An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi, and through the Western Parts of Louisiana, to the Sources of the Arkansaw, Kans, La Platte, and Pierre Jaun, Rivers; Performed by Order of the Government of the United States during the Years 1805, 1806, and 1807, and a Tour through the Interior Parts of New Spain, when Conducted through These Provinces, by Order of the Captain-General, in the Year 1807

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1

32X

3

2

la

1

2

3

4

5

6

mAthode.

Pv/-

y^Liy..^^^/^

AN ACCOUNT OF EXPEDITIONS TO THX

fbwvttfi

tDe iS^iisissipifi,

tit

AVD THBOVOH TBB

WESTERN PARTS OF LOUISIANA, TO THE «0VRCB8 Or TBB

ARKANSAW, KANS, LA PLATTE, AND PIERRE JAUN, RIVi;RSj \,

One: ^ayioe ,/,

Embarked at 5 o'clock/ A^ Passed ar great number of islands.

Ti)z//(i(/dr)^—

M. hard head winds. The river very wide and

full

of sand bars.

miles.

Distance 2^ M

—

1-4

if;

.rriiim ,9tfim;adii!tihi*try >.x^^^^

;

my

that,

:

Not wishing general**

of the nation.

to-morrow, they wo^Ld choose one out.

thanked

finally,

whiskey."

trading houles,

part

a,

m^n.along,

sending a young

until

^e

23d August; Friday Cool morning; camjj on 5 miles, where, on the west shore, there is a very * See ** appendix to fart I," [No. »| jpsge

i.

,

TO THE SOURCES OF THE handsome

MISSISSIPPL

The

situation for a garrison.

f

channel of the

is about 60 feet perpenFour hundred yards in the rear, there is a small prairie of 8 or 10 acres, which would be a convenient spot for gardens ; and on the east side of the

river passes

under the

and

dicular,

level

vrhich

hill,

on the

top.

river, there is a beautiful prospect

groves of

over a large

now and

far as the eye can extend,

Directly under the rock

trees.

spring, which, after an hour's work,

amply

sufficient for the

landing

a road

is

prairie, as

then interrupted by is

a limestone

would

afford water

The

consumption of a regiment.

bold and safe, and at the lower part of the

may be made

for a

team

in half

an hour.

hill,

Black

and white oak timber in abundance. The mountain continues about two miles, and has five springs bursting from it in that distance. Met four Indians and two squaws ; landed with them

few

biscuit

;

gave them one quart of made whiskey, a

and some

salt.

I

requested some venison of

them, they pretended they could not understand after

we had

left

me

;

but

them, they held up two hams, and hal-

looed and laughed at us in derision.

Passed nine horses

on shore, and saw many signs of Indians. Passed a handsome prairie on the east side, and encamped at its head. Three batteaux from Michilimackinac ; stopped at our camp, we were told they were the property of Mr. Myers Michals;

we were

also informed,

was about 2 this prairie was

that the largest

village

1-2 miles out

that

called half

Cheins, from 24ith

St.

August

Louis. ;

number of islands.

—

Saturday

prairie;

and

to the

prairie

Des

way

^In

the morning passed a

Before dinner, corporal Bradley and

myself took our guns and went on shore a savannah, by following a stream

we

;

we

it.

My

two

got behind

conceived to have

been a branch of the river, but which led us leagues from

Sac

on the

at least

favorite dogs, having

two

gone out

with us, gave out in the prairie, owing to the heat, high

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

;8

grass,

on,

and w^nt of wztfsr ; but thinking they would conne continued our march. heard the report of a

We

we

gun, and supposing

it

to

be from our boat, answered it passed an Indian, trail, which

we

shortly after,

however,

appeared as

the persons had been hurried, I presume at

if

the report of our guns

j

for with this people, all strangers

Shortly after

are enemies.

we

struck the river, and the

for my dogs two of iAy men volunteered to go in search of them. Encamped on the west shore, nearly opposite to a chalk bank. My two men had not yet returned, and it was ex-

boat appeared in view

person on shore

times, to let

stayed

knew my

traordinary, as they

pi ahead of us.

;

some time

boat never waited for any

they endeavored to strike the Mississip-

:

We fired a blunderbuss at three

them know where we

different

Distance 23 1-2

lay.

miles.

25tb August prairie,

on the £.

prospect of

E.

;^

at least

—

Stopt on the sand bank from which you have a beautiful

Sunday

side,

40 miles down

the river, bearing S. 38* fast ; but we oakum and tallow^

Discovered that our boat leaked very

secured her inside so completely with

Fired a blunderbuss ^very

as nearly to prevent the leak.

hour,

sdl

Iowa. prairie.

day, as signals for our men.

Encamped The men had not at

Passed the river

marked Gr^»/*/ arrived. Distance 29

night on the prairie,

miles.

yet

—Rain, with a very hard head

26/A August ^ Monday wind.

Towed our

boat about nine miles, to where the

river Hills joins the Mississippi. ;!

t

two men

I

Reamur

at

had

How

I

full

expected to find the

but was disappoints d.

13°; whereas yesterday,

two peroques

"

lost,

Here

of Indians,

it

The mercury in was 26°. Met

who commenced

hollowing,

do you do," &c. they then put to shore and beck-

oned us to do so likewise, but we continued our course. This day very severe on the men^

Distance

28

1-2 miles.

i

I

TO THE SOURCES OF THE

MISSISSIPPI.

9

—

OUth August ; Tuesday Embarked early ; cold N. wind ; mercury 10° ; the wind so hard ahead, that we

were obliged to tow the boat

all

of Indians,

Passed one peroque

day.

De

also the Riviere

Roche,

late in

the day.

Some Indians who were encamped there, embarked in their The wind so canoes and ascended the river before us. very strong, that, although dovjrn the stream, they were

Encamped about 4

near sinking.

miles above the Riviere

Roche, on the W. shore. This day passed a pole on Distance 22 a prairie, on which five dogs were hanging.

De

miles.

—

2%th August ; Wednesday ^About an hour after we had embarked, we arrived at the camp of Mr. James He had Aird, a Scotch gentleman of Michilimackinac.

encamped, with some goods, on the beach pairing his boat,

which had been injured

rapids of the Riviere

now were.) left

behind.

He

De Roche

(at the foot of

which we

Commenced

ascending the rapids....

first

;

but after getting

it

and we hoisted sail ; and, aU strangers, we sailed through them with a

wind

though entire

raised,

perfect gale blowing all the time all

re-

Breakfasted with him and obtained consider-

Carried away our rudder in the

a rock, in

and was

had sent three boats back for the goods

able information.

repaired, the

;

in crossing the

probability

;

when, had we struck bilged and sunk.

we would have

But we were so fortunate as to pass without touching.

Met

with Mr. Aird*s boats (which had pilots) fast on the rocks.

Those shoals are a continued chain of rocks, extending in some places from shore to shore, about 18 miles in length. They afford more water than those of De Moyen, but are

much more

rapid.

—Breakfasted

29/A August ; Thursday village,

above the rapids

Reynards.

I

;

expected to have found

but was disappointed.

at the

Reynard

this is the first village

my

of the

two men here,

Finding they had not passed, I

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

10

lay

by

The

until

4 o'clock P. M. the wind

fair all

the time.

chief informed me, by signs, that in four days they

could march to Prairie Des Cheins

and promised to

;

fur-

and put them on their rout. four knots an hour. I was dis-

nish' them with mockinsons,

Set

and made

sail

posed to

sail all

at least

night, but the

on the point of an

wind

W.

on the

island,

miles.

fair,

—Embarked

but not very high.

Sailed

all

Distance 43

on a

Passed four pe-

day.

mil.^s.

—^Embarked

;

beautiful eminence,

on

Passf^l

early.

two encampments

also,

the

W.

all

riyer.

Sailed

Distance 31 1-2 milest

day.

—^Embarked early

Sunday

\st Sept.

rived at the lead mines at 12 o'clock.

which

one

;

side of the

This place had the appearance of an old town. almost

20

5 o'clock ; wind

at

31st August; Saturday

one peroque of Indians

Distance

shore.

SOtb August ; Friday

roques of Indians.

we encamped

lulling,

;

wind

fair

A d)s>;ntery

;

ar-

with

had been alHicted several days, was suddenly

I

checked

this

morning

;

which,

believe to have been the

I

occasion of a very violent attack of fever about

Notwithstanding

it

was very

1 1

o'clock.

s vere, I dressed

myself,

with an intention to execute the orders of the general relative to this place.

\v e were saluted with a

field piece,

and

mark of attention, by Monsieur DuThere were no horses at the house, and it was six miles to where the mines were worked ; it was therefore impossible to make a report by actual inspection. I therefore proposed ten queries, on the answers to which my report was founded.* Dined with Mr. D. who inform-

received with every

buque, the proprietor.

ed

me

gaged

mer

that the

Sioux and Sauteurs were as warmly en-

in opposition as ever

killed

15 Sauteurs,

;

that not long since, the for-

who on

the 10th

:!!'!

• Sec appendix to part

I.

[No. a] page j.

August

in re-

TO THK SOURCES OF

TFIE MISSISSIPPI.

i^'

tiim killed 10 Sioux, at the entrance of the St. Peters;

and that a war party, composed of the Sacs, Reynards, and Puants, of 200 warriors had embarked on an expebut that they had heard, that

dition against the Sauteurs,

the chief having had an unfavorable dream, persuaded the paijy to return, and that I would meet them on my voy-

At this place I was introduced to a chief, called the Raven of the Reyriards. He made a very flowery speech

age.

on the occasion, which

I

answered in a few words, ac-

companied by a small present. I

had now given up

all

my two men,

hopes of

embark, when a peroque

and

arrived, in

which

they were, with a Mr. Blondeau, and two Indians,

whom

was about that

to

gentleman had engaged above the rapids of Stony

The two

river.

soldiers

had been six days without any

thing to eat, except muscles

:

when they met Mr. James

Aird, by whose humanity and attention their strength and spirits

were

in

a measure, restored

;

and they were ena-

bled to reach the Reynard village, where they met with

Mr. B.

The

shoes, and tention.

I

Indian chief furnished them with

shewed

his

friendship,

by every

com and

possible at-

immediately discharged the hire of the Indians,

and gave Mr. Blondeau a passage to the Prairie T)es Chjins.

Left the lead mines at

4

o'clock.

Distance 25

miles.

2d Sept, Monday-^Aher making two short reaches, we commenced one, which is 30 miles in length, the wind serving, we just made it ; and encamped on the E. sid op,•

posite to the

mouth of Turkey

the day,

we

gun was

fired,

river.

In the course of

landed to shoot at pidgeons

some

Inctians,

who were on

;

the

moment a

the shore above

down and put oflF in their peroques with great precipitation ; upon which Mr. Blondeau informed me, us, ran

women and children were frightened at the vename of an American boat, and that the men held us

that all the

ry

1

13

•

joukKal of a voyage

in great respect, conceiving us

much

very quarrelsome, and

for war, and also very brave.

used as prudence suggested.

This information

We stopt

at

1

an encamp-

ment, about three miles below the town, where they gave

They despatched a peroque to

us some excellent plums.

the village, to give notice, as I

supposed, of our arrival.

commenced raining about dusk, and rained all night. Distance 40 miles. 3d Sept. Tuesday-^Emhiaked at a pretty early hour. Cloudy. Met two peroques of family Indians ; they at first asked Mr. Blondeau, *' if we were for war, or if going to war ?" I now experienced the good effect, of having some person on board, who could speak their lanIt

I

guage

for they presented

;

me

with three pair of ducks,

and a quantity of venison, sufficient for all our crew, one day ; in return, I made them some trifling presents. Afterwards met two peroques, carrying some of the warriors

They kept at a great distance, by Mr. B. when they informed him that

spoken of on the 2d until

spoken to

their party

effecting

inst.

had proceeded up as high as Lake Pepin, without

any thing.

It is

surprizing what a dread the In-

dians, in this quarter, have of the

often seen boat.

them go round

appears to

It

ken great

me

Americans

islands, to avoid

:

I

have

meeting

my

evident, that the traders have ta-

pains, to impress

upon the minds of the savages,

the idea of our being a very vindictive, ferocious, and

This impression was perhaps made with

warlike people.

no good

intention

towards them,

is

;

but when they find that our conduct

guided by magnanimity and justice

stead of operating in effect to

us.

an injurious manner,

make them reverence

at the

it

will

;

in-

have the

same time they fear

Distance 25 miles. 4th Sept. Wednesday^^-'Bre2ikhsted just below the

Ouiscousing.

Arrived

at the Prairie

Des Cheins about

1

;

TO u^clock

;

THli

SOURCES OF THE

took quarters

received by

MISSISSIPPI.

at capt. Fishers,

and were

13

politely

him and Mr. Frazer.

5th Sept. Ti&t/n^/i)'—Embarked about half past 10 o'clock in a Schenectady boat, to go to the

mouth of the

Ouiscousing, in order to take the latitude, and look at the situation

of the adjacent

nied by judge Fisher,

Was

a post.

hills for

accompa-

Mr. Frazer, and Mr. Woods.

We ascended the hill on the west side of and made choice of a spot which

I

the Mississippi

thought most

eligible,

I

[being level on the top, having a spring in the rear, and

commanding a view of the country around. A shower came on which completely wet us ; and we reItumed to the village without having ascended the OuisMarked four trees with A. B. [cousing as we intended. Wrote Ic. D. and squared the sides of one in the centre. [of rain

|to the general.*

6th Sept, Friday

—Had a small council with

the Pu-

and a chief of the lower band of the Sioux. Visitled and laid out a posidon for a post, on a hill called the lants,

on the Ouiscousing, three miles abov^ its Mr. Fisher who accompanied mie, was taken very sick, in consequence of drinking some water out of the [Ouiscousing. The Puants never have any white interpreIters, nor have the Fols Avoin nation. In my council, I Ispoke to a Frenchman, he to a Sioux, who interpreted to iFetit Gris,

Imouth.

some of the Puants.

—My men beat the load my new Began — half past Sunday ^Embarked

Itk Sept. Saturday

all

Dumping and hopping. 8th Sept. \n

at

two batteaux.

self

very

to

The wind

fair

1 1

and fresh.

much embarrassed and crampt,

nth provision and baggage. ters,

I

in

I

I.

my new boats,

embarked two

[No-

3>1

page

%,

o'clock

found my-

one to perform the whole voyage, whose See appendix to part

villggers

boats.

interpre-

name was

u

JOURNAL OP A VOYAGE

Pierre Rosseau

and the other named Joseph Reinulle,

;

mc

paid by Mr. Frazer to accompany

of to

St. Anthony. Mr. Frazer it a young gentleman, clerk Mr. Blakely, of Montreal : he was born in Vermonf^

but has

of

as high as the falls

this

me every

ed for

despatched

his

on with me.

am much

I

indebted

the attention

he procur-

;

power that I stood in need of; bark canoes, and remained himself to go thing in his

His design was to winter with some of the

Sioux bands.

We

camped on the

W.

There

village.

came 18 miles and enmust not omit here to bear

sailed well,

bank.

I

testimony to the politeness of

of the

To

Canada.

latterly resided in

gentleman,

is

all

the principal inhabitants

however a material

be made in the nature of those attentions

(all

countrymen j

it

:

and

extended to the accom-

modation, convenience, exercises, and pastimes of

men


me Indians to the bon Dieu. hunt the next day. \o pheasants.

morning discovered

in the

I killed

boats near night. ;

800.

;

droves of elk.

tree

yeai* 1

swam the river, I pursued them, and* who made his escape into a marsh saw

they

)unded one, \o

hard battle was fought be-

and Sauteurs in the

6tb Oct, Sunday elk,

fortified....

Distance 11 miles.

goose.

ir

all

wounded men had

sick or

Ifund five litters, in whi'^h

2n carried.

ripples all day.

I

sacrifice

Killed three prairie he»s,

This day saw the

by

determined to lay by

and

Distance

first elk.

1 2.

les.

1th Oct.

Monday

loathing, &c. ict

of

my

chibited.

and

to

— Lay by

ill

order to dry

whom some charges wer< my men out hunting. I went

sergeant, against

Sent several of

Awards evening and killed some prairie hens (rs

were unsuccessful.

^

8th Oct. Xw^J^^jV"—Embarked early and

march

;

had but three rapids

)me woodland on the

W.

side,

im covered with the prickly )lige

;

every

the hun-

Killed three prairie hens

leasants.

)od day's

my com,

h^ve an investigation into the con-

man who

oak

ash.

;

I

and

six

.

made a very

to pass all day,

but the whole bot-

made

a,

practice, to

complained of indisposition, to

m

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

^

march; by which I had some flankers on both sides of! who were excellent guards against surprize, |

the river,

We haa but

they also served as imnters. led by

one rac«on

kil-

Distance 20 miles.

all.

—^Embarked

9th Oct* Wednesday barrens and prairie.

^

Killed

early

;

wind ahead

;I

one deer and four pheasants,

Distance 3 miles. 10th Oct. Thursday

—Game

water eariy in the moaning.

Mr.

Reinville

and Mons.

to large islands

and strong

Passed the place Perlier, wintered

passed a cluster of islands, more than

20

at

which

1797;

in

in the course

of

from the immense sign of those animals, for they have dams on every island and roads from them every two or three rod. I *would here attempt a description of this wonderful anifour miles

mal, and

*,

these I called Beaver islands,

its

admirable system of architecture, was not

by the numerous travellers Encamped at the footj Killed two geese, five ducks, and

the subject already exhausted,

who have

written

on

this subjettv

of the Grand Rapids.

Distance 16 1-2 miles.

four pheasants. 1

—Both boats passed

tth Oct. ^fiday

the worst of the

by 11 o'clock, but we were obliged to wade and them over rocks, where there was nq| a foot of water, when at times the next*step would be in water over our In consequence of this, our boats were frequently heads. in imminent danger of being bilged on the rocks. About rapids,

lift

'

i'Hi

5

miles above the rapids, our large boat was discovered

to leak so fast, as to render

which we

did.

it

necessary to unload

I

found a painted buckskin and a

of scarlet cloth, suspended by the limb

supposed to be a

sacrifice to

their enterprize successful

;;i!i

Near

Stopped the leak and reloaded.

war encampment,

;

ofc

a tree

Matcho Maniton,

but

I

her,|

;

aj

piece I this

ij

to render?

took the liberty of

in-

vading the rights of his diabolical majesty, by

treating!

them, as the priests of old have often done, that

is,

con-

TO THE SOURCES OF ig the sacrifice to

HE

1

my own

MISSISSIPPI.

use.

Killed only

3S

two

Distance eight miles.

icks.

I2th October, Saturday.

—^Hard

ripples in the

morn-

Passed a narrow rocky {^ace, after which we had Our large boat again sprung a leak, and we water. re

encamp early and unload. Killed one wolf, two geese and two ducks. Distance

obliged agsun to

deer,

'

1-2 miles.

— /.^l

"^-'r^•'

.bs-fir

came on on the east, which named Clear river j water good. Killed one deer, one Fair wind. ^er, two minks, two geese, and one duck. Distance 29 miles; :overed the first buf&lo sign. 14-ft& October, JWro«d to have been made by the savages. much precaution, and at length started a large bear ling on vthe carcase of a deer : he soon made his es

it

appeared as

if the

him tbpi^h they }ad been

We fired at them, passing,

but

Pursu^ them through the ^wamp tilj 10 o'clock^ when I determine^ to attempt to make

Without effect.

?out

^e river, le

snow;

yet,

faased

and fpr that purpose took a due soi^th course, elk and buffalo, but b^g in the

many droves of

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE middle of an immense In

fact, I

knew

but neither

prairie,

Wounded

to shoot them.

knew it was folly to

attempt

several deer, but got none,

many deer as any body myself nor company could find one in ten, I

could shoot as

whereas one experienced hunter would get

Near

all.

night struck a lake about five miles long and two miles wide.

Saw immense droves of elk on down saw a herd crossing the Bat

Two

down.

came

About sun

both banks.

We

towards us.

prairie

bucks, more curious than the others,

one behind the fore shoulder:

pretty close. I struck

he did not go more than 20 yards before he fell and died. This was the cause of much exultation, because it fulfilled

my

we had been two

determination, and, as

nights without victuals,

6ome scrub oak. In about one mile made

much

days and

Found

was very acceptable.

it

a

and

fire,

with

labor gnd pains got our meat to it; the wolves

feasting

on one half while we were carrying away

other.

We were now provisioned, but were

of water, the

snow being

all nielted.

Very excessive in the night,

was much Surprised, strike the Mississippi.

companion!^-' '.T'sv ai

I

went

after having

Filled

m

my

Finding

in search

the

still

in want

my

drought

of water, and

gone about a mile,

to

hat and i^etumed to my

tpi^mutu •^ydhnuov/

r:i-ii

,

my mockinsons, /We both went to"!

4th November, Mo»t;

,

Peters,

I

i

he gave;the Indians to understand that

regulation of

>ta]:&s ^

wanted I'^-abo, that

.

my Dwp,,and

and by assuring them he would

^he Mississippi,

he drew

)n the St. Peters, lot selling

liquor,

all

it

was

.not a law of the United

the Indians

who had adhered to

sell

to

irom

them on

thei

traders

the restriction of

and should any of them 'be

killed, the

)lame would lissured rive

all lie on me« as he had (without iiuthdrity) them they might hunt in securkyi I took care to '

the>young chief a

^bove.

He

30t/j

remained

jp

two

all

night.

November, Saturday.

of

my

idea^

on the

Jwd deer. made the two Indians

Killed

—

^I

They crossed the river and deDetached Kennerman with eleven men, to bring

^ome small presents. t)arted.

full explaijation

canoes..

...

A

-.

11

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

48

m

1st Decer,ib6r, Sunday.

Went

of the day.

—Snowed a my

out with

gun, but killed nothing.

2^ December, Monday.'-^pxrks party below, and informed

gar

^

me

in the middle

little

arrived

Srom

they could not

but had started up with the

little

the

any

kill

peroque

:—also, one

who pretended

Sioux,

iem des

to inform

me, from the

me that the Y'jictongs and Sus-

(two bands of Sioux from the head of the

litongs 'eters

Feuities,

to have been sent to

St.

and the Missouri, and the most savage of them)

commenced ^e war-dance

would depart in a few would be advisable for Fols Avoins to keep close under my ^ot^tion ; that

lad

lys, in wliich

the

suid

case he conceived

it

on the Chipeways would tend to

lakiig a stroke

injure

gnmd object of my voyage, &c. &c. Some reasons me to believe he-was avsel£o?eated envoy ; howtver^ I offered to pay hknyorniy young Sioux, who would to those bands anld carry my word. He pronused to ie known my wishes upon his return. My men r^urned le

'

'1

^

iduced

^4heund that the fairest was the daughter of an Englishman,

one of

tlie

Indian's daughters, lately deceased

;

^nce

11 J-,

/A

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

50

whose death the grandmother had taken it to the breast His lodge was made of rushes {Waited into mats, afi»r the manner of the Illinois. I was obliged to give some meat to

the Indians

all

who

arrived at the stockade, at the

time explaining our situation.

me

i^.

'"

The

ould be repaid with interest in the course of

jrt that at that time he

winte

sum

Chien Blanche assured

was

\^lthout

the

any thing

to

£n fact, our hunters having killed nothing for several|

eat.

days,

we ^^e

^b

oiurselves

on

short allowance.

December^ Sunday.'^Aa invalid Sioux arrivedl

with information, that the bands of the Sussitongs andl

Yanctongs had actually determined to make war on

thel

Chipeways, and that they had formed a party of 150

orl

160 men, )>ut that part of the Sussitongs had refused tcl go to the war, and would be here on a visit to me die nextl This occasi(»ied me to delay crossing the river im{

day.

mediately, fiible that, ii.':

on my voyage taLake Sang Sue, as it was pofrl by having, a con^ence with them, I might stiSl

prevent the stroke intended to be ways.

>

made against the

Chip^|

/

Exl

9tk December^ Monday^-^Prepsired to embark. pectii^g the Sioux, I

for them.

Sioux did

i

,'!•!

had two large

kettles

of soup model

Had a shooting-match with four prizes. The! not arrive, and we eat the soup ourselves.!

Crossed the river and encamped above the rapids. it grew cold.

Wiju!|

changed and

10th December, Ttiesday.'-^Aher arranging our sleds'l and pcroque commenced our march, llie sleds on th(| prairie and the peroque towed by three men* Found it|

extremely

difficult

• to hold

m

My slcdg were such two

barrels or

snow being melted The men who had the canoe wercl

to get along, the

the prairie in spots.

i

as arc frequently «ecn about fanners' yards,

400 weight,

in

which two

men were

calculiitv'i|

geared abreast.

TO THE SOURCES OF THE

MISSISSIPPI.

8\

wade and drag her over the rocks in many I saw. It fell three times, and This was a great disappointment, ir made its escape. >r upon the game we took now we depended for our subto

Shot the only deer

[places.

This evening disclosed to my

tence. ^er

they had to encounter.

snow had almost melted from the prairie. I 10 o'clock, and made a fire. I then went

the

on

/alked

the real dan-

December, Wednejday»-^lt having thawed aU

ll/i& light,

men

Distance 5 miles.

until

)ack wO look for the peroque, and at & remarkable rapid in

oppc Jte a high piny

the river,

dted for them to

island,

come up, when we

When we

returned and met the sleds. >Iace pitched

for our camp,

the peroque.

isist

>'clock,

we heard

a loss to

keaux,

fire

I

sent the

men down

to

In the afternoon, from ''bout three the report of not less

know who they could be,

and what could be

tli

50 guns I

was

unless they were Sau^>

their object, in shooting after

Kept a good look out.

irk.

and

arrived at the

and after dusk much shooting on the prairie.

-head, ^t

on

made a

partly unloaded.

Distance 5 miles.

12th December, Thursday.-^The snow having almost itirely left

the prairie,

we were obliged to take on but one man it. In the morning my 'n-

lied at a time and treble

came to me with quite a mardal he might be allowed to go ahead

>rpreter ed that

idians

we heard fire last evening.

air,

and requestwhat

to discover

I gave

hkn permission

away he went. Shortly after, I went out with corBradley and a private, and in about an hour over)k my partizan, on a bottom close to the river ; he was

id

^oral

punting racoons, ter

and had caught

^ack, to idians,

conduct the party to the

We left him, and

it,

anxious to discover the

marched on. We about eight miles ; saw no Indians

corporal and

scended the river lut

five.

choosing an oicampment, and sending the private

myself

discovered that the river was frozen over^ which

:

•!

JOURhfAL OF

'i,

pleased

mt

A VOYAGE

more, for we would

now be

enabled to walk

three times our usual distance in a day.

we saw no

prised that

I

was much

sur-

After our return to

Indians.

the!

met my

camp, was told that a Fols Avoin Indian had ty and infoimed them, that m the rear of the bordered the

prairie, there

tages communicated with

par.

hills, that|

were small lakes which by

Lake

That

Superior.

por-i

in onel

days march, on that course, we would find English trad|

That the Chipeways were there hunting.! who had visited my camp on the 29th ultl

ing houses.

That the Sioux

on hearing

had prudently returned, with

the firing,

hiil

companions, to the west side of the Mississippi, agreeabljl to

my

ing

How persons

advice.

spirit

unacquainted with the search>|

of trade, and the enterprize of the people

the north west $ would be surprized to find

had penetrated from Lake Superior,

And

than marshes.

it

my sleds and

beautiful fox, red back, white

them Reynard

Fine day.

cupine*

tail

and

I

had no

Killed six racoons

man

killed

ing.

S

opporl

and one

por|

Distance 7 miles.

bailed at the upper end of the at

a vc

My inter!

breast.

d' Argent.

ISth December, Friday.-^^ilLuiQ double

snowing

whc|

mor

peroque

Saw

did not get i^ until half past 10 o'clock.

tonity of shooting him.

little

likewise points out the difficulty

putting a barrier on then* trade. All

preter called

^ople

to laker

ripples.

It

Er

trips.

commence

Bradley killed one deer, anotl

o'clock.

one racoon. Storm continued until next mor

Distance 5 miles.

l^th December, Saturday,-^-We dq)arted from

encampment mile,

when

the foremost sled,

nately to carry 'i'-i!

!

river.

on

had not advanced on which happened unfbr

at the usual hour, but

my

baggage and ammunition,

fell

into

We were all in the river up to our middles,

covering the things. to where the

river

Halted and made a

was frozen over.

fire.

ini

Came

Stopped and

i

TO THE SOURCES OF THE iped ig ly

on

the west shore, in a pine

my things,

found

all

books materially injured

lat all

Sussex

my

;

but a

Upon

exsu

still

greater injury was^

and four poundfi of double battle had brought for my own use, waf Fortunately my kegs of powder were preserved

common

rere §o tightly corked, as not to

my

been the case,

^ot

wood.

baggage wet and some of

I

and some bottles of

ry,

my

5S

cartridges,

powder which

sstroyed.

MISSISSIPPI.

irmo3itedy for

glazed powder, which

adrmt water.

Had

this

voyage must necessarily have been

we could

not have subsisted without am-

M

I

During the time of our misfortune, two Fols came to us, one of whom was at my stocks

lunition.

Lvoin Indians

on the 29th ult. in company with the Sioux. I signified them by signs the place of our intended encampment, invited them to come and encamp with us. They left le and both arrived at my camp in the evening, having ich a deer which they presented me ; I gave them my ^anoe, to keep until spring ; and in the morning at partig made them a small present. Sat up until 3 o'clock M. drying and assorting my ammunition, ba jtrage, &c. lilled two deer. Distance 4 miles. I5th December Sunday, Remained at our camp mak« ig sleds. Killed two deer. Crossed and recrossed sevele,

—

Indian

trails in

the woods.

December, Monday.^^Kemslned at the same

16th

Employed

^amp.

as yesterday.

Killed three deer.

I

rounded a buffalo in the shoulder, and by a kar race

him

^vertook ^ut it

ntb able

in the prairie

being near night

leit

at

an early hour.

very heavily loaded.

Broke one

by other circumstances.

iterpreter) Ithers.

$

December, Tuesday.-^Depzrted from our agree-

encampment

Retained

and gave him another shot till morning.

him

and myself

Found our

sled runner,

sleds to

and were

Bradley, Rosseau (the

killed four deer

and wounded

Having eleven on hand already,

I

found

it

five

neces-

I

1

-

«

y

'

\

|

and myself

wentl

1

li

on ahead, and overtook

1

had left campl riverl

De Corbeau,

III

1

my interpreter, who

very early in hopes that he would be able to see the

]

1

where h6 had twice wintered. He was im.[ mediately opposite to a large island, which he supposed to| have great resemblance to an island, opposite the mouth
tes intelligible. Killed two racoons. From our sleds freaking down, and having to make so many portages on \5 miles

road,

le

night

that at

;

made but 4

I

miles.

24/^ December, Tuesday.

De Corbeau, and

He

le Mississippi

W.

hard

found

it

the latitude of the

to be in

45° 49'

becomes very narrow above the

porbeau, and as if l^cmi

—^Took

to

it

were the forks, changes

N. E.

generally.

its

50'''

river

N.

