with a stream (urine, water, musk)

MV-V-158 YA A(I)65 ‘AAZH A(1)43 KAI B(I)58

O/P is --ed

Z|’ D(IX)1 "A C(I)2 PAR-XII-784 YA B(Il)7; ‘AAZH BI!) 4;KAI C(1)8 PAR-XII-635 CH{; Biill)1 ZI’ D(I)2 ZI’ DiI) YA’ A(I)1 TAAL A(I)6 TS’INo A(I)4 TAAL A(1)7 DON B(I)1 LIZH A(1)4 YA’ A(H)13Z1’

‘A(IV)1 discover P to be --ing P is discovered to be --ing P turns up --ing reach and -- P S --es (car engine) S --es P (as a train, plane, bus)

KAI B(I)16; JEE’s A(I)6 N-Ill-1844 N-Ill-2244 TE’; A(XIII)1 N-Ill-14914 N-Ill-1492 PAR-XII-609 NI’ A(I)3 N-Ill1896;1897 N-IIl-1898 N-lil-1899 N-Ill-1156 N-IIl-1748 "AA’ A(I)3 A A(IIl)36; D4 F(tll)1; YAA A(il)1 N-Ill-1738 N-Il-364 "EEL A(I)40 "EEL A(IX)1 ‘EEL A(I)39 N-Ill-59 YA Bil)1

YA’ A(l)1 YA’ A(ll)1 YA’ A(il)1 CHID3 A(l)4

DOOD BiI)1 WOD,

All)

10,42,52

there is a --- P (walk past without seeing P) -- P (run past without seeing P)

--ing a foot/shoe

ZI’ A(IV)2

YA A(1)28 WOD, A(IIl) 39,40 N-I-941

misshapen, be

GIZ H(1)4

missionary, Protestant MIST:

N-lll-1844 N-Il-33;128; 1371;1596;

2324;2325;

N-II1-3436 a cloud of -- hangs (in the air)

itis --ing --y rain falls (it is misting) MISTAKE: by --- is made on -- occurs be --en for P make a -- (on make a stupid make a series

O

O) -of --s make one -- after another mistakenly

YJ A(l)1

GHAA’y A(|)

3;LAA’s B(V)1 Y}q A(t)1 N-I-152 N-Il-1738 GAAZH B(I)1 GAAZH B(I)1

mistletoe mistletoe (on a juniper) mite mite, chicken

TAg E(|)1 ZHOt A\(!)1 TAg C(l)1

PAR-XII-668 ZI’ A(IV)1 ZI’ A(IV)2 AA’ A(I)3 ZI’ D(I)1,2 CH’AA’ A(ll)1 ZI BI) ZI’ B(I)1 PAR-XII167;668 N-I-447:2052 N-I-635 N-I-2176 N-I1308;2179

1336

MOISTEN

MITTEN

mitten

N-|-837;

mittens, knitted

1058;1081 N-Ill-2627 MIX:

-- O (together)

MV-I-107;

Nil’4 E(1)1

-- O (mush) -- together --er (kitchen) --ing bowl MIXED: -- with be --ed

-- dried meats (used ceremonially) -- waters (used in ceremonials) -- drink get --ed up (confused)

it is --ed with P

make a --ed drink

MOAN: go --ing along/about start to --

MOB: move as a --- is moving along there is a -- (throng, crowd) mobile home moccasin

moccasins, high with leggings MOCCASIN GAME: hide the ball in the --

play the --

strike the moccasin in the --

win in the --

mock orange mock orange bow (a ceremonial term) mockingbird Mocking Bird Canyon (tb. Burnt Post Ruin), in the Chaco Canyon, New Moenave, Arizona Moencopi Village, Arizona Moencopi Wash, Arizona Moencopi, Arizona moist, S/area is

GIZH B(I|)3 KAI B(I)16 N-IIl-769 N-IIl-1180

-TAH;POS64 TE’; C(I) N-Ill-389 N-IIl-3825 N-Il|-3792 Bil’ C(I)1;

KAI B(I)16; KEEH A(\)1 T'E’y C(II)1 ZIID5 A(I)30 Nil’3 C(I)1 Nif’g D(\)1;

E(N2 Nif'3 A(|)1

N-1-2319 ZAo;MV-VII JIL Bil)1 ZHOOD F(\)2 N-II1-2140 N-I-902;N-III2416 N-Ill-2423 N-I-909;N-IlI2430 "A A(1)88 JEE’y A(Il) 14;TSEEL A(\)15 TSEEL A(I) 2,15,17 "AA(II)47

N-I-1875 N-I-50 N-Ill-4724

N-Il1-2491 N-11-145 N-Ill-3166 N-1-1419:N(1-3551 TLEE' I(l)7; ZHO» C(I)1

MOISTEN: 20 O/area is --ed S has been --ed (an object) moisture penetrates/soaks through P

TLEE’ E(Il)1;

ZHOpd BiI)1 ZHOpd BiIl)1,2 ZHOpd C(I)1 "EEL A(VIII) 1;ZHOo A(I)1

moisture, area regains (as a dry area after rain) molars and pre-molars (teeth) molasses molasses, sorghum MOLD:

TLEE’ B(I)2 N-Ill-4565 N-1-434 N-Ill-1518 N-1-572:N-Ill940

--O -- d.p. O by beating (as silver buttons) -- and shape (girl's body, in Puberty Ceremony) moldy

moldy, get mole (on the skin) molest (P) mollified, P is

mollify O Monday

MONEY: -- (from oil) -- bag -- bag (drawstring) be without -in hard --

trade --

waste --

monkey monkey bars (playground toy) monolith

monster(s) (mythological)

Monster Man Way monte (a card game) monte, play (a card game)

MONTH: (current) --

(past)-last -the -- before last

K’AAZ A(I)1

NE’s A(I)37 K’AAZ A(\)1 N-I-572 Lif’ A(1)1

N-I-2319 ‘D4 B(V)1; F(IV)1,2 ZHOOD A(I)4 ZHOOD A(il)2 N-I1-84;N-III1538 N-ll-48;176 N-I-973 N-I-2273;N-ll56 N-II-59;N-III903 TO’ D(1)2 PAR-XII-565 N-I-192;853; N-Ill-1026; 3586 WOD 4

A(II)43 N-Il-121;130 N-IIl-1016 N-Ill-4165 N--482; 2203;N-lil3336 N-Il|-2038 N-Ill-1933 KAAD C(\)1 N-Ill-2881 N-Ill-3497 N-Ill-3498 N-IIl-3499; PAR-XII-445 PAR-XII-68

MONTH

every -in (SO many) --s -- is passing -- passes earn (so much) per -P is (so many) --s old P spends a --

--ly monument Monument

Valley, Arizona/Utah

mooing, the cow is

MOON: crescent --

half -full -phases of the -eclipse of the --

ring around the ---beam

--light (crescent) -- comes up there is a crescent -- (new moon)

-- enters the first quarter (half moon)

-- becomes full there is an eclipse of the --

-- comes back out (after an eclipse) there is --light

there is a ring around the -moose mop, floor

mop an area Moqui Buttes, Arizona

MORE: -- than

-- than it/P

-- yet

a little (bit) --

Mormon

MORNING: every --

every -- (at dawn)

in the/during the -on that --

MORNING

PAR-XII-758 PAR-XII-446 ZID C(I)1 ZID A(\)1 ZID A(II)1 ZID A(\)1 ZID A(\)1 PAR-XII-758 N-Ill-818 N-Ill-1757; 4084 NIID4 B(I)1 N-I-1414:NII|-3536:3950 N-lil1504:3540 N-IIl-3543 N-Ill-3542 N-II1-3544 N-Il1-3541 N-Il1-3538 N-Ill-3539 N-Ill-3537 ZAAL A(1)23 TA, F(I)1 YEEL A(\I)1 BAAZ A(1)49 TSApo B(I)1 YA A(Il)10

‘4 Dav) TLEE’ E(I)1 N-Ill-1582 N-II1-890

T’'OOD, A(I)15 N-Ill-1596 PAR-XII-8;32

this --

this -- (past) tomorrow -very early in the --

Morning Star Morning/Evening Star is at the zenith mortal combat mortally wounded, be mortar (for grinding) mortician Morton milk vetch (plant) mosquito moss, rock moss, tree

most

motel

YA D(l)1 N-Il-125 CHIJDo A(I)2 N-Il-1158 N-IIl-1677 N-Ill-489 N-IIl-1557; 4462:4464 N-1-693;1815 N-I1-573;1953 PAR-XII-8 N-I-1790;N11-4048

MOTH: black --

M

N-Il-2211 blackish --

N-U-2213 blue --

clothing -furry/fuzzy -gray -greasy -green -hawk/sphinx --

large -large spotted gray --

large with half and half wings -mottled brown -pink -red -slender --

-LAAH;POS47;PAR-X\I-

small/miller --

33;34;376:-

sparkling/glittering --

TIS;POS-66 PAR-XII-

speckled -spotted --

So. 506

striped --

PAR-XII-550 PAR-XII798;919: 920 N-II-97 N-I-24 N-1-29:PARXI1-692 PAR-XII-638 N-I-26;PARXII-10 N-I-28

N-l-25:27;

PAR-XII-330 PAR-XII-9 PAR-XII-912 PAR-XII-545 N-Il-1917; 3610;3618

yucca -Moth Way MOTHER: husband's -wife's ----in-law ---in-law (male speaking) mother of pearl

N-Il-2216 N-Ill-1451 N-Il-2215 N-Ill-2218 N-Ill-2222 N-Ill-2224 N-Ill-4585 N-Ill-2225 N-Ill-2227 N-Ill-2226 N-Il-2231 N-Ill-2212 N-Ill-2219 N-Ill-2228 N-Il-2217; 2229 N-Ill-2214 N-Ill-2230 N-Ill-2220 N-Il]-2223 N-1-415;720 N-Il-1995 N-l-1201 N-Ill-2064 N-Ill-2067 N-1-214;N-HIl2064;2067 N-Hl-1721 N-Hl-1711

MOTION: --to P

make a--toP

GIZH D(I)3 GIZH D(I)3

make --s atP

GIZH B(I)1

MOUNTAIN

MOTION

S hangs --less in the air stand --less be(come) --less

make a -- (parliamentary) -(parliamentary) -- is made motor (of a car) motor oil (lubricating oil) motorboat, drive a/ride in a: motorcycle

DO BiI)1 K'AAZHo c(l)1 K'AAZH> A(l)1; ZEE’o BiIl)1 NAA’o A(lll)1 NAA’s A(IV)1 N-I-286;2004 N-II|-159 ‘EEL;MVVAIIMV-XIII N-I-1698;N-

mountain spurge/euphorbia/c

Mount Taylor MOUNT: -- a horse --O onP (tire on a car wheel) -- P (as a bull on a cow, stallion on amare) S --s into the thousands (as a death toll)

MOUNTAIN: -- (obs.) coastal --s foot/base of a -at the foot of the --- peak

shelf on the side of a ---side

--top

be in --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects go into -mouse

LO’;MV-XIII; BAAZ;MVWOD4;MV-XI! KID 10,14,15 MAAZ H(I)1 N-1-616; 1459;2030

mouse

be

mouse-ear chickweed

N-l-420;454;

MOUTH:

DA A(I)4 "A A(I)81

2244:2245; 2261 N-I-2256 N-Ill-4562 N-1-2241 N-II1-545 PAR-XII-818 N-Ill-520 CH’EE’ B(|)1 CH’EE’ A(\)1

one’s Own --

interior side of the --

GHAL A(II)1

roof of the --

KIDo A(II)1

-- of a sack/bag --S agape --wash

KIDo DiIl)1

have the -- open

N-1-598 N-I-1450 N-Ill-3654 N-1-613;2020 PAR-XII-474 N-I-607;1100 N-1-1536 N-I-599;

open the --

be going about/along with a --ful of O MOVE: on the --- independently -- aside (out of the way) -- household -- as a group (ina swarm,

N-1-61 4

away from each other (separate) away from P (a band from a tribe)

N-I-600;N-IIIACCT

mountain sheep

N-|-1860

mountain mountain mountain mountain

N-Il1-4160

flock,

ZAo; MV-VII

S --:

N-Itl-1782

N-Ill-1798 N-1-664

ZO’ B(I)1; C(I)1 PAR-XII-906 MV-IV MV-V-165 NA,;MV-VI

mob)

N-1-608 N-|-601;

-- range gap ina -- range -- recess mountain lion mahogany boomer corydalis (plant) gamot

YA B(I)1 ‘AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(!)1 Lif’ ACII)1 N-Ill-2366; 2953;2989 N-Il!|-2991 YIN (1)1;(II)1 N-IlI-3691

trap

mouse-colored,

696;1100

--top life -- pass/gap

N-Il-1801 N-1-605;N-III1778 N-1-230;PARXI1-107

in --

12591536

side of a -- slope -- soil (used ceremonially)

N-HI-1981

MOURNING:

S is --ing (rising: incidence of disease)

Mountain Peak Blessing Way (a clan name) Mountain World (ceremonial term)

VIISMV-XII;

mound, there is a mounded, S is (as a hogan)

N-Il1-3281 N-|-604

Mountain Recess People

{I1-1768;4687

motorcycle, drive/ride on a/travel by --

arpet weed Mountain Chant

out (as from a canyon) out (originate, come to be) (migrate) as far as a point (migrate) across

N-II1-1800 N-1-1260

spreading (as a band that spreads over a territory)

N-I1|-2979 N-1-711 N-1-260

S start to -- along (herd, band)

DEEL, A(|)4

A(1)23,33 DEEL, D(I)1 DEEL, A(l)12

S -- (go) their separate ways (disperse)

Bes

DEEL, A(I)30

MOVE

(tribe, herd) --s

S (mob or wave) starts to --- as fast as possible

-- in close to P (take up residence with P): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

-- in with P (a group) -- O (stationary O, as a tree)

-- one's hand about here and there

-- one’s head about slowly/rapidly

-- the body twisting -- the eyes

MOVE

TEEL B(I) 1,2,3:C(I)1 TEEL B(I)3 ZEE’; B(I)1

NAA’ A(IV)1

--ment

N-IIl-2919 NAA’o A(II)1 NAA'o B(I)1 PAR-XII-906 N-Ill-4673 N-IIl-2935 N-Il1-2027 N-Ill1533;2935 N-IlI-826 KID»> A(I)3,8

make a --ment make --ments

--ing --ing (with household) moving picture (show) Moving Up Way MOVIE:

YA A(1)80 ‘AAZH A(I)54 KAI B(I)71

DEEL, A(I)33 NAA A(IIl) 1;B(Il)1 NII'y C(V)1 'A C(II)2;NE’s

-- projector show a -there is a --

MOW: --ing machine

B(I)1 TAAZ; C(I)1 GHAL A(Ill)7

--O -- the covering off of P O is --ed start to -- P

area --s about about

much, be much, become

to -a herd) -- down

mucilage

a herd) -- away and

mucus, nasal

disappear

MUD: have a ---slinging contest

S (3+ or a herd) is --ing along S (as a jumping frog) --s flexing S (crowd) is --ing along

--hole

A(\)28 TEEL C(I)1

--slide takes place mudhen

S (epidemic) --se:

about here and there about among P S (epidemic) is --ing along S (epidemic) starts to -- (among P)

Nil’ Nil’3 Nil'3 Nil’g Nil’s

mud puppy

A(I)10 B(I)1 B(I)3 C(I)1 A(1)7,9

Mud Clan Mud Dancers

Mud Heads (Zuni Supernaturals) muffler

S (epidemic) starts to -- along (in P’s direction)

S (layer of dust) is --ing along S --es (unborn child in the womb) S --es out (mob, gun, spear, shadow)

S --es along rapidly

mule

Nil’s A(I)3 KAAD G(I)1; YA D(I)1 NA’g A(II)22

multiple strands are in vertical position multiple surfaces, S has

MULTIPLY: be --ing be --ing O S is --ing (increasing)

JIL A(I)6 T'’p E(I)2

S --es in and out (as a sleeper’s belly when he breathes) NA’g

S starts to -- (in number)

-- O (two numbers) mummify

A(I)3

S is --ing along (as a layer of dust or smoke in the air)

KAAD

S (mob) is moving along slowly

JIL BUI)

Start to --

NAA’o A(II)

mummify, start to

Mummifying Woman (mythological ) mumps

Gi(I)1;

YA D(I)1

murder victim

1;TAAZo

-- (parliamentary procedure):

KIDo

A(Il)7,10

area Starts to --

be --ing be --ing cause O S (3+ or S (3+ or

it is --ed (parliamentary procedure)

murderer

Aa(t2 NAA'o

MUSCLE: arm --

A(ill)1,2

Upper leg --

1340

N-Ill4002:4007 ZHEE’> BiI)1 ZHEE’s A(I)1

ZHEE’s BiII)1 ZHEE’o A(I)4 YOf2

LAAD» A(I)1 N-Ill740;3234 N-I-1330 N-IIl-1966 TLEE’ A(II)5 N-II|-2887 CHAA’ A(1)4 N-II1-3814 N-IIl-4277 N-Ill-1967 N-Ill-1204 N-Ill-4426 N-Ill4736;4737 N-III-1756 ZHEE’o B(I)3 K'AAD D(IV)1 LAAD» A(l)1 LAAD» Bi|)1 LAADo Bill)1 T’Ad C(I)1 T’Ad A(l)2 ZO A(\)7 GAN Bi|)1 GAN A\(\)1 N-II-301 N-Iil2323;4641 N-IIl-1685 N-Ill-2266 N-I-564 N-1-645 N-I-1528

NAIL

MUSCLE

-- at the back of the neck

-- of the back -- under the femur -- cramp -- tendon get stiff --s get over a case of sore -MUSH (cornmeal): thick cornmeal -eat -

---eating (at weddings and as an optional ritual in Holy Way Chants) mushroom mushy matter, move

music box music starts

N-1-2000;N-I 11-4443 N-1-1248 N-Il|-3669 N-IlI-75 N-|-2060 DOH A(I)1 TLD A(I)1 N-Il|-3725 N-Il|-3695 TLEE' A(II)12

grasp O with one's --s andhangon pull O out with one’s --s scratch around with --s naked naked,be NAME:

--O -- oneself acquire a certain -e --ed

N-IIl-3546 N-I-7;N-lll3175 TLEE':MV-l N-IIl-957 NE'y A(I)2

place is/was --ed

place was given that -be --ed thus

MUSK (skunk): graze P with a stream of -miss P with a stream of -squirt -- up into the air

throw -- into the air muskeg muskrat muss O up

mussed up, become

mussy, S is MUSTACHE: false -have food on one’s -Mustache-Smeller (Adolph Hitler) mustard seed MUTTON: half a --- stew mutual helpers, be

mutually acquainted, become

my myself

N-Il|-2887 N-I-1488 CHAAD A\(II) 1;CHXQ' A(ill)4 CHXOQ’ A(I)4 CHAAD B(I)1 N-|-423;686 N-Ill-1472 'A D(II)2

call each other --es

DZII’ A(|)3

call O by -have a ---calling contest (with P) O is --ed (animal or thing) O is --ed (as a committee) O is --ed (person) S were --ed alike S were given the same -take the -to be --ed after P to have been --ed after P utter one’s own --- Pas first choice P is --ed as a candidate P is --ed for office --O as acommittee

ZHI’ A(I)1 DZII’ A(I)3 ZHI’ A(II)3 NIL A(Il)14 ZHI’ A(II)2,3 YE’ A(l)1 YE’ A(I)1 ZHI’ A(It)1 YE’ B(l)2 YE’ A(\)3 ZHI’ A(II)1 DZIl’ A(I)6 DZII’ A(l)7 Dzil’ A(ll)2 NIL A(I)12 N-I-1708; 1788 YiLo A(IV)1 GHAAZH 4 C(Il)1 N-I-2093;NIll-4440 N-Ill-4722 N-II|-535 N-I1329;1390 ’A E(I)3;NE'g B(I)3 NE's A(I)1

nannygoat

N-Ill-1469 N-Il|-2259 N-I-501;1978 N-I-1036 N-I-89 Ni'y B(Il)1 Z{J' A(V)2 PAR-I PAR-|

nap nap, to have takena nape of the neck

napkin narcotic

nare narrate

Nacimiento, New Mexico

nag at P NAIL (to hammer):

shoe/cobbler’s ---P down --OtoP NAIL (finger): -- clippers -- file grasp with --s

TS'l' DiIl)3

TS A(l)3 TS BiIl)1 PAR-XII-756 CHil’ G(I)1 N-I-2228; 2317;N-IIl4748 ZHI’ A(1)1 ZHI A(II)1 YE'A(I)5 YE' A(I)6; B(I)3,4,6 YE’ A(I)4; B(I)3

N-IIl-2995 KAALo A(I)1 N-Ill-2192 N-Ill-2397 KAALy A(I)2 KAAL, A(I)1

narrate, start to --

NARRATION: -- takes place complete a -continue a -narrative NARROW:

N-Ill-2632 N-Il1-2633 TS Dil); (II)3:F(I)1

area Is --

NE's B(II)3 NE'3 A(I)5 NE’3 B(I)1 N-Ill-1943 PAR-VIII TS'OZI

(11 (12 S is long and -S --s to a point

1341

TS'OZI (IN)1 Kjy (I)1

NARROW

S extends with a -- edge -- one’s eyes P has a -- escape narrow fireweed

narrow leaf gromwell (plant) narrow leaf rubber plant narrow leaf willow herb nasal mucus nasal septum Naschitti, New Mexico

NAVAJO

K'AAD D(II)2 TS'OZi (Il)1; YAA C((ll)1 Lif A(V)1 N-1-1861 N-Ill-494 N-Il-514 N-I-1861 N-I-1332;NI1-3353 N-1-320 N-Il!-2870

Navajo Springs, Arizona

(east of Holbrook) Navajo Tribal Band Navajo Wind Way Navajo tea navel

navigation navy man Nazlini, Arizona

NEAR:

NASTY:

Ne Glieye

in a -- manner

things are--

things become -be as --as P be equally--

cause things to become -say -- things (about O) nation

Nation, the Navajo National Labor Relations Board natural child natural resources

Natural Bridge, Arizona naughty, be nauseated, feel

Nava (Newcomb), New Mexico NAVAJO: -- (person) -- tribe, people, Nation

in the -- way

-- Country --land

-- Reservation

the -- language

in -Navajo Navajo Navajo Navajo Navajo Navajo Navajo

N-Ill-2491 N-Ill-3100 N-Ill-2012 N-I-374;N-Il104 N-l-2055 N-Ill-2947 N-III-3590 N-IIl-3091 -T'AAH;POS68;PAR-XII-

(language) Bridge Canyon, Arizona Canyon, upper crossing in Church, New Mexico Mountain, Arizona Mountain, Utah Peak, Colorado

PAR-XII-252 CHIJD 1Bi!) 1;'1H (I)2 CHIJD; A(I)2 CH DI! (1)1, 2;MA'll (1)1

-- i/P -- the summit -- to

--by (at)

CHDI (\)

NEARBY:

1;MA’Il (1)1 CHJJDq A(Il) 15(It1)1 KWI A(lIl)1; NID; B(l)1 N-1-545;935 N-I-547 N-IIl-3302 N-I-2173 N-IIl-843 N-Ill-4184 WD

as far as a -- place at a -- place

to a -- place

PAR-XII561:566 PAR-XII-395 -CH'|’;POS17 PAR-XII-673 PAR-XII372;399:672 PAR-XII-676 PAR-XII-717 PAR-XII675;719

from --

NEARLY:

very --

Fil);

S is -- here (event) -- like P -- upon (one)

LAA’s B(V)1 KWIC(I)1 N-Ill-1128 N-1-537;N-ll135 N-I-544 N-1-547;N-II136 N-I-543;PARXII-601 N-I-936 N-I-936 N-I1-137;N-III1673;2862; 3099 N-I-1430;N-II138 N-1-543 N-Il|-3025 N-1-1835 N-I-659 N-IIl-4164 N-Ill-3664 N-I-1314 N-Ill-1776

NECK: -- (of a bottle) around the --

-- area under the chin -- bone

fleshy area of the -muscle at the back of the -nape of the --

scruff of the -side of the -side of the back of the --

--band (a ceremonial object) --erchief

PAR-XII674:718 PAR-XII365:663;367 PAR-XII368;821 DZil’ A(I)8 PAR-XII-810 PAR-XII-357 N-I-421;

1037;2261 N-I-429 N-I-2251 N-1-2250 N-I1051:2070 N-I-1049 N-I-2000 N--2093 N-I-1996 N-l-1048

N-l-1999 N-Ill-4735

N-IlI-458; 4736;4737

N-I-1049 N-l-2235 --tie N-IIl-4733; 4738:4742 have a -- like K'OS (I)1 put one’s arms around one's own -- CHID3 BiII)2 put one’s arms around P's -CHID3 B(I)2 -- meat

bead --lace

1342

NETWORK

NEED

NEED: -- O/P

network of streams, there is a

develop a -- for it,

--ing no help needle (evergreen tree) NEEDLE: sewing -darning -large/sacking -sewing machine -S is ---like “needle” P Needle-Nose (personal nickname) NEGLECT P (one’s property): 1 subject 2 subjects

3+ subjects Negro NEIGHBOR: my --

be P’s -anywhere in P’s --hood Nenahnezad (Fruitland), New Mexico neoplasm, malignant nephew

nephew (maternal side) nephews and grandsons

NERVE: phrenic --

get on each other’s --s NERVOUS: be --

become

--

D4 F(vij2; Li? Ec); NUID4 B(IV)1 Lif’ A(|)1 PAR-XII-588 N-I-762;772 N-I-1775;Nl1-4038 N-Ill-4039 N-Il1-4044 N-Ill4041;4042 N-IlI-1010 TSAH (I)1 TS’ D(I)2 N-I-1774;NIlI-1033

NEVER:

(I will) --- want to

--theless NEW: Sis -

NIID3 1

N-Ill-406 TA, F(l)t N-1-22.1;N-Hl1182 N-lll2864:4718 N-Ill-4460 N-lll-2879 N-I-69;N-III1943 ‘A A(II1)39 "A E(\)2 Nil'g C(I)1 N-I-70;N-IIl-

--born baby -- MOON appears New Jersey tea New Mexico, State of

New Year’s Day New Year’s Eve

NEWS:

O receives -carry -- among P get -- of P --paper

YA B(I)1; D(|)1 '‘AAZH B(I)1; E(\)1 KAI C(I)1 N-IIl-3160 N-IIl-2193 N-Ill1108;2194 JD4 D(Iv)1 PAR-XII-645 N-III-3470 N-Il|-399 N-1-451;N-III2064;2067; 4642 N-I-632 N-I-1904 N-I2107;2110 N-II|-2337 TS’ Dill)

307;3250;

NEXT:

--(day) on the -- day -- in rank to P

-- time -- week

-- year at this time nexus of streams, there is a

NIBBLE: --onO start to -- onO -- O (meat) from P (bone)

NAA’o B(I)2; TLID BiI)1; TSIZ C(I)1; YIZ B(I)2 NAA’o All)

area is --

2;TLAH 4 make O --

NES: -- of

arodent, underground

-- (of a bird) bee's/wasp -nettle leaf hyssop

ZA", A(ll)1 PAR-XII509;776; PAR-XIII-16 PAR-XIII-10 PAR-XIII-12 PAR-XII-828

A(II)3 NAA’ A(IIl)2 N-I-1645;N11-3934 N-I-1141 N-1-1646;NIlI-3935 N-I-1964 N-Il-4123

be as --as P

be equally -conditions are/place is -conditions become itis a -- place

--

she is fairly -- looking --ly

1343

3255 N-1-947 PAR-XII-439 PAR-XII-106 PAR-XII-206 PAR-XII-422 N-Ill-1537; PAR-XII-123 PAR-XII-354 ZA", A(Il)1 GHAZH Di(I)1 GHAZH B(I)8 TAA’ A(I)1 PAR-XII-244 PAR-XII-244 BA's A(l)1; B(1)3;"}]D4 F(I)1;KAAD B(II)1;TS’1ID B(1)1,2; ZHOQD D(Il)45(1I)1 ZHOOD D(IIN)2 ZHOQOD D(IV)1,2 ZHOOD D(IV)1 TS'IID A(l)1 ZHOOD A(I)3 NA'y C(I)2 DZAAD B(\)1 PAR-XII-468

NICHE

NIGHTCHANT

niche

N-1-867;1616

niche (in rock)

N-I1391;1848

final song of the -first dancers in the --- begins

nick oneself

K’EE’ A(i)12

-- is going on

nickel

N-I11-2740

niece

N-1-451;

P has a -- (P is the patient)

nightmare, have a

1205;N-Ill2064;2067

niece (maternal side)

nieces and granddaughters (collectively) niggerweed NIGHT: (on) that very --

just one -last late at --

all -- long at/during the --

every -for one -in a single/in one -the same --

--ly --fall

--gown long --gown -- jar -- falls

-- passes --S pass (in succession)

be a nice/nasty become

--

itis --- ended P spends the --

P spends the -- in the open the -- before last

N-l-632

nightshade (plant) nightshade, three flowered Nihoobdanii Clan nimble, be

N-I-365 N-IIl-4451 N-1-1681 N-I-1688; PAR-XII-726 PAR-XII-746 N-I-1683; PAR-XII-839 PAR-XII163:903 PAR-XII-840 N-I-1689; PAR-XII-841 PAR-XII-695 PAR-XII-746 N-I-1692; PAR-XII-745 PAR-XII-745 PAR-XII-695 N-IIl-3402 N-Iil1824:3958 N-IIl-1903 N-Ill1157;1161 Tt’EE’ (Il)1; YEEL A(1)1;(III)4

No Water Mesa, Arizona

KA A(II|)2,4

nock,S has a

KA A(Il1)10,13

nocturnal animals nod (one’s head)

KA

nod one’s head (at P)

A(II1)11;G(II)1 TL’EE’ (Il)1; YEEL A(1)15(1U1)1 YEEL E(I)1 PAR-XII-909 KA A(II)7; B(|)1 KA A\(\Il)7; B(I)1 PAR-XII-67

NIGHT CHANT Ceremony

nine

nine of clubs nine of us, there are nineteen

ninety

ninth nipple

nipple (on a nursing bottle)

nit (louse egg) NO:

-- (emphatic)

-- matter who -- trespassing! -- two ways about it -- wonder “---good” be “-- good”

NOISE: make --

TS'AA’

there is a --

--lessly nominate P nominated for office, P is

non-Christians non-compact mass, move

non-dairy creamer

non-Navajo(s)

(Yei Bichei):

N-Ill-

none, be

none, P starts to become

-- medicine pouch

1998;3959 N-I-1690

nonetheless

N-I-566 N-I-90 KAI B(I)64 KAI C(I)2 KAI C(I)2 CHio A()2; GAAZH A(I)1 N-I-12303 N-I-1721 N-I[]-3380 NA’o B(I)1 N-IV-9:PARIV;NAHAST El N-I1-34 TE’, C(X)1 N-IV-19;PARIV:NAHAST El N-IV-27;PARIV:NAHAST "E[ PAR-IV N-I-170;1097 N-IlI-762 N-Il1-4636 PAR-XII156;159:442 PAR-XII157:443:444 N-Il1-3916 N-Il|-2920 PAR-XI|-629 PAR-XII-70 N-IIl-1680 ZHOOD D(Il)1,2 N-III-3820 GIZH G(i)2 N-Il]-3960 WOD> A(I)3 NE’ A(I)52 N-Ill-1912 °A (II) 14; CH'IZH BiI)1

a:

C(i)2;E()2 PAR-XI|-623 DZil" A(I)6 DZII’ A(I)2 N-Ill-1729 JOOL;MV-I N-I-167 N-1-54:55 DID C(I)1 DID A(I)2 PAR-XII-469

NOTCH

NONEXISTENT

nonexistent, be

nook NOON:

shortly before -every -it becomes -noose

normal blood pressure

NORTH: the far -to the/on the ---ward --east (ward) --west (ward)

Northern Lights NOSE:

bridge of the -center of the -depression on the -tip of the -midpoint on the --

runny --- blood -- bone --bleed --drops --less have a --bleed have a -- like -- around after P (information) point the -- (and sniff) nostril

NOT:

--------

anything bad before before then even far away long after

-- long ago

-----

many many years ago much too long ago

== yet

NOTCH:

DID C(I)1 N-IlI-881 N-II|-223 PAR-XII-770 PAR-XII-703 "A A(I)14 N-I-1123; 1193;N-III2787 N-Ill-1665 N-Ill-2891 N-IIl-2892 PAR-XII-407 PAR-XII-406 N-Ill-2893 N-II|-2894 N-IIl-2890 N-I-308; 1306;1390; N-Il1-1314 N-I-1233 N-Ill-1300 N-Ill-1326 N-Ill-1309 N-I-319 N-I-1333 N-I-535;1330 N-I-321;2064 N-I-1330 N-Ill-3465 N-I-311 ZASo D(I)1 CHIH (1)1 KEED, C(l)1 CHAA’s F(I)1 N-I-1329; 1390;N-IlI1321 PAR-XIII-2;5 PAR-XIII-9 PAR-XII-830 PAR-XII-18 PAR-XII-325 PAR-XIII-8 PAR-XII-6 -TL’AABAA H:PAR-XII835 PAR-XII683;710 PAR-XII-596 PAR-XII-543 PAR-XII-58 PAR-XII546;547 PAR-XIII-16 N-I-978

N-Ill-44 N-I-979 CH'IZH A(I)6 K’EE’ A(I)9 N-Ill-2316 JD A(IV)1 CHfy BiII)4 N-IIl-67;PARXIII-9 D4 BUI) SIH (Il)1

--eS -- (on an arrow) -- (P’s) butt end (arrow) --O Notched Ears note, take note, write a NOTHING:

be sitting with -- to do S is/means -- to P be good for -NOTICE:(become

SHO (I)1

aware of, see or

DEEL

hear something)

A(\)12 -- P with surprise (lit. glance

collides with P)

GHAL4

A(II1)7 TSOOZ C(I)2 N-III-3519 NII’ A(I)2 LIJD4 A(i)1 PAR-XII56;469 N-IIl-3269 N-IIl-3424 PAR-XII-364 PAR-XII280;379 PAR-XII-533 PAR-XII-533 N-Il-152 YAA C(I)9 Nil’ Hi(1I)1 DL B(I)1 YAAD Ci(Ill)1 N-Il-140 PAR-XII-27 N-1-2319 LAADo2 C{ll) 2T'EY C(XIII)2 T’E’g A(I)1 °A (III)16 LAAD2 Cill)1

put up --es

-- pinned to a bulletin board notify P notion, give Pa

notwithstanding novel November NOW: -- and then -- before it’s too late

--’s the time to (do something) nucleus, cell

nudge O nuisance, bea

numb with cold, be numb, P becomes NUMBER: in sufficient -large -- (as of people) be equal in --

become

a certain --

there is a--of S numerous, numerous

be avenues

open,

there

(to accomplish something)

NURSE (suck):

are

Ty F(I)2 T’OOD2

nurse nut (on a bolt)

C(I)2,4 T'OODo Ci(\)1 T’OODo C(I)3 T'OODp A(I)1 N-Il1-296;298 N-I1/-629

NUT:

N-1-1336

stop --ing

-- (pinyon)

N-1-237;N-IIISs62

NUT

cracker

nutcracker (bird) Nutria, New Mexico “nuts”, be

Nuttall mariposa (plant) nylon nymphomaniac

OCCUR

N-lll-763 N-Ill-1140 N-Ill-4096 Uff Equi N-Ill-198 N-Ill-3168 N-Ill-209

itis --ring -- to one suddenly ocean ocean, in midochre, black ochre, red October ocular area

KEEZ A(I)2;

o'clock, be(come)

OAK

scrub

«

powder/rouge

~

odd jobs, go about doing ODOR;

KID» D(II)2; Uff’ A(il)1 N-1-263; 1809:1823; N-Il-1216 N-1-266; 1811;NIll-1218;1222

body --

foot -pleasant --

foul -- hangs in the air get the -- of O have the -- of O S has an --- moves (floats, wafts): -- along -- about to and fro -- and arrives -- around

N-1-265;301;

thicket

Oak Spring Canyon, Arizona

Oak Spring, Arizona oar oath of office, take the oath, take an oats

oatmeal obese, be

obey P

1812:N-lIl1217 N-1-267;1813 N-1-1863 N-Ill-3750 N-Ill-872 DZIl' A(Il)1 DZII' A(ll)1; Nil'y B(II)3 N-Ill-4024 N-Ill-3735 K'All D(I)1 JD4 E(Vij2

-- away and disappears

-----

-- Up out

P is the « of ridicule (butt of a joke)

to ward off evil obliterate O oblong with wavy lines, P is obscured, S becomes obsidian

(the moon)

obstetrical forceps obstetrician

OBSTRUCT; ing

~ P by covering it with O (curtain) putO down/acroas to -- P obviously occasionally ocecident oceiput

OCCUR: S -s (event)

there is a tragic

«rence

N-I-1059 N-|-896 N-Il|-2736 CH’AAL B(I)1 CHAA’s C(I)1 CHAA’s |(I)1 CHAA’o I(Il)1

YOH YOH YOH YOH YOH YOH YOH YOH YOH YOH

A(I)4 C(I)1 A(I)5 B(I)1 A(I)1 A(I)1 A(I)1 A(I)1 A(\)2 A(I)3

of (made)

of (out of a material) of course OFF; -- (from a surface)

OBJECT:

be struck by a falling »

away down from a height into an enclosure out horizontally

YAA F(I)2 Z2if' C2 N-Ill-3852 N-I-1389 N-I-968;1836 N-I-300;N-III1298 N-I-694 N-I1018:1226 NISH A(I)10

‘AH, A(III)1; NE's A(II)4 T''y BI)2 N-Il|-30;68 CHXQ' A(III)3 TWMIZHy D(I)3 YEEL A(il)1 N-Ill-3513 N-Ill-973 N-Ill-509

-- (removing) -- and on -- course (into a ditch)

Start --

-CH'AAH; POS16 BAAL A(II)4,5 TSI A(I)25 PAR-XII-603 PAR-XII-379 N-Ill-1810 N-1-1996

-EE;POS-24 PAR-XII-126

-KAA’;POS38;-K'l;POS44 -AA:POS-3 PAR-XII-379 MV-V-159:MVXI-71;DEE’ C(I)5 MV-I-170:MV-I Il-39;:MV-VI-38; MV-VII-23:MVVIII-40;MV-IX33;MV-X-36;

drag O -- of P (an attacker) S goes -- course (a ship)

MV-XI-94:MVXII-46;MV-XIII45; MV-XIV-34 ZHOOD A(II)10 'EEL A(\)72

S starts -- with P (escalator) (i.e, P -

‘JO4G(I)1,2; YAA A(I)1

the passenger - starts) off-white, S is

‘Oy G1

offend P

1346

DO A(l)4 GAII D(I)3 ‘A G(Il)1

OLD

OFFEND

"A G(ilt)1

get --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects be getting --:

--ing-prayerstick --ings (made to the supernaturals)

Nil’y C(I)3 KAN Ai(Il)1 MV-I-108 N-I-2205;N-III4654 N-Il1-2574 N-Il|-2167

make a propitiatory --ing (to a medicine plant)

YAA C(Ill)1

get too -- for P P becomes -- enough to remember P died of -- age

offend each other

OFFER: -- O as a sacrifice -- O for sale -OtoP OFFERING:

OFFICE: hold -leave --

O is placed in -refuse to leave -run for --

officer, presiding officer in charge official official capacity, serve in an offshoots (of a plant) OFFSPRING: -- (female speaking) start having -often

TLIZH A(I)23 YA A(1)44;(11)10 Tj A(IV)15 Tj A(IV)17 WOD, A(IIl)79 N-Ill-41;1072 N-Ill-184 N-Ill-1046 TLIZH A(1)23 N-Ill-2160;2162 N-Ill-4642 N-I-2189 CHi; A(I)3 PAR-XII-375; 658;679

OIL: castor --

codliver -motor/lubricating --- drillers -- drum -- outcropping -- refinery -- seep -- seepage -- well change the -- (in a car) be --y ointment Ojo Encino, New Mexico

okay (with P), be okay,

S becomes --

QUE

-- age -- age pension in --en times bea=be the --est

N-I-969;972; 1582;N-II|-2534 N-Ill-156 N-I-975;1197 N-Ill-159 N-Ill-3818 N-Ill-2942 N-Ill-2705;2726 N-II|-3816 N-Ill-2726 N-I-1159 N-Ill-154 KA A(1)46; A(Il)4,5 YIN (1)45(II)1 N-I-1647;N-III712;3938 N-1-1807;N-III1220;1228 KO A(l)1;B(\) 1:TS'ID B(l)1 KO A(l)1 N-1-1427 N-I-1425;N-IIl1926;3553 N-Il1-3554 PAR-XII-45 SA 1;TIHo D(I)1 YA B()1

1 subject 2 subjects

S is -- and worn start to get --

suffer the infirmities of -- age

Old Age Monster Old Age Mountain (mythology) Old Navajo Country Old Sawmill olivella shell olivella shell bead Oljatoh, Utah

Omniscient One on

KA A(\Il)6;TIHD C(I) YA A(\)65 'KAZH A(\)43 KAI B(I)58 GHAA‘; A(I)3; Lif D(I)1sYf, A(\)1 YA D(I)1 'AAZH E(I)1 TIH> B(I)1,2 Lif’ A(v)1 GHAA‘, A(!)1; Y{4 B(I)1 CHXO'C(I)1 TIHo A(I)1,2;Y A(I)1 Nil'g B(Il)1 N-Ill-3558 N-I-614 N-I-542 N-III-3405 N-Ill-4695;4717 N-Ill-4692 N-I-1415 N-I-1347 PAR-VIII; -KAA';POS38;-K'l;POS-44

on (an extended surface) on (reliance) on (voting, falling) on account of on behalf of on both sides on condition that on each side “on edge”, be (worried) on foot on no fixed schedule on occasion on one occasion ON ONE’S BUTTOCKS: go across -go to P, moving -go wiggling along -go/come/arrive moving -move/scoot --: as far as a stopping point -away --

-AAH;POS-9 -AA;POS-3 -EE;POS-24 -K’EE;POS-43 -A;POS-1 PAR-XII-41 PAR-XIII-28 PAR-XII-57 YIZ B(II)2 PAR-XII-766 PAR-XII-650 PAR-XII-381 PAR-XII-378 J{JD A(I)5 JID A(1)3 JfJD C(I)1 JIJD A(I)3 TSAAD;MV-VI

n under P -into an enclosure

--

out horizontally -on one’s own, be on purpose on that side

Bill)1 PAR-XII-688 PAR-XII-81;89

ON

ONE

on this side

PAR-XII-724 PAR-XII-911 -NE';POS-55 PAR-XII-906 -TIS;POS-66;YAAGHAH; POS-77:PARXII-382;388 PAR-XII-682 PAR-XII-395 PAR-XII-684 -KAA’:POS-38 PAR-XII365-663 MV-V-196:MA''ll (II) PAR-XII-345

on top of

-KAA’;POS-38;-

on on on on on

that very day

the the the the

(number) day from now backside of move other side

on the same day on the slope on the spot

on the surface of

on the verge of on the way going, be

on what side?

on yonder side on, have O (as a pistol, hat)

ONCE: -- (again) -- in a while -- more -- uponatime

ONE:

--atatime

One-Leg One-Legged (nickname) One-Shoe One-Teat One-Testicled ONE (oneself): --'s oneself ONION: wild -green -fried -- rings --top

ONLY:

-- if -- P (and nothing more) -- then

K’l;POS-44 PAR-XII-289 PAR-XII-485 TA, H(I)1; ZHOOD F(I)3 PAR-XII-378 PAR-XII-734 PAR-XII280;379 PAR-XI|-423 PAR-XII-45 N-IV-1:PARIV;PAR-XII748;tAA'II/LA’ PAR-XII-749;

onto

onward oozes out, S (as blood from a cut)

OPEN: -- O (bottle, jar) -- O (a door)

-- hundred

-- thousand -- million -- more time

-- of clubs (cards) -- on top of another

-- time

---eared ---eyed

---footed ---leqged ---testicled

One Night Ceremony One-Arm (nickname) One-Armed

(nickname)

One-Armed

Person

One-Ear One-Eye One-Foot

753:754 PAR-XII-7514 N-IV-28;PARIV;NEEZNAA N-IV-29:PAR-IV N-IV-30:PAR-IV PAR-XII-423 N-IIl-26 ’A H(Ill)1 PAR-XII378:734 N-I-805 N-I-1299 N-I-941 N-1-793 N-I-332 N-II|-3964 N-1-649 N-|-648 N-Ill-1868 N-I-806 N-I-1300 N-1-942

PAR-XIII-28 PAR-XII-587 PAR-X:PARXI1-324 -KAA’;POS-38 PAR-XII-433 NA‘’g A(1)14

-- O (window) -- O (bar gate) -- O (by loosening drawstring, etc.)

‘AA(I)49 TA, A(I)31 YAA C(Ill)1 NIL A(1)38 ‘AH C(I)2

-- O (by sliding - as a sliding door or window)

KIDo A(1)10

-- O (entranceway closed by FFO cover) move something in an -- container -- O's legs -- a way have one’s legs -have one’s mouth --- one’s eyes (on awakening)

750752:

-- (pair) at a time

N-1-794 N-1-648 N-I-942 N-l-172 N-1-333 PAR-I PAR-I PAR-I N-1l-1732 N-IIl-4009 N-Ill-4015 N-Ill-4011 N-l-1097

-- one’s legs (spread legs open) -- one’s mouth area --s out

be ---handed S is -- (pinyon cone) S (pine cones) -S --s (door) S --s (begins, as a meeting) S --s automatically/by itself S comes -- (as a door)(on P) (out) in the --

TSOOZ A(I)27 KA:MV-I K’Al’ E(Il)1 YAA C(IIl)4 K’Al’ F(Il)1 CH’EE’ BiI)1 GHAL4 A(III)4 K’Al’ E(l)1 CH’EE’ A(I)1 ’A (II)8 DLEE’ B(I)1,2 ZHA’ E(II1)2,3 ZHEE’o A(Il)1 YAA A(Il)2 YA A(I)53

‘YJD4 C(1)4 KEEZ A(1)11 PAR-XII655;656

sleep out in the --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects there is an -- space --ly

--ness OPENING:

1348

Tj A(I)3

TEEZH A\(I)3 JEE'y A(I)3 KAAD H(II)7 PAR-XII-757 PAR-XII-93 N-IIl-1360

ORANGE

OPENING

--ing of a sack/bag --ing leads out there are numerous --ings S hangs over an --ing operate on O (surgically) operation (surgical), to just get started

ophthalmologist OPINION: hold an -hold a similar -hold an exalted -- of oneself

hold the same -- on P hold this -- about O

an -- is held regarding P OPPORTUNITY: provide an --

P gets an -take advantage ofa Opportunity-Maker

OPPOSE: --O forP be --ed (to P) be --ed to O (for P) be bitterly --ed to P (as to drugs) --ing (another person) OPPOSITE:

-- to on -- sides move in -- directions

-- P -- each other facing in -- directions

N-III-545 "A (1)19 Ty F(N2 BAAL F(\)2 GIZH A(I)5; B(Il)1,2 GIZH on A(V)15 N-Il1-248

orange (color), be oration, make an orator

ordeal, go through an ORDER: -- (ceremonial term) O is being put back in -put P back in -start to put area in --

start to put O in --

KEEZ B(I)1;Z/f" D(VI)4 Z{j’ D(vi)1 TE’; C(ll)1 KEEZ Bi|)1 ‘Wy C(I KEEZ B(II)1

start to put P back in -P gets out of -- (parliamentary term)

--ly

N-1-80

YAA C(\)1 YAA A(I)1 TSI C(I)3 N-IIl-326

--Oup out

-- O (item from a catalog) P is --ed refuse or fail to follow --s on P’s --s

JD4 A(l)1 Lif? E(u) D4 D(!)1 MAAZ E(1)1; NA’g C(\)1 -(NIIKA;POS-32 -NAASHII;POS54:PAR-XII-54; 441 -DININAA;POS23;PAR-XII-142 PAR-XII-53;57 MV-VII-4;MVVIII-5 PAR-XII-54:441 PAR-XII-53 PAR-XII-

ore, iron

Oregon grape organized, be (with regard to P) organs, belly orgasm, P (male) has an orient Oriental Oriental Peoples, the Oriental person

origin, things have their originally ORIGINATE: S --es S --es (life)

things --- from (trace its/their origin to) (a clan, band)

PAR-XII-

oriole

142;143

Orion, belt and sword of

"A (1)8

“ornery”, P are “ornery”, P gets

S extend in -- directions from each other

S protrude from -- sides take the -- stand on an issue optometrist

opulently opulently, live or (else)

Oraibi, Arizona

ORANGE (fruit): sour --- squeezer/juicer

N-IlI-1076 YAA C(VI)11 YAA C(IV)2 YAA C(\)7 YAA C(Ij6 YAA C(IV)1 ‘A G(I)2 N-Il|-3216

ORDER (commana): -- O around -- O away (out of sight) --O out -- O (to climb) up

14:48:49

in the -- direction from it/P

TSOII B(I)1 "A C(II)2 N-IlI-3315;3319 Nil’4 B(II)1

"A()?

