An Account of the European Settlements in America in six parts [1, 3 ed.]

Citation preview

.

muni •

:.

*

I

A

AC

f^

T

C O OF THE

European

';4*.-

ments

Set '^^^

M

I

M

A

.^

E R

Cf

I

A.

In Six Parts.

.

A^-l

.,'

I*

A(hort Hiftoty of the Dif-

Of the SpanUh Settlementi* IV. Of the Portuguefe* V. Of the French, Dutch,

III. I

covery of that Part of the

World. IL The Maqners aiid Cuftoms of the original Inhabitants.

and Danifli.

VLOftheEngliih.

^

%'

M^

'

>,'

*

>

Each Pa kT contains

An

accurate Defcription of the Settlements in

their Extent, Climate, Produftions,

and Diipolition of t^ir Inhabitants the feveral

Settlements '

^

Trade, Geniui the Interefts of

Powers of Europe with refped to thofe ; and their Political and Commercial

Views with Regard o7 >

V.

'i

^-*, '*.

m

'"\

4

*^

-«.' J*.

'1 -. .i,,*;

>

-^

4 -^

#

,

.r.

".'•^,

!K

i

,'if

(.

V

'

-v^

M

\ii

T H

1^

^y%;

>

•

-.^iSVliV-;

P

^

ET

R E

F

E

America have

affairs of

A

C

lately eft"

g^g^^ ^ g^^^^ ^^^ of the public Before the prefent

few who made the

war

there

the hijiory

E.

attention*

were but a very

of that quarter of

)•**. x-

,»

world any part of their fiudy \ though the v-t

matter

is

certainly very curious in itfelf

extremely imerejiing to us as

a trading

and

people*

h

'The hifiory

in extent y

is

of a country which, though vaji

the property only offour nations %

and which, though of ages,

is

for about two

peopled probably for afenies

known

only

tain, that to acquire

its

of the world

'volumes,

Tet

it is cer^'

a proper knowledge of the

of the events in America, an idea of

its prefent flate,

of

to the reft

centuries, does not naturally of"

ford matter for many

hiftory

K

trade,

and a competent judgment

a great deal of reading has

been found requifite. the reading on

And I may

many parts of

dry atid difgujiing

;

A

^1

add, that

1^1

this fubjeSi i$

that authors have treated

2

"j;^

on SVi

^

'

''.S .'

V

PREFACE.

y

ry&^ •if

on

fome without afufficient knowledge of the

it,

and

fubjeSiy

others in fuch

a manner as no

knowledge oftb^fubjeSi in the author could in-

duce any body ":

^,_.-

A N

ACCOUNT OF THE

UROPEAN SETTLEMENTS IN

MER VOL.

B

I I.

GA

V -•

-iV'.'^:

»'', ^-

'#»»«,*.;.''

•

"

>-,

'

•'

'i

"f
^ with an armed force,'

heP

>

^i'^d

m I!

i6

An Account

^

/i&^

European

and ordered hitn to come a(hore, and give an account of himfelf to the king's officers. Columbus told him he had the honour of fcrving the king of Caftile, and would own himfelf accountable to no other. The Portugefc then deQred him to fend the mafterof his (hip j this

I

he likewiferefufed, faying,

P

Jll:

i3 I'll

up themfelves, or even the meaneft of their men ; and If violence was intended, he was prepared to meet force with force. A fpirited in almoft any circumftance of ftrengthjis the moft politic as well as the moft honourable courfe ; we preferve a re-

behaviour,

fpc(fl at leaft

by

it,

and with that we generally

preferve every thing fpc(5l,

HI

1

M ill

that the admirals of

Caftile always chofe rather to die than deliver

every thing

j

bu*:

is loft.

when we

lofe re-

We invite rather

than fuffer infults, and the firft is the only one we can refift with prudence. Columbus found this j the officer did not purfue'his demands i the admiral had all the refreftiments he wanted 5 and was even received at court with particular marks of diftindlion. From Lifbon he proceeded to Seville j the court was then at Barcelona. But before he went to give an account of his voyage, he took all the care he could to provide for another. He wrote an abftradl of his proceedings, and fent with it a memorial of all fuch things as were necefTary for the eftablifhment of a colony, and for further difcoverics. Soon after he began •

I

1'

»:,!

t;

'

I

»

Settlements

>PEAN and give an Co-

ficcrs.

of fcrving wn himfclf tugefe then ,r

Slip } this

lis

e admirals

of

than deliver left of their led,

he was

A fpirited imftance of

well as the sferve a re-

ve generally

we

lofe re-

nvite rather

the only

is

Columbus rfue his deefreftiments

vtd at court )n.

Seville It

J

the

before he

voyage, he de for anoroceedings,

fuch things

entof acooon after he began

hi

America.

n his jour .ey to Barcelona, every

*7

where

fallowed by the admiration and applaufes of who crouded to fee him from all \e people, ,rts. He entered the city in a fort of triumph, d certainly there never was a more innocent umph, nor one that formed a more new and afing fpedacle. He had not deftroyed, but covered nations. The Americans he brought th him appeared in all the uncouth finery their own country, wondered at by every dy, and themfelves admiring every thing y faw. The feveral animals, many highly autiful, and all itrangers to this part of the rid, were fo difpofed as to be ken without culty ; the other curiolitics of the new rid were difplayed in the moft advantagemanner; the utenlils, the arms, and the aments of a people fo remote from us in fi||iation and manners; fome valuable for the iterials; even the rudcnefs of the workmanin

Kl

many made them but the more curiouSj

was confidered by whorri, and with wBat inflruments they were wrought. The gold was not forgot. The admiral himfclf clofed the proceffion. He was received by the kftig and queen with all imaginable marks of cfteem and regard, and they ordered a magnificent throne to be ercded in publick to do him t^ greater honour. A chair was prepared for h'ln, in which he fdt, and gave in prcfence of ll;^ whole court a full and circumihintial acVoL. I. C count n

H?Ji

it

1

i

I

J 1

8

An Account

of the

European

count of all his difcoveries, with that compofedncfs and gravity, which is fo extremely agreeable to theSpanifh humour, and with the modeily of a man who knows he has done things which do not need to be proclaimed by himfelf. The fuccefsful merit of Columbus was underftood by every body 5 and when the king and queen led the way, all the grandees and nobility of the court vied with each other in their civilities and careffes. Thefe honours did not fatisfy Columbus. He prepared with all expedition for a fecond voyage.

The

were

vanifhed.

all

difficulties

The

object appeared every day m;

';

attending the firft importance of the

more

clearly, and

the court was willing to fecond the vivacity of But before his deparhis defires to the full. thing which they judged ture there was one

wanting to give them a clear and unqueftion-

which Should be of them from The Portuguefe fome time before

able right to the countries, difcovered.

This was

a grant

the pope. had a grant of fuch lands as they {hould difcover within certain latitudes; and this grant made a iimiliar one to the Spaniards appea:

The pope accordinglj the more neceflary. very a ample bull in their favour, verj gave liberally conceding countries, of which he was fo far from having any pofTeffion, tha; he hid no knowledge of them. The limit; of this grant was a line drawn from pole to polsi

Settlements :hat

com-

)le,

•xtremcly 1 with the

le

iroclaimed

^fColumand when 5

^9 the We ft ward

an hundred leagues to Azores. On the other (ide no hounds

were

fcrant of

fet.

all

that ihould be difcovered to the

farmer had of all to the Wcftard ; thofe who drew the bulls not having nown enough of the figure of the earth to

p)aft, as the

the ^

vied with

rcffes.

that thefe grants

e,

Columbus, a fecond ig the firft nee of the learly, and

i

neceflarily clafli

j

;s

e vivacity of

e higheft authority over all that

depar-

it

contained.

he had fomewhat with him more material his pofTeflion than any charters. This was

ut

hey judged

r

jnqueftion-

h ftiould be them from

muft

nd the powers which defired thein,were peraps not forry to find their pretenfions fuch they might extend or contraifl at pleafure. Whatever the validity of this ample grant ight be, Columbus was made governor with

or

i his

America.

This was afterwards a fubjedl §f much controverfy between the crowns of pain and Portugal, the latter having got a it all

has done

y, all

m

fleet

of feventeen

fail

ot fhips, with

all

man-

iards appea:

of neceflaries for fettlement or conqueft, d fifteen hundred men on board, fome of em of the heft families in Spain. With this fleet he fet fail on his fecond voyage the 115th of September, 1493. -^^ S^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ the captains inftruftions for their courfe fealed,

accordingl]

fvith orders not to open them, unlefs indiftrefs,

time before {hould dif-

d this

grant

avour, verj

which jffion,

The

om

he tha;

limit!

pole w polci

r

'

nd feparated from the fleet, that he might reate fuch an abfolute dependence of all upn himfelf, as fliould prcferve an uniformity n their defigns. On the fecond of November

hey made land,

which

C

z

is

the ifland

now called

m

^n Account

20

But

called Dominica. fettle hrs

of the

European

his defign

was

firft to

colony before he attempted any new

he made no ftay here, nor other illands at which he touched

l^i^arr

difcovery, therefore at feveral

em Icatii

before he could

On

make

Hifpaniola.

I

i 4

fini

cult

e ha

ds

ill!

tigu

efel

or juftice in their- dealings, they quickly loft their efteem, and were every man murdered,

ntf gin

having been difpcrfed into different parts of the ifland. The prince, whom they were left to defend, was himfelf wounded in their defence, and bore this mark of his affecStion and good faith, when Columbus returned to

The

the ifland.

d

ain,

be: at t

admiral very wifely forbore

pie

make any nice enquiry into the affair, or to commence hoftilities in revenge for the lofs of

tfii eivi

but he took the moft effectual 'ins, meafures to prevent fuch an evil for the fueir p ture he chofe a more commodious ftation !ii&mot( for his colony, on the North-eaft part of the genera

his foldiers ']!

to

nfui

to

m

t

tigu

after

•m

a^

If

he found the fort he had built utterly demoliflied, and all his men The Spaniards had firft fallen out killed. amongft themfelves, upon the ufual fubjeds of ftrife, women and gold 5 and afterwards preferving as little harmony with the natives, and obferving no decency in their behaviour, his arrival

j

;

ifland,

which had

a

good

port, great conve- fefaft,

niency of water, and a gooa foil,-and lay neat that part where he was informed the richell mines of the country were found in gratitude to his royal patronels he called it Ifabella,,i :

He."