De

direction

Distance 10 1-2 miles.

2Stb December, Wednesday.'^Mzrched and encamped 1 1

o'clock.

Gave out two pounds of

)unds of extra flour, one

man

icco per

;

this, in

gill

of whiskey, and some

to-

order to distinguish Christmas

26tb December, Thursday. ^to

extra meat, two

Distance 3 miles.

ly.

—Broke four

sleds

;

broke

the river four times, and had four carrying places,

ice

we

pllow ?low.

left the river De Corbeau. The timber was all and pitch pine, of which there were scarcely any

Distance 3 miles.

27/A December, Friday. arrived ter

where the

which

river

we proceeded

i1

—After two

carrying places,

was completsly closed with

ice

j

with some degree of speed and

'i

:

;

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

«M Killed

ease.

The country on both

one bear.

ddes, pttl

sented a dreary and barren prospect of high rocks, vnAf

dead pine timber.

Snow.

Distance 10 miles.

2Sth December^ Saturday.'-^Two sleds

^

ice.

througll

fell

In the morning passed a very poor country

knobs on each side ; but towards evening the botton became largo*, and the pine ridges better timbered. Bi ley

and myself marched 10 miles beyond the

one deer.

sleds. Kille

Distance 12 miles.

29tb December, Strnday-^-'Cold windy day.

00 material interruptions

;

passed some rapids.

blew from the woods on to the

river.

,

Met wid The snc

The country

of small lakes, some 9 miles in circumference.

ful

Distano

21 miles. SOth December, Monday.-^The snow having

on the

ice,

retarded

French Sap

pine.

Numerous

tile sleds^

pine ridges continued.

A new species of

Killed

one

small lakes pine, called

Distance 12

otter.

drifte

miles.!

3lst December, Tuesday.'—F2iSS€d Pine river about o'clock.

At

its

mouth

l|

there was a Chipeway's enca

ment of fifteen lodges, this had been occupied in summer, but ift now vacant. By the significadons of die{ marks, we understood, that they had marched a party 50 warriors against the Sieux ; and had killed four m^ and four women, which were represented by images i

ed out of pine or cedar. in the I

'

ill

ground

The

parts which are generally concealed

four painted poles, sharpened II"

;.

womw.

men pamted and

four

to the middle, leaving

Near this were

silk handkerchiefs, &c.

;

at the

above ground

by end

their sides wa

to represent

poles with deer skins, plumej

Also a circular hoop of ce

something attached^ representing a scalp.

Nd

each lodge they had holes dug in the ground, and

bougll

with

ready to cover them, as a retreat for their children if attacked by the Sioux, &c.

Hi

tho

women

TO THE SOURCES OF THE Jamary 1806, Wednesday. mt bark canoes, on the bank of li/

MISSISSIPPI.

57

—

^Passed six very ele-

the river, which had

up by the Chipeways ; also a camp which we mcdved to have been e.acuated about ten dayn. My iterpreter came after me in a great hurry, conjuring me >t to go so far ahead, and assured me that the Chipeways, en laid

icountering

me

)uld certainly

on

(ent

without an interpreter, party, or flag^

me^

kill

But,

notwithstanding

this, I

several miles farther than usual, in order to

were to be made

ike any discoveries that

conceiving

;

^e

savages not so barbarous or ferocious, as to fire )n

ro

men,

(I

had one with me) who were apparently coming

to their country, trusting to their generosity

that if

|em,

having

I,

W.

we met

only two or three

my gun

Made some extra

and

2d January^ Thursday

—

fresh sign of Indians.

my

rht,

[ming

by

Pee pieces;

a

buck

warm day. Discoveras we were encamping at

Just

guns

trail

some Indians were

or track.

flag

four Chipeways,

I

ordered

my

by a discharge of

W. company presented themsome women having

^ered

our

trail

gave the alarm, and not knowing,

.'4;

dis-

>•:

it

had departed to make a discovery, had heard of us and revered our flag. Mr. Grant,

their enemies, they

ley

Englishman, had only arrived the day bofbre from

De

te

kalf.

Sable I

;

from which he marched,

le

days ago, and believing

2d not leave ant

in

one day and

presented the Indians with half a deer, which

received thankfully, for they

remained

their all

camp.

night.

H

it

had discovered our fires to be the Sioux, they

They

!•

one Englishman,

They informed

us that

';

'

They were imme-

carefully.

and saluted the

when

his

years day.

Frenchman of the N.

ives.

|s

their

my camp,

equal to

^Fine

speed upon our

sn to stand

^ely at

and he

new

sentinel informed us, that

full

and know-

we were

pistols,

presents for

;

\!*l

returned, but Mr.

.

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

5«.

3d January, I

Friday.

—My

party inarched early, but

Red

returned with Mr. Grant to his establishment on the

Cedar Lake, havmg gne corporal with me. When we came in sight of his house, I observed the flag of Great Britain flying. T felt indignant, and cannot say what my feelings

me to,

would have excited

me, that

it

had he not informed

After explaining to a Chipeway

to me.

warrior (called Curly Head) the object of receiving his answer, that he

my voyage,

would remain

and

tranquil, until

We eat a good breakfast for the country, de-

my return.

my

parted and overtook

Killed one

sleds, just at dusk.

Distance 16 miles.

porcupine.

4/A

much

This was not

belonged to the Indians.

more agreeable

January,

Saturday.

—^We

made twenty

eight |

points in the river

broad, good bottom, and of the usual

j

j

In the night I was awakened by the cry of the|

timber.

sentinel, calling repeatedly to the

ferated,

"

—d d—n your

G

enant be burned to death?"

me,

at first I seized

my

tents in flames.

we

tore

ed.

my

men

at length

;

souls, will

you

let

he

the

This immediately aroused

arms, but looking round,

The men

them down, but not

This, with the loss of

vocilieut-l

flew to

until they

my leggins,

my

I

saw

assistance, andl

were

entirely ruin-

mockinsons,

socks,!

had hung' up to dry, was no trivial misforl But ll tune, in such a country, and on such a voyage.

&c. which

I

had reason to thank casks of which had, I

must

I

God

had in

ihdt the powder, three small

my

tent did not take fire, if

certainly have lost all

my baggage,

if

itl

not myl

life.

Sth January, Sunday.-^^Mr. Grant promised to over take it

me yesterday,

but has not yet arrived.

would be necessary

observation.

to attend his motions, with

carefiil|

Distance 27 miles.

6th January, Mondhy.

up 31

I

I conceived!

points, in

—Bradley and myself

hopes to discover Lake

De

walkedl

Sable

;

buj

'

TO THE SOURCES OF THE finding a near cut of fearful the sleds

we

fore

points.

20 yards

would miss

MISSISSIPPI.

5»

for ten nules, and being

we

it,

returned 23 points be-

They had made only eight Met two Frenchmen of the N. W. company with found our camp.

y^

about 180 pounds on each of their backs, with rackets on they informed me that Mr. Grant had gone on with 'f

Snow

the Frenchman.

fell all

day, and

feet

miles,

and

7tb January y

Tuesday,

—Made but

then were obliged to send a-head and

3 miles

some of the men had their

l^th

1 1

make

fires

every

noses, others their fingers,

';;;,

,

January, W^^««^i(zy.— Conceiving I was at no from Sandy Lake, I left my sleds, and

great distance

with corporal Bradley, took

my departure

for that place,

him back the same evening. We walki* ed on very briskly imtil near night, when we met a young Indian, one of those who had visited my camp near Red Cedar Lake. I endeavored to explain to him, that it was my wish to go to Lake De Sable that evening. He returned with me, until we came to a trail that led across the woods, this he dgnified was a near course. I went intending to send

I

[this

11}

"

toes irozen, before they felt the cold sen-

Very severe days march.

sibly.

I

-'

notwithstanding which, the cold was so intense,

;

and others their

I

'

Spent a miserable night.

deep.

that

was diree

course with him, and shortly after found myself at

a Chipeway encampment, to which savage had enticed

me

I

tarry all night,

the lake in

knowing

good season.

[put us in the right road. [the track left

labout

Jable,

believe the friendly

I would was too late for us to make But upon our refusing to stay, he

that

it

We arrived at

the Mississippi, at dusk,

two leagues of

iifficulty,

I

with an expectation that

and

at

a-

the place where

when we traversed

wilderness, without any very great

Lake De The snow made by the Frenchmen who had

length struck the shore of

over a branch of which our course

laving covered the trail

lay.

5

>

.

f

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE,

60

passed! before with the rackets, I

ourselves

on the lake

was

fearful

of

lobsingl

the consequence of which caki onlyl

;

be conceived by those who have been exposed lake, or

naked

plain,

tude 47** and the thermometer below O.

we

arrival

were not a

The

large stockade.

a|

latil

Thinking

thatj

we

could observe, the bank of the other shore,

a straight course, and sometime

and on our

cwi

a dreary night of January, in

kep

after discovered lights]

surprised to find

little

gate being open,

we

entered

proceeded to the quarters of Mr. Grant, where

we

anil|

wer

treated with the utmost hospitality.

Qth January i TA«rj assis-

mce. &z/(^rJ!iz/»—Remained all

nth January y luarters.

day within

^

S««r attendants. imagmed at a view. My men sawed stocks for the

it.

I

before night.

9' 2Qf'

I

rrant returned

—

^ds, which

I

found

it

necessary to construct after the

lanner of the country.

On

>ming into the fort

countenance expressed no

stonishment, J

when

;

his

told

who

for the people in this

^dge, that the Linericans,

our march, met an Indian little

was and from whence I country themselves acknowI

savages hold in greater veneration, the

than any other white people.

A cant term fur a dram of

spirits.

They

say of

\

I

M i

j

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

63

when

US.

alluding to warlike atchievements, that

ii'O'i Us

1^ ^

'I

:

#

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGK

0S his houses bud.

I

rode

ii.

ft

cariole, for

one person, cog

manner : Boards plained smoot feet, coming to a point j •bout 2 1-2 feet wide behind ^ on which is hxed a bo^ covered with dressed skins painted ; this box is open the top, but covered in front about two thirds of th

wructed

in the following

turnel up in front about two

r

'

I

Tho

length.

horse

fastened between the shafts.

is

rider wraps himself up

Tb doA

in a bulFalo robe, sits flat

Thus

having a cushion to lean his back against.

may

tred with a fur czp. Sec, he

accoei

bid defiance to the wis

and weather. Upon our return, we found that some the Indians, had already returned from the hunting campsj also Monsieur Roussund, the gentleman supposed to haj (

by the

hditn killed diflfused

His

Indians.

lOtb February, Monday.

The English

in the fort.

the flag

Mr. Gi

arrival with

a general satisfaction through the fort.

staff,

I

—

Hoisted the American

yacht

still

l

flying at the top

directed the Indians and

my

riflemen j

shoot at ky

who soon broke

fastened, and brought

it

to the ground.

stone, &c. 1

J

tb February^ Tuesday.

&c. arrived, lar,

all chiefs

*«

He was

•*

cupied

**

—The Sweet, Buck,

She)

Buii^

partid

From him I learnt, thiit ground when (to use his own pha

a

it

this

made man, and began

to hunt

;

that theyi

the year that the French missionaries were

led, at the river

Pacagama."

Mr. M'Gillis and two of

his

The

sunset

;

much

swelled,

a distance of

and

I

30

men,

left

was very lame.

west course.

From

is

Leech Lake

Red Cedar

My

miles.

of the Mississippi to the streight Hv-l

Indians flocked

—Bradley and myself

o*clock, and arrived at the house at

I

Reading

of note, but the former in

12tb February, Wednesday.

S'

it

a venerable old man.

Sioux occupied .

the iron pin to which

i

^

at|

Lake,

ancles were

From

I

vej

the ent

called six miles, a soui

thence to the south end, South

TO THE SX)URCES OF THE 4

It

id

The Yuy

utiles.

W.

This

le to a large point.

ey

extends nearly £.

at the efitrance,

About two and a

six miles.

MISSISSIPPI.

from the north

b

may becalled

the upper source

Lake Wi)ie; and the extent of canoe navigation only two Igues, to some of the Hudson's Bay waters. IStb February y Thunday.'^Vfere favored with a look the latitude, and found it to be 47* mtilul day. 40'^ N. At this place it was, Mr. Thompson made i' observations m 1798, from which he determined that the Mississippi, being 15 miles above Little

source of the Mississipr i was in 47° 38'.

II:

walked

I

V,

3 miles back in the country,

>ut le

of our

men marched

to

two

at

thirds water.

Lake Winepie and returned

one o'clock, for the stem of the Sweet's pipe, a matof more consequence in his

m

the diploma of

white Kly in

fish,

the back of the chimney

14/A February, Friday.

becomes sts

;

law.

We feasted

roasted k upon him as a warrior ; that they received a parole )m Michilimackinac, on wliich he was dispatched with warriors ; that on his arrival he was requested to lead sm against the American^. To which he replied, " We Ihave considered you and the Americans as one people. [You are now at war ; how are we to decide who has [justice on their side ? Besides you white people are like the leaves on the trees for numbers. Should I 'rch with my 40 warriors to the field of battle, they dth their chief, would be unnoticed in the multitude ; id would be swallowed up as tf big waters embo^

[som the small

No,

lit.

[trymen

I will

rivulets

J

1'

^1 1

i

which discharge themselves into

return to

may be of

^\

my

nation,

where

my

coun-

service against our red enemies,

\i

and

renowned in the dance of ctur nation." March, Friday, Took the latitude by an arti-

leir actions

14//j

horizon, and measured the river.

[ial

;r

—

and a half from

my

hunting camp,

—

Received one Ice thinner.

March, Saturday. ^I'his was the day '^xed upon Mr. Grant and the Chipeway warriors, for thv-ir arrival kiy fort ; and I was all day anxiouslv expecting them ; I knew that should they not accompany me down, the 1

5tb

ice partially etiected

between them and the Sioux, would

jl

w

JOURNAL or A VOYAGE

not be on a permanent footing

and upon

;

this I take the

to be neither sc brave nor generous, as the Sioux, in

their transactions, appear to

all

whereas the Chipcways are 16tb March, Sunday, n

suspicious,

consequently tn\

and of course cowards,

cherous,

i
»«:.wo eat llii

i

I

up our portion entirely, being carefulnoi to dl^opa boo

*•'

THE SOUROlil bF

•rO

f^iigtthtfaU lip and'' put

maiMMiSk

soap»

.

THE them

MISSISSIPPI. in' ^dw>

dish,

85

we

-^ere

After the fating was finished the

again gave an exhortation, whii^iinidhed! the ceretold ilwyth^.ga^erupi all the fragments,

pri^m

them in the iK^er^

(throw

iett the:d©gs> should get'

.Burning theih is considered as isaaii€igeou$.'^lll» lod^jrwerecdllected atone time 41 persons great and

,.rmed

camp about 8

that

my

they arrived with It

out hunting.

good fortune id

Saw

it,

o'clock in the morning,

hunters had gone to bring in a

and about

o'clock

1 1

to kill two.

On our

arrival at

one of my men at the garrison, with a

son.

The

we

but few deer, out of which

soldier informed

me

Ived with Mr. Dickson's men.

I

all

had

camp

from Mr. that one Sioux had Although much faletter

soon as I had eat something, I took one of my and dep?rted for the garrison one hour before sun-

led,

The distance was 21 miles, and the ice very dangeIS bang rotten, and the water over it nearly a ftxst deep had sticks in our hands, and in many places ran them [oughtheice. It thundered and lightened with rain. The ^ux not finding the Sauteurs, had returned immediate^.

30/^ March, Sunday,'-^Wrote to Mr, Dickson and latched his noti. ^'s

march.

}earance^

the I

.

Considerably

stiff

from

Caulked our boats, as the

of breaking up in a few days.

ice

my

I \

i'

H

yester-

had every

Thus

whilst

n

1.

wing of eager expectation, every day seemed an - -*

'tT'

JOURNAL

8B

A VOYAGfe

Ol?

H^ceived two deers and an half from our ht

age.

camp. 31st

March f Mttnday.-^Vimsh^ caulking my

beat!

was with m^, what I should get to the seams. We were all this day and next as anxioi watching the ice, as a lover would the arrival of the prie who was to unite him to his beloved. Sometimes it moved! the difficulty then

little,

when

i

An

but soon closed.

Indian and his woman crossedq

the poles which they held in their hands were

The

ed through in many places.

was obliged

to restrict

myself and

provision to whichj

m)^

viz

two

:

of fresh venison per day, was scarcely sufficient to

Though

us alive. yet

I

had not an extraordinary

I

appetite

was continually hungry.

2d

April, Wednesday.

and two partridges. fort at th^ foot

—^Went

The

'

ice

out and killed one de

began to move oppo^te

of the rapids, but

dammed up below.

Rel

ceived half a dozen bears from my hunting camp. Launc

ed our canoe and brought her down.

3d

April, Thursday.

river, another to the

over the

on the other

hills

Sent one

side

I killed

we

killed

certainly

would have

Udgh dogs ;

banks of Clear

river,

man down to see men mys

tii|

of the Mississippi to

In the course of the day

been for the Ijllilllilill

—

camp, and took two

when

for

hi

a swan and a goose,

one or two

we

elk,

had

it

on

lay concealed

four came and threw

th

then

III

selves into

it

opposite,

and were swimming

when our dogs bounced

We then fired

m lli'!

I'-

'!

1

Mf

into the water,

on them, but they

directly to

carried off all

the!

le

we gave them, and we could not cross the river, unle we rafted (it being bank full) which would have detainei us too IcAg a time. aoid

we passed

In the evening

it

bi^came very

rather an uncomfortitb)^ night.

cold

.ii>ii^i^t

}iM\'4th April,. f]r/i/«y.—Toofcfour «6urs6 home. :

i

and they turne

I

i

led oiie large

buck and wounded

another;

Wve,

with about 1000

lbs.

of fur, which he deposited

The men returned and informed me that

\e fort.

was stUi shut about 10

miles below.

6th April, Sunday,S^iled idley

my peroque with sergeant

and two men, to descend the river and see

yet open below.

the

They returned in

if it

the afternoon and

I had previously determined to load embark the next day, and hoped to find it free by the The Fols Avoin, called the Shawonoe, le I arrived. ^ved and encamped near the stockade. He informed that hxs nation had determined to send his son down in place, as he declined the voyage to St. Louis. All rts and hands were employed in preparing for our d«-

>rted all clear.

ture.

In the evening the

danced to the rejoiced

men

cleared out their

and sang songs

violin,

was every heart

room

until 1 1 o'clock,

at leaving this

savage wilder-

—

^tb April, Monday,

minutes

ty

.past

^Loaded our boats and departed

ten o'clock.

where we found

At one

o'clock arrived at

my canoe and men.

Although Avoin chief to remain one It, yet time was too precious, and we put oiF; passed Grand Rapids, and arrived at Mr. Dickson's just be-

sariiver,

partly promised the Fols

sun-down It

;

we were

he treated

all

saluted with three rounds.

my men

At

with a supper and dram.,

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

dd

Mr. Dickson, Mr. F^utier and myself,

sat

up

until fo

o'clock in the morning.

%th Aprily

Twj^a/.—Were

obliged to remain

day on account of some information to be obtained

hen

spent the day in making a rough chart of St. Peten making notes on the Sioux, &C4 settling the affairs of Indian department with Mr. Dickson, for whose comn)i| nications, and those of Mr. Paulier, I am infinitely Made every necessary, preparation for an ea debted. I

embarkadon. 9tb Aprils Wednejday.-^Koae early in the moi

and commenced

my arrangements.

Having observed

upon enqid the liquor had been furnished them by a Mr. Gre

Indians drunk, during the night, and finding ry, that

nor or Jennesse,

I sent

quest they would not

sell

my

interpreter to them; to

any strong liquor to

upon which Mr. ^nnesse demanded the

Xt

which were given to him,*

licence

amounted to no more, than merely a

li'lll'is

demanding

on

all retailers

of merchandize

;

but

-:!i

it

was by

t

i

means an Indian licence ; however, I did not think prop Last night, was! to go into a more close investigation. cold thai the water was covered with floating cakes of a of a strong consistence. After receiving every mark of j tendon from Messrs. Dickson and Paulier, I took my dep At 4 P. M. arrived at the house of ture at 8 o'clock. Paulier, 25 leagues, to whose brother I had a letter. ^| received with politeness by him and a Mr. Veau, who^ tered along side of him, on the very island, at which well encamped on the night of the of Oct. in asce After having left this place some time, we discov ing. ed a bark canoe a-head, we gained on it ^for some :

I

certific

he had paid the tax required by a law of the Indiana

ritory,

llil

it

Inc

reitiicdonsj

writing,

that

:!,!

On

rlie

-•

-.:' .

;

./

.

.

• See appendix to part l|i[No..io.] pagu

44'.

TO THE- SOURCES OF THE

MISSISSIPPI.

91

tumed'a point about 800 yards before ; and on This exit sAio, it had entirely disappeared. in and at last the barge, I stood up curiosity, my it

turning

:overed

it

tamed up

in the grass of the prairie, but af«

iwe had passed a good gun shot, three savages made appearance itpm under it, launched her in the river, followed, not

knowing of

my other

boats which had

They then

turned the point immediately upon. them.

on I /and, on my

le

stopping for the night at a vacant

Ung house also stopped, and addressed ittdantf

or *iyimr serOant captain"

me

Saggo

*'

I directed

my

)reter to enquire their motives, for concealing tfaeniI

They

and that

replied, that their canoe' leaked,

had turned her up

not believe, as their conduct was e4uivocal, rather sternly

}

I

This

to discharge the water. I

I

received

gave them however a small dram

Theyjbea ii^embarked, and con^ led do\i(n the riv0r. Their conduct brought to mind visit of the FiU;jde Pinc^w to Mr* Dickson, during piece pf bread.

!

winter;

oniej

/principal cause

of 'which Iwas, that he

men,

^hed to inform tme that the seveji led to

whom

have rmet when crossing the portage of

I

men^*

St.

Mt*

had since dedared that they uwould kill him for ^oing to thevpe^e betweenithe^ Sioux and Sauteurs.; for being instrumental iii preventii^ them from, taking ly^

revehge for relations /hilled by^^he Sauteurs in Au« lJiK)5.f^and Tfjomas^ the Feds;

jJkAroir.

)p0nJhe ^oemed disposed to ^eme;^

not

made

Jage lubut the

for the

souix!£, as the hrst chief

of the

me

tpth^

fxmductdfi ^hose feUows put

of it.

And I apfiealio>G6d and my country, if

preservation: would not )se

chief,

This information

the impressionif ought to have made, coi^n*

from sQjrespectable a isidecation

:

;

have j^tiHed me^ in cutting

scoundrels^ pieces wherever

men would have done,

if

I

found them

?

Thii

©rdered^ amidst a thousand

-I

;

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

9.2

of them, and

of the

ahoukl haYe been supported, by the

I

St. Peters, tt

riors, attending

my

my

the mouth of which were

arrival

sentinel last winter.

^

I

my conduct

fired

dreaded the consequences

the meeting not for the present osity of

who

also thd rascal

el

aoo

but for

}

might not be appvpved of by

vemment $ who

did not so intimatdy

those savages..

This day ^ for the

commencement of vegetation, deep in some places.

know

first

yet the

i

km the imj my

{

the nature

time,

(

we saw

snow -was a

.

10th April, TJlntriday.^¥mSaaled at half past 5 o'clodj

about 7 passed

Rum river,

and

at

8 wei^e saluted by

6i

whom was a Mr. Mr. Dickson's. Those people had winte on Rum river, and were waiting for their chiefs and ders to descend in order to accompany them to the Pi Des Chiens. Arrived' at the Falls of St. Anthony at 7 lodges of Fols Avoins, amongst

a clerk of

Carried over

^*clock.

all

our loading and the canoe j

the lower end of the portage, and the bank.

^ I

pitched

my tents

haul^ our boats

at the lottrer

end of

upi

thei

campment where all the men encamped except the whose quarters we^e above. The s^pearance of the Fai was much more tremendous than when we ascjSndied increase of water occasioned the higher,!

ent

my

^ray

to raise

wed

;

and other That he then crossed tlie

carried off the guns

arms, and concealed diem.

^canoes t

The women

ther, &c.

At

ig.

;

took

on the subject of the

In-

5jl

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

104

dian's intoxication at this place, for they

They had

when

all

drunk.

a horse from the establishment, and

stolen

him back for

fered to bring

were

of.

them

liquor, but laughed at

Passed two canoes

offered a blanket and powder.

and two barges.

At the establishment received two from Mrs. Pike, took with us corporal Eddy and

ters

whom

other soldier

four oars

—

^In

the

with

me.

the morning passed a win-

where from appearance, there must have

tering ground, at least

Rowed

left.

A citizen took passage with

all night.

28/^ Aprili Monday.

been

Many had

capt.

let.

seven or eight different establishments.

At

12 o'clock arrived at the Frendi house, mentioned in our voyage up, ^bput the 16th of August. Here we landed

our

name w;as on Copper

citizen, his

the settlement

were about 25

.

:

.

,

and he belonged

,

He

river.

informed

me

th^re

Stopped

families in the settlement. .

to

at |

some islands about 10 miles above Salt river, where there were pidgeon roosts, and in about fifteen n^inutes my men bad knocked on the head and brought on board 298. I had frequently heard of the fecundity of this bird, but never gave credit to what marvellous

;

1

then thought inclined to

but really the most fervid imagination

Their noise in the Woods

conceive their numbers.

the

caniiotl

was

like the

continued roairing of the wind, and the ground

may be

said to

excrement.

have been absolutely covered with

their I

The young ones which we killed were nearlyf

as large as the old, they could fly about ten steps, and!

were one mass of and the wild pea.

fat

;

their

which were Aierely small which

all

craws were

They were

still

biftiches

filled

drels

:*' m

'III,

back of

my

hand.

Met

with I

four canoesi

with young pidgeons.1

They made motions to exchange them I returned the

with acomsl

of sticks joined,

the small trees were covered.

of the Sacs, with wicker baskets

filled

reposing on their nests,!

for liquor, to whichl

Indeed those

had become so insolent through the

scoun-l

instigation

ofl

TO THE SOURCES OF THE

MISSISSIPPI.

105

the traders, that nothing but the lenity of our goven;-

ment snd humanity for the poor devils, could have restrained me on my descent from carrying some of their to\nis by surprize, which I was determined to have done had the information of their firing oii capt.

Put

have been correct.

cook supper,

after

into the

Many

mouth of

which although raining,

proved to

Salt river to

we put

oflf

and

set our watches, but so violent a gale and thunder storm

came* on about 12 o'clock, that

we put ashore ;

discover-

I

my

was missing. the morning still raining, Tuesday.-^hi 29th April, [and wind up the river, hoisted sail, and returned to the louth of the river ; but neither here nor on the shore [ed that

one of

sleigh dogs

we find my dog }

could

this

was no little

mortification, as

broke the match, whose important services

|t

iy

experienced, after having brought

continued

fe

|br a little till

on

until

12 o'clock, when

we

time, and

sun-down, when

I

had

it

ceased raining

Row-

put ashore for breakfast.

I set

alre»»

them so near home.

the watch.

Night

fine

and

lild.

SOth April, Wednesday.'-^By day light found ourthe Portage de Sioux. I here landed captain two men, and ordered them across by land to the

elves at

Iany*s

itonment.

As

and through

it

I ;

had never seen the there are not

village, 1

walked

more than twenty-one

andB)uses, at furthest^ which are built of square logs. In steps, Hughes, about four miles above St. Louis with with acornsBut.

Met more

nests,Ban twenty Osage prisoners, conveying them to the canIn their v^thBiunent on the Missouri ; he informed me my friends ioined, Arrived about 12 o'clock at the town, i cano^Bpre all well.

four me pidgeon3.»er an absence of eight months and twenty two days. ior,towlucbl

(Signed)

Z.

those scoun-J instigation

o

M. Pike,

Lieut.

'

I

';>

''.I

•lof*

Kriftij;-! 'Itj

:

,-t' ».'

888.

.

.tg8S88SSS8|!S88'S888888

B n

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i n a pr

r

00

o Ok

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SEPTKMBKR,

SI

1(

n

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t.

|5

iiii*ffi(iiiiiiifliii«i««i*i*i*

48fi

o It

I

V

a*,

'/

«t

MM

HH I (

f?»r||r|p|?4?|f|rr?f?-i'||

fffp

I r-

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•

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•

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.

3.

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««85SttBl!8S8S Sii3SSSS"S«' I

i

NOVEMBER. TTS"

3 "'PPPS e< 0


INSTRUCTIONS TO LIEUTENANT PIKE. St. Loui»t

June 34M, 1806.

|SlR,

YOU are to proceed without delay to the cantonment on the embark the late Osage captives, and the from Washington, with their presents ^nd baggage, and are to transport the whole up the Missouri and )sage rivers to the town of the Grand Osage. lissouri,

where you are

to

deputation recently returned

The

safe delivery of this

bonstitutes the kre to

^H

caution as may prevent surprise from any and are to repel with your utmost force any outrage

move with such

)osdle band, vhich

charge at the point of destination,

primary object of your expedition, and therefore you

may be

attempted.

Having safely deposited your passengers and their property, ou are to turn your attention to the

accomplishment of a perma«

|ent

peace between the Kanses and Osage nations, for which pur-

ose

you must effect a meeting between the head chiefs of those

ations,

and are to employ such arguments, deduced from their

bvious interests, as well as the inclinations, desires,

the president of the 1(1

United States, as

'4

^r

own

and commands

may facilitate your purpose

accomplish the end.

A third object of

It is to effect an interview and establish a good un" ptanding with the Yanctons, Tetaus, or Camanches.

bnsideratibn.

,il

considerable magnitude will then claim your I-

4

JOURNAL OF A VOYAUK

108

For thi» pyrpose you must interest White Iluir, of the Grand Osage, with whom and a suitable deputation you will visit the Panis republic, where you may find interpreters, and inform yourself uf the most feasible plan, by which to bring the Camanches to a ShoukI you succeed in this attempt (and no pains conference.

—

must be spared tween that

to effect

it),

you will endeavor to

distant powerful nation,

make peace

and the nations which

the country between us and them, particularly the Osage finally

you

will

endeavor to induce eight or ten of their

guished chiefs, (o make a tember, and you

may

visit to

be-

inhabit

and

;

distin-

the seat of government next Sep-

attach to this deputation four or five

As

and the same numbct of Kanses chiefs.

Panis,

your interview

with

Camanches will probably lead you to the head branches of the Arkansaw and Red rivers, you may find yourself approximated tl^e

to the settlements of New Mexico, and there it will be necessary you should move with great circumspection, to keep clear pf any hunting or reconnoitring parties from that province, and to prevent] alarm or offence ; because the affairs of Spain and the United States, appear to be on the point of amicable adjustment, and moreover it I

's3

is the desire

of the president* to cultivate the friendship and

monious itercuurse of '

all

the nations of the earth, and

har sive we were taken or killed by some of th^s savages* ;i

m

men

at their usu?!