ORPHAN: --S -- lamb/goat/calf --age be an --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects P is --ed

JEE’s A(I)30; WOD, A(Ill)77 N-Ill-248 PAR-XII-152 JD4 D(IV)1 PAR-X N-I-1418;N-Il144 N-Ill-1392;4467 N-Itl-4468 N-Ill-1393;4469

1349

YAA C(VII)6 Fe Ker) y PAR-XII-926 N-Ill-1304 N-Ill-1223 KAI G(I)1 N-I-1797 DAAZ A(I)6 N-IIl-1923 N-I-1298 N-1-549;N-IIl3332 N-Ill-1119

YA A(I)56

PAR-XII-111 Lif’ A(V)2 Ty A(I)16 YA A(1)53,56

DEEL4 A(I)15 N-1-343 N-IIl-374 GHAA’, A(I)3

Y{, A(I)1 N-II-195;626 N-I1|-581 N-II1-196

os pubis

YA B(l)1 "AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(l)1 DIJD A(I)4 N-IlI-247

OTHER SIDE: (over) on the --

PAR-XI|-878

OTHER SIDE

as far as the -from over on the --

in the direction of the -to the -otherwise otter

otter (skin) cap our ours oust O ousted, S is @uvilE

OUT IN THE OPEN:

PAR-XII-881 PAR-XII-879 PAR-XII-880 PAR-XII-882 PAR-XII-385 N-IIl-3656 N-I11-3657 PAR-I PAR-I YAA C(I)9 YAA C(V1)14 MV-III-40;MV-V160;MV-VIII41;MV-IX-34:

-- from under P

-- horizontally

-- of P (a container)

-- of P (car, bus.,plane) -- of P (from within: hole, mud)

-- of the water -- of the way (to one side)

-- of view

MV-X-37;MVXII-47;MV-XIII46;MV-XIV-35 MV-V-161 MV-IIl-43:MV-V162;MV-VI-39; MV-VII-24;MVVIII-42;MV-IX35;MV-XI-72; MV-XII-48:MVXI1l-47; MV-XIV35 MV-IIl-41;MVVI-41;MVXIV-37 MV-V-163 MV-V-164;MVVIII-43;MV-IX36;MV-X-38 MV-IIIl-42 MV-IIl-44;MV-V165;MV-VI-43; MV-VIII-44;MVX-39;MV-XI74;PAR-XII-400 MV-IIl-45;MV-V166;MV-VI-40; MV-VIII-45;MVX-40;MV-XI-

OUT IN THE OPEN: sleep --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

CH’ A(\)2; C(II)4;Lif?AC!) 1;2if°' C(2 out for P, p is (it costs p -- for P) DEE’ A(!)9,10 out in the country PAR-XII-713 out in the open PAR-XII-656 out of bounds, S goes (a ball) TS'IDp A(I)13 out of bounds, S runs (a football player) WOD, A(IIN)56 out of kilter, things go GEEZ B(1)1 out of line, be GIZ H(I)5 out of luck, P is GEEZ C(I)1 out of order, P gets "A Gi\)2 out of reach, it is DZAAD B(I)1 out of sorts, be Ti A(IV)12 out in the back PAR-XII-408 out west N-II1-1811 “out to get P,”, be A A(I)48 out-patient clinic N-IIl-501 outbreak, there is an Nil’3 A(I)4 OUTCAST: N-Ill-1739 be an -DID C(Il)1 out of breath, get/be

be a homeless --: 1 subject

2 subjects 3+ subjects outcry, raise an

outdoor light OUTDOORS:

-- vertically (up out)

(motion to) --- (static) as far as --

from --

in the direction of -toward --

PAR-XII-471 MV-IIl-46;MV-V-

Outer Space

167;MV-VI-42:

outhouse

MV-VII-25:MVVIII-46;MV-X41;MV-XI-73; MV-XII-49;MVXII1-48

YA B(I)1 ‘AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(I)1 DLAAD A(V)1 N-IIl-4034 MV-V-168:N-I1751;PAR-VII;

75;MV-XIIl-50;

MV-XIII-49:

Tj A(I)3 TEEZH A(1)3 JEE’y A(I)3

outlander outlaw outlet outlet, there is an outlets, electric outline form

outright outrun P

PAR-XII-842 N-I-1754;1756; PAR-XI|-845 N-Il-1753;PAR-

X1I-843 PAR-XII-847 N-I-1755 N-I-1757;PARXII-846 PAR-XI|-848 N-1-2158;N-III4608 N-1-258;N-III2509:4611 N-I-1268 N-Ill-1962 N-Ill-1359 Ty F()14 N-Il1-380 PAR-XI|-807 PAR-XI|-652 WOD, A(IlI)51

OVER

OUTSHOOT

-- of town

ZI’ A(II)2 N-I-1752;PARVUISPAR-XII-842 N-1-1754;PARXII-845 N-I-1753 PAR-XII-844 N-I-1757;1758 N-IIl-3295 PAR-XII-713

--er(s)

N-l-473;618;

outshoot P (with bow and arrow)

OUTSIDE: (motion to) -- (static) from -toward the --- corner

S bends to form an -- corner outstanding, be

OUTSTRETCHED: have its front legs -have one’s arms -have one’s legs -lie -outwalk O (beat P at walking) outward, S curves outwit P

oven oven, outdoor

ovenware OVER:

go/move --- (falling) -- (run, fly) -- a hill and out of view -- beyond -- here from -- on the other side -- the hill here -- the hill there -- there -- there (as far as) -- there (at)

-- an edge and down (over a cliff)

-- P (run over P)

1268;N-IIl-1117 °A (1)38 TE’; C(Il)1

-- the hill and disappear

51;MV-XI-78;

NIl’4 1(1)4 NII’4 1(1)4 ZHOOZH Ci(II)1 KAAL C(II)2 YA A(1)42 BAAZ E(I)1 CH’AA’ A(1)2;B(I)3 N-IIl-246;1173 N-II-22;N-III-594 N-III-770 -AATIS;POS 5;"AA;POS-6;TIS:POS-66; PAR-XII-95;135 MV-VIII-47;MVXII-51;MV-XIIIPAR-XII-108 -K'l;POS-44 PAR-XII-237 PAR-XII-201 PAR-XII-345 PAR-XII-879 PAR-XII-348 PAR-XII-20 PAR-XII-20:482 PAR-XII-479 PAR-XII-

be -- (ended) S extends -- the water S falls -- P (rope over a limb)

overalls overawed by P, be overcast (cloudy) in spots, it is (partly cloudy) overcoat

-- there on that side across -- there from -- there, -- to the other side

"A E(|)7 N-1-628;N-III-

Li? A(I)2 Lif’ A(VI)1 Lif ACI);

TLAH, A(I)1

P is -- (by heat) P is -- by S (as by gas, heat, smoke)

OVEREAT:

(on O)(anything)

(mushy - as mush, ice cream)

(roundish/chunky, as apple, sandwich)

(hard food, as nuts) (leafy or flat - as lettuce,

a stomach)

(liquid, as soup)

PAR-XII-487 PAR-XII-481 PAR-XII478:485 PAR-XII-21 PAR-XII477;484 PAR-IX;PARXI1-202

(meat) (plural - as berries, sardines)

NAADq A(l)2 NOOD A\(II)3

YAA’ A(Il)2,3; iN) TS’EE’y A(il)1, 2;B(II)1,2,3,4

KIDo A(iI)13, 14,16,19;B(I)1,2 "AAL A(II)3; B(III)1,2 CHOZH A(II)1,2,3

DLAA’ A\(1)4,

5,7;B(1)1,2 GHAL» A(I)3, 4:B(I)1,3,4 DEEL, A(III)4, 5,6;B(1)1,2

overflowing, full to overflows, S

-- an edge (into a ditch or off course)

MV-XII1-54 ZHIIZH A(V)1 °A (IIl)20 DEEL, A(I)6 N-IIl-1905 THD B(I)3

1846;1848

OVERCOME: --P P is -be -- by/with emotion

476;483

-- there (to a location) -- there (to)

MV-XII-53;MVXIN-52 MV-Ill-47;MV-V170;MV-VI-44; MV-VII-26;MVVIIl-50;MV-X42:;MV-XI-77; MV-XII-54;MVXII-53 MV-VIII-48;MVXI-79;MV-XII52;MV-XIII-51 MV-II|-48;MV-V171;MV-VIII-

PAR-XII-875 DAAZ A(I)13;L] A(1)24;GO’ A(|) 33;NA’, A(I)23; TS'A’ B()9; ZHOOZH A(I)12

MV-V-169;MVV1-44;MV-VIII-

overgrown, Sis

DiiLo (1)4

49-MV-XI-76;

overhang, rock

N-l-1867

qe uors

OVERHANGING

overhanging ledge overhead overheated,

PACK

PACK (load, burden):

N-Ill-4238

P becomes

overlap, S (layers: as rock strata)

overnight overnpe, become (as fruit) oversee P (as a construction project) overshoes

OVERTAKE: --ing -- P (catch up with P):

PAR-XII-864 DOI! A(lil)1 Ky (I)1;7 14 F(I)5 N-I-1686;PARXII-745 TEEL A(II)2 YA B(I)4 N-I-888

move a PACK (as one’s belongings): -- unspecified belongings -- O into P O is --ed (into P) make a -- trip ---rat

-[-;POS-29

PACK (hard/firm):

MV-V-172;MVVINI-52;MV-XI-

--O: down

down by pushing

80;MV-XII-55;

-- O tracking overthrow O (a political leader) overturn O

overturns , S (car, log) overwhelmed,P is (by troubles)

owed money, be owes (P) money, S

owing to

MV-XIII-55; TEEL B(I)2 KAA’ A(!)5 T’E’s A(Il)14 MV-I-109 MV-IV-60 TE’; C(i2 TS! A(I)19 °A (I133JIL A(I)7;C(1)1

hard area becomes --ed down area is --ed S becomes --ed down

pack (group), come/go/arrive in a -pad for a horse collar PADDLE: -- (for moving a boat) -- (a boat):

-K’EE;POS-43;-

NIINAA;POS-59 OWL:

S --es away from P (obs.)

baby -burrowing --- fluff

--'s claw (plant) --let

Owl-Eyes OWN: -- something jointly (with P) P --s it be on one’s -take over P as one’s -claim O as one’s -oxford (shoe) oxidize O (silver)

oxidizing agent for silver oxygen

N-I-739;2204;NI|-2088 Y[o;MV-I YAA C(I)5 YAA C(1)8 YAA Ci(ll)1 YAA C(VI)8; (vil)2 JID B(I)2 N-1-1135;N-Ill2673

N-I-1326;N-III3349 N-II-3351 N-I-587;N-IIIWess N-IIl-3350 N-II1-3352 N-Ill-3351 N-I]-3312

paddle (spank) O padlock padlock P

Paguate, New Mexico paid O, Pis

pail

lard -metal -small --

K'IZ (I)1 LJO4 B(I)1 TS’ Bill) JD4 Evi) CHJ1 B(III)S N-I-928 ZHi}’ A(il)1 N-I!l-990 N-Il|-3425

bottom of a --

PAIN: -- in the hip -- extends upward -- moves about cause O --

TLS A(IN)4 TLIZH C(I)1 NiI’y Ei) TES A(I)3 TLS A(I)2 TES B(I)2 TEIN A(I)1; TLS A(l)2 YOL B(IV)1 N-Il1-458 N-Il|-872 "EEL;MV-VIII; MV-XII Kjo A(I)2 KAAD DitIl)1 N-Ill-1551;2185 "A A(!)1 N-Ill-2607 LA A(III)34 N-Il|-279; 3144:3774 N-I-971 N-I-185 N-I-68 N-I-1650 N-Ill-1695 N-lll-2537 Nil’o D(I)3 Nil’o B(I)1 GAIl A(V)1;

cause’P -- over an area P has a piercing --

P is suffering -- from S S causes --( for P) S gives P -there is -- because of P there is a throbbing -there is a--

ime)

PACE: -- off a distance

TAAL] C(I)2

-- back and forth:

1 subject 2 subjects 3- subjects

WODy, A(III)77; YA A(tl)14 ‘AAZH A(II)18 KAI B(I)53

PAINFUL: area is/becomes -(unspecified) S is/becomes -P has -- urination

ies

D(I))1 GAIl D(IV)1

PAINSTAKINGLY

painstakingly

PAINT (apply paint): house -red grease --

Way (ceremony)

--anarea

-- O black (with charcoal) -- oneself

-- P from head to foot -- a streak across -- a streak across P’s forehead

be --ing a house interior be a --er cover P with -do the --ing start to -- P PAINT (as an artist): --er --ing figure --ing (Enemy Way ceremony) figure --ing (Evil Way ceremony) figure --ing (Holy Way ceremonies) artist’s -- brush -- a picture --O make a --ing be a --er painted cup (plant) Painted Desert, Arizona

PAIR: we are a --

palsied, become PAN:

baking -frying --- for boiling meat large -pan for gold

N-IIl-1780

DLEEZH B(I)1 DLEEZH B(I)3 T'EEZH Bi(|)1 CH’AA’ BiIl)1; DLEEZH BiII)1 DLEEZH A(I)1 DLEEZH A(1)3 DLEEZH A(\)3 DLEEZH B(I)1 DLEEZH Bi\)2 DLEEZH A(I)1 DLEEZH B(1)2 DLEEZH A(\)2

pancake

pant (for breath) PANT(S)(trousers): tight fitting --s zipper --s

-- leg --ies women’s --ies

pantry

N-Ill-2918 N-Ill-2917;2954

pantry curtain Papago Indian

N-Ill-78 N-Ill-262 N-Ill-170 N-Ill-861 CH’AA’ B(I)2 CH’AA’ B(I)1 CH’AA’ B(I)1 CH’AA’ B(I)2

PAPER: -- bag/sack -- box -- bread -- clip -- cutter

-- for wiping the eyes -- towel cigaret --

N-{l-1507;3075

N-Il1-1935

pal

N-I11-1463

person)

par with P, almost ona

PARACHUTE: be coming down ina -go down ina -Paraclete (Christian usage) parade parade, there isa PARALLEL: -- with

N-I1-4079

palette (for mixing ceremonial color minerals) pall of haze (from heat, smoke or dust)

N-IlI-4163 N-III-2888

S rise in -- columns

-- position:

place O side by side in --

middle of the --

center/middle of the -heel of the --

pa!milla (plant)

YIZ A(II)14 YIH A(I)1 N-I-631;1663 N-Ill-3942 N-IIl-3941 N-I-798;1664 N-Il|-437 N-Ill-294 N-Ill-1411 N-Ill-1412 N-1-890;N-III2409 N-IIl-3227 N-Il1-3237;3257 N-Ill-3268 N-Ill-4135 N-Ill-3235;3253 N-Ill-3236 N-Ill-3254 N-Ill-3233 N-1-439 PAR-XII-810 N-Il|-679;3368 CH’AAL C(II)1,2 CH'AAL A\((I)2 N-II1-3414 N-Ill-2504 NA; C(\)1 N-1-1039;-

AALK'IS (v. also -K'IIS);

TSOII B(1)3

palette

PALM (of the hand):

JAA’s All) 12;

palpitation of the heart, S has

pajamas pajamas (one piece) pajamas (two-piece) pale, be (a brown-complexioned

panic

N-Ill-2461;2462 N-II1-2889 N-I11-2463

T'E’y C(XII)1 PAR-XII-417 KI (1)1 N-Ill-3958 N-Ill-1824;1907 N-IIl-1823

in/by --s be in --s

pancreas

palo duro palpitates, S

-- sprayer --brush (as that used in N-Ill-730 painting a house) --ing of the lower parts of the arms, legs and face in the Mountain Top

0

N-Ill-4160 TLAH, A(II)3 TLAH, A(II)3 Lif A()1 N-I-185;N-III278 N-Ill-770 N-I-1906 N-Ill-386 N-II1-285 EEL A(V)34 N-Ill-7;2708; 4135 N-I-1124

PAR-XII-253

S lie -- to one another (vertically) in -S lie side by side in --

N-l-1059;1069

N-I-1062;1385 N-Ill-1068 N-I-2202:N-III-

S moves away ina

4646

13538

POS-4 TS'EE's (I)4

YAA Ci(lll)1; ZHOOZH A\(Ill)7 TS'EE’o (Il)1 TS'EE' (I)2 ZHOOZH A(\)1,2

PARALLEL

PASS

TS'EE’ (I)4 ZHOOZH Ai(I)2 N-III-3142 N-Il1-3469 N-Ill-495 K'AAZHp A(I)1 GAN C(\)1 N-Ill-855;856

S stand straight up in-stick one’s legs out straight in-parallelogram paralysis paralysis, lateral facial paralyzed, become

paralyzed, P’s leg/arm is paraphernalia, ceremonial paraphernalia (for a ceremony),

ZHEE’s A(I)2 GIZH A(V)6 N-Ii1-204 N-Il-312; 1960;3645 N-IIl-1739 N-Ill-929

pare O off of P

parentheses parents

pariah

paring knife PARK:

N-Ill-1286;1287 N-lll-1286;1287 N-IIl-1288 BAAZ A(I1)62,63 BAAZ D(I)1,2; Y/2 G(I)1 BAAZ D(II)1,2 BAAZ D(\)1,2 N-IIl-1802 N-Ill-3215;4272 N-Ill-2061 "RAZH A(I)6;KAI B(1)17

--ing area for cars. --ing lot --ing meter

--(O -car)

be --ed (while hauling O) have O --ed P is --ed (in O)

Park Rangers parrot

parsnip, Indian

part company (separate) PART:

PAR-XII-570

-- of it

-- of a plant that is below the surface of the ground

N-IIl-2406 --S

N-Il-1818

parties (to an agreement)

N-Ill-1271;1819 Li’ Eq) 1;TAH4 (1)1 Uy’ Aq) N-|-2322 D4 D2 TAZH C(II)1 N-IlI-107

partitions, there is a series of

DZAj (I)7

PARTNER(S):

N-IIl-207;1463 -CH'O;POS-18 NI’; B(IN)1 NI'y A(il)1 N-Ill-1496 A A(II)41 MV-XI-81 MV-III-49;:MV-V-

--s of acar participant, be a participant in P, become particles, small particular, be particular about one’s appearance,

a --

be --s (with P) become

-- by P (a stationary object) in company with P

-- by P and miss seeing it (as an address)

LA A(I)3

acquire

pare O (as an apple)

become

MV-XI-82; MV-XII-56; MV-XIII-56; MV-XIV-39

--s

party, political party is held, a

PASS (go by):

-- by/past P (a stationary object)

be

173;MV-VI-45:

MV-VIII-53; MV-IX-43;

MV-V-174

MV-V-99;MVX1-84;MV-XII57;MV-XIII-57

-- through P (fence, smoke cloud):

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- up P (another moving object)

YA A(l)11 ‘AAZH A(I)10 KAI B(1)20 MV-V-175;MVVI-46;MV-VIII55;MV-XI-83; MV-XII-58;MV“XIII-58

-- up all the cars on the road

P is --ed up (by competitors) S --es (a style)

--ing (running, carrying) --ing by PASS (in mountains): -- leads out there is a --

’EEZH C(I)1 DEE’ A(V)3 Nil’3 A()1 -AA;POS-3 -(IGHAH:;POS34 N-I-600;661;NIIl-1777 ’A (I)19 GIZH G(I)1

there are --es leading down from aheight °A (III) 11 there is a -- extending downward GIZH G(II)1 PASS (time): ZHIIZH:MV-VII day is --ing ’A D(I)2 night is --ing KA G(II)1 month is --ing ZID C(I)1 year is --ing HAI B(I)1 S --es (a long period of time) PASS on/away (die)

NAADz A(I)1 KA A(IIl) 13Lff” A(V)1;NII’3 A(l) 1;T'l’4 A(I)19; YA A(I1)20

PASS OUT (distribute):

passport to plenty, it is

MV-I-56;NII’y C(I) MV-I-56;NII’y D(I)1 D\JD A(I)1;LA A(1)39 NE’ A(I)2 Lil’ A(V)1 DZAAD Bi(I)2

past (going)

-AAH;POS-10;-

--O:

--O among P/to P pass out (faint, swoon)

pass (in football), complete a passed over, P is

go -- P (stationary obejct)

IIGHAH:POS34 MV-III-49:MVVIN-53;MV-X43:MV-XII-

PAVE

PAST

the road is being --ed as far as --ment (of stone) PAW: -- around (after P) -- around over an area -- at each other (as two horses)

56;MV-XIII-56;

go -- without seeing P

past, in the past, in the recent

PASTE: -- O together/to P -- d.p. O onto the surface of P pastoralism

pasturage pasture

pasture, thereisa

patO pat oneself PATCH: --Oup put on a --

there are scattered --es of it there is a dark -paternal uncle PATH:

MV-XIV-39 MV-V-99;MVVIII-54;MV-XII57;MV-XIII-57 PAR-XII-45 PAR-XII148:547 N-IlI-740;N-III3234 JEE's A(II)1,5 JEE’g A(II)4 N-IIl-3027 N-IIl-2153 N-Il1-2153 TSOI! B(II)8 KAAD D(itl)1 KAAD D(ill)2

-- at O (series of motions) -- O out of P’s interior -- O together (as into a pile) -- the covering off of P -- with one’s feet fall and go --ing down hollow out by --ing S --s the earth start to -- (O)

start to -- P out PAWN:

CHA’s C(l)1

--OtoP take O back out of ---period expires accept O in -PAY: --p forP -- O back to P (money) -- P back -- the rental on P

"A A(I)25 KIIZH B(Il)1 TLIIZH D(l)1 N-l-2302;2303 N-I-1564;

1565;N-IIIl-339 descending --

converging --s crisscrossing --s divergent --- leading downward -- leading up -- stretching away out of sight patient (in a ceremony)

N-Il-45;1901

N-{l-121;127 N-Ill-217 N-Il|-238 N-Ill-1042 N-Il]-1922 N-Il1-1814 N-Ill-1083;

-- for sexual favors

PAYMENT: -- for services -- make --(s) -- is made --s are made be close to the final -make a down -make a partial --

1084;1089;

1090;3474 patient who is in the process of

patrolman

N-Ill-4616 LI’ C(VI)1 ZID A(V)1 ZID A(V)2 N-IIl-1925

patronize (do business with) P/ each other

Nil’4 C(INN)2

pattern (as a dress pattern)

N-Il-1071

pauper, become pause, without

L{f' A(\)1 PAR-X\I-608

Peace Chief(tain)

TLAH3 B(I)2 TLAH3 B(II)2; DLEEZH Bill)2 DLEEZH Ai(II)1

PEACEFUL: itis -area is -conditions are -- and calm S/things/conditions become --

getting well patient, be patroi O patrol, go on

PAVE: -- an area area is --ed

O is being --ed the road is --ed (as far as a stopping point) the road is --ed across

pea PEACE: -- (ceremonial term) there is -be at --- returns disturb the --

things revert to a state of --

DLEEZH A(Il)1;B (12 DLEEZH A\II)1

conditions are becoming -- again --ly

DLEEZH A(II)1 N-Ill-4214

CH’ID B(1)2,3 GHAZ B(I)1 TS’INo A(Il)1 CH'ID Ci(ill)1 CH'ID A(I)8 CH'ID A(l)1 CH'ID A(l)2 GHAZ A(I)6 GHAZ A(\)7 CH'ID A(I)9 "A A(I)55 CH'ID A(I)6,7 CH'ID A(I)10

N-Ill-566 MV-I-110 MV-I-111 MV-I-138,139 "A A(I)3 ’A A(1)81 LA LA LA LA

A(I)36 A(Il)20 A(II)21 A(1)36

YEH C(I)2 N-IIl-4654 N-Ill-446 LA A(|)36,42 LA A(III)30 LA A(II1)31 DIZ A(II)2 NIL A(\)1 NIL A(I)1 N-Ill-3198

N-III-1076 ZHOQD D(I)1 TE’ C(IV)1; ZHOOQD D(I)1 Lif’ A(V1)3 CHIJD4 A(Il)2 ZHOOQD A\Il)1 N-Ill-2130;3316 YEEL D(I)1 ZEE's BiI)1 T'E’y C(IV)2 TE’; A(II)1; YEEL Biill)1; ZHOOD A(I)3 ZHOQD C(\)1 PAR-VIII;PARXI1-171:318;640

1255

PEACH

PEACH: dried --es

-- fuzz -- stone/seed peak peak, mountain peal of laughter, S lets outa

peals (of thunder), there are peanut

peanut butter

PENCIL

N-I-518;N-IlI1618;1622 N-Ill-1625;3584 N-Ill-1623 N-Ill-1624 N-I-1096;1098 N-1-607;1100 ’A (N)13 DifLy B(I)2 N-I-1338;N-II64;N-IlI-3364 N-II1-945

pencil necklaces Pendulous-Breast PENETRATE:

--P S --s (moisture) --ing PENIS: -- (ceremonial term) head of the -tip end of the --

pear

N-Il-1099:1137

Penistaja, New Mexico

pebbles

N-1-1841;1877

penitentiary

PECK:

penniless, be

-onO

give O a -give O a series of --s pedal O (as a bicycle) peddler, herb

TAZH C(I)1 TAZH E(I)1 TAZH D(\)1 'EEZF(I)1 N-II-523

penny pennycress pennyroyal, mock/American (plant) pension, old age

peek out from behind P

penstemon (plant)

TS'OOD B(I)1 peek through P (as through a window) TS'OOD B(I)1

pentagon

(as from behind a tree)

Alm|et -- (ofan apple)

--O

Pentecostals PEOPLE (on earth):

N-1-854 GIZH A(V)6; K'EE’ A(I)5;

young -different --es -- think/want

ZOOZo A()32; ZHEE's A(1)2 -- O (by removing a series of pieces: chile pod, orange)

--O

People, the Holy

ZOOZo A(1)28

People, the Mexican

(by stripping off the cover:

banana, branch)

-- O offof P S --s off P (as paint from a board)

potato --er peer out from behind P (as from behind a tree) peer through P (as through a window) peerless, be

PEEVE: be/get --ed at P

P is getting over his -p gets over his -- atP peg down hide(s) to dry Peg-Leg pelvic area

pelvis

pemmican pen Penasco Blanco penchant for P have a

N-IIl-749

pendant on squash blossom

People, the Navajo pep, be full of PEPPER: bell -black -chile -ground -hot yellow chile --- shaker S is --y pepper grass per day

ZO00Ze2 A(1)12,15 T'OOD, A(I)12 CH'IL C(I)1; NA’4 A(I)5; T’'OOD1 A(l)11 N-Ill-3438 TS'OOD B(I)1 TS'OOD Bil)1 T'E'y C(I)

per month

Nil's C(I)2;D(I)2 ZHOOD C(I)1 ZHOQD A\II)1 TSI E(I)1,2 N-1-794 N-1-991 N-1-990;N-III2536 N-1-1974:N-lil387 N-II-749 N-1-1543 WOD, A(III)98

per week per year percolator, electric percussion cap (for a muzzleloading

gun)

perfect, be

perfectly perforated perforated, P is

perforating PERFORM: -- a ceremony (over P)

1356

N-Ill-3092 N-I-173

YA A(\)11 ZHOp A(I)1 -GHA-;POS-26 N-1l-2280 N-1-934 N-l-764:1016 N-I-773 N-Ill-1126 N-II-8 TO’ D(I)2 N-Il-160 N-Ill-3194 N-I-1628;N-III343 N-Il1-3554 N-I-1723;N-IlI3995 N-Ill-316 N-II1-1545 N-I-545;

550:1345 N-II!-266 N-1-546 2(f" Cclj2 N-1-551 N-I-548 N-1-547 YO!3 N-Ill-463 N-III-467 N-IlI-469 N-Il|-468 N-IIl-466 N-I11-465 N-Ill-464 CH’ C(I) N-Il|-4065 PAR-XII-743 PAR-XII-758 PAR-XII-735 PAR-XI|I-768 N-III-384 N-I11-985 T'E'y C(VII)1 PAR-XI|-685 N-Il1-1168

DZA; (I)3 -GHA-;POS-26

TAAL» B(I)1:YA B(I)3;(IN)4

PETR©®

PERFORM

-- a hand-trembling ceremony over P -- the sanctification rites

be --ing the final day of a ceremony perfume perfume of flowers perhaps pericardium peridot period of time, seta

period, get one’s peripatetic people

perks up its ears, S permanent teeth, S gets permeates P,S permissible for P, itis

PERMIT: grazing -sheep --

--P perplexed, be

perplexed, P becomes

persist at (in) P (as in an effort to attain a goal)

persnickety, be

PERSON: -- in charge be the -- in charge personal history, give a PERSPIRATION: -- (on the forehead) odor of -P breaks out in -P is dripping with -perspire perspires in the genital area, P

persuade P Pescado, New Mexico

pestilence comes/goes/moves along pestle

PARI -- lamb or calf

--O “pet” with P PETER OUT: P starts to --

be --ing petition for O petition P Petrified Forest, Arizona petrified wood

NIl’y C(V)1 Y\JD B(I)1 JD BiI)1 N-IlI-2738;3842 N-Il1-1377;2737 PAR-XII129;505 N-I-821;2276 N-Ill-4106 "A A(I)82 L{f’ A(I)1

petro-geologists petro-geology petroleum PEY OIE: -- (button) -- religion --ism practitioners of --ism --ists PHALANGES: -- of the foot -- of the hand

N-IIl-1689 NEEZ A(\)6 YA A(II)8 GIZH A(IV)1 ’A H(1)10 N-IIl-3227 N-II1-1075;1589 N-I-499 "AA(I)18 BYJ"4 C(1)1 T'E’s (I)1

-- and metacarpals

-- and metatarsals of the foot pharmacy philander

phlegm phoebe, Say’s (bird)

Phoenix, Arizona phonograph phonograph records

photograph photographer photographic print phrenic nerve

DEE’ A(I)5;GO’ D(I)3 D4 D(N2 N-I-537 N-IIl-1046 "EEZH E(\I)2 NE’3 B(I)3 N-I-1453 N-I-1454; 1515;N-III-3708 N-Ill-2622

physic physical condition, be in good

N-I-932 N-Ill-2654 N-I-1086 N-II|-2453 N-1-674;N-IIl474 YEH B(I)1,2 N-I-245 N-I-508 N-Ill-2155 N-II|-957 N-IIl-958 N-Ill-3273 N-Ill-1813;3272 N-IlI-3238 N-IIl-2337 N-III-86 Lif’ Eq); T’EEH B(\)2; ZILfy (1)1 vi C(l)1

physical examination, be given a

‘'4 C(il)4 N-II1-508 JD4 E(V)1 ZIIDo A(I)16 N-lll-1143 N-I-790;N-IIl2286

physician, be a physics P, S (acts as a laxative)

Lif A(V)1

piano

GIZH A(IV)2 "EEL A(IV)2 ‘EEL A(IV)1 "A A(itly21 N-1-1545;N-III3733 NIl’3 A(I)5 N-III-746 N-I-1108;1120; 1161;1172 N-I-159 KAAD D(Ill)1

Piano-Legs PICK: -- O (corn) -- O (cotton) - O (fruits, berries) -- O (one after another)

-- O (as ice) --O: apart

TS'OOZ Cill)1 out

out of P out with one’s nails

up (a song or language) up (an object) up (a hitchhiker)

HESiCn/)

N-IIl-486 N-IIl-476 N-IIl-476 N-III-536 N-III|-536

physical examination, give O a

physician

CHAA’, A(1)3 DID A(I)2 DIJD Bil)1 KEED, A(\)2 KEED, A(ll)2 N-I-1424;N-IIl4185 N-II|-4186

N-IIl-4205 N-Ill-4193 N-I-972;1582

TI'g C(I)1;YIZH C(I) LAA’, A(I)4 MV-I-112;Bif"2 B(I)1 NIZH B(I)1 TSEED> Bi(I)1

TS'1' A(I)5; A(iIl)8 MV-I-113 LAAs A(|)1 TS A(I)3 LA A(II1)42

MV-I-114 NIL A(I)67;T[ A(\II)44;T'E’3 A(ll)22

PICK

up and aim it at P (as a rock to threaten P)

-- one's teeth -- up P's language (learn it)

PILE

Pile:

DEEL, A(I)15 TSI C(I)2 LAA’; A(i)4 YIZH C(I)2 YIZH B(I)1 LAA’, A(I)5

do the corn---ing go about here and there --ing corn go pinyon --ing O is —ed off (as fruit)

Bif'2 B(Il)3

start to -- corn

YIZH A(1)1,2

Start to -- P (as fruit)

--O across (as across a road, pasture) against P (as logs against a wall) around in a circle around P (as rocks around

as far as a stopping point (as rocks

LAA’, A(I)3 -- at O (food) “-- on” P (provoke P) “-- on” each other -- (tool) picket fence around pickup truck

P, builda

pie

A(IIl)37 N-Il-1177

pack horse) to a point (in converging lines)

up (by raking O together, as trash)

up up vertically (stacking O, as rocks) --S converge a -- comes to a point be --ing O along (ina make a -- (of O)

A(|)60;T{

PIECE: --es (broken) in --es

a -- of it S is in one --

pierces through P, S piercing PIG:

castrated male -female --

wild --

-- trough --let

make a -- of oneself pigeon Pigeon-Toes pigmy owl pigweed

pigweed, rough pigweed, white PIKI: blue --

red -white

--

yellow -make

--

N-1-2080 PAR-XII-699 PAR-XII-570 NEEZ A(IV)1 JIL A(I)3 -GHA-;POS-26 N-II-70 N-II-72 N-Il-74 N-Ill-1132 N-Ill-1134 N-Il-75;N-IIl1133 YAA' BiIl)2 N-lll-1384;1950 N-II-2413:2418 N-Il-1125 N-I-1736; 1959:N-Ill1370;4017; 4371 N-Ill-4020 N-Ill-4019 N-l-4135:4162 N-lll-4136 N-Ill-4137 N-Ill-4138 N-Ill-4139 T'E B(Il)1

THIN, A(il)1

garments

onto P (as in loading a

N-Itl-1066;

PICTURE (photograph): -- frame(s) take a -- of P take a -- of oneself take O's -- (photograph O)

TEIN, A(I)19 TEIN, A(I)1

onto oneself (as a layer of

KAAL A(\)2

1263;1272 N-1-2043 N-Ill-2954;3238 N-IIl-2955;:2956 YAA C(I)3 YAA C(VI)4 KIDo A(I)1;NIL

pickup bed

up to a canyon’s edge) away (out of sight)

TS C(I) TS D(I)2 TS D(II)1 N-Il1-240

TEIN, A(I)19 THIN, A(I)9 TEIN, A(I)2,17 TL’IN, A(2, 3,10,17

a tree)

BIl'o A(\)1;

TEIN, B(I)1

line)

S -- up on one another S are --ed (stacked)(logs, rocks) S lies in a loose -there is a -there is a --of S

TEINy A(I)7 TEIN, A(I)4 ZIIDo A(I)28 TSI A(I)29 TEIN, A(I)14, 15,20 TL'IN, D(I)2 THIN, D(I)2 TL'INy C(I) JAA’s A(I)5;NIL A(I)8;TL'IN4 A(1)16,20 DEE’ A(\)2 Tt'INy D(I)1; (II)1,2 ’A (1)37 K'ID 15 TL'INy D(I)1; (II)1,2

-- of trash or debris accumulated

ina stream pilfer O

N-Ill-1710

‘2 Bie

N-II|-526 pill, sleeping N-IIl-479 pillow N-1-2009;N-III4421:4431 pillow case/slip/cover N-Ill-4423 PILOT; N-II|-2937 -- in the Air Force N-Ill-3591 start to -- O (balloon) along DO A(II)3,4 Pima Indian(s) N-I-921; 1291:1658 pimple medicine (plant) N-I-1328 pimple N-l-1327 pimply face, S has WOLo (I)1 pimply, S is GOON 1 pin, round headed/common N-Ill-4040 pin (safety) N-Ill-2184 pin clover N-|-597 pin O on self (hairclip, holstered pistol) TAy A(Il)18 pincer N-Ill-778 pill

PINYON

PINCERS

pincers

PINCH: -- O: and hang on n two off off of P one time -- ahole in P -- apart

-- at each other -- at O repeatedly/once -- off a piece of O for P -- oneself -- part of O off of P -- repeatedly

-- the covering/top off P --through P be a --er give O a --ing give O a series of --es have a --ing match take a -- of O PINCHING ANT: big black -big flying -large -winged/flying -Pine Springs, Arizona pine away pine away, P starts to

PINE (tree): little -- tree

-- seedling under a -- tree

-- cone

-- cones open --tree bark

pineapple Pinedale, New Mexico

pinedrop (a plant) pingrass pink, S is

pink eye pinnacle pinnacle, (at) the very Pinon, Arizona “pins and needles”, be on PINYON tree: -- bark -- pollen

N-IIl-846

branch of a -- tree

inner bark of the -- tree

TS’ D(I)1 TST’ D(II)3 TS A(|)4 TS’ A(1)4,7 TS A(ill)7 TS’ D(!)1 TS A(I)2 TS’ A(Ill)1,2 TS" A(ll)1 TS’ A(1)8,9 TS A(II1)3 TS’ D(II)2 TST A(II)5 TS A(I)1 TST A(IIl)4 TS A(I)2 TS A(\)1 TS" CiIll)1 TS" Ciill)1 TS" A(il)1 TS" D(I)1 N-IIl-4500 N-Ill-4503 N-IIl-4504 N-Ill-4502 N-Ill-4501 N-Ill-3924

-- cone

-- nut -- nut butter -- nut cone

-- nut shell pick — nuts

pipe (for smoking)

3082

pipe, tobacco (stone/clay)

N-|-1894

RIPE: chimney -exhaust -- (of a car or engine) ---maker drainage --s

N-Ill-1172 N-Ill-1172 N-II|-3084 N-Il|-1023

piquant, S is

pirouetting, be piss PISTOL -- butt/grip

-- holster lie storage --

-- used for roasting corn dig a -- in the ground

GHAA’y A(I)1;

bottom of a ----roast O do the ---roasting

N-I-1318;N-IlI3486 N-IlI-3492 N-IlIl-3492 N-1-1321 N-I-1320; 1337;N-IIl3489;3490; 4435 ZHEE’o A((I)1 N-1-864

there are --s

Y {4 A(I)1 Yfq A(1)1

S is --ted pitcher (in baseball) pitcher , be a --er (in baseball) PITCH: (resin) dried up --

pinyon -tree --

pitchfork pitch dark, it became

N-I-449;752;N-

IIl-1100;1503 N-INl-3772 N-IIl-3504 N-I-597 CHil’ G(I)3 N-Ill-3188 N-1-1015 N-IlI-93 N-Ill-632 DZIL A\(Il)4 N-I-491 N-I-863 N-Ill-4338

N-I-235 N-1-857 N-I-1337;N-III3363;3365 N-I-237;1336 N-IIl-345 N-Ill-1192 N-Ill-3363;3365 LAA’; A(1)4 N-I-1265;N-III-

PITH: -- of a corncob

-- of a cornstalk -- of a plant stem PITY: take --onP

20

zit C(l)1

BAAL E(I)1 N-II1-2744 N-II|-812 N-I-2015;N-III814 N-I-2272 N-I-134 N-I-1400 N-Il|-2677 GEED A(1)20,22 N-|-137 BEEZH BiIl)1 BEEZH, BiII)3

DZAq (\)2 GOON1 N-IlI-66 NE’s A(I)6 N-|-822;N-III2343 N-1-825 N-1-823 N-I-1942 N-Ill-4005 CH'IL B(II)2; THEE’ (Il)2 N-I-2310 N-I-2311 N-1-2314 N-I-2313 N-I-1445 A A(I)80LI]’

AU a ofp 407 GU); KEEZ B(S;Lif’ E(ill)1:Z/f"

Piute Piute Canyon, upper crossing in

C(I)2;D(V1)5 N-Il-18 N-I|-576

PIOTE

Piute Farms

PLACE:

-- designated for (something) the -- from which the -- to which the -- where abandoned/deserted across at that --

--

in different/various --es in many --es to various --es

take P’s -- (replace P): 1 subject 2 subjects

P gets a -- to sit itis taking --- (O) side by side, parallel!

--O inacircle around P -- O up (on elevated surface)

PLANT

N-Il-19 N-I-1011 N-|-670 PAR-II PAR-II PAR-I;PAR-VIII N-I-756 PAR-XII-21 PAR-XII-3 PAR-XII-127 PAR-XII-116

racing/fast --- used to prevent conception root end of a -pith of a -- stem

--’s underground part offshoots/branches of a --- (seeds)

the growing end of a -top of a --

-- food -- louse/bug/pest ef -- goes to seed --ing is done do the --ing O is --ed plaque (on the teeth)

YA A(I)1 ’AAZH A(I)1 A G(I)2 YAA F(I)2 ZHOOZH A(III)7,8 KAAL A(I)1 MV-I-115

-- O up in position (awning,

curtain, tarp)

-- one’s hand and get it stuck -- one’s hand on P (to prevent its escape) -- the blame onP

PLACENTA: -- (of animals) -- of a sheep placid, S is plain plain, there isa

plaintively plait (O) plaitO, start to

PLAN: FederalFederal--ning lesson --s

--ners -- (P) Carry On --ing plane (tool for smoothing wood) plane O flat and smooth

PLANE: jet -fighter/attack --es P is ina -- crash

being on the same --

go ---riding (in S) take P ---riding, plank

PLANT: broad-leafed -creeping/spreading -eagle --

plasma, blood

BAAL A(II)12 NII'y A(V)10

PLASTER: -- (of Paris) -- cast --O PLASTIC: -- bag -- sheeting

CHID3 A(IV)3 ’AH3 A(I)1 N-I-2181:2182 N-I-778 N-I-779 ZEE’o B(I)2 N-Ill-1764;1936 GAII D(IN)6 PAR-XII-824 BIZH B(I)1,2 BIZH A(|)1 N-II1-2872 N-IIl-4490 N-IIl-4490 N-Ill-1051 N-IIl-2873 ’A C(1)2,3 ’A D(I)4 N-IIl-4318 KO’ A(II)2

plate plateau, bea

platelet (in the blood) platinum platter platter, cow PLAY: -----

(pretend to be) and -too much with P

Start to --

-- cards -- O (a particular card) -- the ace (in cars)

-- ten card cooncan (a card game) - monte (a card game) Start to -- cards

N-II!-2620 N-I1l-1277 TS'IDo A(l)2,33

-- for P (the stake in a card game)

PAR-XII-564 TA’ BiI)1,2 T’A’ BiIl)1,2 N-Il]-4345 N-!-112;371;NIIl-1366;3047 N-I-1559 N-II|-1400 N-II]-353

-- catch with P/each other -- golf

-- leapfrog -- the arrow game -- O (violin) -- P (instrument) start to -- P (instrument) be --ful --thing

1360

N-Ill-1380 N-IIl-1726;1727 N-Ill-1373 N-I-2313 N-IIl-2407 N-Ill-2162 JAA’o A(1)2; C(1)1;LA A(l) 33;NIL C(I)1 N-IlIl-3516 N-I-1099 N-Il1-3048 N-IIl-3049;3051 N-IIl-2570 Lif’ A(V)1 LA A(III)28 LA A(I)34 LA A(IIl)27 N-1-2121;N-III4496 N-I-529 N-Ill-1968 N-Ill-1972 N-Ill-1973 DLEEZH B(I)1 N-Ill-1651;3794 N-IlI-3795 N-Ill-4220 N-I-1149 KA H(1)2 N-IIl-151 N-IIl-994 N-I-1152 N-II-43 N-IIl-2929;3356 NE’; B(l)1 ‘D4 E(\)4 NE’; A(ll)1 NE’; A(Il)1 NE’; B(l)1 NE’, A(!)1, KAAD ee, KAAD A(1)10 KAAD A(1)10 KAAD C(I)1 (1)4 KAAD A(I)3 KAAD C(I)1 NE’ A(1)2;(II)2 KAAL, C(I)1,2 JijD A(II)1 T’'OH» B(I)1 CH'IZH A(I)21 NE’; B(I)1 NE’; A(\)2 Zi)’ D(VI)S N-IIl-1559

PLUCK

PLAYER

player, card

playing card

PLEASANT: be -conditions /things are --

conditions are becoming -- again conditions become -itis a -- place in a -- way pleased with S, P is pleat O all around pleat, make a

Pleiades (stars) plentiful, S are plentiful, S become

PLENTY: in -get -- of P have -- of P there is --of S pleurisy

-- P (bird)

N-IlI-58 N-Ill-1517

TS'ID B(I)1,2 TS'ID A(I)1; B(I)3;ZHOOD D(I)1;D(IN)2 ZHOOQD C(I)1 ZHOOQD A(I!)3 NA’; C(I)2 PAR-XII-244 T’'E’y C(VI)3 IZH A(l)1 IZH C(I)2 N-1-526;N-III1637 Z\JD B(I)1 Z\JD A(\)1

O is --ed off plug (a lure used in fishing) PHUG: -- entrance/exit

-- entrance/exit with O -- O into P (an electric cord into an outlet) -- P (with mud, putty) -- P up (with masonry)

-- up (3+) holes plum, cultivated plum, wild

Plume Way plumed wand, its (ceremonial object) (for ceremonial purposes)

LA’ A(!)1

LA’ B(I)1

PLUMMET: -- downward -- to the bottom

Z\JD BiI)1 N-II1-137; 2340;2341

ZA A(I)5;(II)1

pliers

N-III-846

S is --ing down (with P a passenger)

plump, S is (as a puppy)

PROP: S --s (falls: a gob of mortar,

bag of wool): -- O down roughly go --ing about/along on the rump

go --ing around P PEO: know how to --

-- against P be --ing P’s death PLOW: -- a trench, furrow -- a tpath/urrow as farasa stopping point

-- an area -- P under arrive --ing O (a path/furrow)

be --ing a furrow be--ing (through snow) O is --ed O is --ed into the ground start to --

start to -- a furrow

start to do the --ing PLUCK: -- O (feathers, hairs)

MV-I-117;BAAL A(II)4,5 MV-I-116

Ty A(il)1 JEE’3 A(Il)2,3 TEIN, A(I)5,6 NIL C(I)7 N-Ill-1397 N-I-517;N-III1619:1621 N-II|-2007 N-I-2102

plumes taken from a living eagle

PAR-XII-152

pliable, make O (a hide)

NIZH A(I)5; T'OOD, A(1)10 Bif'a B(II)3 N-Ill-2790 -DA;POS-19

YEEZHo;MV-IV

plunges into the water, S (a frog)

J{fD Acitl)1 TLEE’ C(II)1;

plunk O down roughly plural objects, move:

H(Il)1 TLEE’ H(II)2 N-Il|-487 GIZ C(\)3 "A A(1)48 "A D(!)1 N-II|-888 DLAAD A(IV)13

pneumonia pock forms pock-marked, S is

POCKET: -- (in a garment)

-- under the toenail

-- between teeth and gums -- within or between rocks

DLAAD A(IV)17 DLAAD A(IV)12,18 DLAAD A(IV)12 DLAAD A(IV)16 DLAAD Di(IIl)1,2 DLAAD Di(IIl)2 DLAAD A(VIII)3 DLAAD A(VIIl)2 DLAAD A(IV)5 DLAAD A(IV)114 DLAAD A(IV)5 N-I-815 NIZH B(I)1;TS'T’ C(l)1

-- door

-- watch --knife pod (pea/bean) POINT: the -- from which -- of a mountain

N-Ill-2092

GO’ A(I)23 GO’ A(I)35; WOD, A(III)97 TS'IDo D(I)1 JOOL I(I)7; MAAZ H(|)1 DEEL, A(I)28 J{fD A(iil)1 JAA’o;NIL;MV-I N-Il]-138;2342 YOL C(I)2 GOON 1 N-I-1616 N-I-1618; 2041:2249; 2282 N-1-912;N-Ill2429 N-1-1617

