An Introduction to Rubber Technology 9781859571507, 1-85957-150-6

Table of contents :
Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
2. Types of Rubber and Their Essential Properties......Page 4
3. The Basic Rubber Compound......Page 5
4. Rubber Equipment and Its Use......Page 6
5. The Rubber Laboratory......Page 7
6. Chemistry......Page 8
8. Castable Polyurethanes......Page 9
Appendix, Index......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
1.1 Natural Rubber......Page 13
1.2 Synthetic Rubber......Page 16
1.3 What Exactly Does the Word 'Rubber' Mean?......Page 17
References......Page 18
2.2.1 Upper Temperature Aging Limits - Heat Aging Resistance......Page 21
2.2.3 Chemical Resistance and Temperature......Page 22
2.2.6 The Rubber Compound......Page 23
2.3.1 Natural Rubber NR......Page 24
2.3.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber SBR......Page 26
2.3.3 Polychloroprene CR......Page 27
2.3.4 Nitrile NBR......Page 28
2.3.5 Ethylene Propylene Rubber EPM and EPDM......Page 29
2.3.6 Butyl Rubber IIR and Halobutyl Rubber CIIR and BIIR......Page 30
2.3.7 Silicone Rubber MQ MPQ MVQ and MPVQ......Page 31
2.3.9 Fluorocarbon Rubber FKM (FPM)......Page 32
2.3.11 Kalrez FFKM......Page 33
Polynorbornene......Page 34
2.4 Trade Names......Page 35
References......Page 37
3.2 The Basic Compound Formula......Page 41
3.3.1 Raw Gum Elastomer......Page 42
3.3.4 Accelerators......Page 43
Peroxides......Page 45
3.3.6 Antioxidants Age Resistors and Antidegradants......Page 46
Carbon Black......Page 47
Precipitated Silica......Page 48
More About Silica, Including Tires (green tires)......Page 49
3.3.8 Plasticizers......Page 50
Using Recycled Tires as a Compounding Ingredient......Page 51
3.4.2 Elastomer Blends......Page 52
3.4.3 Blending for Cured Hardness......Page 53
3.4.4 Processing......Page 54
References......Page 55
4.1 Introduction......Page 59
4.2.1 Operation......Page 60
4.2.2 Mill Processing......Page 61
4.3.1 Operation......Page 63
4.3.2 Processing......Page 65
4.4 Extruders......Page 67
4.4.3 Die Swell......Page 68
4.5 Calenders......Page 69
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 70
4.5.3 Feeding the Calender......Page 71
The Mold......Page 72
Mold Design......Page 73
Introducing Compound to the Mold......Page 74
4.6.2 Compression Molding......Page 75
Backrind......Page 78
4.6.3 Transfer Molding......Page 81
Disadvantages......Page 83
Advantages......Page 84
4.6.5 Autoclave Curing......Page 85
4.8 Storage of Rubber Parts......Page 86
References......Page 87
5.2 Raw Material......Page 91
5.3.1 Mooney Viscometer......Page 92
Mooney Scorch......Page 93
Testing Procedure......Page 94
What the Symbols Really Mean......Page 97
5.3.3 Rotorless Curemeter......Page 98
5.3.4 Other Instruments......Page 99
5.4.2 Hardness......Page 100
Use of a Pocket Durometer......Page 101
5.4.3 Tensile properties......Page 102
Tensile Testing......Page 103
5.4.4 Tear......Page 104
Compression Set as a Predictor of Seal Performance......Page 105
5.4.6 Shear Modulus......Page 106
References......Page 107
6.1 Building a Rubber Molecule......Page 113
6.1.1 Other Building Blocks......Page 114
6.1.2 Shop Floor Significance of Molecular Weight......Page 115
6.2.1 Sulfur Vulcanization......Page 116
The Sulfur Cross-Link......Page 117
6.2.2 Peroxides......Page 118
6.3.1 Swelling in Liquids......Page 119
Polarity......Page 120
6.3.2 Permeability to Liquids......Page 121
6.3.4 Effects of Low Temperature - Crystallization......Page 122
6.3.6 Aging......Page 123
References......Page 124
7.2 Rubber and Steel......Page 125
7.3 Stress, Strain and Modulus......Page 126
7.3.1 Tensile Modulus and Young's Modulus......Page 128
7.3.2 Young's Modulus Equals Three Times the Shear Modulus?......Page 130
7.4 Compression Modulus, Young's Modulus and Shape Factor......Page 131
7.4.1 Shape Factor......Page 132
7.4.2 Construction Bearings......Page 133
7.5 Tensile Stress/Strain and Hysteresis......Page 134
7.6.1 The Spring and the Dashpot......Page 137
7.6.2 Consequences of the Viscous Component......Page 138
7.6.3 Viscoelasticity and Modulus......Page 139
7.6.4 Viscoelasticity in Cyclic Deformation......Page 140
7.6.5 Dynamic Viscoelasticity - Some Warnings......Page 142
7.8 Rubber and Vibration......Page 143
7.8.1 Transmissibility......Page 144
7.8.2 Translating the Transmissibility Curve......Page 145
7.9 Rubber Gets Stiffer as the Temperature Rises!......Page 146
7.11 Finite Element Analysis......Page 147
7.11.1 Rubber Presents Challenges to FEA......Page 150
References......Page 151
8.1 Introduction......Page 157
8.2 Chemistry......Page 158
8.2.1 The 'Curing Chemicals' - Chain Extenders......Page 159
8.2.3 Stoichiometry During Cure......Page 160
8.2.5 The Cured Product, Properties Versus Temperature......Page 161
8.3.2 Machine Mixing......Page 162
8.3.3 Variations of the Basic Molding Process......Page 163
References......Page 164
Organizations & Other Information Sources......Page 167
Some Rubber Journals & Magazines......Page 169
Miscellaneous Information......Page 170
Books......Page 171
Products and Processing......Page 172
Miscellaneous Books......Page 173
Some Web Sites Related to Rubber......Page 174
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 175
Chart for Converting SI Units to Imperial Units......Page 178
B......Page 179
C......Page 180
E......Page 181
F......Page 182
H......Page 183
M......Page 184
O......Page 185
P......Page 186
S......Page 187
T......Page 188
Z......Page 189