>

'

,

I

mowm^ was^i^ my lookout guand

26tb February, Tbursehy^-^^hi.lke jprized of

by

the report of a gun,

approach of strangers.

the

Frenchmen arrived.

My lutted

from

sentinel halted

after

some

;*

,

them and ordered them to

questions

;

^o

ImmiSdiately jaiter

-

me

they informed

governor Allencaster had heard

^

be, ad-

that his

was theinntion of the Utah Indians^, to attack me ; had 4etache4, officer with 50 dragoons to come out and protect me, that they would be here in two days. To this I mad^e

iccellency

it

I

reply ; ir

but shortly after the party came in sight to the

of,

I

ited militia

viz pted

:

afterwards learnt

Lances, escopates and

them

at the distance

of a ,

the

y^

pistols.

of about 50

My

yards.

I

sentinel

had the

I thought it most proper to send out the Frenchmen to inform the commanding officer that it ^y ^^^^st he should leave his party in a small copse «a(W' jipoods where he halted, and tliat I would meet him my-

pks manned.

or

50 dragoons and 50

of the province, armed in the same man-

c c

Q^ A

J0UB1«A1..

8Q»

my

-

to

r

a

our vork was situated,

lelf in the prairie, in whidi

did, with

\ OYAGE

TJUs I

me only. When I w^ introduced Saltelq and Don Barthalemew Fetmandez,

sword on

Don Ignatio

two lieutenants, the former the commandant of the party. gave them an invitation to enter the works, but requested the troopg' might remain where they w«re ; this waa cQm< J

plied with, but

when

came round and discoveired that on their bellies over a

tfaey

^0 eater, they were obliged to crawl

small draw-bridge, they appeared astonished but entered

without further hesitation.

We first break£uted on some deer, meal, goose some

biscuit

(which the

civilized indian

a spy) ^ad brought me.

me

offider s|4dressed ''

New

as follows

:

*^

Sir, the governor

Mexico, being in£anned you had missed your

me

^ knoney^

or whatever you

rfferyou, in his name, mules,

to;

and

out

as

After breakfast the commanding

^jnrdered

and

where the snow was very dtep, and encamped

on the top of a tance 36 miles.

of

mj

Spaniards pursued them ad

one of which the Indians go.

This

after the

This day

papers at Santa Fe.

herd of w^ld horses.

pa.

my amusement

which mentioned the time of

(copied)

guard very carefully and give to of

ex


U

VOYAGE ioUUNAL OK A

_

313

Ae»me effect as.fl^^*«^^„^,

^

seen in

«»^fP""« "^o Aurches, The" »"'^«°

desce,«Bng the

the

magmficenoe nuserable

Ohio river. contrast to the form » sueple, dde of the^^ of ,hose the hf»»«^.'°^ equal to 120 or l-W ,^earance of hou^ sold.«» of centre of 4. !J j„ ^e

««^^^

«

^«iu«e

^

on

.

the

^th nou ""-^^^^Tt, or gov«Mnent ,

the term

it)

^' ^- .^lfl£ the . shed before

front,

ll

fathe quarters occopiedbj .^

g^eralthehouse. ba«

^

some

^.

*econse^e»-j^.%« supposed pop«>a«»j.

brick; general 25 row. say in

4^

fert-

0»;"rrJ«n«nent the£

souls.

crowds. house. Whe. ^^e

us to leat, and foUowed

^^^^ ^ "«*. we with ^Lnoun«=d, "^covered cov" which were

T rooms,

floors of .ho nooj» the

some

or bufialo. bear,

ofter^ annnal.

,^

ski»cl

wew*

i j^^

i

,^ ,ppeaM

s^Se,rdS^«--^'-^n Boyouspe*^""*^

'""^T^n^. '^''

''*'•

t

If

?ou come 1 marched I

*°'°".l

our couna, to r^onncitre

cfuro^iu to reconnoitre you? are character

«»r^i^

Pit,.

?X""C.my;ropercharacter,anofficerof.heV.

liu ' ,ed St^-

'«»'

vow

party'

'

fike-

'

Ho.

A„i *is

Robinson,

is

he attached

!

THROUGH THE INTERIOR

icence serab\e

letown 0ft

of the

alacei^ Iters for

I

to

Pike,

y Fike, doe^

How many men

terrogatories

Pike,

on

Pike,

v^ted inil

this

my party, and

When did you

15th July. I

No,

shall

answer no more

in-

leave St. Louis \

Pi/q^

think you marched in June.

sur

Well

Governor,

appeared,!

?

that subject.

Governor,

sk5mol|

have you

Robinson makes sixteen. have already told your excellency that he

Governor,

vario\u

ith

I

And

not belong to

^^^«^

g^

party,

Fifteen.

Governor,

W;

crowds se.

my

,p

my command. 3

be one of

iooringo^

jpulatton'tt

H'

he was only a volunteer, he could not properly be said Governor,

very

is

sent

was correct in saying he was not attached to

for

uses bate

;

2 IS.

from St. Louis. [I had under* 45 leagues from Santa Fe, un* strong guard, and the haughty and unfriendly recep» der a tion oi the governor induced me to believe war must have been declared, and that if it was known Dr. Robinson accompanied rae, he would be treated with great severity.

was

3tood the doctor

kg the

;

Tes, he

Pike*

vhich

140

kc.

Do you know him ?

Qowrmr.

widi

PROVIlJCES,

!

return with Mr. Bartholemew to

house, and come here again at seven o'clock, and bring

took pla^l^

on which we returned to the house of my Bartholemew, who seemed much hurt at the in>

papers

our

iend

;

lew.

our

At

counti^J

the door of the

prenchman, to pth February. appose, ,

?•

I

be

I

whom I had given the scrap of paper on the He had left us in the morning, and as I

paper to his excellency.

I

demanded with

he had made his report ? to which made reply in an humble tone, and began ^o excuse

look attaciJied

house, I met the old

hurried in to make his report, and I pi esume had

ited this

the^J icer of

govemmem

of contempt,

self,

bur

but

I did

appointed

we

if

not wait to hear his excuses. returned,

when

the governor

At

W

the

demand* V

!!^M

»

VOYAGE ,0OK«AU OF K

ttkeapo~««ionof

byhisgu

^ *»

itinedUtely

was,

which

we

we

descended, meeting

todr

with

mona

the obscurity of the night) to theHcompi put up in the quarters of the priest,l(/on]

a

he being absent.

B^xpres!

After supper, captain D'Almansa related to

he had served

vdtl

snowing hard all the time, when «e

great difficulty (from

small village where

tat

car.

We were accompanied by my We ascended a hill and galloped on

rying small articles.)

Bartholemew.

no

in his cochmelies (a small

his catholic majesty,

40

the rank he then held, which was a

me

tluKnests

years to arrive

first

lieutenant in

and a captain by brevet, whilst he had seen van young Europeans promoted over his head ; after the

Arbo we

mdtm

line,

man had

my

taken his quantum

friend and myself sat

plaining to

me

suffieit

up

for

and gone to

sli

some hours, he

their situation, the great desire they

felt

I hi raid

sh(

We; was Is '^Norte,

a change of affairs, and an open trade with the Unii nativ I pointed out to him with chalk on the floor iBiefs of States. th geographical connection and route, from North MexjlKer head and Louisiana, and finally gave him a certificate addresi house •

to the citizens of the United States, stating

his^ frieninor,

can

his

adieu was H re.

nstructions to keep

discouraged.

>r

•as decidedly of onin!

As

''*0'

valuabfeT

-

^» P»Per

poor Colly (the n his eyes and hop. f,

l

when we

meeting

led,

"«&l tori"

small

"».'h.tweever?k

K'-cft.

0^ ;^ ;;;

ItMipiiehend

*»»

"^ »«e«n »«^er »re.

J,,^'"^ of con,ie„cet™Vj:^

"pressed his

/,„

™°T«'

l""*" country

affini

«o

*« being

,er

; VL'^

""^ ««'«

'"'«

^'™'««' in ou,^^-^^ cou„!^

°C

^"^ of a

*

,

'^'*m

^

.^awM""^ T™'

goveraed,

short, a

comply'

."""."Py. •>« perceive!

h>™ed

Cr

at its having

'^'"'^

'o

i"med from Chihuahua.

h

•

thTl

^^""'

^"^ed

l^ t^^"^ ^

wrtTto

to ob.

^mewhat When we

e^ "''«' '"k""*which I

Here was an old Indian who X' "jnow if we were

*''«'

^'^' "'^SX' ^ory, ^n&.

*'''

per.

«,=

8^2.!.'?""^'^ ^'J'*'--

:f

.

JOURNAL 6F A VOYAGE

22»

of father Rubi, replied in the affirmative

;

but says the

" they do not speak Castillian," true replied the other, but you are an Indian of the nation of Keres, are you not ? Yes. Well the Utahs are Indians also ? Yes. Indian,

But

still

you do not understand them, they speaking a

ferent language.

True

replied the Indian

;

dtf.

well, said the

old gentleman, those strangers are likewise Spaniards, but

do not speak the same language with seemed "

.

m

to satisfy the

us.

poor savage, and

This reasoning I

could not but

smile at the ingenuity displayed to make him believe there was no other nation of whites but the Spaniards. Whilst at dinner, father Rubi was informed one of his parishioners was at the point of death, and wished his

attendance to receive his confession.

We took our departure, but were shortly after overtaken by our friend,

shake of the hand,

who

left us.

after

giving

me

another heasty

Crossed the river and

passed

two small hamlets and houses on the road to the village of St. Dies, opposite the mountain of the same name, where we were received in a house of fether Rubi, thij making part of his domains. Itb March, Sa/wr^Aay.—Marched at nine o*cl(xiBtoolc i

/jq/T

through a country better cultivated and inhabited thaoAown be any I had yet seen. Arrived at Albuquerque, a village ooK f^ ^^^

'

We

the east side of the Rio del Norte.

were received byWei^ and father Ambrosio Guerra in a very flattering manner, andj" Yon w'n From thence, after taking some refreslw what led into his hall.

an*]

ment, into an inner appartment, where he ordered

^We hand an J

adopted children of die female sex, to appear, when thejcene I had

came

in

by

French, and

turns, Indians of various nations, Spanislfbn finally,

two young girls, who from

on perceiving

plexion I conceived to be English

:

ed them, he ordered the rest to

retire,

were

beautiful,

their conAre,

and directed those to

sit

on

mv

which

I notiJar/cs

of fr;

many of who! Bq^^ down on the sofginnjW to

,

J

,

says the

fc^-deme, thus

ipUed the

efcen to the east to another,

t

ICeres, are

„„d, he pu

tlso? Yes.

kinga^U, ssdd the niards, but I

reasoning

b"t they could but concluding

elieve there

'^"'•if"!

s.

converted

I

his

y after ovfr. other heaBty ;r

and passed

o the

village

same name, jr

Rati,

nine

thij

we were waited girls, who like

all,

me

">

oT^ r^

sancZ

•kerichand majesdc

»«l« the crucified »ys of golden

">

''°-''

'

«ho,e

necuT ".*' f^f ^^°^y 4l and hand anH «n^ an^*^l^..^^°«!""/ "> pui me

toliown bes,>«%.» ~"..uu.i in their «*«** invaders.J»i«:.mmanded Spanish dominions. ^^ of their lbd«*e fort, the not bowed « , ^p„lar and were JLks *«J° he common p*ceived Rot people Malgarea *^»

H

f

"hose

r«.Jht popularity

»"^J 7,

««^*^t

^^^

a*med Maig w#- ~

so humble,

^

there was ,hen he pie, fo he «h;se roof ^^^Wj^^^lfo of dolkrs'^^f andcWldren brf»»] I have seen P^^^^'^len wo f-"" men, tteoW ^k»Pgh«y dve them all to j .

^

fetuH^to hU;qur"li^\^:2suedthr»» employed by Mr. was An'drew

with hismili|onthe Florida iuous and ay of his

majest

executed •ful

ent

it

Ell^^

j^'P^X surveyoi between thl T « the year. '97 and '98. ' ""^ ^P^"^ q GeneTl oalcedo '^cuerai tarn tn a^c'e* -•_... thpn a^u^j '

line

'V ,

f

^

of his mee

.red .0 be .

.-„ .^cvanr ro tne exnpHih-«« u .e, and those .

whichS^

^S

'"^

^"Hceived

tt^^;

Z^

,

/

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

2i$

other

;

geilferal

the ivhoie cither passing through fh^ hands of the at Walker, except a few letters from my ladyj

which xm my taking up and saying they \^ere letters from i lady, the general gavd a proof, that if the ancient Spa^

n&h bravery had degenerated in the gallantry

pocket*

He thdn

me

aiid I

put them in

my

b(

he would examine in the mean while he wished me to

informed

the papels, but that

tiOkt

by bowing,

existed,

still

C

nation generally, thdr

om Mid present to him

that

a ihort sketch of

my

age,* which might probably be satisfactory. This

h^

I

ga tar

voy.

would

?nc evej

had an idea that it was his d^^i^minadoh to keep the papers, which I could not at tha^ tim^ c6jfteeiv«, from the urbamty and sadsfaction which he hkif^ pOsitiVdy

reused,

I

to exhibit on the event of our interview. He then me thit I woukt fakeup my quarters with Waiker,i^ or.

fcj^ieifed

told

der (as he said) to be better accommodated by having a per^Oii

wkh Me who spoke the English iiuiguage ;

ject as I sntpected^

and on those who

wto

for

Robinson

visited US.

all this

been standing in the guard room, boiling with ttt

but the

him to be a spy on our

ob-

actions,

time had

indignation

being so loAg detained thin, subject to the observations

of the soldiery and gaping curiosity of the vulgar. "^ts tiow introdu

;he,:i°^\t"^«e«

y«'*»««..r.„„,,rf„^^^^»''ose It

'^

and monarchical go"Sl2'':?"°P'^'''^"«PubK. discussed; and due even

the allegiance

i"a»

^ that " ''^''' *^ as-

?^'' "^'^^

respected

conversations,

'"*'"""* 6^/

myself J!^

ti

co„s,-de„" «//

but that

t«ae,celle„cy,K2;-^on.it.a's'theS r would

f-on

™*'°™™o'M of Spain w^ "' '^"^''-^ ^.^^^orf held various a^r^'' ' '^'W' ^t

not hold forth anv thesubject^f

« wasjrue I had

Ae subjects

i':

complained oTbur^f'''" ?°»v«"a'ions on !"* '"^" ««'" *e kmg, and """'>' "f^h"! to partial^ the^v I had never °' '"^^ gone """"'H'" ^eaclung up '^'' '«'' office

Kt

who might be

sup^'^^

»

J

amoCT""

republicanismT^ frl

N to the cathohc religion

I

L

.

'"''^"Z

,

8°"^™"™'. That

ktIcoaceivedtob?T^'£S"'"'^"^^~ I

"'^"'''offnias; butthati

I f

*

JOURNAL QV A yOYAGIi *^

h^d spdcen of it

in all instances as a resectable branch

« of the Christian religion, which as « was toK'rated in the United States; kingdom

well as

but

that,

all

had

others,

came

I

**

to that

**

wards the government would have sealed

"

I been a prisoner of war, personal safety might have

in a diplomatic character, delicacy to-

'*

had the same

*'

which

**

Spanish government, but, who,

effect

was ; not

I

;

my

but being there in the capacity

voluntarily, .but

by coercion of the same time had of.

at the

"

ficially notified

*'

any restraint «;^>pti1

and the confidence of the government.

isultation

ended in a determination only to be

Our

re

o

silent

watch events.

We

to be the informant, but 'wBiifceuJ

suspected

ther just in our suspicion or not, I will lot pr^etend to

A

termine, for Robinson and myself frequently used to hJ

27

^

conversations in his presence purposely to have them coimtsfQ

municated

;

but he

told us, that if

news,

we

discovered our intentions, >e menti calculated on making him a carrier at last

we were mistaken j

\h

that

he despised

it.

\

w}^rh •

^

A- o'c/ock received a I

Z^t ^.

„^

l^r^ry of Ae ki„g

Jetter..

vhich -^.r

-1

Aen ate

^'^^T. T andTo^!,A^"

ofsXtuT*

'""ded ,0 pMctually,

"«' but

™°

^

=

t^^ " *'"^«>»S He

"W, and predated him «"" » info^^

candidly

°Wg««

.

'^'^

«'«'»'''

^S^Xnd

dock.

^

-

^^^ .„

;

mmmmm

THROUGH THE INTERIOR PROVINCES. Csesar to live with him.

for old

I

found him very com-

The

municative and extremely useful. ider of

when we were

ntig not 1,

know-

li

receive

of the

the walls

room and

3e offered

the day

we had account

gged [lad

if

they had

all

me

gone."

that the

Spanish service

;

and walls,

but

been taken do"

««een ^^.^'^ ^^en

"• the

half

river

.e„ f.„

p^

Con'

I^^^

given orders

I

'*

astronomical

f

•eW .hefc^erriver

knew I never

I

uctedinto

the

settlement

a

at

"^ ten miles ud

about to mal#

nibrmed

thf^

pi

,

^

*

^^^ condu^n^^

,meit

dded, you ^quilla

i

'!ru " '''g^^'ro^ whe«

have

you

can

indigRailt,aiul

ut thinkmg L

recdyed

It

with a

for

from

smiie^

not proceeded jhed

my

boy

bush and ever after, m trouble to se

i

•'-

in ,he

barrelsT

lM«er hours arrived at I

C ^.

e

r

"""=''-'- and .„

'"'>''

""d

^^^"^

« four,„^

fend

Ma/,

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

250

who was

gares for captain Barelo>

a Mexican by

birth,

bom near the capital, and entered as a cadet at GuaxequiUo near twenty years past, and by his extraordinary merits

n

(being a Creolian) bad been promoted to a captain, which

was even by himself considered as his ultimate promotion. He was a gentleman in his manners-^generous and frank; and I believe a good soldier. 3d May, Sunday. At Guajrequillo the captain gave

tl'.M

his

command

whom were

dozen of

t

I

''

4//6

At night the officers gave least sixty women, ten or a

May, Monday,

—^Don Hymen Guloo

arrived from

Tuesday,

—

who

friar,

had been arrested by order of the commandant

and was on his way to Mexico for

May,

general,

^The party marched with

five it

and took off south 60°, east eight miles. us a few miles, to

accompanied

Malgares

bad an eternal adieu, in the field

when our

if

s^U the

to

o'clock;

our

Our

right

friend

whom

war does not bring us

of battle opposed as the most deadly

who

Encamped

in

;

proximi

the open

prairie

—

j

N(

seari

did not join us until 12 o'clock at

nigl

no wood or water exo

in gourds.

eleven o'clock at night. 7//5»

receive

"lidem

enemies,

detached a Spanish soldier in

what the soldier brought us at

ve

/wsand

hearts acknowledge the greatest friendship,

water on the road

up

Vised h

togetherl ^j^re/i

Halted at ten o'clock, and marched again at four.

of some,

this

mainec

May, Wednesday.'—Mzxched at ascended tlie river four miles, when we left u

o'clo

ton]

oated

Sth

•

ami

J

trial.

spare horses and bagga(^e.

'A

iosii

very handsome.

Chihuahua, accompanied by a citizen and the

Sth

imj

to Malgares.

a ball, at which appeared at

1

bai

—

up

f

th

mt

The mules

cai

Distance 30 miles.

May, Thursday. Marched very early, wind The punctuality of captain Barelo as fi

from the south.

hours was remarkable. at

a spring, the

first

Arrived

at imU" past

water from GuaxequiUo.

nine o'cloftountain

The muipf. '

\'

jy-

led with

' I

•nountains

on each «de all dav

iJ^'""'^* «"«=»2 h,.^ ; j

rderedback-»r,»d your guards ofi

°" *« «de of ""° ">««. theZht ^"^ "'"''

,dierstot„J.or«,byt/eorZt;in"

'

™:i

^^

C'

7

mnduudiiu«ous le inhabitants

of the

village the

tad one by

^ere fig-trees

My hoyt^;

°'

*^ ="^

^VT

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

354

from

their

mouths, in order that they might drink

free,

which they could not do with the Spanish bridles. hofse

I

The

rode had been accustomed to being held by

his

when

not

master in a peculiar msuiner

and would

bridled,

mfJe

ford
uld denounce

tevard

was known, who inwould have him

Saint Antonio) he

that

entofBunfs,

etate

me (when at

2d June,

4 been taken

.

immediately confined,

female sac in the United States.

latton) maps

^ess,

who had him

some place of perpetual confinement in the inteThus vengeance has overtaken the ingrate apd murrior. derer when he least expected it. In the evening we w^t to see some performers on the slack rope, who were no wise extraordinary in their performances, except in language which would almost bring a blush on the cheek of the most abandoned o£ the

WOttW

ictant

then reported' the circumstance

sent to

tasheonbf (I

Barelo,

I

the will of governor Cordero

until

before he jtnde.

S6S

capt

J.

great dissatisfaction.

monks,

the desert,

tiofRedriv

who would have

had us then* guests, had escorted and

->?*

thought

it

profanation to have

notwithstanding the priest of the place

us round the town and to

we found him

[telligent

man.

all

the missions

a very communicadve, liberal and

We

m*

saw no resource for a dinner, but in

little Frenchman who had ac. pmpanied us from Chihuahua, where he had been officii ig one year as cook to the general, of whom he gave

inventive genius of a

the

IS

many

tite

Cher
«

fo«noon. but

K

P.

M.

dU

JoseZel

M.

ftssed thick v«Li,

»nce

22

""'''

l

g,ass.'"'LTT'dispil ^

miles.

-^ '"'' '"'«'«

""^ c^f for the pos^/1^' ^^^^ ?"''*"'•«'««

Father

this place

kh

,

noVS tr!"

^"s «

rich

,t

*~«^«'

'

tr" J"^ '°

Nacogdoches.

'o'S2SnS^--™-'--'.efore. LT^S «"'«•! good land and

r

V

'•'

274

JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE

well timbered.^

Me|

a sergeant from Nacogdoches. In the

^emoon made 20 miles and crossed the river Natchez, nmning N. W. i& S. E. 20 yStfds wide belly deep to

I

;

horses

at

that time,

but sometimes impassable.

miles on this 6ide encamped on a

mules and loads arrived soil

at

24ft/j

morning

;

15 miles

June,

little

The

Distance

this afternoon,

Tvo sandy

but good

We marched early and

to the river Angeline, about the width

xaoi

in

tarn

of]

N. & S. Good land on its borders was a settlement of Ban* and Davenport's, where were three of our lost hoises—one further found two more of cur horses where yre halted! for dinner. Marched at four o'clock, and at half pasl eight arrived at Nacogdoches—^were politely received m the adjutant and inspector, ^nd captain Herrara, Dava sandy;

This part of the country

hilly

soil-—pine,

25th June, Thursday,

—Spent

from the United States, &c. A jutant and inspector's to dmner. sident of the United States." '*

is

26/A June, Friday, next day.

horn

cross(

PistanqeSJ

in reading a

large party at

1st toast,. " Thel " 2nd. The King of Spaii|

Saw jui

—Made

preparations to march

old acquaintance, also Lorrimier's

in-law from the district of cape Jerardeau.

the commandant, and spent the evening at ^'Jth

June, ^Saturday.

came only 12

miles.

—^Marched

Was

diana and a military party.

law

ficer

Governors Herrara and Cordero."

't1

l

SI»

haOandmow

II

WVea,

'

>

1ft

•

17

>

Ift

«

^

•

.

,

Meteonlogital ibarr-Mtiona made hy iafitd^- PiUe^ during a

ttfui'

he mgule through the "Internal '!Pr&vince» qf J^eio Sphinx in the year 1807.

Timor

'•

Wiiid.

obMrTKiim.

"*• SP. M.

days. rnontln. nn-riM. it

^ \

M

U4

a?

ts 30-

18

"•

11

17"

r

17

14

Xi IT

IS

81

i«

>2'

as

IW

>l i4

.


fast

[partly I

arrived here this

an unfortunate voyage, having had a series of rainy weather

sunk

[day.

|the

to unload,

innumerable islands and sand bars (wliich, without exaggera-

tion,

exceeds the river below the Ohio) has been the cause of much : but I calculate on getting to Prairie de Chien in same time I was coming here. We were met yesterday Rapids by a Mr. William Ewing, who is sent here by the go-

Qe:(pected delay least

|it

I

the

the

vernment of the United States to teach the savages agriculture

lerroomeier-

nd I

perceive in governor Harrison's instructions is termed an

gent of nd,

the United States, under the instructions of P. Choteau

he says), with a salary of 500 dollars per annum.

I conceived

!'(.-

you would have menknow pned him to m|i He was accompanied by a Monsieur Louis TisHouire, who informed me he had calculated on going with me

pu did

not

of this functionary, or that

my interpreter, and

that

you had spoken

to

him on the

occasion,

•-{m

I

1

m

4«*

and appeared much ditappointeu .1 1 had no inttruetioM to that effect i he laid he had prOi.ased to discover mines, kc. which no person linew but himself) but) as I conceive him much of I am happy he was not brought with them three perogues of

a hypocrite, and possessing great gasconism,

chosen

for

my voyage.

'I'hey

who lightened my barge and assisted me up the Rapids. They expressed great regret at the news of two men having been

Indians,

killed on the river below (which I believe to be a fact, as I have

it

from various channels)) and was very apprehensive they would be censureu by our government as the author, which from every en< quiry, they conceive not to be the case, and

seem to ascribe

the tnnt-

der to the Kickapoos, and strongly requested I would hear what they had to say on the subject : this, with an idea that this place

would be a

central position for a trading establishment, for the Sacs,

Reynards, lowas of the dc Moyfln, the Sioux from the head of sud river and Paunte of the riviere de Roche, has induced

part of the day to-morrow.

Swings and Houire,

I

should say

more

me

relative to

to

halt

Messn.

only that they propose visiting you with;

the

who descend (as I understand by your request) in about 30 when your penetration will give you ie tout entemble of tbeir

Indians days,

characters.

Pike

to

I

have taken the liberty of incios'ing a letter tq Mn,

your care.

My compliments

my

to lieutenant Wilkinson, and the tender

highest respects for your lady, with the best wishes for

of

I

your |

health and prosperity, I

am) general) Your obedient

servant)

Z.

(Signed)

M.

Pike.

Qeneral WilHnMon.

[No. 2.] Prairie de CMetif

Sejit. 5,

1

805.

Dear GENERAt, I

rrrived here the day before yesterday, and found

preter gone in the employ of Mr. Dickson.

gain information relative to crossdng the fe..

m

falls

I -,

my inter-j

then endeavored

and amidst the

ign

:

TO PARt

Al^PENDlX 1

no

infttrue-

Wrges, in which I shall embark aAer to-morrow, with some expectation and hopis of leeing the head of the Mississippi aAd the town of Saint Looia yet this have therefore hired two Schenectady the day

peroguet of p the R»pW». s

winter.

having been as 1 have It t,

runs on that shore

perpendicular, nearly level small praiiic

me to

extend,

can

crown

all,

fit

the

;

on the

Moyen

for gardening,

400 yards

bold,

with,

;

the

on The channel about 60 fbet

latitude.

in Tront is

hill

top.

rapids,

in the tear \i

•

now and then

intern)||^ed by

immediately undir the

is

hill

and at the point of the

hill

clumps of

and tb

treesi

a limestone spring, suffi-

The

a road could be

landing

made

is

good and

waggon

for a

the

about

This place

half a day.

in

I

conceive to be the best to answer tKe

30

de Chien and

Prairie a

St.

Louis

material objection, about

being on the

W.

30 miles above the second Sac village at

yellow bank on the E. side, is a commanding place, on a and most elegantly situated, but is scarce of timber, and no

water but that

structions.

I

W. side

the top,

only

When thinking on

of the Mississippi.

established at the

Uuiscousing,

I

commands both

is

on the

feet high, level

rivers, the Mississippi

one half mile wide and the Ouiscousing about 900 yards

There

full.

on the

distance

ance of

cannon,

is

when

plenty of tin^ber in the rear, and a spring at no great If this position is to

hill.

any I'uinpean power it

being

who

hare in vie#

has infinitely the preference to a position

\Gm on the Oniscousing, which

thie

inight ht induced toat^atk

I

calliid

vidted and marked

thie

ahtto^it

with

the Petit

ndxt day.

up the Ouiscousing on a prklrie where we should be obliged to get our timber

This latter position is three miles |hiil,

on the

from the

1805.

likewise a [n

id found

my int«'

endeavored

\nd amidst the

W. side,

other side of the river, {tnd our water out of

high water, which could not be

[ort,

and a

hich

it

hill

there is

commandt^ by

the gims Of ihe

about three* quarters of a mile, in the rear from

These two positions I have marked Mr. Fisher of this place, will direct any

could be cannonaded.

igi [y

it;

small channel which runs on the opposite side, navigable

blazing trees, &c.

A

'S'.-«

)y,i

^i

^*

the post to be

did not look at the general's in-

of the Mississippi, which

m >'4a

A '

therefore piched on a spot on the top of the hill on

and completely

#

bfnlL is

third

the

prairie,

\

but

;

if its

:i|

post between

instructions relative to the intermediate

general's

5,

'^!

il

and over on the E. side of the river

the consumption of a regiment.

cient for

^^n, a letter to

"(then

^.

halt

Messa

enaemble of tbe«

Sep.

establUhmeittt

an elegant view on an immense prairie, as far as the eye

you have

head of »wd

icst) in

side of the river, in about 41* 3'

of the river

for the Sacs,

ngyou

niilitary

about 40 miles above the Hvef de

hill

en.

mur

place that this

ative to

W.

the

juld hear whrt

uced

on a

first

Lhey would be

the

have chosen three places for

I

I

nt,

and all the contradiction In the worldt T hftViB my large barge round the shootj I

impossible to carry

it is

learned

him much of was not py ho

cribe the

"tl iiK

ranee of the Canadlanst

r inine»» kc.

rom evei7

I.

v'"

.••1^ "

f,

m

'

fe

*' . .

'

\x ti

mf i

il

'M

m

il

;|

li

APPENDIX TO PART

I.

I found tho confiuenco of officer who majr bo tent to occupy thorn. the Ouiicousing and Miuiiiippi be in Ut. N. 43* 38' 8".

The

my

arrival at the lead ininei, I wai taken with a Monsieur DubiA|ue having no hojg^a about his houtoi obliged me to content myself witii proposing to bim the in* closed queries ; the answers seem to carry with them the semblance

daj of

feveri which} with

of equivoci^tion.

Messrs. Dubuque and Dickson were about sending a numhjt of chiefs to St. Louisa but the former confessing he was not autho ized,

I

have stopped them without in the least dissatisfying

the

Indians.