N-Il1-4128 N-I1-1554 N-Il|-2376;3042 N-Ill-1154 N-1-2047;2048

N-I-1096;1105 PAR-II N-I-314;316

-- on the back between the shoulder blades

N-Il|-1095;1096;1097 -- a rigid O away into space --atP

-- at P with O -- at P with one’s foot -- is curled up (as a moccasin tip)

1361

TS! A(I)3 Nil'y B(II)2 TSI A(I)7 'EEZ A(IV)8 ZHOOD F(I)1

POINT

-- O: at oneself

away (out of sight) out (to P) -- one’s foot at P --P out to O -- the nose and sniff chop a--onP

hold a SSO --ed at P puta -- on O (by whittling) S has a --ed shape S is --ed (sharp)

S lies --ing at P S stands --ing (as a sign) S tapers to a --

main --s Pointed-Nose (personal nickname)

POISON:

-- from a sting -- gas arrow -rat --

wolf -P is --ous poison camas poison ivy poison oak

ROKE

TSI A(I)17 TSI A(II)2 TSI A(I)1 TA'o C(l)1 'EEZ A(IV)8 TAg BiIll)2 CHAA’o F(I)1 NE’o A(I)38; TSEEL A(\)12 ’A (II)4 ZHEE’o A(I)5 TS'OZI (IIN)3 NEEZ A(I)3; TSEE’ (Il)1

poker orientation

"A (114

polar bear

-- the cover off of P -- the fire

-- through P (as through a window with a stick) give O.one --/a series of --s give O a -give O a--ing give O a single (copulating) -give oneself a -go along --ing P poker

TSI G(I)1 NEEZ A(I)3 N-IlI-94 N-I-1774;N-IIl1033 N-Ill-475; 587;883 N-I-1104 N-IlI-588 N-I-996 N-II1-885 N-II1-2814 DZiiD Bl) N-I-52 N-I-763;N-III2608 N-Ill-2608

PORES support --

support)-- in a hogan support --es in a conical hogan

upright --es of the loom Police, Chief of

policeman

-- a hole through P (as with an awl) -- about with iron bar -- around (with P)

-- around at each other -- at O (repeatedly/one time) ~-atP

-----

away into a into P O one

into space hole or enclosure (with unspecified O) time/repeatedly

-- oneself one time -- P (prod P, as with a stick) -- P full of holes (as a tin can)

-- P out (as one's eye or a rock with a stick)

silver --

-- O/P

-- O (white/silver object) -- O brown

S is --ed polite language required between certain kinfolk political party

ZHIIZH A(I)2,5 ZHIIZH A(I)5 GO’ BiIl)1 GO’ Bi(Il)1;TS! C(I)2;ZHIIZH B(I)1;G(I)2 ZHIIZH Bill) ZHIIZH A(1)11,12 TSI A(I)13 ZHIIZH A(1)1 ZHIIZH A(I)1 ZHIIZH A(I)2 ZHIIZH D(II)4;F(1)1 ZHIIZH F(Il)1 ZHIIZH B(I)2 ZHIIZH C(1)1,2

--P with O

ZHIIZH A(I)7,8 ZHIIZH D(I)1 TSI A(I)5,6

-- p (with P) (as one’s finger with a needle)

ZHIIZH A(1)2

-- repeatedly

ZHIIZH A(I)6 TSI D(1)1;F(1)1 ZHIIZH F(I)1 ZHIIZH D(Il)1 Wt BI) ZHIIZH F(1t)1 ZHIIZH G(I)1 N-I-966;N-IIl2114 N-IIl-1617 N-Ill-3637 N-l-1939

N-I-1423 N-I-1581 N-I-1250 N-Ill-1495 N-III-3320 N-Il-157;N-IIl4613

POLISH:

POKE (jab, stick, gouge with a pointed instrument): -- a hole in P

ZHIIZH A(I)3 GEED C(I)1;TSI C(n2

polka-dotted, S is poll

poll (of a quadruped)

POLLEN: pinyon/tree --- shaken from a bear

N-II|-989 JOOL E(1)2; YAA C(Ill)1 GAII A(II)1 CHI?’ B(III)1 LID D(I)1

DZAo;N-III-3530 N-Ill-1496 K’AAD D(I)1 N-I-1990 N-I-1541 N-I-1516;N-III3659 N-1-1946;N-III4338 N-IIl-3635

-- shaken from live birds or animals

(used ceremonially) -- administration/eating (Holy Way Chants) -- bag -- bug -- eater

make a -- offering gather -Pollen Boy (mythological) Pollen Branch (a chant) Pollen Girl (mythological) Pollen Hogan/Home (mythology) Pollen Mountain (ceremonial term for Navajo Mountain)

1362

N-II|-567

N-Ill-3665 N-I-1520 N-I-1521 N-IIl-3666 YAA C(ill)1 GHAAD A(II)2 N-I-1517 N-IIl-2002 N-I-1518 N-1-1522;N-III3660 N-I-1519

POSSESSION

POLLEN

Pollen Trail (in Holy Way ceremonies) Pollen Trail, making of the (in Holy Way Ceremonies) polyandrist polyester polygonal, S is polyuria pomme de prairie (plant) pommel O with the fists pond ponder

pondering P, be ponderosa pine pony pony, Shetland pool, S forms a

POOR: be -become -“nut P in the --house” (by a spell) poorly poorly behaved, be

ROR: --O --O one after another

-- popcorn

hot coals are --ing out S --s

S -- out (as pimples, pox) S --s and bounces (as popcorn)

S --s and crackles S makes a --ing sound popcorn popcorn, make

poplar, Lombardy popular, P is porcupine porcupine quill

N-Ill-3661 N-Ill-573 N-II-3171 K’AAD D(IV)1 N-Ill-2746 N-Ill-2752;3078 TS'INo Ci(Il)1 N-I-174 KEEZ B(I)1 KEEZ B(I)1 N-I-1318 N-I-1109; 1162;N-II|-2675

possibly

postpone P post auger post office postage stamp(s) postman postmaster

pot hole (in a road)

YA D(\)1

pothole, there is a

POT:

BA’ B(I)2 Lif? A(!)1 Tl’o A(IIl)1 PAR-XII-665 NE’ B(Il)1

large -metal -small -water --

--s and pans bottom of a --

CHOZH D(\)1, 2:TAAL4 E(I)1 CHOZH A\I)1 TE Bill)2 TAAL, A(IV)11 CHOZH E(|)1; CH'L F(I)1;DON G(I)1;K'IZ C(|) 1;TAAL4 E(IV)1 JEE’5 A(I)25,26 TAAL, D(IV)1 CH'L F(I)1 DON G(\)2 N-Ill-1634;3132 TE B(II)2 N-I-1640;N-III3931 NIID4 Bi(Il)1 N-I-443

--holder POTATO: lrish/white -James wild/domesticated/Irish -sweet --

baked -boiled ---es baked in the coals

fried --es French fried --es mashed --es -- peeler -- sack

potsherd(s)

POTTERY: broken --

clay -Pueblo --- spoon/ladle

N-1-444;2095;

porridge position positions (offices), hold various posole posole, make possesses it, P POSSESSION: --S with all of one’s --s

N-Il|-2206 PAR-XII-790

porous stone

P comes into -- of S possibility possibility exists possible, be possible, it becomes

N-1-1184

2096:2098 N-I-1977;N-II-71 N-Ill-1134 N-Ill-4102 N-Ill-3725 N-Ill-3297 TLIZH A(\)23 N-IIl-1949 GAII A(V)3 L\JD4 Bil)1

pork pork, ground

take -- of P

N-I-1523

POUCH: -- for pollen

Blessing Way -shoulder -tobacco --

POUND (hit):

-- (on)(O) -- a piece off of P (as off a block of ice) --O to pieces

1363

JD4 E(vi)1 Lif A(V)1

N-Iil-2168 DZAAD B(I)2 DZAAD B(!)1 DZAAD A\\)1 PAR-XII-129; 505;510 "A A(I)48 N-Il1-855 N-IIl-3228; 3263;3265 N-Ill-2163;2166 N-IIl-3261 N-IIl-3270 N-Ill-2146 DZIS (I)4 N-I-64 N-I-67;N-Il|-287 N-I-185 N-I-68 N-1-66 N-I-178 N-I-1650 N-Ill-2207 N-Ill-3445 N-IlI-3437 N-I-1251 N-Ill-3442 N-IIl-3443 N-Ill-3441 N-Il|-3440 N-Ill-3439 N-III-3444 N-Ill-3438 N-l-2279 N-I-65;2080; 2082;N-III288;2511 N-I-1149 N-1-1153;N-III288 N-Ill-1970 N-I-1150 N-|||-1969 N-I-1520 N-I!|-1500 N-I||-1498 N-|-2278

TSEEDo C(I)1,2;(II)1 NE'o A(I)20,24 NE'p A(1)9,17

POUND

-- p through P (as a nail through a board) -- P flat -- O in two/apart -- off a piece for P -- the cover off P -- p into P (a stake into a snowdrift) -- P into the ground (a stake) divide O ind.p. parts by --ing startto -- (P) pounds (throbs), S pound (weight)

PRACTICALLY

prairie clover

T'l’o C(I)1

prairie flax

N-Il]-1489

POUR:

for oneself

ZIID> A(I)33 ZIID> A(1)33 ZIIDo A(II)9

into P (container)

KA A(1)46;ZIID5

-- O:

for P

practically nothing

NE’s A(I)22 NE'o A(|)26 NE'p A(I)7,8,16 NE'o A(I)18 NE’s A(I)19 NE's A(I)25 NE’o A(I)25 NE'o A()9,17 TSEED» A(I)1,2

practice

practice witchcraft

practitioner (as singers, diagnosticians, witches)

PRAIRIE DOG: baby -little --- burrow

prairie rocket (plant) prairie schooner praise P

KA A(I)20;ZIID>

into one’s own

mouth

together on P (as water) on oneself roughly -- P a drink of O pout POVERTY: become ---stricken

bring -- to P (by a spell) die of -fake --

P is ---stricken

A(\)24 ZIIDo A(II)5 KA A(I)5;ZIID> A(|)6 KA A(I)16,45 KA A(II)3,15;

ZIIDp A(II)9 NIL A(I)66 ZIID5 A(I)9,30 CHXQ’ BiI)1 N-I-1549

GHAA’y A(\)3; Lip AsYi;

A(l)1 Tl’p A(lll)1 D|JD A(Il)1;YA B(III)1 BA’3 B(II)1 TE’; C(II)2

POWDER: oak --- horn

-- one’s face

S is --y powder horn (plant) POWER: electric -- lines -- of locomotion -- sander

gain/have -- over P

supernaturaVmagical -P is --ful P is comparatively --ful PRACTICAL: be --

it becomes

--

S is highly --

N-I-1812 N-Il-1453 JAA'o E(Il)1 BAH (I)1 N-III-3691 N-1-617;N-Ill1804 N-II|-982 N-II-1860 N-II-3231 T'l'4 A((I)1 N-I-39 DZIL E(Il)1 DZIL E(II)3

DZAAD B(I)1 DZAAD A(\)1 ‘D4 F(V)1

N-II|-2855 N-III-1954;3410 N-I-584 N-IlI-1754 N-I-585 N-I-139 N-IlI-1674 N-U1-544 N-IlI-4293 NIHp A(1)1

PRANCE: -- (about)(as a horse)

A(|)34 into P's mouth

PAR-XII-715 TAA’3 BiI)2 TH (11

-- one’s horse along go --ing along pratfall, take a

PRAY:

-- for P --to P --ing is going on be saying a --er Start to --

PRAYER: self-protection --

---making --maker

there is --er

PRAYERSTICK: lightning -sample --

small copy of a -bundle --s (specific for given ceremonials) deposit a --

praying mantis preach, start to preacher preacher, Protestant

preceding P precipice precipice, brink/edge of a precipitate precipitously preferably preference, by

pregnancy pregnant (by P), become

pregnant, be PREMATURE: P has a -- baby

'EEZ C(I)1;YA B(I)1;ZHIIZH B(IIl)1 A D(I)1 ZHIIZH G(III)1 TSI A(I)21 YJJD C(I)1 YJJD C(I)1 YJJD C(I)1 Y{JD C(Il)1 Y\JD C(I)1 YJJD A(lIl)1 N-IIl-3604 N-III-33 N-III-3607 N-IlI-3608 Y|JD C(Il)1 N-I-1025;N-III2573 N-I-1027 N-I-1026 N-I11-2575

N-II1-3504 Nil'y C(IN)3 N-IlI-3161 NE'3 A(I)1 N-Il-1842 N-II1-1844 PAR-XII-327 N-I-450 N-I-463;1824 N-I-1652 PAR-XII-610 PAR-XII-8 PAR-XII-32 N-II|-3549 TSAAD A(I)1 K'AAD C((II)1; TSAAD B(I)1 "EEL A(I)40

PREVENT

PREMATURE

the baby was --

--ly S was born --ly premium

premonition, preparation, preparations PREPARE: -- O (as a

get a lacking are made

document) -- a meal for P -- a place -- a route (for access) -- oneself O is --ed a meal is --ed for O keep oneself --ed prepuce prepuce, retract P’s/one’s own presence, in each other’s presence, in P’s present at an event, be

president President of the United States

presiding officer

EEL A(I)39;YA A(IV)1 PAR-XII-621 YA A(IV)1 N-Ill-1070 LI’ B)2 PAR-XII-738 YAA A(\il)2

YAA C(\)4 YAA Cilil)6 YAA C(I)7 YAA C(Ill)4 YAA C(V1)10 YAA C(VI)7,8 YAA C(VII)6 Zif’ D(XI)1 N-1-330;

331;1636 CHAA’ A(II)15(lIl)1 PAR-XII-51 PAR-XII-52 NAAt1 N-Ill-41 N-11-173;N-Il4494 N-Ill-41; 184;1072

pressure on P, exert

Nil'y E(Vv)1 Nil’ 1(I)1 KAALo A(II)1

presume

Z{[’ D(Vi)s

press on oneself press on P with one’s hand

PRETEND: -- to be -- to be asleep

-- to be in a bad humor -- to be poor

-- to be sick -- to be snoring -- to cry

-- to go to sleep -- to understand

PRETTY:

CH, BiIll)3; D4 E(2 D4 E(i4 GHAAZH, B(IV)1 CHXQ’ A(Il)1 BA’, Bill)1 TSAo BiIl)1 GHAA’o Bill)1 CHA Bi(II)2 GHAAZH4 A(VI)1 TS’AA’ E\(ll)1

be --

LIN (1)2;ZHOOD

-- oneself up

D((\Il)1,2 ZHOOD A(IV)1

area is -be as--asP

be equally -PREVENT: -O -- P from enjoying O

ZHOQD DiIil)2 ZHOQD D(IV)1,2 ZHOOQD DiIV)1 TE’AHo Ail) YJD4 A(t)1

-- P from doing (something)

--ing in such a manner that it --s previously PRICE: -- items (of merchandise) geta -raise the -- of it

TA’ (1)1 CH'|';POS-17 PAR-XIII-4 PAR-XII-539 YEEZH, A(|)1 BA A(1)4 YAA C(I)9 Uff E()1 Uff A(IV)1

get a good -- for P seta--onP seta high --onO Lif E()1,2 PRICK: TSI A(I)11 --P ZHIIZH -- oneself one time (as with a needle)

F(Il)1

-- oneself repeatedly (as in making a tattoo)

ZHIIZH D(Ill)1 TSI A(I)30;YAA C(Il)1 N-II-2811 prickled plant WOZH, (I)1 prickly, S is N-IIl-2126 prickly pear cactus N-Ill-497 prickly sowthistle N-Ill-1842 priest N-IIl-1843 priests, Catholic N-IIl-3963 primrose, evening N-III-3963 primrose, gray evening N-IIl-516 evening g flowerin large primrose, N-IlI-3962 primrose, white evening N-I-644 prints (tracks) made by foreleg (quadruped) N-I-644 prints (tracks), arm (ofa human) N-I-1495;N-lllprionid beetle 3430 D4 Gill) privation, undergo (for P) N-IIl-1211; privy 250934611; 4612 N-I-258;N-IIIprivy, outdoor/outside 2474 N-Ill-1070 prize PAR-XII-777 probability, in all PAR-XIIprobably 510:777 PAR-XII-778 probably soon Tj G(\)1 probation, be on ZHIIZH B(I)1 PROBE: GO’ BiIl)1 -- about with iron bar ZHIIZH G(I)2 -- around N-II1-84 problem, the greatest 'A D(I)4;ZHIIZH procrastinate on P (on a task or duty) A(V)10;G(IV)1 KIDo D(II)1 procrastinating,P keeps TE’; A(VI)1 procure O TE’, A(V)1; procured, P is (Vil)1 -- up one’s ears

PROD: -- O one time

ZHIIZH F(t)1

PROD

-- O/P repeatedly -- around here and there -- P with O -- P/each other (with a pointed instrument) -- with iron bar

give O a --ing go along --ing O produce

produce, agricultural

PRODUCE; - O O is --ed -- a large number of O be --ing quantities of O profane, P became profession progeny, start to have

program affairs PROGRESS: be making -- (in one’s career or studies): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects make --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects Start to make --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

make good -- on a task S is in -- (a war, ceremony, event) prohibit O to P prohibited, something which is prohibition

PROMPTLY

GO’ DiIll)1; ZHIIZH D(It)1 GO’ B(II)1 TSI A(I)5

promptly

promptly, go/respond

Pronged-Mustache proof against

ZHIIZH B(I)2;(II)1 GO’ BiII)1 TSI F(I)1 ZHIIZH G(I)1 N-II1-3360 N-Ill-3034:3900

proof against S, it is propane propel O propeller, airplane properly properly, act

PROPERTY:

YAA C(Ill)1; (VII)1 YAA A(VII)2 LAADp A(Il)1 LAADo B(II)1 CHIJD4 A(\)1 N-Ill-2844 CH{1 A()2 ’A D(I)4 YAA A(\)3

valuable

regain one's -propitiate the supernaturals propitiatory offering to P, make a proportionate to P, be

PROPOSE:

-- (P)

«to P -- a trade of O (with P)

YA D(I)1 '‘KAZH E(I)1 KAI G(I)4

proposition P

PROSPECT; -- for P (oil, minerals): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects go --ing for P P is --ed for prostate gland

YA A(\)41,65 '‘AAZH A(1)43 KAI B(I)36,58

YA A(\)41 'AAZH A(1)26 KAI B(I)36 DO A(I)18 DEE’ C(\)2; D(I)1 ‘A A(I)41 N-Ill-395 N-Ill-395

prostitute Prostitute Way, Male Branch

Prostitute Way, Female Branch prostrate amaranth (plant) PROTECT; ing

prohibitions (placed on patient at

the end of a ceremony) project, major projectile projector, movie

prolonged period of time begins

promiscuous person promiscuous, be (a woman)

promise, (make a solemn) promontory, there is a promoted,

be

promotion, get a

promotion, P is givena

--

real -become a wealthy -- owner

PAR-VII;PARXII-247 K’EEZ A(I)3 N-IlI-1468 PAR-XIII-7 NIIDs B(I)1 N-II1-3417 MV-II;MV-III N-Ill-1278;1280 PAR-XII-685 D4 Fi N-II1-2206; 3274:3373 N-I-2230 N-I-935 JD 4AUIS JD 4A(III)1 Nil'y C(I)4 YAA Ci(lil)1 GHAH 1

N-Ill-3301

-« P; 1 subject 2 subjects

N-1-993

be «ed

N-lll-1142 N-lil-826 L{f' A(Vij2 N-Ill-209 YEH B(I)1,2 DZil" A(il)1 K'ID 14 DZIL A(I)1:YA A(\)54 TLIZH A(1)9 DZIL A(l)1

--tive device or medium Protection Way Ceremony PROTEST P (as a school closing): in vain

1 subject

'A A(I)29,63 'A A(1)55 'A A(I)55;JAA'9 A(1)31 A A(I)55

DEE’ C(I)4 YA B(III)3 ‘AAZH BiIII)2 KAI C(II)3 'AAZH BiIII)2 YA B(II)3 N-1-881;1170;NII1-2657 N-Ill-209;2513 N-Ill-1992 N-Ill-1993 N-II1-3347 -CH'AAH; POS16 YA B(I)1 '‘AAZH B(I)1 YA B(II)5 N-IIl-1584 N-l-1585

WOD, A(Il)77 WOD 4

A(IIl)77,79 2 subjects

3+ subjects protozoan

CHAA"; B(III)1 JEE's A(I)30,31

N-IIl-3744

PROTRUDE: S --as

1366

"A H(1)14

PUNE

PROTRUDE

S barely --es

S -- bristling downward S -- from opposite sides

S is --ing protrusions extend up hook-like proud of P, be provender provide for P provided for P at the time of creation provided that provided that not

T'OSH (I)1 ZHA’ E(Ill)6 "A (\)7 JIL C(I)1 ZHA’ E(III)4

provisions

"A D(II)6

PULL:

-- O (- by dragging): -- O (massive O - by dragging): -- O: across apart easily one quantity after another apart from one end to the other

T'OOD, A(I)5 DLAAD A(VII)1

LA A(IIl)36

apart

T’OOD,

PAR-XIII-28 PAR-XIII-5 N-I-393;N-III-

apart with claws aparvin two

N-Ill-1408;1566 DZIL C(I)3

1149

provoke P

pruritis psychotic, be

pterigium PUBERTY (girl): batter for the -- cake make a -- cake reach -- (female) pubic bone pubic area, fat in the pubic mound

PUBLIC: in --- domain in plain -- view --ly puccoon

(plant)

pucker, make a puddle, S collects ina

puddle, S forms a

Pueblo Pueblo Pueblo Pueblo

Indian pottery ruin Alto (an ancient Puebloan ruin)

Pueblo Alto Store, New Mexico

' Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico Pueblo del Arroyo Pueblo Pintado, New Mexico Pueblo

Pintado School, New Mexico

PUPE: -- (breathing)

be --ing on O (as a cigaret) be taking --s take a -- on O (as a cigaret) -- up S is --ed P becomes --ed Pug-Nose (personal nickname) pugilist

DZ{jZ;MV-IlI ZHOOD;MV-X TS’OOD A(II)18 TS'ROD A(Il)19

TS’ D()2 N-Ill-145 GIZ H(I)6 N-IIl-3186 N-Ill-2459 N-IIl-3694 KAAD A\(I)1 DA Gi(Il)1 N-IIl-2538 N-I-1676 N-1-1677 PAR-XII-250 N-I-1114 PAR-XII-757 PAR-XII-757 N-II|-519 IZH C()2 YA D(!)1,2 YA D(I)1

N-Ill-2514 N-I-1150 N-I-59 N-Ill3147 N-I-1827 N-Il|-4084 N-1-1489 N-Il|-2507; 2508;2883 N-Il!-3377

down

down/up (as trousers) fully (a bowstring) into P into the water off of P (wool from a fleece)

off of P (feathers from a chicken) on oneself (sweater, sock) on P (as a pistol or knife) out

out with one’s nails taut

through P

through P’s hand (as a rope) to a stopping point

together quickly up (as a bucket from a well) start to -- O apart -- O (cover) down over baby in babyboard -- O's teeth -- up one’s knees -- up the heald stick and open alternate strands of the warp

(in weaving)

DZil" A(II)3;YIH A(\)1 T'OH3 D(I)1 T'OH3 D(I)2 T'OH3 C(I)1 YAA A\(Il)1 YOL E(I)1 YOL A(IIl)1 N-|-309;N-III1299 N-Ill-1761

-- weeds

be --ing O up (an object, as a bucket, dangling from a looped cord) P --s a muscle S exert a -- on each other (as the planets) S --s O toward itself (as a magnet) S -- apart (as ropes Knotted together) -- in one's hands

A(I)4,7,16 TS A(Ill)1,2 TS'OOD A(II)4,5,7,8 DZ{jZ A(\)1,2, 25:NIZH A(I)8 YIIZH A(I)5 ZOOZo A(1)28 TS'OOD A(II)20 TS'OOD A(II)20 T'OOD, A(I)10 NIZH A(I)5 TS’OOD Ai(Ill)1 DZ{jZ A(\)22 NIZH A(1)6;DZ{jZ

A(I)16,22; TS'OOD A(II)13,15 TS’ A(I)3 TS'OOD A(II)11,14 TS'OOD A(\I)10,12 ZOOZo A(I)20 TS'OOD A(II)19 CHID3 A(!)7 LO’ A(1)30 TS'OOD A(\I)6,9

TSOOZ A(I)47 NIL A(I)44 TSI A(1)30 TS'OOD A(Il)3 DZ|iZ A(1)22;

NIZH B(\)2

LO’ E(I)1 TS'OOD A(l)8

YAA C(V1)16,17 YAA C(V1I)13 TS'OOD A(1)2,3 CHID3 A(IV)13

PUEE

start to --O up out

“-- oneself together”

pulp pulpy pulsates, S pulse

pulse, take O's

puma PUMP: -- (action) air -- (to inflate tires)

PUNCTURE

TS'OOD A(II)16 DO A(I)17 N-I-295:2310 N-I-295 TAAL, C(I)1 N-IIl-400; 405;4484 YAA C(I)9 N-I-1262

puncture vine/weed --ment

--O O O punk, pupil

(human) is --ed (non-human) is --ed young (of the eye)

pupil N-II]-792

puppy

N-I!1-837;838;

-- O (as a hand pump)

1257 N-Ill-1261 N-Il|-3770 N-Ill-3769;3808 WODo Ci(ll)1

pure, S is (as crystal clear water) purgative purple, S is

-- one's legs in the air -- P for information

‘EEZ Ci(l)1 YiLo D(li)4

purple aster purple blossom, S blooms with a

gasoline -hand -- (for pumping water) water --

-- (someone) in quest for information

==(O:

purple martin (bird) PURPOSE: -- for it

T ‘00D2 A(ll)12

across around

purchase, select an item for

purchases (from P), make

KEED, C(I)1 T'OOD» Ail) 13;C(I)1

for the -on -- (intentionally)

P

as far as a stopping point

away and get rid of it away from P away out of sight from the interior of P into an enclosure into oneself (i.e. inject O) into P out horizontally through P to a destination to P up (P) (as up a hillside) up out

e --ing O along e --ing O forward do the --ing out (as the removal of bilge water from a boat) have started to -- O

start to --O along pumpkin pumpkin, field

(hit): give oneself a -- with a fist -- a hole in/through P

not on --

without -purring, the cat is

purse purse, Zipper pursue O:

pursuit, be running from (fleeing)

T'OODo T'OODs T'OODo T'OODo T’OODpo T’'OODo T’'OODs T’'OODo

A(II)13 A(II)6 A(II)2,4 A(Il)11 A(Il)11 A(II)9 A(II)8 E( 1 T'OOD> E( y

pus PUSH:

—O/R across (as across a stream or road)

go about/along --ing punche puncture

P

punctured, be/get

N-I11-336 YAA C(I)2 YAA C(V1)3 YAA C(VI)2 N-1-259 N-I-1244;2320; N-IIl-3093 N-II1-3528 N-I-1111;1164; N-Il|-2683 DED D(I)1 NII'y C(I)2 TOOL B(I)1 N-III-86 TL'IIZHo B(I)3 N-I-1328 TL'IZHo A(IV)1 N-IIl-3709 N-I-149;-, AAH;POS-9 -NIIYE;POS-61 YAA C(III)5 PAR-XII-178 PAR-XII-812 TS’AA’ E(ll)2 N-l-2273;N-II-56 N-Il-58;N-IIl-902 CHAA’s;MV-IX CHAA’, C(I)1 N-I-745

YiLo;MV-IIl BAAZ A(II)62; YIL A(I)22

and make O fall down from

a height away from P (as from the table) back (returning)

T'OODs A(II)10

back into P (as back into the mud) back into the water

T'OODp Ai(II)7 T'OODp A(II)7 N-Ill-33414 N-IIl-3343

down (as in wrestling) down from a height into a ditch into a hole or enclosure into P (as into the mud) into P with one's foot into the water off P (as off a chair or rooftop) out horizontally (as out a window) out of bounds over (stiff O, as a post):

PUNCH

-- d.p. holes in P be a --er (hitter)

N-Ill-3640

PUNISH:

TS'INo A(II)2 TSI A(I)2,15 TSI B(I)2 TS'INo C(I)1 TS'INo D(I)1; (II) N-Ill-1792 TSI A(I)11 JIL A(I)4

over (topple O - a pile of rocks) over an edge

1368

GO’ A(V lalate

KAAD A(V1)26 GO'A(V)6

PUT

PUSH

MV-II-23;GO’ A(V)9

over

and make O fall: (back) into P/water into P into an enclosure down from a height into a hole away from P horizontally out outward downward off of P into a ditch -- O (a button/switch) -- O (as a wheelchair)

keep --ing O forward pushcart pussley (plant) pussywillow(s)

PUT: -- on (an event) -- one’s arms around P -- one’s arms around P’s neck

-----

one’s one’s one’s one’s

arms around oneself arm(s) out arm and hand down hand(s) on P

-- one’s legs around P -- one’s legs around P’s neck (in a stranglehold) -- one’s legs around one’s own neck (a contortionist) -- medicine on oneself -- the blame on P -- things away “.. the bee” on P -- out (a fire) -- on P (tire, wheel) --on P (a license plate on a car) -- off P (a task)

P keeps --ing things off -- O: around P’s neck (tether, leash) around one’s own neck around oneself (sash)

back into P in ashes to roast

in charge of it in gear (a car, tractor) in jail in own fold (under own cover) in reverse (car) into P

GO’ A(V)8,12 GO’ A(V)12 GO’ A(V)1 GO’ A(V)1,2 GO’ A(V)3 GO’ A(V)4 GO’ A(V)5 GO’ A(V)6 GO’ A(V)1,2,7 GO’ A(V)7 GO’ A(V)11 CHID3 A(IV)1 BAAZ B(II)1 YAA H(I)1 N-Ill-2817 N-Ill-4112 N-1-334;988

into fire (into the flames)

into fire(or near fire) into own mouth into P (as a box, jar) into P’s fold (under P’s cover) into P’s mouth into soil or ashes into storage into water near fire on (his) feet on the table (food) out (1 pet/2+ pets)

Uff’ A(IV)1 CHID3 B(I)1; NII, G(I)1 CHID3 B(I)2; Nil’, G(i)2 NII’, G(II)1 NII’y A(V)12 Nil’y A(V)13 NII’y B(Il)1 K'Al’ D(I)1

to bed: 1 object 2 objects 3+ objects

together together (boy with a girl) under P under P’s cover under self up (a building) up (a ladder, pole) up (notices, posters)

KAI’ D(I)2 K’Al’ D(Il)1 YAA C(VII)1

up (food, in cans)

up to it (doing something)

)A A(1)81

with their mothers (lambs) PUT O ON (as clothes):

YAA C(I)8 KEED, A(Il)2 TSIZ BiIl)2 'A A(I)84 TA, A(I)53

(necktie, scarf) (helmet, life preserver) (heavy fur piece or heavy

"A D(I)4;"AA’

A(|)5;ZHIIZH A(V)10;G(IV)1 KIDo Di(Il)1 MV-I-118 Tl’, D(I)3,4 MV-I-119 LA A(IIl)3 MV-I-120 YAA C(IV)3 MV-I-121

necklace) (several strands of beads)

bolo tie, string of beads) single stone pendant)

(a wig) (a hat) (lipstick, lip pomade) (footwear)

away in storage back back inside (of something) back on its feet (a fallen animal or person): YA A(V1)5 1 object *AAZH A(IV)1 2 objects KAI B(II)2 3 objects

1369

YAA C(IV)3 NIL A(I)67 2( B(II)1 GIZH A(I)13 TE’ A(|)1 MV-I-122 YAA C(IV)3 YAA C(1)9 MV-I-127 MV-I-126 MV-I-128 MV-I-123 MV-I-125 MV-I-124 MV-I-131 MV-I-129 MV-1-130

MV-I-132 Z)' BiIl)1 KA D(I)5 T’E’3 A(l)11; NIL A(I)33 T{ A(t)1 TEEZH A\(I)1 JEE’y A(ll)1 YAA C(ll)1 NIL A(1)59 MV-I-133 MV-I-134 MV-I-135 YAA C(Ill)1 YA A(VI)2 TSOOZ C(I)2 NIL C(I)8 LID, A(il)1 NIL A(1)33 MV-V-176;YA A(II)141;YAA A(1)2;C (I)4;T'1'4 D(IIl)1 TSOOZ A(II)8 "A ALIN)44 YJo A(II)9 JEE', A(II)A;NIL A(II)14 LA A(Il)8;(II1)13 "A A(II1)17 JOOL A(IV)4 A A(III)9 TA, D(I)1 'EEZ A(I)1;(IV) 7;TAAL4 A(t)11

(a ceremonial mask)

“A ALIII)40

(makeup,)

CHAA’ Biil)1

PUT OON

(face powder, sand, dirt)

O (clothes = dress O) (sweater, socks, stockings)

(a headband) (a belt)

(gloves, mittens) and be unable to take it off (a hat, ring) and be unable to take it off (a boot) and not want to take them off (gloves)

QUARRY

JAA’ A(II)3; E(II)1,2 YAA C(\)4 TS'OOd A(ill)1 TI’, D(I)7 Ty A(tIl)1; D(IIN)1;YAA C(II)1;ZAS 4 A(I)1 Nil’ A(I)9

quarry, stone

quarter, the moon enters the last

QUARTERS (for living): winter -summer -quartz

QUEEN

-- of clubs -- of diamonds -- of hearts

'A A(III)51

-- of spades queen bolt

'EEZ A(IV)10

query quest,go

NII’; A(V)10

ona

QUESTION: ask a -- of P/of someone unspecified

on P (a sweater or socks ona child) -- slippers/shoes back on

TS'OOD A(II)19 TAAL, A(I)11 -- on P’s garment and not take it off YA A(Il)8 --on P’s shoe and not take it off 'EEZ A(IV)9 pygmy nuthatch (bird) N-Ill-4432 pylorus N-I-202;422 pyorrhea N-I-2131 pyorrhea medicine N-1-2132 pyramid, S forms a (of converging lines of masonry)

(in cards):

--er QUICK: -- (movement) be --

move/go --ly take a -- look around be ---witted

THIN, D(2 --ly

Q Q-tip

quadrangle quadrangle, S forms a QUADRUPED: -- moves (on all four): belly of a -quadruplets

quagmire quail

QUAKE: area --s S/area starts to ---y (springy, as an old tree) quantities, in small

quantity, large (as of people)

quantity, there is a large

N-Ill-4360 N-IlI-4683 TL’AH (I)1 N-II1-2930;3214 DLOOZH;MV-V N-I-336 N-I-561 N-IIl-2887 N-1-490

--ly (in a past time context) QUIET: be --

-AAH;POS-10 NA’o B(I)1 ZAAL;MVVI;STE’ C(I)1 NE’o B(I)1 LO’ A(I)18;NA’2 B(|)1 PAR-VIII;PAR-

== (OMe) -- O/P (habit, job)

'A A(I)5

be -- (not talkative) --

things become --- down -- O down keep P --

--ly quill (of a feather) quill (of a porcupine)

YJo G(I)4

"A G(III)1;"D4

213;247; 535;866 PAR-XII-614

YEEL D(Il)1;

NAA'o A\(Il)1; TLID A(I)1,2,3 TS'OOD D(I)1 PAR-XII-833 N-1-2313 ’

-- with each other

-- over O

KEED, C(Il)1,2 N-II1-3015

ZEE’o BiII)1 TAHg B(I)1 T'E's A(Il)1 YEEL B(Ill)1 YEEL B(I)1 YEEL B(Il)1 YEEL D(Il)1 PAR-XII-623 N-1-871;1620 N-I-444; 2095;2096 N-II-106 N-III-777 ‘JD4BCI PAR-XIII-25 TLAH> A(I)1

become

-- violently with P

quarry O (stone)

N-III-3014

N-Ill-1731 T’E’y C(IV)1; TAHg B(I)1;

-- person

NAA’s B(I)1,2

"A BUW2;Lif’ A(VII)1;TLAH1 A(\il)1 JEE’o A(I)7

have a violent -- with one’s spouse

TAA'2 C(I)1

XIIl-13;212;

QUARREL: -- with P

N-N1-4114 YA A(Il)11 N-Ill-2469 N-1-937 N-I-950 N-Ill-4108 N-I-1172;1194; N-IIl-116 N-Il-37;117 N-Il-119 N-Il-120 N-lI-118 N-IlI-3968 N-III-3014

quilt quirt

QUIT: -- (doing something)!

F(IV)1;NIL A(II)1 ZAA’ A(\)2 'A BiII)3 NIL A(1)44

1370

RACE

QUIT

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- a game while still ahead

it becomes --ing time want to -- (doing something) QUITE: -- a bit -- alot

-- a ways

-- a while ago for -- a while -- expertly/well -- far get -- good at P(a skill) -- some time ago

YA A(1)18,41 "AAZH A(1)14,26 KAI B(1)24,36 CHAA’, A(\)8 NISH A(II)1 zi c(2 PAR-XII274:896 PAR-XII-642 PAR-XII-642 PAR-XII511;669 PAR-XII-46 PAR-XII-284 PAR-XII-164 PAR-XII-283 KAAD A(1)2;B(1)1 PAR-XII-546 N-I-741;997;N-

quiver (for arrows)

I!-2568 QUIVER: S/area starts to --

area is --y be --y

--track

there is a horse-there is a women's --

racing plant racer (snake) races (peoples), various rack (for drying corn) rack, towel RACKET (noise): -- breaks out make a -there is a -radiator fan (on a car engine)

male --

toy --

go ---hunting (twisting them from holes) rabbit brush (plant) rabbit thorn.

' raccoon

RACE: -- (go at top speed) -- (sail) away (feather, cloud, crow)

be --ing along together (2 persons ins hurry) go --ing away run a -take partina --

be a participant in a -win a -entetar-

enter a sack -be a participant in a sack -P rides a --horse -- course --horse

°K (1)30

radish

N-IIl-1389

raft raft, nde ona

rag rage (over P), fly into a

-- a settlement -- accompany P back from a --- as far as a stopping point

(1)1

-- be (P’s) --ing companion -- camp while ona

--

-- each other -- penetrate a territory on a --- to (a destination) -- to P accompany P ona -- (among P)

N-I-636 N-IIl-1859 N-I-876 N-Il-1561

be going along ona -come/go/arrive on a -go --ing among P go--ing start off ona --

DIZ A(II)2,4 N-I-1043;N-III2610;2611 N-I-734 N-1-1488 "AAZH A(II)6; TE’ BI) ZAAL;MV-VI ZAAL A(|)2

Start on a --

start --ing start --ing among P trade --s on each other --ing rail

RAILROAD: -- Station -- ties -- track RAIN: male -female -gentle -- shower fine -light --

N-II|-3309 "EEL:MV-XII N-I-63 TAAL, A(IV)14 DLAAD A(VIII)1

rage atP, beina RAID:

TLID A(I)1,2,3 TLID Bil)2 TSIZ C(I)1;YILy

'AAZH E(II)1 TE’ C(I)1 "AAZH A(II)2 WOD, Ai(lll)79 TE’ B(I)1 WOD, A(IIl)51 TE’ B(I)1 TE'Bil)1 TE’ Bil)1 TE’ B(I)1 N-I-792 N-II|-2770

DifLy B(I)1

radio

-- be a member of a --ing party

cottontail --

DLAAD A\(Il)4

N-Ill-1247; 1248:3872 N-Il1-3413

|D

RABBIT:

N-I-792 TE’ B(|)1 TE’ B(I)1 N-Ill-1380 N-I-1000; 1720;N-IIl-3993 N-1-546 N-I-446 N-Ill-720 N-Ill-1912

BAA’ A(\)7; BAA’ A(I)7 BAA’ D(\)1 BAA’ A(I)5 BAA’ B(I)1;D(I)1 BAA’ B(|)1 BAA’ D(\)1 BAA’ A(II)1 BAA’ A(I)7 BAA’ B(I)4 BAA’ A(|)4 BAA’ C(I)1 BAA’ D(\)1 BAA’ A(\)4 BAA’ C(I)1 BAA’ B(I)1 BAA’ A(|)2 BAA’ A(\)1 a6 BAA’ A(l)1, BAA’ A(|)6 BAA’ A(Il)1 N-Ill-2915 N-Il-2526 N-Il]-2529 N-Il|-2527 N-1-200;1566;NWNI-935;2526 N-|-1365;N-III285633426 N-l-1367 N-I-124 N-I-124;1366 N-1-2324 N-I1|-3428

RAIN

mist-like --

violent/torrential ---coat

---ray -- ceremony takes place -- ceremony is taking place -- comes in from (i.e. originates in a designated place) -- falls in big drops -- 1s falling

RAISE

N-I-1371;N-III3436 N-I-1367;N-III3427;3429 N-1-629;1369;N-

11-3434 N-I-1370; 1763;N-Il|-3435 YA B(I)3 YA B(I)3

TA3 A(|)4 YEEZHo A(I)14

TAg B(I)1; (II)1

-- stops short of P (e.g. doesn't reach my field) -- stops/moves away --drop lands on P

--drops (first) begin to fall --drops fall on a surface there is a heavy --storm --storm drives P away (mosquitos, gnats) --storm ends

TAg A()1 TAg A(!)2

--storm is moving along

TA3 D(I)1

--storm starts to move

TAg A(!)7

a misty -- falls it --s and --s

TAs C(I)

it--S as far as a stopping point

TA3 A(I)8 TA3 B(I)1;(II)1 A’ p(I)1 3,6,10

itis --ing itis --y it starts to -it stops --ing P gets --

TA3 A(\)5

ae)

YA A(VI)2 ZHOOD A(II)26 --Oup NIL A(I)41;YAA C(ill)1 -- O's foot up ’EEZ A(V)1,2 -- one’s foot up 'EEZ AIV)15 -- one’s hand/arm Nil’y B(II)2,3 -- one’s head up YAA A(II)1 -- one’s rump (while sitting) TSAAD A(I)14 be --ed L{j’ A(V)5 S (as a snake) --es its head to strike NA’, A(II)56 -- the price of it YAA C(I)9 O ts --ed (a child) YA B(IIl)1,2 “-- hell” (with P) BAA’ A(I)1; CHIJD4 A(IIN)2 RAKE: N-IIl-860 -- O into a pile (as leaves, trash) CH’'ID A(I)1; ZIID> A(1)28 --O ZIIDo;MV-I move O by --ing ZIIDo;MV-I “--in” winnings or earnings ZIIDo A(I)28 ram (male sheep) N-Ill-1577 -- O (the main hogan support post)

-- O (by dragging)

RAM: --O O (against P) -- O into P’s mouth -- a fist or hoof through P -- down the charge (in a gun) -- one’s head through P (as through a door)

-- P (lunging against P) ramada Ramah, New Mexico

—— SSS

P gets a light -P gets caught in the -S is drowned out by --

Rambouillet ram

ramrod (for a gun) random, at

the first -- fell (at a geological period)

RAINBOW: -- appears

end of the -- moves away from P go (arrive) by -- (mythology) P is transported by -- (mythology)

TA3 A(I)9 N-I-1315:N-III3330

S is ---shaped there is a --

ranges, S (tribe)

DEEL, D(I)1

rank, next in (to P) rank (second, third etc.) in P, come to

YIIZH G(I)1 T'I'y A(l)1

rap onO

opposite sides of the sun

-- O (a crop, children)

range, electric

Rangers, Park

N-Ill-3626 N-I1-4166

rape rape P (one after another) rape (plant) rapidly

MV-I-103,114

rare (undercooked), S (steak) is

5 (short) that appear on

Rainbow Natural Bridge RAISE: O (pick O up)

range, mountain range (of mountains), coastal range, at long (in shooting)

DEEL,A(1)28 |) DEEL, D( |1 DEEL, A(I( )22 DEEL, A(I( )28

P is traveling along by -(mythology)

randomly

GO’ A(1)2;C(I)1 GO’ Ci(II)1,2 GEED A(III)8 TS'INo A(1)2,3 TSI C(I)2 NE’o A(IIN)2 GO’ A(I)2 N-I-233 N-I-1734;N-IIl4012 N-lll-1578 N-IlI-788 PAR-XII667;809 PAR-XII-812 N-Ill-1798 N-Ill-3654 PAR-XII-164 N-II|-978 N-lll-1802 TEEL B(I)1 PAR-XII-206 Lif’ A(I)1 TAZH C(I)1 N-IIl-2200 DEEL, A(I)23 N-Ill-4237 PAR-XII13;212;866

"A G(IN)2;LIf" A(VII)1;T'Ao

B()1;YA B(II)1

rare, S is medium

rarely RASH:

CH'L H(I)1 T'E C(\)1 PAR-XII-379 N-Ill-146:563

RE-GREASED

RASH

-- appears/breaks out on S/P

P gets diaper -RASP (for wood):

--O -- (unspecified) O -- a groove in P -- 3+ notches, grooves raspberry, wild red rat poison rather

Raton Springs, New Mexico rattle (on a rattlesnake)

RATTLE: buffalo -gourd -hoof --

leather --

wild gourd -handle ona -rattlepod (plant) rattlepod, many-colored

rattlesnake

rattlesnake, sidewinder Rattlesnake, New Mexico

RATTLESTICK (War Dance): carry the -be carrying the -move with the -receive the -to have carried the -(to a location and back) to have delivered the -- to P rattleweed, many-colored rattleweed, Matthew

raven Raven Way ravenously

RAVINE: emerging -narrow -raw

raw, be

ray raze O (bring O down, as a brick wall, an old building) razor razor strop

JEE’s A(I)26; KINIZH A(I)1 DLAAD A(I)7 N-IlI-697; 4325;4326 CH'IZH A(I)21 CH'lIZH A(1)1,21 CH'IZH A(I)12 CH'lIZH A(l)3 N-I-449:752:NII-1503 N-Ill-885:2990 PAR-XII787;811 N-Il|-3785

re-greased, be re-insert O in P re-roof a hogan

REACH: -------

a certain age a certain height a decision on it as far as (a location - a fire) (for P) and miss away out of sight

-- for P

-- full growth -- in under P

N-l-23:1720;

900;N-III-4653 N-I-17 N-I-22:104

-- into P -- into an enclosure

N-I-18;477;N-III-

105 N-1-21;911;N-IIl2427 N-I-35 N-Ill-3483 N-I-2013 N-I-432 N-IIl-3726 N-Il1-3994 N-I-326 N-Il-159;N-Ill3587 N-I-19 TA, A(I)3,8 TA, GiN)2 TA, A(I)28 TA, A(il)10

-- into P’s mouth

-- into P’s pocket

-- into the water -- maturity

-- old age: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- out (as from a window) -- out and place one’s hand

Nil'y A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)9; NIl'y A(V)9 CHID3 A(IV)1; NII’, A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)8; NIl'y A(V)6 Nil’ A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)9 YA B(I)1 YA A(I)65 "AAZH A(1)43

keep O out of P’s --

S (epidemic, hot/cold wave) --es as far as a stopping point

NIl’3 A(I)6

-- P (object on a high shelf) -- safety (walking, running): swimming flying -- the courts (a dispute) -- the end of one’s life (pass on) -- the mid-point -- with hand

N-Il|-3726 N-I-115 N-Ill-4750 N-Il|-2010 PAR-XII-591 N-IIl-1067;1200 N-II]-1357 N-Ill-1068;1201 PAR-XII756;785

CHID3 A(IV)1;

KAI B(I)58 NII’4 A(V)7 CHID3 A(IV)10 CHID3 A(IV)10 TS'OOD A(|)10 MV-V-177 KOO’ A(1)33 TA’ A(I)71 Ty A(I)22 DID A(IV)1,5 Nil'y A(I)1 CHID3 A(IV)9 NOOD A(I)1 Z{J’ O(X)4

-- out and trip P

TAy BiI)2 TA, H(\)4

JEE'g B(Il)1 YAA C(IV)3 NIL E(1)4 CHID3 A(IV)1, 41;NII’, A(V)1 DJJD A(IV)1 NEEZ A(Il)4 KEEZ A(II)2 K’AA’ A(!)14 CHID3 A\1)4,5 CHID3 A(IV)1; Nil'y A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)9 YA B(I)1

-- for P (with the tongue)

-- (a level)

‘AAD A(I)6, 7;C(I)S

S --es a specified level, number or

volume (as water, livestock) S --es as faras P S --es P (a sheet of water reaches a location)

CHIl’ G(I)1

N-I-1759

S --es P (as irrigation water reaching a field) S --es P (fast-flowing water) S --es the halfway mark

KAAD A(VI)7; NIL A(II)25 N-Ill-766:1465 N-Ill-143

(level, as water)

--ing

qlee

ZHIIZH A(II)6 "AAD C(I)3

NA'g A(I)19 GO’ A(I)29 GO’ A(I)29 ZHIIZH A(II)6 -[-;POS-29

REACH

out of -- (inaccessible) reaction time, have slow/quick

READ: -- about P -- O (to P) get well into one’s --ing start to -- P stop --ing

readily READINESS: in --

hold (O) in -- (store O) keep oneself in -READY:

REAWAKEN

Tt'AH> B(I)1 NA‘o B(I)1 TA’ B(I)2 TA'o B(I)1,2 TA's B(I)1 TA’ A(I)7 TA’ A(I)2 TA’ A(I)5 PAR-XII-535

reawaken (O) RECALL (from office): a -- election is held for P S's -- from office is approved by the electorate

PAR-XII-698 MV-I-173 Z{’ D(XI)1

recede, S starts to recedes, S (level, as of water) RECEIVE: --O P--sS (S comes to P)

T'E'y C(IV)1 T'E'; C(i)3 YAA C(V1)10 YAA A(lil)1 YAA C(I)6 YAA C(VI)9 YAA C(VI)8 Lif’ A(I)1 2(I' C(I) ZHIIZH A(V)5 PAR-XII-75;

get -- to do something start to make O -area is made -O is made -reality, S becomes realize (P) realized, P is (as a dream) really

629;720;

730;867 REAR:

-- space -- wheels of a car -- axle on a car

bringing up the -p ---ends P (a car that hits the rear end of a car in front) rear O/P (child)

N-I-1253 N-l-277 N-Ill-1254 N-I-945

GO'C(I)3 Lif A(VID SYA BiIl)1

Li’ A(V)5;YA

reared, be

B(Itl)1 Reared In The Ground (mythological personage) Reared In the Sky

be the -- for P -- behind it/reason why for no -for some -- (or another) for that ---able amount S is --able

itis --ably good reassemble

(reconvene)(as

attending a meeting) reassure

P

MV-I-136 MV-IV-61 LA A(III)30 DEE'A(I)24 DEE’ A(I)3

-- payment

P --s income P --s votes

--er of the rattlestick (War Dance) recently, just recently, quite/just

‘N-III-578

RECESS: -- (in canyon wall) -- (in rock)

-- beneath the toenail S has a -recess, there is a (in a meeting) recharge (battery) reciprocally reckless abandon, go about/around

reclaim O (as a borrowed item RECLINE: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

--ing chair/seat

in

PAR-XII-59;710 PAR-XII-683 N-I-1616;N-IIl882;3056 N-1-1848 N-I-1394 N-I-912 TL'AH, (I)1 JEE's A(1)20 NA‘; Bill)1 PAR-XII-681 GAAZH B(I)2 MV-I-137 Ti;MV-XV

TEEZH;MV-XV JEE'y;MV-XV N-Ill-1057;1081

recognize P

Z))' A(IV)1

recognize P, be unable to

YA' Bil)1

N-Ill-4632 N-II]-2036

recommendation

YA'B(I)1 PAR-XII-926 ZID A(V)2 Nig A(I)1

of P, on the

reconnaissance, go on reconsider one's opinion

JEE's A(l)1 NE's B(I)3

Nil'g C(Il)1 Nli'g A(1)1 Nil'g A(I)1 JEE's A(l)1 ‘AAD A(I)5 ‘AAD A(I)3,4,6

be able to -- a series of P P is unable to --

recollection, be uncertain in one's

persons

YA A(Il)10

-- P to O's mind

N-]-2723;3411

N-I-149;-, AAH;POS-9 TE’; C(I) N-IIl-773 PAR-XII-620 PAR-XII-231 -AA;POS-7 N-II1-2655 T'E'y C(VIII)1 DZAAD B(I)1

JEE'2 A(I)37

RECALL (to mind): --P

about P

(a mythological personage) Reared in the Earth way REASON: -- for it

ZID A(III)15(1V)1

reconvene

(reassemble)(as

persons

attending a meeting followed by a recess)

RECORD: -- O (a meeting) there is a -- of it --er (clerk)

JEE's A(l)1

records, phonograph recount (tell)

ZO A(\)7 ‘A Hil)1 N-Ill-3258 N-II-958 NE'g B(I)3,4,5

recovers S, P (gets S back) (S returns to P - property item)

MV-IV-62

RED

RECOVER

recover (get well)

recovering, be

recover financially

recreation recreational activities rectangle rectangle, S forms a rectangular, S is recuperate

recurs, S (a time period or event as a War) RED: be --- area extends along

BOG A(I)1;L{]’ A(1)1;(11)4; T’EEH B(I)1 uff D«)1 D4 Ail) N-Ill-2929;3356 N-Il-751 N-IIl-4683 Tt’AH4 (I)1 ’A (1)20;K’AAD D(I)1 TLD A(l)1

ZHIIZH A(V)11

-- patches form/appear

-- ridge extends out to a point -- Sis moving along -- S moves about -- slope extends down -- slope extends up

-- streak runs across -- strip extends away into the distance -- strip or streak ends -- strip or streak extends across -- strip or streak extends away into the distance dye oneself -dye/turn/color O -put -- ochre on O put -- ochre on oneself

S S S S S

(cornsilks) turn -blooms -flashes -- (lightning) is ---tipped is --ish

S is transparent/translucent -S turns --ish brown there is a -- area there is a -- line there is a -- outcropping/patch

there is a -- red speck/dot/flag there is a -- red spot or patch there is a -- slope

CHil’ CHil’ CHI’ CHI’ CHil’

F(I)1 C(I)1 G(Il)17 G(Il)8 G(II)12

spots

-- blood (arterial) -- blood cell. - blood corpuscle

-- blood (corpuscle) count -- grease paint (sometimes used in Holy Way).