II 11

the a 1

tim

e

mc

pes

(

,

EAN was

Settlements firft to

ed any new ly here, nor

he touched

in

America.

21

engaged in the fettlement with great Warmth, and never allowed himfelf a mo-

from fuperintending the fortihoufes", and the works in all which the fatigue was |f agriculture ifinite for he had not only the natural dif-

ftient's

repofe

Ications, the private ;

he had

brt

;

his

ill

fallen

;

men out

fual fubjeds

afterwards

I

the natives, r behaviour,

quickly loft n murdered, ifferent parts

m

they were

ided in

their

his affedion

returned

to

ifely forbore

or

to

or the lofs

of

affair,

fuch undertakings, but le had the infuperable lazinefs of the Spani:ds to contend with. So that fpent with the itigues of fo long a voyage, and the greater (culties attending all

he had endured lince he came on fhore, Of this acci|e fell into a dangerous illnefs. ;nt fevcral of his men took the advantage to ;gin a rebellion, to undo all he had done, id to throw every thing into the moft terrible )nfufion. Thefe people on their leaving )ain, had fancied to themfelves that gold was be found every where in this country, and iat

there required nothing further to

iple eftates,

make

than to be tranfported into

it j

and that inftead of golden (bowers without any loft effeftual ^ rins, they fared ill, laboure^d hard, and that for the fu- Jpelr profpe

could carry it into execution, with the forContinual florms at tune of p. private man. fea, continual rebellions of a turbulent people on fliore, vexations, d"'' npointments, and ca-

were his lot ail his life; and were the only reward of fervices which no favours could have rewarded fufficiently.l His magnanimity was proof againft all thefe, and his genius furmounted all the difficulties! they threw in his way, except that of his pay. ment, the point in which fuch men ever meet bais at courf:,

I

thefe

I

with the worft fuccefs, and urge with the ability.

I'hat furprizing art,

poffeiTed

leaft

by

fo

few, of making every accident an inftrument in his defigns; his nice adjuftment of his behaviour to his circumftances, temporizing, or ading vigoroufly as the occafion required, and never letting th^ occafion itfelf pafs by him J the happy talent of concealing and governing his

own

all

thefe confpire to give us the higheft idea

paffions,

of h', capacity.

and managing thofc of others;

And

as for his virtues,

difinterefted behaviour, his

mj

!'

M

lity

to the ungrateful

juft policy

immoveable

crown he

ferved,

of his dealing with the

his|

fide-

the

I

Indians, his

I

Settlements

America. 63 his caution againft giving them any offence, and his tender behaviour to them when conquered, w^hich merited him the glorious title in

together with liis zeal to have inftruded in the truths of religion, raife them him to the elevated rank of thofe few n^ea

of their father,

whom we ought

to confider as examples to mankind, and ornaments to human nature. I hope it will be forgiven me if I add a

i

remark upon the condud: of the court of Spain with regard to this great man. Though,

j

I

las

we faw

all along, this conduct was equally and impolitic, forry I am, that no lefof inftruftion can be drawn from the

junjuft foii

event, las

which was

in all refpeds as fortunate,

were ungrateful and But there was a coincidence of

the meafures purfued

imprudent.

events at that time,

\

which does not always

happen fo opportunely to juftify an ungrateful and

narrow policy.

It is certain

that

fome

men are fo pofTelTed with their, defigns, that when once engaged, nothing can difcourage thetn in the purfuit. But great and fr£quent difcouragements are examples to others, which will at leaft certainly have an efFef nobles, who guarded the general snd flandjrd. Mere the refill ance was greater, but it was ioon overcome, and Cortes's own lance met tl;e general, who was overthrown, fend the flandard taken.

All the other flandai'ds

«:

Settlements

in

America.

105

were ftruck diredly, and the Mexicans every way which their fear and confulion fled They loft twenty thoufand hurried them. men in this batde, and a ipoil infinite. This

dards

victory

gave Cortes an undifturbed paffage to

Tlafcala,

and

his allies

there.

a

welcome

CHAP. Spaniards fent

agaijift

amongft

receptipn

XIII.

Cortes join

A

marches again to Mexico.

He

him.

confpiracy a^

gainjt his lije baffed.

now our LET No fooner were the

eyes to Mexico.

turn

us

\'t.k:^'

Spaniards departed,

than

Guatimozin ordered the

fied

in

fuch a manner

againft their

as

to

be

city to

fecure

entrance a third time.

forti-

f M' l^^. !>

himfelf

He

found

thouuind Tlafcalans were killed in this upwards of two hundred Spaniards, (the greateft lofs they had yet in America,) and He cut oft' the a great number of horfes. heads of the Spaniards, and of their horfes, no lefs dreaded, and fent them to all the neighbouring nations, as an infallible token of his vidory j as a fure proof that he was refolved to keep no meafures with the enemy, and

that a

retreat,

to ftir

them up to

their utter deftrudtion.

fucceeded fo well, tions,

'h

He

that numberlefs petty na-

well inclined to the Spaniards,

fell oft",

and

H

i

':ll^i

«

io6

Jn Account

of the

European

and many that were wavering were confirmed By this means fevein the Mexican intereft. ral adventurers, that from the fame of Cortes had landed to join him, were cut to pieces beBut the negotiafore they gained his army. tion to which Guatimozin bent all his force, was that with Tlafcala, becaufe this was Cortes's

He

chief ftrength.

and ambafladors of

ability,

fent large prefents,

with excellent

in-

them from the Spanilh who executed their commifHon fo

flrudlions, to detach intereft

;

well, that they caufed a great divilion in their

favour in the councils of that republic. But Cortes making his military exploits fubfervient to his negotiations, and his fkill in negotiation afliftant to his

at length

exploits,

baffled

them

with great addrefs, but not without and the Tlafcalans were con;

great difficulty

firmed in his friendfliip. Whilfl a general has an obedient and well united army, he has an engine in proper order to work in his defigns, and he can then execute them with eafe j but the greateft trial of his capacity is to defend himfelf againft a foreign enemy, and wreftlc with a domeftic fedition at the fame time. The foldiers of Narvaez, fince Cortes's return from Mexico, where they v, ere obliged to leave fo confiderable a part of their booty, now hopelefs of the expedition, began to mutiny, and demanded to be fent home diredly to Cuba; nor

w

Settlements nor

were

in

America.

his other troops free

107

from fome part

Whatever could be done of the infedion. preferving them in adion, without too by whatever a feafonable yield; without forfeit' ng authority ; in fliort, whatever an able commander could do in fuch circumftances, was done by Cortes, without any other effed than that of palliating the great a fatigue

ing,

difeafe

;

the indifpolition dill continued.

Whilfl he ftruggled with thefe difficulties, which nearly overpowered him, his old enemy, James Velafquez, looking on the fuccefs of Narvaez's expedition as a thing certain, fent a fhip to get intelligence of his proceedings, and about thirty men to reinforce him.

The perfon who commanded at the port for Cortes, no fooner faw the (hip in the offing than he went on board her, and upon the enquiry after Narvaez,

he aflured and as fuccefsful as he Not doubting this, the captain could wifh. and his men landed, and were immediately made prifoners. Finding how affairs were really circumftanced, they admired the conqueror, commended the ftratagem, and chearfully joined the army. Much about the fame time the governor of Jamaica, and he too a determined enemy of Cortes, fent three fhips with a fmall body of troops, in hopes of tearing from him fome part of his conqueils. Thefe fliips were difcaptain's

him he was well,

perfed

ttii '!t

I'

io8 perfcd

Jn Account

the

European

ftorm, and were involved in

in a

difficulties

of

;

but what

is

fingulnr,

many

they

all,

though feparated, came to one and the fame refoUition, which was to revolt from the commander, and join Cortes the moment they came on fliore fo that the enemies of Cortes now no lets than three times relieved him, by the very methods which they took to diftre.

intereft; the

more prudent fufpended their refolution Cli

1

but in

the Indian

Even the Tlafca-

were upon the point of deferting him, when Cortes counteraded this ftratagem in lans

the wifeft

fufpend ail

manner poflible. He manner of operations

refolved to againfl the city

V\

!.

X

-1

122 ^fi AccouiiT of the

European

days, to demonftrate the of this oracle, and to hinder it from being ever again ufed as an inftrument to work upon the creduhty of his confederates. He city for thefe eight

iii\(\iy

Iff

>H

>•

prevailed upon the Tlafcalans to wait the deIn the mean time he ftrongly termination.

camp. GuaLimnzin was

fortified his

fenfible that the efFedof

weakened every day, and with that idea employed every hour of the day or night to all'ault Cortes's camp, but al. ways with ill fuccefs. This great commander was always on his guard ; and his troops adhis policy

nuift be

vantageouily ported, bid defiance to every thing of an Indian attack. At laft the eight days expired, and with them the terror of The ftratagem now the confederate Indians. operated as powerfully againft thofe who contrived it, inibmuch that all the neighbouring nations, before fufpended by the uncertain event of thefe mighty ftruggles, declared in favour of Cortes, who by this fortunate turn in a little time found himfelf at the head of

two hundred thoufand men. This was the lafl hope of the Mexicans. All that followed was only the departing agony of that flate. \i^ it

I 'A

M ny

The

city was aflaulted with redoubled vigour, and now reduced by flaughters, fatigue and famine j the Mexicans faw the fuperior flar of Cortes gain the afcendant. The town was

penetrated upon

k

all fides,

yet the befieged

de-

'flvillii

fended

m

iR

Settlemen-ts

in

America.