Dickson enced much

is at

spirit

I cannot say I

Michilimackinac.

of accommodation from his clerkSf

have

experi-

when

in their

to oblige me ; but I beg leave to recommend to your stten* Mr. James Aird» who is flow in your country, as a gentleman whose humanity and politeness I am much indebted ; also a Mr.

power tion a

to

Fisher of this pTace* the captain of militia and justice of the peace of Sioux between here and the Missouri have applied for

A band

in order that they

two medals,

w friends of the Americans them here they

my

may

their chiefs distingui

general thinks proper

/.ed

to send

Fisher, with any other conunsnds,

here, or at the falla of St. Anthony

•

•

•

•

'

The above

•

be war, the

field

•

«

•

•

' '

•

•

•

•

t

*

•

suggestion vould only be acceptable under the

Spmn being compromised

of our differences with

of action

is

;

as should

the sphere for young men, where

idea

there they

hope, and at least aspire, to gather laurels or renown, to smooth decline of age

;

or a glorious death.

You

hope you

will consider

view, one

who

compliments

^'yourlady.

me

my

see,

write to you like a person addressing a father

;

same

not only in a professional, but a

Wilkinson, and

my

•yi'juA

an; general, Your obedient

(Signed)

Oencral Wilkinton;

Z.

I

to |

^^

,,

?

I

Mjl

highest respects

•

I

m.

time

personal

holds you in the highest respect and esteem.

to lieutenant

I

the

dear general,!

at the

:

^

it

on

return;

i.

"\

me

meet

may have

if the

Mr.

to the care of

possibly

:

i

';mi
Thich your father has sent

fire,

you by the hands as our children. We having but lately acquired from the Spanish the extensive territory of Louisiana.—Our general has thought proper to send out a number of his young; warriors to visit his red children

all

—

to tell

may have to make on me to come this

they fell

my Brothers— It

ready to listen to iitary post's

of

tlitir father.

road

;

as

I,

am happy

I

find

my

what

request

the choice

has

brother's, the Sioux,

words.

the wish of our government to establish rnl« on the Upper Mississippi, at such places as might be

thought expedient

—

is

I

have, therefore, examined the country,

have pitched on the mouth of the river

Croix.

St.

This

I

and

place

and (

of St. Anthony—I therefore, wish you to grant to the Univ ted Stales, nine miles square, at St Croix, and at this place, fromij the

falls

league below the conSuence of the

toil

to have!

our acts wrote down, in order to have them handed

to ourl

the river all

and Mississippi,

St. Peter's

Anthony, extending three leagues on each and as we are a people who are accustomed

league above ;

St.

sideofl

children—-I have drawn up a form of an agreement, which we both sign in the presence of the traders

know

the terms ^/o will

fill it

now

up, and have

it

present.

read and

wiffi

After

v\

interpreted

to you.

Brothers— Thost old chiefs

now

pi^esent

posts are intended as a benefit to you.

must

see, that their situation

communication with the whites.

It is

improves

the intention of the

or, than

your traders can afford to

gle

(I

i

men who come

ino« 'O0. »t«' ,t^Uv«^^o»»ider«ionUW.n^

h^e iutaed .

™*-

WW . »cew «"»*)' '^S^\^»f*.ra'J*eu"t"dStat..i.»d*ho«ghd«,

I"'* \Z«> I "-« "e,

ontinue

Upper

Miasisttppi,

Louldtaketherott'

\wehadoncealreawere sow

sions

Uvi^ of the li\a«

Lviorsonth^bcacb L>»ereatourcot«j ilieech««

tnak«

the 60UI [nform tn* further-^l

Lugues

dctevmii

The

even

to which, they are the ve•'•'W

1

for

were very

loth to sign the articles relative to the

word of honor for the gift was sufficient) was an impeachment of their probity, to require them to bind themselves further, Sec. See. This is a small sample of their way of thinking. I must mention something to your excellency relative to the man recommended to me by Mr. Chouteau as interpreter ; at the time he solicited the employ, he was engaged to Mr. Dickson, and on my arrival at the Prairie was gone up the St. Peland,

asserting that their

I

ters.

understand he

is to

be recommended for the a])pointment of

interpreter tu the Utiited States in this quarter

beg leave to recommend

:

ou the con-

appointment, a Mr. Joseph Reinville, who has served as interpreter for the Sioux last spring at the Illinois, and who has gratuitously and willingly, (by the permission

iter

the

I

of

Mr. f razer,

in all

my

to

whom

he

for that

is

engaged,) served as

conferences with the Sioux.

Indians, and

I

He

believe an honest one.

is

a

man

I likewise

my interprerespected by

beg

leave to

Mr. Frazer, one of the two gentlemen 'ho dined with you, and was destined for the Upper Mississippi. [e waited eight or ten days at the Prairie for me, detained his inter-

IrecGinmend to your attention

* Incorrect lis

*«ii»'''

me

chiefs

WntsoftheN.^'

.•,'ir.',

to gather their skins in quiet, and

manner—added

and that it

trary,

esoftuy

be taught

i

,urUcet^ces,lH

Ladoubtof

punish

to

their only distinguishing

;

the evil.

as there

Lr

no pains

them, and said they were their commismark from the other warriors. I promised to write you on the occasion, and that you would emedy

They applied to

the

several

to spare

chiefs who were at Saint Louis this spring, gave up their medals to Mr. Chouteau. He promised them to obtain American medals in return, and send them u(t by some officer.

ed at 200 ingswerepi^ivate

nountof They

he dare not)

The

cntsatthecoun-

lead.

force

English

privately two :ce

shrouds,

V

I

war between the Chipeways and Sioux, in order they may monopolize the trade of the Upper Mississippi.

that

leralionisWank.

rlet

f

instigators of the

ry

to

ft''

"1

determined, should he attempt any thing malicious

then not in a clandestine

their coun-

i

M'Gillis,

the dignity and honor of our government requires,

fact,

they should

that'

agh

am

me, (open

towards

m

If

f —he being a Scotchman, a gentlemen, and a man of honor

was the information

1 received at

the St. Peters.

;

but

ilMi

'I

^^mi

APPENDIX TO PART

13

I.

preter, and from thence forward has continued to evince a zeal, to promote the success of my expedition* by every means in his power. He is a Vermonter born, and although not possessing the advantages

of a polished education, inherits that, without which, an education serves but to add to the frivolity of the character, candor, bravety,

and that amor patria, which distinguishes the good of every nation, fnim Nova Zembla to the Une. Finding that the traders were playing

tlie

devil with their

rum

;

I

yesterday in council informed the

Indiana, that their father had prohibited the selling of liquor

to

them, and that ihi7 would oblige him and serve themselves, if they would prevent their young men from paying the credits of any fftders who sold rum to them, at the same time charging the chiefs to treat them well ; as their faiher although good, would not again for* give them, but punish with severity any injuries committed on their This I presume, general, is agreeable to the spirit of the Mr. Frazer immediately set the example, by separating his spirits from the merchandize in his boats, and returning it to the Prairie although it would materially injure him if the other traders traders.

laws.

—

retained theirs and sold.

In

fact,

established)

j

unless there are

who have

some persons

at

our posts here, (when

authority efTectuaily to stop the evil by

cating the liquors, &c.

it will

stiil

confis-

be continued by the weak

and

malevolent.

you a description of

I shall forbear giving

this place until

return, except only to observe, that the position for the post,

the point between the two rivers, which equally

and

at St.

Croix on the

commands

owing

K. bank of the Mississippi

;

taken no observation here

but the head of Lake Pepin

58' 8"

;

N, and we have made very

sissippi is

both

on the lower side of the entrance on

hill

the

to cloudy weather, &c. I have

little

130 yards wide, and the

my

is in

is in 44°

The

northing since.

Peters 80 yards at

St.

Mistheir |

confluence.

24M from the

Sefit.

.

—This morning the

village, (he

Corbeau came to see me which I suspected many things which the cere-

Little

having recovered an

to be taken by the Indians) he told

mony

/

me

of the council would not permit his delivering there

added, he must

tell

me,

that

I

article,

Mr. Roche, who went up the

Peters, had in his presence gave two kegs of

;

river

|

andl St.

rum to the Indians;! he knew it was con'f

be (tlie chief) asked him " why he did so, as " rary to the ortters of his father ; that Messrs. Mareir and Tremerj ^ had left their rum behind them, but that he alone had rum contrai^l « to the orders."

He then

gave the chief

1

5 bottles of

rum,

as I sup

APPENDIX TO PART him

pote to bribe

13

I.

I presume he should be taught the when he applies for his licence the next

to silence.

impropriety of his conduct} year.

26th

The cloudy weather

Se/it.

still

above the falU of

St.

Anthony.

continues, and I have not been able to

Mr. Frazer has been kind enough to send two hi^eople across from the Sioux town, on the St. Peters, for my dispatches, and the place being dangerous for them, I must haste take the latitude.

to

Qf

them

dispatch

to

the falls, will

W.

one

over

Isince.

when

doubt

if

rapids or suck, continues about half a mile above

my trucks

of succeeding.

of such errors,

lized

and that

eyes of the beholder, and

|

and style of

my

when

which the

cere.

Bering there

and

detached from the

civi-

import, becomes magnified

I add, it

my hands are blistered

will apologise for the

man-

communications. I

am, general,

Your obedient

I suspected

;

little

working over the rapids, I presume

seems uicatne to

La

in a wilderness,

world every thing, even if of

the

er

Iwbich

My barges are

are preparing, and I have not the least

The general, I hope, will pardon the tautologies and egotisms my communications, as he well knows Indian affairs are produc-

;ire

at their

hills,

shoot, the river is of

the water becomes calm and deep.

yet over, but

TheMh.

80 yards

The

it.

not

Pepin iain44

carrying place has two

Above the

fourths of a mile in length.

shoot,

,r

W.

The

considerable width, but below, (at this time) I can easily cast a

stone

I !-•«

.Hk

to the St. Peters, a distance of eleven miles

of i2 small islands.

the

wm

through a continued bed of rocks,

of 25 feet, the other 12, with an elevation of 45**, and is about

three

the port, •omtnandabolhi entrance on tbe

falls

water, there is almost one continued rapid, aggravated by the

interruption

Itbev,

the river then

;

mile—from thence

by

place until

5 feet perpendicular, the

a descent of at least 50 feet perpendicular in the course of half

with

a

1

former commencing below the shoot, and extending 500

t|ie

above

yards

a

The place where the river

le coufi d'tmil.

being broken by one largb island on the E. and a small one on

sheet

my

of course, general, the following short sketch of

over the rocks, appears to be about

fallll

the

;

merely be from

(Signed)

servant,

Z. M. Pike, Lt.

General Wilkinaon.

St

river tnt up the imtothe Indian

.knewitwa**^"'" Tremet] Vlareir and hehadrutncontratJI kes of

rum>

as 1

9"F

N. B.

I.

flatter

myself with hearing from you

at the Prairie,

un »,

way down.

.

fI

d

I

^

APPENDIX TO PART

44

[ No. A*.

W.

5.

I.

]

eatabliahment^ on

iMke Leeehy Feb.

1806.

SiH,

AS

W.

a proprietor of the N.

Zond du Lac

departtnenr,

United States,

whose

(in

the subject of the

I

conceive

territoiy

company, and director of the

my

it

duty as an officer of

you are) to address you

many houses under your instructions.

the

sdlely

on

As a mem-

ber of the greatest commercial nation in the world, and a company long renowned

connections and greatness of views,

for their extent of

you cannot be ignorant of the rigor of the laws of the duties of .inh ports of a foreign power.

Mr. Jay's

treaty,

it is

true, gave the right of trade with the sava-

ges to British subjects in the United States territories, but

no means exempted them from paying

the>duties, obtaining

ces, and subscribing unto all the rules and restrictions of our I find

your establishments

extent of to the

tb*;:

at every suitable place

south side of Lake Superior to

suuri;c of the

its

laws.

along the whole

head, from thente

down Red River, and

Mississippi, and

by

licen-

extending to the centre of our newly acquired territbry of

even

Louisiana) |

which it will probably yet become a qaestion between the two governments, if our treaties will authorise the British subjects to

in

j

j

enter into the Indian trade on the

same

footing, as in the other

of our frontiers; this not having been an integral part of the States, at the time of said treaty.

Our

parts

United

traders to the south, on

the

I

Lower Mississippi, complain to our government, with justice, thati the members of the N. VV. company, encircle them on the frontienl of our N.

W.

territory,

terms, to whut they can

and trade with the savages upon afTorcl,

who pay

saperiorl

the duties of their

goodil

imported fium Europe, and subscribe to the regulations pre8cHbeJ| by law.

•

These representations have at length attracted the attention our government to the object in question, and with an intention tod themselves as well as citizens justice, they the steps to ascertain the facts, and

With

evil.

was

I

this,

make

last

year took

sonxj

provision against the growiii

some geographical, and

also local objects in

dispatched with discretionary orders, with a party of

viei

troopso^

the source of the Mississi|)pi.

I have found, sir, your commeit and establishments, extending beyond our most exaggerated ide

and 'l

i

1.

done our revenue, by the evasion of which are more'particularly injurious to the hoiA

in addition to the injury

duties, other acts

tl

.

,..

APPENDIX TO PART

14

I.

tnddi^ty of our goveroment. The transactions aJlitdsd to* aro the presenting medaU of his Britannic majesty, and ^agji of the said government, to ths chiefs and warriors resident in the territory of

1806.

fe6.

United States.

the

^rector ofthe

our tiadet s, ^/hat

officer of the

ers

you

sdleiy

on

As » mem-

makir if' chiefs, and distributing

The

and

see

them

is

Decessary* yet unfortunate as of

the traders of I

perly

our

Louisiana, tbry of

deposit

subjects

other 'in the

parts

the

part of the on the south,

loss

reign

m

your country.

viz.

there being so

many furEng-

arms

;

to the great

annoyance of

of the Uvea of nuiny of our citizens.

out* territory,

Your

flags, sir,

and

when

in inclosed works, are in direct contradiction of the laws of

natipns,

the

although

the policy

government would not fail to make use of those as places of of arms, ammunition, Sec. to be distributed to the savages

hoisted

I

United

:

by.:

case of a rupture between the two powers, the

who joined their

to

they have been led astray

government, for another reason,

nished posts in

between thet^o

least aston-

must likewise observe, sir, that your establishments, if proknown, would be looked on with an eye of dissatisfaction by

thente .ad, from even River, and

lish

would not be in tlie

it

from the United States, limited subjecclaimed over them by the American government, revolt

thereby be the cause of their receiving a chastisement

obtaining Uccn-

iritish

savages being accustomed to look on that stand-

has authority in the coun*ry,

«bn which

whole along the

an-Eunn

the standard uf

which had been the only prevailing one for years, as that wliich;

ishing to

,on8of ourlav^s.

fiags,

ard,

tnesaofvie^Si

the saw; with by itories, but

\»

power.

alone

duties of lim-

strictly prohibited

pean

nd a company

5

If ^lolitical subjects are

would be the ideas of the executive to see foreign-

and their practice in

flags

like cases,

which only,admits of

fo-

being expanded on board of vessels, and at the residence

I

of Ambassadors, or consuls. I am not ignorant of the necessity of your being in such a position as to protect you from the sallies of fronUenH Qn'the upon supcrioiHthe drunken savages, or the more deliberate plans of the intended goodil plunderer ; and under those considerations, have 1 4:onsidered your f (heir

with justice,

\

lUes

8ctil>ei| stockades. ulations pre

You, and the company of which you are a member, must be [conscious

attention

•ted the an intention

and,

to

iih

last

year took

8oi«i|

gro«w| against the in local objects

viej

troops* a party of sir,

youv comtnw

exagger;ated

idei

evasion by the

of^

,st

the injurious to

Im

and

from the foregoing statement I

that strict justice

would de-

assure you that the law directs, under, similar circum-

imprisonment But having discretionary instructions and no reason to ink the above conduct was dictated through ill will or disrespect our government, and conceiving it in some degree departing m the character of an officer, to embrace the first opportunity of

stances, ind

a total confiscation of your property, personal

fines.

ec^ting those laws, I te it

am

willing to sacrifice

my

i

prospect of pri-

advantage, conscious that the government look not to interest, its

dignity in the transaction,' I have therefore to request of you,

m

APPENDIX TO PART

16

I.

Miuninces on the following heads, which setting aside the chieanerf of law« as a gentlenton, you will strictly adhere to : viz.—

That you will make representations to your agents, at your head on Lake Superior, of the quantity of goods wanted the

quarters,

ensuing spring, for yonr establishments in the territory of the ted States, in time sufficient, or as early as possible, for ter

them

at the

them

Uni>.

to en-

C. H. of Michilimackinac, and obtain a clearance and

licence to trade in due form. will give immediate instruction to all your pests under your direction, at no time and on no pMtence whatever to hoist, or suffer to be hoisted, the English flag. li||«li^ conceive a flag necessary, you may make use of that of the United

3d.

That you

in said territory,

States,

3d.

which ia the only one which can be admitted. That you will on no further occasion, present a

dal to an Indian

:

hold councils with

them

to the

flag or

me-

political subjects, or

but on being applied toon those American agents, fhforming them t\;f..

others foreign from that of trade heads, refer

them on

:

they are the only persons authorised to hold councils of a poUtictt nature with them.

There are many other subjects, such as the distribution of lt> Src. which would be too lengthy to be treated of in detail. But the company will do well to furnish themselves with our lawi^ regulating the commerce with the savages, and regulate themselves I embrace this opportunity, to ac< in our territories accordingly. knowledge myself and command under singular obligations to yourquor,

selves and agents, for the assistance which you have rendered us, and the polite treatment with which I have been honored. With

sentiments of high respect, for the establishment and yourself. I

am, sir, Your obedient

servant,

Z.

>

Hugh

Proprietor and agent of the N. established at

%

n

M.

Pike.

MfGillia^ Eaq.

Zond

Du

W.

company,

Lac.

M

APPENDIX TO PART t

If

chleuierf

[ No.

6.

]

your held the Ui*'

if

hem

YOUR

to en-

addrcas presented on the 6th

obtainlRg to hdlst the British flag

^|W'

''UMlli States of America.

regarding

a flag or roe-

them d?

lof

»poV\ti'aa

tl)e

States, as also their

ted

that

tablishments for the trade of the ensuing winter, are our stores at

actuuliy in

would cause us vast expense and trouble to be obliged to goods back to Michilimackinac to be entered at the custom house office ; we therefore pray that the word of gentlemen

convey those

of in detail with our law»>

late themselves

wiUi

.ortunity, to ac-

to

regard to the quantity and quality of the said goo"-"

will

p^^^^

"> "•• color of

^^

h" muug men

he here I would

,

Wood

e"2

*""*

'

KPe,era=

J

P«»«l.n>e„,, „ie|,o„,

""

'»"«'"> the

KnXh

A» for „e, I haven' ''"«*"y deliver i, "

™tV.;J"tr*"' "™ °

f

'

»i" preserve pe^l^^hTl'

'"" "^^ ^"''«'" h,""

'?""

? ""^

'°

""'

'

""^" -

-^^

Mr,r::iT-"-'^'°»v::'e'""'^^''-"' *;hem from a«embli„g, ^un already ,o prepay »f

^-^

77;e Geuelle Plntt^

have sen,

I.

.

'" ">y

"""

"«rd

"« "»

"">'= '

"uld not "-'»«Mi.npmyha.rr;X7-->^-.ea seJd'

[ No.

^

^

'-Pe on a

-^--'

t

for ;

^;" .^clmit

;" ['^

'"to the

paid

9.

]

moment "Jfle; J"'' '"^ ^ -^ -cans .i„i, tf ";'"" '^^ J"-'- " 'J""

what couM e ^ J you to send goods

'

.

^//'l/

T''

su„,ec,uarterrot!r? '

their dutie,

h^^^^tcdconfonnabi/t

r

"'i'^'^^^'^

th.n for

'"'- the

counuy.

'T"'^^''* '

re,u,aWv

"^

'•'

""''^^

-'"

""''

Th"''.'"^"'^-^'

'"en '"

who

"ther

-irj

t

'APPENDIX TO PART

34 tice-—What

I.

Lt. Pike not content with luffering the laws to slum,

!

when it was bis duty to have executed them—has now suffered the N. W. company's agents to come even here to violate them, and injure the citizens of the United States ; certainly he must be corber,

rupted to admit o,t in.urmou,.t.U.

•'""rtud'^r.e-Lon.ent. detain nic obstacles shall lam, dear sir, With gf eat

.

:*^ .

considevalion,

obedient Your "

servant,

(Signed;

Z.

M. Pike, U.

attendiuR . u rr^noral aeainst the gee-l;^^^^^ leave to eautton beg 1 B. N. .nyindi«du.l.. a.^^-^^^^^^ .h. reportsof prejudice, and P«r Y

to

,

^^^.\ I

mMt unbounded

'"

""*""•

(Signed)

.

:>?5? '

[No.

12. J

A SPEECH OKMYEEEO

''Td

see

here

BKOTHEKS-When 1 1^^^^^^^^^^^ 1 am P^e you on my return.

words.

^

AT THE T« THE PUANTS,

-—

i^»^-p^'^":t '^^^^^^^^

:X:r1e:::t:S

St

autumn,

I requested]

,,,, , ^^^^

a

J

^^^^ ^j ,n|

^°'';rj betwee. t.o or the^

Bl*

autun., to ^i"---^^*;^:t 'ou o..ing last in ^--;^> in Wi en the canoes, ,Uting peaceably river, .f^;,^^,'^^ Rock on man a httve kUled

enough

m

4-

APPENDIX TO PART

27

I.

Also—they have more recently murdered a young man near die in the

As

without any provocation whatever.

place, ai-

my

ted States, it is

this

an officer of the Uni*

duty to demand the murderers

and / do now

;

'

demand them. :uve ot much goveromeni,

Brothers individual

r

of fovWM.

.f

above berc^o" the only, on

is

I

will

to give all

men

as

take it v»i«

under

my guards i

guilty of a capital

people without

my

crime

;

provocation, in

and in

all

power.

me,

I shall

instances treat

them

and on their atrval below, they it be proved they have killed the

1^:

.

i*

probability they will he put to

all

on the contrary, it is proved that the whites were the aggressors, and it was only seif defence, it will be deemed justifiable, and they will be sent back to their nation. It becomes you to consider well, if in case of a refusal, you are If

itath.

inaurmolUnVAble

sufficiently

powerful to protect those

men

— who has always since the

savages as their children

the

punish the

aUendmRi-

My demand

pevvade

hope for the us

me

with

me.

men, to

will

now

I

was directed

Many of different

to St. Louis.

then the in-

;

proper.

But

I

and children, you will do to invite a

few chiefs down

bands are about to descend

give an invitation to two or three of your principal

descend with me.

At present, I

CBVIN», IK DBS

may deem

women

Whatever are your determinations, conduct back

pledge the faith of a soldier^ for a safe

am

to

I

your nation.

not instructed to act by force, to procure tho«e

—therefore, you

men

t«

citizens

be reported in candor and truth be]owvuU*i' t:ot content

Ling

would give

I,

|f

an answer to-morrow."

—The Puants met

me

in council, agreeably to pro-

me and said—" They my demand of yesterd \y. He requested that

and Karamone, their chief, addressed

come' to reply

to

with the traders

would

Thundery arose and said

murderer present they

;

listen."

— " The

but, that

should themselves

it

ti.ke

A

soldier,

then called the Lit-

chiefs were for giving

was the opinion of the

him with the others

up the

soldiers, that

to their father

•J*-

APPEKDIX TO i»ART t

ii9

ey have truth to

always attended

considera4

!

distance

Oreen bay

is

as fellows

between MiiJulunackinac and the settlement

Four leagues from Michilimackinac

St. Helens,

On

be 80 leagues.

is calculated to

traverse of five miles to point St. Ignace,

gan.

to the PraiHe det Chiens, by the Onii*

:—vw.

which is

rocky

;

and may be seen from that place

and from this to the

Fsom

t'liU

Mino Cockien

this to Shouchoir

is

that extend a great

is

when once

in,

«n the rocks the

its

its rise

when

canoes and boats

among

very ba>

is

its rise

near

Lake

dangerous, from the number of ihnb I

the wind blows from the lake,

may

is

exceUut

at its

At

lake.

it

;

is

a large river.

unladiog.

name carredl Franl

The entrance

mouth, and the waves are very high when

certain seasons

bank:* of this river are high

is

found here sturgeon

and sandy, covered with

1

in pine.

from a Lirge lake, and nearly communicates with Lake Superior. Fn

this to the Detoui' is ten leagues;

begins the Traveite at the

the main land about a league, and leagues in circuitifiirence this island during the

The

diore

mouth of Green is

rocky,

is

The

bay.

flat,

and dangerous,

first

island is distant

called the Isle an Detour, and

is

at least

There are generally a few Sauteaux lodges of

summer

?rom

rionths.

I

Indiimd

this to Isle Brule is three

leagi

There are tWo small islands from these to Isle Verte, and two leagues to Illcj Pou, called so from the Poutowatomiea having once a vilbge here, but now ah doned.

In the

months of

May

and June there

taken in great quantities by trolling. hers.

The

ship

tbanntl is

Petit D'Etroit to the

And

between this

is

a fiidiery of trout, and thqi

there are also white fish in vast si

island

and

Isle

Verte.

[

is difficult;]

lay during any storms without

the voyagers for every one to have his

five leagues

1

Superior. From

time he passes, and pay something to the canoe*men.

Manistiqne

wind blows from the takes

soil

This rock, called Shouchoir, is an

lake.

entrance,

from a sand-bank

The

The shore

way into the

first

this to the river

nnmbers.

which ii a very small one, and

high and covered with pine— the

and deep, and takes

large

A custom prevails here difiicult,

shore from

Mino Cockien is five leagues. Two small itlindi where boats and canoes may take shelter from a storm. The

ten leagues.

harbor for canoes, but but

it

The

a league distant from the iiland,

island to the river

on the way, and a river fiver

a dear day.

in is

island of Epouvette,

stands near the banks of the like, ran.

the entrance into Lake Michi-

is

an island of considerable extent, named

Michilimackinac to the Point du Chene, which is

at the bottom of

leaving Michilimackinac there i* t

From

thcnce|

main land is three leagues, where some lodges of Ottowai^

Santeaux raise small quantities of corn; but their Subsistence, during the tm

i

APPENDIX TO PART

the grand aource.or communtcation between the lakes and

|\'cr is

productions

and the route by whicli

the Mississippi,

the "W. bears

to ficient corn

montht, chiefly depend*

Prairie of the

the lake

.WghhlUsarc

ii

erth^ river the

ii

upon the

From

here abounds.

called the

at thiii

nearly h*if a

where every one

From this to Sturgeon bay large islands

irom

Rouge

becomes

and -

Lake

,ohavehi.««nc^i ^canoe-men.

?to>n|

l-heentrtttei I; titer,

when*very high

here .turgeon

.covered with

m

r

Sauteaux, and

La Baye

rt.

,ith Lake L,anddangeroui. "

There

is

feet

Lour, and

i.

three »e.^

PdcBruici. 1* league, to land two

is

a

and

Very of trout, Jv,hiteh*inv3j.«^ tnewi Verte. Prom le

lofOtiova* lodge*

Here were,

Vermillion.

Isle

who were

inhabitants,

place

left this

On

;

which

leaving

Isle

A

this lake.

way between

and loaded

Fronf this

is

some Ottowas, come here

fall

small river called Riviere

Isle

La

Vermillion and

a good deal

may

vessels of these

Bayet

be found for

in Vhc spring

and

fall.

the Fols

is

A great number

of

Three leagues from

This portage

a mile long

is

:

side,

two

fall

of

Grand Konimee.

At

to three wide.

At

twelve lodges.

About five

50

higher,

leagues

long

;

is

which

irs

entrance

the upper end of the lake

about the same number of lodges, and at this end

is

or

is

a

Tiiis

ij

the

is

another

first

a small river,

About two Puant villages is a Fols .\voin village, on the south side 60 men. Five leagues from the entrance of tiie lake, on the

the Fox river

leagues

a

hi

the ground even and rocky.

Puant's rapid, which issues from a lake of that name.

midway between the the lake, of

i!^"

dimensions have

with the interval of a few portages communicates with rock

falls in,

and

about zoo yards wide.

is

a small Fols Avoin village, where

is

a lake of

river.

two more than two x\scending

and about a league above this lake the river de Lonp joins the Fox

hill called

the But de Mort,

by the French and confederate

seasons, full of

iversified

wood*

of about tea feet, which obstructs the navigation for thrte leagues

Puant village, of

inatcd

thirteen

Vermillion, the

twelve bark lodges.

consists of ten or

ten leagues long, and from

iver.near

Distant

few yean

a

accustomed to raise corn ; but

cannot learn.

1

A channel which winds

tons burden

Puant village, of ten or

lain

the

high, above this, the river opens into a small lake, at the end of

north

nam-

in great

a small village of the same nation, and another three leagues higher, at

vUVagehere.but«ow^ thei

bold and rocky, and se-

is

Baye, the water of the latter assumes a whiter appearance,

deep.

strong rapid, called

ef

Leau«lodge.onng{ ^orm. without

.are

falls into

On approaching

aterfroma*orm.Th^

From

hold and rocky.

miles across and about four leagues in length, andf

from the more northern parts of

aipect

««»«•«•*"*

,;„.— thewii^en^

i*

appearance of the country begins to change, and has a very dificreat

and general

the idand, l-rtunt from

shore

A few

the entrance of the Fox river.

I

with which

fith,

three leagues, and

Trout and sturgeon are here

season.

two leagues

number of Fola Avoin what reasons they have

leagues to

The Aote bom

„.n the

summer is two

a

ago,

LaheMidu.

is

a safe harbor, inaccessible to

is

eight leagues.

Sturgeon's bay

from the lake about

nee into ,d«r*Weexte«t,i.m.d

a very

which

communicaties by a portage with

bottom rf at the there i»i

,^tAix»^

,

is

The

perished.

a few miles distant.

lie

and reside daring the b«s.

and other

main land

Port de Mort, from a number of Reynard canoes having been wrecked

place,

Chlent,bytheChib.

quantitie* of sturgeon

Petit D'Etroit to the

four leagues to the Lit Racro,

reral

,-

from

Louis to the river de Corbeau, and the conOuent streams which

i» the third

,\t,

3,1

the traders of Michili*

all

mitckinac convey their goods, for the trude of the Mississippi, St.

is

45

I.

wild

rice.

with woods and

The

The

rivers

and lakes

any

Any in

quantity of hay

extir-

are, at cer
"

el»-,

pond

'.fiurds river,

af* *

it

'^

p^"*^**

in

ihc MiskkittHippi,

This

theiv Iwuse*

.U

this

though very ^">J""it^e

U!ie

portage,

length ofthe

the

part gowg the one

fine

and other parts, who make this their

situated is

bounded

The

in the rear

Rock ''^'

the

where it strikes the Oubears from the village S. L.

at

the

J^atit

Grey, wliicli

marsh before spoken of was drained (which might be I um of the opinioit it would render the situation of hculthy, which now subjects its inhabitants to intermit-

pruirie

spring and autumn. There ard a few gentlemen residing

^dReynardHformcTi,

hey-ercaccustcc^ opposite to

lead mines. 4c. are with great

the

ivunds, ilized

c.«.

lity

ought

^

the

i..