-- rash RED ANT: black -black-buttocked -dark colored -flying -flying yellow -half and half -large -small -small yellow -winged yellow -yellow ---hill Red Ant Way (a ceremony) Red Ant Evil Way RED-HORNED BEETLE: blue -black --

gray -greasy/mouse-colored -red -spotted --

CHil’ G(Il)1 CHil’ G(II)16 CHI’ G(Il)14 CHIl’ CHIil’ CHii’ CHil’ CHI’ CHil’ CHil’ CHil’ CHI’

G(Il)7 B(II)1 B(III)1 A(|)1 A(Il)1 D(!)1 B(I)2 E(I)1 G(Il)9

CHil’ CHIl’ CHil’ CHIl’

G(I)3 G(Il)2 B(I)3 G(I)5

CHII’ CHI’ CHII’ CHil’ CHI’

G(Il)15 G(Il)4 G(I)2 G(I)4 G(Il)5

there is a meandering line of -Lei iiee=

-- ochre

CHI!’ G(Il)10 CHil’ B(I)1 N-Ill-1657 N-IIl-1643 N-Il|-1646;1658 N-IlIl-1659

redbird

red-winged blackbird red core plant

red rock beaver (beetle) red shafted flicker (bird) red stem (plant) red penstemon (plant) Red-Mustache Red Bottom Clan Red God Red Lake, Arizona Red Rock Mesa, Arizona

Red Red Red Red

Rock Middle Place Rock, New Mexico Streak Into Water Clan Word (mythology)

Redrock, Arizona

REDEEM: -- O (as a pawn pledge) -- O from P (pawn pledge) -- oneself REDUCE: -- P (by breaking) -- P by removing O P is --ed by drawing a boundary reed

reef, protruding reel (on a fishing rod) refine O refined, S is

N-IIl-2889

reflects light, S reflector (on a Car)

N-1-300;N-III1298 N-II1-2733 N-IIl-4517 N-Ill-4524;4533 N-Ill-4520 N-INl-4521 N-Ill-4525 N-Il1-4530 N-IIl-4523 N-Ill-4526 N-Ill-4527 N-IIl-4534 N-Ill-4529 N-Ill-4528 N-IIl-4519 N-Ill-1988;4522 N-IIl-2028 N-Ill-4505;4512 N-IIl-4506 N-IIl-4510 N-Ill-4507 N-IIl-4514 N-Ill-4508 N-Ill-4509 N-Il1-441 N-I-345 N-Ill-484 N-Ill-1195 N-IlI-3889 N-I-597 N-Ill-1508 N-Ill-1479 N-IlI-3948 N-III-2073 N-II|-635 N-II1-4174 N-Ill-4203 N-II-4174 N-Ill-3658 N-Ill-3395 N-IIl-4168 MV-I-138 MV-1-139 BA A(Ill)1 NIZH A(I)4 NIL A(I)21 ZO A(l)2 N-I-1125 N-II]-3712 N-IlI-4665 TOOL A(II)1 TOOL A(III)1 LID D(I)2 N-Ill-1256

REFRESH

REFRESH: get —-ed (cooled off) -- O's memory of P

-- oneself REFUGE: go along seeking --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects be going along seeking--: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects come seeking --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects find -REFUSE:

RELAPSE

relapse,

K’AAZ A(|)11 (111) 1;B(11)1 Nil'g A(I)1 K’E’ A(IIl)1 YA D(I)1 ’AAZH E(I)1 KAI G(I)1 YA D(il)3 ‘AAZH E(I) 1,9 KAI G(1)2,7 YA A(1)80 "AAZH A(I)53 KAI B(I)72 SIH (ll)1

-- to stand still

MAAZ E(\)1 TE’ A(I)1 YIZ A(II)9;Z/]’ C(\)2 NIL A(II)31 TAAL C(I)1

O is --ed

[D4 Aci)

-- emphatically

-- to budge -- to do something -- to leave office

REGAIN:

P has a

CHj4 D(1)2

related, being distantly relations with P, have (sexual) RELATIVE(S): -- (by blood or clan line) immediate -- (maternal) (e.g. sister, nephew etc.) -- by marriage -- on mother’s side --s of one’s husband/wife (collectively) distant --s relax RELEASE: --O

PAR-XII-661

-- O (as captives)

-- one’s grasp on P -- P (something held in teeth/beak) P is --ed reliably relief,.P has a feeling of (with the passing of a crisis) religion religion, the peyote

-- consciousness

DLAAD A(III)2; Nil'g B(IV)1

relinquish O relubricated, be

-- one’s health

DID A(IV)4;Lif’ A(II)4 "JD4A(Il)1 uf’ A(Il)4 ui’ A(VI)5 Lj’ A(VII)1 Lil’ E(u)1;NIDg B(V)2-

reluctant, become reluctantly rely onP

-- one's property

-- one's self-esteem/health regenerate, P starts to register a complaint about P regret iv/P regret, be full of

remade, O is

REMAIN: -- (the same way) S --s go and --

REGULATION: a -- is passed

make P a--

grazing --s regurgitate (P)

regurgitation Rehoboth, New Mexico

reimburse P rein(s)

rejected, be (by a vote)

'A G(I)2 'A Gi(ll)2 N-IIl-689 GO’A(I)22;KWI B(I)1;(II)1;NA"g A(\)4 N-Ill-2071 N-IIl-4239 LA A(I1)21 N-|-2252:N-lll456 JEE’s A(I)37

REJOIN P (a church, political party, club): 1 subject YA A(Il)6 2 subjects ‘AAZH 3+ subjects

AA(I)9,12 KAI B(I)19,22

'A Gi(\)2

related by clan, be

go away and -S --ed (stayed)(as migrants who stop)

--ing the same in size REMAINS: charred/burnt -dried up -rotting -- (vegetation) remake O remarkable remarkably remarks, extend one’s remarks, make cutting remarried, P gets remarry (P)

DEE’ C(I)1 N-I-1054;1561 N-l-1015

N-I-632 N-1-2196 N-Ill-1851

N-Ill-579 N-IIl-8905 TLOO’' A(lll)1

CHID3 A(I)2; NII'y A(IV)1; TE’ A(II)10 NIL A(II)19;

T’E’g A(II)10 CHID3 A(1)1 TSA’ A(I)1 CHID3 A(lll)1 PAR-XII-175

DO A(I)9 N-Ill-2844 N-Ill-476 A A(1)49 JEE’3 B(Il)1 TID A(\j2 PAR-XII-784 'EEZH E(I)1;L! C(IV)1 YAA C(VII)7 DZil’ A(1)8,14 PAR-XIII-21 DZif’ A(1)8,14 YA A(\l)8;"AAZH A(II)14;KAI B(1)37 YA A(\l)1;;AAZH A(Il)1;KA! B(I)3

T'E's A(I)1 PAR-XII-709 N-Ill-4476 N-Il1-3920 N-Ill-308:1130 N-1-594 YAA C(V)1 PAR-XII-72 PAR-XII-74 TI's A(II)19 TI'o Bil)1 YEH C(II)3 YEH C(iI)2

remedy (for a cold) remedied, be

remember P remembered, P is remembrance of P, there is

remind O about P reminisce remnant/remains, charred

remote (in time) REMOVE: -- O (as by taking it out) -- O (by moving it aside) -- O from P (as from a pile) -- O from P (as jewelry) -- O from atop P

N-I-402 NIIDs A(I)2 Nil'g C(Il)1 Nil’ C(I)2 Nil’ C(N)2 Nil’g A(1)1 KEEZ B(I)2 N-1-1633 PAR-XII-160 MV-I-143 MV-I-140 MV-I-141 MV-I-142 Yjo A(1)20

-- part of it by digging, (without permission) -- some of O (without permission) remunerate P

remunerated, P is (in regular salary form) rendered sterile, O is (a human) RENDEZVOUS (meet): 2 subjects A(l)4;5(I)5 3+ subjects -- with P (1 subject with 1 other person) -- with P (1 subject with 2+ others) rennet rennet stomach (of a ruminant)

renowned, P becomes renowned, P is rent (tear) inO, make a

GEED A(I)6 JOOL A(IIl)17 LA A(Il)21

O is --ed repayment, make

repeatedly

repeating after REPLACE: -- P with O

LA A(IIl)31 YAA C(VII)2 "AAZH

representative(s) representative, be P’s

reprieve P reprimand O reproduction, female animal

capable of reptile Republican (Party) Republican vote repulsed by it, P is repulsed by O, be

repulsive, P is repulsive, be as request (O) from P request of P, make a

rescue O

rescue P (from danger) in O (a boat) research research on O, do

resemble P

KAI B(I)8 resemble each other

*KAZH A(!)4 KAI B(I)8 N-I-2098 N-I-2105 Z(f A(V1)1 Zi)’ D(v)2 DLAAD

resent P reservation Reservation, the Navajo reserve, In reserve, have P in reservoir

reside (live)

DLAAD A(\)1 MV-I-144 MV-I-145 YAA C(V)1 YAA C(V)1 YAA C(VI)11 YAA C(V)2 CHA’ C(l)1 YAA C(VII)7 LA A(Il)20,21 PAR-XII-822 N-1-894

reside with P

MV-|-146

resin, stone (mythological)

-- P (as another person ona committee)

repossess O (as a car, furniture)

requirements, be unable to meet

A(IV)2;T’'OOD4 A(1)2 rent (tear), geta rent O (from renter) rent O to P REPAIR: --O -- a flat tire O is being --ed start to -- O/P do a makeshift -- job on O

-- back (to P) P was --ed P was the subject of a --

YA A(l)1 Lf A(V)1

RESIDENCE: place of -summer --

N-Ill-1525 GHAN, (I)1; JD 4D(IV)1;LA G(1)10;YA B(\)1;;AAZH B(I)1;KAI C(I)1 JD 4 D(IV)1

resistance, be putting up

DLAAD Di(IIl)1

resign resign from P resin

N-I11-3644;4685

reply (to P) REPORT: --P

DZIl’ A(I)10 ’A E(I)3

NE’ B(I)2

resources,

Lil? A(V1)4

Zi)’ D(VI)5

resistance against P, have

take up -- with P resident

replica of, small

--ing 16 replenished, things are

-CH’AAH;POS-

N-I-1784 N-Ill-2977 N-Ill-1035;1311 N-Ill-1312 IH (I)2 D4 A(l)1 ZINH A(I)1 CHXQ’ C(II)2 KEED, A(I)1,2 KEED, A(Il)2 GHAH1 MV-I-148 "EEL A(V)58,59 N-III-2933 KAA’s Bil)1 LIN (1)1,3,5; T'E’y C(VI)3 LIN (I)1 LI’ A(V1)1;C(V)1 N-Ill-2860 N-Il-137;N-III1673 PAR-XII-698

N-I-46 N-I-950 YA A(\)65 N-Ill-2456 YA A(I)44;(l1)10 YA A(1)30 N-1-822;N-III2343 N-I-1316 DZIL E(I)3

RESOLUTION: -- is before the house -- is introduced/tabled introduce a -- regarding P resolve (problem) resolved, problem gets resources for livelihood

S--s P

NE'3 B(I)5 NE’ B(Il)1 NE’3 B(II)1 MV-1-147 N-Il1-252;310 Z)’ D(\)1 ‘A A(I)80 TE’ E(1)1

natural

N-Ill-3232 TSOOZ G(I)1 TSOOZ A(II)16 TSOOZ A(1)47 DOOD AIII)5 DOOD A\\)1 N-Ill-663;2261 N-Il1-843

RESPECT

RESPECT:with -P--sS P is held in -be --ed by P be --ful

be worthy of -there is an attitude of -treat P with ---fully respire respond promptly

RETURN

PAR-XII-323 Uff Ey THD B(I)4 Lf’ Ect TID B(I)5;Y\JD Eil)2 Lif’ Eq) TID B(I)4 ZID D(I)1 PAR-XII-323 DZIl' A(I)S K'EEZ A(I)3

-- in company with P -- time after time in company with P -- to a previous state

be --ing (Progressive) be --ing exhausted be --ing exhausted in company with P be --ing in company with P --ing back RETURN (give back): -- O (as a borrowed item) -- P's phone call

responsibility (for something), accept/assume responsible, hold P

rest (up) restaurant

resting on P, S extends restitution, make

RESTORE: --O

things are --ed -- O to health -- white lustre of O restrained toward each other

with regard to it restricted, , Pis

restrictions (placed on patient at the end of a ceremony) restroom result of,asa

resume O (after an interruption) resumes, S (as a debate) resumé of a story resumé, in resuscitate

retain O for a fee

be -- toward each other become--

retire (from a job) retort retract P’s prepuce

retract one’s own prepuce retrieve O RETURN

(come/go back):

MV-V-183 MV-V-181 PAR-XII-411

MV-I-149 NE’ B(I)5

TLIZH B(I)1;YA

reunite

'‘AAZH A(I1)4

A(|)66 ‘A A(I)81 TLD A(I)1;Y{]" A(VI)1 N-Ill-1531;1532 'A (\)13 LA A(ll)24

revenue, oil

N-Il-64 TS'AA’ E(Il)2

reverberation in P, there is a

REVERSE: in --- direction --O

put O in -- (gear) -- gear (ON a Car)

YAA C(IV)3;(V)1 Lif A(VI)4

revert to a previous state reviled, P is (as a custom, religion)

YA A(VI)2

REVIVE: --O

GAII A(Il)1

P --es

TID B(I)2 CHI’ (2 revolting, S is

N-Ill-1142 N-IIl-4612 -AA;POS-7 Ty A(I21 T''y A(I)16 N-IIl-1945 PAR-XII-807 Lif’ A(VI)4;NA"y B(I) 1:NII'g B(IV)1 KAN A(I)1

PAR-XII412;793 MV-V-184 Y{o A(I)37

YAA C(IV)3 N-Il|-3067 Lif’ A(ID4;A(V1)4 DEE’ C(I)5 NIl'g B(IV)1 NA’; B(Il)1 DLAAD A\(III)2; Lif A(VI)4;NIN'g B(IV)1 IH (I)1

REVOLVE:

things --- floating -- slowly around P S causes things to start --ing S is --ing (as a fan)

MV-IV-64 WOD, C(I)3 YA A(|)62 ‘EEL D(I)5 YA DiIl)1 YiLo A(V)1 WOD, C(I)6

S is --ing around P (wheel around an axle)

WOD, C(I)3

S is --ing at a leisurely rate (Ferris Wheel) S is --ing slowly around P

YIZ F(I)3

S --es (turns around and around)

S --es around P

RETICENT: be --

MV-V-179 JEE's A(I)36 Lif’ A(II)4 MV-V-180;MVX1-36 MV-V-182

THD B(I)S TID B(I)2 TID A(ll)1 BA All)4:YA A(\)41 DZIl' A(1)10 CHAA' A(Il)1 CHAA’ A((Il)1 T'E'y A(VI)1 MV-I-9,10;MVIV-63:MV-V-

(moon around the earth)

things are --ing things start to -unspecified S --es (Ferris Wheel) revolver

revolver, forty-five caliber revulsion,

rheumatism rhinoceros

rhyolite tuff

178:MV-XI-

85:;MV-XII24:MV-XIII-26

RIB(S): -- bone

1378

S causes

YA D(I)4;(II)1 Yilo D(I)1 YiLo A(Ill)1 YIZ A(I)16 N-II1-812 N-II1-813 ZIIH A(\)1 N-II1-82 N-I-482 N-I-576;N-IIl1746 N-I-1801 N-1-1802;2075

RIDGE

RIB

-- cage side of the -- cage upper side area of the -- cage flesh between the --s and hip --s supporting the cover

(covered wagon) P gets a dislocated -P’s --s show ribbon

rice rice, mountain

RICH: -- people be --

be --inO qete=

get -- in O (goods) make P -- (by a spell) rickety,

S becomes ricochets from P, S (as a bullet from a rock) rid of O, get

by luring O away by making O disappear: RIDE: -- a horse -- horseback -- ata gallop (on horseback) -- in a boat

-- ina guided vehicle (car, motorcycle) -- ina snowmobile, sled, toboggan) -- ina wheeled vehicle (car, wagon) -- suspended (in tramcar, hot air balloon) give O a --(hitchhiker) P -- around in circles onS (two riders on bicycles) P --s around here and there P --s around inS P--s around swiftly (in S -car, motorcycle) RIDGE: a -- extends (white) a -- extends along to a point a -- extends away from P a -- extends into an enclosure (as into a pasture)

a a a a S S S

-- extends out horizontally -- extends up and back -- slopes downward

-- terminates forms a -has joining --es is --ed

N-|-819 N-1-1803 N-Ill-1346 N-I-1971

N-I-1804 DEEL, A(I)28 TS'EE’ (I)2 N-I-115 N-lI-5 N-II1-3500

N-III-1675 D4 D(NN)2 D4 D(IN)1 D4 A(I)1 JD 4A(I)3 Tl'p A(III)1 ZHOOZH A(I)11 TAAL, A(IV)7

’AA’ A(\)1 D|JD A(II)1

S is surrounded by --s there is a circular -two --s fork/separate two --s join/converge RIDICULE: --P

P is the object of -be --ing P ridiculously RIFGE: twenty-two caliber --- scabbard -- stock RIGHT: -- after -- at home

-----

away before one’s eyes from the beginning/start here

-- now before it’s too late

-- NOW -- then and there

DLOOZH;MV-X| Y{o B(I)1 TAA’y;MV-X| 'EEL;MV-XII

LO’;MV-XIII

-- there -- under one’s nose

RIGHT (correct): be -the -- thing to do put things -RIGHT: (hand, side)

TEEL B(I)1 BAAZ;MV-XII CH’AAL;MV-X T{ A(II)44

CHAA’, C((ll)1 T'l'p BiI)2 T'l’p Bi!)

from the -on the -to the --- to left from -- to left

right-angled, S is RIGID: lie --

S extends ---ly

To A(ll)1

rigor mortis rigor mortis, S is stiff with

GAII D(Ill)2 K'ID 9 K'ID 7

rile O riled, S becomes

K'1D 1 K'ID 8 KID 11 K'ID 16 K'ID 13 T’AH (Itl)1 K'AAD DiI Vv 4 K'AAD D(IV ( 4

rim

rincén rind (melon, squash) rind, squash rind, watermelon

RING: ball bearing retainer --

finger --- finger

K'ID KID K'ID K'ID

6 3 5 4

CHi;4 B(III)5; Ty B(Il)3 Ty B(I)2 DLO’ B(I)1 PAR-XII-155 N-II1-809 N-Il1-810 N-I-2271 N-I-2014

PAR-XIII-22 PAR-XII-649 PAR-XII-535 PAR-XII-413 PAR-XII-538 PAR-XII-360; 361;363 PAR-XII-533 PAR-XII-544 PAR-XII-612 PAR-XII-25 N-I-1241

TE’, Ciill)1 PAR-XII-687 DOOD A(II)5 NAg (I)1;N-lII3456 PAR-XII-453 PAR-XII-452 PAR-XII-451 PAR-XI|-500 N-I-1463 K’AAD D(\)1 JIL C(I)2 "A-MV-XIV PAR-XII-714 N--2065 TS'INy B(I)1 CHAA’ A(Il)2 CHAA’ A(I)7 N-I-459 N-Ill-4231:4682 N-1-852 N-1-859 N-I-855;N-lll1354 N-Ill-1007 N-I-2239 N-1-1088;1089

RING

---S

around the sun around the moon around the moon, there is a

is --ed by hills Ring of Sacred Mountains RING (sound): -- O (bell) S --s (bell) S is -ing S has a --ing sound in the ears RINSE: -- O off (of P) -- one's mouth out -- one’s own mouth -- P with O be --ing one's mouth (with O) be --ing P Rio Grande riot starts riot, incite a

RIP (tear): -- a hole in P (as in a garment) -- an area -- into flesh with claws/nails -- O:

(a board) apart from one end to the other

apart lengthwise apart roughly gently in two

RIP

N-Ill-2371 N-Ill-3538 TLEE’ E(|)1 K'lD 6 N-ll-1781

“rip O off"

TS'AA’ C(IV)1 TS'AA' C(III)1

‘ripped off". ripsaw ripe, Sis

TS'AA’ E(|I)1 K'IZ A(I)2

ripe, S has become

--s away S is --ed through (as one's trousers)

off (of oneself)

off roughly out (a check, page from a book)

roughly the full length - from one end to the other

-- off a piece of O (for P)

T'Ap BiI)1 GAll A(I)2 T'Ad Ci(\)1 T'Ap A(I)1,2 N-IIl-259 N-Ill-260 N-Ill-257 N-IIl-258

ripener, little (insect)

a stone is dropped into the water) rippled, S/area is

~- (a sitting or reclining subject): 1 subject (animal) 1 subject (person)

(without P's permission)

YA A(II)19 NA‘g A(II)56

‘AAZH A(I)42 KAI B(I)57; EE'o A(I)31 Y ~- (Neat waves) NAAD, A(I)3 -- in parallel columns TS'EE's (I)4 nn ~es up out (a swarm) YOL B(IV)6 ” ~as (Comes Up -a sunken object) MV-IV-65;JOOL A(1)10 ” --es (dough) YOL C(I)1 es (level, as of water) ‘AAD A(I)6 2 subjects 3+ subjects

DLAAD A(IV)3

DLAAD A\(IV)3; DLAAD A\(I)2;

ZOOZo A(I)7 DLAAD A(IV) 15;(VIN)1 DLAAD A(IV)10,20 ZOOZo A(I)22 DLAAD A(IV)2

mn ~Os

(temperature, process,

living costs) S -es up (as smoke froma chimney) S -es (water)

ZOO2Zo A(I)24

S is ing (as death rate) ( (

S is -ing (level) the sun --es

risk, at

GHAZ A(\)

DLAAD A (IV)? DLAAD A (IV)9;

risky

RIVER:

A(1)11,13

-- through -- up an area roughly -- offa piece

K'OL A(|)4 ZHiI'y D(I)1,2

RISE;

20022 -- P (with a pointed instrument as a spear)

T'OD» BiI)1 TS'INy B(I)2 TS'INy A(l)1

ripple starts to spread (as when

ZOOZo A(I)1

up

T’Ag D(I)1;

S --s (corn) S is =ing S starts to --

ZOOZo A(I)14 DLAAD A(IV)12 GHAZ A(I)10 T'OOD, A(l)2 ZHII'y A(I)2 DLAAD A(VII)1 DLAAD A(IV)6

paper)

ZOOZo A(Il)2 YAA C(Il)1 YAA C(il)1 N-IIl-699

S -s

Ripener Boy (mythology) Ripener Girl (mythology) ripener (insect)

to pieces (as a piece of cloth,

with claws or nails -- off a piece for P

O was

RIPEN;

‘EEL A(V)45 ‘EEL A(V)42 DZIDo B(II)1,2 DZID»> B(I)1,2 DZID»o Bi!) 1,2;(11)1,2 DZIDo B(I)2 N-1-1605 YA A(I)53 YA A(VI)7

POZ.2 All)25 lengthwise

DLAAD A(\I)1 T'OOD, All)

nono

down along a -up along a -clay bank

ZHIIZH A(i)4 DLAAD A(I)3,4 DLAAD A(IV)12

ROAD; = across

DLAAD A(IV)9

~ leading downward

1380

KIDo A(II)8,12 GO' A(II)3; JOOL A(II)7 LAAD» Ail)1;

YA BiI)1 KID> DUI) ‘AAD B(I)1;C(I)1 ‘A A(I)S6 PAR-XII-586 PAR-XII-804 N-1-1599;N-Ill3884 N-I-1504 N-I-1503 N-l-212 N-1-1564:1565: N-ll-339;3762 N-lil-1934 N-II-1042

ROCK

ROAD

-- leading out -- stretching away out of sight crisscrossing --s descending -divergent --s winding mountain --- sign -- junction -- is under construction to (a place)

-- is high-centered -- winds about

a -- descends a -- runs uphill there comes to be a-- to P

there is a -- juncture there is a -- that leads away there is a -- that leads into an enclosure there is a curve/bend in the -there is an access -road-runner (bird) Road Chief (in the Peyote religion) ROAM: -- about here and there -- around S -- about (3+ S, as a band) S --s (tribe) ROAST: --ing ears of corn -- beef --O -- O (green chile) -- O in the ashes S is --ed S is --ing in the ashes

S is --ing S starts to -start to -- O ROB: P (of O)

N-III-1348 N-III-1814 N-IlI-217 N-III-45;1901 N-Il-238 N-II1-3007;3008 N-II1-340;341 N-Ill-127;2176 T1'y E(1)3 TIIN 20 TIN 22 TIIN3 TIIN 18 Ty A(I)3 TIN 17 TIN 15 THIN 15 TIN 23 TIIN 15 N-1-1313 N-I]-2148

Lif’ B(I)3

Lif’ B(!)1

DEEL, A(1)29 TEEL B(I)1 N-Ill-3139 N-Ill-669 TE B(IN)2 CH’'IL E(I)1 Tj A(IIN)44 TE C(I)1 BEEZH; B(\)1 T’E Bil)1 TE A(l)1 TE A(ll)1

'ff'2 B(I)1JAA’2

ROCK: -- (of porous lava) explosive --

-- that juts up from the water large -lava -red --

edge/rimbrink of a-- canyon cleft in the -corner/hollow in the --

edge ofa -hole in a --

rim of a -top of a --

-- crevice -- crusher -- crystal

-- bug -- cairn --slide -- Moss -- prize -- spire -- trap

(on) top of a -inside -into the -on top ofa -underneath the --s among the --s between --s --slide came down

--y places area is --y rock beaver (beetle) Rock Babies Rock Center Branch (chant) Rock Point, Arizona

robin

A(I1)8;LA A(I!) 9,10;NIL A(II)18 LA A(II1)15 N-IlI-256 N-IlI-90 N-Ill-2976;4553 N-I-367 N-I-369;638 N-1-368;502 N-Il|-3746

ROCK (sway):

-- (O) back and

Rocky Mountain maple

WODo A((!)3;

Rocky Mountain nuthatch (bird)

C(I)15(11)1 WOD» C(I)1 K'AAD Bil) 1;YIZ B(I)1 YIZ Bil)1 N-Ill-1059

Rocky Mountain red cedar Rocky Mountain sagebrush Rocky Mountain sapsucker

P is --bed --ber --bery robber fly robe, buffalo robe, rabbitskin

robe, sheepskin

forth -- back and forth

-- from side to side (with P) S --s from side to side

--ing chair

Rock Point, Arizona Rock Slide, New Mexico

Rock Spring, New Mexico Rock Springs, New Mexico Rock Struck By Lightning Rocky Mountain beeweed Rocky Mountain birch Rocky Mountain buttercup Rocky Mountain creeper (bird)

N-I-1805;1903 N-I-71 N-Ill-4099 N-I11-3712 N-1-1872;N-lIII4233 N-I-1808 N-Ill-4167;4172 N-I-464 N-1-103% N-I-1866 N-I-463 N-I-1848 N-I-1824 N-1-1830 N-1-1034;N-Ill4128 N-Il|-4074 N-Ill-4108 N-I-1818 N-lIl-4198 N-ll1-4195 N-I-1815 N-Il1-4069 N-Il1-4165 N-1-1837 N-I-1832 N-I-1892 N-I-1890 N-I-699 N-I-1661 N-I-1858 N-1-1862 ZHOOZH A(I)9 N-I-1858 WOLo (1)2 N-1-271 N-1-1842 N-Ill-1999 N-lll-4175 N-lil-4212 N-lll-4196 N-I-1806 N-lll-1227 N-Ill-4080 N-1-2111

N-I-1026 N-1-1136 N-Il1-4349 N-lll-3622 N-lll-1319 N-II1-1855 N-I1-1857

N-1-1334;N-III3355

Rocky Point, Arizona

N-I11-4177

Rocky Point, New Mexico

N-I1-1232

ROD

rod, cleaning (for gun barrels) rodent, small RODEO: putona

--

there will be a -roilO

ROLL (bread): cinnamon

--

hard --

ROOF

N-IlI-786 N-I-721 N-1-1304 A H(I)1 Lif’ A(IV)1 Lif? A()1 CHAA’ A(II)2 N-Il-24;N-IIl609;610 N-IIl-607 N-Ill-611

ROLL:

S (wave) --s: in heavily

across as far as a stopping point away and disappears

S S

-----

away out of sight away from P into an enclosure out horizontally to P (wave) arrives --ing (wave) is --ing along (wave) starts to -- (along) a cigaret over with glee dirt off of oneself O up (into a roll)

BAAZ;MAAZ; MV-VIII GHAAL A(II)2 K’OL A(I)7 K’OL A(I)7 K’OL A(l)1 K’OL A(I)1 K’OL A(I)2 K’OL A(I)1 K’OL A(I)3 K’OL A(I)6 K’OL A(I)6 K’OL C(I)1 K’OL A(1)4,5 GHAAL D(\)1 MAAZ A(I)29 DIZ A(Ill)1 DIZ D(I)1

-- O up/down (a sliding window,

or door)

-- one’s eyes about looking -- over on one’s side -- over quickly (turn over) -- P (as a new street, to firm it up)

-- up into a ball (cat, dog, person) area is --ing(as hills) be --ing O over and over (as a stunt flyer in an airplane) be --ing over

be --ing O up (rope, hose) be --ing over and over go --ing over on top of P make O into a --/--s (as mud, dough, putty) --er --er (for roads) steam --er, --iNg pin roll callis taken Roman

--top

Roof Butte, Arizona ROOM: there is -make --

there comes to be -there is -- for hope back -P contains --s

there is a series of --s rooster

-- (hoop, wheeled vehicle):

S

tin --ing

nose, Shas

a

KID A(I)4 GHAL B(II)1 JIZH C(I)2 GHAL} E(I)1 MAAZ C(II)2

tin --

--

--ing paper

-- (of a plant) -- end of a plant ROPE: -- (made of horsehair from the tail)

buckskin --- (lasso) O carry O by an attached -go up/down suspended by a -be an expert --er

calf --ing contest rose, wild

rots (out), S

K’OL F(I)2

T’A’ D(II)5 YAA G(I)1 ZHA’ D(Il)1 GHAL, F(\)2 GHAAL A(II)5 YIZ E(I)1,2 N-IlI-754 N-Hll-173 N-Ill-755 N-II-173 ZHI’ B(Il)1 K’AAD C(I)1 N-IIl-960 N-Il-4329 N-II1-2464

’A H(1)10 ‘A G(I2 ‘A G(I)2 BA's B(!)1 N-I-1253

DZA4 (1)7 DZA; (\)7 N-I-1306 N-I-1762 N-I-376;922 N-Ill-1373

N-I-1180; 1909;1910 N-I-5;1760 LO’ D(I)1 CH’AAL;MV-X; LO’;MV-III CH’AAL;:MV-X LO’ A(1)46 N-IIl-676 N-1-344 DZID4 A(I)2

rotted remains (as that of a stump or plant) rotten, S starts to get

roué, become a

ROUGE: oak --

put --onO put -- on oneself

MAAZ F(I)1

ROOF; wooden

ROOT:

N-Ill-951;960 N-1-698 N-Wl-48;1771

N-Ill-1759 DZID4 A(l)1 NE"; A(iI)2 N-I-300;N-III1298 N-1-265;

301;1812 CHI’ A(I)1 CHIl’ A(|I)1 1227;4087

ROUGH: area is --

DAZH E(1)1; JEEL (I)1; WOLoa (I)1,2; ZHI"; D(I)2

S is -- (Sandpaper)

S is -- with bristling protrusions ---Stitch O S is ---surfaced

--ly O (human) is treated --ly O (non-human) is treated --ly Rough Rock, Arizona

CH'IZH E(I)1 ZHA’ E(II)2 LO'A(I)30 GOON 1;ZHII"4 D(I)1 PAR-VIIL;PARXII-761 YAA C(VI)19 YAA C(VI)18 N-I-1806;N-III4087

RUBBISH

ROUND

ROUND: be --

area is -S is -- and slender

make a -- trip

--O up (as a herd) to have made a -- trip (with O)

BAAZ E(1)2,3; JOOL I(I)7; MAAZ H(I)1 BAAZ E(1)3 YIZ G(l)1 MV-XI-87;MVXII-59;MV-XIII59 KAAD A(V1)4, 27 MV-I-39;MV-III50;MV-V-185;

MV-VI-47;MVVIN-56;MV-X44:MV-XI-68; MV-XII-71;MVXIII-59 ROUNDS

of the neighbors,

make the (visiting): 1 subject 2 subjects

3+ subjects Round Rock, Arizona

route to P, there comes to be (as to Alaska) rove beetle

row (a boat)

area goes to --

P --s things S --s an area S goes to -S is --ed for P start to -- O

TI'y A(I)3 N-Il-1716;1717 'EEL;MV-VIII; MV-XII

RULE: -- is passed P becomes the --

RUB: -- O (against P)

MV-I-150;YIIZH

thunder is -- along there are --s there is a -- sound

D(1)1,2 MV-1-150

A B(II)1;TAY

-- O against oneself (towel)

D(II)1 JOOL E(II)1,2

-- O together (stones)

K'AAZHy

-----

NA’, B(I)1 'EEZ E(l)2 'EEZ E(I)3 Nil’y E(il)1 JOOL E(II)

-- oneself

RUMMAGE: -- around in P -- around in P’s pocket

D(I1;YIUZH

back against P feet together foot against P hands together

ruler

RUMBLING: make a -- noise thunder is --

NIL A(1)10 A (\)9 MV-XV-19 MV-XV-21 MV-XV-10

one’s one’s one’s one’s

RUFFLE: --O -- O all around make a -RUG: --S Navajo -shag -rugose, S becomes rugose, S is RUIN: -- (Anasazi) -- under an overhang -- (of a Kiva) -- O (for P) -- p (for P) -- P’s showy possession

YA A(l)1;B(1)1,6 'AAZH AA(I)36 KAI B(I)1,36,47 N-Ill-4197

ROW (line): place O ina -- (as chairs) S extend away in a -lie in a -sitin a -stand ina --

--O onP -- O against oneself

rubbish rubbish heap

E(!)1

-- sale rumors spread among P RUMP:

upper -- area fatty prominence on the -- ofa deer or quadruped

in the direction of P’s -have a large -go plopping about/along on the --

1,2;Nil’4 E(il2

--

P on one’s hands

RUBBER: -- balloon -- band

Nil'y E(t) N-Il1-2344

scoot on the -rumpled, S is

N-Ul-2345 N-Il]-3334

-- cement

N-Ill-820

-- soled shoes -- weather stripping

N-1-892 N-Il-3335

RUN:

-- (a clock):

N-Ill-1805;4477 N-Ill-4480

CHXQ' A(IIl)4 ZH A(I)1 ZH C(\)2 N-Ill-2483;3392 N-Ill-2481 N-Ill-1709 N-Ill-3393 TSOQZ A(l)1 TSOQZ Bi|)1 N-1-2083 N-1-952 N-1-1868 N-I-1402 CHXQ' A(IIl)4 NAADo A\Il)1 DZA's A(\)1 CHXQ’ A(1)2 ZHOOD BiII)1 CHXQ’ A(III)2 CHXQ’ A(1)4 CHXQ’ A(I)4 CHXQ’ A(Ill)1 N-Il|-688 'A G(I)2

'A G(I)2 N-Ill-822 DIILy B(I)1 DifLy B(I)2;NIH4 B(I)1 Nil's E(!)1 DIILy B(I)2 DiiLy A(l)1

CH'ID B(I)3 CH'ID B(I)3 N-Ill-1832 DLAAD A\((I!)1 N-I-1662;1673 N-1-1667 N-1-1663;N-III3946 PAR-XII-837 TL’AA'(I)1 TLEE’ C(Il)1; H(II)1 TSAAD;MV-VI CHOSH (I)1; GAAZH F()1 WOD1;CHAA’s;

JEE'oiMV-V; ZAAL MV-VI

RUN

RUN

KIDo D(II)1 KIDo A(II)8 "AAZH A(II)2; KAI B(1)4 TAAZo C(I)1 TAAZ» Ci(l)1 WOD, A(II|)84 WOD, A(III)54 TE’ B(l)1;WOD, D(I)1 CHD C(1)4 CH'ID C(II)2 WOD, A(III)79

S --s fast/slow S starts to --

--arace

-- after P

-- and get P -- around with the opposite sex -- away from P -- fast

-----

fingers through P’s hair fingers through one’s own hair for office for shelter:

S --s over (overflows)

S (a ship) --s aground

S is --ing (car motor) start to -- a ditch start to -- in a footrace time --s out (pawn, license)

RUN AWAY:

WOD, A(III)99 CHAA’s A(\Il)27 JEE's A(I)43 "EEL A(V)3

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

-- into P (in a boat)(collide with P)

-- O/P down (verbally - demean, denigrate O/P)

-- from P 1 subject 3+ subjects RUN OUT (become exhausted a supply):

KWI A(Ill)1;Tl’o B(|)1 WOD, A(III)47

-- off and leave (abandon) P -- off and hide: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- off the road into a ditch

P --s out (of funds)

S --s out of P “-- all over” P “-- oneself ragged” (exhaust oneself) “-- O ragged” rung of a ladder running (extending) along parallel

GEED A(IV)3,5 MV-VIII-57;MVXI-88;MV-XII60; MV-XIII-60 KAA’s A(I)5

-- P down (by tracking)

running mate (for political office) runny nose runt runt,Pisa

-- P down (accounting error,

short circuit) -- up P (as up a tree) -- with P (javelin) to a stopping point

be --ing from pursuit be --ing (O) (a store, service station) be a fast --er

runty

KAA’s A(I)5 WOD, A(III)29

rupture

ruptures, S rural area

DIZ A(IV)2

rurally RUSH (dash):

CHAA's C(\)1 WOD, C(I)1; (Il)1 JAAD (II)1; WOD, D(\)1

-- into P (as into a car to escape a dog) -- off

WOD, D(I)2 CHAA’, B(I)1

-- out (as out an exit) be --ing about in a frenzy ina --

-- at P (as a dog after a rabbit)

be able to -- equally fast (2 subjects) be on the --

make a/take a -- (traditionally required to harden young people): 1 subject

2 subjects 3+ subjects make a --

P's nose is --ing

GO’ A(1)33; TS’A’ B(I)9; NA’g A()23; ZHOOZH A(I)12 EEL A(I)68 TS’AA’ E(|!)15( IV)1 GEED A(I)4 CHAA’, A(IIl)21 'A A(\)2

CHAA’;;MVIX;TE’C(I)1 TE’ C(I)1;WOD4 A(I)54 WOD, A(IIl)41 JEE's A(I)18

CHAA’y A(1)3; DIJD A(I)1;NA’4

WOD, A(III)97 CHAA’, A(ill)22 JEE’s A(I)42 BAAZ A(II)71,72 GEED A(IV)4,6

-- oneself through (as with a sword) -- oneself through with O as asword -- over P (as a snake)

DAAZ A(1I)13, 15;Lf A(I)24;

RUSH (in a body: humans or animals as children from school): -- away out of sight

WOD, A(II!)48 CHAA’y A(III)3 JEE’ A(I)22

A(V)1 DIJD A(1)1;NA’4

A(V)1 WOD,

A(IlIl)42

ZHOOD

YA A(II)24

NAADo Ai(II!)1 N-Ill-2086 -K’IIS;POS-45 N-Ill-2458 N-I-1333 N-I-540 ‘ff’ Dil) PAR-VIII N-Ill-1910 CHOZH D(II)1 N-Ill-2466 PAR-XII-713 ZAAL;MV-VI; ZEE'y A(1)1 TAAL} A(IV)19

GO’ A(\)19 CH[y B(IIN)2 DEE’ A(1)13 TLIZH D(\)2 PAR-XII641:865 YIZ A(Il)1

-- into an enclosure (as into

TE’7 Bil)1

a building to escape a storm)

Lf A(I)15

-- off (start)

1384

BiIl)1

YIZ A(II)1 YIZ A(II)7

SADDLE

RUSH

-- out horizontally (as from a burning building) people go ina -S causes a -- toward P RUSH (flowing): -- out horizontally -- through P (as water through a pipe) water --es in under P water comes --ing down S (a wave) goes --ing over P rush (plant)

rush grass Russians Russian thistle

rustling sound rustling sound, go about making

rustling sound, start to make rusts, S rut, S (breed - as animals) rutabaga rutted, area is

-- blanket

YIZ A(II)3 YIZ A(II)2 Z{f' B(I)1 GO’ A(I)16 GO’ A(\)9 GO’ A(l)1

GO’ A(!)1 GHAAL A(II)4 N-I-1125; 1559:N-III-3748 N-I-1749 N-IIl-1092 N-I-375;N-III1379;1386 N-Ill-2455 CH’IZH B(I)1 CH'IIZH A(I)1 CHIT" B(|)4 JEE'p A(!)32 N-Ill|-4237 WOLoa (1)2

-- tree

N-Ill-2760

-- Up

NIL A(I)3

P is getting a -- sore

ZHAAZH A\(\)7

SAFE PLACE: be looking for a:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects find a -SAFETY: to --

SAGE: N-Ill-1739;1744

Sys), sabre SACK: bile -flour --

N-I-338;N-IIl-27 N-Il1-28 N-Ill-2760

-- belt (in a car) -- belt (in a plane)

\n

N-1-2283

N-1-1844

N-1-640

potato --

N-|-2279

tobacco -take partina -- race

N-1-2278 WOD, A(IlI)79 N-1-2205

-- gum --brush

Nil’y C(I4

three-toothed/

make --es for P’s sake

N-IIl-446

‘D4 GCIll)1

N-1-2035

rock -sand --

white/winter/sweet --

Nil’y C(II)3

N-I-1450;1769 N-1-1451 N-I-356;N-III-

N-1-2280

SACRIFICE: make a --- O (to P) -- (to medicine plants for ceremonial use)

YA D(I)1;(II)3 "AAZH E(1)1;(1)9 KAI G(I)1 SIH (II)1 N-1-2221;PARXI1-639 MV-I-40;MV-III51; MV-V-219; MV-VI-48;MVVII-28;MV-VIII58:MV-IX-45; MV-X-45;MVXI-55;MV-XII61;MV-XIII-61

lanceleaf --

N-Ill-1636 N-1-2267

N-IN1-167

-- girth -- girth strap -- horn

Rocky Mountain --brush --brush stump silver --brush

1340 N-1-384;N-III-

1403 N-IIl-4449 N-1-2035;N-III527 N-Il|-1857 N-Ill-4450 N-1-384;N-III-

1403

sacrum

N-I-1902; 1911;1912

sags, S

TLOO’ A(l)1; B(I)1

sacrum and coccyx SAD: be/feel --

N-|-1908

saguaro cactus

N-I1l-2124

be --dened by P P become

--

P becomesiis --

--(ly) --ness there is --ness

SADDLE:

KWII (I)1;YA B(I)1;;AAZH B(I)1;KAI C(I)1 zif’ C(\)2 GHAA’, A(I)3

Yq A(1)1;B(1)1 PAR-XII806;824 N-1-129;399

said, it is said to one, have it SAIL (in a sailboat):

--ing

--or

\1-2759

N-Ill-2948

--or (in the navy) SAIL (through the air): S --s away (and disappears)

N-IIl-3590 DO;MV-VII ZAAL A(\)2;

S is --ing along (as a cloud)

ZAAL D(1)1;

YEE’ B(I)3 N-|-742;1183;N-

NID 4A(Il)2; B(II)1,4 NIID4 A(II)1 "EEL;MV-VIII; MV-XIII N-Ill-2947

ZHOOD A(I)1 ZHOOD E(\)1

SAINT

SAN

JUAN

Saint Johns, Arizona

N-IN-1290;4251

Gan Juan Pueblo, New Mexico

N-lll-2490;2401

Saint Michaels, Arizona Salahkai, Arizona salamander

Melll-4461 NAll-4169 N-l-1928;N-lll-

San Juan River

salary

4277 N-lIl-699

N-l-1406;1426; 1601;1602; 1604;1606; N-lll-3555

salary, receive (O as)

San Mateo Peak

LA AMI)

N-l-616;

sale ,O is puton

YAA C(VINj2

San Hafael, New Mexico

sale, offer O for sales (to P), make Salina, Arizona saliva

N-lll-G658

KAN A(Il)1 Nil'y C2 N-Ill-4214 N-+1-1476;

SANCTIFICATION: ~- by pressing a medicine pouch against oneself perform the -- rites

Nell 194 N-lll-2464 YD (ly

2305; NelllGO646:4747

sanctified, become sanctified, O is

YO B(N)1

N-l-1569;N-IIl-

SAND:

saloon

1459;2030

3764

SALT: rock -smelling --s -- crust (around a lake) -- shaker be sprinkling -- on the highway

YD A(I))

Nel-1445;Nelll3569

N-l-7g

in the «

N-1-1440

N-Ill-325

power/electnic er

N-lll3254

NlIl-540

~ application

N-lll2242

N-1-77;2306 N-AN-317

~ dune ~y place

N-l1441 N-1l-1440

ZASo D(I)1

sandstone

N-ll-4104

S is --y salt cedar saltwort

K'OSH Cil)1 N-Ill-1856 NAl-G75:Nelll-

sand putt (plant) sandwort Sand Springs, Arizona

N-lll2585 N-le118 N-l-1498:Nelll-

Salt Clan

N-A4-75

Salt Lake, NLM, Salt Lake City, Utah

3572

1386

Sanders, Arizona

N-l-302;Nelll-

N-l-74 N-ll-166

Sanders, Arizona (old name)

2732 N-lll-1905

Salt Man (mythology)

Nel-79;N-AN-G19

sandhill crane

N-|-486

Salt Woman (mythology)

N-l-76;NAN-G16

Sandhill Crane Songs

Nl

Salt People Salt Point, New Mexico

N-l-76 Nlll-324

Sandia Mountain, New Mexico Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico

Nelll-1797 N-llh2494

salvage O salvation (in the Christian sense)

LA A(\)46 N-1-2221

SANDPAINTING: buffalo =

NAlllee4a) N-l-105

SALVE:

put--onP

start to put --on P same (in number or quantity), be

1574

N-l-1647;N-All-

~ 6faGuIe

Nelll2243

712:;3938 TLAHg, BiI)1 TLAHg A(l)1 LAADa C(ilj2

G1a66 @ ~- (by raking)

ZIIDe A315 (IIa KAA'4 A(\)4 N-lll-415:3230

Make a SANDPAPER:

same, be the

TE’, C(VI)1

«“O

sample

CHIZH

NAlll-3644

~- (unspecified) O

CHINZH AG)A

sample of P’s blood, take sample P (various food dishes)

A(het

T'OODa Alil)6

A groove in P

CH'IZH A(I)12

"RAL All);

stat to - O

CHNZH

sandwich, meat

DEEL, AUil3;

N-Il1-602

ACI) 14

LI BUy1

Sanostes, New Mexico

N-lll-G866:4143

San Anton Springs, New Mexico San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico

NAIL-9444

Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico

Nel19114

San Felipe, New Mexico

N-l-1825

Santa Fe, New Mexico Santo Domingo Indian

N«l A(I)6,7 MV-I-167 TAZH A(|)4 TL'INo A(I)3,4 TAZH C(I)2 TAZH A(Il)1 TAZH A((I)1; TL'INo A(t)1 TAZH E()1 TL'IN A(I)5 TAZH A(I)4 TAZH A(I)3 JOOL H(IiI)1

S --s upward sloppy, be

sloppily sloppy housekeeper, be a

slops over, S slops over the edge, S

SLOSH: -- O around (in one’s mouth) --O around in P -- unspecified O around

-- and fall with P (landing on rump) --onP -- while walking

Dzif' A(I)9 N-Ill-436 CHIDg A(IV)12 N-Ill-2402 N-Ill-2403;2452 TEEL B(I)2;TO' D(I)1,4 -TA-;POS-63

GIZH A(V)1 GIZH A(V)11 GIZH A(V)1 GIZH A\(\)7 N-Ill-2314;2315 N-Ill-1744 N-I-1257 N-1-611 N-I-1258;1536 N-I-314 POS-51 PAR-XII-395 MV-XIV-40 ‘A H(I)9 "A H(1)15

Z(/' D(X!)1 PAR-VIII;-PARXII-761 Z(j' D(X)2 DAAZ A(1)13 ZHOOZH A(I)12

DZIDp Bi(Il)1 DZID» B(I)1 DZIDo B(II)2

S -- es about (as waterina

half-filled jug) S --es over sloth

GHAZ A(I)2; TEEL A(1)4; TAAL, A(I)6

K'OL B(I)1 DAAZ A(1)13 N-Ill-2187

SLOW: --ly

PAR-VIIL;PARX11-253;526; 782;786

-- and fall over forward/backward

(as on ice)

‘((o;MV-IX

slip (mistake), make a (and say

Sliding House (an ancient Puebloan ruin on the north side of Canyon de slightly slightly in excess of slim, be (person) SLING (for hurling projectiles): --shot use a --shot -- (P) away into space

slip (give secretly) p information about P

TLIZH A(1)20 J{D A(ll)1 TAAL A(I)6 TAAL A(V)1

go/come --ly act --ly

walk with -- halting steps

YA;MV-XI NA’ B(I)1;ZID B(I)1 K'AAZH A(\)1, 2,4,6;C(1)1;D(1)1

SLIP (slide):

be -- in one's speech

-- O apart

-- O out ofjoint/gear S --s into joint (as one’s shoulder) S --s out of joint

1403

Tin B(I)1

slug

N-I1-3737

slumber

N-1l-415

SLUMP

SMITH

slump around (as a starving person

or animal) slumps to one side, S

slush

sly, be smack one’s lips at P SMALL: be -be -- in diameter be --er than P be this -P is a person of -- stature

S is getting --er S is too -- for P a -- amount

-- creatures of all kinds -- of the back smallpox

smart, be smart, become

smartens up, P smarts, S or area

SMASH: =O -- O to pieces

P’s body is --ed

work as a --y

CH’AAL B(I)1 GEEZ A(1)1 N-I-1508;N-III3727;3807 LO’ A(I)18 TS'OOZ A()1

Smith Lake, New Mexico

SMOKE: -- (plural ) -- envelops P

-- gets into P’s eyes -- O (pieces of meat) -- O (as sa cigaret)

TS’'(Sf(I)1; ZHETf (1)1 TSAZI A(I)1 TSXAAZ, (II)1 ZHEfi (II)1 ‘if'4 Duy DEEL, D(I)3 ’A D(I)1 PAR-XII-42:58 N-II]-3328 N-I-1667 N-I-1195;N-III-

“smooch” with P

2087 ;2387;

SMOOTH:

be a --er exhale/inhale --

get ready to -give a -- treatment give P a -- treatment

send up a -- signal start --ing Start to -- P --hole Smoke Signal, Arizona

2789 YAAD C(I)1 YAAD A(I)1 ’A G(I)1 CH’l’ A(I)1,2; C(II)1,4;(IV)4

S is ---O out

area is --

make O --- out an area

S makes an area -file O --

JIZH B(I)1;TI’g A(I)10 TAA’ A(III)2; TSEED» B(I)1 TO’ Bi(I)1 JJZH E(1)1 JIZH A(I)3 KIIZH B(IIl)1

iron O flat and --

plane O flat and -S is ---surfaced

S is --ed Start to -- P smattering of P, knowa SMEAR: -- a streak across DLEEZH A(I)3 -- oneself DLEEZH Bi(II)1 give Oa -DLEEZH C(I)1 --ing of meal across the patient’s jaw just before the Dawn songs N-II1-2055 SMELL:

there is a -- area

smother P smother, P starts to

smouldering, S is smut on corn snack, geta

SNAG:

--O

get -- ed (up)

-- oneself

be able to -Start to -- oneself Start to --P

-- (at P)

make O -be --ing SMITH (blacksmith): --ing

ay,

K’AA’ A(Il)1

GAII A(II)1 T’'OH3 A(\)2 T'OH3 A(I)1 N-I-387

N-Ill-2735 TS'OOZ C(il)1

KO’ B(I)1 KQ’ A(II)2; TS’OOD A(II)17 KO’ B(I)2 KQ’ A(II)2 KO’ A(Il)3 ZHOOQD A(I)1 CH'IIZH A(I)20 KQ’ A(Il)2 KQ’ A(Il)2 KO’ B(I)1;TOH (1)1 GHAAL F(I)1; ZHOOD A(\)2 TSOOD A(IV)2 Yfq A(I)1 LID B(I)1 N-1-431 NA’s A(I)2 N-I-1945;N-IlI4337

-- O (with a hook) S --s

-- like

--ing salts SMILE:

TSEEDo C(I)2 N-Ill-4358 N-I-1118; 1165;N-Ill-2734 N-I-1167 Tf A(I)3 JOOL A(II)1 NIL D(I)2 T’OH3 B(I)1 T’OH3 B(I)2 DZii’ A(I)1,10 T’'OH3 A(I)2 NIL A(1)40

snail

SNAKE:

N-IIl-540

ZHA’ C(I)1 ZHA’ E(II)4

MV-IV-67;MVVIN-60;MV-XII63 N-Ill-3737 N-I-1716;N-III2977;3986

“snaking” along on S (a bicycle), be DLO’ A(IIl)1 DLO’ A(| = DLO’ B(I)1 N-IlI-378 N-II|-377 N-IIl-378;954

Snake Dance, dance in the

snake tooth (plant) snakeweed SNAP:

-- O (a gun)

1404

TL'IIZHy C(I)2 ZHIIZH D(IV)1 N-I-1725;N-III3997 N-Ill-1384 GHAZH A(I)2 TAHp A(Il)1

SNOT

SNAP

-- O in two

- O off -- O off one after another

— on P (as a trap that is unexpectedly

triggered))

S ~s (breaks) S --s at P one time S is --ing at P repeatedly snapshots come out

SNARE: --O bird -snarled, S is snarled in P, S gets SNATCH: -- O out quickly -- O up quickly

-- P furtively -- P out (as a Weapon) SNEAK:

-- along

DEEL A(II)5 TI’3 C(\)1 TI’ A(I)6

-- around squatting -- away one after another

-- up on (P) (as a hunter on his prey)

be --ing up on P

SNIFF: -- around (among P)

-- for something follow P --ing go --ing about/along take a -- of O snip O snips (scissors)

snips (scissors), large snipe (a bird) SNORE: be --ing just get a good start --ing pretend to be --ing start to --

snort, let outa snorts, S

SNOW:

crusted --

-- crust/surface

heavy --fall --storm

sudden

--storm

’AAZH E(\)4;

JOOL H(lil)1; "EEZ D(\)1; JOOL B(IV)1 CHI’ A(|)1 ‘Y’2 A(lj2

N-1-1332;N-III3353 N-Ill-1306 N-Il1-2670 N-I-2165; 2254;N-lll4621;4728 N-I-45 N-I-2167 N-IIl-4625 N-1-306;N-III1301 N-I-2198;N-IIl445

-- boots

GHANp A(I)6 Jt A(I)3 CHID3 A(IV)9 CHID3 A(IV)12 "(('osMV-IX; DLOOZH A(I)60

-- into a field (as burros, a

melon thief): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- up close to P (by wriggling)

snout

snout beetle

TAHp A\(I)1 TO’ C(I)4 GHAZH A(I)4 GHAZH A(I)5 DEE’ A(I)17 N-llI-895 LO’ A(I)12;D(I)1 N-IIl-4265 DIZ G(I)1 TAAZo C(II)2

YA D(I)6 -- around

snot

--drift -- shovel -- squall (short and violent)

--man --shoe(s) wooden --shoe it --s it stops --ing it --s and --s it--s as far as -it is --ing it keeps on --ing it starts to -a --storm arrives a --storm is moving along

N-I-2166 N-Ill-1113;4623 N-Ill-4622 N-II1-445 N-Il1-4624 N-I-2168;2255 N-I-1916 DZAAZ A(I)1 CHIIL A(I)1 CHIIL A(I)5 CHIIL A(I)8 CHIIL A(1)7 CHIL A(I)5 CHIIL A(I)4,6 CHIIL A(I)7 CHIIL B(l)1

a --storm moves:

WOD, A(III)46 CHAA’, A(lIl)19 JEE’s A(l)21

GHAL, A(I)7

GHAL, A(I)3; NA’, A(Il)59 NA’, D(II)1 CHAA's B(I)1,2 CHAA’s E(1)1 CHAA’s Hil)

CHAA’s Di!) 1;H(I)4 CHAA’s Gi(\)1 GIZH A(\)9 N-III-685;965 N-Ill-966 N-IIIl-3655 GHAA’s GHAA’s GHAA’s GHAA’»

BiI)1 A(1)3 Bill)1 A(1)1,2

TLD A(ll)1 TLD A(II)1

CHIIL A(I)8 CHIL A(1)1 CHIL A(\)1 CHIL A(I)2 CHIIL A(I)1 a --storm passes CHIIL A(I)3 a --storm starts to move YOL A(I)11 a --storm starts CHIL A(N2 the --storm passed over P CHIIL A(I)5 P is caught in a heavy --storm CHIIL A(I)1 P gets --bound DZAAZ A\(i)1 -- falls YEEZHo A(!)14 -- falls in gobs DZAAZ B(I)1 -- is falling GO’ E(\)2 -- hangs in a cloud ZOOZo A(Il)4 -- is coming down heavily ZAAL B(I)1 a light cover of -- falls CHIIL A(I)3; P gets -DZAAZ A(I)1 NE'o A(II)1 have a --ball fight MAAZ FiIl)2 make a --ball NE’s A(1)13 throw a succession of --balls N-1-1324 snowball bush N-I-1875 snowberry N-I|1-3791 Snowflake, Arizona TEEL Ci(Il)1 snowmobile, be driving a TEEL C(I)1,2 a in along riding snowmobile, P goes as far as a stopping point

away out of sight away and disappears out horizontally

SNOW

snowmobiling,

P goes

snowy egret

snub P (avoid looking at P)

snuff snuff out a cigaret snug (on P), become

snug on P, S is (clothing) snuggle against each other snuggled up to P, sit/lie so (then) so and so

SOIL

TEEL B(I)1,3 N-Il1-3881;3883 "A C(Il)2; GHAL, C(I)1 N-Ill-3080;3466 YIIZH A(I)3 TIHy A(II)2,3 TIH4 B(I)1 JEE’3 C(Il)1 JEE’s C(Il)1 PAR-X:PAR-

Soil Conservationists solar eclipse

XI1-17;;885

sold, O is --

N-Ill-149

solder

TLHZHo A(Il)1

SOLDER: -- O (to P)

SOUR

mountain (used ceremonially) -- conservation -- from a footprint in the -soil-blower (beetle) soil-blower beetle, gray

soil-blower beetle, small soiled,

S becomes

LA A(1)12;NIL -- oneself get --ing wet make O --ing wet make oneself --ing wet S --s in (water) S --s into the ground (water)

S --s through P S --s up O water --s away out of sight

SOAP: face/hand/toilet -laundry -soapweed

soapweed, narrow-leafed soar Soccorro, New Mexico

Social Security card sock socket wrench socket,

S comes

out of its (a jaw,

D(I)2 TLNIZHo A(IIl)1 TLIZHo A(I)1 Tt ZH» A(II)1 TLZHo A(III)1 GIZH A(IV)3; TSIZ A(I)1 GIZH A(IV)3; NA’, A(I)25 ‘EEL A(VIII)1; NA’g A(|)4 TS’OOZ D(I)1 TSEED, A(I)1 N-I-1492;N-III3681 N-Ill-3683 N-IIl-3682 N-I-1782;N-III4045 N-Ill-4046 K'|;MV-VII N-II-155 N-Ill-3241;3298 N-1-917;2224; N-Ill-2433 N-Ill-827

sofa

WOD, A(I)3 N-Il|-3787 N-I-73 N-IIl-1056;1080

SOFT: S/area is --

CHAAZHp B(!)

shoulder) soda water sodium chloride

-- d.p. O onto the surface of P -- O together

--ing blowpipe soldier soldier, German

sole (of the shoe) sole(s) of the foot/feet solid, S is

solid roundish object, move a solidifies, S

solstice, Summer/Winter solution for P, S was the

sombrero some other place, as far as some other place, to some time ago some way or another some Way, in somebody someday somehow someone someplace someplace else somersault, turn a

something

something or other sometime

1;T'ODo Bil)1; --en O (a hide) become

--(as boiled meat)

ZHOLI (1)1 ZAq A(il)1 ZHEEt 1

sometimes

S is ---boiled (an egg)

BEEZHy C(I) 1:T'E C(I)1

somewhat

-- job

N-II|-3300 N-Il|-3723

somewhat later (in past time)

-- spot ona baby’s head

N-I-1113 N-1-608 N-I1l-2441;2443 N-1-903;1115 N-I-1156 N-Ill-2670 N-Il1-2671 N-IIl-2672 Lif’ A(\)1 N-Ill-2450 N-Il|-2374 NII’, C(IV)1 N-IlI-740;744 JEE’3 A(II)5S;Y ff" A(IV)4 JEE’s A(Il)4 JEE’3 ACI) 1 Y{f’ A(IV)2 N-III-765 N-Il-157;169 N-I-186;351 N-I-893;920 N-I-920;1657 DZIL E(!)1 ‘AMV-I TLS A(I)3 N-Il|-3634 NiIDs A(I)1 N-Il1-1335 PAR-XII-430 PAR-XII-427 PAR-XII-46;211 PAR-XII-637 PAR-XII-232 PAR-III PAR-XII-214 PAR-XII231:637 PAR-III;PARX11-219 PAR-XII293:644 PAR-XII-383 TLEE’ B(I)1 N-I-1619:PARil PAR-XII-236 PAR-III;PARXI1-211:214; 293:296:644 PAR-XII280:381 PAR-XII585:787:811

PAR-XII-307

SORCERY

SOMEWHERE

practice --

PAR-III;PAR-

somewhere

XI1-293;

somewhere (unknown) somewhere else

SORE: -- points

295;300 PAR-XII-512 PAR-XII229;425 N-Ill-4642 N-I-2193 N-I-2189

be --

-- appears -- started to spread on P area (as throat, etc.) becomes -get over a case of -- muscles

SON: -- (male speaking) -- (female speaking) N-1-1023 father’s brother’s -father’s brother's son’s -N-1-2193 (male speaking) father’s brother’s son’s -N-I-2189 (female speaking) father’s brother’s/mother’s sister’s --

P has a -- throat

be *-- at? P sorrel sorrow, there is --

sorry for P, be/feel

N-I-1056 N-II1-2109 N-Il1-2109 mother’s brother’s -N-I-452 mother’s father’s brother’s -N-I-452 mother’s father’s sister’s -N-I-452 mother’s mother’s brother’s -N-I-452 mother’s mother’s sister’s -N-I-1023 mother’s sister’s -mother’s sister’s/father’s brother’s -- N-I-1283;1935 N-I-127 ---in-law N-Il-1721 ---in-law (female speaking) N-1-1446; SONG: 2229-N-II|-3593 N-1-1447;N-IIIessential elements of a -3594 N-I-1448 with -N-Illsequence of -- groups (in a ceremony) 3596 "A’ E(II)1 -- is directed at P (War Dance) female speaking)

father’s sister’s -- (male speaking)

-- is finished/ends direct a -- at P (War Dance)

finish a -go about singing --s start a --

sorry about it/P, be sort of

sought after, P is sought, P is -- (by prospectors, as oil, soul

soul of O, breathe in the

SOUND:

S --s

-- is moving about to and fro --(s) come(s) out horizontally --(s) come(s) up out

--(s) is/are moving along --(s) start off (moving along)

7A’ E(()1;°A

A(I)51 A A(\)74,76 "A E(I)5

--/series of --s move(s) away/

fades away S is making a -S makes -there is a --

’A Ail) 51,52,58,59

carried over -Sonsola Buttes (northwest of Crystal, New Mexico) soon (future context) soon (in a past time context) soot

sophora, silky soporific sopping wet, get

sopping wet, make O sorcerer, bea sorcerer, evil

SORCERY: do -- among

P

DLAA’

sot, bea

"A A(Ill)48

N-II|-3595 N-Il1-3617 PAR-XII-613 PAR-XII-614 N-1-824;N-III2354 N-Ill-1600 N-Ill-479 TL’lIZHo A(l)1 THIZHo A(ll)1 GAAZH D(I)1; TH (11 N-lil-1093 N-Ill-56;268 GAAZH C(1)1

without a --

soup SOUR: S is -S starts to -S turns -source of sustenance,

S becomes

source of sustenance, S is the SOUTH: down --

1407

T fH (1)1 N-I-1130;1194 N-Ill-3898 Nila D(N2 Uff’ A(l)1 GIZH A(IIl)1 CH’ A(I)2 TL'fiD A(l)1 CH’fl’ C(IN)4 Nil’ D(I)2 N-I-262 Nil’g B(IIl)1 BA’ Bil)2;'1/"1 C(I)1;KEEZ B(I)3;YA B(Il) 7:2 C(\)2; D(VI)5 Lif’ E(u) ;NIID4 B(V)2 PAR-XII-811

A(1)3;B(1)2 NIID4 B(Il)1 DEE’ gold) C(1)4;YA B(II)3 N-I-1006; 2216;N-Ill1166;2254 ZHIZH A(I)1 TS’AA’ Ci(IIl)1 TS’AA’ D(l)3 TS’AA’ A(!)3,4 TS’AA’ A(I)5,6 TS’AA’ D(I)1,2 TS’AA’ A(1)7,8,9

TS’AA’ A(l)1,2 TS’AA’ E(l)1 TS’AA’ Ci(IIl)1 TS’AA’ A()7; C(I)1,2; C(IN)2; E(IV)1 PAR-XI|-623 N-I-88;1609; 1610 K'OSH C(1)1;Zi? C(l)1 CHXQ’ A(!)1 CHXQ’ A(|)4; K'OSH A(I)1 KIIN A(|)1 KIIN B(I)1 N-lIl-3627 PAR-XII-503

SPARROW

SOUTH

sowbug

N-II|-3630 N-II1-3628 PAR-XII-501 N-III-3629 N-IIl-3629;PARXII-502 N-II|-3631 N-I|-3632 N-I]-3352 N-II1-817 N-II-74 JAA’o A(l)2;NIL C(|)1 N-Il1-4558

SPACE: intervening -interior --- (corner) inside a hogan -- between the logs in a hogan

N-I-660 N-I-867 N-1-1414 N-I-749

-- thus

N-IIl-3511 N-I-663 N-I-889;N-III2408 N-II1-2429 tt B(!)1 A G(\)2

--INg occurs

in the far/extreme --

on the -to the/on the --

toward the ---ward --east --west

South American

rubber plant

souvenir sow (breeding) sow (seeds)

-- under the toenail

--/area lights up there comes to be -there is -there is a --

"A H(1)10

TL’AH, (I)3

there is a series of --s

DZAy (I)7

there is an open -spacious, area is comparatively spade

KAAD H(Il)7 TSOH B(1)4 TEEL A(Il)2 N-IIl-2728

spading along, be (as in digging a ditch) SPADES (in cards):

GEED C(I)1 N-I-6:95

spacious, area is

jack of -king of -queen of --

SPAN:

life -Spaniard

Spanish dagger/bayonet (plant) Spanish

language, the

Spanish needles (plant) spank O

spanking, giveOa spans, S spare P's life

sparkles, S

sparks fly (as from a grinding wheel)

Sparse-Beard Sparse-Mustache

spasm spatula (kitchen) spawn, Start to (as fish) SPEAK: -- a language -- haltingly -- in a nice way to O -- out of turn

-- P (a language) -- sarcastically -- to P arrogantly --to P

CHi; A(1)2,3 TI's B(I)1 Tl’a B(I)1 NIID4 A(I)6 DZil’ A(I)9 Tl’2 B(I)1 TI's B(I)1 NIID 4A(l)1 DZIl" A(\)6 DZII’ A(I)6;Tl’o B(|)1 Tl’o BI) Dzit’ A(I)7

language

TA A(1)36

get back on --ing terms with P/ each other someone --s out Start to --

unspecified S --s SPEAR: throwing --- throwing target -O -- O repeatedly

stick a series of --s into O throw a --/--s throw --s at each other species, be of various

N-II-182 N-II-118 N-Ill-3024

specifics, with speck speckled, S is spectacle pod

spectacles 9for the eyes

N-Il|-4667 N-II|-3557 N-1-1285;N-Ill3158 N-IIl-4045 N-1-1432 N-Il]-3200 KAAD D(III)1 KAAD A(I)5 "A (1)34 "A A(1)80 SOS (I)1 DAAZ A(I)6; ZAAL A(I)23

N-Il|-4267 N-Ill-4271 N-Ill-4633;4640 N-Ill-1470 N-Ill-1467 N-Il|-3016 N-III-877

become an expert --er of a

N-Il-163

-- (a unit of measurement: the distance from the tip of the thumb

to the extended middle finger)

sparrow, Baird sparrow, desert

-- unclearly/haltingly/with an accent

-- under the poles on the west side

of a hogan -- (left by a missing tooth) -- between the toes

sparrow, English

spectators

specular hematite (mineral)

SPEECH: polite -the main points of a -be slow in one’s -make a --

make a -- blunder

NIID4 A(I)3,4 DZil’ A(iI)2 Tl’o A(l)1 DZil’ A(i)7 N-Ill-4425 N-Ill-4352 N-Il|-907 KAI E(I)1 ZHIIZH D(I)1;( iI) KAI D(I)1 ZI’ A(II)3,4 ZI’ A(II)1 TE’; C(il)1 PAR-XII-791 N-Ill-1491 TL'INs (I)1 N-Ill-2876 N-IlI-2908 N-lll-1464 N-1-1632;N-III3919 N-1-1429:N-III4629 N-I-1433 N-IIl-3559 Tl'o B(I)1 A C(IN)2;02Z11 A(I)6 NE’3 A(l)2

SPEED:

with increasing -S --s up

PAR-XII-651 TAAL} A(IV)18

SRIDER

SPEED

ride at top --

ZAAL; MV-VI

Spider Rock

S is going along at top --

TAAL4

SPILL:

take off at high ---ily Speedy SPELL: a--is castonP break the --onP casta -- on O/P

cast a death -- on P go about casting --s P is the victim of a death -place a--onP

the -- on P is broken -- breaking ceremony SPEND: -- everything on oneself -- money foolishly -- hours doing something P --s the entire day P --s the night around here and there SPEW: S--s

S --s out S is --ing out spherical, S is sphinx caterpillar

SPIDER: basket-headed -big black -big/wolf -black (widow) --

F(III)1,2,3 TAAL A(IV)19 PAR-XII-212; 247;866 N-Il|-3707

S --s

--O take a -- (fall), “.-the beans” SPIN:

-- O (top)

Tl’2 A(IV)1 Tl’o A(III)4 GAAZH E(I)1; Z{f A(II)1; D(IX)1 Tl’p A(IN)2 GAAZH C(I)1 Tl'p A(IV)2 TI’p A(IIl)1 Tl’p A(IV)4 N-II|-2070

-- O (yarn) --O out be --ing O rapidly do the --ing (yarn)

give Oa -S is --ing rapidly start to -- a web start to -- P (yarn) spinach

SPINAL: -- column -- cord -- neck tendons

T’E’s A(illj2 WOD, A(lII)43 KIDo A(Il)3 "A A(I)86

-- area between the scapulae

lower -- area spindle (for spinning yarn)

KA C(Il)1

spine

CHOZH DiI!) 2:GHAAZH4 A(li)2 ZI’ A(\)1 GHAAZH4 B(I)1 JOOL I(1)7; MAAZ H(!)1 N-IIl-4130 N-Ill-2958 N-II|-2974 N-Ill-2973 N-Il|-2972 N-II|-2963;

spine plant

spine, along the ridge of the spinner (a lure used in fishing) SPIRAL: S extend in the form of a -S flies in --s (as an eagle gaining altitude) S is --ing (flying) S is --ed -- pattern of hair on the head

SPIRIT:

gray -jumping -pink -red -red-mouth/solpugid/sun -small -water -yellow --- web spider-eater

spider plant spider milkweed

spider rope (a plant)

DAAZ A(1)13 MV-I-168 GO’ A(I)17 NE’ A(\)2

TAAZ4 C(II)1;0(1)1 DIZ B(I)1 DIZ A(\)2 TAAZ} F(I)1 DIZ B(I)2 TAAZ4 E(\)1 TAAZ} Fi(Il)1 TL’O A(l)12 DIZ A(I)1 N-I-2111 N-I-768 N-I-770;1989 N-Ill-2618 N-IIl-1870 N-I-1899;1907 N-Ill-727 N-I-768 N-I-769 N-Il-2811 N-Ill-2795

"A (1)5

T'A’ A(I)8;D(I)9 T’A’ D(I)9 TS’EE’y C(I)1 N-I11-335 N-|-1006; 2216;N-Il1-3412

-- level breathe in the -- of O (ceremonially) disembodied (evil) --

2968;2961

dirty gray/mouse-colored --

N-Il-4125

N-II|-2970 N-II|-2965 N-IIl-2969 N-IIl-2964 N-Ill-2966 N-IIl-4725 N-II|-2975 N-Ill-3689 N-Ill-2967 N-I-1768;N-III2959;2971 N-Il|-2976 N-1-2111 N-IIl-2279 N-II|-2971

P is --ed

--edly SPI:

--a stream of O -- and miss

-- away (out of sight) -- down from a height -- down onto P

-- graze with --- into P

-- into P’s mouth

1409

N-IIl-3778 ZHIZH A(\)1 N-I-403;N-III1422 ZOLI (Il)2

PAR-XII-590 N-I-1476; 2305;N-III3646;4747 ZHEE’4 A(1)7,9 ZO’ A(I)8

SPIT

-- into the ashes/dirt/water

-- into the fire

SPiEi

ZO’ A(I)8; ZHEE’y A(I)7 ZHEE’ A(I}8

DLAAD A(I)

S --s

3,4;DZIS (I)2 DLAAD A\(!) 2;TAAL, A(IV)4

S --s lengthwise

-- O:

away down into P’s mouth into the fire onP out

through P up into the air -- on oneself --onP

-- on the ground/floor -- out horizontally

ZO’ A(I)1 ZO’ A(\)2 ZO’ A(I)6 ZO’ A(1)10 ZO’ A(I)4 ZO’ A(1)7,11 ZO’ A(I)3,5 ZO’ A(1)12 ZHEE’y A(ll)1 ZHEE’; A(I)3; B(I)t ZHEE’y A(l)1 ZHEE’y A(I)6

-- out on P one after another

(as hot coals) -- out

-- repeatedly be a --er hot coals are --ing out S --s up spittle spittoon

SPLASH: --O on oneself --O on P (as water from cupped hands on another person) S --es (on P) S --es down (a sheet of water)

TAAL A(IV)5,11 ZHEE’; A(I)9 ZHEE’y C(!)1 ZHEE'; C(I)1 TAAL A(IV)11 GO’ A(1)22 N-Ill-3646:4747 N-I1-1151;1152

that is being carried)

spleen

splinter breaks out on P splinter enters P

SPLIT: -- O: by chopping with a chopping blow

from end to end lengthwise

lengthwise(by cutting) with the grain

CHXQ’ A(III)4 CHXQ’ A(1)4; DZIDz A(I)2; K’OSH A(\)1 K’DSH C(I)1 CHXQ' A(I)1; DZID4 A(I)1; TEEL A(II)1

S is --ed S starts to --

SPOKEN: P (a language) is -P is being -- to sponge spongey spongey, S is

sponsor of a ceremony spooked, be (as a horse) spooked, be easily spool

SPOON: -- made of horn clay or pottery --

KAAD A(IV)4 DAAZ A(I)3; TL'INs BiI)1 ZA’, B(I)2

metal -silver -wooden --

pottery --Aadle eat with a --- O into P's mouth

DAAZ A(I)15 -- O into one’s own mouth

DAAZ A(1)14 DAAZ A(\)3; TL'INs Bil)1 N-1-1550 DLAAD A(I)5 ZHOOZH A(1)1,2

--O out of P sporadically SPO be --ed area is --ed --S appearonS S becomes --ted become --ted with brown

P has --s before his eyes

NE’o A(1)14,15 KAAL4 A(I)3

put --s on O/oneself

DLAAD A(VII)1

S gets bare ina

DEELo A(II)2; KAAL A(I)6; TI's A(I)3; ZHOOZH A(\II)2,9 GIZH A(V)4; T'AAZ A(I)3 ZHOOZH AY(II)3

a bald -- appears

--

there is a --ty patch --ted horse (paint pony)

SPOUSE: my -be P’s -become

a --

TI's BI) Tl’o B(II)1 N-II|-3874 N-1-295 CHAAZH> B(I)1; GHAAZHp (I)1 N-IIl-3533 TAAL, A(IV)14 YIZ B(Il)1 N-Ill-1087 N-I-12;475;476

KAAD A(V)1

S --es out (as water from a bucket S --es up into the air (as water when a stone falls in it) splatters (on P), S (as hot grease)

SPOIL: --O S --s (on P)

N-I-479 N-I-485;N-III1969 N-I-184;478 N-II|-993 N-I-486;1949 N-IlI-52 KA A(Il)8 KA A(I)20;ZIIDo A(l)21 KA A(Il)7 TLEE’ A(1)20,37 PAR-XII-379 KIIZH B(I)1 KIIZH B(I)1 KIIZH A(\)1 KIIZH A(|)1 TLIIZH A(\)1 ZHIj’ B(I)2 KIIZH A(Il)1; (11)1 T'OOD, A(I)14 T'OOD, A(l)14 KIIZH B(1)2 N-IIl-2779 N-Ill-1463 N-Ill-1107 KE F(Il)1;NI"4 B(I)1 -CH'O;POS-18

SPREAD

SPOUSE

have a -spouts up, S

YEH D(!)1 Lf A(I)15;NA’4 A( ae ZI’ A(\)2

sprained, get

K'AAZH4 F(I)1

SPRAY:

-- gun -- O (as sheep) -- water

S --s up into the air

--er SPREAD: (epidemic) starts to --- O: (butter) (FFO) over P (FFO) over P, covering it

(on the ground) over a surface (as manure)

around (by raking) back (by raking)

-- O’s legs apart -- one’s legs apart be --ing (a group of people) clouds started to -- out fire --s:

N-I-1596;2325; N-II1-3436 N-Il1-874 YOLF(Il)1;(II)1 YOL G(I)1 TS'EE’s (1)4 N-Il1-874

Spread Out Mesa

YAA A(\)3 YAA C(Ill)1 K’AI’ C(I)1 -"AA;POS-6 N-Il1-3347 N-Ill-1400 N-1-1546

SPREAD-LEGGED: be -be falling --

K’AI’ F(Il)1 K’AI’ C(I)1

-- one’s legs apart -- word among P be falling ---eagled --ing spreading pigweed spreading plant

walk --: about along (Progressive)

Nil’s A(I)7,8 DLEEZH B(!)1 BAAL A(\I)2 BAAL A(II)3,4; TI'y A(l)1 KAAD A(IV)15 KAAD A(IV)16 ZIIDo C(I)1 ZIIDo A(ll)8 K’Al’ E(il)1 KAI’ A(I)15E(1) 1;YAA A(|)3 DEEL, D(I)1 GIZH Ai(lll)1

around in circles around P (as around a building) around to and fro away out of sight down from a height here and there (wandering) out horizontally Sprengel cudweed/everlasting SPRING (season):

-- returns

spend the --

during the --

--time in the --time

S (epidemic) --s among P

K'AA’ A(1)2 K’AA’ A()6 K’AA’ A(\)11 K’AA’ A(1)2 K’AA’ A(1)8 ZHA’ E(\Il)2,3 NIl’3 B(I)3

S (epidemic) starts to -(among d.p. P)

NIl’g A(1)7,8

S --s (grass fire, oil on water,

impetigo) S --s across (blanket) S --s among P (gossip, news) S --s around (a spreading plant)

S --s foaming S --s out (a herd) S --s out (as a band that moves into a territory) S is -- (pinyon cone)

S is --ing (as a sore) S is --ing (increasing in size, volume, number) S is --ing (oil, water) S sits --ing S starts to -- (a sore)

DAAN A(I)2 DAAN A(1)3 DAAN A\(\)1 DAAN A\(1)3 N-1-468; N-|-469;N-III1564;PAR-XIl-

-- passes

last --

P is -- (open, as a pinyon cone)

K’AI’ A(Il)1 K’Al’ A(I)5 K’AI’ A(Il)4 N-Il1-490 N-|-467;N-III1563

-- comes, Starts

AA A(I)11 K "AA "A(I)5

across around P downward into an enclosure out horizontally to a stopping point under P upward

(Il (Il

K’

130

K’AA’ A(I)9

N-|-467

PAR-XII-131 N-Il1-3777

spring water spring, small SPRING:

N-1-1572

N-IIl-1008 N-Il1-939 N-IIl-2181 TAH> A\ll)1

coil --

leaf/flat --- scale

-- O (a trap) SPRING:(jump): -- aside

NOOD A(II)1 BAAL F(I)3 DLAAD A\(I)1 KAAD B(I)1 GHAAZH4 A(II)4 KAI B(1)57

--atP

-- down from aa

height

-- onto P -- out of P’s hand -- out of the way -- up (as to register a protest)

DEEL, D(!)1 ZHA’ E(IIl)2,3 NOOD E(\I)1

-- up (into the air) -- up from under P (as a rabbit) springy, be (as an old tree) SPRINKLE: --O:

ZHIIZH Gi(il)1 NOOD E(II)1 KAAD HiIl)1 GIZH A(Ill)1

(water) about

1411

TAH> A(\)1 TAHp A(|)1; WOD, A(lll)52 TAH A(\)1; TAAL A(IV)13 TAHp A(\)1 TAAL, A(IV)11

TAHp A(!)1 TAH> A(\)2; TE’ A(IV)10

J[[D ACtl)1

TAAL, A(IV)11 TS'OOD D(I)1 ZASo:MV-III NIL BCI) 15(1)1

SQUANDER

SPRINKLE

across (as ashes from a bag) along around ina circle around

P

as far as a stopping point rom one end to the other on P (as salt on meat) over a surface onto P

be --ing O along (as water, seeds, sand) go about --ing O go out --ing O it is --ing (with rain) make O come --ing down by shaking sprinting along, go sprout(s), S (as seeds)

GHAAD A(I)8 GHAAD F(!)1; NIL A(I)36 GHAAD A\(\)2; NIL A(I)6 GHAAD A\(\)4; NIL A(I)28 GHAAD A(I)8 NIL A(1)47 NIL A(1)26;E(1)3 KAAD A(IV)17 TAH3 A(I)1

GHAAD A\(II)1,2

TAAL, F(Ill)1 JEE’s A(I)25;

white --

N-I-410;1449;N-

spurs (as those on a rooster) spurs (of the type used by horsemen)

SPURTE S --s

S --s out one quantity after another S is --ing out there was a -- of blood SPs

-- (on the enemy) -- glass squabble with each other squall (cry)

IIl-1450 N-Ill-1460 N-I-408 N-Ill-1428 ZHOOQD A(IV)1 ZHOOQD A(II!)1 YOI3 N-Il|-2438 TAAL, F(I)1 N-III-703; 704:718 N-Il|-878 CHOZH D(II)2; DAAZ A(1)6,9; GHAAZH4 A(il)2;TAAL4 E(IV)1;Z1' A(I)1 TEND B(I)4 GHAAZH, B(I)1 TAAL E(IV)1 N-Ill-3202 CHI’ A(l)1 N-IIl-706 "ID 4 F(IV)1 CHA B(I)1

WOD, A(III)43 YA B(I)1 ’"AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(I)1 CH’AH (I)1;

NAADo A\Il)1;

TLD B(I)2 be --ing O: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects square off to fight

SQUASH: -- with a tail flat --

-- cones little -- tree blue --

spruce up an area spry, be spurge (a plant) spurring P, go along

--P

TSAA’ C(I)1

A(II)8 N-IlIl-1693 N-1-407 N-Il1-1424 N-Ill-1458 N-Ill-1426

spruce oneself up

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

square, Sis

T’Ap A(!)3;

-- collar (on Talking God’s mask) -- garment (ceremonial) spruce odor (plant)

-- O (as money, one’s resources):

NIL H(I)1 GHAAD F(1)2 NIL A(1)33

TSOII A(I)2;YA sprouted wheat SPRUCE:

SQUANDER:

squares, in the form of

gray -navel -red -yellow --- blossom (on a squash plant) -- bug -- blossom (on a silver necklace) pendant on -- blossom necklaces squat (in stature), be equally --

squat as P, be just as SQUAT: -- down be --ing “squaw belt” squeaky, S is

SQUEEZE:

give a --

YA D(I)1 "AAZH E(I)1 KAI G(I)1 K’AAD A(I)2 K’AAD D(I)1;D(Il)1 PAR-XII-115 N-II1-3338 N-IlI-3345 N-II1-3344 N-I11-3340 N-IIl-3346 N-Ill-3342 N-Ill-3343 N-IlI-3677 N-III-3339 N-Ill-4714 N-Ill-3092 YAZHI (ll)2 YAZH{ (11)2,3

JffD A(tl)1 JOOL A(IV)15 CHI’ B(I)1;J/JD D(I)1 N-Ill-3598 GHAZ E(I)2

NII’4 F(\)1 NII’4 F(I)3 Nii’4 F(I)3

-- P out (as off the land he

occupies) P becomes --ed off start to-- P squint

JJZH A(I)4 Ni’o A(I)1 JIZH A(I)2 GHAL A(IIl)4; TS'OZI (Il)1

squinting, be

‘1 D1

Squinty SQUIRM: -- around

N-Il|-2907 YIZ B(Il)1 TAAZ C(I)1 GHALy F(\)2 TAAZo A(l)2

be --ing S starts to -- around

SQUIRREL: Albert's -dark colored pine --

gray ground --

N-I-580;

T2722 N-Ill-1752 N-I-582;N-III1751 N-Il-4260

STAGGER

SQUIRREL

ground -light colored pine --

N-Il]-4344 N-I-581;N-III1750

small ground --

N-II1-3143

SQUIRT: -- down from a height -- urine,water or musk into the air S --s S --s out S --s up

go --ing: around

-- P with O (as a person with a Knife)

-- O through P -- oneself

DZA"; A(!)9

across

DZA’, C(1)1;

along

N-Ill-1209

Tp D(I)1; TLIIZHy C(()2

LIZH A(I)2 — LIZH A(I)12

DAAZ A(1)6

around after something

DZA’, B(I)1

GHAAZHy

down from a height

DZA’, A(1)1,2

A(II)2;LIZH A(I)7

start off --ing

DZA", AiI)6

TS’EE’o ()4

start to --

DZA’y A(I)6

staircase

N-II1-690;208 1

staircase, interior stairs, flight of stairs, flight of (in a house) stalk (n.)

N-II1-2480 N-II|-690 N-Il1-2480 N-1-870;2011;NI1-255

A(II)2

stalker, be an expert (as acat, hunter)

ZOOZo C(II)1

GEED Ai(III)4, 6;TSI A(1)10 GEED Ai(III)5,

stalking antlers stalking canes stall (on P)

N-I-177 N-II1-664 TE’ A(l)1;

STAB:

-- O/P

T'I'o B(II)1;YA D(Il)8

GEED Ai(III)5, 7;T’OH9 Cill)1

GEED A(IV) 2,4,6,8;ZHIIZH

TLAHp A(I)1

7;TSI A(I)1

AA’ A(I)5 N-I-335;1185 LI’ C(Vvi)1

JIL A(1)1 DZIL E(I)2 DZIL E(l)1

stall for time stallion stamina, have

stammer

DZit’ B(I)2

-- O (chairs, logs)

NIL A(I)8;TL'IN 4

stamp one’s foot one time

TAAL

stamp, postage

N-Ill-2166

stamp, steel

N-II1-749

-- O side by side

A(1)14;B(1)1; YAA Ci(lll)1 ZHOOZH C(I)6

S are --ed (as logs)

TL’IN4

S --s into P stable, area is stable, S is

STACK:

D(\)45(1)4 TL’IN, D(I)1 N-Il-72 N-1-271

stagberry

N-1-1875

staged, a horserace is STAGGER:

DEE’ C(l)2 DZA’; A(!)5;

-- aCTOSS as far as away and disappear away down

-- away out of sight -- out horizontally (as from apen) S -- (as startled cattle) start off --ing there is a -stamps, postage STAND:

T''2 A(l)1 DZA’, A(|)9 DZA’y DZA’; DZA’; DZA’,

(rush in a body -

animals, people):

there is a -- of O stag stag beetle

-----

STAMPEDE

E(I)3

A(I)9 A(l)1 A(l)1 A(l)1,2

YIZ YIZ YIZ YIZ

A(ll)1 A((II)3 A(il)11 A(Il)7

YIZ A(th2

N-I11-2163 Z)'’;MV-XV

-- around idly -- in a bunch/compact group

MV-XV-29 ZHOOD F(I)1

-- in one location --O: back up in a leaning position

YA B(I)7 Z)'’;MV-XV NA’g A(lIl)1 TSI A(1)24,26 NA’g A(lll)1

YA A(VI)2

-- from one end to the other

DZA’, A()8

on end

-- into an enclosure

DZA’, A(\)1

up

-- into P -- into the water -- out horizontally

DZA’, A(I)5 DZA’, A(I)5 DZA’; A(l)3

--onP -- on P (hold one’s foot on P) -- trial

"EEZ ((Il)2 "EEZ WIN2 ‘\JD4 FUIV)4

-- out of view

DZA’4 A(l)5

-- with arms akimbo

Nil’ A(V)9

-- over the edge

DZA’; A(1)4 DZA’, A(!)7

be able to -- (endure) P (as hardship)

DZIL E(l)3

-- Up (out)

be --ing around (as a drunk person) begin to --

go and -- beside P S -- pointing skyward

KAAD Gi(I!)1;

YA A(\)66 ZHEE'2 Bil)4

YEEZHo CiIl)2

S -- straight up in parallel position

TS'EE’s (1)4

T'l'o A(l)2

S --s on end

ZHEE’s Bi!)4

1413

STAND

START

S --s up (assumes an upright

position) S --s with P (as a horse with its rider) there is a scattered -- of trees STANDING, BE: (in a standing

YA B(I)7 KIIZH B(II)1

--S come out star flower

Star Hoop (used in So’tsoh, Big Star Chant)

N-I-156;N-III-

-- around (3+ S)

-------

around ina circle around P (encircling P) blocking an entrance or exit blocking P’s way guarding P in a leaning position

-- ina line, row or series

-- in P (mud, snow, water)

-- in P’s way (obstructing P)

-- leaning against P -- on (top of) P

-----

on one’s hands on one’s head straight up (as a bottle) tall, erect, vertical

-- under P supporting it -- upright (bottle, can)

-- Waiting for P Standing Rock, New Mexico staple (to nail up fencing)

STAR: fallen --

shooting --(s) -- gazer -- gazing do --gazing

with P

-- back down from a height -- back with O (carrying it) -- down from a height (start a descent) -- O (motor) -- off (set out, leave)

with P -- off back (returning)

-- off with O (carrying -- P (motor, business)

Star, the Morning/Evening

N-Il1-3618

starch, laundry stare atO

N-Ill-1109

-- to go

-- to go along

MV-V-203 TS’AA’ C(IV)1 MV-V-204;MVX1-94 MV-V-205 MV-V-206:MVX!-95 MV-I-170 WOD, A(IV)1 MV-VIII-64 MV-V-195;MVX1-92 MV-V-196;MVVI-49;MV-VIII61;MV-XI-96;

MV-XII-65

-- to go along in company with P (companion) a ceremony is --ed get off to a good -P --s (an activity, event) S --s (car motor) --ing off --ing point of its trail STARTLE: Ol?