123

fended every ftreet j and their incelllmt fliowof darts and ftones from the tops of the

crs

made

the progicfs of the hefiegcrs flow and bloody. In this extremity, GuatiiTiczin did every tliing that could juflify the hopes cf the Mexicans wlien they called him to the throne, every thing that was worthy of houfes,

But when he hope of diflodging the enemy

one relolved to die a king. found that

all

was utterly at an end, his troops half famiflied, cxhaufted in numbers and in flrength, and no part tenable, he determined to leave

terms it could from and to feek himfelf a more

the city to obtain the beft

the conquerors,

opportunity at a diftance. For purpofe he renewed the treaty with the Spiiniards, and took the opportunity of this cclhition of arms to put himielf and liis fa-

piofperous thib

milv, vvi'ih fui

fome of the

braveft and moft faith-

of his nobility, on board

fome periaguas,

attempting to efcape to the continent

; but apprehending this very thing, ftationed Ids dtet in fuch a manner, that he was intercepted, and foon out of a condition of n:aking any defence. He went on board the SpanKh commander, with an air of dignity and compofure, betraying neither fear nor furprize, and defired no favour, but that the honour of his wife and her attendants might be fpared. The Spanifli captain attended but little to him, endeavouring to prevent the

CcrlLi

efcape

I

^n Account

of f/jeEvRo?E AH cfcape of the nobility j but Guatimozin deiired him not to be anxious about them. " Not one of thefe men will fly, fays he, do not fear it, they are come to die at the feet of The captain, admiring the their fovereign." conAancy of the man, and the fidehty of his fubje(fts, conducted him to Cortes. The ruins of the city of Mexico were now dehvercd up

124

to the Spaniards.

and the *

.'

With

it

fell

that empire,

liberty of all the Indian nations,

which

filled that vaft country now called New Spain, who either Aid gradually firom alliance to fubJecftion, or defending themfelves without fuc-

were made, and treated as flaves. The curiofity of the reader will doubtlefs

cefs,

be intcreiled to '

«;1

U'

It

know

the fates of the captains

of the conquering and conquered parties in this war. For fome time the treatment of Guatimozin was fuch as fitted an unfortunate brave man, in the hands of thofe who could eflimate virtue by other flandards than its fortune i and fuch was his treatment, whilft the authority of Cortes was fufficient to protect him. But the infernal avarice of his troops, which at once excited and difgraced their courage, not fatisfied with the plunder of this opulent city, believed that there were fome latent trcafures, within the knowledge of the emperor, which far exceeded all the refl that they had yet poflefTed. They often foliicited the captive emperor with promifes and threats to

Settlements

in

America.

125

make a difcovery, but to no purpofe at a number of villains, Juan de Aklerete at their head, a name deferving to be remembered to its everlafting infamy, feized upon

to

;

laft

him, and proceeding to the moft abominable laid

cruelty,

ednefs his

him upon burning

a difcovery of his wealth.

tort

could

neither

extort

coals, to

But a

ex-

their w^ick-

difcovery

cf

wealth, nor the fatisfadion even of a de-

claration

that he

had none

His

to difcover.

countenance did not betray the lead yielding

weaknefs under the torture j fome of his principal counfellors fuffered along with him, and with equal conflancy. At Tail, one of

or

unhappy men, overcome by the force almoU fuperior to human firength, turned his eyes, fainting with anguilh, upon his mafter, and uttered a doleful cry but Guatimozin anfwered him only by faying, " Do you think I lie upon rofes ?" The fufferer, flruck dumb with thefe words, and Aifling every murmur that might difhearten

thofe

of torments,

\

;

Guatimozin, expired ia an adl of obedience to his prince. This wickednefs was committed without the knowledge of Cortco. He was no fooncr apprifed of what was doing, than he ruflied in upon the villains, and refcued their prey, mangled as

the others, or diflurb

it

was, from their further

was but a confcioas of bis this

fury.

fliort

refpite.

own

dignity,

However,

This prince, and fciifible of the

!-;> P^:.;

?"

P!

An Account

126

European

of the

the bafe ufage he received, either endeavoured to flir up commotions, or was fufpeded of

fuch a defign, and Cortes being obliged to fubmit the humanity of his nature to the cruel neceflity of politics, ordered him to be executed.

As

for

fuccefs,

Cortes

himfelf,

neither

nor the vaft treafures

into Spain, could

fecure

his

v^rhich

him from

he

great fent

his ene-

mies j by whofe unw^earied zeal for his ruin, he iv^ himfelf fuperfeded in the government of a country, conquered by himfelf with fo much toil and danger, and which in any other hands had never been effedted. He died in Spain, having received a title and fome other rewards from Charles the Vth, for whom he had acquired an empire ; but by his own delire he was carried to Mexico, and buried there. It was the policy of Spain at that time to give great encouragement, and extenfive grants, to but when any great difcovery all adventurers was made, or conqueft atchieved, they always fent another to reap the benefit of the firft adventurer's labours. This was a policy undoubtedly good with regard to one objedl, the fecurity of the conquered country; but like all unjuft policy, it had altogether as ill an effect another way ; the new governors, hungry and rapacious, and fcarce confidering the ;

Indians as

human

numbers of them

murdered vail and exhaufting them by

creatures, 3

an

r

Settlements

i}i

an intolerable llavery, in

America.

ill

127

hopes of a fudden

gain, they depopulated the country in (iich a nianner, as to abate very much the advantages

which Spain might have derived from (o exCortes himfelf was not tenfr/e a conqueft. free from the imputation of cruelty ; the bi-

of Chiapa, a good man, who was fent make an enquiry into complaints

(hop

purpofely to of this

kind, gives a very unfavourable repre-

fentation

of his condud.

Spain.

accufes

i't

••

him of

four millions of people in

having deftroyed

New

He

It is

certain,

whether by

'e-:--!

his

ronnivance or not, but partly by the ncceffity of

war, and partly by the avarice and info-

lence

of the conquerors, vaft numbers of the but on the other hand, it

Indians peri(hed;

appears that the

my

to Cortes,

otherwife, little,

muft

bi(hop of Chiapa was an ene-

which though detra(fl

from

a

good man

his credit not a

efpecially as other hiftorians differ

from

him in this point. Befides, I am well fatisfied, that great allowance muft be made for exagf^erations in the number of inhabitants thefe countries ar^ fai'd to have contained. More populous, I believe, they were than uncivilized parts of North or the entirely South America ; but it can hardly be thought

were

of people as they are reprefented to have been, if we can truft to any of the rules by which we ufually judge in this matter, nor confequently could they have fuf-

they

fo full

fered

V

-

'..JL

:i

m,,

it

)S

128

Account

-^«

of tke

European

fercd fuch lofTes in fo (hort a time, without being utterly depopulated, which certainly

they were not. Since I am on the fubjecSt of thefe cruelties, and fince they are things fo frequently mentioned, I cannot help obferving, that the accounts are by no means founded upon any methods of calculation, but thrown

tolerable

down

at

random

in a declamatory

way, with

a defign yet further to blacken the Spani(h

men

wicked enough, though reprefented without any heightening

adventurer colours.

j

The

perhaps almofl

«'

!

!i,

certainly

truth as

is,

that great

numbers,

great as are charged, have

really perished ; but then it was in a fcries of years, by being reduced to flavery in the mines, and other laborious occupations, to which the Americans are of all people, by their conftitutions, the mofl: unequal, and by being diflieartened by a ftate of unpolitical and defperate flavery, the greateft enemy in

the world to increafe.

There «i'| i.^.( I''

II

is

a notion likewife pretty

that thefe cruelties were

committed

common, partly,

if

not wholly, upon a religious account, and at the inftigation of the prieftsj but in reality it was quite otherwife. This unfortunate people found their only refuge in the humanity which yet remained in the clergy, and the influence they had on the Spaniards, through the clergy,

who went on

thefe adventures,

were

SettlemeKtS

in

America.

12^

wert generally not the raoft zealous for religion, and were, as the Spanifh clergy com-

monly

are,

ignorant

piincipled in the

fpirit

enough, and io little of the religion they

or indeed in the nature of the

profeiled,

hu-

man mind, that they could boaft as a very thing, that one of them had bapfeveral thoufands of Indians in one day, tized without the help of any miracle for their converfion, and with a degree of good life, which j to fay the beft, was nothing more than comBut of any murders committed by mon.

glorious

them, or at their infligation, no proof

1

find

little

or

at all.

C

H A

P.

XV. \

l^he

fcheme of Pizarro and Almagro for the Their charaSfers. 7 be of Peru,

conqiie/i

of the empire of Peru at that time, Ihe taking of the ynca Ajtabalipak

ftate

E SIDES

Mexico, there was but one country in America which in any fort deicrved the name of a civilized kingdom, and that was Peru. During the latter part of the Mexican war, the Spaniards became acquainted with the fame and wealth of this country. After Pediaria was appointed governor over the conquefls of Balboa, tcnants

Vol.

reduced I.

all

that large

K

his licu-

trad which is no%V

*

,

1'.)]'.

'i

An Account

130

of the

European

now

called Terra-firma, committing barbariworthy the man under whofe authority ihey a(^ed. Amongft all the adventurers who adted under his commiflion, none have made themfelves fo famous as thofe of whom we ties

are going to fpeak.

As

were deftined that every thing in (hould be carried on in a new and extraordinary manner, three citizens of Panama, private men, and advanced in years, this

Pi

J

1

M

,M

if it

new world

undertook the conqueft of Peru, a country known to them only by report, but by the fame report faid to be rich, extenfive, poThe names of thefe pulous, and powerful. adventurers were, Francis Pizarro, Almagro, and Ferdinand Lucques, a prieft, and a man of confiderable fortune. They entered into this engagement in the moft folemn manner. Lucques laid mafs, an oath of mutual fidelity was plighted, the facrament was divided into three parts, Lucques took one, and delivered the other two to his confederates. The firft expedition, in confequence of this confederacy, was made under extraordinary difficulties, and with very little fuccefs. Pizarro,

who commanded, fhort

navigation

two years in between Panama, and fpent

the

the

Northern extremity of Peru, a voyage now made frequently in two weeks, fince the winds and currents are known. He landed, and found that the wealth of the country was as

!.,

in,.

Settlements

/«

America;

ip

he imagined ; and that the refiftwas like to meet in endeavouring to pofTefs himfelf of it, would be full as coniiThis he put to the proof very ear* derable. fes

great as

ance he

by taking the raOi ftep of attacking the inhabitants at his firft landing ; and thus letting them fee all at once the worft of his inThe difHculties he met with, and tentions. the refiftance his ill conduct occafioned in the country, obliged hihi to return without effedtBut neither he^ ing any thing confiderable. sifter fuch a length of time^ nor his aflbciates, or fuch greatnefs of expence, were deterred from the profecution of their fcheme* It was agreed that Pizarro fliould go into Spain to

He

united and civilized rhe difperfed anil liarbarous people j he bent them to laws and arts

be foftened them by the

of a bewas no part of America in which agriculture and the arts were fo much and fo well cultivated, nor where the people were of a milder nature, The yncas and more ingenuous manners. defcended, as they imagined, from fo facred an original, were themfelves refpedled as dinevolent religion

vinities. tries,

;

inftiturions

in fliort, there

In none, even of the Afiatic counfo entire an obedience to the

was there

But here it was rather filial As to the charader of the Pethan flavifli. ruvians themfelves, they feem to have had a royal authority.

mi

11

flrong refemblance to the ancient Egyptians:

them, under a iky conftanily fcrene, were a people "nduflrious and ingenious >

like

they cul-

tivating the arts, but without bringing them

t

to perfedion

;

inclined to fuperflition, and of

a foft unwarlike temper.