;

but this

thought guilty of in die

spirit is

of generosity

first fiolicy is

j

now

a''

ci>

d hospi-

the leading feature in the elm-

Their mode of

have transient connexion with the Indian

become (with

„(la,ie,.s

to be

the

I

living had obliged

women

;

and what

so confirmed by habit and inclination, that

a few exceptions) the ruling practice of

all

^nd, in fact, almost one half of the inhabitants under

tlic

J

'JO

in their veins. From tlic have the blood of the aborigines b milage huve, the W. shore, firsi Yellow rive»'» to Lake Pepin wc ©n ground

Dogs ofr ooffs. ppeUatiou '* I

an eminent degree

to

'Bias at

u-timtB's

They possess

of frontier inhabitants.

«ri

'*"*'"*.

t,

in

fatter

^^^^^j^

which they would blush

world.

the

liein

e settled in t

des Chicn

;

W

between

at the Prairie

many others claiming that appellation but the rivalship of the iladian ti'ude, occasions them to be guilty of acts at their wintering wd

existed

vil-

It is fix>m

hills.

BDg fevers in Jte

udifficuU

.

on which the

prairie

by high bald

done),

easily

Uer.Ushottomundy,

nd Mr.

pre-

again

eight miles from the Mississippi, to

If the

oMo.

,„,^hohavcestab\.»h.

first

They

byE.

five do}-

unication

last stage,

launching into the savage wilderness.

less frequent than formerly.

kousing

^ at present attend-

Mt.

600 white persons.

,-if

ilxtut

Ubnkt

navigation e

at least 5 or

concourse of traders and their engagees from

mile to three quarters of a mile from the river, and extends

Thereisfor

..of the

but this calculation will not answer for the

;

there are not more murders and aHVays at meets such an lieterogeneous mass to ti'ude ; the of spirituous liquors being in no manner restricted ; but since American government has become known, such accidents are

lage is

m *'««»«'«

f„r a canoe rate :a..,t the

persons each, the popuhi-

tu calculate at H)

place, us there

much

,rehigh.c»«oe.an'i

.used, and

H

It is astoiiibhing

tiics.

»ndw»o choake4

.,ture.

side of

accompanied by S or 4U0 Indians, when they hold a Jitir / one disposes of remnants of goods, and the others reserved pel-

the

.'ooiKouMng.w*

„ce.

ut the dis-

W.

grounds,

From

The

on the

meet here in the spring, on their return frara their wintering

otttle»g«»'"°K' Uc dm

,e

to. the

vious to their

le»gtte»

three

much

autumn, us there are then,

owinj;

Miciiiliniackinuc

«««'•

.»gu«.-

is

ulso,

i

mukinq;, in the village and vicinity, 37 houses, which

would be 370 souls

i\mu\i or

V»am).

and

^,

round the country,

miles

five

three houses, situated on a small stream culled the

nut be too

will

tioit

and

11>««'»''»

'w

m i

1;

APPENDIX TO PART

48

I.

of about 20 yards wide, bearing^ from the Misussippi nearly due W. second, the Iowa river, about 100 yards wide, beating from the Mississippi about

N.

W. third,

the Racine river, about 20 yards wide,

bearing from the Mississippi nearly

miles

;

their waters just as they

W. and navigable

Embarra and Lean

are about 60 yards wide, and bear nearly S.

On the la Cross,

for canoes 60

which join form a confluence with the Mississippi, and

fourth, the rivers

E. shore, in the same distance,

which empties

Claire,

W. is

the river de

la Prairie

head of

into the Mississippi, at the

the

name. It is about SO yards wide, and bears N. N. W. We then meet with the Black river, a very considerable stream about 200 yards wide at its mouth, on which the traders frequently prairie of. that

winter with the Puanta and Fola Avoina. Next pass the river of the

Montaigne qui Tromfies done VEau^ a s!T.alI stream in the rear of the hill of that name ; and then we find tl>e Riviere au Boeuf, of about 30 yards wide, bearing N. by

W.

and, at the entrance of

Lake

Pepih,

on the E. shore joins the Sauteaux river, which is at least half a mile wide, and appears to be a deep and majestic stream. It bekrs from the Mississippi nearly due N. This river is in size and course (some distance up) scarcely to be distinguished from the Ouiscousitig, and has a communication with the Montreal river by a short portage, and by this liver with

the

N.

at, the

W. company supply

head of

who hunt on

this river,

its

the

Luke Superior. The

Ids Avoin

Sauteaux,

agents

who

of

reside

and those of Michilimackinac) the Sioux

lower waters.

more than more properly speaking, bald of running parallel with the river, form a conti-

In this division of the Mississippi the shores are three-fourths prairie on both &ides, or, hills,

which, instead

nual succession of high perpendicular

appear to head on the

Those

direction.

cliffs

and low

vallies

:

tbej

I

and to traverse the country In an angular and vall:«s give rise to some of the most

river,

hills

|
H

f'

The game

scarce, and the Aborigines,

sub-

;

APPENDIX TO PART sist

it r

bears from the

it

which has been

1.

•Imoat entirely on th«h,n

to their frozen

*'

it* rnonHiy

ide lu

It coii^nunicatii.'* ke

t'i

It

the

ivigation;

t)

?nrt

ftrsl

t>*'

From

tvTO wide.

I

"ver

d CO re to the 2cl and I wide ; then

ch

miles

is 7

f(om the

1

St.

Louis, M-hich emptie-

:!.?.*''

'^""'"'""^cates with th«

lon •« ">»oh dreaded for U-eir^ee. ^"' "" '"" "'"-"•ion for .imugen." «" for open courage.

Aoflhe »• 3d.

M,"i*ppTS

on Turkey

"Wdin 'P.«e.

river,

the «,„e

hal™

wa™

They l.un.L

Iw low.,, (below

""'"«'"

The

mi','"^ i r

and t.

I"

Crdderr/r

'

'"'""«•

w

„„ .^e

?' ""'"^ "''''".

° lea

1...

'"d

T'-'y

•"

M-'"'*''''"'"'''''"""

D«rh,° ^'""""PPi from th« K' »W viWage. They S« a la ''"'^ !° ' *" »' ""' "™' .he former ™"'' h".i fc>"y

,

he Prairie

iLe.,Sr°"'7"f

of hundred bushels per ai,„„m

'"'='•

bean., "•"

"•""•Wes. aa to

sell "

deer and bear, but a

Nd by Lake Winiple and

h^'r::;r.%:rr^r;T--ain.wo D. Moyen,

h "r «'

and weatward ,o

,hT m"

">o ««n.e as the Sauk, a„d l««l protection they conceive the^! , h'com; but not so much „ '

' *"'™^''P'>

""'"

"»

"'"

'"O ""''er whose '° '"• ThcrculUvate t*; T' -ir residence ""^ "'"'"»'' r'^ being onT"'"",? -Mmm,ppi, out of thellh ,^'!r'''»'"™-" .he rear of °' ""''-"ce, render, criliwd than those [• them

r"°""; ''""'''

"

•'

;;

naUonf

irt c'^tht'rd r ""'^ "' *' 7 ;;"t'S on " W. of of thTJ' «P h Des W, above th^^^l Jauflioni

the

side

•

o^;";^.^''''^^^

°'" *^^ «"*'"«nce

»"« latter river

H"; but theli,nits between thel!'f"'^"^''*''"'«'-^*° the --^ -i.ed by .hf":irrofie";^-:fppi,t r^

I,;

:

APPENDIX TO PART

5$

now ceded

to the

United States

;

I.

but they reverved to theni3otvc»

the privilege of hunting and residing on it att usual. By killing the celebt uted Sauk chief Pontiaci the

Illinois,

hokiaS) Kaskuakias and Piorias, kindled a war with the allied

Cu-

nntioiri

of Saukft and Reynarda, which has been the cause of the aUnost entire destruction cf the former natrons.

The Winebagos, or Puants, are a nation who De Roche Fox and Green Bay,

rivers Ouiscousing,

ges)

which are

i

At the entrance of Green Bay. End of do. 3d. Wuckan,on the Fox river. 4tlt. At Lake Puckway. 1st.

5

Those

5th.

ly in four days.

;

at

Portage of the Oulscousir.g.

che

river.

Winebagos can embo-

any one point of their

territo-

Rock

river, and E.

from the Rock river to the

Prairie Des

They hunt on

side of the Mississippi ;

villa-

6th and 7th. Both on Ro-

villages are so situated, that the

dy the whole force of their nation,

Cbiens

in seven

situated as follows viz

2d. |a'

reside on the

the Ouiscousing,

on Lake Michigan, Black

river, and the country between

i

Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. From the tradition amongst them, aud the'r speaking the same language of the Otc3; of the! Rivife Platte, I am confident in asserting that they are a nationl who huve emigrated from Mexico, to avoid the oppression of the] Spaniards

;

and the time may be fixed

at about

one and a half cen-j

when they were taken under the protection of the Siouxl to v/hom they still profess to owe faith, and at least brotherly atten-l tion. They have formerly been at war with the nations west of Mississippi, but appear recently to have laid down the hatcheij They are reputed brave, but from every circumstance their neigb^ turies past,

thej

bors distinguish their bravery as the ferocity of a tiger, rather the deliberate resoiuilon of a man.

And

has been such as to authorisie the remark made by a chief of a boring nation, " That a wl)ite man never should lay down to without precaution in

The Menomenc nation, reside in

mm sleeg

t'\eir villages."

or Fols Avoins (as termed

by the

seven villages, situated as follows,

viz.

Frenclj 1st.

Mcnomene, 15 leagues from Green Bay, north side of 2d. At Green Bay. 3d. At Little Kakalin. 4th. Peru

the river lake.

tbii

recently, their conduq

tl

of Kakalin.

on Fox river

Lake. 6th. Entrance of a small and 7th. Behind the Bank of the Dead, Their hui

5th. Stinking ;

APPENDIX TO PAu grounds arc

Ing

seven y, in

the

river

on the Mississippi

to

this

may

;

probably be attributed to their

Algonquin, in which they and the

vilte-

language

The .rtagcofthcOiiUtheir

(using-

is

acquired,

is

understanding the

all

Winebagos

rences with the whites or other nations that

J rth.

owing

Raven which may be termed the battle ground between those two great nations. The language which they apeak is 'ingular ; for no white man has ever yet been known to acquire it, but

o{ the a\mo»«

veaWe on

only, that

;

Cliipeways, they are frequently permitted to hunt near the

Ca„e iWinois,

3

Winebagos

very high estimation in which they are held, both by Siou^ and

tlio

B

ftlmilar to the

59

I.

I

;

and the

transact all confefacility

a ''arther reason for

its

Fdls Avoins although a small nation, are respected by

neiglibors for their braveiy, and independen;

spirit,

all

and es-

When

teemed by the whites as their friends and protectors.

Both on Ko-

with which

prevalence.

in the

he river.

have heard their chief assert in council with the Sioux and Chipeways, " That although they were reduced to few in num"ber, yet they could say, we never were slaves." As they had

inebaRoscanewho.

always preferred,

country, I

" that their women and children should die by their "own hands, to their being led into slavery by their enemies." The boundary of their territory is uncertain. The Sauks, Reynards,

,ointonheirtemto. .

Uock

'to the

river, and b.

Praivve l)«

the country

Puants,

bctv^cen

amongst

,he tradition Otc3, of tk of the

Mttheyareanauon be

oppression

and Menomenes,

(when not at their villages) some are from 30 to 40 length, by 14 or 15 wide, which are sufficiently large to 60 people from the storm, or for 30 to reside in. Theif

feet

in

shelter

covering are

rushes plaited into mats, and carefully tied to the poles.

;>J;^^ Icaucy in

otectionoftheSiou.,

[to

the

the lodge, which, in fair weather,

smoke

;

We nesct come

to that

extended over

all

is

a small va-

is sufficient to

but in bad weather you must lay

brotherly atten-Mmprgvent being considerably

horn is

which

the fires, immediately over

the centre are

In

west ofth. Ihe nations hatche the down

reside

il

I

,oneandahuU«n. /east

all

lodges in the form of an ellipsis, and

in

incommoded by

down on

1

•

II

give vent

the ground

it.

powerful nation the Sioux, the dread of the savage nations,

from the confluence

X,\

tt,mstance

their

nei?l f

ofatiger,rathenhi [ecently»

their condut

ebyachiefofaneiej ould lay

down

the Mississipjii d to

latter

;

but in those limits are

many

they consider as allies; on similar footing with th6

ies of ancient

Rome,

i.

e.

humble dependants.

who have maintained

But the Chipe-

a long contest with it

by the

viz. s follows, 1

Snake Indians on the

whom

to sw'Mjy nation is an exception lem,

tev med

the

itions

and Missouri, to the Raven river on the former,

Vrenci^tes^ Ist. "'•

numerous small water courses, impenetrable morasses, and swamps and have owing

to their country being intersected by

'therto bid defiance to

;

ail

the attacksisf their neighbors.

It is

ne-

side O'msary to divide the Sioux nation into the different bands, as distihgj^y^ north KaUalin. *^^* * ^''''lishcd amongst themselves, in order to have a correct idea of theriri.

a stnaU Intrance of

the Dead.

mreeably to this plan, I shall begin with the Minowa Kantong^(jav Their n^j,3 De Lac) who ejilend from the Prairie Des ChienS) to La

IS'

s

APPENDIX TO PART Prairie

du Francois, 35 miles up the

I.

This band

St. Peters.

which most generajl^ reside

at their

is uguiii

The

•ub-diviUied into tour divisions, under different chiefs.

first ol

on the Upper

village

lowii

above the Prairie Des Chienb, and are communded by VV a
^e m in cir20 fept «k^ I' '^''*'''

""'

;trre 't?""''''

"'

«>" '-o

"/

'"' ""'' ""c* deducuon few mi/.. '"k' of .he ri,er *° ''"^' («« „';'"" contiTe:": cha^o "h, "" ""^-'ained with the s.1" ^°"'"'' ''"•">= S™. ime ^f „

;~

..a

.„„, ,

In this district the

,

,

,

w^j^irsis:;: ^^^^ ^''°'*

cliffy

»k-

.

v,l

H'ng round and pa,,

K

.he

-ells, and slopin'^

t'.

"Mch

H' "ver,

ia

•l'«y

,,,,7

™'

""=

""-f-m

oneVSl'

del.idrcrr^''^ "^ '^"'"-'^

. reference .0

l«co„.

'Tt''^

ZT^Z:^'""" "'^--fiel ZZ

are „„ d„„h.

pi, we found plentv nf

h

villa

ri

"^^

my ^h!^ .

^^^

T-

*' ""S""™ "f £1

® prairies on th^ -it

e'k and deor, b„. nea. .,«

wf '

r5~"'=-or;rcoif^

APPENDIX TO PART

II.

The

only limited by the imbecility of our si^ht.

White

river and the

O >age,

vraters of the

are divided merely by a small ridge

in the prairie, and the dry branches appear to interlock at their head. hK 'i

From thence

to the

main branch of

said river, the country appeared

high and gravelly ridges of prairie land. On the main White river Hence a doubt is large timber and fine ground for cultivation. ^i

L'.

disemboguing of this stream. Lt. Wilkinson from drawn the conclusion, that it discharges itseif into the Arkansaw, a short distance below the Vermillion river-^ but from the voyages of capt. Maney, on the IVhite river, the inforarises as to the

some

authority, has

«

mation of hunters, Indians, 8cc. I am rather induced to believe it to be the White river of the Mississippi—as at their mouths there is not so great a difference between their magnitude ; and all persons

White river heads between the Osage Arkansaw and Kanses rh'ers, which would still leave the Arkansaw near 800 miles more lengthy than the White river. From these proofs, I am pretty confident in asserting, that this was the White river of the Mississippi which we crossed. At the place where we traversed it, the stream was amply navigable for canoes, in ascertaining that the

agree

river,

even

at this

Up

dry season (August) of the year.

between it and the Verdiof somQ magnitude and importance, but! bounded here in a narrow bed of prairie hills, ii.Uhlo;

this river to the dividing ridges,

grise river, the bottom

the latter river

is

is

fording not more than sufficient timber for

number of

inhabitants for a few years.

From

for a limitedj

the Verdigrlse,

ourj

and a prairie country, but welll watered by the branches of the Verdigriscand White rivers (aliail course

apjain lay

Grand

river.)

very

little

over gravelly

wood

fire

From

hills

this point to the

source of

White

river^ thereisj

head of White river over the dividing ridge between Eastern branch of the Kans river, the ridge

many

appearances of iron ore, and on the

springs

—Here

is

\

that and

tbi

high, dry, and

h«

West

side

some

spai

the country is very deficient of water, from

East Branch of the Kans river (by our route) lie

From

timber, the grass short, prairies high and dry.

to

the Pawnee

tfci

repulj

on the republican fork, (see chart) the prairies are low, abounds with salines, and the earth appeal

liigl

grass, and the country to be

impregnated with nitrous and

common

salts.

The

:mmed|

ate border of the republican fork near the village is high ridges, this is an exception to the general

face of the country.

country, between the forks of the

Kans

miles,

'W

ittnd

i> l4

.H

II

may be

river,

called prairie, notwithstanding the

All

I

tt

a distance of borders of

wo

which ornament the banks of those streams, but are no rad

j

APPENDIX TO PART IfcanaJine tracedon

"""" '«' Of

">o" « sandy

oi the

Arkansaw,

st...;i

I in the

1

APPENDIX TO PART

11.

niountainsi to its source, a distance of about

meanders) it small narrow

means

i-^

|

to arrive,

IfO miles

;

(by the

bounded by perpendicular precipice* in liries, on which the buffalo and elk have found thvuh

new

abounded with deer and buffalo)

sumbered^asfrotn ,o(e.^aterco«rs-

the leaves,

step forward to head the malcontents, and like the

of Israel, to lead them through the wilderness to a

land of promise, which flowed with milk and honey, (alias

the

timber -.1

ih small

district.

the

who now form but one

and -Osage, came farther to the

Sioux, but

fell

.east,

nation.

The

and thereby avoided

into the hands of the lowas. Sacs,

Kickapoiis,

ol

Potowatomies,

celcbrate4B(.^^^^^^g^ ceicDT*v"™(.|,gj.jj^^g^

Delawares, Shawanese, Cherokees,

Arkansaws, ^^^^^ Caddoes, and Tetaus

;

Chickasa\vi;,

and what astonished

m ^^""^'ne extremely, is that they have not been entirely destroyed by those

thrown up Bnations. But it must only be attributed to their ignorance of the find had wave, an '"tnemies' force, their want of conci rt, wars between themselves, and I's rolling file

great adv^t^ rise one populauo ,n of our

ltionoftheumotj.j) t^emselve^j tending Umit ed to

m

jnstrain

Usouri and

try.

at^""^

The Osage

renown the invaders alwiys acqiure by the boldness of the on tiie minds of the invaled. Their government is oligarchical, but still partakes of the naof a republic, for although the power nominally is vested in,a

great

pnterprisc,

ure

itall

number of

ortance,

i!B'''ject

chiefs, yet they

without

tirst

!'l

never undertake any matter of im-

assembling the warriors, and proposing the

in council, there to be discussed

and decided on by a ma-

.,MI

r

APPENDIX TO PAilT

to

IT.

'TheircMeft are hereditary, inmost instances, butjret there

many men who haire

are

risen to

more

influence than those of

illus-

trious ancestry, by their activity and boldness in war.

A'T^hongh there is no regular code of laws, yet there is a tacit acknowledgment of the ri^ht, which some have to command on certain occasions ; whilst others are bound to obey, and even to submit to corporeal punishment ; as is instanced in the affair related

in

my diary

when Has-ha-ke-da-tungar

of the 29th July;

(or the

Big Soldier) whom I had made a partisan to regulate the movements of the Indians, flogged a young Ihdian with arms in his hands.

On

may be termed an

the ^hole, their government

where the

cal republic,

oligarchi-

chiefs propose, and the people decide on all

public acts.

The manners

of the Osage are different from those of

any

natienl ever saw (except those before mentioned of the same

ori-

gin) having their people divided into classes.

the

All the bulk of

nation being warriors and hunters (with them, the terms being al-

i

h'l:

most svnonimous) the remainder is divided into two classes, cooks and doctors, the latter of whom likewise exercise the functions of

IM

priests or magicians, and have great influence on the councils of the

nation by their pretended divinations, interpretations of dreams,

magical performances; an illustration of i^hich

willbel

better given by the following anecdote, which took place

during]

my

all thef

athd their

August 1806, vis:

stay at the nation, in

Having had

doctors or magicians assembled in the lodge of Ca-ha-ga-tongi,l (alias

Cheveux Blancs) and about 500

rows of

fires

prepared, around which

They commenced knife' '

down

x^alors. ;red

ti

the tragic*comedy, by putting a

their throats

operation very naturally

;

;

They

band was

had

twi)|

stationed.

krge

butchei

hioad appearing to run during

t!v>

the i^cene was continued, by putting

th

sticli|

through the nose, swallowing bones and taking them out of thei At length one fellow demanded of me what I would trils, &c. 'if be would run a stuk through his tongue, and let another per cut off the piece. 1 replied, " a shirt." He then apparently

giij

formed

his promise, with great pain, forcing a stick through

I

tongue, and then giving a knife to a bye-stander, who appeared cut off the piece, which he held to the light, for the satisfactioDJ |

the audience

charm healed I

:

and then joined

the

it

to his

wound immediately.

thought of the performance

:

tongue

;

and by a

magij

On demanding of me

I replied I

would give him

\

30$liii|

.

APPENDIX TO PART he would

if

but yet there aihosoof Ulus,

certed

command

lar,

on

the

They

9xvcii in his

some

at

a

ferent the

oC the

drem m\\\^

to

Theyhadt.^ stationed

urge butc.

run during ring to

Uued, by putting „g them

I

»ud

« out of the

'.fmewhatlwcnldgit and

let

another

;

or

if

any particular person

who goes through

is

the village crying

per-

apparently ie then through stick ting a appeared >^ho ,nder,

Jl'forthesatisfacH

.ngue-.andbyamagj of tne^

n demanding LouUlgivebim208ta

all

the great

men

of the

villilge

You and

;

are then init

would be

In one instance, I was obliged to taste of fifteen dif-

same

afternoon.

When

you

cooks crying, " come and eat," such an one gives a

of hif bounty."

corn in buff;Uo

Ca-ha-ga-tonp.

jutting a

to feasts

entertainments, the

and eat

pi-^^*^:;;2' .M took

was red band

and

great insult if you did not comply, at least, as far as to taste of

their victuals.

PcisethefuncuonsoJ

all

i

likewise exercise the functions of tolvn criers, calling

a feast by

vited to

two

.^ators.

by disease, in the war, and thenk*

generally eat first after the old patriarchal style.

being althe terms classes, coob

Igc of

more singu-

the

received into the

AUthebulliof^^'^

Having had

is

great warriors, and brave

name, and informing him he is wanted at such a lodge. When Osage village, you immediately present yourself the lodge of the chief, who receives you as his guest, where you

o£ any from those same oned of the

>Vhich don of

man, and what

lost all their families

wanted, you employ a crier, his

councils on the

great

men who have been

the chiefs to council

an oUgarchi-

Stations of

this discon^

;

observation.

the public, or their particular patron.

onall ^eople decide

,

that frequently

made the

becoming old and infirm, they firequently take up the profession of cook, in which they do not carry arms, and are supported by

related ihe affwr

to

from his tbngue

selves

aa-tungar (or movegulate the

rmed

off the piece

It

either for the general use« or attached particu«

the &mily of

men having

auband even to

with

me cut

great deal, and I was sorry I

The cooks are larly to

Ltherewatacit ;o

let

him a

IL

Their dishes vreve generally boiled sweet

grease; or boUed meat and pumpkins; but San

Oriel (alias Tetobasi) treated

new horn

hear " come

will

feast,

me

with a dish of tea in a wooden

meat and

crullers : he had been in Their towns hold more people in the same Their lodges being space of ground, than any places I ever saw. posted with scarcely any regularity ; each one building in the manner, directions, and dimensions which suits him best, by which

dish,

the

spoons, boiled

United States.

man to squeeze added to this, they have pens for their horses, ell within the village, into which they always drive them at night, in case, they think, there is any reason to believe there is an enemy

means they frequently leave only room for a single between

them

;

*i

*

lurking in the vicinity.

The O^age lodges are put firmly in the

generally constructed with upright posts,

ground, of about 20 feet in height, with a trotch at

they are generally about 12 feet distant from each other

the

top

the

crotch of those posts, are put the ridge poles, over which are bent

;

small poles, the

end of which are brought down and fastened

row of stakes of about 5 feet in height jtogether lodge.

;

to

in

1

'

a

these stakes are fastened

with three horizontal bars, and from

The

;

tlie

flank walls of the

gable ends are generally broad slabs and rounded off

Sf *M

n

U

AfrPENDIX

to the ridge pole.

with matting

TO PART

The whole of

II;

the building and sides are covered

made of

rushes, of two or three feet in length, and four feet in width, which are joined together, and entirely exclude

The

the rain.

doors are in the bide t>f the building, and generally The fires are made in holes in the centre of

are one on each side.

ihe lodge

;

the smoke ascending through apertures

left in the roof

one end of the dwelling is a raised platform, fbout three feet from the ground, which is covered with bear skins, and generally holds all the little choice furniture of the master, and for the purpose

on which repose

;

at

his honorable guests.

In feet with neatness and a pleasing companion, they would

compose a very comfortable and pleasant summer habitation, but left in the winter for the woods ; they vary in length from 36

are

to 100 feet.

The Osage nadon is may say nations,

divided into three villages, and in a few

viz^ the Grand Osage* the Little Osage, and those of the Arkansaw. Tiie Little Oaage separated from the Big Osage, about 100 ^ears since.; and their chiefs on obtaining permisition to ledd forth a colony from tl>e great council of the nation, moved on to the Mis. years you

i

souri, but after

some years

finding themselves too hard pressed by

their enemies, they again obtained permission to return, and put

themselves under the protection of the grand down a1}out 6 miles off. (See chart.)

The Arkanaaw schism was

effected by

village,

and

Mr. Pierre

Ue

settled

Choteau,

who

had

obtained from the Spanish government the exclusive trade of

the

10 or 12 years ago, as a revenge on Mr. Manuel

Osage in the

nation, by the

way of the Osage

hands of Mr. Choteau

for nearly

Sezei,

river, after its

20 years.

having

The

been

latter having I

the trade of the Arkansaw, thereby nearly rendered abortive

exclusive privilege of his

rival.

He

the government, that he would bring

thej

has been vainly promising to]

them back

to join the graodi

But bis reception at the Arkansaw village, in the autumDl of 1806, must have nearly cured him of that idea. And in fact,! village.

every reason induces a belief, that the other villages are

much

morel

becoming more power-T ful) than the latter to return to its ancient residence. For the Granilf and Little Osage are both obliged to proceed to the Arkansaw ever] also all the nations winter, to kill the summer's provision whom they are now at war, are situated to the westward of Those inducel river, and from whence they get all their horses. mcnts are such, that the young, the bold) and the enterprising in likely to join the

Arkansaw, (which

is daily

;

i

witl{

APPENDIX TO PART

emigrating from the Osage viilage» to the Arkanaaw village.

daily

Bs are

covered

ttttlement (f Upper Lotdiiana ; but tf on the contrary (their true poUcy) every method tho^d be taken to prevent their elongation from

and generally

centre of in the in the roof

Miaaouri.

the

They

left

^

raised

would become the interest of our government to encour> ; if they intend to encourage the extenuon (ff the

age that emigration

ntirely exclude ,

it

In fact)

length) and

in

platform,

are considered by the nations to the south and wrest of

them) as a brave and warlike nation

skins,

with bear master, and ;,lhe I

for

the northern nationS)

bat

them two

i»ould mioo) they

,n

but are by no means a match

for one) whilst they again

The humane

habitation, but from 36

;

who make use

bowS) arrowS) and lances at the

sr

13

II.

policy

same

of the

may

rifle)

who can comarmed with

fight those

disproportion.

which the United States have held

forth to

Indian nationS) of accommodating their differences, and acting as

the

mediators between them, has succeeded to a miracle with the

length

in a few ,ges, ai»d Osage, s^ihe Little

Grand

the

of

village)

and the Little Osage.

come a nation of Quakers, as

it

Osage

In short) they have be>

respects the nations to the north

that they continue to make war naked and defenceless savages of the west. An instance of forbearance was exhibited by an attack made on a hunting parthe Little OsagC) in the autumn of 1 808, on the grand river

and east

of them

at

;

same time

the

«n the

Osage,

.

ab«iat

leid Vision to

100 their

forth

b,

pressed too hard and put return, n to

and

village,

Osage, by a party of PotowatomieS) who crossed the river and found the women and children alone defenceless. The men) SO or 60, having found plenty of deer

the

of

Missouri by the SalinC)

^

I

of

ty

,ovedontotheM«-

and

setUed

day before) had encamped out all night. The enemy struck camp about 10 o'clock in the morning, killed all the women and boys who made resistance, also some infants ; the whole number

(he

m\%

i

the

Chotej«' j^r. Pierre

^lUeSezeL^^Viohad »^ J,

_ amounting to 34, and led into captivity near

ot xcUisive trade

^jre afterwards

after 5.

Us having

The

endered

„

be®

pj^iggtion to the village.

latter havig«jj^^y

abortive

rator

vainly pron^^'^^"^^'

Ul^to

mages

As an iver

^^^'l^''^^, n.o« are much

la

VortheG^-

Arkansaw to the ^ the ISO all

nations

horses

Those

(alias

my

returned to the camp,

My

destroyed) or taken prisoners. !

!

nar-

and yet in

of their great father, they fotebore to

!

may be interesting : Chto" said he was at Braddock's dethe warriors who could be spared from both villages ;

the following anecdote

Wet Stone) aL ittle Osage)

feat)

with

that

they were engaged by Mr. M'Cartie,

Chartres,

all

who commanded at

and who supplied them with powder and

ball

"general place of rendezvous was near a lake and large "Ipose Niagara) the

inducf"

enterprising d the

men

instance of the great influence the French formerly had

this nation

evei

o ^e westward the

of whom

,:;11

powe coming more

dence.

all

the

had his wife and four children killed on the spot

tenge the blow

Ulage,i«theaatum 'at idea,

found their families

When

[obedience to the injunctions

gran join the

sixty, forty-six

recovered by the United States, and sent under

Ithat

the Otos

Kans did not

were present.

;

fall

arrive until after the battle

They were absent from

fort

that the

(sup ;

bu but

their villages

i:

u

APPENDIX TO PART

**

uven moatht ; and were

«

turn."

obliged to eat their

AoBicuLTVRE—The Osfge beans and pumpkins, which injr,

in order to

ral labor is

make

it last

which would answer

for the

their re-

raise large quantities of corn,

manage with the

from

jrear to year.

done by women. the government think and

hones on

thejr

FACToaiss—If

fectories for the grand

II.

little villages,

grand and

it

greatest ecuno>

Ail the AgricuUu*

expedient to

establish

equi-distant from both,

little

villages.

The

other

establishment should be on the Arkansaw, near the entrance of the Verdigrise river* (as stated by Lt. Wilkinson) for the Aikansaw

Osage.