N-Il|-2058

GEEZH

it)

-- to (a destination)

be --ed (by P)

N-Il-1221

MV-V-201 MV-V-202 MV-I-169

-- off (set out, leave) in company

3609

Star Lake, New Mexico Star of Dawn

be easily --ed STARVATION:

Bi(I)1;

‘4c

die of --

staring eyes, there are

TS’EE’s (1)3

there is --

Starry glasswort (plant) START: -- (of an event)

N-Il!-3691

STARVE: P is/are -- ing

MV-V-197 DEE’ A(V)18 "AAZH A(I1)21 DEE’ A(V)13, 18:YA A(VI)3 TS’AA’ C(Ill)1 PAR-XII-113 N-Il1-1487

NE’o A(1)48;YIZ A(\li)1,3 TAAL4A(IV) 14;YIZA(II)6, 8,12 YIZ B(II)1 N-I-515;N-lll2098 NAg B(|)1 CHIN 2

GHAA’; A(1)3; Yfq B(I)1

-- (to perform the action)

N-Ill-1913 MV-V-207;MVXII-64; MV-XIII63 MV -VII-27

-- after something (to get it)

MV-V-198:MV-

starwort, hairy (plant) stash away (hide)

X1-9;MV-XII-9:

state

-- (a learner)

MV-V-199 MV-V-200;MVXI-93:LIJD4 A(I)3

-- back (returning) in company

Z[’;MV-XV-35 MV-XV-36 MV-XV-37 MV-XV-38 MV-XV-40 MV-XV-39 MV-XV-41 MV-XV-43 MV-XV-44 MV-XV-45 MV-XV-42 MV-XV-46 MV-XV-49 MV-XV-47 MV-XV-48 MV-XV-50 MV-XV-51 MV-XV-52 MV-XV-53 MV-XV-54 N-Ill-4164 N-IIl-264 N-I-1456;2290 N-Ill-3614 N-IIl-3611;3621 N-Ill-1580 N-IIl-1579 D4 E(V)1;YAA C(Ill)4 DEE’ A(V)12 N-Ill-4094

position):

-- after something (to get it) in company with P -- back (returning)

TSI A(1)28

-- (3+ subjects)

-- to death

MV-XIII-10

1414

DEE’ A(I)24 GHAA", A(1)1; YA BiIll)1 N-IlI-3468 N-I-1409 N-Ill-2860

STATES

Ser

States of Utah (lit. the area bounded

around Salt Lake) static, S hangs (as fog,dust, gas, stench)

-- backwards -- down -- down from a higher to a lower rank -- forward: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

N-II|-3623

GO’ E(I)2;JOOL H(II)1;KAAD G(l)1 N-IlI-1261 KIDo E(I)1

station, gasoline stationary, hold stature (height), be a certain

TSOH B(1)8

-- ina hole (in the dark)

stature, P is a person of small

tl’ D(til)1

-- in P (as mud)

STAY:

P --s (as a visitor) -- behind (to guard or babysit when others leave)

-- in under P

NA’o A(1)2

-- inside an enclosure -- into one’s slippers or shoes -- into P

DA D(I)1

-- over (in a place)

‘D4 Brill)

S --ed (as a tribe)

T’E’g A(l)1

-- into P and get foot caught/stuck

steadily

PAR-XII-736

-- into the water

steal (sneak) steal (something)

‘((o;MV-IX ‘Po Bil)

YA A(I)54 'EEZ B(I)1

YA A(\)54

YA A(\)54 "AAZH E(1)4 KAI G(I)7 WOD, A(III)86 TAAL, A(V)7 'EEZ Bi(I)1 'EEZ B(I)1 TAAL, A(I)11 'EEZ A(IV)7; TAAL] A(I)11 ‘EEZ A(IV)9 'EEZ A(IV)7; TAAL 4A(I)11; (V)7 TAAL4 A(V)114

steal O (from P)

‘if’'o BN2

-- off (a distance)

stealthily, advance

YA D(1)6;;AAZH

-- on oneself

E(1)4;KAI G(1)7

= On P

TAAL 1 A(V)3 TAAL, A(V)11

N-I-1453;

-- one step ata time

'EEZ H(I)1

2288;N-Ill-

-- out of P (as out of a shoe or

steam

3603;4743

steam roller Steamboat Canyon, Arizona

slipper)

N-III-755

-- over P

N-1-1594;N-III-

2128;3868 N-I-1670;N-III3947 TL’AA’ (I)1 N-I11-953;1017 N-I-195;1694 A (1)42 N-Il-44 N-Ill-862 N-I-870;2011;NI]-255

-- quietly out horizontally -- quietly out -- quietly outside -- take a --- to (a place) --toP -- up (climbing - with quiet steps) -- up (step forward): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subejcts

stem, tip end ofa

N-1-1099

-- up on P (as up onto a box)

stenographer STEP (move the feet): -- across -- along backwards:

N-II|-3258 "EEZ A(IV)7 cE Za(Ni

be --ing along lightly be --ing along sideways: 1 subject 2 subjects

YA D(I)6 "AAZH E(\)4

3+ subjects come/go/arrive --ing

KAI G(1)7 YA D(I)6

descend a -- ata time start off --ing start to -- along

steatopygous steatopygous, be steel steel (for making fire) steep, area is steer steering wheel stem

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- along sideways: 1 subject

2 subjects

"AAZH E(I)4

start to -- quietly along

KAI G(1)7 *EEZ A(IV)9,10

take a --

-- around P

'EEZ A(Ill)1

take a series of --s

------

EEZ B(I)7 "EEZ Bi|)1 YA A(1)44;(11)10 "EEZ B(I)1 ‘BeZ Bd

3+ subjects -- and get foot stuck as far as a stopping point aside aside (leave office) away and disappear away out of sight

there are ascending --s stepdaughter stepdaughter (man speaking) stepdaughter (woman speaking)

1415

TAAL4 A(V)10 ’EEZ A(IV)7; TAAL4 A(V)11 'EEZ B(I)2 YA A(|)36 'EEZ B(I)2 'EEZ A(IV)14 'EEZ B(I)7 'EEZ B(I)6 'EEZ B(I)5 YA D(I)6 ‘AAZH E(I)4 KAI G(I)7 TAAL4 A(V)11 'EEZ H(II)1

YA D(I)6 '‘AAZH E(I)4 KAI G(I)7 ‘EEZ B(I)6 ‘EEZ H(I)1 'EEZ BI) 'EEZ B(I)4 'EEZ B(I)3 'EEZ A(IV)14; G(I)1 TAAL C(\)2 K'|H, 1(1)3 N-II|-330 N-I1|-3453 N-I11-3455

STICK

STEPFATHER

stepfather stepmother stepmother, stepfather, etc. stepson

stepson (man speaking) stepson (woman speaking) Stepped Rock Trail STERILE: -- male it makes P -P is -- (male) sterilized (rendered sterile), O is (a human)

sterilizing, do the sternly sternum

sternum, hollow above the

STEW:

N-IlI-330; 2065;3450 N-II1-330;3451

out vertically (up out)

‘YD E(V)1;(

straight up (into the air)

straight out

vi)1 N-III-330 N-II1-3452 N-III-3454 N-II1-4113

through P through P (fence, fog) through P (window, hole)

up (as a ladder) up (into the air)

N-Il-1725 YAA C(IIl)1 CHiy B(I)1

up jagged up out

YAA C(VIN)2 GAIl A(II)2 PAR-XII-781 N-I-2212:2213; 2215;N-IlI-4659 N-1-2174 N-I-88;1610

up straight and slender S is --ing up out -- a hole in P -- one’s arm out -- one’s footieg: into an enclosure (as a hole,

room)

-- made of beeweed and

vegetables -- made with corn, meat, etc. beef --

ceremonial -mutton

--

--pot

STICK (adhere): -- (to P)

-- d.p. O onto the surface of P -OtoP -- O together

-- together S --s to (something unspecified) S --s to P (as burned food) S is --y STICK (extend): S --(s): across in under P into an enclosure (as a pole into a hole) into P

into P (thorn, needle) into P’s mouth into dirvashes into fire into town into water

(dangles horizontally) out (dangles out)

into P (as mud, a bucket)

into the fire into the water into P and get it stuck out straight out straight and parallel up out (as from the water, a box) out from under P (as from a blanket) one’s hand(s): and get it stuck into an enclosure

N-Il-642 N-Ill-1949 N-IIl-670 N-I11-225 N-I-89 N-IIl-286;386

JEE’s A(I)2 JEE’s A(II}4 JEE’3 A(I)5 JEE’3 A(II)1 JEE’s A(I)1 TL'INg (II)1 LID A(Il)1 JEE’3 C(I)1; TL'INg (I)1

into P

into P’s pocket into the fire up out of water

-- one’s hand/finger: into dirt/ashes into P into P’s /one’s own eye into the fire

MV-XIV-1 MV-XIV-22

MV-XIV-24 MV-XIV-25 JIL A(I)1 MV-XIV-26 MV-XIV-27 MV-XIV-28 MV-XIV-29 MV-XIV-30 MV-I-172 MV-I-174

into the water

through P -- one’s head (slowly/quickly): -- horizontally out -- in under P -- into an enclosure

out (protrudes from a surface a bump)

out horizontally out of P (barrel, hole)

MV-XIV-38 MV-XIV-41 JIL A(I)8;C(I)2 MV-XIV-42 JIL A(I)3 MV-XIV-43 MV-XIV-44 A (1)27 ’A (1)1,20,47; KAAL C(II)1;TSI A(1)28 ZA’; B(I)1 MV-XIV-49-JIL A(I)7;C(I)1 NEEZ A(I)6 JIL C(I) TSI A(I)2 Nil'y A(V)7,12

"A (1)29 MV-XIV-36 MV-XIV-37

-- into P

1416

'EEZ A(IV)2 ’EEZ A(IV)7 ’EEZ A(IV)11 'EEZ A(IV)7 'EEZ A(IV)9 A (|) 16;JIL A(I)8 ZHOOZH A(II)2 "EEZ A(IV)12

'EEZ A(IV)12 NII'y A(V)10 CHID3 A(IV)1; NII’y A(V)1 CHID3 A(IV)9; Nil’ A(V)9 Nil’y A(V)1 NIl’y A(V)11 CHID3 A(IV)12 CHID3 A(IV)9 CHID3 A(IV)6 CHID3 A(IV)9 CHID3 A(IV)9; Nit A(I)11 CHID3 A(IV)9; NII't A(I)9 CHID3 A(IV)4,7 'A A(II)26;NE’o A(III)5 'A A(II)14;NE'o A(\Il)1 'A A(II)14;NE’o A(ill)1 'A A(II)40;NE’o A(II1)8

STICK

into P and get it stuck -- into the fire -- into water -- to P’s mouth (kiss P)

-- through P -- up out -- up for P (take P’s side) STICK (wooden):

-- (Moccasin Game) bent --- (straight) (in the form of a snake used ceremonially) crooked snake -(used ceremonially) notched -Stirring -walking or planting --- dice -- dice player stone against which the -dice are bounced play the -- dice game

stick leaf (plant) STICK (stab, jab, thrust, poke): -- (d.p.) O up out (slender rigid object) -- (unspecified) away out of sight -- a hole in P -- a pin/needle into O/oneself -- a series of thorns/pins into oneself -- O: away into space away out of sight in under P in/away out of sight into an enclosure into flesh (as in jabbing oneself with a needle)

into one’s own mouth into oneself (as a needle, knife) into P (as one’s tongue into a bottle) into P into P’s ear into P’s mouth

STICK

*h A(\I)27 ‘Z

into P and get it stuck (as a key in a lock) into the fire

A A(II)30;NE'> A(IIl)6 ’A A(II)40;NE’o A(ItI)8 A A(II)24;NE’o A(Ill)4 A A(11)22,23; NE’o A(IIl)3 A A(II)35;NE’o A(III)7

into the water (as a stick) out (one’s tongue)

straight out through oneself (as a sword)

Lij’ E(t) 4;NV’

through P (as a sword, knife)

B(I)1 N-I-1939; 1956;N-Ill-4370 N-Ill-725 N-II|-4359

up into the air - one’s foot into P’s mouth

-- one’s tongue out at someone -- one’s tongue out repeatedly (as a snake) - oneself once -- oneself repeatedly

N-Il1-43514

(as with a needle) -- oneself with a pointed object (as a pin)

N-II1-4365 N-Il|-3517 N-1-15 N-1-658 N-I-1914;N-IIl4263 N-IIl-64

--P with O stickers (fine, as those on a cactus) stickers, S is full of Stiff-Armed Person

N-IlI-346 DEEL» A(Il)1 N-Il|-2258

Siler: S is -- (mortar, plaster)

S is -- with rigor mortis P’s body is -become

TSI A(I)19,20 GEED A(IV)2 TSI A(I)2 KAI E(I)1;(II)1

--

get -- muscles get the --ness out of an area lie ---enO S --ens S sticks out -still (calm) S/area is still (calm), become

KAI D(Il)1 TSI A(1)3 GEED A(IV)1; TSI A(I)1 TSIA(I)1 GEED A\(III)1 TSIA(I)1

stillborn, the baby was still

still farther down still more than it

ZHIIZH A(I)10 TSI A(II)3 GEED A(IV)1

Stilts STING: --er bee's --er poison from a --- O one time (as a bee) -- O repeatedly (as a wasp) be a --er (as a wasp) P goes about --ing

GEED A(IIl)12 GEED A(III)1; TSI A(I)1 GEED A(IIl)12 TSI A(I)16

S --s (smarts)

1417

TSI A(II)1,4 GEED A(III)10; TSI A(1)18 GEED AjIIl)12 GEED A(Ill)11; NOOD A(I)1; C(l)1 TSI A(I)23 GEED A(IV)3,5,7 GEED A(III)4, 6:TSI A(1)10,14 TSI A(1)30 TAAL 4 A(V)6 GEED A(Ill)11

ZI’ C(I)3 ZHIIZH F(Il)1 ZHIIZH Di(IIl)1

KAI E(II)1; ZHIIZH A(II)2 TSI A(I)5 N-I-303 JIL A(I)2 N-IlI-1867 TLS B(I)1 TS’IN, B(I)1 K’AAZHp C(I)1 K’AAZHp A(!) 1;TLIS A(I)3 DOH A(I)1

ZAq A(Il)2 JIL A(1)8;C (12 TLEIS A(II)4 DZIL B(I)1 ’A (1)32 ZEE’s B(I)2;(Il)1 ZEE’o A(l)1 "EEL A(I)39 PAR-XII532:541 PAR-XII-895 PAR-XII-550 N-Il|-2208 N-I-1104;2297 N-1-2297 N-I-2298 N-1-1104 ZHIIZH F(t)1 ZHIIZH D(il)1 ZHIIZH D(I)1

ZOOZ; (1)1 CH'Il’ C(IlI)1

STING

STOMP

S is/are (words, wind) --ing stingy, be (with P)

CH’ C(2;(II1)1 CHAA’, B(i)1;

stink

CH’ (1)1;TSOH A(\)2 CHAA’o I(IIl)1 CHAA’s I(1N1)2 N-Ill-2530;

stinks, area

stink bug

-- one’s feet (as in getting snow off one’s shoes) S -- out grain (as horses) STONE: porous -red -flint --es --es (used as tools) small --es -- against which stick dice are bounced

4505;4506;

stink flower stinkweed

450734512; 4557 N-1-2111 N-1-2111

stinkbug Stinking Lake, New Mexico

stir (move), start to

stiming (moving), be

peach --

N-II1-3851 "AAZH A(1)47; CH'IIZH A(I)1; KAI B(|)62; NAA’o A(II)1; B(I)1;YA A(I)69 NAA’ C(I)1

-- quarry -- trap

-- O (throw stones at O) -- O to death stoneseed gromwell (plant) Stony Butte, New Mexico stool, bloody

STIR:

-- O/P -- O about -- O until it foams

---fry O

--ing stick (especially for mush) stirrup

stirrup strap

STITCH: -- P (sew with sinew) attach O to P with a --

be --ing O make --es (d.p.) make/put a -- in P (with a needle) putin a single --

stock of a gun stocking stockings, buckskin

stocky Stocky Woman Stocky Man stolen from P, O is

stolen property/goods STOMACH: rennet -- (of a ruminant) -- ache

-- cramps -- gas have a -- cramp

P gets a -- cramp turn a -- inside out be unable to --O

STOOP:

GIZH B(1)3;TS| C(I)2 ZIIDo C(I)1 YA A(ill)4 ZIIDo C(\)2,3 N-1-2012 N-IlI-1163 N-Ill-1164

-- down -- over

be --ed over

be going about --ed over be in a --ed position become --ed over

go along --ed over

T'’4 C(I)1,2 CHA’s A(I)1 KAD B(|)1 TSI B(I)4,5 Ty A(II)8 CHA’s B(I)1 N-III-803 N-I-2224:N-III2433 N-I-6 PAR-VIII N-I11-304 N-IlI-1956 LA A(IIl)1 N-Ill-3904 N-I-201 N-1-2105 N-Ill-366;4058 N-Ill-4058 N-I-2253 K’AAD A(I)1 JIL A(I)5 GOZH (I)1 ‘JD4 D(!)1

move

-- (doing something)! --O -- (unspecified ) O

-- doing P

-- O out (as water, in a bog)

N-III-346 N-I-520 N-I1l-4114 N-Ill-4072 NE'o A(I)53 NE'o A(I)47 N-Il1-513;519 N-I11-4171 N-Ill-1205

TAAZ» C(I)1 TAAZo C(I)1; YIIZH B(I)1 YIIZH G(Il)1 YIIZH C(1)1 DLOOZH F(I)1 YIIZH G(It)1 TAAZ» A(I)1 YIIZH F(I)1 DLOOZH A(I)60 MV-XII-66;'1JD 4 B(III)1;TLAH A(I)1;YAA C(IIl)1 PAR-XIII-25 TLAHp A(II)1 TLAHp A(II)2 TID A(l)1

-- on P (to P’s detriment - as one’s

watch or car) -- with P (passenger)

bring O toa -come

to a --

make a -- (in a vehicle) make a -- with P (as a bus) P makes a -- (as a bus) S --ed (as a tribe in migration)

want to -- (doing something) without --page be --ped up (with S) --per putin a --per S --S up an area

STOMP: -- once

in a --ed position

SOP:

TAAL, D(IV)2; E(\l)3 'EEZ A(II)2 N-I-1805;1903 N-Ill-4102 N-Ill-4172 N-I-1841 N-I-1502 N-Ill-4236

"EEZ A(II)4 TAALy E(II)3

-- and go light

1418

TLAHp A(I)1 TLAH A(I)1 TLAHp A(l)1 TLAHd A(I)1 MV-XII-66 TLAHd A(II)2 TLAHs A(I)2 T’E’3 A(\)1 Zi)’ C(\)2 PAR-XII-630 BIJD/BIN; B(1)3,4 N-IlI-49 'A A(I)25

BIJD/BIN, A(1)3,4 N-Ill-2502

STORAGE

STORAGE:-- pit -- place concealed -- place/pit into a concealed -- place -- shed STORE:

grocery/food ---house --keeper

--O

stork’s bill (plant) storm a city

storm, there is an electrical STORY: -- book dirty -be telling --ies begina -finish a -get a good start ona -get well into a -stop telling a -tell P (a --) the -- of P is told STOUT: be -be be be be

--er than P as --asP comparatively -less -- than P

be this --

STRAIGHT

N-I-1400;N-III2676 N-1-1408 N-1-1408;1410 N-I-1409 N-II1-2089 N-I-675;N-III3275 N-1-394:676:N-

IIl-1409 N-I-740;N-III2089 N-Il|-3276 MV-I-173;CH{1 B(II)1 N-I-597 BAA’ A(|)7 CH'L D(Il)1 N-Ill-1943 N-Ill-3269 N-III-1946 NE’3 C(l)1 NE’s A(I)1 NE’3 A(I)5 NE’3 A(1)4 NE’3 A(1)4 NE’3 A(I)5 NE’3 B(I)3 NE’s B(II)3 PAR-VIIL CHAA’ 1;DfiLo (Il)1 DifLo (Il)1 DiiLo (1)1,2 DifLo (1I)1 DifLo (\l)1 DifLo (1)3,5

STOVE: electric -iron --

--pipe

N-IIl-978 N-I-189 N-1-190;2295;NW-937;1172;

straddle P (with one’s legs) straggler straggler, the last STRAIGHT: S is -area is -S sticks out -S sticks up -- and slender stand --- ahead

4745 K’AI’ D(l)1 N-Ill-1355 N-I-948

DOOD E(I)4 DOOD E(I)5 MV-XIV-44 JIL C(I)2 "A(|)1, 27,48; NEEZ A(\)6 DOOD A(|)2 PAR-XII-764

STRAIGHT OUT: S stick --

MV-XIV-41

be holding O -hold a SSO -Stick O -STRAIGHT UP: S stick (into the air) S stands/towers -S stand -- in parallel position

STRAIGHTEN: 30 --O out -- out one’s legs -- P out (by pulling it taut) -- up

re--O -S -S

“things” out (resolve a problem) (problem) --s out (resolves itself) O out (tidy O) is --ed up

STRAIN (filter): --O out -- O out of P (as foreign matter from milk) -- O through P (as milk through a screen) --er --er (for milk) STRAIN (make an effort): --atP -- away be --ing at P stop --ing

--(n.) strait

stranded, go and get strands, border (on shawl/blanket) stranger

MV-XIV-41; DOOD E(II)1 ’A (11)11,17 DOOD E(II)1 MV-XIV-42 ‘A (1)48;Z]’ D(I)12 TS’EE’o (1)4 DOOD AiII)2,4; K’AAZ A(|)1 DOODA(II)2,3,4 ZHOOZH A\(II)2 TS'’OOD A(II)17 DOOD A(\)2 DOOD A(II)4; K’AAZ A(I)1 DOOD A(II)5 DOOD A(I)1 YAA C(I)5 YAA C(VI)8 "EEL A(V)34

"EEL A(V)34

DEE’ A(II)1 N-III-683 N-Ill-6:737 DZIL A(II)2;C(1)1 DZIL A(II)1;C(I)1 DZIL A(II)1 DZIL D(|)1 DZIL A(II)4 N-Ill-403;2922 N-Ill-2445 MV-V-208 N-III-5 N-I-473:618

STRANGLE: --P -- P with a looped cord have a --hold on P’s neck with

TSOOD A(IV)1 LO’ A(I)25

a looped cord strap O on (pistol, knife)

LO’ F(I)3 TA, A(Il)18

strap, buckskin

N-IIl-2 K'JHy (2

strata, S lie in ascending strawberry

N-I-449:752-N-

II1-1503 strawberry tomato stray off (go away and disappear, get lost) stray off course (into a dtich, over an edge)

N-Il1-1184

MV-V-18 MV-I-32;MVVIII-49;MV-XI]61;MV-XIII-52

STRETCH

STREAK

STREAK

S --es (as a rubber band) S --es loosely S --es to form a point (as an

(go fast):

be --ing along S goes --ing about S goes --ing along (on P) STREAM: -- bed

in a steady -direct a -- of water into the fire S --s over the edge

ZI’ E(ll)1 T'l’o Bil) TI’ D(I)2; N-I-1599;N-IIl3884 N-I-241 PAR-XII-607 LIZH A(I)6 DAAZ A(I)13; GO’ A(I)33;L{ (Al)24;TS’A’ B(1)9;ZHOOZH A(l)12

extended ridge) stretcher, wheeled

STREW: -- O: about across

along around in circle

around P as far as a stopping point

streamers of S onit, P has (as lights

ona Christmas tree)

STREAMING: move O by --

make O move -- out (as grain from a chute) S (a mass) moves --

away out of sight

DIZ G(N2

from one end to the other over a surface

ZIIDo;MV-I

S is -- along S moves -- away and disappears S moves -- into an enclosure S moves -- out horizontally

S moves -- over the edge S moves as far as a stopping point S moves up out --

STREET(S): city -dead-end --- corner -- light -- sweeper along the -down the -strength

strength, with all one’s stress O (fact)

STRETCH: - O (a hide, sweater) --O across -- O over P (as a rope over a tree limb, where it remains)

-- one’s legs out straight -- oneself

- the neck up and gawk have O --ed out straight S --es

’A (120 N-Ill-2110 ZASo;MV-III NIL B(I)1 GHAAD A(\)8 NIL A(I)36 GHAAD A(1)2; NIL A(1)6 GHAAD A\(\)4; NIL A(I)28 GHAAD A(I)8 NIL A(1)47 KAAD A(IV)17

be --ing O along (water, seeds,

pollen) go out --ing O stricken with fear, people become stricken with S (a disease), P is

ZHOOZH Ai(IIl)5 ZHOOZH A(I)5

S (a mass) moves -- down

(from a height)

TS'OOD BiI)2 TLOO’ Bil)1

ZHOOZH A(I)3,4,5 ZHOOZH Bil)1 ZHOOZH A\(I)5 ZHOOZH A\(I)5 ZHOOZH A\(I)6 ZHOOZH A(I)12 ZHOOZH A(I)10 ZHOOZH A(I)8 N-II1-2505 TIIN 19 N-II1-4387 N-II1-3296 N-IIl-4034 N-II1-2503 PAR-XII336;338 PAR-XII-337 N-I-617;N-Ill131:1804 PAR-XII191;781 TA’o C(I)1

NIL H(I)1 NIL A(I)33 DEE’ A(V)17 A G(N2;Lif’ C(I)1

STRIKE:

=C

-- a series of blows with class O

-- P (with class O - let fly a blow in company with P) -- one blow (with class O) -- once at O (take one whack at O): with a fist at a ball (with a bat) with a club with a whip/lash with claws or nails with a hammer

MV-II-24; TSXAS C(II)1 MV-II-33:TS’INo C(Il)1 MV-Il-32 MV-lI-29 MV-Il-30 TS’INo A(1)13 GHAAL A(II)26 GHAAL A(II)23 TSXAS A(I)6 GHAZ A(I)12 TSEED» D(I)1

-- repeatedly at O (take repeated

whacks at O): with a club, bat

with a whip with a fist

with claws or nails with a hammer

MV-II-34 GHAAL A(II)27 TSXAS A(I)7 TS'INo A(I)12 GHAZ A(!)14 TSEEDo C(1)15(1)1

-- O against each other (together)

TS'OOD BiIl)1 TI's A(II)24

once

-- O against each other (together) repeatedly -- O against P one time

T'I'y A(Il)10 'EEZ A(IV)13 K'AAZ A(Il)1 TS’QOD A(I)9

-- O against P repeatedly

K'AAZ B(I)1 TS'OOD:MV-

XIV

-- at P and miss (with a whip)

1420

MV-Il-27;NIL G(!)1

MV-II-28 MV-Il-25:NIL G(I)2 MV-II-26:NIL E(I)2:TSXAS C(I)3 TSXAS A(I)2

STRONG

STRIKE

------

O off (with a blow from a sword) O together

oneself a lashing blow out among P with a club

out at O one time with a lashing blow -- out (into space):

with a club with the fist with a whip with a club -- the moccasin (Moccasin Game) -- at O repeatedly/once (in the Moccasin Game)

-- O once and lose (in the Moccasin Game) -- upon P (guess, discover, invent) have the habit of --ing with the fists S --s at P (as a snake) --a match striking a happy medium

STRING: -- O (beads) -- O on P (as lights on a Christmas tree) -- P (a bow) -- the warp on aloom

start to -- P (beads)

“-- O along” be “--inging O along” String Game Strings Across Branch (a chant) STRIP: -- O off (of P) (medals, buttons) -- O off (of P) (as bark from a sapling)

GHAAL TSXAS TSXAS GHAAL

A(II)18 C(I)2 A(Il)2 A(II)9

P is (in body) -P is comparatively ---ly strop, razor

STRUCK: be -- by a falling SRO/FFO = bag, package

TSXAS A(I)8 NE’o A(I)40 GHAAL A(II)9 TS'INo A(I)1,5,6 TSXAS A(I)3 GHAAL A(I))9, 11 TSEEL A(I)2

P is -- by lightning be -- dumb by P struggle, be putting up a struggling along, be (walking) (sick or wounded person)

TSEEL A(1)17,18

strychnine stub one’s toe on P (as ona protruding rock)

TSEEL C(I)1 TAg A(\)2 TS'INo C(I)1 WOD, A(III)52 KAAL, E(\)1; ZO Di(l)1 PAR-XII-869 N-I-1759; 1765;N-Ill-4036 ‘EEZH C(I)1

stub-nosed Stub-Nose (personal nickname) stubble, area is covered with stubby horns, P has stubby ears, P has

stubby-eared Stubby-Ears stucco

Ty B(II)1 T'’4 A(1)95(I)11 ZHEE’o A(I)1,2 'EEZH A(I)6 ’AA’ A(I)5 ’AA’ C(|)1 N-Ill-2988 N-Il1-2005

stucco O stucco an area

STUCK: become --

get -- (as with a problem)

Bij'2 B(l)1 ZOOZo

get -- in P (as in an old refrigerator, pipe, car) getO -- in P (as a car in mud)

A(|)12,16 -- O back off (buttons, insignia,

jewelry) -- O into P -- the threads on (a bolt) O are --ed back off striped, S is

striped rock beaver (beetle) striving for P’s sake, be striving, be stroller

STRONG: S/P is -area is -be --er than P be as --asP

make oneself --

Bil'2 BiIj2

ZOOZo A(I)32

get O/something -- in one’s throat

GIZ A(\)12 Bis Bil)1

go and get -S (arrowhead) is -- in P

ZOOZo E(!)3

stick O and get it -- (as a key in a lock) stick one’s foot and get it -in P (as ina stirrup, tin can)

N-IIl-1197 DZIL D(II)1 DZIL D(Il)1 N-Ill-407;408

be “--up”

stud horse student student dormitory students of language study O (as a science or subject)

DZIL E(IN)2,3 TLS A(Il)1

study, course of

1421

DZIL E(I)2 DZIL E(II)3 PAR-XII-303 N-I11-143 AH, A(Ill)1; NE’o A(II)4; CH'IL A(I)1 TID B(I)3 DLAAD Di(IIl)1 YA D(II)9;;AAZH E(I1)8;KAI G(l)12 N-I-2814 TAAL, A(1)4;

(V)1,5;E(II)1 N-I-311 N-I-309;312;NIll-1299;1308 TL’O (I)2 CH'jD4 (12 CHD, (1)3 N-Ill-2281 N-II1-2310 N-IIl-1968 DLEEZH B(I)1 DLEEZH B(I)3 TIH4 A(II)3; ZHASH A\(I)1; (II)3 YA A(\)77; "AAZH A(1)52; KAI B(I)69; ZHASH A(1)1;(l1)3

MV-V-209 BAAZ A(lIl)11,12 NA’3 A(I)5,6 MV-V-208,209 T'OD, (I)1 TS! A(Il)1,4

TAAL, A(V)9 NID 4 B(IN)3 N-1-335;1185 N-Ill-3528 N-Ill-3523 N-Ill-3563 KAA"o Bil) 1,2 N-Il-1051;2173

STUFF

STUFF: -- O away out of sight --O into P get --ed (eating O)(V. OVEREAT) get --ed (eating unspecified O) P is --ed to the point of bursting STUMBLE: -- against P (as against a chair in the dark) -- and fall flat -- and fall on one's knees -- and fall over

SUBSIDE

ZHOOZH A\(III)1 ZHOOZH A(IIl)10 ’AAL A\(Il)1 ’AAL A(I)2 DOG 1 TAAL A(V)7 GO’ A(!)17 GO'A(I)8 GO' A(I)27

cliff or chasm)

STUMP: -- (tree)

rotting -- of a yucca Stump-Arm

Stump-Leg Stump-Nose

stump O (as with an unanwerable question)

WOD, A(III)86 DZA’y A(I)4 N-Ill-308 N-Ill-4115 N-I-595 N-I-649 N-II|-2287 N-I-309;N-III1308 CHAA’y A(Il)15

stump 3+ O (as students with a problem)

KAAD A(V1)37 N-I-803

stupe STUPID: -- one P is --

make a -- mistake --ly stutter

stutterer, be a sty (on the eye)

Suanee, New Mexico Subagency Superintendent subdue P by fighting SUBJECT: --S (for study)

--§ to be discussed -- Matter

on the -- of (talking about)

subjugate O SUBMARINE(S): ride ina

P comes

--

back up ina

--

submerge (submarine) SUBSIDE: high water --es a swelling --es S (a penile erection) --es

N-Ill-1736 GIZ H(1)3,6; YAAD Ci(IIl)1 CH’AA’ A(II)1 PAR-XII-155 ozif B(I)2 Dzil B(I)2 N-IIl-3190;3201 N-I-1005 N-IIl-3324 Lif A(ih2

substitute O for P subtract from P

succeed at P such and such (a person) SUCK: --O away out (with a syringe, by pulling on a plunger) out horizontally up out (from the interior of P)

up --onO

-- on oneself one time -- on oneself be --ing along

be --ing on oneself give O a series of --s give O one -perform a --ing rite (on O) S --s prolongedly start to --O along all day --er (candy) sudatory suddenly

suddenly without warning suds suds, yucca

SUFFER: -- (for P) -- from hunger -- from P (hunger/thirst/worry) -- hardship

N-Ill-1039 N-Ill-619 N-IIl-1039 T'l'y BUI) 'A ACI TSNIL A(Il)1 N-ll-4312:4313 'EEL:;MVVIIISsMV-XIlI ‘EEL A(\)41 "EEL A(I)3,74

GO’ A(I)1 CHID, A(I)1 NA’ A(V)8; TSOOZ A(|)2

‘AAD B(I)1 NA’s C(I)1; TS7i(D B(II)1

subsist on P, start to

subtracted from P, O is

-- over one’s own feet while

running -- over the edge (ofa

the level of water is --ing subsist on P

-- Stage fright at the sight of P -- the infirmities of old age be --ing from P (hunger, thirst)

P is --ing pain from S there is --ing sufficiency sufficient to meet one’s own need suffocate, P starts to suffocation

SUGAR: brown -powdered -- bowl

-- cane suggest P

--

NA’, A(l)1 MV-1-174 NIZH A(I)4;NIL A(1)21;A(1)17 NIL A(II)16 YAA A(II)10 N-Ill-149 TS'OOZ BiI)2 T’'OODp A(Il)13 T'OOD, A(Il)1

ZIID> A(I)26 T’'OOD> A(II)6 T’'OOD> A(II)8 T’OOD> A(II)9 T'OODo C(I)1; TS’OOZ BiI)1 TS’OOZ D(Il)1 TS’OOZ C(Il)2 T’'OODo E(I)2 TS'OOZ BiI)2 T’'OODo C(Il)1 T’'OODo D(I)1 TS’OOZ B(I)1,2 T’OODo B(I)1 T’OODp AI(II)7 N-Ill-215 N-I-1490 PAR-XII616;652 PAR-XII-617 N-I-1492 N-I-1493;1781 D4 G()1 DEE’ A(1)24 GO’ E(I)3 Nil'g Bill) TID B(I)3 Nil'g B(Il)1 GO’ E(|)3; GHAA’, A(I)3 GAII D(III)2 Nil’g B(IIl)1 N-I11-2159 PAR-XII-666

Y[q A(l)1 N-I-2223 N-IIl-320 N-Ill-323 N-III-322 N-III-324 N-Il-1519 'A A(1)29

SUGGESTION

suggestion, make a SUICIDE: commit --

be committing -start to commit --

SUN

"A A(I)63 N-Ill-183;3010 GHAA’; A(II)

-- glasses in the --(shine)

3;Y{4 BiII)1 Yfq B(Il)1

after --down/--set shortly after --down after --rise/--up

GHAA’y A(II) 4;Y{4 A(Il)1

get the idea of committing -suit of clothing suit of women’s clothing. SUITABLE: be -become

--

in a -- manner

suitcase sulfur sulfur, native sulk sullen, become

Yfq A(II)1 N-IIl-1836 N-Il1-292

Sulphur Springs, New Mexico sumac (plant) sumac, aromatic

SUMMER:

-- before last during the/in the --

every -last --

this (current or future) ---time

in the --time

-- begins -- passes it becomes

--

P spends the -Summer People (of mythology) Summer solstice SUMMIT:

-- (of a mountain) near the -up on the -summoned, P is

SUN: --beam

--light -- up/--rise --down/--set

--ray(s) --wise

T’EEH Bil)1 T’EEH A(I)1 PAR-XII-898 N-Ill-4391 N-IlI-2715 N-IlI-2522 CHXQ)' B(I)1 K’OSH B(I)1

sully (befoul) oneself (by getting a filthy disease, as AIDS)

--ny side on the --ny side

ring/halo around the --- comes

out

-- comes

back out

-- moves here and there (among clouds) -- rises -- sets

YA A(1)80 N-IIl-3575 N-Ill-1302;4428 N-1-1041 N-I-1478;N-IIl3648 PAR-XII-410 N-I-1482:PARX1I-514 N-I-1480;PARXII-693 N-I-1481;N-III3649;PAR-XII513 N-I-1479;N-Ill1718:3650 N-I-1478 PAR-XII-514 ZH{ A(1)3,4 ZH{ A(I)1 ZH{j A(I)3,4 ZH A(\)2 N-IIl-3651 N-Ill-3634 N-I-695 N-I-601;696 PAR-XII-395 PAR-XII-873 NID A(Il)1; B(II)3 N-I-1461;N-IIl2370 N-I-1462: 1764;N-IIl-2373 N-Ill-3633 N-IIl-1932 N-II|-2177

-- sinks behind a hill -- Starts to move

-- starts to move along be --ing oneself get --burned P stays until --up sunflower sunflower, common/wild

sunflower, Nuttall Sun Bearer Sun Trails

Sun Trails/Paths Sunlight People (mythology) Sunrise Spring, Arizona Sunrise, Arizona Sunset Crater, Arizona Sunday Sunday, next sundries superbly superimpose O superintendent superintendant, assistant Superintendent of the Navajo

SUPERIOR: be -- (at P)

-- to it SUPERNATURAL: -- being a class of -- being -- power be endowed with -- powers propitiate the --s

Supernaturals

N-Ill-2909;2910 N-I-1475;PARXII-507 PAR-XII-322 PAR-XII-836 PAR-XII-240 N-I-1473 PAR-XII-508 N-I-1764;N-Ill3375 PAR-XII-498 N-Ill-2371;3626 A A(1)46; DLAAD A(VI)2 DLAAD A(VI)1; YA A(Il)10 "A E(\)7 "A A(I)56 ‘A A(I)3 YA A(I)1 "A A(I)8 "A A(I)6 TSAAD B(I)1 CHil’ B(I)1;ZH{f’ A(l)1 ‘A A(I)56 N-III-3485;3493 N-IIl-3496 N-Ill-3495 N-IIl-2370 N-Ill-2372 N-Ill-3763 N-I-1466 N-1-1474 N-IlI-3578 N-Ill-1770 N-II-83 PAR-XII-416 N-II1-38914 PAR-XII-151 NIL A(I)8 N-IIl-3319 N-IlI-3326 N-III-3321 PAR-XII-151 TIS (I)1;7'E’4 C(Il)1 PAR-XII-536

N-I-731 N-1-2200;N-III4644 N-I-39 YIJD E(1)1 Nil’y C(II)4 N-UIl-1705

SURPLUS

SUPERVISE

surplus to need, S is (as corn or leftover food)

SUPERVISE P (as a construction

project): 1 subject 1 subject jointly with 1 other person 2 subjects supine position, ina supple, S is

SUPPLY: acquire an ample -- of P have an ample -- of P P’s -- runs out P is in short ---ies

YA B(1)4 "KAZH Bil)2 "BAZH Bi\)2 PAR-XII-850 T’'OOD, Bil)1

surprise, notice P with surprise, to one’s

surrender (to P) surreptitiously

LA’ A(l)1 LA’ B(I)1 NA’g A(V)1 YEE’ B(I)3 N-IIl-1149

SURROUND: --ing S --s P (extending)

-- posts

-- pole in a hogan --P -- P (by pressure from underneath) -- P (provide for P)

--p on P (an issue) -- each other (be teammates) -- oneself be --ed bya SSO be --ing (providing for) P be a --er of P be unable to -- P place a -- under P set O under P as a -become a --er

--ing (under)

suppose

supra-orbital ridge (bone above the eye) sure, feel

N-II|-2208 N-I-606 DZIL C(1)3 KAALo A(I)1 DZIL C(I)3 ZHOOZH A(Il)1 Uff’ Ei) DZIL C(I)2 ’A (IIN)17 DZIL D(Il)3

hills -- P S --s P (as a crowd of people) S --s P (as fog, smoke, darkness) S --s P (as water around an island) S --s P (rushing/flowing water)

S --s P(as a crowd)

SURVIVE:

Li? E(u)

"AAD C(I)5 TSI A(I)4 TSI A(1)27 -CH’O;POS-18 -(YAH;POS-33;NIILT’AA/NIIT ‘AA;POS-60 ZiP’ C(I2;D(VI)5

barely -be making a continuous effort to -be the lone --or susceptible to S (a disease), P is

SUSPECT: --P come to -- P P is -P becomes -suspend O hanging down

N-I-1239;2074 LI’ C(I)

suspended, laws were

TL’O D(I)1

K’OL A(I)5

suspicion, P is under suspicion, P comes under

LI’ D(II)A LI’ A(V)1

N-I-1344 N-I-1496 N-1-1616 -KAA’:POS-38 DZAq (I)2 N-II1-3204 ’A (IIN)19 N-Ill-511;512 GIZH B(Il)1 GIZH B(II)2

SUSPICIOUS: be -- of P become -- of P

SURFACE:

-- (of the earth) -- (of the water) interior -on the --

there are -- depressions -- life

S lie scattered on the -surgeon surgery on P, perform

surgical operation, perform a surgical operation, to just get started on

surpassing

surplus, S is

LI’ D(I)4 LI’ A(IV)1 LI’ D(II)1 LI A(V)1 T'I’4 A(II)26 CH’AAL;MV-X; LO’; MV-III

K’OL C(I)1

surfboard rider takes off on the crest of a wave

°A (IN)7 LA G(I)4 Y{o G(1)5,6 K'1D 6 JEE’s A(I)16 DO A(I)10 ’A (II1)7;KAAD H(II)2 GO’ A(I)12;Lf A(I)8 ‘A (lII)7;ZHIZH E(|)1 DIJD A(IV)2;DZi1’ A(\)14 DIJD A(IV)2 DjJD Biill)1 YA A(I)7 NIIDs B(I)2

suspended, move/carry O

(as a rope from a limb)

surfboard rider is riding along on the crest of a wave

-NAA;POS-53

be --ed (by a ring of S) be --ed by water

SUPPORT:

NA’4 A(V)3;'OH (!)1 GHAL A(IIl)7 PAR-XII-553 A A(1)49; (1N)4;'D4 B(Il)1 PAR-VIII;PARXII-762

--ly sustenance, S becomes

the source of

sustenance, S is the source of

SUTURE: attach O to P with a -lambdoid -putin a single -swab O (the bore of a gun)

GIZH A(V)15 -LAAH:POS47;PAR-XII33:376 'OH (1)1

swab one's own throat,ears, etc. SWAGGER:

-- around/along looking for trouble -- around on horseback

1424

LI’ D(I)1 LI’ A(IV)1;NIH3 A(\)1 PAR-XII-69 KIIN A(I)1 KIIN B(I)1 CHA’s A(I)1 N-I-1998 CHA"s B(I)1 T'OOD, A(t) TSI C()2 'A C(Il)1;D(II)1 'A D(I)1

SWEAT

SWAGGER

-- around with P swallow (bird) swallow, barn

SWALLOW:

-- O (one after another) take a --of O (as liquid medication) -- customarily (make one’s livelihood)

swamp swap O

swapping yarns (with P), be

SWARM: bea -move ina

--

-- is moving along a -- of S descend onP come --ing up out go --ing: across as far as a stopping point away and disappear away out of sight down from a height into an enclosure out horizontally out of P through P S -- into P S -- to P S are --ing (as ducks on a pond): about to and fro around the corner down

S go/come/arrive ina -swastika (rug design) swat O up in the air with a club or bat SWAY: -- back and forth (as a drunk person) -- back and forth (as a person sitting and falling asleep)

go --ing along (as a drunk person) go--ing one’s head make O -- back and forth S --s (as a branch)

stand/sit --ing from side to side (as a person listening to music)

SWEAR: --a solemn oath (one after another) -- on (the Bible) go along --ing at P SWEAT:

"AC(I)1 N-I-1531;N-III3710 N-WI-3711 NA’g A(I)2 NA’ A(!)1 ZIID> A(II)4,10

-- (on the forehead) -- of (one’s) brow

NA’ A(ll)1 N-Il1-2887 MV-1-175 NE’3 C(I)1 N-1-2319 YOL B(IV)7 ZAo;MV-VII YOL H(I!)1 YOL B(IV)1 YOL B(IV)6

crawl into a --house make a --house fire

--house P -s break out in a --

sweater

sweat bee Swedish turnip

aside

away out of sight down from a height in under P into an enclosure out

out out out out

from beneath P horizontally of P of view

together into a pile up -- over P -- an area -- out an area

go about making --ing motions start to -- O along SWEET: be --- stuff --enO

--S

KAAD C(Ill)1; WOD> C(I)1

sweetgrass

KAAD BiII)1; G(II)1 KAAD G(II)2 ’A D(II)S WODp» Ci(Il)1 ZEEH (I)1

Sweetwater, Arizona

DZil’ A(il)1 Dzil’ A(il)1 Dzil’ C(l)1 N-I11-4743

"EEL A(IV)1 NA’, A(II)67 JEE’y A(il)10 N-II1-1844 N-I-1679 N-Ill-4237

SWEEP: --O:

--meats

YEEZHo Ci(Il)2 CHIJD 4B(I)2; DZil’ A(Il)1

Lif A(V)1 "EEL A(IV)2; TEEL A(I)10

P breaks out in a --

(in the genital area)

YOL B(IV)8 YOL B(IV)8 YOL B(IV)2 YOL B(IV)2 YOL B(IV)2 YOL B(IV)2 YOL B(IV)5 YOL B(IV)5 YOL B(IV)3,4 ZAo A(l)11 YOL B(IV)1 ZHOOD E(1)4 YOL H(1I)2 YOL H(I)2 YOL H(II)1 YOL B(IV)1 N-II1-2894 GHAAL A(Il)25

N-Ill-3708 N-III-3708 N-I-1490

sweet clover, white sweet locust swell (on the ocean) SWELL: S --s (up)

--ing forms on a surface --ing subsides area --s up, stopping up opening

area is --ing be in the process of --ing up

S starts to -- up S forms a --ing S is --ing

ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ ZHOO’ GHAAL ZHOO’ ZHOO’ GHAAL ZHOO’

A(I)8 A(I)1 A(I)3,10 A(\)11 B(I)1 C(I)1 A(I)6 B(I)1 A(1)7

KAAD Bi(Il)1 N-IlI-3303 KAAD A\(1)3;

YAA Ci(ll)1 N-IlI-2902 N-IIl-228 N-Ill-4028 N-1-1747 N-IIl-3348 N-Ill-3840 N-Ill-4672

CHAAD A\(I)3; YA A(Il)7 Yjo F(\)2 CHID, A(I)1 CHAAD A\(| ){ CHAAD B(I ){ CHAAD B(I ){ CHAAD A\(| 2 YA D(I)2 YAA G(I)1

SWERVES

SWOON

swerves to one side in S, P

(a passenger ina a collision)

car, to avoid

WOD, (III)54,55

swerves with P, S (as a horse with its

nder, a car with its passenger to avoid a collision) SWIFT: be -- (runner) be --

go --ly swift (a type of lizard)