^Wi '^''^oO ^^ii

The

ynca Guaiana Capac having conquered the province of Quito, which now makes a part of Spanifli Peru, to fecure himfelf in the poflcffion, married the daughter of the natural prince of the country, ^y her he had a fori called Atahualpa, or A*-ubalipa.

By

a former

marriage he had a fon named Huefcar, heir pf his other dominions. On his death Huefcar, .

'In

II

'f

his'

Settlements

m

America.

135

claims his whole dominions, Atabalipa, the both hereditary and acquired. youngeft, without pretending to the reft, fon,

his eldeft

would keep Quito as his right by the double title of fon to the conqueror, and to her whofe inheritance that kingdom was, fortified befidci

which

by the will in

favour.

his

war,

which

the dying ynca

had made

This difputc kindled a civil

after

feveral

turns of fortune,

ended at laft in favour of Atabalipa;

he not

his brother's armies, and over-

routed dominions, but adually held him a prifoner in the tower of Cufco. Such was the face of affairs when the Spa-

only

run his

niards

whofe remarkable apfeats of arms were where fpread about the country, and arrived in Peru,

pearance every

and furprizing

As

caufed a general alarm.

rumours, are

new

ufual in frightful

fuperftitions begin, or old ones

revived to increafe the confufion.

I'ubfifted

a

There

amongft the Peruvians, ancient princes had a dream

tradition

one of their which he ordered carefully to be recorded. He imagined that he faw a man cloathed all over, even to his feet, with a long beard, and leading in his hand an animal, fuch as he had and that at the fame time never feen before he was clearly informed of the will of the gods, that fuch a man fhould rule that counthat

•:

i"

;

try.

A

Spaniard,

whom

Pizarro

had fent he

upon an embafly to Atabalipa, as foon as

K

4

was

:

'IT

yiri Account of the Europe an 136 was difcovered leading his horfe upon

cccafion that

made him difmount,

fonie

agreed

To

well with this dream, that it is incredible how foon it fpread into the remotefl parts of the

country, and with

how

great a terror

it

ft.uck

the whole nation. Atabalipa, newly featcd

throne, was not the

.1

lif-'

't

it

f'>'l*'U

vteffP

1

upon

a precarious

alarmed at this event, for a new-eredled power has every thing to fear from whatever fets the people's minds, upon a new motion. He reflill unfettled, folvcd, if poffible, that his enemies fliould take no advantage of the arrival of thofe ilrangers, by engaging them by all means to his

own

intereft.

leaft

He

therefore received

the

embafiadors which Pizarro had fent with the greateft marks of honour, though their difcourfe, confifting itfelf of very impertinent matter, was very ill interpreted to him, as was his to them. He even went out to meet Pizarro with a vaft number of attendants, to whom he gave the ftrid:efl: charge upon no account to offer the leaft injury to the Grangers, as they were thofe of whom his predecefTor had foretold, and of the fame divine original, children of the fun. But Pizarro, who advanced with other notions to the interview, foon convinced him that a contrary caution was

more

neceflary.

They met

near

a celebrated temple, the Spaniards drawn up ip order of battle,

and

a party in ambufcade.

This

Settlements

in

Amerig-a.

137

This circumftancc leaves us in no doubt as to The firft perfon who the dcfign oi Pizarro.

himfelf to the ynca, was father Vinwho was not afliamed to make charad;cr the inftrument of fo bafe a crime.

jKldreiTccl

a

cent, his

friar,

He advanced with a crofs in his hand, and a moft unfeafonable difcourfe upon and miracles of Chrift, exhortbirth the ing him to become a chriftian, on the pain Then he fpoke with of eternal punifhment. of the eloquence emperor of the Roequal mans, preffing him with the fame ftrength of argument to become a fubje«l:

m'i%

M'r\

indeed almoft the only one which is good upon the Weftcrn coaft of New Spain. The entrance of the harbour is defended by a caftle of tolerable if rength ; the town itlclt is but ill built, and makes every way a milt-rable figure, except at the time of the fairs, wl.en it intirely phanges its appearance, and becomes one of the mod: confiderable marts in the world. About the month of December, the great galleon, which makes the whole communication that is between America and the Philippines, after a voyage of five months, and failing three thoufand leagues without leeing any other land than the Little Ladrones, arrives here loaded with all the rich commodities pf the Faft; cloves, pepper, cinamon, nutmegs, mace, china, japan wares, callicoes plain and painted, chints, muflins of every fort,

filks,

precious ftones,

rich

drugs, and

At the fame time the annual Blip ffom Lime comes in, and is not computed to bring lefs than two millions of pieces gold

duft.

pf eight

in

filver,

befides quickfilver, cacao, drugs,

Settlements drugs,

in

America.

231

and other valuable commodities,

to

be

out in the purchafe of the commodities the Eaft- Indies. Several other fhips from of different parts of Chili and Peru meet upon laid

fame occafion ; and befides the traffic the Philippine commodities, this caufes a very large dealing for every thing thofe counthe

for

exchange with one another, as of all forts of European goods. The fair lafts fometimes for thirty As foon as the goods are difpofed of, days. ihe galleon prepares to fet out on her voyage tries

have

well

as

to

to

for the purchafe

the Philippines w^ith her returns, chiefly in

but with fome European goods too, fome other commodities of America. I fpeak here, as though there were but one veflel on the trade with the Philippine and filver,

and

>

j

only nominally one trailing vefitfelf, of about twelve hun^ fel, the galleon dred tuns ; but another attends her commonly as a lort of convoy, which generally carries in

fadt there

is

f;'

goods as pretty much difables her from performing that office. The galleon has often above a thoufand people on

fuch a quantity of

board, either interefted in the cargo, or

paffengers

;

and there

0^4

i^

f

k.

{.

mere-

no trade in which fo large profits are made ; the captain of the veiTel, the pilots, their mates, and even the common failors, making in one voyage, what in their feveral ranks may be confidered as eafy fortunes. It is faid by the writer of lord ly

•'^-'Vi

i

Anfoii*s

22^

-^^

Account

of the

European

Anfon's voyage, that the jefuits have the profits of this (liip to fupport their miflions j and if io^ their gains muft be extremely great, and muft add much to the confequence of a fociety

which has

riches as

its

as great a reputation for

its

wifdom.

This commerce to fo vaft a value, though carried on diredly between the king of Spain's

own

dominions, enriches them in proportior) very little the far greater part of every but thing that comes from the Philippines, being the produce, or the fabric of other countries the Spaniards add none ef the artificial value The Chjnefe are of labour to any thing. ;

j

W-'

and it is tq them they are indebted for the manufiduring fuch of their plate, as is wrought into any better fa(hion then rude ingots, or inelegant When this fair is over, the town is coins. comparatively deferted ; however, it remains for the whole year the moft confidcrable port in Mexico, for the trade with Peru and Chili, largely interefted

which

is

in this cargo,

not very great.

The

Eaft-India

gQods brought here are carried on mules to Mexico, from whence what exceeds their own confumption is fent by land carriage to La Vera Cruz, to pafs over to Terra Firnia, to the iflands, and fome even to Old i:pain, though in no great quantity. From the port of La Vera Cruz it is that f^hc great wealth of Mexico is poured out upon

r

Settlements upon

the old world

all

j

America.

233

and

this

it

is

from

that they receive the numberlefs

port alone,

and nece^arics that the old world in return. To this port the an-

luxuries yields

in

them

from Cadiz, called the flota, arrives about the latter end of November, after a paffage of nine weeks. This fleet, which Cadiz, from confifts only of about three fails men of war as a convoy, and fourteen or fifteen large merchant ftiips, from four hundred nual fleet

one thoufand tuns burthen. They are loaded almoft with every fort of goods which Europe produces for export 3 all forts of to

woollens,

linens,

paper, cutlery,

all

filks,

velvets,

forts

of

watches, clocks, quickfilver, ihoes,

llockings,

books,

laces, glafs,

wrought

iron>

horfe furniture,

pidlures,

military

wines and fruits, fo that all the trading parts of Europe are highly interefted in the cargo of this fleet. Spam itfelf fends out little more than the wine and fruit. This, with the freight and commiflions to the merchant, and the duty to the king, is almoft all the advantage which that kingdom derives from her commerce with the Indies. It is ftridly prohibited to load any commodities on board this fleet without entering the goods, the value, and the owner's name, in the India houfe at Seville j and when they return, they mull bring a certificate from the proper ofiicer there, that the goods were duly landed, and

ftores,

in

,

234

^^

AccotTNT of

the

European

They arc not permitted bulk break upon any account until they to arrive at La Vera Cruz, nor are they fuffered to take in any other than Spanilh paffengers, nor them without a licence firft obtained at the India houfe. Jealoufy is the glaring characflcr of the court of Spain, in whatever regards their American empire ; and they often facrifice the profperity to an exceffive regard to the fecurity of their poffeffions. They attend in this trade principally to two objeds j the excl'i' fion of all ftrangers from any fhare in it, a the keeping up the market for fuch good they fend ; and they think both thefe ends beft anfwerfid by fending out only one annual fleet, and that from one only port in Spain, and to one port only in Mexico. Thefe which would be impolitic in any views, in the proper port.

'W-' '?;

j4n

238

AccovNT

of tie

European

All the merchants of any confequence at

fome

diftance,

a place called

at

refidc

Los An-

This town may contain about three thoufand iphal^itants.

gelos.

C

HA

^hree forts of people in Indians^

and

negroes

7'he clergy f their

P.