The Pawnees are a numerous

nation of Indians,

who

reside on

Kans ; they are divided into three distinct na> dons, two of them being now at war ; but their manners, language, customs* and improvements, are in the same degree of advance* the rivers Platte and

ment.

On the La Platte, reside the grand Pawnee village,

and the Paw>

nee loups on one of its branches, witlk whom the Pawnee Republic cans are at war.

Their language

is guttural,

and approaches nearer to the

Ian*

guage of the Sioux, than the Osage, and their figure tall, slim, and high cheek bones, clearly indicate their Asiatic origin ; but their emigration south, and the ease with which they live on the buffalo plains, have probably been the cause of a degeneracy

I

of

manners, for they are neither so brave nor honest, as their more [ northern neighbors. Their government is the same as the Osage, an hereditary aristocracy ; the father handing his dignity of chiefJ .tain

down

to his son

standing the long fluence.

but their

;

life

power

is

extremely limited,

notwithj

they have to establish their authority and

They merely recommend, and

give counsel in the

in*

greatj

assemblage of the nation.

They are not so licy so far as the

cleanly, neither

Osage

;

do they carry their internal pol

but out of the bounds of the

appeared to me, that they exceeded them

;

village,

as I have frequently

itf

seeij

two young soldiers come out to my camp, and instantly disperse hundred persons, (by the strokes of long whips) who were assenj bled there to trade with my men. i

In point of cultivation, they are about equal to the Osage, ing a sufficiency of corn and pumpkins, to afford a little thickenii to their soup during the year.-

APPENDIX TO PART t%

on

Their pumpkin

th«lr vt-

which redvcei

co™»

kUtie* of

thdjr

ftlices» tnd drjr it in dit tuni uul net more than a tenth of itt

cut into thin

to a small abtei

original weight.

With

greateit econoI

it

II.

the AgricuUu-

are daily increasingf

which they never

licnttoestabUsh

Pawnee* are

respect to ndlsing hotseay the

Jar. superior

Osage, having Tast quantities of excellent Iwraes which they

to the

by their attention to their breeding mares»

make

use of; and in additioD) flvquently purohaae

itant

from

both,

from the Spai^ards.

gc9.

The

other

Their houses are a perfect circle, (except where the door en* from whence there is a projection of about 15 feet ; the whole being constructed after the following manner, via t Ut. there ia an excavation of a circular form, made in the ground, of about 4 feet deep and 60 diameter, where there is a row of posts about 5 feet high, with crotches at the top, set firmly in all round, and horizonThere is then a row of posts, formtal poles from one to the other.

of the e entrance tanaaw or the Ai

ters)

reside on m», vrho na-

three distinct manners,

language,

advancelegree of

ing a circle

iUage,andthePaw; e Pawnee

the nearer to

s

,eir

figure

xontal

RepubU-

tall,

Ian-

and

meeting neariy

up

thtiown thatch

Osage,

gre«

»««

disperse

were [hips) v»ho

The

roof is then thatched with grass, and earth

against the wall untU a is also

is

then a

bank

is

made

to the eves ?f the

covered with earth one or two feet thick*

rendered so tight, as entirely to exclude any storm whatsoever^

make them extremely warm.

but

The

entrance is about 6 feet

with walls on each side, and roofed like our houses in shape,

of the

same

materials as the main building.

with small doors

and in

assem]

[deposits.

thickens Ifford a little

work

much more

space, but they have the

introducing all their horses irio the village at night,

xtremely crowded.

at le

They keep guards

same mode of

which makes

it

with the horses during

They are extremely addicted to gaming, and have for purpose a smooth piece of ground cleared out on each side of

day.

village for about

>wing le

against the

they have a great appearance of neatness

family sleep and have their little Their towns are by no means so much crowded as the

giving

jOsage,

[he

Lai to the Osage,

;

Inside there are

them the members of the

•«

-1

instantly

circle, so as to

and that

;

is

nuonerous Utde apartments constructed of wicker

intemalH Larry their

L

There

and

wall

village.

up

made on the ground in the number of small poles put form the wall, and wicker work ran

pass out, which

and

\yide,

in-l authority and

aunds of the have frequently

fire to

round the

from the lower poles over the upper,

at the top, leaving only a small aperture for the

through the whole.

of cbKt his dignity notwth. limited, ,ely

the counsel in

slanting, perpendiculariy

middle of the lodge.

Asiaucorisinjbttti Uve on the Uich they on degeneracy of a mo« their ^onest, as

,eir

poles are also laid from one to the other; long poles are then

laid

smoke of the

aUm,

.

same as the

of about 10 feet width in the diameter of the others, and

in height.; the crotches of those are so directed, that hori-

10 feet

ISO yards in length, at which they play tiie fol< is played by two players at a time, and in

games, viz : one

following

manner :

They have a large hoop of about

U

four feet

m

APPENDIX TO PART

16

ditmeter, in the e«ntre of which

is

II.

a tmall leather ring attached

to

leather thongst which is extended to the hoopf and by that means

keeps

; they also have a polo of about 6 feet which the player holds in one hand, and then rolls the hoop from him, and immediately slides the pole after it, and the nearer the head of the pole lies to the small ring within the hoop,

it

in its central position

in length,

(when they both tain their

wasvtFon.

mode

fall)

the greater is the cast.

But

Another game

is

game

gained at 100.

The

third

game

Platte, described by various travellers,

men,

it,

is

children, and old

rolled along the

when the

estimated by the hook on which the ring is

the game

played with a small stick, with several hooks,

ground, and the forked stick darted after is

could not ancer"

when

>

and a hoop about four inches diameter, which cast

I

of counting, sufficiently to decide

is

value of the

caught.

This

alluded to, is that of La

and

is

played at by the wo-

men, who like grasshoppers, crawl out

to the

circus to bask in the sun, probably covered only with an old buffalo robe.

1

The Pawnees,

Osage, quit their villages in the winter, roakinR concealments underground of their com, in which it keeps perfectly sound tmtil spring. The only nations with whom the

IS

Pawnees are now

The two

latter

of

like the

at vrar,

are the Tetaus, Utahs, and Kyawayt,

whom reside

and shall be treated of, when

I

in the

mountains of North Mexico,

speak of the Spanish Indians.

former generally inhabit the borders of the Upper Red kaniaw, and Rio del Norte.

The war •1

The

river, Ar.

has been carried on by those nations for yean,

with-

out any decisive action being fought, although they frequently march

i

with 2 or 300 men. ''I .

The Pawnees have mUch

the advantage of their enemies

in

point of arms, having at least one half fire arms, whilst their oppo-

nents have only bows, arrows, lances, shields and slings.

The Pawnees always march to war on foot, their enemies are This nation may be considered as the one equi-distant| I

all

I-

cavalry.

between the Spanish population, and that of our settlements of Loubiana, but are at present decidedly under Spanish influence, audi should a war commence to-morrow, would all be in their interest.!

This circumstance does not arise from their local situation, because] they are all situated on navigable waters of the Missouri ; nor froml their interest, because from the Spaniards they obtain nothing exf cept horses and a few coarse blankets of W. Mexico ; whilst from us they receive

all

their supplies of arms, ammunition, and clothingl

W™!

APPENDIX TO PART

IT

II.

more than

but all those •rticles in very small qumtitiet, not

alttcbedto

having a blanliet, and

th»tw«M>»

kedness.

^

about t feet then roWs ihe

their influence, is fear

U» •nd the

made such an impression, that they may safely on them in case of war. This detachment took with them some of the Pawnees to Chi« huahiua, at the same time I entered the Spanish provinces. But, by withholding their supplies of arms, ammunition, and clothing one or two years, bringing on their backs the Osage and Kant, they would be in great distress, and feel the necessity of a good

men ouWnotwcergame rhen the

ft

the

of the the value Thh » caught. that of to, i»

in 1806. has

calculate

several hooks,

oUed along

h«lf

to cover their na-

But the grand principle by irhich the Spaniards keep them in } frequently chaatiring their small parties on Their sending out the detachment of 600 horsetheir frontiers.

[

.y

many without breech clothe

understanding with the Ignited States.

U

If there should ever be factories established for their accomo-

^edatbythe>»o-

they should be at the entrance of the

dation,

,,crav»louttothe buffalo ,ith an old

La

Platte

and Kani

as those waters are of so uncertain navigation, (only in

rivera,

freshes) that it

would be

folly to

attempt any permanent establish*

up them ; and to make those establiihments useful to ihe Pawnees, we must presuppose our influence suflicient to guarantee to them peace and a safe passage through the nations of tho Kans, Otos, and Missouries ; the former on the Kans river; the ments high

Winter, jKea in the

.invrhkhUkeep.

whemtHc

,„av»ith

ahs, and

l^y^^T

two latter

Mexico, of North

,n»h Indians. Ippcr

Red

The

vtitb"

ma'^»»

pursuits, precisely similar to tlte

tural

them,

lof their

cnemie*

Ind slings, at,

my

dis-

ate

r8cttlementsofLo««« panish inauence, in their

gree,

but not

:

with

common

whom

I believe

Missouri

'

bec^

^aded enemies, and frequently

The Tetaus^or Camanche, isby

nor

making the Pawnees tremble.

as the Spaniards term them, Padouf

the Pawnees, are a powerful nation, which are entirely erratic,

thout

the least species of cultivation, and subsisting solely by the

from

asc.

.

:

n

m '•'

M. ''if

I;:-

more than

that pf the southern. But in war, they are yet more brave than their Osage brethren, ing (although not more than one third their number; their most

interest.!

|;i

tsi

however, that their language differs in some the dialect ot our eastern states^ differs

said,

But their wanderings are confined to the frontiers of New nothing ^^^ nations on the Lower Red river on the S. ^^j^j^.^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ bey obtain froi Mexico whilst Pawnees and Qsage on the £. an4 the Utahs, Kyaways, and vari< cloUVm?! imunition, and

^e

B

origin.

from

enewies

ocal situation,

may be

It

s'theoneequi^i^*^"^

Jibe

Osage

as before observed, to have had one

in

oppo,s,vrhilst their

their

give various other

on the subject of the Spanish claims, will further elucidate the political and relative situation of that nation. The Kans are a small nation, situated on the river of that name (see the chart) and are in language, manners, customs, and agricul-

river, Ar-

frequenUy

will

of the national character of the Pawnees, and

sertation

years, lona for ,ey

My journey

on the river Platte.

striking traits

m

i

1

»• API'EKWX. TO PART

_!.

'^

-1—

They

„^

u claimed ^xo*tt*»^'y "^ '"^ ^TT

.k« few

who kMlf

««*•«»''""" "..„1^p.„d.ntpoo»to. *"V""t:^i;., ind.»lVh.y h.«g»«"

.Met.

..w.r.

b«. a-., «««*

provinot, invasion of that

From

th. vUtag*

„„d.n«™«ng

*«"»*^""'

will. tl«

» .nd .ppointed «

^^w ^U„ wnwi

Jh,,

»»*"»^^

ii «»'

,i;«h.rth..in>«n..t»c.

,gr.e*ly to

.1.0

be.t

,Ub t.» S,«»r^

„.w h.« ">

jr„ u««.«,.

""/"T^.L„„

Th., «•»«

H.

""""" lHir«>»-ly

»«"' with 500 m«i>,

""""^^Jl ^^

respect .hiehft.

With wb.ch '»'»'"''"°^°°„„i „t ,h. naUoo.

^L ".--VU:. d^tXV

::d..t.naoo.n .diff.™

^bi«e..PWOra>iJi

.UU.il.i

.

pro. enure* the Vitt«ge» and .ted

«

Teteue i» UbU»«SpMftard. the

.yijn

,Wy,^meaoffat

,

i

i

!t

I

.

ewellent ,,ve an ,cun«lo

MeW^«;

THE

Heperwneily

^.

foUovring

following Report

was written by

lieutenant

«»*""*''•

epproximauon,

Wilkinson, at a time

when

it

was expected

I

had been cut

Br»s

vehitnottanexwn,i,l,500nie«,a«on ,o ptindpal

off

by the savages ;

relative I

to the expedition previous to

have since corrected

afier

:

our separation, which

but the adventures of his party,

our separation, are given in his

own

words.

the iu'^^''*'^M

eTdowntotheUieU respect

,d

consequently aHuded to transactions

oftce«,

tbeV"**^:'?^' Mtto

it

Margate had ,,pediuon

7.

M. PIKE.

v^hichth. poUc,

pnncip»»l?

,tmcetViiha«y°l4 manncrJ «cribe their theoi include shall I

their nation* ^ithi^lnch ,c nation,

SpH

conceive the a diffew^ attentioo in icceeded

Lai

n ^ith their

«tc«n^**"""*;i

U, customs,

P'»^»P^1 ^-'i-

Lu-SRegt-lnfty.

.1

w

CNo.2.

3

LIEUTENANT V7ILKINSON*S REPORT :

+

.

I

•-

OF HIS

PASSAGE

DOWN THE ARKANSAW, &c. " r'^\v:\ m^'^'

>*i''^-iM''ft^-i'^ii

'trr.

Mvf-Orieana,Jfirit 6, 1607. ''''_

'

i'-^y^i'

Sir,

AGREEABLY tp

^

'

manding hill, which had been selected as the most favorable utua>

and

and

W©

da accompanied

did Dr. Robinson nf>;

little

people, but were enterprising, and one of

days would stretch themselves even to his town, and that thej^

and

how

says Characterish, has the Spanish chieTtain spoken !

Wc

the lands of Indians and would drive off their

took

;iv

very true,

game

;

demanded to purchase a few horses, which was prohibited us, and

communication which had existed between the town The conduct of our neighbours asout sumed a mysterious change ; our guards were several times alarmceremony. and finally appearances became so menacing an to make it nethe first ^J summits ssary for us to be on our guard day and night. the gained

id:

was obvious that the body of Spaniards who preceded us lut a few weeks in their mission to this village, were the regular lavalry and infantry of the province of Santa Fee, as they had formed

M

slowly,

advan«

I

Characterish stretched of us,

the

friendly

and

our camp was stopped.

|c(],

lirectlyatitsbase.J accompanie .es

who

The chief sqa so. :riumet, which ntire

L,ed the

person

usages toj'

who took

the

It

and we were informed they kept regu* guards, and that the beats of their drum were uniform morning •jr-

leir

camps

in regular order,

t)^

\s>>^

APPENPIX TO PART

9% and evening.

The

II.

Spanish leaderi further, delivered to Character-

iah a grand medal, two mutes, and a commission bearing the signs-

ture of the governor, civil and military, of Santa Fee.

He also

had

marks of distinction for the Grand Pawnees, the Pawnee Mahaws, Mahaws Proper, Otos and Kansas. On the 6th of October we made some few purchases of miserablc horses at the most exorbitant prices, and on the 7th, unsimifar

moved by

the threats of the chief relative to our proceeding

ther to the west,

we m&rched in

far-

a close and compact body until we

passed their village, and took the large Spanish beaten trace for

Ij:t

Arkansaw

We passed

river.

the following day, an

the Spaniards, where we counted sixty-nine fires. usual, made an easy march, and about noon, when

the

encampment of

On

the 9th,

we halted

as

to re-

were overtaken by three hundred Pawnees, on their Kanses to hunt bulTalo. Their every act strong disposition to quarrel, and iri fact they seemed to

fresh ourselves,

way to the shewed

a

salines of the

court hostility

;

but, finding us without fear and prepared, to a man,

they offered no outrage, and having grazed our horses an hour, we parted from this turbulent band, slung our packs and proceeded on

y^.m

Fork of the Kanses, and pitched our tents on an old the Spaniards, whose trace we were following, as we found the next morning many tent-pins made of wood, difTerent from any in that country. At midnlay lieutenant Pike, Dr. Robinson, and the interpreter Baroney, pushed on to search for water, and I remained with the troops. I pushed on as briskly as our poor half-famished horses would permit, and at night fall could discover nothing of Mr. Pike, and had not a tree in view. This induced me to quicken my pace, and, as darkness had rendered my compass use* less, I coursed by the polar star ; but the horizon becoming overcast)! I halted oa a naked stony prairie, without water or grass for ourl horses. On the following morning I directed my course more tol to Solomon's

encampment of

I

-

t.ti:M{

|

the southward, and about ten o'clock

campment of

lieutenant Pike.

came

to the

creek and

Late in the evening of the

day, after passing over a mountainous tract of country,

we

en-e, This band some four or five years since, were led by ^^fy

village.

APPENDIX TO PART Pierre ChodteAu, fbr th6 purpbfte txctutive trade of the

pra\rte find the

J.

doea

r

and

is

now more

Lisa, of St. Louts,

most

influential

man,

He is the

lawful sovereign of the

Grand Osages, but his hereditary right was usurped by Pahuska, or

ftheyc»'^P°^^^''

mite

vrith .other aaline mmore atrongly

h a voyage

ia

Hiiir^ whilst

is

fact,

and

improper

act, fearing least

they should

render themselves unpopular.

On

camp

the 39th I passsed a

and at

your talk, cave him fuUy»M recount to

been trapping

'

fall

of near seven feet perpendicular,

evening was visited by a scout from an Osage war party, and received from them a man by the name of M*Farlane, who had

up

situation,

the Canadian river,

ind

in-

We

passed about noon this day, the which enters on the N. E. side, which puts in from the S. W. The latter

the Pottoe.

mouths of the river des

,

Illinois,

main branch of the Arkansaw, and is equally as large. mouth of Pottoe, a deep, though narrow stream, which puts in on the S. W. and alM> the river au Millieu" that enters from the N. E.

river is

a„dthathev,aaj«-

^«^"

.the purpose.

Hair, in

men

^e wintering Oaagea,v,hore«e

n^iserable

White

infant.

have the power, or disposition to restrain their young

from the perpetration of an

wb-

State* the United

Clermont was yet an

a chief of Choiiteau's creating, as well as Cashesegra,

neither

I arrived the year,

>

Manuel

firmly attached to the interests of the Americans,

any other chief of the nation.

tlian

may

that

bjr

Builder qf Towntj is the greatest warrior, and

not derive

entitle*

Otage riveri having at that time been pur>

Spanish governor,

tlie

though Cashettgm be the nominil leader ; Clermont, or the

but

Bait the

prairie viih a

je

from

chased

xheN. E.^n^» This

Caahesegra, to the intin of the Arkenttw, «t the request of 1 he of securing their trade.

cliief

Saline, or the It very B w»ier

91

II.

ountrylyi»8hetv»«n

the

On

the 3 1 St I passed the

On

the evening of the 6th January I reached the plantation

•
vho are ma viUages, the Osage

^^Jand

Mr. Labomme, and was more inhospitably treated than by

a

of

profligate pan

the

Kanses,

illy

ery of

.1/

i.

it

any hody of mineral.

& Pi'

n

APPENPIX TO PART The

survey from the

U not correctt m I wm ro

Arkenuw poit ill

U.

to the

MiMuiippi,

I Imu

when I deiccnde4 thtt pin of the

river,

e« tp be confined to my blenliet. The chert which eccoinpiniM thie report, of the course of

the

ArkanMW,

bi:^

I

hope

will

prove

not only to y«iirwlf,

letivfactorjr,

the president. I hftve the honor to svbscribo mytelf.

Your

ftithfel

end obliged

Humbl« end obedient servanti Jamxi B. WiLxivsoir, 3d U. S. Regt. of Infantry

(Signed)

lit lieut.

His cxeellency GeneralJame» Wilkituorit

(Commander in chief of the U. Vi'S

S.

«rmy.

-.'

[

No.

3.

3

St. Chttrlea,

Dear

\7thJutyt 1106.

Sin,

WE arrived from

soldiers

here hst evening

all well,

except some of

tk

sUte of the water wean

fatigue, as in the present

obliged to row altogether.

We

weie disappointed

in obtaining any information from

Louis, or baggage for our Panis.

I

do not know how

I

it will

digested by them.

We likewise were disappointed in receiving a line from we had

you,i|

here expected, and in the hopes of which I shall yet

until 12 o'clock,

and then take

my

departure.

themselves pretty well, and are very they had an idea a

little

deti

Our Osage condu

c!/e lient to

orders

;

at

iii|

too free relative to oihf.r people's propei*

but at present stand corrected. I understood

from you that they were equipped by Mr.

with every thing necessary for their voyage to their towns, quently, althcugh thev have been applying to art'wles, ;

lu 'mil,

none of which have they been

vMch is necessary

for their

me

defence.

co

for a varietjl

gratified with,

own

Tilii^

but pow(

W"

TO PART

API^EMDIX The oourw of

f

m,

i will

ihc

to y««ir»»f»

II.

wnd

general will perdon thit iciawl, and should he

expreis after the

33

pleete to let Mrs. Pike

deer

know of the

an n

sir,

With high respect,

^'

V

opportuailf.

f

Your obedient

serv ^nt,

.1

7"

(Signed)

M.

Pirb, Lt.

HUHnton,

Oenerai

Wit**'"*"*' >'.

No.

[

ti-

4.

Si.Charlett \9(hJuiyt ^'

Dv.'.R

IBO^.—In

thi motning.

*:nkhal,

ENCLOSED

you have one ot the articles, subscribed by Mr mentioned in my note of yesterday. I hope the general

Henry,

may up;>rove of the contents.

ihis

Lieut. Wilkinson and Dr. Robinson marched (with one soldier) morning, and the boats have proceeded under the conduct of

; I shall overtake them in an hour or two. / Numerous reports have been made to the Indians, caKurated impress them with an idea that there is a small army of th^if

Ballenger

to

,

enemies waiting to receive us at the entrance of the of

I,

exeept some

[te

water vea« oC the

tkJ

No news of

Your obedient

,yinfonn«tiot»f«>";' it v»iU

*

.jjujff

•

from living a line

,•'4

,

'

*•

'^i

,

!'1I-y;

scrviaht,

2. M. Pike,

,

.ik3Il«f-j:.,.

,-.;,

,

.

.!/tn. ...-"'

step before you, for fe r of ^' °^

^d «.«, I "no« the sea. If

"^""'

'"

of congress

;

yet

you „1 "

m

,

.^r '1,

four day tit,

under a guard of

30

-! you

atlcmlant! th four or five

)ds.

With

those he

wi

presents, and implore

li

been endured by to here, with goods

'!«.ed

tl

1

rcadi^derstr !';""'

'Mn than lUercury. of it would do

'

Ave

tvill

-da

,d

'

^"^

''"'P" P'

14

'

'

'

„ 1 'ha has botched his^::i'L,'

j^^.^ •"«d, and himself in the therefore they have! ^^^ for the leave his •aying ft

T

.eV^^^.^f «'". in some, Ice " ^"'' f" » fairer artilicial I think" !

from .he motion of

""' ' '""* •P'"''^

H.'ZZT'''''' " '""

Lcander

r.

£

'

» "''^'

''^"""'"s

j'i

1

MK

iJ.:

t

l

APPENDIX TO PART

40

11.

of the line with Jerome BonaDarte at Martinique. I consider them lost. Your children have been indisposed; but Mrs. Pike writes you. She appears well. My regards to your associates, and may Bail

God

protect you.

,

J'* t,''

(Signed)

J.

Wilkinson.

Lieutenant Pike.

Ifr-

[

No.

10. ]

Camfi IndefiendencCi near the Osage Townsj Augiiit 28,

I

1806.

Deau General, You

no doubt be much surprised

will

of this letter, that

we

are

still

here

but

;

to perceive

we have been

by the

date

unavoidably

detained by a variety of circumstances. >.i\

I rival,

had the happiness

to receive

my ar-

your express the day of

the bearer having arrived the night before, and have attended

particularly to its contents.

On

19th inst. I delivered your fiarole to the Chevcux,

the

Blanche, and on the 21st held a grand council of both towns,

andj

siade the necessary communications and demands for horses, on

thej

making peace with the Kans, accompanying me to Panis, down the Arkansaw, and if there was any brave enough to accompany me the whole voyage. subject of

1^1

They

thi

requested one day to hold council in the villages

ous to giving an answer. 'detiermination

the

Chevcux

was

It

as follows

Ulanch

[c(I sa

APPENDIX TO PART you that there Frenchman on

[ No. 13. ]

tchiw. of the

,d

ritbout

wme

Pawnee

ot

WE arrived here on the 35th

be ,ne he thall ancbe»PP*a"*o iscontented plied with

nation, the parole

west,

P

ii'i'i

which they bore from the president of the United

Statec.

at

On our arrival, we founcf the Spanish and American flags both expanded in the village, and were much surprised to Icam, that it

him; back to join

grating there. returns

Mras

not

more than

t'l

three or four weeks, since a party of Spanish

(whose number were estimated by the Indians of this town, at 300) had returned to Santa Fe ; and further learnt that a large body of troops had left N. Mexico, ftnd on their march had met with the villagers of the Pawnee Mahaws, who were on one of their semi>annual troops

ilvili veque»t^^'» ,d village,

march of 375

much augmented by

We

prevent stepa to make liberty to

Mr. K^nry

.f

We

ammu-

at

t

after a tedious

the Osages, who accompanied us, leading us too far to the south, owing to their great fear of the Kans. sufTered considerably with thirst, but our guns furnished us amply with buffalo meat. delivered in safety to the chief the two young Pawnees who had lately visited Washington, and caused to be explained to the

and

ho ere to the ^aa promiaed,

ult.

miles, the distance (as I conceive) being very

kan»avf»enre»a» i

Ee/iublict Itt Oct. 1806.

Sir,

ng fltrenglhened

B

II.

and found

' I

encamped together, and entered into a treaty, but after this the Pawnees raised their camp in the nifi^ht, and stole a large portion of the Spaniards horses. This circumstance indue* ed them to halt on the Arkansaw with the main body of the troops, excursions

;

that they

and to send forward the party

who appeared

at this village

;

who

proixised to this chief to join a party of his warrioi-s to their troops,

march accept as ."^Tal will

an!

and entirely destroy the village of the Pawnee

with that nation.

ffuUyontbe28tb.n4J

{

to

proposition he had prudence

this

The

who remained

rior,

enough

Mahaws

to reject, although at

war

Spanish officer informed him that his supe-

at the

Arkansaw, had marched from Santa Fe,

with an intention of entering into a treaty with the following nations '

^

of Indians, viz

.V

:

I'he Kanses, the

Pawnees, Pawnee Loups, Otos, and

re friend ent servant,

Pawnee Republic, the Grand Mahaws ; and had with him a

grand medal, commissions, and four mules for each

Z.M.PiKE.Lt-

stroke of the only as to

Pawnee Mahaws,

this nation.

the plan

The commissions

far

but by the

are dated Santa Fc, 15th

June 1806, and signed governor general, Sec £cc. of and

;

was disconcerted, except

New Mexico,

run in the usual style of Spanish commissions to savages, as as

I

was capable of judging of their contents.

I

The

chief further informed

led said party,

was too young

me,

that the officer

who command-

to hold councils, &c. that

he had only

APPENDIX TO PART

46

come

to

open the road, but

II.

that in the ipring his superior

here, and teach the Indians what was good for

them

would be

and that they

;

would build a town near them. In short, it appears to me to have been an expedition expressly fjr the purpose of striliing a dread into those diflercnt nations of

t^ie

Spanish power, and to bring about a

Under these

general combination in their favor.

impressions,

I

Iiave taken the earliest opportunity of reporting the infringement of

our

order that our government

territory, in

dark, as to the views of her neighbor.

I

may

not remain in the

effected a meeting at this

Kans and Usages, who smoked the pipe

place, between a few

of

peace and buried the hatchet, agreeably to the wishes of their great

I rr

father

i

in

;

consequence of which a Kans has marched

Osage

for the

t

nation,

and some of the

their vi]luy;c

;

whether

me

I will

not take on

effect

has succeeded.

latter

this

to

propose to accompany the former to

good understanding will be permanent, ; but at least, a temporary good

determine

From

the

Osage towns, I have taken the we came, marking each river or

courses and distances, by the route rivulet

we

The

crossed, pointing out the dividing ridges, &c.

wa*

which wc crossed, were the head of the Osage, White-, and Verdigrise rivers, (branches of the Arkansaw) and the waters cf the Knns river. The latitude of this place, I presume} will be in ters

mm

about 39° 3(/ N. and

I

hope

to obtain

every jther astronomical obscr-

vatinn, whicii will be requisite to fix its geographical situation

yond dispute.

I

expect to march from here

in a

few days, but

be-

the

J»ill

future prospects of the voyage arc entirely uncertain, af the savages strive to

throw every impediment

in

m ^

and writing en the back of a book,

our way, agreeably to the

I

hope

will

my

plead

excuse

this scrawl.

for

iveb I

am,

sir,

With high

itiim

respect,

Your obedient

lustac

servant.

(Signed) .^.1^yl

T/ie hon. Iivnry

or-

Being seated on the ground)

ders received from the Spaniards.

ces;

Pixr,

I.t.

Dearborn^ j
t reroain meeting at thw

on the contents nece!isat7,

,es

RcfiubUcy 2d Oct. 1806.

DbAR OBNBllAtt

a bring about Impreiaiow, I

pipe ^cd the

U. ]

[ No.

and that they

4r

II.

in ore' er, that

tf illustrating

You

great of their

should you think any communication

may have

a pni'fect

war departntent, and

information given the

of

you

will

command

the subject.

will perceive by said

eondderably out of our course by our guides, and in

permanent, lU be good temporary a the have taken

the

1

river or rking each

r

a

,

will likewise perceive the council

tl\e

^ .^g savages

the or agreeably to ground, the .ttd on

IpleadmycHCUsetor

permanent peace, as none of the principal

present

were

[perhaps it

men

of either nation

but as both are anxious for a cessation of hostilities

may have the

descend the Arkansaw with

^'^

lieut.

Wilkinson, or continue on to

HRed river with me, but they have their own selection. The general will no doubt be struck with some itrceive

surprize, to

that so large a party of Spanish troops have been so lately

no doubt

at first you would conclude that it must when informed that their infantry was armed kith muskets and bayonets, and had drums ; that the men wore long lour territory

;

been militia

ces It^t,

desired effect.

;

liill

pustaches

P»»^'

;

Two of the Kans chiefs have said they will pursue the voyage Uith me agreeably to my orders I do not yet know whether they

live

TV!.

which took place be-

(under our auspices') and its effects, but which 11 candidly confess, I have very little hopes will be productive of a tween those nations

I

situation he

,

You

ct

Ctronomicalobscrlavs but

imagined.

have

and

bem me wiU

phicai

than 100 miles ; this was entirely owing to the pusillanimity of Osage, who were more afraid of the KanS| than I could possibly

less

any

White,

we were led my opinion not

communication, that

Osage ,edfor the to former the

3sage, viators and tbe

of the

be the more capable

;

juards

;

but

and whiskers, which almost covered the whole of their

their cavalry

armed with swords and

and patroles were kept by horse and

and that regular you may probably

pistols, foot,

Age your opinion. .jl^H'-' ,-l '

fi •-''•''

,^^

49

II.

This wa» crroneoui, but

it

was my impression at the

time«

'1: .