SWIM: -- (about) -- away out of sight go --ing Start to --

--ming pool SWINDLE: --P be a --er get (be) --ed

SWING: -- back and forth -- O (a lariat) -- O (by giving repeated shoves) -- O (firebrand) -- O around in a circle

-- to right and left among P with a club go about --ing a club go about/along --ing the fists S is --ing to and fro (as a rope in the wind) be a “--er”

SWIPE: -- at O with claws give O a series of --es give O one -- (with a cloth) take a -- with a club take a -- with claws SWIRL: P is --ing around in the wind S --s (eddies)(wind, water)

YIZ A(II)6 JAAD (II)1 WOD, D(I)1 TE’ C(!))1;T1'2 A(II)1,2;B(1)1,2 N-Ill-3225 KOO';MV-VI BI" BiI)1

Bij’ A(\)1 Bif’s B(I)1;KOO" B(I)1 Bij’, A(I)2 N-I1-1174

LO’ A(I)18;B(I)3 LO’ A(I)45 LO’ A(II)1 N-IIl-892 BAAL A(I)3 LO’ B(I)1 BAAL A(II)9,10 GAZH A(I)1 MAAZ E(I)1

GHAAL A(II)9 GHAAL E(II)1 TS'INo D(I)1;(I1)1 DEEL, D(I)5 K’EED A(I)3

GHAZ A(I)11 T'OOD, C(I)1 T'OOD, D(I)1

GHAAL A(II)26 GHAZ A(I)12 YOL A(!)4 Lf A(II)2;MAAZ G(Il)2

S --s around and around

(a current of air) SWITCH:

electric light --(button type) push a --

switch something unspecified about switches its tail, S (a cow, cat)

switch O (changing positions) swollen, area is swollen, P becomes

DJJD A(I)1;LA A(|)39 N-Ill-1636 ZHIIZH A(Il)1 N-I-513 DZif’ A(Il)1 N-IIl-1044 ‘A (11

swoon (faint)

CH’ A(\)2 N-Ill-4370 N-IIl-661 CHID3 A(IV)1 TSXAS E(II)1 DEEL, E(Il)1 MV-I-176 CHAAD BiI)1 YOL A(Ill)1

SWORD: have a -- duel --like instrument sworn in, be (an official) symbol (of a ceremony) symbolizes P,S

BA’3 B(|)2;'{f'4

sympathetic toward p, be

C(l)1 2if' C2 N-I-780 N-1-231;1252

sympathize with P sympathy syphilis syringa (plant)

N-1-1875

N-IIl-3768 N-I-434

syringe syrup

af Taaiyalone Mountain (near Zuni,

New Mexico)

TABLE: -- (for eating) small four-legged ---cloth -- land have the -- set set the -be a --land (mesa) tablet (of medicine) TABOO: --S (placed on patient at the end of a ceremony) something which is -observe -tachycardia (heart palpitations), S has

N-I-1887;N-Ill4259

N-Ill-1062 N-Ill-4447 N-Ill-1063 N-IIl-1493 KA H(Il)2 KA D(I)5,6

KA H(\)2 N-IIl-526

taciturn, be

N-lll-1142 N-I11-395 YIJD E(lil)1 TLAH, A(Il)3 TAHg B(I)1

TACKLE: -- P (enemy)

JEE's A(l)1

-- P (lunge against P, bump P with head and shoulders) -- P (task, problem) (a project) is --ed -- (O) (in football)(lunge, butt) be a --er (have a propensity for butting) tadpole

tags, wool TAI: tip of the ---bone

-- light (on a car) S has a -- like tail hornworm tailor

tailoring

GO' A(I)2 MV-V-210 DEE' A(V)1 GO’ A(I)6:C(I)1

GO’ D(I)1 N-I-1138:2114 N-IlI-97 N-1-1895;N-Ill4258 N-I-1901:1908 N-I-1905 N-II-1254 TSEE' (I)1 N-Ill-4130 N-Ill-1838 N-Ill-1835

TAINTS

taints P,S taint each other, S TAKE:

TAKE

CH’AAL A(I)2 CH’AAL A(I)1

-- (a specified number of hours) to do something)

-- some of O without P's permission -- up with P (as with a gang) be --enin

NIZH A(l)4 KAI B(I)62 AA’ BiI)1

"AAZH E(l)2

~awhack atO with P(asabelt)

DEEL, A(Il)17

be --ing turns with each other/P P --s S down (a passenger in an elevator)

— after P {look like P)

ie

P --s S up (a passenger

-- charge of O (as a minor child)

T{ A(IV)1

-- hold of O with claws/fingers --(medicine) -O: apart

JP C(l)1 NA’s A(\)1 MV-I-177 NIL A(1)5;D(I1)4

KIDo A(II)3 C(VI)3

ZHOOD A(I)2,3

inan

elevator)

ZHOOD

S is --ing place (event)

A(1)17,18 : WWD G(1)1,2;YA B(I)3 D4 Fie

apart by unscrewing

GIZ A(1)4

S --es shape

Lif’ A(V)2

apart by unscrewing (3+ O) apart from P (separating O from P) ashore

GIZ C(l)1,2

YAAD BiIl)1 YAA A(1)4 PAR-XII-648;

S --es place (event/ceremony)

MV-I-179

start to -- O down (hair, loom) P is --n care of it --s place like this “--ing a flyer”

away from fire

MV-I-181

--ing one’s time

away away away away back back

TLEE’ A(1)46 MV-I-180 MV-I-182 MV-I-183 MV-1-184 B]}’o BiII)2

from P from P (by force) from water out of sight (reclaiming O) off (jewelry, badges)

MV-I-178

it is --ing place TAKE OFF (a plane): -- in O (a pilot in a plane)

back off self (clothes, jewelry) back out (from a container) down (as from a shelf, tree)

MV-I-186 MV-I-185 MV-1-187

TAKE O/P OFF (remove O/P): -- (clothing):

down by its handle down in series (as in picking)

CH’AAL A(I)12 MV-1-188

-- (one garment after another) -- (diaper) -- (necktie, belt, gloves, socks,

down (by gently tearing)

ZOOZo A(I)30

down (hair, a loom)

"AH, D(I)1

from P (separating O from P)

MV-I-189

-- (shirt, jacket, coat, dress, blouse,

MV-I-190

inside an enclosure (as

aroom)

shoes, galoshes)

"AH A(I)15

PAR-XII-808 660;782 YAA Fi(l)2 T’A’ A(I)5,60, 66;(11)6,39 T’A’ (116,39

MV-I-191;JAA’ A(il)11

NIL A(Il)22 Y{o A(1)30 LA A(Il)13

out (from container, hole, pocket) out (horizontally, as from aroom)

MV-I-196 MV-I-197

long underwear) -- (trousers, panties, hat, ring) -- (bracelet, comb)

TSOOZ A(Il)13 A A(Il)13 TA, A(ll)14

out by its handle

CH’AAL A(I)6;

-- (wig, false whiskers)

JOOL A(IV)4

out of gear/out ofjoint

-- of P (clothing, jewelry) -- of P (covering, as a lid, hat, wig)

MV-I-194

(thorn or splinter) out of P

LO’ A(1)32 TAY A(1)36 KIDo A(l)7

out of P (as a box, jar)

MV-I-198

-- of self (clothing, jewelry)

MV-I-195

out of P’s hand

MV-I-199

-- of self (covering, as a hat)

MV-I-193

out of P’s pocket

MV-I-200

out of P’s pocket (by its handle)

LO’ A(I)32

to town/market without P’s consent

MV-I-201

(misappropriate P)

-- on P (task) -- over P as one’s own -- over P -- P’s place (as a committee member in place of P)

-- P’s side -- part (in a race, election campaign) -- small pinches of O

MV-I-192

TAKE OFF (running):

-- after P (an attacker after a victim,

as a dog)

TAAL} A(IV) 19;WOD 4

MV-l-202

A(Ill)79

CHAA't A(II!)

-- after P (to catch

22:YA A(1)80 ‘D4 Evi))

policeman after a speeding motorist) -- at high speed

Lif’ A(V)1sYA A(\)1 Lif’ A()1

P --s off suddenly in a fast-moving vehicle (as a traffic policeman

JEE'2 A(I)42

after a speeder)

talc talcum powder tale

WODq A(III)79 TS A(I)6

1427

P- asa TAAL

A(IV)18

TAAL, A(IV) 18,19

WOD, A(III)88 N-IIl-4159 N-II-4159 N-I1-1943

TALKING

TALK

TALK:

- about P

— against P -- and --- animatedly -----

back to P forO in one’s sleep on the telephone

-- P away out of sight -- P back out (of prison) -- P back out -- P back up (out of the grave)

--Pin

-- P into the grave -- P out of O (i.e. get O from P by talking) -- P’s head off - rapidly and unintelligibly -- to each other -- to oneself

--toP

-- too long

-- too much -- using oneself as an example --ing commences/begins --ing ends --S are given (around about) a “--ing in” ceremony is performed for P

e --ing -- with/to P begin to -- on the phone finish --ing finish a -give a -go about --ing go about giving --s go along --ing (to each other/to P) go along --ing to oneself go on and on --ing (to P) itis “--ed in” toward P keep --ing P --s incessantly about S P is “--ed” back out of the grave P is “--ed” into the grave P is being --ed about Start -- (gossip) Start --ing and never stop start --ing Start to --

stop --ing there is -“--ing in” takes place

N-Ill-4629;Tl’o B(|)1 Tl’o Bil)1 Tl’p B(I)1 Tl’o A(V)1 TAH, Bi(!)1 DZif A(I)10 Tl’o B(I2 TI’o B(I)1 NE’, B(I)3 TI'5 A(III)1 Tl’o A(IIl)3 TI’o A(IIl)3,4 Tl’ A(Ill)4 Tl’o A(lll)1 TI’p A(IIN)2

Talking God Talking God Blessing Way talking prayerstick (held by the patient

N-Ill-2076 N-Ill-1978

during supplemental prayer ceremonies in Mountaintop, Beauty,

Night and Navajo Wind Way) TALL: be -be -- enough (to do something) be --er (than P) be as --as P

be be be be

YOOD A(Ill)1 NE’s A(I)3 TI's D(I)1 NE’3 B(I)3: TI’ E(|)1 Tl’o B(INI)15E(II)1 NE’3 B(I)3:Tl’o B(I)1 DZil’ A(I)9;NE’3 A(\)3 Tl'p A(V)1 TI’p B(III)1 Tl’o A(Il)1 Tl’o A(II)2 Tl'p C(I)

awfully -comparatively -equally -fairly --

be this --

Tall Warrior Girl tallow

tallow (mixed) from various animals (used ceremonially) tallow twisted with entrailed and cooked talon(s) talon (of a bird of prey) talus ruin (Anasazi ruin at the foot of a cliff)

Tl’p A(IV)1 Tl'o E(I)1 NE’s A(I)1 Tl’p A(I)2

tamarisk

tame O (an animal) tame, get

TAN (hides): --O do the --ing Start to -- O (a hide)

--ner (of hides)

--nery --ning (of hides) Tanner Spring, Arizona tan (color), be tan (color), cause O to turn TANGLED: S is -S (fringes) are -S gets -- up in P

’A H(I)1 Tl’o A(IV)4 Tl’o A(IV)2 Tl'p B(II)1 Ty A()21 TI 2 AV 1

Ae

(I)

TI’p A(IV)1

1428

N-I|I-3939 N-III-35 N-Ill-2426;2631 N-I-910

N-I-1868;N-III4232 N-Ill-1856 ZHOOD A(III)2 Lif’ A(I)1; ZHOOD A(I)4 ZAq A(I)5 ZAq A(I)1

ZAq A(1)3 N-III-208 N-lll-188;189 N-Ill-187 N-Ill-2547 TSO! B(I)1 TSOI! A(II)1

Taos, New Mexico

DIZ G(I)1 TEEL A(IIl)1 TAAZ2 C(II)2 N-Il-1274 N-I-1328 N-I-1592

TAP: --onO --on O with blunt instrument

TAZH C(I)1 TIZH B(I)1

tank, army Tansy aster

(I)3 (I)3

N-II1-2576 PAR-VIII NEEZ A(|)1; TSOH B(\)1 NEEZ A(II)4 NEEZ A(ltl)1; TSOH B(I)1 NEEZ A(II)1,2; TSOH B(I)6 NEEZ A(Il)5 NEEZ A(IIl)1 NEEZ A(Il)1 TSOH B(I)8 NEEZ A(II)3; (Il1)3;TSOH B(I)7 N-I-145 N-I-969:970; 1647;N-IlI-2534

TAP

give O a-give oneself a -give O a series of --s give O a -- with the foot (ceremonial act) give O a series of --s with the foot give O a series of --s with a light instrument TAPE: adhesive -bias --

measuring -TAPER: S --s

area is --ed S --s to a point

S --s to a narrow point S is --ed S is --ed at the top

TARANTULA: black -dark colored -large gray -large -red -TARGET: archery/dart game -gunnery -pitching -knife/spear throwing -tarnish, silver tarnished, become (silver) tarpaulin

tarries, P

tarry on the way

tarsals tarsus

tartar (on the teeth)

tassel(s)

tassel (of a piece of grass) tassel, corn

TATTERED

TAZH E(1)1 TAZH E(II)2 TAZH D(I)1

tattered and torn,

tatters, S falls into tattoo on P

'EEZ G(I)1 'EEZ F(II)1

tattoo oneself

taught P, O is

TIZH Bill)4

TAUT: S is --

N-I11-825 N-Hll-1114 N-Il1-822 N-II1-155 TS'OZI (Ill) TS’OS (I)2 NEEZ A(I)3 TS’OS (Il)1 NEEZ A(I)4 TS’OS (I)1 N-Ill-3285 N-IIl-3288 N-IIl-3286 N-Ill-3290 N-Ill-3289 N-Ill-3287

S is becoming -S stretches and becomes -(as a wire) hold O --

be holding O -be stretching O -pull O -pull O -- around P

relieve the --ness tavern

taxation Taylor Spring, Arizona TEA: Navajo ---bag --pot

N-Ill-1512 N-IIl-1510 N-I-1514 N-II1-907 N-IIl-988

--kettle TEACH: -----

ZHif’ A(l)1

N-Ill-3368 NA’s A(I)2 YA B(II)6;,AAZH B(III)3;KAI C(Ill)1 N-I-929;2086:NIll-2440 N-I-927 N-1-2121:N-lIll4496 N-1-2291;N-lIl132:645 N-1-1734 N-I-1278;2292

--er

take a --of O

DOOD E\(\)1 TS'OOD C(I)1 TS'OOD A(I)8 TS’OOD DiIl)1 DOOD E\(II)2 TS’OOD CiIl)1 TS'DOD A(II)14 TS’OOD A(II)11 TtOO’ A(II)1 N-1-1569;N-III3764 N-II1-897 N-IIl-299 N-Il-91 N-1-374 N-II-93 N-II-92;N-III1572;3773 N-IlI-3773 TA4 B(1)2 TA4 BiI)1 TA4 BiIll)1 TA4 B(II)2 TA4 B(II)1 LA A(I)20 ‘AA’ Aiill)1 TA BiIIl)1,2 TAG C(I)1 TAG Ci(II)1

-- a hole in P (as in a garment)

ZOOZ> A(1)24 T'OOD, A(I)2

teal, blue wing

teal, gray wing

TEAMMATE(S): be --s be P’s -become

P’s --

TEAR (rip):

1429

18,21 T'OOD, A(I)21 CHf; B(II)4 CHi; B(III)4 AA’ A(IV)1;LA A(Ill)18

-- a strip from (the edge of) P as from a sheet ) -- O:

--ing --ing materials Teachers’ Association Teachers’ Union

LJH C(I LJH B(I)1 LJH A(I)1

T'OOD, A(!)

N-III-580 TAG BiI)2 N-Ill-3033 N-III-879 N-Ill-571;572 N-I11-571:572 N-IIl-3219 N-Ill-3220 N-Il1-203 Li’ E(u) NI’4 B()ASNI’ B(II)1 NI"y A(1)1 DLAAD A(1)1,3,4 ZOOZo A(l)14

be a --er

have the -- of O in one’s mouth

sample P by --ing

O (a person) (by showing) oneself P (as a language) to oneself

-- Pa (named) language -PtoO -- P to O (by showing) be --ing oneself (P) be --ing P to O

TASTE: --O be able to -go about --ing things have a sense of -itis --less S --s like S has the -- of

S becomes

TEAR

TEAR

apart (in half - as cloth, a peach)

ZO0Zo2

N-I-230;PARXIl-107

off (as the sleeve from a shirt)

A(I)1,3,9 NIL A(I)25 T'OOD, A(l) 4:ZOOZo A(1)25 ZOOZo A(I)32 ZOOZo A(l)3 DLAAD A(l)2 ZOOZo A(I)25

off of P in shreds (as the shirt off an accident victim)

ZOOZo A(l)28

teat, lacking one

the full length - from one end to the other

ZOOZo A(I)24

Eels upper -lower -wisdom -false -tartar or plaque on the -crevice between the --

down (a building) in two

into P into strips (cloth)

lengthwise

to pieces (as a piece of paper)

to shreds up

-- P by touching -- each other --ing teat

Teec Nos Pos, Arizona

ZO0Zo B(I)1,2 T'OOD, A(I)20 T'OOD, A(l) 20;Z00Zo

B(1)1,2 -- O (gently): apart lengthwise (as a piece of cloth)

gap between the --

ZOOZo A(I)6,7 space between the --

out (a check, page from a book, traffic ticket)

-- O (roughly) down

-- off a piece (for P) -- off a piece of cloth or paper (for P)

-- off a piece of P (gently)

-- the cover (peeling, bark) off of P

ZOOZo A(\)22 DLAAD A(IV)2 “DLAAD A(IV)15,19 DLAAD A(IV)7,9

S gets permanent -P has a good set of -P lost his -P's -- fall out pull P’s --

descend from a height with O in -go away and disappear with O in -go into an enclosure with O in -have hold of O in the -have O clamped in the -release something held in the -S arrives/comes/goes with O

NIZH A(I)3; ZOOZo A(l)13 DEELo A(Il)5; NIZH A(1)4; ZOOZo A(!)11 ZOOZo A(I)12

clamped in the --

-- the wrapping (skin, husk, peel)

off of P (gently/roughly)

-- Up an area P --s things up S --s S --s apart/in two ”

--S away

S gets a -Start to -- O (gently) apart lengthwise start to -- O (gently) in half/apart

Start to -- O apart (roughly) TEAR (in the eye): --drop

--fully P is easily moved to --s P’s --s start to flow P's eyes are filling with --s P’s eyes fill with --s

CH{1 B(III)5; NE’y B(I)1;TS'’ D(I)2 CHID3 D(I)1 TS’ D(II)1 N-Ill-1749 N-I-161;170 N-I-171 N-I1-3925 N-1-2143 N-I-2148 N-I-2149 N-Ill-4594 N-Il|-416;426 N-Il|-4496 N-IIl-4515 N-1-2125;N-IIl4514 N-I-1033;2126 YA A(Il)8 GAII D(I1)13 DEE’ A(|)17 DEE’ A(I)17 ’A A(I)55;NIL

DLAAD A(IV) 10:ZOOZo A(l)15,16 DLAAD A(IV)12 ZHOOD BiII)1 T'OOD, A(l)1 T'OOD, A(I)3,5 DLAAD A(\)1 DLAAD A(\)1

S carries O clamped in the --: across along around here and there

around in a circle around in circles around P as far as a stopping point away from fire/water down from a height out horizontally to safety

ZOOZo A(I)8 ZOOZo A(I)4,10 DLAAD A(IV)4 N-1-1223 N-1-1223 PAR-XII-107 CH'II’ C(I)1 GO’ A(I)17 ZHIIZH G(Il)1 ZHIIZH A(II)5

S climbs up with O clamped

in the S goes in the S goes

-along with O clamped -away out of sight with O

clamped in the -S starts off with O clamped in the --

TSA’ A(II)8 TSA’ D(I)1

TSA’ A(ll)1 TSA’ A(II)6

S turns O over/around

clamped in the --

1430

TSA’ A(II)9,10

INSET fin

S pulls his own --

S sink their -- into each other telegram telegram to P, senda telegraph

TEEERHONE:

TENDER

"A A(III)343NIL A(ll)21 TSA’ C(Ill)1 N-III-916 YAA C(Ill)1 N-Ill-916; 979;980 N-Il-917; 925;938;956

talk on the --

begin to talk on the -call P back (on the --) have a -- conversation with P P gets -- service return P’s -- call Start a-- conversation with P telescope

telescope, be looking through a television antenna television set television set, controls ona

Viele

-- O/P -- (p) about P -- about oneself -- more than intended

=O P -- P (a story) -- P off -- too much

--ing takes place be --ing the truth re--Start to--

there is --ing temper O (steel) temperature

temperature, have a (i.e. be feverish)

temple (side of the face) temporarily tempt P

tempted, P is TEN:

--th -- card coon-can (a card game) play -- card cooncan -- of clubs there are -- of us -- spot (in cards) -- cents tender, Sis

NE’s B(I)3 NE’3 A(I)1 NE’3 B(I)5 NE’s B(I)3 Ty A(I)27 NE’ B(I)5 NE’s A(I)1 N-Ill-706;3875 ‘fy 01 N-IIl-3420 N-IIl-3419 N-I1-3421 "A E(I)3;NE'g B(I)3,4 NID A(I)4; B(I)5;NE’3 B(I)3 ’A A(I)47;NE’3 B(I)3 NE’3 B(I)3 NE’3 B(I)1 NE’ B(1)2 NE’ B(I)3 Tj A(IIl)1 Zip’ C(Il)1 NE'’s B(I)1 NE’3 B(II)2,3 NID; B(l)1 NE’3 B(I)5 NE’3 A(I)1 NE’3 B(II)3 TLS A(II)4 N-IIl-2934 KIDo C(I)2 N-I-1654 PAR-XII-825

TAA’g A(\)1

tender, things are cooked (Coyote talk) TENDON: muscle --- of the foot -- of the hand -- of the leg or ankle -- of the ankle/hind leg (quadrupeds) --s of the back

N-I-2059 N-I-1246

tendril

N-1-1759

tennis shoes TENT:

N-I-892 N-III-3368 N-IIl-3369:3370 N-Ill-33714

-- house

-- camp conical -tequila

termite

N-I1l-4356

N-Ill-4357 PAR-XII-731 PAR-XII-158 YEE’ A(\)1 PAR-XII-154; 221;803

TERRIBLE: in a -- way conditions became ---ly

TENSION: overcome one’s -relieve the -- of O S loses its -tent pole tepid, S is

terminates, S (as a ceremony, event) terminates, S (war, controversy)

terrible, S is (as hunger) terrified, P becomes terrify P terror

terrorstricken, P is

TLOO’ A(Ill)1 TLOO’ A(Il)1 TLOO’ A(I)1 N-1-1423 ZIIL B(II)2,3 YA A(|)67 Ty A()21 K’AL1 Lif’ A(V)1;YEE’ A(\)1 YAA Ci(IIl)4 N-Ill-4652 YEE’ B(I)3

ES perform a -P is --ed

-- O (blood) P’s blood is --ed

testament

testicle

Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico tetanus

TETHER: --P --O to P -- (d.p.) O (to P) Tewa Indian

1431

N-I1-3372

N-IlI-3153

termite, large

conduct a -- ceremony

TAA’ A(ll)1 N-IV-10;PARIV;NEEZNAA PAR-IV N-II|-3367 KAAD C(I)1 N-II-35 T’E’; C(X)1 N-1-1346 N-II-1744 T’ODo B(I)1; ZHOLI (I)1

ZHE{ 1 N-I-565;2056 N-I-2060 N-I-926;2058 N-I-1074;2057 N-I-1793

TAA’3 A(l)2

TAA'3 A(ll)1

Lc

‘i's C(INASYAA

C(vil2 NIL A(I)13;C(I)5 N-Ill-1948 N-I-328; 2206;2207 N-Ill-4023 N-Ill-1527 T'I'y D(Il)4 TL'O B(IV)2 TL’'O BiIl)1; B(IV)2;D(1)1 N-1-1311

THEREUPON

THANK

THANK: -- you --s a lot be(come) --ful (for P) --fulness Thanksgiving Day THAT: -- (one) -- kind -- very autumn

-- very night -- way --’s all --’s the way -- is when (something occurred) be like -be -- many in number

THAW: --O area --s start to --O there is a -The Gap, Arizona

the one that the particular one

the right thing to do the whole night through the whole works theater their theirs them themselves THEN: -- after that

just about -THERE:

THICK (firm): S becomes --(as mush) --en O by stirring THICK (in dimension):

GIZH B(I)4 PAR-VIII

thermometer

thermometer, clinical these they

be --

S is --er than P

S is very --

S (a mouth) is --

CHIDo (I)1

---lipped person

N-I11-1547

(I1)2,3

Yip A(2 Yif A(VI)2 Vif" A(It)1 LID A(V)1 N-Ill-4302

Thick Woman

N-Ill-304

Thick-Legs Thick-Lips Thick-Man

N-I11-2286

thicket

N-II|-2099

thicket, oak

N-I-267;1807;N-

‘T2811

N-Il1-2283

thigh, front surface of the

N-I-2034

thighs of a quadruped, area

between the thimble THIN (in consistency): S is --(as paint, batter) make O -THIN (in dimension): S is -S is -- and flat THIN (skinny): be as --as P be equally -be very --

PAR-XII-17;19;

324;325;328 PAR-XII-885 PAR-XII-689 PAR-VII;PAR-

P is becoming --

30;76;84 PAR-XII-

start to become --

Thin-Mustache

PAR-XII-20 PAR-XII-488 PAR-XII-82 T’E’y C(X)1

THING(S): --s that live on the surface of the earth all sorts of --s

thereafter, immediately

N-Il1-256

thigh bone

over --

thereafter

N-Il1-1956

thief, be a

thin (sparse), S’s hair gets --

thereabout

N-I-456

I1-1224

thief

N-Ill-4183 MV-V-211 PAR-XII-780 PAR-VIII PAR-VIII PAR-XII-687 PAR-XII-840 PAR-XII-704 N-IlIl-1534 PAR-I PAR-I PAR-I PAR-I

PAR-XII-86

Up to --

TAs (\l)1 TAs (Il)1

TSXAAZ4

25;77;85

there are (number) of us

TAs (lN)2;

be as --as P

-- comes toward --

TAs (I)13(11)1; TSXAAZ;} (IN)2

480;486 PAR-XII-657 PAR-XII-727 PAR-XII-29 TE’, C(itl)4 TE’, C(XIIN)3

XI1-24:28:

-- (at that location)

DZIL B(l)1

TSXAAZ; (I)1 be equally --

PAR-XII-83;91;

The Rock That Water Flows Around

(in Monument Canyon - Canyon de Chelley, Arizona) the entire length (end to end) the least you can do is

thick (dense), S is

PAR-XII-19 N-Ill-1909 N-I11-454 PAR-II PAR-I TIN (I)1

thereupon

N-I-31 N-I-32 Lif? A(IN)2; E(\)1;2/f’ D(V1)5 N-I-30 N-Ill-2431;3718 PAR-V PAR-II PAR-II PAR-XII-725 PAR-XII-726

PAR-XII-24 PAR-XII-180 PAR-XII-88

1432

N-I-337 N-IIl-2932

TSAZI A(II)1,3 TSAZI A(II)1,3 TSAZI A(I)1; TS'OZI (IIl)2 DIJD B(I)1 TS'INI (I)1 T'OOD, A(I)9 N-Ill-1466 N-I-1625 N-II]-3204 N-Ill-1149

THINK

THISTLE

KEEZ B(|)

THINK:

-- about it that way -- alike (about P) -- back in time -- back -- hard about it

-- highly of O -- over -- P back over -- P over -- that one sees

P

-- Up --ing takes place be --ing about P people --

fe P start to -third THIRST: be suffering from -they die of --

C(IN)1;D(V1)4,5;( vit) Zi’ D(VI)3, KEEZ B(I)1;Z/f’ D(VI)1 KEEZ B(I)2 KEEZ B(I)2 KEEZ B(I)1 NIID4 B(III)4 KEEZ B(1)1;C(I)1 KEEZ B(I)2 KEEZ C(I)1 YEEZH 4 B(1)1;C(1)1 KEEZ A(II)3 KEEZ Bi(Il)1 KEEZ B(|)1 Zi’ Ciy2 KEEZ B(|)2 KEEZ A(\)3 PAR-IV N-I-494;N-IIl1586 LA B(I)1 DIJD A(II)1;YA B(IIl)1

be getting -become very --

become/get -thirteen

thirty Wels -- (one) -- kind -- much -- part here -- subject -- Way

be like -be -- many in number look like --

thoracic organs (heart, liver, lungs) thorax Thoreau, New Mexico

N-I-593 N-I-586;N-III-

thorn

N-1-750;2142:N-

Thohedlih, New Mexico Thompson locoweed

N-I-815

W755

thorny, S is

thorny issues

thoroughly those THOUGHT: without careful --- is given entertain --s (about P) have --s (about P) have second --s about P

P is receiving -there is -thousand thread

thread O through P thread P (a needle)(with O)

THIRSTY: be --

thong, buckskin

N-I-375 PAR-XII-24 N-Il1-3821 N-I-1527 N-III-2

thistle, Russian thither

1,3:2Z{]’ C(I)2;

Lif’ E(y4sYs4 B(I)1;Zjf’ D(VI)S Lif’ D(\)1 GHAA’, A(1)3; LA A(I)23;Y{, B(|)1 Ly’ A(l)15Y 14 A(l)1;Zif’ C2 N-IV-13;PARIV;TAA’ N-IV-21:PARIV:TAA’

threaten P

threatening, P is Three Turkey House (Puebloan ruin) Three Turkey House Canyon (in the Canyon de Chelley area) in REE there are -- of us -- spot (in cards -- (trey) of clubs (cards) -- times S is ---pointed (triangular) three-flowered nightshade three-toothed sagebrush thresh O (grain - by having horses stomp it out) thresh O out THROAT:

PAR-II;PAR-V PAR-II PAR-XII-351 PAR-XII-361 PAR-XII-361 PAR-VII;PARXII-145;346; 359;889:915 TE’y CcImy2 TE’ C(XIN)4 LIN (1)4;T'E'y C(ill)1

thistle, New Mexico/yellow

N-H1-491

interior of the -(P’s) -- gets sore/irritated clear one’s -have P by the -P's -- is sore

thistle, plumed/yellow spined

N-Ill-498

P’s -- swells shut

1433

II1-2117 JIL A(1)2; WOZH; (I)1 N-Ill-3898 PAR-XII-243 PAR-II;PAR-V N-II|-3509 PAR-XII-610 KEEZ B(Il)1 KEEZ B(I)3;2(f’ C(Il)1

KEEZ B(|)3

CHAA’y A(I)8 KEEZ BiIl)1 KEEZ B(Il)1 N-Il-128;N-IV29:PAR-IV N-III-871 Ty A(tl)12 hay A(I!)7,8,12,13 ‘A C(I)1 YEE’ B(I)1 N-I-1394;1852 N-Ill-1307 TAA’;N-IV3;PAR-IV TE’; C(X)1 N-I-1530;N-II168 N-II-28 PAR-XII-525 A (1)20 N-Il|-3994 N-Ill-1857

'EEZ A(II)2,3 K’A A(\)2 N-I-421; 2187;2261 N-1-427;2246 CH'Il’ A(I)1,2 KO’ A(I)2 TA’ (I)2 CH’ C(IN)4 CHAAD A\(I)1

THROW

THROBS

throbs, S

throng around P throng, S are moving to and fro ina

throngs to it, a crowd throttle P throttle P with a looped cord

THROUGH: -- P (as a doorway)

TAHp> BiI)1 ZHIIZH E(I)1 ZHOOD E(1)4 CH’OSH A(I)1 Nil’, B(I)1 LO’ A(I)25 -GHA-;POS-26 -NiKA;POS-

into the fire

into the water

TLD A(lIl)4 on P (as from cupped hands) out horizontally (as out a door)

over P (as over the back of a chair)

58:MV-III-53;

MV-V-213;MVVI-51;MV-VII30:MV-VIII-63; MV-XII-68:MVXII1-65:;MV-XIV-

-- P (as a fence, fog)

43 PAR-XII340;359 MV-I|-35;59;

GHAAL Ait!) 1;TLfID A(III)4 across as far as a stopping point aside, out of the way

away and get rid of O

MV-II-36 MV-II-37 MV-II-38; GHANp A\\)1 MV-II-40 GHANp A(I)1; TLiiD A(Ill)1

away out of sight

MV-II-39; GHANp A(I)1; TLD A(t)

away out of view

down from a height

down onto P down onto the ground/floor down to P downward

forcefully onto P into an enclosure (hole, room)

into P (as into a container)

into P’s mouth

into the fire (gently) into the fire (roughly)

over the edge and down (as from a clifftop) through P (as through a window)

43

MV-III-52;MV-V212;MV-VI-50; MV-VII-29;MVVIII-62;MV-X46;MV-XI-97; MV-XII-67;MVXIIl-64; MV-XIV-

MV-II-41 MV-II-42: GHANp A(I)1; TLD A(Il)1 MV-Il-44 MV-II-43 MV-I1-45 GHANp A(I)8 GHAZ A(|)4 MV-II-47; GHANp A(I)1; TLD A(I)1 MV-II-46; GHANp A(I)7; TLD A(III)4 MV-II-48 MV-II-49 MV-II-50

GHANp A(I)5,7 MV-II-51; GHANp A(I)7;

to P

under P (as under a bed) up into the air

KAAD F(I)1 MV-II-52; GHANp A(1)4; TED A(II)3 MV-II-53

MV-II-54 MV-II-55; GHANp A(I) 2,3;TL'IID A(III)2 GHANpb A(|)1 MV-II-56 MV-II-57; GHANp A(I)9; TLD ACIS MV-II-58 TSXAS D(I)2 ZHij’ A(IV)1 MV-II-62

up out (as from a cellar) violently against P with great force make a -make a -- away with P (snowball, MV-II-63 mud) make a -- down from a height with P (as from a rooftop) MV-II-64 make a -- through P with p (as a stone through a window) MV-Il-65 make a series of --s with P MV-II-66 -- at O one time MV-II-60 -- at O repeatedly MV-II-61 -- each other down on the ground (wrestlers) GO’ A(VI)1 -- one’s legs about K’Al’ B(I)1 -- oneself at P (rider at a steer) LA A(1)45 -- oneself down GHAAL A(IIl)1 -- oneself down on the ground GHAL, A(II)1; -- oneself into P -- a spear (into P) -- P together hurriedly (as one’s clothes) -- snowballs

JAH A(I)1 GO’ A(1)19 ZI’ A(I)2

thug

KAAD A(1)4 NE’ A(I)13 ZI’ A(il)1 T’'OH» A(I)4;ZI’ A(Il)4 PAR-XII-586 NE’3 C(I)1 N-I-987;N-III2539 ZHIIZH A(\)11,12 N-Ill-1680

THUMB:

N-l-1073;

-- spears at each other --a spear at O

--ing caution to the winds “throwing the bull”, be thrush, willow thrust at O (as with a sword or a stick)

1086:;N-Il|-2651

THUMB

-- joint

be holding up one’s --

ule

N-I-1078 Nil’'y H(I)1

--print P

"A A(I)81;NII"y

P is --printed

A(V)5;B(II)1 "A A(III)44

-- a knot (in P) -- itin

THUMP: -- heads together repeatedly

-- O repeatedly

NE’s D(Il)1 DIH B(I)1 DIH A(II)1

-- one’s head against P one time/ repeatedly

NE’o

(as 2 rams) --O once

--O toP -- O together -- oneself to P -- P down securely

-- P together in a bundle -- Up a package S become --ed S is --ed shut tie cord (for a bag) tie cord for leggings tie pin/claps/tack (to hold down a necktie) tie rods (on an automobile) tie, bolo tie-on (a chant token serving to mark the patient in many chants) Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico tiger tiger beetle TIGHT (as clothing): be --onP

D(I)2;E(1)2 THUNDER: first -- (of spring) -- crashes

-- is rumbling peal of -- is rolling along --storm

there is a --storm there is a clap of --

Thunder Man (mythology) Thunder Woman (mythology) Thunder Songs Thursday thus, be thwart P

tibia TICK:

N-II]-2246

N-II1-3477 CH'IL G(I)1 DifLy B(I)2;NIH,

B(I)1 Nii’g E()1

N-Ill-1526 TA3 BiIl)1 NIHy A(I)1 N-II1-2249 N-Ill-2250 N-IIl-2248 N-II-87 T’E’y C(Ill)1 Nil’ A(I)2 N-I-789

become -- (on P)

S becomes --(as a rug being woven) --ly

N-I-379;1319;

deer -sheep -blue sheep -tree --

wood -MIC KEE: be --ing O be --ing each other be --ing oneself be --ish start to -- P WONG -- O up

-- Up an area

2176;2180 N-1-2172

tight with P (as money), be

N-1-500;2177

N-Ill-1594 N-1-1952 N-1-1950

WOZbp WOZHp WOZHp WOZHp WOZHp

tightwad, Sis a Tight-Ears TIGHTEN: -- 3+ bolts --aloom -- P (as the burden on a burro) tile WE:

B(I)1 B(II)1 B(!)2 C(I)1 A(I)1

keep a place -Wits --P

-- (d.p.) O (to P) -- a bow in it --

a bowknot

TL’O B(V)1

TIH4 A(I)1 TL'O BiIj3 Tt’'O C(I) ZHASH A(II)3 TL’'O F(i)2 N-1-426 N-I-2225 N-Ill-4734 N-I1-1245 N-I1l-457 N-H1-1816 N-III-2743 N-IIl-3060;3063 N-Il-1432;1435

DOOD E(1)2,3; TIH4 Bi(I)1 TIH, A(II)2,3 TIHy A(Il)1 PAR-XII-714 DLEE’ B(I)1; TSOH A(I)2 TSOH A(I)2 N-Ill-2317 GIZ A(1)3 TS’OOD A(II)2 TIH; A(l)1 N-Ill-2483

S --s

S --s down into the water

YAA C(I)5 DEE’ A(IIl)2; YAA C(I)7;

S --s downward

--O area is --ed S becomes --ed

ZHOOD Ai(III)1; -- up

a bowknot

--O shut

TL'O BiI)3; ZHASH A\(II)1 TSOQZ B(I)1 Tt’O B(IIl)1,2; ZHASH A(II)2 TL’O B(IV)2 TL’O B(I)3;(I1V)1

B(I)1 YAA C(I)8 Z{f' D(X)1

stand on edge and -- back and forth TIME: a period of -- passes/begins/ends be just in -- for P as -- goes on

Tt’O B(I)3;(II)1 TtL’O BiII)1; B(IV)2;D(I)1 TSOQZ B(I)1 TL’O B(I)3

from -- to --

at the -- when (for) a long -a long --

1435

ZHIIZH;MV-VII YAA C(VI)5 PAR-XII-440 PAR-XII-826 PAR-VIII PAR-XII-776 PAR-XII-162

TIP

TIME

about that --

at any -at that -- (past)

at the beginning of -at the same --

at this --

for a long --

PAR-XII-689 PAR-XII-650 PAR-XII-328 PAR-XII-102 PAR-XII-678 PAR-XII-351 PAR-XII-284;

TIP (topple):

-- over

S --s over and spills S --s over sideways S --s over sideways with P (a car with its passenger)

461;463;

for a long -- (future context) for along -- (past context)

for a long period of -for a short --

in a short -taking one’s -the last -up to that -with the passage of --- extends -- is up (the end comes - as the end of a ceremony) --s get better a long period of -- passes

a prolonged period of -- begins be in -- for P be the third, etc. -- for it have a hard --

make good -- (while traveling) not be in -- for P

P spends considerable -P’s -- is up (P comes “to the end of his rope”) take -- out what -- is it? --piece timid, be --

timid, become -TIN:

-- roof -- roofing --foil tinderbox tingling sensation of revulsion, S cause a tiny, be this tiny, S is/are

TIP (end): -- end (of a plant)

--end of a shoe -- of the nose

-- of the tongue

467;509;772 PAR-XII-64 PAR-XII-63 PAR-XII-62 PAR-XII819:820 PAR-XI|-632 PAR-XII-782 N-1-946 PAR-XI|-664 PAR-XII-440 °A (III) 13

ZHIIZH A(V)7 Tl’ A(I)18 NAAD®2 A(I)1 LifA(ViI2 YAA C(VI)5 Lif’ A(II)1 Nil’ B(Il)1 DO A(1)18;D(I)3 KIDo A(II)2 NA’o A(I)2

DO A(I)6 ZEE’o A(l)1 KIDo D(IN)2;L{f’ A(Ill)1 N-Ill-3039 DZIfD B(I)1 DZIID A(\)2 N-I-192:853:NII1-945:1026 N-Ill-960 N-III-951 N-I1-945:3248 N-Ill-4568

ZI’ A(I)1 ZHEMf (1I)1 TS'ISS (II)1;

ZHEMI (1)1 N--1096; 1098;1105 N-1-381 N-1-900 N-1-317;318 N-1-2032

S --s over with P (a car or boat with its passenger) -- from side to side

--O -- O over

-- O over (one after another)

stand on edge and -- back and forth tipi

tipi, build a tippler

NMIPTOES:

(on) -walk around on --

be walking along on -TIRE -- (of a car) -- pump bicycle --

TIRED: be -become/get --

get (become) -- of doing (a task): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

get (become) --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects get -- (from being in one position) get -- from being “too much on the go”: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects get -- of sitting

MV-IV-68;GO' A(\)27;NA"4 A(I)18:YAA G(I)1 MV-IV-69 MV-IV-70 TS'IDo A(|)27 TS1Do A(I)25, 26 30,38 K’AAD B(I)1 K'AAD A(Il)2 MV-II-68;Y{2 A(1)1,39 KAAD A(V1)26

K'AAD B(I)1 N-Ill-3372 TSI A(I)3 N-IlI-77 N-1-1102:1107 N-I-899:901 TS’ BI) TS’ E({l)3 N-!-280;9 38;939 N-IIl-838;1255 N-1-940

YA A(I)41 GHAAL A\(\)1; NA’, A(V)4,5; YA A(II)21

LAA's A(IV)1; YA A(\)66 "‘AAZH A(I)44

KAI B(I)59 YA A(1)445(1N)21 "AAZH A(1)26 KAI B(I)36 DIJD A(IV)3

tires out on P, S (a horse on its rider)

YA A(Il)17 '‘AAZH A(II)20 KAI B(I)55 DA G(I)1;KE A(I)1 CH'EE' A(Il)1 YA A(\)41

tiresome, S is tiresome, S gets

LAA's B(III)1 LAA" A(Ill)1

make O -- (bored)

TISSUE

tissue (fatty) surrounding the stomach in ruminants

tissue (for wiping one’s nose) titmouse, gray TO: -----

(on a temporary basis) (sticking) a greater extent than a nearby location/place

-- a partial extent

-- a point short of P -- an extent

-- here -- one side

-- one’s deprivation -- P’s self -- some other place -- the other side

-- the point of exhaustion -- various places

(go) --- a barrier (blocking progress)

-- a designated destination

Ie)

220;MV-VI-52:

N-Ill-157;974 N-Ill-1307;3264 N-Il-1635

MV-VIII-64:MV-

IX-47;MV-X47;MV-XII-69;

-AA;POS-3;

MV-XIII-66; MVXIV-45

PAR-VIII POS-2 -[-;POS-29 PAR-XII-34 PAR-XII675:719 PAR-XII-390 PAR-XI|-567 PAR-XII-585 PAR-XII-347 -NAH;POS-52: PAR-XII399:400 -TS’AA’;POS73 PAR-XII-584 PAR-XII-427 -TIS:POS-66; PAR-XII-882 -BA-;POS-11 PAR-XII-116 MV-III-54;MVX1-98 MV-XI-1014;NIILT’AA/NIIT’ AA;POS-60 MV-III-56;MV-V218;MV-VI-53; MV-VIII-65;MVX|-48;MV-X-

-- safety, shelter

51;MV-V-219;

MV-VI-55;MVVII-28;MV-VIII68;MV-IX-26:

MV-X-28;MVX1-55;MV-XII61;MV-XIII-61

-- the bottom (sink)

We

-- P (as another person)

MV-V-217

-- town or to market

MV-I-201;MV64;MV-XII-44; MV-XII1-44

-- water, to the waterhole

MV-Ill-27;MV-V222;MV-X1-32

toad

N-I-355;N-Ill-

toad, horned

N-I||-2978

Toadlena, New Mexico toadstool

N-II1-3810

toast

N-I11-599;612

toast O (bread) toaster (for bread) TOBACCO:

TSOI A(il)1

134151343

N-I-7;N-II-3175

N-III-589 N-1-1264;N-III3069

big -black -chewing -plug (chewing) -wild/mountain/coyote --- pouch/bag/sack

-- a destination and back after

-- one side, out of the way

-- the bottom and remain (sink)

V-221;MV-XI-

MV-XII-70;MV XIII-67;MV-XIV46

-- a destination and back

MV-IV-66;MVV-216;MV-XII-

48;MV-XI-99;

(something)

MV-I-40;MV-III-

MV-V-57;MVVIII-46; MV-XI-103 MV-I-39;MV-III57;MV-V-214; MV-VI-54;MVVIII-66;MV-XI100;MV-XII-71; MV-XIII-68 MV-!-161;MVII-58;MV-V215;MV-VI-56; MV-VIII-67;MVX1-103;MV-XII71; MV-XIIl-69 MV-I-13;MV-III55;MV-V-

N-I11-3085 N-I11-3074

N-Il|-3079;3081 N-II|-3076 N-Il-1792 N-1-2278;N-III3086

toboggan tobogganing, S goes Todastoni Wash, Arizona TODAY: -- (current or future part) -- (past part) from --on Todilto, New Mexico

TOES): DIGn= little --

1437

N-I11-3279

TEEL B(I)1,3 N-Ill-3783

N-I-842;PARXII-147 N-I-844;PARXII-330 PAR-XII-149 N-III-3788 N-I-932;N-III240532453 N-I-925 N-1-931;N-III2451

TOE(S)

TONGUE

space between the --s

N-I-905;N-III2419 N-I-933;N-itl2454 N-I-943 N-Il1-2457 N-1-930 N-I-910;N-IlI2426 N-Ill-2428 N-1-912;N-III2429 N-I-889

tips of the --s

N-I-900;901

--tip(s) stub one’s --on P

TAAL4

the long --

middle --- adjacent to the big toe -- prints

upper joint of the big ---nail (of a human) --nail clippers pocket beneath the --nail

TOGETHER: -- (converging) (meeting) --- as a unit -- in one place

-- on the same day

come/get back -get -- with P (sexually) Tohatchi, New Mexico TOE

outdoor --- bowl -- paper -- water (perfume) token, trade token-tying, ceremonial (for a male patient) token-tying, ceremonial (for a female patient) Tolakai, New Mexico Tolani Lakes, Arizona Tolcheco, Arizona

told, be

told about, P is toloache tomatillo

tomato tomato, wild tomcat

TOMORROW:

-- evening -- morning It Is --

Tonalea, Arizona tongs tongs,

ice

TONGUE: tip of the -P’s -- flops out (as a dog’s)

stick one’s -- out (repeatedly) stick out one’s -- (quickly) tonic

tonight

N-I-880;

tonsil too

-- many drink/eat --much

took (transported) P in a flash, it

TOOL(S): -- up (for a job) --shed TOOTH: decayed -hollow --

missing -one’s own -stubby rotten/hollow --

1060;2721;

wisdom

4611:4612 N-Ill-2474;2509 N-Il-2721 N-IIl-1212;3233 N-II|-2738;3842 N-Ill-1026

crown of the --- gap (left by a missing tooth) --ache --ache medicine (a plant) --brush

--

--paste

--pick

N-Il|-4697

N-IIl-4434 N-Il|-3839 N-II1-3834 N-II1-3836 NID A(II)1; B(II)3 NE'3 B(II)3 N-I-412 N-I-734 N-IlIl-1389 N-1-17214:N-lIl3991 N-l-126;133 PAR-XII-910 PAR-XI|-834 PAR-XII-912 KA HII!) 1 N-Il1-3848 N-III-846 N-IlI-848

882:2188 PAR-VIII;PARX11-43;150 PAR-X|I-860 DLAA’ B(1)1;Y

AA’ BiII)1,2;