New ;

VI. Spain,

^be

whites ^

the charaSter^ of

characters ^

thofe,

'The civil go^

ijernmenty iis cbara5ier.

f

ILwH

m

THE

of New Spain are compofed of people of three different

and negroes, or the of thofe. The whites arc either born in Old Spain, or they are Creoles j races

mi' '•hBB

m'

m 4mD

B^

inhabitants

j

whites, Indians,

feveral mixtures

thofe

who

are native Spaniards are moftly in

and have the fame charader and manners with the Spaniards of Europe j the fame gravity of behaviour, the fame natural fagacity and good fenfe, the fame indolence, and yet a greater fliaie of pride and ilatelinefsj for here they look upon the being natives of Old Spain as a very honourable diftin(5lion, and ure in return looked upon by the Creoles with no fmall Ihare of hatred and The latter have little of that firmnefs envy. and patience which makes one of the fined parts of the character of the native Spaniard. They have little courage, and arc univcrfally weak offices, or in trade,

.

'

Settlements

America.

in

239

Living as they do in a Lwcak and effeminate. conflant enervating heat, furfeited with wealth, and giving up their whole time to loitering and ina(5tive pleafures,

manly

or

aiSive

to

life

5

fit

them

'.mill

they have nothing bold for

and few or

making a figure in none haye any tafte

the fatisfadion of a learned retirement. Luxurious without variety or elegance, and

for

I

cxpenfive with great parade,

and

yeniency, their general character than a grave

little is

con-

no more

and fpecious infignificance.

I

They their

are temperate at their tables

cups, but

from

their

whole

bufinefs

and in and conflitution, amour and intrigue;

idlenefs

I

is

they carry on in the old Spanifli tafte, by doing and faying extravagant things, by bad mufic, worfe poetry, and exceffive expences. Their ladies are little celebrated for their chavirtues; but they are ftill ftity or domeftic reftrained deal by the old-fa(hioned a good etiquette, and they exert a genius which is not contemptible, in combating the reftraints which that lays them under. The clergy are extremely numerous, and their wealth and influence cannot be dotibted among fo rich and fuperftiticus a people. It is faid, that they actually poffefs a fourth of the revenues of that whole kingdom ; which, after all abatements, certainly amounts to fe-

m

thefe

I

veral millions.

not

And as

to their

numbers,

extravagant io fay, that priefts,

til

Mi;

if

.

it is

monks, and ;

»

•^'>

:

B;.L..I-

240

An Account

of the £uRofPEAN

and nuns of all orders, are upwards of one fifth of all the white people, both here and) in the other parts of Spanifh America. Batj I

the clergy here being too ignorant in general! to be able inftrudlors by their preaching, and! too loofe and debauched in their own man-l ners to inftrudt by their* example, the people are little the better for their numbers, wealih or influence. Many of them are no othei thun adventurers from Old Spain, who without regard to their charadler or their vowSji ftudy nothing but how to raife a fudden fortune, by abufing the ignorance and extreme credulity of the people. great deal ofat«| tention is paid to certain mechanical method^

A

of devotion. Moral duties are little talked An extreme veneration for faints, lucraJ of. tive to the orders they have founded, or ar( fuppofed to patronize, is ftrongly inculcatedj and makes the general fubjedl of their ferj mons, defigned rather to raife a flupid admij ration of their miracles, than an imitation 01 the fandlity of their lives. However, having faid this, it muft be conlidered as all genera obfervations, with the reafonable allowances for many of the dignified clergy, and otheri among them, underftand, and pracftife th| duties of their ftation ; and fome whole orj ders, as that of the jefuits, are here as thq are elfewhere, diftinguifhable for their learn ing,

and the decency of

their behaviour,

km

certainh

are

are

rv.

Settlements

/«

America.

241

with all their faults, in one refpe(5t their zeal is highly commendable ; that they are the caufe of feveral charitable foundations; and that they bring the ladians and blacks into fome knowledge of religion, and This in fome meafure mitigate their flayery.

certainly,

too has a

good

political efFc(5l,

for thofe flaves

are more faithful than ours, and though indulged with greater liberty, are far lefs danI do not remember that any infurgerous.

has been ever attempted by them,

redtion

and the Indians are reduced to more of a civilized life, than they are in the colonies of

any other European nation. This race of people are now, whatever they were formerly, humble, dejeded, timorous, and docile; they are generally treated

The (late of all peowith great indignity. another people, is infinitely to fubjedted ple worfe than what they fufFer from the prefTure of the worft form, or the worfl adminiftration of any government of their own. The blacks here, as they are imported

from Africa, have the fame charadler as the blacks of our colonies ; ftubborn, hardy, of an ordinary understanding, and fitted for the grofs flavery they endure.

Such are the charaders of the people, not

New When

only of rica.

occurs, I

Vol.

Spain, but of

all

Spanifh

any thing materially (hall not fail to mention it.

I.

R

I ill

lliii

m

Ame-

different

The

H^l,

^« Account

242

The

European

o/'/^^

government is adminiftered by which here are called audiences,

civil

tribunals,

confifting of a certain number of judges, divided into different chambers, more refembling the parliaments in France than our

At the head of the chief of thefe chambers the viceroy himfelf prefides when he fees fit. His employment is one of the greateft trufl and power the king of Spain has and is perhaps the richefl governin his gift ment entrufted to any fubjed: in the world. All employments here are held only by native Spaniards, and by them but for a certain limited tiiiiej mofl not above three years. courts.

;

Jealoufy, in this refpedt, as in tive to the Indies,

is

and

all their regulations

;

effedj that every

officer,

it

lucrative pofl infpires is

fhort,

others

rela-

has this very bad from the highefl

to the lowefl, has the avidity

time

all

the fpirit that influences

j

which

a

new

and

ravenous becaufe

his

he oppreffes the people, and

defrauds the crown ; another fucceeds him with the fame difpofitions ; and no man is careful to eflablilli any thing ufeful In his office,

knowing that his fucceflbr will be fare upon every regulation which is not

to trample

fubfervient to

his

own

interefls

enflaved people has not the ting in ufe the fox's firft

to

fo that this put-

policy, of letting the

fwarm of bloodfuckers

obliged

;

power of

flay on, but

is

fubmit to be drained by a conflant

Ji4

:ir;

!.»'

'•^i

Settlements fucceffion

lllant

/«

America.

of hungry

and

243

impatient

harpies. I

There are fome troops kept in New Spain, a good revenue appropriated for their maintainance, and for the fupport of the fotifications there ; but the foldicrs are few 3 ill cloathed, ill paid, and worfe difciplincd the military here keep pace with the civil and ecclefiaftical adminiftration, and every thing

land

;

|isajobb,

CHAP. Mexico.

\}J'ew

du6is.

^e

IVTEW \\l^

VII.

difcovery.

Its

Pro-

Climate,

Englijh claim to Calijornia,

Mexico

North-Eaft of

lies

to

the North and

New Spain.

bounds

Its

Taking in the North are not afcertained. California, it has the great South-Sea to the to

it is bounded by the on the Miflilippi. This country lies for the moft part, within the temperate zone, and has a moft agreeable climate, and a foil in many places productive of

Weft,

and

to the Eaft

French preteniions

every

thing for profit or delight.

It

has rich

of filver, and fome of gold, which worked more and more every day j and

mines are

produces precious ftones of feveral kinds j but it has no diredt intercourfe with any part

it

of

Europe.

The

country

R

2

is

but

little

known at

MiHB'i

;

244

^« Account

o/"/^^

European

Europeans j and the Spanifh fettlements they are comparatively weak; how-

at all to

day increafing in proportion as they difcover mines j which are here not inferior to any that have been difcovered in the other parts of America. The inhabitants are moftly Indians, but in many places lately reduced by the Spanifh miflloever, there are every

naries

follow

to

chriftianity,

trades,

and to

to a civilized raife

life,

to

corn and wine,

which they now export pretty largely to Old Mexico. This ufeful change was principally eitedled at the expcnce of a Spanifh noble-

man, the marquis

Velafco,

whom

the reve-

rend author of lord Anfon's voyage calls, for that reafon, a munificent bigot. The famous peninfula of California is a part, and far from an inconfiderable part ofi this country.

It has a place finely fituated for

and has a pearl fifhery of great value. was firft difcovered by the great conqueror

trade, It

of Mexico Hernando Cortes. Our famous admiral and navigator Sir Francis Drake landed there, and took polfefiion of ic in 1 578 and he not only took pofTellion, but obtained the heft right in the world to the poffeflion the principal king having formally inveftedj him with his principality. However, I doj not find that we have thought of aflertingi that right fincc his time ; but it may probably employ, in fome future time, the pens of

j

I

thofe

»

!

Settlements

PEAN i(h

thofe

fettle-

been in

t

lifh

ed

very,

dif-

CHAP.

to

and wine,

THE

gely to Old principally

n the

thy,

revefor

is

a

ible part of!

fituated for

'

great value,

conqueror

t

famous

)ur

Drake it

land-

in 1578;

but obtained e pofTeflion illy

,

of

j

inveftedi

wever,

I

do

aflerting

may

proba-

the pens

conqueft of Peru, atchieved in /b

a country not iefs w ..aland nearly as extenfive as Mexico ; but far beyond it for the convenienc;' of habitation and the agreeablenefs of he climate. Like Mexico it is within the torrid zone j yet having on one fide the South-Sea, and on the other the great ridge of the Andes through its whole length, the joint efFeds of the ocean and the mountains temper the equinodial heat in a manner equally agreeable and furprifing. With a fky for the moft part cloudy, which fhields them from the rays of the the

ifornia

Hie

extraordinary a manner, brought into

mifh noblee calls,

VIII.

^he climate andfoil ofPeru, Its produce. mines J the coca and herb of Paraguay

mifliolife,

difpute

occupancy and fettlement.

The many

•ica.

who

24^ with words, what

can only be decided by the fword, and will afford large matter upon the right of difco-

ak; howng in prowhich are e

lawyers

America.

/«

of

thofe

power of Spain

vertical fun,

it

never

r^!

;S

in this

country.