APPE^iDlX

sn

would huva been obliged

them

sent

I therefore

agent below, which I is well

know

to

to PART

have sacrificed some of our baggage.

a certificate for each horse, on the Indian

hope the general

I

II.

will

order him to discharge*

the general's goodness will excuse this scrawl, as he

acquainted with the situation

same time,

believe

me

it

must be written and

in,

uid

at the

to be his sincere friend

Most obedient

Humble

servant,

Z. M. Pike, Lt.

(Signed)

GeneratJ, Wilkinson. i!l

fc'^^n Pli I^H^ttB [ f

'

'^

*>

f

^»

[ No. 15. ]

lift'

Hi

>•

Arkanmtv,

^«l ?

24>th Oct.

Latitude S7* 44'

1806.

9^'

A*.

Deau General, I

1'^

'

OUR y

party arrived here on the 15th inst. myself and Doctor

Robinson on the i9th, we having been out to seek the trace of the Spanish troops missed the party, ana were not able to join them until the 4th day.

The

river being very regular, lieut.

to proceed on the day following, on the

Red

river, but shortly after

raised the river, and

my joining,

we have been ever

Wilkinson had calculated most direct route for the

a considerable rain since preparing

fell and

wooden and

skin canoes, for that gentleman and party to descend in.

The

river is

between three and four hundred yards

in width

;

I

low banks, not more than two or three feet high, and the bed a sand bank from one side to the other. The want of water will present the greatest obstacle to the pro-

generally

flat

gress of the party

who descend the Arkansaw,

as tiiey have

and

at their option

to take as

no cause

some bushels of corn on much dried meat as they

to fear a scarcity of provision, having

hand, think I

proper, hundreds of pounds of which are lying on scaffolds at

ourl

and they are likewise accompanied by the choice of

our|

4Eamp

;

hunters.

Under

those circumstances, and those stated in

the Pawnees,

I

my

letter fronl

can assert with confidence, there are no obstacles l|

should hesitate to encounter, although those inseparable fromi

voyage of several hundred leagues through a wilderness inhabite f

r

II.

A^PEIVDIX

ime of our baggage, orsei

er

on the Indian

him

TO PART

H.

onlybysavages, may appear of thunaccustomed to such ^""''''' "^^^^"d* eZrpriLl

to discharge*

**

^

minds

le this scrawl, as he

written in,

md at the

.''

I

and

M. PiKBf

.

Lt.

""I

came. wUh W„,

.

" '"

„„

'

f

Lieut. Wilkinson

'

h„ copied

*e» connexion,, «„d general "*

'"''«'' «> "he,, direc. „„ r' k"^ ""^l '.have myself considerable accuracy spared no iMf„. • fr„™ .^e sa-vagesTnrZr""""""^-

-.» ude S7» 44' 9"

\t.

M

S; """1 »e find .he head " of ,; •^od 'onae time, after

myself and Doctor

'".I

seek the trace of the able to join them

5«»eral

direct route for the

a.

ibyth. choice or

'

_

would pa.,o„

^

ces

ou,|u„ts.

oJ

I

""o^' "• »»ftra, power ™.1 ' -I, kn'oT hj

"""""^ "» f',""

^

„T:^;1«^ general ivilj ^ *° ^"n*probablv "'*°'y ne surpr *^, of the fvn^.v.zed to fir,^ »i ^ 'le

L

a™^

t Z "?

^

^^ "" P'^-med

"°'" "•* ""'"'^'"« «" «>«

*>-

by cantlTn

">4

most rigid

iS oti °

canno, ye, say if j

">ore .o he

"""^X

.

exeri""""""

mrit^i

''='''

.

.

""'™ ,

'"'"? """ """'''"'-

""'To my ac-

,fc ,,

J;rrr,:t:;^^^^^ "~™tr;fj:^'*;"' "dollars. .. Sho^url^^re"?;"" T™^= ''-e- Cn'i .se .naeparable from: '"''^"""'« """ored * a company, , hope the re"!r!l me .wUder„es..„hab.t. and have my command 'Zi^ 7" """"" "•- Promise! ,ta.eainmy.et.e.f there

no „bstac,e,|y

,"'

,

"'""^ '--'"^ertyof

.-Ip

be de! "°">'»e ^ball cause a halt „„t,|

surmoul il„

ashelsof corn on ha„d,|hrk) and the d meat as they thinkf«s, ,;."•,

i„g on scaffolds

"""•• *'"""'

,v|,icir„t^.

'«;".he compass of human '« I pretend no. ,„

Ikinson had calculated

and .w .»... fell aiuciau.^ rsun siderable

at Natchitoches.

"""«

2^

I speak in all those eases i„ .i

lot

;

""WninJS

so,ician;r.r

^ n-n: Z/"'"' "»ey may ob»

"'**'^

I'

'

1

APPENDIX TO PART

5a tain the

II.

lam^, or similar rewards, to those who accompanied capt. I will make bold to sayy that they have in the two voyb

Lewis, as

ages, incurred as great dangers, and

went through as many hard-

ships.

I

am, dear general,

Your ever attached

And -

i

3 _i.

-t

*

Z. M. Pike.

(Signed)

-M

GeneralJ. Wilkinaon.

1

4'W mA

:^i

friend.

obedient servant,

'

N. B. Doctor Robinson presents

f^^'^

a T^a*

- IV- "^ii

and

is

••'Jo

"^MU vyai

sanguine

m the success of

his respectful compliments,

our expedition.

1 m

II *

j(

.

f'l

s„"*»*^{;.

tol

of •

mh-

3uM

f^oiMu'iUn.

^-a.

.?!!

APPENDIX TO PART ampanied capt. two voyin the as

many

hard-

H

o H >• f

**

H

n H > d

>

pi

53

II.

o c/:

a:

ca

M

O ;:.

M.

P»»*-

W tfui

compVimenls,

I S

?3 4^

ko

M

-I

*o to

o

o o O o

(ft

— M o

(ft

o

o

O o

o o

to

to 09

Ab.

o/"

Women.

O

00

Oi

to

M

o o

o to

(O C3

—

M

M

Ab.

o/"

Children.

to

o

o o

!!'

:'||';''

J^o.

of

Villages.

C3

'''^

V;^

'"^ '^-

-.

o>

lO

!2

8

o ,§•

I

i^

Ti

(«

a&

1

iS
t positive whether his jurisdiction does not include thi

believe, the

but

I

I

audience of Guatimalia, which

lies to

the south, and includes

province of that name, that of Chiapa, Yucatan, Veraqua,

Rica and Honduras.

An

audience

is

the high court of appeals

vrhich the vicc-roy presides and has two votes

check on

his

The fleers of

power and

:

it is

intended

ii

as

authority.

administrations are governed by intendants,

The

high rank, and always Europeans.

from the meridian of

thi

Cost!

who

are

ol

longitude given

Paris.

In the general view of

prod that

New

Spain, I

the manners, customs, political force.

Sec.

shall take

some

notice

of the vice-royalty

as I do not pretend to be correctly informed as to thatqua'ter

;

bi

vince tracti

ofti

kingdom, and there have been so many persons who h.ive givi of tal statements on those heads, I siiall confine my observations principi ingsJ to the internal provinces through which I passed, and on whiclthe h inadp

my

observations.

»

|'.vindi

APPENDIX TO PART miles from the

by

New

INTERNAL PROVINCES. r

and

ol

rcgiUnited States

river del Norte,

xtendsoverNuevo

space there

36°

din rich

N.

States can

the

not at

form,Ml| lexico, and of Mexico] vice-roy

include thJ pn does not thj and includes south,

Cosil

i4 of appeals iKh court asj intended it is

;,,

longitude givenj

province, except

notice

vice-royalty

;

b-

\i the ^astothatqua-teroftl who huve %w

Lrsons

observations

rains but once a year, and

The grand

some years

dividing ridgea

principa

on whicl passed, and

rio del

.ne of its western limits,

th'-

—The

cotton tree is the only tree of this

some scrubby pines and cedars

The former

mountains.

at the foot of the

borders the banks of the rio del Norte

All the rest of the country presents to its tributary streams. eye a barren wild of poor land, scarcely to be improved by culture, and appears to be only capable of producing sufficient subsistence for those animals which live on succulent plants and herbage.

and the

MSnea^ Mineralsy and

Fossils.

—There are no

except one of copper situated

in

mines known

in

a mountain on the

worked and

west side of the rio del Norte, in latitude ZAP N.

It is

produces 20,000 mule-loads of copper annually.

It also furnishes

that

some

on

it

the province,

|intendants,whoareoi

,

border

Timber and Plains

m

take

it

a mountainous country.

Norte from those of Caliand are covered, in some places, with eternal snows, which give a keenness to the air that could n': t be calculated upon nor expected in a temperate zone.

Veraqua,

It is

all.

which separate the waters of the

who prefer!

ntendenciasjthe kingj Ander arc includedl

Lll

but in this

form any idea of the piercing cold which you experience New Mexico ; but the air is serene and unaccom-

panied by damps or fogs, as

of

ascw.

The

;

in that parallel in

so easily is not ,ortantsecretinade5.

icatan,

N. latitude

a desert of more than 250 miles.

^ir and Ciimatc—^No persons accustomed to reside in the tem-

fornia

>e

and 50 in breadth, lying along the

to the 31« SO'

perate climate of 36 and 37 degrees of north latitude in the United

mines near

the persons

is

in length

from the 37°

latitude

three-fifths

,y

extends north-west into an undefined

it

;

is equal

are taken, ned, there monthly, gold and er ,„

Spain

is

more than 400 miles

Nachitoche*

d his salary

New

bounded north and east by Louisiana, south by Biscay and Cogquilla, and west by Senora and California. Its length is unknown, its breadth may be 600 miles, but the inhabited part is not

The

the seat

is

kingdom of

boundary,

,c

of Mexico.

New Mexico lies between 30° SO' and 44" N. latitude and and 108** W. longitude, and is the most northern province of

104 tiie

stimatcd at 30,000 head waters of

,ortof

I.

San An-

by St. Louis and 250 miles, width

J,

II

article

traction

;

gold

consequently

There of talc,

for the manufactories of nearly all the internal

It contains

vinces.

is,

which

it

;

but not quite sufficient to pay for

near Santa Fe, in some of the mountains, a stratum is so large

and

houses in Santa Fe, and

•vindow-lights

ex-

has not been pursued. flexible as to render

ing subdivided into thin flakes, of jthe

pro-

its

made.

all

it

capable of be-

which the greater proportion of

the villages to the north, have their

APPEiNDIX

—Tl»c river del Norte takes

River: (which

TO PART

jjivc birth to

its

III.

source in

tlic

monntains

the head-waters of CHlifornia, the Plata, Pierre

Jaune of the Missouri and Arkansaw of the Mississippi) in 40° N. latitude and 110" W. longitude. Its distance fronn its source to the gulf of

Mexico may

be, by

its

meanders, estimated

passing through the provinces of

New

and

quilla,

latitude.

San Ander, where

cannot, in any part of

It

stream, owing to the sand-bars. in the

New

upper

part, with

might ascend as high it might be navigable

which

falls into

it

its

course

miles, Co}^-

the gulf in 26° N.

flat

country and mountains

is

interrupted, small boats

as the Presidio de rio for

3000

course, be termed a navigable

In the

its

at

Mexico, part of Biscay,

Grande

in Cogquilla, and

canoes in various parts of

course.

its

In

Fe it aifordcd amply sufficient water for canoe navigation, and even more than appeared to be flowing in its bed in the plains. This must be attributed to numerous canals and the dry sandy soil through which the river courses and where much of the water which flowed from the mountains must be absorbed and lost. In the province of New Mexico it is called the Rio del Norte ; below it is termed the Rio Grande ; but in no instance did the mountains above Santa

I hear

nate

it

called the

Rio Bravo, as many of our ancient maps desig-

it.

There are also, in the limits of this province, to the west, the San Rafael, San Xavier, river de los Dolores, also de los Anamas or Nabajoa, all of which join and form the Great Rio Colorado of California. The two first take their sources in the same mountains as the Rio del Norte, but on the west side. rivers

The

river Colorado, by

from

in length,

its

its

sources to

meanders,

its

may be

of California, in the 33d degree of N. latitude. sented to me, by

men

about 1000 miles

discharge into the head of the gulf

of information

'.nd

It

has been repre-

research, to be navigable

300 miles from the gulf. By this Arkansaw there could be the best communication esThere are tablished be ween the Pacific and t^e Atlantic oceans. represented to be various, numerous and warlike nations of Indians for square rigged vessels at least

river and the

on

its

banks

destitute of '

'if

N rS"*

'il

there was

The

Throu«;h the whole of its course its Iwnks are entirely Timber, and indeed I was informed that for 300 miles

no?:

a tree ten inches in diameter.

^

river S. Buenaventura empties into the Pacific ocean to

the nortih of California in 59" 30' N. latitude, and takes the Sierra

Madre

The Rio

to the north of the

its

source

in

Colorado and del Norte.

Gila hea*is opposite to the copper-mines, and

dis-

TO PART

APl'KNDIX tharges

the mountains e PUia, Pierre

in

The Rio Puerto

ippi)in40°N. 9

2000 wiles, of Biscay, Cok-

diu del Norte.

guU in26°N. mcd a navigable

ation

None

Rio del Norte. no lakes in the province, except that of Tampanagos, the existence of which I consider very doubtful. Ii is said to

N.

inCoRquiiltt'a"'^

hcai'd of

commence

latitude,

(according to Father Escalante) in the 40th deg.

and to have been explored

where

enlarged

In

direction,

water

for

thought proper to return.

flowing in

its

coui'sc. f its efficient

comes

siu>res but the

Lakea.-^-l

and roounuvina small boals

be

latitude.

a brunch of the Rio del Norte, and

is

of the foregoing streams present any evidences of civiliz-

on their

^icd,

,

N.

from the north and joins that river about 100 miles below the Prcsi-

source lo U\c

ul

I

gulf of California, just bcjcw the Colorado,

itself into the

the 33d degree of

III,

^nimala.

it

—North

its

tn tlie

42d dcg.

dimension, and the

Mexico produces

in a

N.

W.

discoverer

deer, elk, buffalo, cabrie,

gresley, black bear, and wild horses.

and meroua canals

llic

much and where absorbed ,„ust be Rio del called the

one-twentieth of which

Pofiuiation.-—lta population is not far short of 30,000 souls,

I

no instance

in

The

on a small stream which empRio del Norte, at the foot of the mountains which divide the waters of that river from the Arkansaw and Red river of the Mississippi, in 36o N. latitude and 109'^ W. longitude. It is an oblong square, extending about one mile from east In the centre is the public to west on the banks of the creek. square, one side of which forms the flank of the soldiers' square,

west, the ce, to the

delos Ana-

Colorado Great Rio mounin the same

which

miles

pe about \000 the guU [the head of It has

irch, to

\

third side is

the

By this es-

There

are

to Pacific ocean

.d takes

source

and del Norte. Iper-mincs, a^«^

another side of the square

occupied ^/ the priests and their

one story high>

fiat roofs,

some

out-side, but

in the

of

city.

suit,

The

i3

The

and the fourth by

houses arc generally

and have a very mean appearance on

them are

richly furnished, especially with

I

of Indiaijs ^e nations entu-ely are fits Iwnks 300 miles for that ;d

its

th ^c.

;.^«ie

Chapetones who reside

only

communication

Le

closed and in some >J«^ree defended by round towers in the

foruuul by the palace of

been be navigable

oceans.

is

angles which flank the four curtains

repre-

the gulf.

capitUl is Santa Fe, situated

into the east side of the

ties

also

Spaniards from Europe (or Chape-

half civilized Indians.

dul

rtcientmapsdesig-

•es,

may be

tones), four-twentieths Creoles, five-twentieths Metifs,and the other

in

*^'^-

plate.

r.

.

I

The

second

The

cities in the

province are Albuquerque and Passo

most southern city of the province, as Between the village of Sibilletaand the Passo there is a wilderness of near 200 miles. Trade and Commerce. New Mexico carries on a trade direct [with Mexico through Biscay, also with Senora and Sitialoa: it del

Norte.

latter is the

I

Tons

is the

most northern.

I

—

jsends

out about 30,000 sheep annually, tobacco, dressed deer and

cabrie skins,

some

fur, buffalo robes, salt,

and wrought copper

ves-.

'^

i\

1

:

APPENDIX TO PART

1

III.

It receives in return, from Biscay and Mexico, dry goods, confectionary, arms, iron, steel, ammunition, and some choice European wines and liquors, and from Senora and

sels of a superior quality.

The

Sinaloa, gold, silver, and cheese.

following articles

sell as

which will shew the cheapness of provisions and the extreme deamess of imported goods Flour sells, per hundred at 2 dollars

stated (in this province),

Salt,

per mule-load,

Sheep, each, Beeves, each,

Wine

-

-

-

and

all

-

-

-

35

-

20 4

-

-

-

1

-30

-

-

15

-

-

do.

5

-

-

Superfine cloths, per yard,

i

-

-

-

Fine do. Linen, per yard,

,

-

-

del Passo, per barrel,

Horses, each,

n

-

-

5

-

-

-

-

'

Mules, each, L?-

-

-

other dry goods in proportion.

The

journey with loaded mules from Santa Fe to Mexico, and They manufacture rough

returning to Santa Fe, takes five months.

leather, segars, a vast variety and quantity of potters' ware, cotton,

some

coarse woolen cloths, and blankets of a superior quality.

All

those manufactures are carried on by the civilized Indians, as the

Spaniards think chanics.

genius

The

for,

it

more honorable

to

be agriculturalists than me*

Indians likewise far exceed their conquerors in their

and execution

of, all

mechanical operations.

New

Mexico has the exclusive right of cultivating tobacco. About two miles above the town of the Passo del Norte is a bridge over the river, where the road passes to the west side, at which place is a large canal, which takes out an ample supply of water for the purpose of cultivation, which

is

here carried on in as great per-

fection as at any place that I visited in the provinces.

There

is

bordering the canal the whole way on both sides, to protect the animals

;

and when

it

arrives at the village,

such a manner that each person has his

fields

it is

a wall

it

from

distributed

watered in

in

rotation.

wheat and other Nuniccous vineyards, from which were produced the finest wine ever drank in the country, which was celebraied through all the provinces, and was the only wine used on the

At

this place

were

as finely cultivated- fields of

small grain as I ever saw.

table of the

Iff*'*

commanding

general.

jtfrriculture.—^i'hey cultivate corn, wheat, rye, barley, rice,

bacco, vines, and all the

same

latitude in the

common

to-

culinary plants cultivated in the

United States.

They are^ however,

a century

'

APPENDIX TO PART W.

from Biscay and

,

steel)

ammunition,

1 1^1

from Senora and

id

ing articles sell as

after the

pness of provisions

•^'"'nsiJy

Spain

2 -

Ineversawalle

^-« -de

dollars

5

'"" '*"''"

?^ .'""*'

"'^

tf «''^*-On

5

^"^^ by the horJs «tremely awkward ^^ ''""'

„? ^'^^

^Z^:^:^^ f ^

use of in

the

r ver St Pr riv. "ver G.Ia,H.hich heads near th.. on

1

.

French mode. Their made. DuriL th. u

' ''''

11

the

^'^''''' ^'^i^^b

mI Mexicans on

30 .

25

.

20 4 """'' ^'•"ken

I

Fe

Mexico, and manufacture rough

piecM «f

"Perfec. as when fir«

to

'Aborigines

are ascenline^ ®^

their ro.,»^

•

T^'

--e

1

'^'^'''^^'^^ of labour. * ^''^^ branch of u'e

15 .

-

e Kyawoys ,„„,! •,•"" „i,h ,he SpUia '™™ '»""«

Itivating tobacco.

1

?asso del Norte is a ic ;

west

on

There

to protect

B, it

is

is

,

which was

I' |«

the

em

to*

[

however, a century

•

^f"""^'-

This shew,

"'^^ ""^ '"' .t'?'""" H'™ frequently at war "°"''""« "f Santa Fe. wi,h theSnW ^

hwa-iorsst,™,g.

»nts cultivated in the e,

'^''a"'-

{

strong degree, the influence .iL s The Nanahaws are si ua.';

-precedmg rye, barley, rice,

nU.^''otr2" Tj:

"""

h-

cele-

wine used on

"" ""=

.i

«Z

rotation.

of wheat and other from which were

jnly

"°«"»-

,^r„T„m',"i'''

was fouRht belwp,.„

near ,he

Uh

from

'ds,

iitry,

battle

«™«

"' '^«"- '" September side. but they '"^ -™^»'«n" ,.e,. Z^r^lZL''^'': ike 6eW of '""""'' ^^l" rWing battle. There out « Utahs gave al, the I^ZZZuTlT" ""'" ™ ''^"^^ «»».

distributed in

watered in

A

I

a wall

it

t

for

in as great per-

ices. ;s,

Hon

which

supply of water

id

i

side, at

nations.

They

r^ar;,;'!;:;''' ' ",.""

This „a,L

bordering on Can;

„

"

"U"

TV

"' ^W""" '»^^

''™' ""anneras the "'

""- '» "» «es

'

-

APPENDIX TO PART

10

'The AppBches black mountains in

are a nation of Indians

New Mexico to

III.

who extend iVomthe

the frontiers of Cogquilla, heep>

ing the frontiers of three provinces in a continual state of aLrm, and mailing; it necessary to employ nearly two thousand dragoons to escort the caravans, protect the villages, and revenge the various

making on the subjects of his Catholic This nation formerly extended from the entrance of the Rio Grande to the gulf of California, and have waged a conUnual urarfare, except short truces, with the Spaniards, from the time they attacks they are continually

majesty.

V^'M

pushed their enterprises back from Mexico into the internal pro> vinces. It is extremely difficult to say what are their numbers at the present day, but they must be very much reduced, from their long and constant warfare, the wandering and savage life they lead in the mountains, which is so injurious to an increase of population, and in which they are frequently extremely pinched by famine.

m I'

i

T*

At

IT

commencement of their warfare the Spaniards used to take their prisoners and make slaves of them but finding that their unconquerable attachment to liberty made them surmount every

wc

and danger in returning to their mountains, they adopted of sending them to Cuba, which the Appaches no sooner

Ma

the

fo isl

;

difficulty

the

mode

learned than they refused to give or receive quarters, and in no stance have there been any taken since that period, except

Sl](

/am

in-

sur*

when asleep or knocked down and overpowered. Their arms are the bow and arrow and the lance. Their bow forms two demi-circles, with a shoulder in the middle the backofj it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on in so nice a man'

prised

:

some glutinous

ner, by the use of

ceptible

more

substance, as to be almost impep

this gives great elasticity to the

;

than the

'*

pi

*

is

menl iie

isj

some light rush or cane,inti made of some hard,

inserted a shaft of about one foot,

sea'

"'a

soned light wood

;

the point

is

of iron, bone, or stone, and,

the arrow enters the body,in attempting to extract

out of

its

it,

the shaft

socket and the point remains in the wound.

weapon they shoot with such force

as to

come{

go through the body

mian at the distance of 100 yards, and an officer told

me

whei

With that,

tbi

of in

engagement with them, one of their arrows struck his shield aifiie tiiri dismounted him in an instant. Their other weapon of offence isP'iougll lance of 15 feet in length, with which they charge with both hanwectedj over their heads, managing their horses principally with their knewefore

With

this

weapon they

r|

cnrja

cloth yard" of the English, being three feet and

half long, the upper part consisting of

which

Their arrow

weapon.

effo

are considered an overmatch for the Spv)d hi loined

APPENDIX TO PART ish

itend iVomlbe 3ogquiUa,V.eepstate of

vaged

Some few are armed with guns and amfrom the Spaniards. Those, as well as the archers, generally march to war on foot; but the lancemen are always mounted. Numerous are the anecdotes I have heard related of

the plain,

numbers at their •duced, from

it

Ap-

was on

he ordered his dragoons to dismount and fight with their which he and his whole party fell a it

who continued the fight for four hours. Whenever the Spandragoons would make a general charge, the Appaches' cavalry would rc( -* behind their infantry, who met the Spaniards with a

foot,

ish

that thevr every

ws, who immediately retreated, and even the gallant Malgart .poke of the Spanish cavalry's breaking the Appaches' in-

shower

they adopted sooner

•

fantry IS a thing not to

m noln.

and suf period, except

Malgares assured eiTorts

bowered. bovr Their „ , ^ "^ he lance. back of the .middle:

be thought

me

of.

that, if the

Appaches had seconded the

and bravery of their chieftain, the Spaniards must have been

defeated

and cut to pieces

th|t in various instances

;

he

rallied his

r

P,.\'

.

men and brought them up

chieftain

chief

me

v/hed

my

friend refused, as he said that the

men he knew,

meet the

His

".infidel."

and

ordered him to keep his ranks

o(

;

his

superior in a passion told

>ni

turned

Hj

;

but

officer !ie

h- ^^

|he

him

refused his request

reiterating the request,

The

to go.

Indian chief had

enemy advancing, speed. The dragoon

his horse to join his party, but seeing an

turned, gave a shout, and

met him

at full

thought to parry the lance of his antagonist, which he in part ef* ected,

but not throwing

it

quite high enough,

and came out at the nape, when he '.cipallyvvitl.the«-W nd his victorious cneniy gave a shout of the Sp^ ,vermatch for

carried a remarkably

but one of his corpoirals,

1

offence

both .charge vilh

This

stoutest

enraged to see the Spaniards thus braved by this savage, begged permission to

shield a struck his

nveapon of

was one of the

heavy lance, and rode a very fine charger

'jeofsomehard,«a

icer told

Seeing Malgares very actively

rode out a-head of his party and challenged him to single

combat with his lance.

Uehtru8horcane,vn«

that,

and that when they flew,

engaged in forming and bringing up the Spaniards, the Appache

feet an ibeing three

>^» the wound. body the 'through

to the charge,

he retired indignantly to the rear.

a man-'

on in so nice almost imperlas to be Their arro«« ',apon. .id

stone, and, .e or

'':ila

Malgarss related an instance when he was marching with 140 men and they were attacked by a party of Appaches, both horse and

used to e Spaniards

^

Biscay, was surrounded by about 200

sacrifice.

;hedbyfamme.

quarters,

Not

carabines, in consequence of

they lead ,vage life poi>«iation» pease of

Appaches no

New Mexico and

tween

their

>t»tains,

of their partisan corps.

spirit

.paches infantry, and instead of charging through them, as

prothe internal

em

and the

long before I went into that country a cornet, with 63 dragoons, be-

rom the

surmount

carry a shield.

all

their personal bravery

a continual time they

hU finding

dragoons single handed, but, for want of a knowledge of tactics^

They

Catholic of hi* entrance of the

5

1

:

inunition taken

lo

various nge the J

I

they can never stand the charge of a body which acts in concert.

alum,

and dragoons

U

III.

efore

joined

by

all his

followers

:

this

it

entered his neck

dead to the ground, victory, in which he was fell

enraged the Spaniards

to

such a de-

S-:i

i:

APPENDIX TO PART

13

III.

li'

gree that they made a general charge, in which the Indian cavalry again retreated not^vithstandiug the entreaties

of their

gallant

leader.

In another instance a small smoke was discovered on the prai>

nc

;

three poor savages were surrounded by 100 dragoons and or-

U^red to lay down their arms : they smiled at the officer's demand and asked him if he could suppose that men who had arms in their

hands would ever consent to become

slaves.

loath to kill them, held a conference for an hour, his threats had as to attack

them

little effect

The

being

officer,

when

^^nding that

as his entreaties, he ordered his

men

keeping out of the reach of their arat them with their carabines, which they did, the

at a distance,

rows, and firing

Indians never ceasing to resist as long as

life

remained.

In a truce which was held a Spanish captain was ordered treat with

teur,

some of the

He

bands.

and they could not come upon terms.

and the Indians retreated

to

received their deputies with hao-

The

truce wart broken

to their fastnesses in the mountains.

In

a

day or two this same officer pursued them : they were in « place called the door in the mountain, where but two or three dragoons could enter at a time, and there were rocks and caves on the flanks behind which the Indians secreted themselves the Spaniards had

come

in,

until

a

when the Indians sounded

number of a trumpet

and the attack began and continued on the side of the Appaches until the Spanish captain fell,

when the Indian chief caused tht firwho had so haughtily sp arned

ing to cease, saying that " the mail the proffered peace was .1

k

young -•it

now

dead."

On

this occasion

they

devi-

made prisoner of a had treated them with great

ated from their accustomed rule of warfare and

I

officer,

who, during the truce,

{

him home'safe and unhurt. Some of the bands have made temporary truces with the Spaniards and received fromj them 25 cents per diem each. Those people hang round the fortil kindness, and sent

I

ficationsof the country, drink, shoot, and dissipate their time

are haughty and independent.

An

they

;

Great jealousy exists between

tlteml

was under trial, when I was in tliel on iiis fortress by attacking tliei chiefs of the supposed conspiracy, and putdng them to death beforel they had time to nature and carry their plan into execution. TheT and the Spaniards.

officer

country, for anticipating an attack

decision of his case I never learnt

;

but those

savages

who

hava

been for some time about the forts and villajjes, become by far the

by attacking bcN to death

them

.se

execution.

savages

Ls, become Tyhcn

who by

Lof

pay

Indian

hav.

the]

pasM«i

thccivilizctlaol

same time that them-

.vould suffer

with arms in their hands, to be beut and knocked about by tlieir

superiors, unless a small tint cf complexion

we were near one

them

a

visit in

P'''ore

we

arrived at

of the villages where resided

They took the liberty Next morning the whole of the

our Indian horsemen. the night.

horsemen were called up, unci because they refused to testify imprudent companions, several were knocked down

from their horsts by the Spanish dragoons with the butt of their

in

h
:;

srcd

lad

There

pected.

rse8,

practised in this province

New

•».

some, no very great, distance from where Santa Fe now They enterec' into an arrangement with the Indians on the subject of their establishment ; but a few years after the Indians

iroop^

rose

en masae,

soldiers,

any

|

that

pvuushmeiitl

peculiarly

is

as in the other provinces, and will hereafter

stands.

took the others, then him 50 gave and up,

^

all.

Norte,

caused lediately, and

hin my

fell

on the Spaniards by surprise, killed most of the

and obliged them to retreat

to the

obser-

off, as |nlier,and cut

••

Passo del .Norte (from

Here they waited a reinforcement from Biscay, which they received, of 70 men and two field-pieces, with which they recommenced their march and finally arrived at whence

it

acquired

its

name).

Santa Fe, then the capital Indian village, to character'

general

may be

men, women, and children came out and settled on the Rio del

signed by 200

was remarked

;

came out from Old MexMexico, and were well received by the savagi They returned, and the ensuing year Juan de Ouute, a monk, went out, explored the country, and returned. After this 100 troops and 500

horse

corporal

Fe dragoouK but

captain by brevet.

Histcry.'—ln the year 1594 two friars

ico to

expedition: n of the A led him."

lit

i^

be taken notice of generally.

the

gallows erected, them, ctually silenced

who

always the captain, 'a

of those probably 1000 are completely armed,

same manner

after the

river

The

1

Helicon.—'The catholic religion

and 5O0 ular service

arms.

first lieutenant,

1000 badly, and the rest not at

when was which ,pr>f of His the Pawnees. act atlon they

down the Red of .en demanded

a

is

all

Santa Fe,

capable of bearing arms in this province

estimated at 2000

rnmentlsammum.