N-1-1102;1107 A(\)4;(V)1,5 PAR-XII-38 MV-XIV-47 MV-XII-74 PAR-XII-740 PAR-XI|-737 PAR-XI|-682 ’AAZH A(II)4 DEE’ C(I)1 N-Il|-3809 N-I-258;N-III-

N-I-2031 N-I-2032 DEEL, A(I)15 ZI’ C(I)3 NOOD A(l)1;C(1)1 N-Ill-481 N-I-1676

--pick dispenser container for --picks S has a --ache

S/P gets a --ache

fill P's -S is --ed (a cogwheel) Toothpick-Legs TOP:

-- of a mountain on -- of one another

(at) the very -up on -move at -- speed “tops”, be topcoat top (toy)

D(II)2,3;(I1)1,2 DEEL, A(|)22 N-I-183;N-III875 LA A(I)3

N-III-876 N-I-2120;2143 N-1-2134 N-IIl-422 N-1-982 N-1-2144 N-I-2123 N-1-2151 N-1-2147 N-I-2127 N-Ill-424;4566 N-Ill--425;4567 N-I-417 N-IIl-418;419 N-Ill-414;2053 N-I11-2054 N-Il|-2054 Nil’o D(I)2 GAII A(IV)1; Nil’s A(\j2 Y{f’ A(IV)7

GHAZ E(I)3 N-|l-800;

2301;2305 N-1-695 N-I-696 ’A H(II1)1 N-IIl-93 PAR-XII-873 ZAAL;MV-VI T'E'y C(Ul)1; TS'ID B(I)1 N-1-626;N-III1846 N-IIl-3503

TOPPLE:

MV-I1-34

T1@PPREE

-- over

-- O by sawing -- O one after another by sawing -- O over -- O over/across -- over asleep -- over stiffly (a post, person) -- P over (posts)

-- P over (with a gunshot) torch Toreva, Mishognovi, and Shipaulovi (Hopi villages)

TORN: S gets -- through S gets -- to pieces/shreds S becomes tattered and -tornado tornado, be destroyed by a

TORRENT: -- flows away and disappears P is carried down by a -S is carried away by a -flow ina -in --s Torreon, New Mexico Torrey beard tongue (paint) torso

torso, bones of the tort

tortilla tortoise

tortoise shell tortuous, S is (river, road) toss-up, make a (in basketball)

TOSS: -- O (completive): across as far as a stopping point aside/out of the way away and get rid of O

away (out of sight) away out of view away violently down from a height

TOSS

MV-IV-71; CH’AA’ A(\)3; YAA G(I)1; YEEZHp A() 1,15;(I)4,12 CH'IZH A(I)19 CH'IZH A(I)18 Yfo A(1)1,39 WOD; A(II)10 GHAAZH, A(V)3 WOD, A(I)4 NIL A(I)57 DON A(I)8 N-II]-2116:2530

down onto P down onto the ground/floor down to P into an enclosure (hole, room)

into P (as into a container)

into into into into

P’s the the the

mouth fire (gently) fire (roughly) water

out horizontally (as out a door) out horizontally with force

N-I-1868;N-III4235

MV-II-44 MV-II-43 MV-II-45 MV-II-47;GHAZ A(1)1;Tt 1D A(ill)1 MV-Il-46;Tt'(/D A(III)4 MV-II-48 MV-II-49 MV-II-50 MV-II-51;TLE'ID A(IIl)4 MV-II-52:TL (ID A(II)3 GHAZ A(I)5

over P (as over the back of a

chair over the edge and down(as from a clifftop) through P (as through a window)

T’OOD, A(I)8 T’OOD, A(I)19

T'OOD, A(1)18,21 N-Ill-3334 DIJD A(I)1;YA B(Il)1

under P (as under a bed) up into the air

up into the air one time after another up out (as from a cellar)

GO’ A(I)1 "EEL A(I)5 GO’ A(I)1 (V. FLOWS) PAR-XII-665 N-IIl-4619 N-Ill-1508 N-1-2315 N-I-2316 N-I-152 N-II1-3045 N-I-1968;N-III1352 N-1-2051 TLMIZH4 D(I)2 NE’o A(I)54 MV-II-35 TLTID A(IN)4 MV-Il-36 MV-II-37 MV-II-38 MV-II-40;GHAZ A(I)1;Tt IID A(III)1 MV-II-39;Tt IID A(Ill)1 MV-I-44 GHAZ A(I)1 MV-II-42;TL IID A(III)1

tossing and turning, be total, in

totally

TOUCH: --P -- oneself (on P) -- P with O (as with a pole) -- P’s genitals barely --ing touchdown (in football), make a tough (sinewy), S is TOUR: go --ing go --ing in O (car) to have made a -- of the bars be ona -tourists tow O

tow chain (to tow an automobile) Towaoc, Colorado

TOWARD: -- (one) from nearby -- there

1439

MV-II-53

MV-II-54 MV-II-55;TLilD A(IIl)2 MV-II-56 MV-II-57;GHAZ A(\)9

GHAZ C(I)4 MV-II-58 JIZH D(I)1 PAR-XII-711 PAR-XII448:712 NII’; A(V)5 CHID3 A(IV)2; Nil’4 A(V)4 TSI A(I)7 ZOOZo C(Il)1 -TA-;POS-63 'A A(I)17;WOD4 A(III)51 TS'D4 (I)1 YA B(I)1 BAAZ A(II)67 DLAA’ C(I)1 ’‘AAZH B(I)1;KAI C(I)1 N-Ill-1345;1689 DZ|jZ;MV-III N-Ill-942 N-Ill-2478 -CH'|";POS17;PAR-VIII PAR-XII-357 PAR-XII-83:488

TRACKS

TOWEL

towel (bath, face)

towel rack/hanger tower, masonry

N-Ill-719;7 21:722 N-Ill-720 N-Ill-4605

towers up, S

’A (1)48

TOWN:

N4-954;N-III2488 N-Ill-2477 N-1-958 N-I-996 N-IIl-1559 DEEL, A(I)15 Nil’y C(V)1 N-IIl-3547 N-1-2293;N-lIl4744 N-Ill-3090 N-1-894:944

small -into -toxin toy

trace origin to (a clan, band) trace P’s whereabouts traces of a harness trachea trachoma

TRACK:

around about

around ina circle back

hollow -railroad -lose -- of O

Tracking Bear (a mythological monster) tractable, be tractable,

S becomes

tractor

tractor, ride ona:

TRADE: -- money/chips/token

--ing

across (as across a valley/plain)

--ing post

along (Progressive) -- with each other/P carry on -carry on -- with each other O is --ed

around about around ina circle

around in circles

around P (as arounda

hill/building)

propose a -- of O

as far as a stopping point (up to) away and disappear

away out of sight down (overtaking O)

TRAFFIC: -- cop -- light give P a -- ticket there is a -- jam there is heavy automobile --

down from a height (as downa mountain)

KAA's A(I)1,2,7 KAA’s A(I)11

here and there

KAA’

in under P(as a building)

A(1)14,15 KAA’o A(I)1

tragedy strikes tragic occurrence, there is a

TRAIL:

into an enclosure

(building/pasture) into P into town out horizontally (as from a canyon) to (a designated location)

to water up (climbing, as up a mountainside) up out

arrive/come/go --ing O be --ing O across (Progressive)

make a Circuit --ing O overtake O tracking start off --ing O (on O's trail) start to --O along there are --s leading out there is a maze of --s --$ leading: about

N-IIl-3639 DZAAD B(!) 1;(D{(IN)1 ZHOQD A(I)4 N-IIIl-1273;1275 NA’4;MV-XI N-IIl-3020 N-I-192;853;N1-54:N-Ill900;1026

-+6Of

-- O:

from one end to the other

N-I11-2818 N-Ill-117 N-IIl-2819 N-Ill-2424 N-I-200;1566 CHi; B(IIl)1

KAA’s A(I)1 KAA’ A(1)16 KAA’s A(\)16

-- leading: around ina away

KAA’s A(I)6 KAA’s A(l)12 KAA’s A(l)14

circle

away and disappearing

down from a height down

KAA's A(I)10 KAA’o A(1)9 KAA’o A(1)12 KAA’s C(I)1 KAA's A(I)3 KAA's A(I)5 KAA’s A(I)8 KAA’ A(I)7 THN 13 TIIN 24 N-ill-3762 N-IIl-2926

downward into an enclosure

out horizontally out up beginning of a -descending -its broken -starting point of its -a quadruped starts to -- behind P

it left a broken -its -- ends

1440

N-Ill-3276 N-III-3020 N-1-675;N-III3275 Nil’, C(H)2;(I1)1 Nil’s C(ll)1 Nil’y C(tl)2 Nil’y C(IV)1 'A A(I)55;SAA'o A(I)31;JOOL A (III)39;LA A(1)27

N-Il-3588 N-IIl-2502 ZOOZo A(I)22 JEE's A(I)10

JEE'p B(I)1 YAA B(I)1 D4 G(I)1 N-1-944;1564:NIll-339;3762 N-I1-116;117 N-Il|-20 N-Il]-23 N-Il-21 N-IIl-1036; 1041;1900 N-Il1-36;43;1042 N-Il|-22 N-Ill-1356 N-Il1-1348 N-Ill-1894 N-Ill-1490 N-I1-45;1901 N-Ill-1043 N-Ill-1487

DLOOZH A(|)66 KEE'7 KEE’ 18

TRAIL

its -- extends its -- extends out horizontally its -- goes: across around it

through it around here and there around in a circle away and disappears

away (out of sight) back away back down from a height into an enclosure out horizontally up its -- wanders

about here and there

their --s converge their --s criss-cross their --s diverge their --s go in opposite directions

their crossed --s lead up

there are --s leading out horizontally there is a -- leading: around/bypassing away (out of sight)

up up its side S goes about here and there, leaving a -- behind it S is moving and leaving a -- behind it

TRAMPLE

KEE'9 KEE’ 12

TRAMPLE: --O out -- on one another (as a milling crowd) -- on P (annihilate P, destroy P): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

KEE’ 18 KEE’ 10 KEE'8,11 KEE’ 16 KEE’ 3;TIIN 4 KEE’ 1;TIIN 1 KEE’ 1;TIIN 1 KEE’ 1;TIIN 12 KEE’ 14,17;TIIN 11 KEE’ 1,2;TIIN 2 KEE'1;TIIN 1 TIIN 14 KEE’ 16 KEE'19;TIIN21 KEE’ 4;TIIN 5 KEE'5;TIIN6 KEE’ 6;TIIN 9,10 KEE’ 6:TIIN 10 TIIN8

tranquil, be

tranquil, things become transfusion, blood

translation

TRANSLUCENT: S is --

S is -- white S is -- yellow S is -- red

S is -- gray S is -- red S is -- yellow TRANSPORTATION: (means for) -P serves as a means of -power of -transported (up), P was

KEE’ 15

transported by lightning/rainbow, P was transverse fracture, S sustains a

ZI’ E(\)2

transvestite TRAP: -- (for eagles) -- (for game) beaver -bird --- O (animal, bird) set --s for O

ZI’ E(\)1

S moves/is moving rapidly,

leaving a -- behind it converging --s crisscrossing --s divergent --s their converging --s

ZI’ C(I)1;E(1)1 N-Ill-126 N-Ill-217;218 N-Il|-237;238

N-Ill-119;121

Trail Where the Enemy Walked Up

seta --

Singing (location in Canyon de Chelley area) trailer trailer, house trailing buttercup TRAIN:

get --ped (as in a corner,

toy --

N-I11-249 N-Ill-2140 N-IlI-2498

blind canyon)

get --ped inside P gets --ped by (as in a forest TRAP (fissure in a rock --

N-1-1136 N-Il]-2525 N-Il-1562

-- engine -- station training training, undergo

N-Ill-2528 N-Ill-2529 N-Il|-2170

tram car

N-lll-1769

tram car, ride ona

CH'AAL AI)

traprock, into the

2,3,4,6;C(Il)1,2

TRASH:

stone -traprock

‘AA’ A(I)4

1444

YA B(lil)1 "AAZH BiIl)1

KAI C(II)2 YEEL D(1)1;(I1)1 YEEL B(III)1 N-Ill-1653;1656 N-Il|-3562

CHil’ G(Il)2 N-I-612

transmountain TRANSPARENT: S is --

TIIN 16 THIN 15 TIIN 16

KAI C(I)5

GAII D(II)2; TSILI(I)1 BA’, B(II)2 GAII D(II)2 TSON BiIl)2

S is -- gray

TIIN 13

'EEZ A(Il)4

P fire fire) rock):

TOOL Bi(I)1 BA’; B(II)2 CHil’ G(II)2 TSOII B(Il)2

N-III-859 TI'y B()2 N-1-642 DEEL, A()28 DEEL, A(l)28 DEELo A(I)1 N-I-577 N-II|-895 N-I-1413 N-I-9 N-Ill-1203 N-Il|-4265 LO’ D(I)1 NIL A(I)60 ‘A A(1)81

MV-V-223; MVX1-104 YA A(Il)8 K'AA’ A(I)4 N-1-980 N-I-1838 N-Ill-4072 N-I-1808; 1887;N-lIll1229;4250 N-I-1882 N-Ill-1710; 1805;4477

TRASH

Waele

-- (accumulated in a stream) -- barreV/pit -- can

N-1-558 N-Il]-280 N-II1-4478

-- pit

N-Ill-44814

--pile

N-Ill-1361;

TRAVEL: -- by conveyance: -- by wheeled vehicle:

-- trunk --top

N-1-2018;N-III3054 N-1-700;

there is a --less area

GAIl D(II)15

1944:1954

1362;4479 N-IIl-2919

TREMBLE: make one’s hand --

Nil’4 C(V)1

Lif B(I)1

S/area starts to --

TLID A(I)1,2,3

MV-XI;XII;XIIl BAAZ;MV-XiI

area is --ing be --y ---run

TLID BiI)2 TSIZ C(I)1 DIZ A(IV)1

-- by guided vehicle (car, boat,

bicycle)

LO’sMV-XIII

tremor (earth), P feels an

DEELo C(Il)1

-- by airplane

T’A’;MV-XIII

tremulous, be

TLID B(I)1

-- by boat:

'EEL;MV-XII

trench

N-Ill-2725;4670

-- by car:

WOD,;MV-

trench mouth

N-Ill-493

XI;BAAZ;MV-XII

trey (in cards)

N-II-168

TRIAL:

-- by motorcycle, car

WOD,;MV-XI

-- by horse (trotting)

DLOOZH;MV-XI

(galloping) -- by tractor: be --ing along fast

TAA’s;MV-XI NA’4;MV-XI K’EEZ Bil)1

be on/stand -P comes to -triangle

1 subject 2 subjects

YA A(l)73;B(1)1 *AAZH A(I)49;

triangular, (S is)

TL’AH, (I)1; TS’OZ/ (III)1

3+ subjects

B(I)1 KAI C(I)1

TRIBE: the Navajo --

N-1-545 N-I-547

-- (at law)

go --ing:

triangular figure

1 subject and 1 companion

"AAZH B(I)1

1 subject and 2+ companions

KAI C(\)1

P is --ing along by rainbow

travelers traveler’s joy (plant) Traveling Rock Monster (of mythology)

N-I-551

DEEL,

-- moves

‘D4 F(IV)1 D4 B(Vv)1 N-Ill-3730 N-Ill-3729

TEEL B(!) 1,2,3;C(I)1

D(I)1

TRIBAL COUNCIL:

N-IIl-1689 N-I-208;1091 N-Ill-4191

-- Government -- Education Committee. -- Health Committee

N-II|-908 N-Il-912 N-HI1-911

tray (for carrying dishes)

N-II|-870

-- Law and Order Committee

N-IIl-913

tread (on a car tire)

N-l-281

-- Resources Committee

N-II|-909

KOO’ B(I)1;

-- Welfare Committee -- meeting opens

YA A(\)53

treading water, be

D(|)1 treasurer

N-II-60;N-III-906

tribulation, there is

TREAT:

tribulations, have (many)

-- it (as a sore)

YAA C(Ill)1

-- oneself (as with medicine) -- P with respect

YAA C(VII)1 ZID D(I)1

NAg (II)1

tributary of P,

O (human) is --ed roughly

YAA C(VI)19

TRICK:

O (non-human) is --ed roughly heat --ment

YAA C(V1)18 N-Il-432 BA’, A(|)1

=- (n.) -- (verb) --O

N-III-109

--P

-- with care

treat P (give P a treat)

TREATY: -- of 1868

N-Il-3267

enter into a -- with each other

A A(Ill)5

Ree

N-Ill-910 Nil’4 BCIh)1

NAA’s B(I)2;

Nil’4 BiII)1 tribunal tributary

N-Il-109 N-Ul-2164;2165

Sis a

LJ A(I)6 N-Il-245;2921 LO’ B(I)3 AA’ A(I)6

CH'AA’ A(l)2; B(1)3;LO’ A(l)

18,45;B(I)3

N-I-1939

be --ed

LO’ A(ll)1

-- (standing)

N-Ill-4353

be --y

dead --

N-I-1945;N-III4337

LO’ B(I)3

use/get a -- hold (wrestling)

'A A(I)81; CH’AA’ B(1)1,4;

fruit --

N-IIl-4334

-- blown down by the wind

N-IIl-3463

under the --s

N-1-1957

-- bark

N-I-865

ZHOOD A(II)28 TRICKLE: -- of S collects (accumulates, as a

pool of water)

1442

TS’A A(i)1

TRICKLE

S --s:

-------------

along ina line around in a circle around P (as a tree) away out of sight down from a height in under P (as under a rock/building) into a hole or burrow into an enclosure or hole into P (as into a container) out horizontally out vertically over an edge (overflowing)

-- Up out

tricycle

trigger (of a gun) trigger of a gun (an obsolete term) TRIP (journey): be ona --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects

TROUBLE

TSA’ TS'A’ TS'A’ TS'A’ TS’A’ TS’A’

B(I)1,10 B(I)8 B(I)3 B(I)3,5 B(I)1 B(I)1,2

TS’A’ Bi(I)1 TS'A’ B(I)4 TS’A’ B(I)1 TS’A’ B(I)10 TS’A’ B(I)6 TS’A’ B(I)7 TS’A’ B(I)9 TS’A’ B(I)7 N-IIl-1767 N-lil-787;808 N-1-1767 YA B(l)1 ‘AAZH B(I)1

KAI C(I)1

Start on a --:

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects 1 subject and 1 companion 1 subject and 2+ companions take a --: 1 subject 2 subjects 3 subjects to have made a round -- to a place: 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects 1 subject and 1 companion 1 subject and 2+ companions TRIP (stumble): -- and fall (on P) -- on P (as on a protruding rock)

-- P (by sticking one’s foot between P’s legs) -- P (with a FFO, as a towel) -- P (with a pointed or elongated object, as a stick) -- P with O (loops of a rope)

reach out and -- P tripe, roasted triplets

trompillo (plant) trot (on four legs) trot (on two legs) TROUBLE: after a lot of --

YA A(1)41 "AAZH A(1)26 KAI B(I)36 "AAZH A(|)26 KAI B(I)36 YA A(1)73;B(I)1 "AAZH A(|)49; B(I)1 KAI B(I)65;C(I)1

without (any) --- oneself about P be --ed

bring -- on onself cause -- for P

get oneself into --

get P into -go along looking for -make -P gets into -Phas -es P is --ed (handicapped) by S (i.e. S constitutes a problem for P -

as ill health, unemployment) P is beset by --es putO to a lot of -S is -- free

Ty TE’; CHiy T'I’4

swagger around looking for --

‘A Ci(II)1

TROUGH: -- (for pigs) sheep --

wooden -TROUSER(S): zipper --s

-- leg truck

truck, freight TRUE: itis --

it became --

S/P comes --

YA B(I)1 'AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(|)1 ’AAZH B(I)1 KAI C(|)1

truly

GO'A(I)10,17 TAAL4 A(V)5

trunk (of a tree) trunk of the body

TAAL A(V)8 "AH, A(I)14

TRUST: --P P comes to be --ed

trumpet

trumpet weed trunk

PAR-XII-861

F(I)6 C(IN)2 BiIth2 A(I)8

N-III-1134 N-I11-1614 N-Ill-4339 N-I-631;1663 N-I1-3941 N-I-798;1664 N-I-290;1699;NIl-1272;1290 N-Ill-1291

NiiD B(l)1 NIID A(l)1 L{j’ A(I)1;ZHINZH

A(V)5 PAR-XII720;721 N-Il|-1633 N-Il|-2566 N-I-1921;N-III4392 N-I-2011;2018 N-I-2315

truth, be telling the

LI c(i) Li’ A({Il)1 LI’ A(I)1 PAR-XII-175 N-Il1-2447;2449 N-Ill-556;3908 NIID4 B(I)1

TRY: -- to getO away from P

MV-I-203

place one’s -- in P

ZHIIZH A(1)9 KAAD A(IV)14 CHID3 A(IV)10 N-III-1086 N-I-1529 N-Ill-3192 DLOOZH;MV-V TL’A;MV-V

PAR-XII-620; 631;635 D4 F(Iv)1 TtL’AH2 Bil)1 T1’4 A(iil)1,2 CHIJD 4 A(Ill)1; NAA’o B(II)2 Ty A(IMN2 Ty A(II)9 ‘A D(II)1 YA A(VI)7 T'1'4 A(I)8 NAA’s B(1)2

--worthy trust allotment,land truth

by pulling by rolling -- to getO on P

DZ|jZ C(I)1

BAAZ C(\)1; MAAZ Bi(Ill)1 TSI A(I)8

TRY

-- to get P to accept O

- to get P — (it) unsuccessfully

TUG

‘A B(I)1;JAA’D

-- O along (by pulling on alternate

D(1)1;KA E(!)1; LA C(1)4;NiL D(1)1;TA4 D(I)

ends) -- O aside, out of the way be --ing O along

1;Tf E(I)1;TLEE’ G(I)1;TSOOZ

play ---of-war --o-war (game)

D(1)1;Yfo E(I)1

tuition

TST BiIl)1 GO’ C(1)3;"JD 4 B(VI)1;F (Ill) 4

tule mint TUMBLE:

-- but fail at it (something - Oon for size

GO’ C(\)3 "AAD A(l)2

-- out

TAA’3 BiI)2

-- into the water

-- P out

TAA’3

take a --

attempted)

-- to accomplish P -- to shove O onto P

-- to take O away be --ing (without success) (on O)

-- into an enclosure -- into P

A(1)1;B(1)1

bring O --ing down

TAA’s B(I)1 NIL D(1)4 TSOOZ D(Il)2

go --ing down from a height S --s: about

‘D4 E(V)1; F(Iil)4

give Pa -on the (second, third, etc.) -P is --ed out perform a ---out --out

Tsaile, Arizona

down

TAA’3 A(l)1;

down from a height

B(l)1

tumbler

Lif? A(II)1 TAA’s A(ll)1 TAA’s A(I)2

tumble bug tumble mustard tumbleweed

N-Ill-2169 N-1-1891;N-Ill4257

tumbleweed, white

Tsaile Butte, Arizona Tsaya, New Mexico (Chaco Canyon)

N-Ill-4253 N-I-1878

tumor tumor, fatty

Tse Bonito (a boulder near Window Rock, Arizona) Tseda Hwidezohi Peak, Arizona Tsegihatsosi ~ Segihotsosi, Arizona

N-I-1820 N-IIl-4090 N-IIl-4245

Tunicha Mountain, Arizona

TUNNEL:

N-Ill-4234

-- emerges -- through P (as through a mountain)

N-I-1873 N-Il]-1169 N-IIl-283 N-Ill-3846 CHAA’ 1

-- underground (as in digging a mine) P is --ed through start to -- along there is a --

Tseh So (an ancient Puebloan ruin in

the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) Tseh Tso (Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) tub, laundry tub, white enameled

Tuba City, Arizona tubby, P is tubby, P is relatively tuberculosis tuberculosis sanatorium

Tufted-Mustache tufts (of wool)

-- O (one end, then the other)

N-1-134;135;N-

11-1045;1122 DZAq (1)5

GEED A(I)7, 11;NIL A(1)29 GEED A(I)2 GEED

A(lIlI)1

GEED

A(I)4

DZA (I)5

Tunnel Spring, Arizona

N-1-1395;1854

N-H-2333 N-Ill-2334

turgid, S becomes turgid, make O turkey turkey down (used ceremonially)

CHAA' A(\)7 CHAA’ A(Il)2

YIZ G(l)1

CHID3 A(Il)1

N-II1-3715

N-I-2101;N-III3721

N-II-85;N-III-

Turley, New Mexico

N-l-1260

1539 N-I-1471 N-II]-96

TURN:

MV-II|-S59;MV-V225:MV-XI-105

-- a corner or bend

TUG: --atO

JOOL Bi(Il)1; (Il)1 DAAZ A(I)12 MV-IV-72 N-I-1595;2281 N-IIl-1207;1208 N-I-1412 N-I-375;N-III1379; 1386; 4018 N-IIl-1399 N-Ill-388 N-I-1124 N-IlI-3856

CHAA’ 2

tubular in shape, S is (as a pencil,

cigaret) tuck P in (as a shirttail) Tuesday

'A D(I)3 MV-1-205 MV-I-206 LA A(IIl)7 N-Ill-4035 N-IlI-1077 N-1-1584;N-III3832 GHAAL A(II)2, 17;TSI A(I)21 GHAAL A(Il)2 GHAAL A(II)17 GHAAL A(II)17 GO’ A(I)17 KAAD A(V1)7 GHAAL A(Il)2

MV -IIl-61;MV-V227:MV-VIII-

TSOOD Bi(|)1 MV-I-204

69:MV-XI-107;

MV-XII-75;MV-

XH1-71

1444

TURN

TURN

-- left/right

make a --

-- around:

in a sitting position

quickly slowly suddenly

swimming -- away from P (abandon it) - away from P -- back -- O: around around/over around (by rolling) around quickly around slowly (as a crank) down (as a radio) inside out

MV-IIl-62;MV-V228:MV-VIII72;MV-XI-108; MV-XII-77 MV-V-224;MVVIII-71;MV-XIII70 MV-IIl-60;MV-V226;MV-VIII-70; MV-X1-106; MVXII-76;MV-XIIIwe JD BIN; TSAAD A\() 16;C(I)2 BAAL Bi|)1 YIZ A(I)14 TAHp C(I)1 KOO’ A(|)24 YIZ A(II)4 TE’, Cc

be --ing around and around

JD A(\)4

start to -- O

GEEZ A(Il)1 MV-I-207 MV-II-67;MV-III60;MV-X-49 MAAZ A(II)25 BAAL B(II)1 YIZ A(II)1 GIZ A(1)9 TSOOZ A(I)

things start to --

or over and over

be --ing around and around floating be --ing around and around sitting be --ing O; (car crank) around rapidly in a circle

over and over

over:

(clamped in teeth/beak)

by pulling by rolling slowly in a circle up (as a radio) -- on cold/hot water faucet -- one’s back on another -- oneself into

-- outv/off (a light) -- over: on one’s side and lie on one’s side floating (as a boat) flying (as a plane) -- P aside -- P homeward

-- to the right/left (swimming) -- up here and there

"EEL D(I)5 TSAAD D(I)2

YIZ F(t) BAAL E(\I)1 GIZ G(I)2 MV-I-209

over and over

(by dragging)

ZHOOD E(Il)2

be --ing slowly around (person

before a fire) give O a -- (bicycle pedal) give O a -- (spindle)

give O a series of --s S --s O around (chain on a bicycle) S --s slowly around (Ferris Wheel) S becomes --ed on edge

-- oneself into O

YIZ F(I)2 'EEZ G(I)1 YIZ D(I)1 DIZ C(\)1 ZOOZo D(\)2 YIZ A(1)14,15 K’AAD A\(I)1 GIZ A(\)9 YiLo A(Ill)1 YAA C(VII)8

TURN UP (curl): S --s up (as the toe of a wet shoe): 1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects turner (egg or pancake) turns out well (for P), S (a picture)

40;ZO0Zo (back) off (as a faucet) off (motor)

MV-V-229:JJZH DiI)

A(1)26 GIZ A(|)1 TLAHp A\Il)1 MV-I-208;MV-II67;MV-III-60; MV-X-49 TSA’ A(II)9,10

turns up missing, P TURNS, be taking (alternating):

DZ{{Z A(\)26 MAAZ A(II)26

turquoise Turquoise Mountain

GIZ D(I)1 GIZ A(I)9 GIZ A(I)10 J{[D A(1)4 D4 E(I)1 TSIZ B(II)1,2

turtle

YA A(1)40 *AAZH A(I)25 KAI B(I)33 N-IlI-877 DEE’ A(I)17; NA’, A(I)14 YA’ A(Il)1

-- with P:

1 subject with 1 other person 1 subject with 2+ other persons 2 subjects 3+ subjects

Tuye Spring, New Mexico tweezer(s) tweezer, beard

twelve

TWENTY:

JJZH C(I)1,2 JIZH E(\)2 ‘EEL A(I)57 T’A’ A(I)57 Nil’s A(I)2 Nil’3 A(l2

-- dollar bill ---five cents

---two caliber rifle twice twilight, evening TWILIGHT: -- is gathering early -- falls

KOO’ A(1)24 L{f' B(1)3

1445

"AAZH E(II)2 KAI G(l)2 "AAZH E(Il)2 KAI G(l)2 N-Ill-1742 N-III-1743 N-Ill-1352 N-I-1594 N-II|-756;778 N-II1-1477 N-IV-12;PARIV;NAAKI N-IV-20;PARIV;NEEZNAA N-1-1281 N-Il-177 N-III-810 PAR-XII-418 N-Il|-2899 ZH|[’ C(1)2 ZH{l’ A(I)3

TWO

TWILIGHT

CH'' A(\)1

Two Wells, New Mexico

Twin Lakes, New Mexico

N-Il-574;4182

twine

N-1-1765 N-I-2046 N-I-1292:;N-lll-

(south of Gallup) Two Went For Scalp Way Tyende Mesa typewriter typhoid fever

N-I1-2546 N-Il-2034 N-Ul-3742 N-IIl-924 N-I!l-4060

udder

N-I-169

it becomes

--

twinpod twins

3165

Lif Ec

twins, be

TWIRL:

0

-- O (a baton, bullroarer, hat, lariat) -- O (a firedrill, spindle, pencil)

be --ing O rapidly

TAAZ} D(I)1 MAAZ E(I)1 VIZ C(I)1,2,3 TAAZ, Fi\)1

UGLY: area is --

TWIST:

be --

-- O: (wool)

away out of sight (screw O in) in two/apart

in two/off onto P out

to a stopping point

together

up out

-- 3+ O away (out of sight)

area is filled with --ing gullies be --ed out of shape be --ing O together (as two wires) give Oa --

give O series of --s go about --ing things up tight move one’s body --ing

O is being --ed in two S are --ed together

GEEZ A(Il)1 DIZ B(I)1 GIZ A(\)1,2 GIZ A(1)4,6,12 GIZ A(I)12 TAAZo Ci(IIl)3 GIZ A(I)10 GIZ A(I)14 DIZ D(Il)1;GIZ E(Il)1;TAAZO C(Iny2 DIZ A(II)1 GIZ A(I)3 TAAZo D(\)2 GIZ H(I)4 GIZ G(I)1 TAAZo C(IIl)1 DIZ C(I)1 GIZ C(\)3 TAAZ, C(I)1 GIZ A(Il)1 TAAZo D(I)1

be as --as P

be equally --

start to become ulcer

ulcer appears

ulna umbilical cord (of animals) umbilical cord of a sheep umbilicus umbrella UNABLE: be -- to be -- to afford P/anything

be -- to do P be -- to go to sleep

S is --ing (a road) start to -- O:

be -- to put up with P be -- to recall

apart

in two/off together Twisted-Mustache

be -- to recognize P be -- to stand O/P

GIZ E(I)3;(IN)2 N-Il1-1475

TWITCH:

become -- to stand (O)

-- the nose

S --es (as a sleeping dog) S --es (as one's eyelid) TWO:

-- bits (twenty-five cents) -- of clubs (cards) there are -- of us -- spot (in cards)

“two time” one's spouse

CHIL D(I)1 YIZ A(II)10 LO'C(I)1;D(II)1 N-IV-2:PARIV;:NAAKI N-Il-177 N-II-27 KI(I)1;T'E"4 C(XII)1 N-Il-4 WOD, A(lil)84

be -- to support P be -- to take O off (hat, jar) be -- to withstand

(in a conversation) For Water Clan

Two Gray Hills, New Mexico

PAR-XIII-3 ‘AAD A(l)7; GHAH 1;'\(D4 A(V)1 GHAH1 KJ2 A(I)2

YA BiII)7

JEE's A(I)1 YA’ B(I)1 DIJD A(IV)5; JD 4 O(I)1 ‘WOy AA(V)1 ‘AAD C(I)5 ‘A A(IINI)51 ‘Oy A(V)1

unalterably opposed to P, be

MAAZ E(I)1

unanimously unattended unavailable, P becomes

PAR-XII-626 PAR-XII-319 NI'o A(I)1 BEEZH3 A(I)1 WYO A(V)2 K'AL 1 PAR-XII-

unbearable, conditions become

unbearable, S is (as hunger) unbearably

“two cents”, put in one’s Two Came

--

in an -- manner

ZHOOD D(Il)2 CHXQ' C(I)1 CHXQ' C(II)1, 2;CH DI A(1) 1,2;MA'I (I)1 CHXQ' C(II)1; CH'IDIIA(I)1; MA''Il (I)1 CHXQ' A(I)3 PAR-XII-251 N-I-1130;1194; N-IIl-2788 Lf’ A(I)1 N-I-650 N-I-778 N-I-779 N-1-2055 N-1-234

169;177

TAHg A(I)1 N-Ill-3767 N-Il-1127

unbelievably unbelievers

1446

PAR-XII-221 N-Ill-1729

UNBLEMISHED

unblemished deerskin (used ceremonially) unborn child in mother’s womb is

felt moving unbred female animal unbuckle P unbutton P

uncertain in one’s recollection about P, be

uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncombed, S is

unconcernedly

uncooked uncouple O (car and trailer) uncouple O (two chains, ropes)

UNCOVER: --O: by cutting by peeling by removing a cloth -- P: by removing covering matter by taking lid or cover off by filing or sanding by gnawing by pawing/scratching the covering off by removing a FFO by roughly ripping away the covering by washing away covering roughly

UNDERLYING

underlying cause undermine P by digging underneath

N-Hl-1181

NA’, A(Il)22 N-1-2169 "A A(I)85;NIL A(\)62 *A A(I)85;NIL A(I)62

69;-YAH;-YAA; POS-75;76:N-I-

underpants underside underside of the belly (a quadruped) underside, on the

YA’ B(I)1 N-1-214:1540; 2302;2303 N-I-452;632 CHAAD B(I)1 PAR-XII-168 PAR-XII-785 NIL A(I)5 "AH A(I)3

UNDERSTAND: --P -- (a language) -- (O) (speech) -- each other pretend to -reach an --ing with P(2/3+) make O --able

GIZH A(V)5 ZOOZo A(1)12 "AH, A(I)4 MV-II-69 MV-I-211 MV-I-210 CH'IZH A(I)10 GHAZH B(I)5

--ably undertake P

undertaker

undertaking, major UNDERWAY: an event, task is --

S gets -- (ceremony, rodeo)

CH'D A(I)2 TSOOZ A(I)10

get O -UNDERWEAR: long -women’s -Underworld (mythology) undisciplined, be undo O undone, S comes UNDRESS:

DLAAD A(IV)8 "EEL A(V)15 GHANp A(Il)1

with a pointed instrument -

as a stick with one’s foot --ing undecided (about P), be undependable, P Is

UNDER:

ZHIIZH A(I)3 TAAL A(III)4 POS-8

AC(I)4:Lif"

E(1u)4 LI’ C(IVv)1 -YAH;-YAA; POS-75;76

-- supporting

-[YAH;POS-33

be -- the weather

KWII ({)1 N-I-358 N-I-359;2040 N-1-621 N-I-620 CHL E(!)1 CH'L H(I)1 N-I-620

underarm underarm hair

underclothes

underclothing undercook O undercooked, S is undergarments underground underground conditions underground part, plant’s

N-III-773 GEED A(1)13 -Tt’AAH;POS-

-- hurriedly

--P undulating, S is undulating, waves move

uneasy,be unexpectedly unfasten O from P

unfeasible, it is unfeasible, it appears to P

ungenerous, S is unguent

unhitch O (horse[s] from a wagon)

N-l-1156

N-IlI-3388 N-Il|-2407

1447

1649 N-IIl-437 N-I-1649 N-I-339;416 -Tt’AAH;POS69 TAg A(!)1,3 TAg A(I)3 TS’AA’ E(1)2

TS’AA’ C(II)1; E(|)1,2 TS’AA’ E(II)3 TS'AA’ E(IIl)1 *AAZH A(I)7;KAI B(1)12,13 YAA Ci(Ill)1 PAR-XII-96 MV-V-230;DEE’ C(l)1 N-Ill-1677 N-II|-3301 DEE’ C(I)2; D(II)1 f T’y A(I)14;YA A(I)56 Ty A(ll)18 N-I-621 N-Ill-1904 N-IIl-294 N-I-1353 NE’; B(II)1 TAHo A(IV) { TAHp Ail!) JAA’o A(t) 11; NIL A(I1)22 TLD A(IV)1

JAA’s A(I)13,28 K’OL F(1)1,2 K’OL C(I)2 Z{)’ O(V1)5 PAR-XII553;617 'A A(I)85;NIL A(I)62 DZAAD B(\)1 DZAAD B(I)1 TSOH A(l)2 N-IIl-712;3938 NIL A(1)62;T{ A(II1)39

UNHOOK

unhook O from P

unhurriedly uniform, army uniform, military

uninhabited unintentionally uninteresting manner,

ina

union union, forma

unison, in

UNSUCCESSFUL

A A(I)85;NIL A(\)62 PAR-XIi-660 N-Il-158 N-I-630 PAR-XII-578 PAR-XII-178 PAR-XII-153 N-Ill-2668 Lif’ A(I)1 PAR-XII-392

UNSUCCESSFUL: make an -- attempt (at it) --ly

try --ly untamed, be

untether O (dog, goat) UNTIE: -- O (a Knot) -- O (a rope)

UNITE: --onP

Lif’ A(\)1

-- with P (come together with P): 2 subjects 3+ subjects 1 subject with 1 other

'AAZH A\(II)5 KAI B(I)9

S comes

"AAZH A\(II)5

start to --O

1 subject with 2+ others be --ed (on P) be --ed in P (as a teachers’ association, cattle association) present a --ed front on P:

2 subjects 3+ subjects --ed

unkempt, S is unlace O, start to unless

UNLOAD: --O -- O (by tossing it down) -- O (as gravel, by shoveling it down)

unlucky night, be P's unlucky, S is unmarried, be

unobstructed, P is

unpleasant(ly) unpleasant, conditions are

unprepared Unraveler

Unraveling Ceremony unreliable, P is UNROLL: -- O (a blanket) --O and spread it out S comes --ed unrushed unscathed unscathed, be

UNSCREW: --O Start to -- P

separate O by --ing unserviceable, S becomes (broken)

unskilled labor

GO' C(I)3;NA4 B(I)1 PAR-XII109;110 ‘Dy Bvi)1 DZ/{D BiI)1 T{ A(IIl)39

'AHy A(I)18; TAH A(IV)1 ’AHy D(I)1

-- (untether) O from P (as a goat tied to a tree) Tf A(IIl)39 -- oneself

KAI B(I)S Lif’ Eqns

--ed

start to -- oneself untroubled

KAI G(I)1 Lif’ A(I)1 "AAZH A(II)5

untrustworthy, P is (unreliable) untruth untwist O

KAI B(I)9 PAR-XII-392 CHAAD B(|)1 "AH D(I)2 PAR-XIII-23

unwashed, area is UP:

-- (climbing, ascending) -- (stand) straight up -- an incline

MV-l-212 MV-II-70

GEED A(I)23 KA G(Il)1 TA, H(I)2 YA B(!)1 tN" E(l)4 PAR-XII-806 ZHOOQD D(II)2 PAR-XIi-738 N-Ill-884

’AH] A(Il)1 TAHp A(Ill)1 "AH, A(I)15; D(I)2 "AH A(Il)2 PAR-XII168;640 WIAGIV)4 N-lll-4689 ’AHy A(I)18 BEEZHp (II)1 MV-XV-30; PAR-IX;PARXII-200 MV-V-232 MV-XV-33 MV-V-234;MVVIII-73:MV-X50;MV-XI-110;

-- ina leaning position -- leaning against P

MV-XII-78;MVXIII-73; MV-XIV48 MV-XV-32 MV-XV-31

-- out (from a hole, cellar, mud,

snow)

N-Ill-2233;3545

MV-I-196;MVIIl-46;MV-IV32;MV-V-231;

LI’ C(IV)1 TAHo A(IV)1 TAHd A(II)2 TAHp A(IIl)1 PAR-XII-782 PAR-XII-620 YAA A(Il)1

-- P (as a mountainside)

MV-VII-25:MVVIII-46;MV-XI112;MV-XII-79; MV-XIII-74;MVXIV-49 MV-V-233:MVX1-114

-- under P, supporting P -- (above)

GIZ A(|)4,6; C(I)1,2 GIZ A(I)11 GIZ A(I)6 TO'C(1)4 N-IIl-1862

-------

1448

(at an elevation) (high/above) (in the sky) above P along a river and over

MV-XV-34 -DE;POS-21 PAR-XII-113 PAR-XII-306 PAR-XII-913 PAR-X|I-864 N-I-1503 -AATIS:;POS 5

UP

-- here

-----

high high (at) higher in the air (at a location) in the air/sky

URINARY

PAR-XII-340 PAR-XII-871 PAR-XII-872 PAR-XII-595 PAR-XII-914 PAR-XII-870;

urinary meatus urinary stricture,

URINATE: -- (against P) in spurts -- around here and there -- away into space -- away (out of sight) -- downward from a height -- into an enclosure -- into P -- into the fire -- into the water

871;891:892

-- in the sky/air -- in the sky (at) -- on the summit/top --river -- to

-- to a distant point -- to now

-- to somewhere -- to that time -- to there/that point -- to there/then --(ward)

upbraid P

upgrade uphill upper arm bone

upright position, set O in an uproar breaks out uprooted, S is (as a tree) uproots O, S (wind) UPSET: be (emotionally) -- over P become (emotionally) -- (about P)

PAR-XII-917 PAR-XII-918 PAR-XII-873 N-I-1607;PARXII-520;529 PAR-VIII PAR-XII-465 PAR-XII-347 PAR-XII-301 PAR-XII-664 PAR-XII-82 PAR-XII-90 PAR-XII1323134 BAA’ A(I)1;LA B(!)1 PAR-XII-473 MV-XI-113; PAR-XII-473 N-II1-1864 TSI A(1)24 DLAAD A\(II)4 WOD, A(I)3 YIIZH A(I)2

upslope of a mountain upstairs, go

LI'c(v)1 ’A G(I)15LI’ A(V1)1;TE’ B(I) 2;TLAH] A(II)3 'A G(Il)1 PAR-XII-242 T’A’ A(I)57 PAR-XII-473 N-I-314:316 MV-V-235

upstream

N-|-1503;1607;

-- P (emotionally) upside down

upside down, S flies (as a plane) upslope

uranium uranium oxide urge O on P (try to get P to accept O)

P has a

-- on oneself

--onP -- out horizontally -- P (as blood) -- up into the air be --ing go about --ing pass a single spurt of -start to--

wander around --ing urination urination, P has painful urine urine, excess sugar in the URINE-SQUIRTER (beetle):

big -biting -broad -hard-shelled -horned -large -large-skulled -lumpy-skinned -muddy -ridged -rough-surfaced -small -small smooth -spotted --

square -stinking --

PAR-XII-492: 520;527;529 N-IIl-2715 N-Il-2715 ‘A B(I)1;JAA'S D(I)1;JOOL D(I)2;KA E(I)1; LA C(I)1;NIL

striped --

tailed -wavy -smooth-surfaced -Ursa Major (including the Polar Star) us WS ey --O

D(I)1;TAy D(\)

1;Tf E(I)1;TLEE’

G(|)1;TSOOZ D(I)1 urinal urinary bladder

--O from P without P’s permission

-- O/P sparingly

N-IH-1157;1161 N-I1l-2658:2745

1449

N-II1-742 NI’ A(I)1 LIZH B(I)1 LIZH D(I)2 LIZH C(I)1 LIZH A(I)9 LIZH A(I)2 LIZH A(I)1,2 LIZH A(I)2 LIZH A(I)9 LIZH A(I)6 LIZH A(I)9 LIZH C(II)1 LIZH D(I)1 LIZH A(I)5 LIZH A(II)1 LIZH A(I)11 LIZH B(I)1 LIZH C(I)1 LIZH E(1)1 LIZH A(I)8 LIZH A(I)10 N-III-79 GAIl D(IV)1 N-1-1119;1168; N-Ill-2656;2744 N-I11-2748 N-Il1-2580 N-I11-2602 N-I11-2593 N-II1-2597 N-Il-2598 N-II1-2581 N-Il|-2599 N-Il-2583 N-Ill-2590 N-Il1-2592 N-Il|-2601 N-Il-2586 N-lil-2594 N-II|-2589 N-II1-2595 N-Il1-2587 N-IIl-2596 N-Il|-2600 N-ll1-2582 N-Ill-2591 N-lll-2588 N-I11-2895 PAR-| ‘JO4 BU), F(VI)1 NIL A(I)24 TST A(I)6;Z{]" C(1)2;D(VI)5

VALVE

USE

-- O/P all up (as food, money):

1 subject 2 subjects 3+ subjects -- the whole day get a lot of -- out of P make (full) -- of O S is --ful be -+ess

--ed car --ed up

USED TO: be --P

K'D0' A(I)1 YA A(1)9,20 "AAZH A(1)8,15 KAI B(1)18,26 "A A(I)36,86 NAAD2 A(Il)1 DIJD A(V)2;"1JD 4 B(II)1;F(VI)1 "JD4 F(V)1 ‘D4 F(V)1 N-Ill-1291 -BA-;POS-11 DIN A(I)2;NA5 (1)2 DIN A(I)3 DIN, A(I)1;NAs (1)1 PAR-VIII;PARXII-393 N-IIl-1241 N-Il1-2863 N-I-14-4 N-I-1405 N-I-178 N-I-778 N-1-428;2287

be(come) -be(come) -- each other usually Utah license plate

Utah Ute Indian Ute Tribe/Clan

utensils, cooking uterus (of humans) uvula

valve (cutoff)

N-Ill-1542

VANISH:

DIJD A(1)1,3,4;

2{f C(v)1 “things” --

DJJD A(!)3

an odor --es

YOH A(I)1

be --ing be causing O to --

DJJD B(I)1

P starts to -vapor

V-shaped, S is

vaginal douche, take a vaginitis vale, thereisa

valet weed valid, P's word is not VALLEY: -- (obsolete) -- extends away/out there is a -valuable possession valuable, it is very VALUE: be of -it is of no -P comes to place small -- on S

place a high -- on P S comes to be of small -S will lose its -there is small --

being of lesser --

GIZH G(\)2 N-I-832 N-Ill-2479 N-IIl-2943 N-IIl-1689 N-I-849 N-I-850 ‘EEL A(V)42 N-Ill-2271 GAII D(IV)15 N-Ill-533 Lif’ E(t) N-I-1552 N-IIl-2080 GAII D(II)3 GAII D(II)15 N-IIl-2182 Lif’ El) Uff’ El) L{j’ Eq!) DLEE’ A(l)1 CH’ (1)1 DLEE’ A(l)1 DLEE’ A(l)1 DLEE’ B(|)2 PAR-XII-403

D\JD Bitl)1

DIJD A(2 N-1-1453;2288; N-Ill-3603;4743

vapor, blood

N-I-530;1455

varicose vein(s)

N-Ill-401;4485

varied

PAR-XII-47

variety of things/manners/places various kinds, be of

PAR-XII-755 Heered\)i

various races, nations

N-1-546

varying amounts, in

PAR-XII-701

varying numbers/quantites, in vase, large

PAR-XII-700

vase, small

N-I-68

vaseline

N-1-969;N-III-

N-I-67

158;160;712; 714;3938

Vasey rayless goldenrod veal veer (with P - passenger) -- dye

VilIPs vacuum sweeper vagabond vagabonds vagina Vagina Dentata (mythology)

DJJD A(1)4

-- one after another

VEGETABLE(S):

l