But every night a foft benign dew broods upon the earth, and refrefhes the grafs and plants fo as to. produce in fome parts the greateft fertility ; what the dew wants in perfedting this, is wrought by the vafl: number of flreams, to which the frequent rainb and

R

3

the

;

\

:

246

!//»

Account

o/*

/^^

European

the daily melting of the fnow on thofe afto-

mountains give rife ; for thofe mounthough within the tropics, have their tops continually covered with fnow, which is an appearance unparallelled in the fame climate. Along the fea coaft Peru is generally a dry barren (and, except by the banks of the rivers and ftreams we have mentioned, where niftiing

tains,

it is

extremely

fertile,

as are all the valleys in

the hilly country.

i

The caufe of the want of rain in all theliat country of Peru, is difficult to be affigned though the agents in it are not improbably the conftant South-Weft wind, that prevails there for the greateft part of the year j and immenfe height of the mountains, coid with a conftant fnow. The plain country between, refrefhed as it is on the one hand by the cool winds that blow without any variation from the frigid regions of the South, and heated as uniformly by the diredt rays of

the

life':.:

the equi nodical fun, preferves fuch an equal

temper, that the vapour once elevated can hardly ever delcend in rain But in the mountainous part of the country, by the alternate :

M

contraction daily heats,

and dilation of the air from the and the lucceeding colds, which

the fnows communicate in the abfence of the fun, as

well as from the unequal temper

the

air

which

rain

falls

of

prevails in all hiily places, the

very plentifully

;

the climate in the

moun^

§

I

Settlements

America.

in

'it*'-'

»ii

247

mountainous countries is extremely changeable, and the changes fudden. All along the coaft of Peru, a current fets

North

out to fea pafTes with equal rapidity to the South. it This current probably moves eddywife j for having run as far as its moving caufe impels ftrongly

itj

the

further

j

naturally palTes back again

it

The

refiftance.

leaft

ble

to

current

made

,

where

it

Tias

ignorance of this dou-

the navigation in the South

feas

originally very uncertain

but

now

the courfe

is,

and fatiguing;

for thofe

who

pafs

from Chili to Peru, to keep in to the fhore in :heir paflage to Callao,

Iftand

out a great

many

and on

their return to

leagues to

fea,

and take

Southern current homewards. The fame method, but reverfed, is obferved in the voyages between Panama, and all the other Northern countries, and the ports of Peru. The commodities of Peru, for export, may Firft, filver and be reduced to thefe articles. gold ; fccondly, wine, oil, and brandy j thirdly, Vigonia wool; fourthly, jefuits bark ; fifthly, Guinea or Jamaica pepper. Of the firil of thefe articles we have already treated in our The mines of gold defcriptlon of Mexico. In Peru, are almoft all in the Northern part, not very remote from Lima; thofe of filver almoft wholly in the Southern. The voyagers who treat of this country, are generally pretty diffufe in their accounts of the principal places,

the

I

1

1

I

j

R

4

f-

„

*,

where

i,;

•#.

248

y^«

Account

where mines

o/^Y^^

are found

European

but it does not therefore give us encouragement to infift much on thefe particulars j becaufe they contain very little inftrudlion in themfelves; and if they ;

were things in their own nature inftrudtive, would be little to the purpofe to dwell upon what is continually changing. New mines arc daily opened, and the old exhaufted or The towns fhift with the mines. deferted. A rich mine is always founder of a town in proportion to its produce ; the town which it iubfifts, when the mine is exhaufted, difapit

Indeed the great mines of Potofi in the province of Los Charcas, are the inheritance of ages and after having enriched the

pears.

'j

world

for centuries,

hauftible fources of

ftill

new

continue the inextreafure.

They

are

not howe^Ti quite fo valuable now as formerly; not fo L>uch from any failure of the vein, as from the immenfe depth to which they have

purfued

it,

which by the greater labour neon what it yields, in

ceffary, leflens the profit

proportion as they deicend are daily opened,

which

;

befides

are

new

worked

mines

at a

lefs

expence lb that the accounts we have had of the great number which inhabited the city of Potofi, when Mr. Frezier was in that country, muft have fince fuffered fome abatement. It had then upwards of feventy thoufand fouls, Spaniards and Indians ^ of which the latter were fix to one. :

The

Settlements

/«

America.

249

The ple

the

Spaniards oblige this unfortunate peoto fend annually a certain number from villages of the adjacent country, who are

compelled to work for a limited time; afterBut having loft the wards they may return. fweetnefs of their former connedtions, that

furvive this flavery

commonly

they

fettle in

It is incredible how thefe of Potofi. mines (the moft terrible fcourge with which God could afflidt the inhabitants,) have con-

the city

tributed to

depopulate

this

country.

Worfe

fword or peftilence; equally fatal to their lives j and where thofe eicapie, they are embittered by the circumftance of an ignominious flavery, without any prolpedl of The efFedts of this ferviend or mitigation. tude would be yet more fatal, if it were not for the ufe of an herb which the inhabitants call coca, to which they afcribe the moft extraordinary virtues, and which they conftahtIts qualities feem to be of the opiate ly ufe. kind, and to have fome refemblance to thofe of tobacco ; for it produces a kind of flupid It is an antidote againft poifons compofure. and poifonous effluvia, and makes thofe who ufe it, fubfift a long time without food. they are than

Though

neceflary to thofe only

the mines,

it

is

who work

ufed for pleafure by

all

in

the

who chew it conftantly, though it makes thofe who ufe it ftink in a moft offenThis herb is gathered by the five manner.

Indians,

Indians

250

- which are wrought in the city and its diftri(! and fupply the greater part of the confumi

in

of the poorer fort all over this kingdor mines are worked in this diftridt, the thought to abound in minerals ; they receivl plate in return for their own manufadure/ and fend it to Carthagena in return for thol of Europe. tioii

Few

It is

number of inl we have none ol

not eafy to calculate the

habitants in Peru, bccaufe thofe data

which are neceffary to ground Ibcll There are feveral very larg| towns difperfed through thai

a calculation. and populous

country

;

but in

than a defait

;

many

places

partly for

it is little

bettef

want of water,

buj

mucl

Settlements jmuch jone

more

in

America.

267

generally through the pride of

tl

part of the people, the miferable fubjec-

of the other, and the floth of all. The mines undoubtedly contribute largely to depopulate the country, by turning the inhabitants jfrom agriculture and manufactures, employjnients that prolong life and provide for it, to pernicious Ithe working of metals extremely makes and which them health, depend Ito tion

others

jupon

for

their

that dazzles the eye, live

in

fordidly

111

T

penurioufly

and are often in extreme want which in many places is one of lin a country, In fad, the [the moft fertile in the world. countries which employ their men in arts and and receive their return in gold in agriculture, and filver from the countries which abound and

\\\

neceffary fuftenance.

which are poor in refped of gold, induftrious from that poverty, have not land leaft reafon to envy the wealth of the the (Peruvians J who, amidft all that extravagant Irhe nations

llglare

ill)

;

thofe metals,

may

be confidered

as

the real

of the mines; the immediate poffeflbrs, only as their ftewards to manage, or as their flaves to work them ; whilfl: they are employed themfelves only at an eafy labour, friendly to life, and neceffary to their well-

i'l

-If'

ii'Ki

proprietors

ave none

ol

I:

lie'

I

being.

%,

CHAP. ,ii'

M

ir* fc

268

yfo

Account

o/'/Z;^

CHAP. The temperature of

A

Its fertility,

European

XII.

the air in Chili, defcription

The foil the principal of

The trade of Chili,

towns.

IMmedlately

to the

Chili, extending

Southward of Peru itfelf in

lies

a long narrow

along the coaft of the South-Sea, in the The air here is reSouth temperate zone. markably clear and ferene. Scarce any chan ;3s

flip,

parts of the year. Very during that period. But the little rain benign dews every night, and the many rivulets which the neighbourhood of the Andes

happen

for

three

falls

them, fertilize the plain country, and make it produce as much corn, wine, oil, and fruits, as the number of the inhabitants, fupplies

which

which is very fmall, or their induftry, but moderate, will fufter them to cultivate. If it were under a more favourable govern-

is

ment, and better peopled, there is hardly any part of the world which could enter into For at the fame time competition with this. that it enjoys a very healthful air, and is warmed by an heat no way oppreffive, it berjrs

many

of the tropical

no where

elfe

fruits that

would

out of the torrid zone.

thrive It

luxurient on the furface with every thing profit

and delight

;

and beneath

it is

rich

is

for to

profu Hon

Settlements

/«

America.

269

profufion with veins of gold, filver, copper, quickfilver,

lead,

are

fcarce is

and

;:

rivulet in

is

the country in which gold

not found in fmaller or greater plenty; but

want jf people, which in

Thofe of gold

iron.

"he moft wrought; and indeed there

is

here

more

felt

the other Spanin-,i fettlements, hinders

than

them

from working all 'iJr mines; and what is worfe, from improving the furface of their country to any thing like the degree ofperfedion to which it might be brought. For in this whole extent of country, upwards of twelve hundred miles in length, and from three hundred to five hundred miles in breadth, it is not reckoned they have much above twenty thoufand whites fit to bear arms, and about three

times

tha*-

number of

'.

r

Indians, blacks,

Yet with fo few hands, and thofe not the moft induflrious, they export annually from the norts of Chili, to Callao, and other parts of r:ru, corn enough to fupport lixty thoufand men, for no country in the world is more prolific in grain of every fpeciesj they export belidcs great quantities of wine 3 hemp, ( which is raifed in no other

and mulattoe

..

on the South-Seas,

part falted

provifions

;

tt.

)

hides, tallow,

and

lay nothing of the gold,

and other minerals, v/hich form their *^rincipal wealth. The people are much employed in pafturage ; and cattle are here in fuch plenty, that

an ox fatted

may

be had for four dollars j a great

i:i'

270 a

Account

^/;

proof

great

where

there

of the

o/'/Z'^

of

fertility

fcarcity

is r.o

European a

country

of money.

But

as

trade in dried and they have a faked beef, hides, and tallow, they conftantly coriiiderablc

drive great

numbers of horned cattle from the of the Andes, from the province

other fide Chili has but a of Tucuman in Paragua. very few beads of prey, and thofe timorous j and although toi'.ds, fnakes, and fcorpions, are here as numerous as in other hot coun-

they are found entirely harmlefs.

tries,

towns of fome note, either on the fea, or near it ; St. Jago which is the capital, and contains about 4000 fami-

There

lies.

are in Chili four

La Conception, Coquimbo

The

and Baldivia.

are laid out in a

three

iirft

or

La

Serena,

of thefe towns

manner exactly refembling

each other, the ftreets, like thofe of Lima, cutting one another fo as to form fquares like They have all garihofe of a draft board. houfes, and running waters dens between the drawn from tlie neighbouring rivers to fertilize them J but the houfes are fo low and

meanly fome,

)

built,

that

(

mud

they

walls,

rather

and thatch

in

refemble agreeable

country villages than cities of bufinefs and However, fome of the houfes are grandeur. well furniflied, and it is faid, that in St. Jago there are many, which have the meaneft utenfils of the kitchen, of gold and filver. As for

Baldivia,

it

is

not more remarkable

for

bein^

;

Settlements jing

in

America.

271

the ftrongeft fortrefs in the South-Seas,

manner

i

I

which it is peopled hither the criminals from Peru and the for the

^lan lor

in

of Chili are traniported, either for time, or for life, and obliged to labour Ipon the fortifications nn'' other public works. What is Angular J thf^'^^ nminals are at once tlier

parts

^

and

prifoners

|ie

i\

Seers,

is

bntains

for the garrilbn

;

u

the place, the

formed

js,

01

i

about two thouUnd

foldiers

and

The town

iier.

fouls,

and

aii

Kill (ir'l

of

kem baniQied people, or the defcendants of Ich.

The maritime

trade of Chili

Is entirely conon with Peru, one two ports of New Spain, and Panama, jheir (hips rarely penetrate the ftraits of MaBut they have lellan, or pals Cape Horn. inland commerce Iconfidcrable with Tuculan, Bucnos-Ayrcs, and other parts of PaIguay, from which they get the herb of PaIgua, bees-wax, and cattle.

ned

to

what

tliey carry

!(Jilt

CHAP.

Jill'.

il

XIII.

r h Spaniards in

this

province but few.

Americans^ their charatler.

The

Sojne free.

.11!

iViffil,

I' ,1

\ [\,

weak in men, have body of independent Indians, them on their borders, as the Dutch

S in Chili they are a large

•afifedted

to

Hi

i

Ml " V

ll'-'l.

,

,

I ;

m

'

IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3)

2.5

1.0

1^ 32 lU

1^

= 2.2

I.I

1.8

11*25

IIIIII.4

IIIIII.6

V

ip V

this great

ever, in general

country

'

is lertile ii!l

the paftures particularly are fo rich that they are

covered with innumerable herds of black horfes and mules ; in which hardly

cattle,

any body thinks a

property.

worth

it

Any

his

while to claim and breaks

perfon takes

them according to his occafions. This country, befides an infinite number of fmaller rivers, is watered by three principal ones, which unite near the fea, to form The firft is Pathe famous Rio de la Plata. raguay, from whence the country is denomi-

I

I

nated; this forms the its

origin

from

main channel.

It

has

a great lake in the center of

South America, called the lake of Xarayes, and runs in a courfe nearly North and South. Parana, which

rifes

amongft the mountains

of Brazil, runs a floping South-Weft, until it joins the Paraguay at a great diftance from the ocean about the twenty-feventh degree of South Uraguay rifes likewife upon the latitude. fame fide, and runs almoft an equal courfe before it meets thofe united rivers at no great diftance from the ocean, with which it mixes, along with them.

on

the

frontiers

courfe to the

I

The in

that

which concerns us which is called Rio

Plata, towards the

mouth of the above-

principal province

this vaft tradt,

is

I

de la

T

2

mentioned

i

j4n

276

Ac covnT

mentioned

rivers.

adjacent parts,

is

of the

EuKovE AH

This province, with one continued level,

all the

inter-

rupted by not the leaft hill for feveral hundreds of miles every way ; extremely fertile in moft things ; but contrary to the general nature of America, deftitute of woods ; thij want they endeavour to fupply by plantation^

of every kind of fruit trees j all which thriv« here to admiration. The air is remarkahb fweet and ferene, and the waters of the grea'j river are equally pure and wholfomci the] annually overflow their banks ; and on theii recefs, leave them enriched with a flimej

which produces the

greateft plenty of what]

committed to it. principal town is Buenos-Ayres, or fide of the river ; it was fo callec South the upon account of the excellence of the ait This town is the only place of traffic tothJ Southward of Brazil 5 yet its trade, confi] dering the rich and extenfive country to whicl it is the avenue, is very inconfiderable. Nd regular fleet comes here, as to the other parti of Spani{h America, two, or at mofl: threJ regifter (hips, make the whole of their reguJ Their return! lar intercourfe with Europe. ever

is

The

are very valuable, confifting chiefly of goldl

fugar and hides.

cannot learn thai they have opened any confiderable mines ir this province J but it is probable there ar^ rich ones in the provinces which lie to the

iilver,

I

Eaftwarc

Settlements

/«

America.

277

Andes ; befides it is certain good deal of gold is returned from IChili, for the mules, cattle and tea which are jfent thither j and that filver from the province }f Los Charcas in Peru is fent upon the fame kcount, for the moft part by land carriage,

JEaftward of the

a

Ithat

'here

befides a tolerable water carriage;

is

a large

ilor

river,

called Pilcomayo, rifes not

from the mines of

far

Potofi,

which winding

amongft the openings of the Cordillera, difmarges itfelf at laft into the Paraguay ; and river

lis

lowing

navigable to the very Iburce, al-

is

the interruption

for

of fome

falls,

the cafe of the river of Plata itfelf. way it is, I judge, that a great quanthis Sy |ity of filver comes to Buenos-Ayres. Inifhich is

deed

it

tnd

thofe

on

is

in

.''

'" '

i

i

great plenty in that province

who have now and

then carried

a counterband trade to this country, have it far more advantageous than any other

found

ifhatfoever.

The

benefit of this counterband

now wholly

in the hands of the Portuguefe, keep magazines for that purpofe in the ladjacent parts of Brazil.

[is

|?ho

fill

3

CHAP.

iii

T'"

j

278

\/tn

Account

of the

CHAP.

Euro? E AH XV.

;

The territory ofthejefuits in Paraguay. T/jeir\ manner of fettling and governing it, The\ obedience of the people. Some refedfions on\ the late tranfa6iions there,

THE

trade of Paraguay,

and the man-l

ners of the people, are fo

fame with thofe of the

much

thel

of the Spaniflij colonies in South America, that nothing further can be faid on thofe articles j but it! would be inexci fable to quit the counti without faying fomething of that extraor'-l dinary fpccies of common wealih which the| jefuits have ereded in the interior parts. About the midile of the laft century thofel fathers reprefented to

reft

the court oi Madrid,

that their want of fuccefs in their miflions was owing to the fcandal which the immo-

of the '^paniaids never failed to give, and to the hatred which their infolent behaviour caufed in the Indians wherever they came. They infinuated, that if it were not for that impediment, the empire of the gofpel might, by their labours, have been extended r:ility

into

the

and

that

mod unknown all

America thofe countries might be fubdued parts of

to his cathohc majcfty's obedience without ex-

pence and without force. I

This remonftrance was

Av

Settlements

/«

America.

279

with attention ; the fphere of Uas an unconItheir labours was marked out; trouled liberty was given to the jefuits within thefe limits ; and the governors of the adjacent provinces had orders not to interfere, [nor to fuffer any Spaniard to enter into this Ipale without licence from the fathers. They Ion their part agreed, to pay a certain capitaliftened to

Idon tax in

proportion

to their flock

;

it

.1

',

and to •if

a certain number to the king's works Iwhenever they (hould be demanded, and the Imiflions (hould become populous enough to Ifend

Ifupply

On

them. thefe terms the jefuits entered

upon the

I

of action, and opened their fpiritual They began by gathering togeimpaign. fifty wandering families, whom Ither about united Ithey perfuaded to fetde; and they This was the jthem into a litde townfhip. lllight foundation upon which they have built la fuperftrudlure, which has amazed the world, land added fo much power, at the fame time Ithat it has brought fo much envy and jealotjiy |fcene

Ion their fociety. Ithis

iii

liil i

'I

'

I

For when they had made

beginning, they laboured with fuch inde-

and with fuch mafterly policy, [that, by degrees, they mollified the minds of the moft favage nations ; fixed the moft rambling i and fubdued the moft averfe to govern-

Ifatigable pains,

Iment* [rious

They

upon thoufands of vaof people to embrace

prevailed

difperfed

tribes

T

4

•III

their j'lil'iV'

;

vi'-

280

religion,

their

ment

Account ^/^^ European

y^;>?

and

and when

j

to

fubmit to their govern-

they had

fubmitted, th

nothing undone, that could conduc to their remaining in this fubjedlion, or tha' could t^nd to increafe their number to th degree requifite for a welUordered and potent

jeluits left

fociety

j

and

their labours

were attended with

fucccfs. It is faid,

from fuch inconfiderate be

that

ginnings, feveral years ago, their fubjeds a

mounted

They

to three

lived

in

hundred thoufand they were

towns

-,

families.

regularly

they laboured in agriculture 5 they ex Some even afpircd to ercifed manufadtures. arts. elegant They were inftruded in the clad

;

the military with the moft ex ad: difcipline and could raife fixty thoufand men well armed. To efFed thefe purpofes, from time to t'me they brought over from Europe feve

handicraftmen, muHcians, and painters. Thefe, I am told, were principally from Germany and Italy, are far from being able to trace with the exadnefs they deferve, all the ftcps which were taken in the accomplishment of fo extraordinary a conqueft over the bodies and mij.ds of fo many people, without arms or violence ; and differently from the methods of all other conquefts i not by cutting off a ral

We

large part refl,

of the inhabitants to fecure

the

but by multiplying their people, whilft they

;

'^

EAN govern-

r

itted, 1

th(

conduce

n,

or that

)er

to the

nd pot( fided witl

ierate beibjedts l

a-

families.

regularly

they exafpired to

ruded

in

lifcipline

nen well From time rope fevepainters.

Tom Gerrace with

which of fo ex-

:ps

)dies t.

and

arms or methods

ting off a

cure le,

the

whilft

they

1:^

•J V

"TTTTrvyf. arfi Vbl.I

.V^v^X

f4^

^»^

y/^

/^/^/^.»7'^',-\c

and m^de the fettlement

lir

infinitely difficult by;

the diforders infeparable from fuch people, and the offence which they gave the original inhabitants. This fettlement met with .iie interruption too from the court of Spain, whoconlidered the country as within their dominions. However, matters were accommodated by a treaty, in which.it was agreed, that the Portuguefe (liould polibfs all that trad of land that lies between the river Maranon, or of the Amazons, and the river Plate. When their right v/as thus confirmed, the 1

II.

:ti

of the Caribbees, Columbus reHis behaviour at Lifbon. turns to Europe, His reception at Barcelona by Ferdinand and Second voyage of Columbus, The Ifabella. difcovery

condition city

of

fettled,

of the Spaniards in Hifpaniola, T^he built and a Spanijh colony

Ifabella

A

of Cuba,

The

dijiculties

difcovered,

^

voyagefor better difcovering ihecoaft

CHAP.

14 III.

'

attending the voyage,

Columbus returns

Y

3

to

famaica Hifpaniola,

The

,.

-t.

V^Tt^'S'

CONTENTS, Thf Spaniards

diam

A

rebel.

of that country ^

wtfr with the Iti" 7hey art conquered,

^heir Jchenr for ftarvin^ the

CHAP,

A perfon

enquire into his conduB,

Spain,

He

He

South America f

is

Jent

tie returns to

He Jets

js acquitted.

third voyage.

25

JV,

Complaints againft Columbus, to

Spaniards*

out on hi$

difcovers the continent of

Hefaih

to Hifpaniola,

CHAP.

33

V,

Columbus finds the Spaniards of Hifpaniola in

His meafures to fupprefs complaints againft him in Spain,

rebellion.

p^rfeded in the government,

it.

He

and Jent

to

Jsfew is fur-

Spain "

mironSf

CHAP. yZif difcoveries of

adventurers f

49

VI,

Americus Fejputius, and other

What

caujei the fpirit of dif

46

foyery,

CHAP,

VII,

tolumbus again acquitted^ Undertakes a fourth voyage f Difcovers the coaft of Terra Firma and the ifthmus of Darien, Returns to Hifi fanipla,

Hif

reception

therf,

furfues his flijcoveries

CONTENTS. He of I'erra Firma, famaica^ and JJ:ipwrecked on His dijireffes there. The rebel" men, which he fupprejfes. He

difcovtries to the coafi

driven to

is

that ifland. lion

»

of

his

leaves the ifland

and returns

reception there.

He

tinent of >la.

HA

C T^he

50

33

^niola in

P.

VIII.

,y^

charaBer of Columbus, Some refieBions on (>i of the court of Spain,

the condiiSl

C The

H A

and

P.

IX.

of Balboa, Ve*, lajquez fends Cortes on the Mexican expedition. Cortes The ftate of the Mexican empire, 66 makes an alliance with the Tlafcalans,

A^w

le is fur-

tQ

His

U Jent

'turm tQ ut on bis

•

to Spain,

dies,

Spain

difcoveries

conquefts

49

C H A nd other

P.

X.

La Vera Cruz, He marches to His reception by Montezuma, CorThat prince sflrates imprifojts Montezuma, tagem to gain his liberty j the confequence of

Cortes builds

Mexico,

ofdif.

46

it*

CHAP. fourth

Firma foHifi

m

Qvcries

75

The attempts of Montezuma to make the 0am^ ards leave Mexico, The arrival of Narvaez ..

'

bis

XL

to

take the

command from

Y

4

Cortes,

Cortes leaves

i!i!

li

CONTENTS. leaves Mexico,

prifoner. '

ed.

T^he

Defeats and takes Narvaesi Spaniards in Mexico bejieg-

Montezuma

Cortes raijes the Jiege,

hilled.

,.•

'-

•

v^.

p

HA

P.

JCII,

Quatimozin ch^en emperor

hy

is

84

^

'

• •

the

Mexicans^

Jle bejieges the Spaniards tn their quarters^

Obliges Cortes to retire out of the city, T)ifT l^he battle of trejfes him in his retreat.

Otumba*

Cortes retreats to T^lafcala,

CHAP.

96

XIII,

Spaniards fent againjl Cortes join him. He marches again to Mexico. con/piracy a-

A

gainji his life baffled.

.

CHAP. J^he fiege

of Mexico.

.

XIV.

Therms oj accommodation

refufed by the Mexicans.

'•4

''10$

7(oe

Spaniards re-

pulfed by ajiratagem of Gtifltimozin, ui new He is taken. T^he Jiratagetn of Guatimczin. city furrenders,

Guatimczin tortured.

tes fiiperfeded in his government.

Cor-

RefcSiions

g^ the Spanijh cruelties^

%

11^

CHAP.

XV.

^he fcheme of Pizarro and Almagro for conquefl

of Peru,

Hheir. cbara&ers.

the

7he

''

]

Jlatf

ife"

C O Narvaesi ^0

of the empire of Peru at that time. The taking oftheynca Atabalipa, 129

fiate

befieg-

'zuma

N T E NTS.

is

CHAP. dexicanSf quarters,

h

Tiif^

hattle

of

96

The murder of the yhcd. Pizarro and Almagro,

-Almagrds •

foians

1P5

befiege Cufco.

AU

The Cor-

HcSilom

114

C

to death,

HA

P.

142

^

XVII.

,.

The final difperfon of the Peruvian army. confpiracy againft Pizarro,

C

HA

He

is

The

murdered.

I

P.

XVIII.

;

Toung Almagro made governor. The new vice" roy Vaca di Caftro arrives. Puts to death young Almagro, Puts end to the jadtions^ and fettles the province. He is recalled. Genzalo Pizarro raifes a rebellion, and ufur'ps the government. Peter de la Gafca made vice-

m

roy.

kim

Defeats the troops of Pizarro, and puts to death,

158

for the .

%

re-

ji new .

between

They are reconciled, The Peru-'

renew the war^ and

-

nodation 'rds

difpute

pidgro rettifns arid defeats them, Almagro renews the quarrel with pizarro^ but is de^

He

racy a-

A

expedition to Chili,

feat ed and put

m\

XVL

ne

PART

liMI

C O

NT

E

T

If

PART

S.

|I.

The Man?ters of the Americans.

V..'. .

^

^

.:^

c HAP.

:

...

'.;•:;

I.'-.

•;,::.

' .

.

I

t

•

7be ferfons of the Americans. Their drefs and way $f living, Their manner of converfing, 7beir lig^on

hoffitality.

Their temper.

and fuperftitiom. Their

CHAP. The government of ^Is,

Their re-

f^dfjcin^,

II.

67

'

the Americans,

Their orators.

1

Theirfea/is. ner of adminijlering juftice,

Their counTheir man^

:

CHAP.

y^ ^^^^'

"^JS

III.

Their mournings for their dead. The feaji of The American women, their occupa^ fouls. tions. Their marriages and divorces. 1 82

CHAP.

IV.

The Jndian manner of preparing for war. fmgs and dances. Their taking the

The field.

Their method of difcovering and attacking the enemy. Their cruel treatment qf their pri-

fonersofwar.

188

PART

I

CONTENTS.

PART

W

\y

SPANISH AMERICA.

W.

CH A refs

and

verfing,

nir re-

V 167

p.

fr

conn-

ir

man^

ne

climate andjoil of its vegetable produce.

New

of

occupa^

Spat ft* ,-


Of cochineal (tnd cacao.

182

I

%oi

generation of metals. Of the quantity ofthofe metals produced in the SpanifhsfVefl^lndies^

-

feaji

I.

A general defcrtpiion of JnUriCd. C H A P. II.

CHAP. \\

IIL

22J

HA

P.

V.

The trade of Mexico. Some account of that city* The fairs of Acapulco, and Ita Vera Cruz. The fiota and regifler Jhips. 228

C

HA

Three forts ofpeople in

P.

VI.

New

Spain.

Indiansi and negroes ^

The whites, the charaSiers of thofe. The

C

QN T

NTS.

E

7he clergy i ^h^ir charaBen. vernmentfits charaSier,

'""^

*

-

CH

AT^w Mexico*

l^^s,

Its

A

The

civil go-

238

vir.

P.

Climate,

difcovery.

'The J&nglijh claim to California,

C

HA

CHAP.

The ^ines of Peru, '

The

IX»

wool.

•

The lamasand

CHAP.

251 X.'

The charaSier of the Peruvians. Their The Indian feflival, 'Hbhours paid fcendant of the ynca, -

'

,

CHAP.

divifions.

.-..>,,. XI.

?

'^

to

a de-

256

-

of Peru, Lima^ Cufco, and ^ito ; defcription of them, CallaOy its trade and The viceroy of Peru, His ju^ deftruBion, «. 260 rifdiSlion, and revenues,

The a .

The

245

vicunnasj Jheep pf Peru. J^uits bark. Guinea pepper. The dung of Iquiqua. ^ick-filver

.mines.

.:

243

VIII.

P.

^r& climate andfoil of Peru, Its produce. mines, the coca and herb of Paraguay. ^

Pro-

vl.

cities

^

CHAP.

8

%

contents; CHAP. T'be temperature

of

A

Its fertility.

the air in Chili,

The foil.

defeription of the principal

T'he trade

towns.

XII.

268

of Chili,

CHAP.

XIII.

'\

Spaniards in this province but few. Americans^ their character. Some free.

7'he

CHAP.

The

271

XIV.

Its rivers* The The climate of Paraguay. province of ha Plata, The town of Buenos-

Ayres.

Its trade.

C

274

HA

P.

XV.

The territory of the jefuits in Paraguay. Their manner of fettling and governing it. The obedience of the people. Some refeBions on the late tranfadlions there,

CHAP. Terra Firma.

278

XVI.

\Vx

>\

and produce. The and Portobello. The galleons. The ifle of Cuba. The Havanna, Hifpaniola, Porto Rico. Recities

Ifs

extent

of Panama^ Carthagena,

Jie£liofis

on the policy of Spain with regard to 21

the colonies.

PART

-*.. 1 ?

»

CONTENTS.

PART

IV.

7he Portuguefe fettlements,

HA

C

P.

I.

An

account of the difcovery of Brazil, I'he method offettling it. Conquered by the Dutch, Reconquered by the Portuguefe, 300

C

HA

P.

II.

Of the

^he climate of Brazil,

Brazil wood,

306

CHAP.

III.

'the trade of Brazil, Its intercourfe with Africa,

Amazons and Rio The commonwealth The diamond mines. 308

^he fettlement of

the river

I'he gold mines,

Janeiro,

of the Paulifs,

G H A

#

P.

IV.

The de* Regulation of the Portuguefe trade. fcription of St. Salvador, the capital of Bra-' zil.

The

fleets

for that

city.

Rio fanciro

and Fernambucca,

C H A

3

P.

V.

The charaSier of the American Portuguefe. The government. Jlate of the negroes.

End

of the

1

First Volume.

The 32