.tltlon,

sur-

them and the other piovinces where those Their insolated and remote situation also causes

metals abound.

and of all ages, an

who

equilibrium between

Nf«^'"to

glimpse :h not a on. repose to jces

B is

silver renders

the productions of their labor

three successive

tes

wars with some of the savage nations

their continual

round them, render them the bravest and most hardy subjects in New Spain ; being generally armed, they knou the use of them.

hriatlanlty, they

jnclng.

\9

were, from the more inhabited parts of the kingdom, together with

and with lances,

ind

III.

laid

siege.

The

which they immediately

Indians maintained themselves twenty-two days,

when they surrendered and entered into a second negotiation, since [which time the Spaniards have been

engaged

in continual warfare

'\,

illiii!

J

I*

APPENDIX TO PART

Uf

III.

vith the various savage tribes vrhich surround them on

I

i

all sides,

and who have been near ruining themselves several timest and obliged them to apply for reinforcements from Biscay and Senora. A few years since the Tetaus carried on a warm and vigorous war against them^ but are now at pe^ce and considered as their firmest allies.

New Mexico it may not be improper to rename of James Purslcy, the first American who ever penetrated the immense wilds of Louisiana, and shewed the Spaniards of New Mexico that neither the savages who surround the deserts In the history of

cord the

which divide them from the habitable world, nor the jealous tyranny of their rulers, was sufficient

prevent the enterprising

to

spirit of

the Americans penetrating the arcanum of their rich establish-

ment of the new

world.

tucky, which he

left in

Pui Jey was from near Baird's town, KenIn 1802, with two companions, he

1799.

left St. Louis and travelled west, on the head of the Osage river, where they made a hunt : from thence they struck for the White river of the Arkansaw, and intended to descend it to Orleans but, while making preparations, the Kans stole their horses. They secured their peltries and pursued them into the village. The horses were there, but the Indians refused to give them up. Pursley saw his horse, with an Indian on him, going to the water at the edge of the town, pursued him, and with his knife ripped open the ;

I

The

horse's bowels.

and came and snapped lage with his knife.

Indian returned to the village, got his gun, it

The

at Pursley,

who pursued him

into the

vil-

Indian took refuge in a lodge surrounded

women and c!>ildren. This struck the chiefs with astonishment und adniitation of the " mad Americans," as they termed them, and

by

they returned

..he

related by traders

other horses to the hunters.

who were

This anecdote was

in the village at the time.

his companions theii returned to

where they had buried

Pursley and their peltiy,

and determined to pursue the route by land to St. Louis : but some persons stole their horses a second time, when they were at no great distance from the

Osage

river,

canoe and descended that stream. .souri

on which they formed a rough Near the entrance of the Mis-

they overset their canoe and lost their whole year's hunt, but |

saved their arms nnd ammunition, which ject in a desert.

his barge,

bound

the voyage

On

:

his

is

always the primary

ob-

met Monsieur ini Mandanes. Pufsley embarked with him forj two companions prefered returning to their homes. In the Missouri they

to the

their arrival a^ the point of destination, his

employer dispatchedl

Pursley on a hunting and trading tour, with some bands of the Padj

H

APPENDIX TO PART on

A

the ensuing spring they

and ral times, Senora. jty and

into the Sec. &CC.

vigorous war

I

^s

and Kyaways, with a small quantity of merchandise. In were driven from the plains by the Sioux

tlucas

all sides,

mountains which give birth to the La Phitte, Arkansaw, and it was their sign which we saw in such amazing abun*

dance on the head waters of

their firmest

of near 2,000

improper to

enter into a trade with them. nor

Indians,

Mexico, determined

to

knowing

send Purs*

(

Tiiis being acceded to by the govcr*

Allencaster) the Indian deputies returned for their bands; but

had thrown him among, a circumstance which, he me, he had at one time entirely despaired of. He arrivecj 1805, and had been following his trade, a cur* at Santa Fe in June penter, ever since, at which he made a great deal of money, except when working for the officers, who paid him little or nothing. He fortuitous event

rich esiablish-

Kenlaird's town, companions, he river, the Osage While the for ack f

eir horses,

The

Puraley thought proper to remain wiih a civilized people, which »

oi rprising spirit

1

*

with his companions and two of their body, into Santa Fe, to know of the Spaniards if they would receive them friendly and

tyranny e jealous

to Orleans

New

Their party consiste4

Platte.

ley,

of ;he Spaniards ,undlhe deserts

Lt

La

souls, with 10,000 beasts.

were approximating to

they

re-

who ever pene-

ir

ur

III.

but,

'i'hey

The the village. Vursup. ve them at the the water to

the

ripped open his guTj, iUage, got vilhim into the

assured

was a

man

of strong natural sense and dauntless intrepidity.

entertained lures

me

with

numerous

He

interesting anecdotes of his adven*

with the Indians, and of the jealousy of the Spanish govern*

He was once

ment.

near being hanged for making a lew pounds of

gun-powder, which he innocently did, as he had been accustomed to do

in

ife

still

Kentucky, but which

retained the

is

a capital crime in these provinces.

gun which he had with him

poke confidently that

if

he had two hours

\\U

-

'hole tour,

start not all the

He and

province

led

surrounded a lodge astonishment with

could

take him.

ihould

He was

forbidden to write, but was assured he

have a passport whenever he demanded

it,

•i:;

but was obliged

and Bio give security that he would not leave the country without permis* termed ihem, vrai jq^ He assured me that he had found gold on of the government. This anecdote and m^^^ \ie^A of La Platte, and had carried some of the virgin mineral Puvsley lime. pelU7, f,jg ahot-pouch for months ; but that being in doubt whether h* buried their some Bhould ever again behold the civilized world, and losing in his mind : but Louis St. at no gveat m\ ^^ i^ggi -value which mankind have stamped on that metal, he ihey were a tougn mjg^ t^g sample away : that he had imprudently mentioned it to icy formed the Mis-mj, Spaniards, who had frequently solicited him to go and shew of ntrance

,y

„

"•

hunt, but Betachment of cavalry t! e place, but that conceiving it in pur terri^' rhole year's ays the pvi««*''y .* Irjr he had refused, and was fearful that the circumstance might

il

'"leate a great obstacle to hi84eaving the country. fori Geography Biscay lies-between 33° and 34" N. latitude and thpir homes. Ijo ^^^ j j jo ^y longitude, is bounded on the north by Me»i» to rning dispatched I ^^^^ ^j^^ west by Senora and Sinaloa, and on the east by Leo»

onsieur

.barked with

him

employer me bands of the

New New

Pad-Ij

•iili'iii

Cogquilla.

It i«

600 miles

in length

IS

from north-west

to southf

n APPENDIX TO PART

13 east,

III.

and 400 miles in width from east to west, taking

it

at its great*

est extent. jlir

and

Climate.

— The

dry and the heat very great

air is

at

which precedes the rainy season, which June and continues until September by light show-

that season of the year,

comnncnces in During the other "part of the year there is not the least rain ers. or snow to moisten the earth. The atmosphere had therefore be-

come

when we

so electrified, that

halted at night, in taking off our

blankets the electric fluid would ahnost cover in

Chibuubua we prepared a

them with

sparks, and

bottle with gold-leaf, as a receiver, and

collected sufTicient of the electric fluid from a bear-skin to give a

number of

considerable shock to a

was more conspicuous J\

Tinea

in

we passed

other part that

and Minerala.

I

This phenomenon of Chihuahua than in any

persons.

the vicinity

1

v
SenonB Mineti MineraUt and Fo9fil9. north by

t)f th

is

—From the

Soil^

the palmetto, which grows to

a trunk of two feet diameter.

ar,

and cover

all

^e

river

Nassus

to the east

height of 30 and 25 feet,

Its leaves are in tlie

the trunk vrhen young, but

fall

shape of a

off as the tree

^i|:'l

•

Y--"j^

APPENDIX TO PART

sa

grows

old.

maiion

I

name

wood

Its

is

could pvo'^ure,

in the

III.

of a spongy nature, and from every infor-

i?

of the

same species

One hundred

southern states.

as that of the same

miles to the east

ol the

Rio Grande, oak timbci' commenced, being the first we had seen in the pvoviHces ; 'w: it was very small and scrubby, iir.rl pivsdntcd,

from

'me of Texas (the river Ma.iaiia),

this to the

ble grada'.ion of the increase of limber, both

The

and variety.

now hecam


the Tndi sn

territoi-y.

D -ir,

Animah.Po/tulation

Cogquiila.

It is

wild horses, a fev

;

-kI

and Chief J'qw ":.?.— Montciovez

is

biiflTalo

wild hogs.

the capital of

situited on a small stream of .vfjcr in 26° 30'

latitude and 103° 3(y VV. longitude.

I. is nh
vince it

ben

I

Coeqwi^^* iol ^^^

S

Buffalo, deer, elk, wild hogs,

who border on the

^

'**

u

^

all

ii;fi

:

II

the

sent into the United States,

50 yardiPotwithstanding the trade is contraband. They go in such large gangs that it wattJtl

Its •

and wild horses, the

province, the Spaniards, and vast droves

^^ 29'lfor the other provinces. They are also

oe

bnit***

—

of which are in such numbers as to afTorJ supplies for

^^ abottlPavages

'^

St.

jlnimala.

eaatillatter

is requisite to

keep an ad-

lanced guard of horsemen, in order to frighten them away; for

W^'A

:

V.

9

i

la

APPKNPlX TO PART

33

III.

to come near your horses and mules which you drive with you, by their snorting, nei^hint?, kc. thoy would aiur.n them, and fVequeiUly the domestic animals would join them and go off, nutwiihaumding all the exertiotin ot* tiie dragoons lo pre-

thould they be suffered

vent them. A gentleman told me he saw 700 beastH carried off at one time, not one of which waj ever recovered. They also in the night frequently carry off the droves of travellers' horses, and even

come

within a few miles of St. Antonio, and take off the horses in

the vicinity.

The method pursued by the Spaniards in taking them is as They take a few fleet horses and proceed into the country where the wild horses are numerous. They then build a large follows

:

strong enclosure, with a door which enters a smaller enclosure IK

from the entrance of the large pen tbcy project wings out into

the

i

pralrio a great distance,

and then set up bushes,

hoists, wlien pursued, to onter into these wings.

parations are

made they keep

8cc. to

induce the

After these pre-

a look out for a small drove, for,

if

they unfortunately should start too large a one, they either burst open the pen

up with dead

>r fill it

bodies, and the others run over thorn

which case the party are obliged to leave the place, as the stench arising from the putrid carcases would be insupportable and, in addition to this, the pen would not receive others. Should they, however, succeed in driving in a few, say two or threa hundred, they select the handsomest and youngest, noose them, and and escape

;

in

;

I'ke ^'hem into the

sitiall

enclosure, then turn out the remainder,

them taking any repose, and them in motion, they make them gentle by degrees, and finally break them to submit to the saddle and bridle. For this business I presume there is nu nation in the world superior starving, preventing

atier which, by

continually keeping

to the Spaniards of

Pojinlation

province,

Texas.

and Chief Toivns.

lies in

—

St,

Antonio, the capital of

29° SO' N. latituda and 101"

W.

situated on the !iead waters of the river of that

contains 2,000 souls, the most of

whom

the

longitude, and

name

is

and, perhaps,

reside in miserable mudifivej

wall houses, covered wit!) thatched grass roofs.

out on a very grand plan.

To

the cast of

it,

The town

is

laidj

on the other side

an a ol

I'e

the river,

is

the station of the troops. (J

About two,

three, and four miles

from

St.

Antonio are

n th

threi

cept

Those buildin for solit'-ity, accommodation, and even majesty, were surpassed few that I saw in New Spain. The resident priest treated us wii misbious, formerly Nourishing and prosperous.

the greatest hospitality, and was respected and beloved by

all wl

nter 'ses.

Th yhicf

:

and mulea which n^i 6tc. they would es

lis

:!ie

ra*

tnade a

HI.*

^ 33

'

"•ent. under charge of the rnn"e, the the occasions this enormously be to

wanu.vements in goldv Mexicans, in v^hich, bve a genius

greatest tna^tei^

and habits no and I have

spositions

rival,

soon ey would silktnanufacon, or finest cotton •aise the wool foe fineness of circumstances,

Lin

fact,

own proper chan-

themselves and impoverish the people, would render

the

Latcrials

its

best paid officers under the government cost the king noill'

actions which importation,

Vents,

The

thing in a direct line, yet the oppressive manner in which they pay

,vorld,andagene.

L

i'

IS'

1

not included in this es-

the prosperity of

The

I

is c'lual

ducted from the gross revenue of 16,700,000, leaves a clear revenue

and East Indies ports, these at and time,

of d articles

observa-

to 12,800,000. The duties on>foreign goods and the amount paid by the purchasers of monopolies, may be estimated at 4,000,000 dollars, which, vvlih the duty on gold and silver, makes the annual revenue 16,800,000. The civil list of the khigdom is 580,000, the military 7,189,200 : these together amount to 7,760,200, which de-

K-u,endent on

.rics.

my own

placed on their correctness.

14,000,000 dollars in gold, the one-fifth of which (the duty)

the ely driving

.vould

manu-

beds.

cannot pfesume to state the revenues of the country from ofdocuments, but the following statements I have had from so

tions, that I think

e

and the

make

respectable a source, and they are so confirmed by

clothing, 1 or

5

the half frotn the 4eece of the sheep, for the coane

facturcs of the country and to

any

39

III.

togc-

which

they

they scarce

*

,1

?."; 1

it

better po-

and pay them out of the pubL'c trea-

I

1':

i

ii;

!'

,

S.2J

2

3 5

o g o O 00 o 00 o o

Canalty.

o o

ArtiUtry.

o

00

oc

o o

•

8 o

o S S o o O O o o

Infantry,

fT

^ ^ "->

OO oo tr

"fi

P

"^ 2 o o o o

rg ^

-

fr

}

be drawn that

I

consider they are deficient in physical firmness morel

than other nations, for fly

before

in its

fifty

we

see the savages, 500 of

whom

on a

plaini

bayonets, on other occasions brave danger and deathi

most horrid shapes with an undaunted

fortitude never surJ

passed by the roost disciplined and hardy veterans.

from the want of discipline and confidence

in

It ai-ises solclyl at tbi

each other, as

is

always! vice

the case with undisciplined corps, unless stimulated by the godlikJgradJ

sentiment of love of country, of which these poor fellows knovlthe ai The travelling food of the dragoons in New Mexico consist^

little.

If 4

#4 J

of a very excellent species of wheat biscuit and shaved meat, wellof bai dried, with a vast quantity of red pepper, of which they make bouimd is illi and then pour it on their broken biscuit, when it becomes so|(]eceai

i

and excellent eating.

,.

...,,,,,

APPENDIX TO PART

45

III.

FHither aouth they uae large quantities of [Mrched corn«Wieal

On

ieftactvt. ,

and sui;ar (as practised by our hunters) each d ragoon having a (tmtll bag. In short, they live, when on command, on an allowance which our troops would conceive little better than slarvimg, never, except

They

circle.

ucv g"»"^

llie

,hei\

at night,

before ihc

f

the B«»*"^

.

ofTiccv

.vaWy,

From ents of

oU^evs a»

fv^ct,

the physical, as well as moral properties of the inhabit*

New

Spain,

do believe they are capable of being made the

I

sical force, docility,

The mode

and a conception equally quick and proet rating.

of promotion in the internal provinces

but probably productive of good

"^J^.^

haUooing^a^dfii" equal to

from is

From ray

whom

is

selected the fortunate candidate,

made out and forwarded

a lance. th^t .^„ in declaring

always kept a secret,

a infantry and _y, 500 States army. United

is in

presume

who

to

oppose xvould do to march harras. your

„,UgeyuuintUcendl If, how

action. [e to

,„,ent,it>vouldeven. conclusion

my steal ^ |:ave

^'

° .

dang

'

J •

it is impossible for the young officers to say blame should they be disappointed, and the fortunate one a direct way to thank the king only for the ultimate decision,

is

to

The king of Spain's ordinances

for the

government of his army

not get a set from any of the officers to take sequently

my observations on them were

it

to

I

could

my quarters,

extremely cursory.

con-

They

provide that no old soldiev shall ever be discharged the service, unless for infamous crimes. tion for 12 years

«ti

j^jj,jj,gg j^j^

j^

great stimulant, although not one in a thousand aiTive

the third period,

when they

are permitted to retire from the ser-

All sons of captains, or of vice with mil pay and emoluments. ^^ alvrayl rrodliwJ grades superior) are entitled to enter the king's schools as cadets, at

fellovrs

kNew M-«

whose commission

and, as the letters of nomination arc

When a man has served with reputaand continues, his pay is augmented ; 20 years, he receives another augmentation ; 27 years, he receives the brevet ^ pljdnh death! rank and pay of an ensign, and 32, a lieutenant, &c. Those circum-

must not

^^

Irans.

;

are generally founded on justice and a high sense of honor.

solclyl at

/"^noor '*®

first

and thus with superior grades to the colonel.

fortitu

Jach °

singular,

company, the captain commanding nominates, with the senior second lieutenant (who by seniority would fill the vacancy) two other lieutenants to the general, giving his comments on all three. The general selects two for a nomination to the courts

hemselvcs

1 do i^ot

is

Should a vacancy of

effects.

lieutenant oifer in a

.UnUsofthetrene-

,

during

best troops in the world, possessing sobriety, enterprise, jpeat phy-

alter the

yet 1 ;cs in,

.

watei'

vep\t«>i'

paraded

in

some parched meal and sugor with

the day.

ve then avu heir aeiUinels

.

attempting to eat any thing like a meaii but bite a piece of

bincuit, or drink

""^'

UnoJthe age of twelve

ico consist!

The

years.

prope* I" of any oiBcer or soldier,

who

is

killed on the field

"»" battle or dies of his w unds, is not liable to be taken for debt, ^_-t, welof shaved meai, is secured, as well as the king's pension, to the relatives of the bowand maVie h bLomes soLceascd.

l^hlnM

j

APPLNDIa to part

46

Courts martial, for the

formed of

creneral officers

the proviin iieral

of a commissioned

trial

of tyramiy, for the commandiiH;,

has taken upon himself to punish for

consequently accorcUnfj to his

which there

all

own judgment sk]

||>rejudlce8,

difficult is

for the complaints of a subaltern to reach his majesty

numerous crowd of sycophants who surround him, one are proliably in league with his oppressor officer of the for,

be

most sacred of

:

it

jjc-

riTc;nces not capital,

only an appeal to the king, and

is

must

officer,

but this clause subjects the officers of

;

to a great species

>

III.

from

indeed

it

through the

half of

whom

likewise deprives an

rights, the being tried by his peers

all

should he be sent to Mexico or Europe fur

cannot take half the testimony which

is'

trial, it in

possible he

necessary ta complete his

justification.

There

another principle defined by the ordinances, which has

is

often t)ccn the cause of

H

States:

r

—

if barely ili

I:'-'-

i

United

disputes in the service of the

The commandant

viz.

of a post (in the Spanish scrvioe),

a captain, receives no orders from a general, should one

arrive at his post, unless that general should be superior in authority

who

to the person sible to the

my ideas,

posted him,

ibr, says

is

the ordinance, he

That

king alone for his post.

respon-

is

principle, according to

very injurious to any country which, adopts

it

for ex-

;

am':it.'t

^ve will say that a post of great importance, containing

2iK:i)S«'

nnlitary stores, is likely to

Vih

iMiiAS superior to the

rcpairtt to the post

into the hands of the

fall

commandant

im-

enemy

receives the information, and

and orders him immediately to evacuate

it.

The

coHinmndant, feeling himself only responsible to the authority who placed him

in that position, refuses to

place are lost

!

!

The

!

obey, and the magazines and

principle is also subversive of the very root

of military subordination and discipline, where an inferior should in all caaea obey a superior, eifect arising

who

only should be responsible for the

from the execution of

believed that, in

my

of a superior, that itnfioaaibiliiiea, si

fitted authority

It will readily

his orders.

be

thus advocating imfiHcit obedience to the orders I

Jo not suppose the Idghest imfirobabilitiea or

ch as an order to turn your arms against the

oonati-

of your country., or to be the ensign of his tyranny or

*hefiander of his vices

:

those are cases where

-a

man's reason must

alone direct him, and are not, nor cannot be subject to any

human j

rule whatever. Religion. -^Its forms is a subject with fectly acquainted, but

on the

having

made some

religion of the country, I

which

I

am

very imper-

enquiries and observations!

will freely

communicate themJ

APPENDIX TO PART

^

tcarrtil at the same time that f lay myself open to the severe criticisms of persons who have, in any »l(;(;i'«!c, applied themselves to tlie

wusl be

)«iceT,

ot

the oncers

study of theology or the ritual of the catholic

owroan«liov, »;«

The kingdom

capital, nces not ,,rej«d".ce»'

whom

Spain,

is

divided

i

luirch.

iiitu

committed to their charge, and the whole

Mexico

rapital of

;

from whence

dem

hiH

tholic majesty's

,e

SpanUh

in

Umted

lnance,heisrespon. ,inciple.accovdvnsto «^it ; for ,h adopts containing im;

to the flames all

or politics, and

^ance,

be found.

.

the

theinfovmation,aml it. ^ "« to evacuate

"

magawnesand

.re

a

shoud

;

books of a

modem

sentiment, either as to religion

excommunicate any one

whose hands they may as here-

of the holy Catholic

J. J.

Rousseau's works, Voltaire's, Mirabeau's and

others of that description, and even at so great a dis-

Chihuahua; an

officer

to his quarters, but

used

dared not take " Pope's Essay on to

come

to

mine

to read

salaries of the arch-bishops are suncrior to

Those incomes

any

it.

officers in

of the bishop g20,000.

are raised entirely

from the people who pay

no tax to the king, but give one tenth of their yearly income to the I

I

clergy; besides the fees of confessions, bulls, burials, baptisms,

marriages, and a thousand impositions,

very impe^ Lch lam observations Ipriestscraft has introduced,

%

in

to the sacred principles

for his table, falling short

reason must a man's

and

few years since, they con-

kingdom. The bishops of Mexico, being estimated at 2 150,000 per annum, when the vice roy's is g80,000, and £50,000 allowed

„sisnofhis.vr«-V°,

Lries

Ca-

any >^atholic countrjr

the

the oo««^r. rtns against

subject to

A

tii

recollect Uj have seen a decree of theirs published in

on man,

The

the order. Tedience to rHestmrobal>il^t^esov

any human

I

number of

Man,"

be ;,lt\vitt readily

'.e

ater in his

trib

mo-

credibly

to the flames, for asserting and maintaining

and contrary

tance as

the responsible for

be

in the world.

of the

am

Mexican Gazettes, condemning a number of books, "

tical

tius"

very root

the rsive of an inferior

again

" church, and the peace and durability of the government of his " Chatholic majesty." Amongst which^were mentioned " Helve-

authority Nvho to the

„dthe

is

some deemed heretical and a Jew who was imprudent enough to take the image of Christ on the cross, and put it under the sill of his dnor, saying privately he would " make the dogs walk over their God." 'I'hey likewise examine and condemn a

doctrine which they

should one general, fupenorin«*uthorUy

enemy

man

I

Mexican dominions, thin

Europe, or perhaps

demned

servroe),

hands of the

ics

philosophy, both as to politics and

informed, that the influence of that

rinanccs,>vh\chha»

ice of the

Etc.

the edicts of their

is fulnii'

censure against the heresies, and imj ta compile

Louis Polosi

subject to the ordinances of the high court of inquisition held at the

rieAbyhispeewv

.y

four arciilnshop-

St.

are subject and accountable to their immediate chief

for the districts

|,„eha\fof^tho"^ an wise i\eprive»

New

them again are the sub-bishopricks^ Deacons, Curates,

each of

through Ibe

of

Mexico, Guadalaxara, Durango, and

ricks, viz:

from

•iider

iesiy

47

IH.

which the corruptions

oi

and has been kept up by their supersti-

Ition snd ignorance. Notwithstanding all this, the inferior clergy, communicate them, pho i.o all the slavery of the office, are liberal and wc^I informed

\

II

s^.

e^^ 4^ fer ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3)

Jl

1.0

U4 Iii2 Its

KS

I.I

U

125

|22

1^ 12.0

I

11.25

4"

m \\

;V

^

^:^* > Photographic

Sdences Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO ( 71 &) •72-4503

i\

-^

M V^

)

'^^>^

/

AVPEvtmK TO ¥jamnh

4t

igAHermnent

Thef,«i« geDenill!r;or'ico. It would be requisite that, not only the general commanding, but that every officer, down to thej youngest endgn, should be impressed with the riecesiBity of support-l ing a strict discipUne, to prevent marauding, which should, in some! instances, be punished with deaths in order to evince to the citizens]

that you come as their friends and protectors, not as their plunderer most sacred regard should be paid not td and tyrants t-Molso, injure the institutions of their religion ; thereby shewing them vJ

^

hml a proper respect

to all things in any

way connected with

th

APPENDIX TO PART

IK.

wonU^I^Qf the Oeity^al the sa«M> time vd^^p^nnltted every fkum adore' hi»^ agreeably to the dictates of his own judgment.

^afrit^c

The

1 J

equipment, organization,

details requisite for the

the corps, so as to be adapted to th^ locality of

nature of the service, couldbe easily formed, *® jd ev«tt «B«*

fhe

two

f

naUttns

united voices of grateful milliohi'lii their deliverers and sMdours,

United

5

moat d«tant

nations of the I arth.

agee the would us vessels

Z.

M. PiKK,

Capt. 1st U.*S. regt. infantry.

least carry off at Pacific no the of be a brisk

t

would be imper-

,

whilst our national cliaracter would be resounded to the

their different

f

)>|it

of

the

Should an army of Amerleana.ever march into 'the country, and be g jlded and governed by these maxims, they will only have (o march from province to province in triumph, and be h41ed by the

«n«ri. nation of 8^^« «rt»d portB,

»

fcc.

^e country and

to

'

tinent here.

country in t^«

;

SI

Wanhinffton,

l'2th J/iril,

4

1808.

would having river, and their factors, f^ars, but as she

come ,;

reIt therefore

5

io decide,

whether,

would hold In, they the western ftion of

m

ov

iy i

and oppression, in the to become, scourge on our

;8,

,

"frt?

a

large

ns to keep a war „» liable to a ontiers. under [nited Stites, are at any B

:

country,

luUon. tea,

These

fe*}

\«jbi««

fl

troops •II

supbut paid and

exquisite

IS

that, not

,^er, down

to thd

support, riecesBitJ of in some ^hich should,

m

citixenj evince to the

plundere«( not as their

ptodnotto should be

themw feby shewing ray

connected with

tb

PI

.(

'y^

C No. 9.1

I'fAt-

EXPLANATORY fABLC or

NAMES OF PLACES, PERSONS, AND THINGS MADB U8S or IN THIS VOLUME.

.y!!

:

.

..

'ilfK-i'/frr

(U'Vt'!

i

?/r

.'

and mortification

muM eiftfiiafe lol

;

:-

oJ

^r-Tiv/

.

i

t:

[;:

.1

CKAuahuOf 2QthJ!^ilfil907 »i

bm-jvim

t.:rN«¥«lv di you will give

account of your route, views, destination, kc. and during that

thetetwomento

wlU examine the pepera now before me.** To tbia I compiled, flattering myself that It was hia Intention to return me my papers, by hIa demanding a sketch } alao, so great was my conftdeoeo in the all-protecting name of my eountry^ I conceived it waa a greater step than the general would venture to take, to selio on the papers. But when I had finished the proposed sketch and presented it, and found a still further delay, I addressed the general on the subject, when, after a few days, some were returned but I waa officially Informed that " the remaining papora were aeised on, but would be kept In the secret cabinet of that captain generalship, until the pleasure of his Catholic majesty was known,"- at the same

^atoutgenewled.

time presenting

lold lie

time

moTfOW h«

«d th«

»•»

*•

8«,u Fe were j.but one

C^^o

my

put them in inoTnlng at next me he had

med

ency

demanded iC

I

me

with a certiticate specirying the

my

introduce to Lave to

LpoMesaingallthe

to give

charge in the

which

for

,a,

enant Don

place.

i'«««'''

y diating«i*«'*

»»«

outof his actions, Cumy in ,nd whom

U ^

is

no papets I

»»

I gave

Liigiously

my

L the table,

distances thrr-igh

be

and

adhered

kemanded '

it,

i

to.

trunk,

he took

These

them.

preferred acting

the route (except an excursion

La Platte) unto the Spanish

will enable

me

we made to the

territories,

preserved

to exhibit a correct chart of the route,

although not so minutely as the one seized on, which was plotted daily

by the eye and angular observations.

papera lost were bles,

the

my

Thus my

only essential

m

astronomical observations, meteorological ta-

and a book containing remarks on minei*al8, plants, &c. with

manners, population, customs, &c. of the savages

ser-

have ..unation, could

all

source of the river

o

purport ^as the disposed been I had

ahoUc majesty's

I

But the general will please to recollect that my journals were saved Santa Fe , which were continued and are entire to this post ; a fortunate circumstance of the doctor's having copied my courses and

restric-

shall

evince that, although

at

observed

under

will

gentleman to obliging general Salcedo to resort to rough treatment, yet that it was not a volunteer surrender of my papers.

J

He

orders that none of said baggage should be opened,

like a

his merit, >who in

aote.

him

except by force, which

,inadetheexpedi,(1

m

own handt and voluntarily.

This assertion was so contrary to truth, honor, or the line of conduct a general should have pursued with a young gentleman, that I took the liberty of telling one of the ofiicers who signed said certificate that it was incorrect. But as Serjeant Meek was still in the rear, with nearjy all my baggage, I took care

,ttt

Km

number and

contents of those detained, and added that they were assorted by

whenheob««.rved

m

result

;

but the

of the former were in part communicated, and probably

may supply

my

memories will iqake understand While in the Spathe loss of the latter of but little consequence. .cellency purpori general I forbid use paper, notwithstapd* nish territories was of pen and the the journal

part of the balance, and our

IP

APPENDIX TO PART

iO iog which

I

III

kept a jouraalt mtde meteorological obBervation8»took

and distancea, from the time I entered their country until my arnral at this places all of which I brought «tfe off in the men's cotirsee

guKS (where I finally secreted my papers) without detection. From our unremitting attention day and night* the Immense

bng time we wene in their counhave been able to collect (I midie bold to assert) a correct ac> count of their military force, regular and irregular ; also, important

territory they led us throoght the try, I

and interesting information on geographical timratts,

situations, political sen-

and dispositions of the people of every

class,

manners,

arts,

resources, riches, revenues, value and productions of their mines, situation. Sec. &c. also, with the annual revenues paid Bonaparte, and had we possessed as great a knowledge of the Spanish language when we entered the territories as when we left them, our informatbn would have been nearly as complete as I could have wished it, it, by the open autho* But the French language was greatly benefi< By the cial, in which my communications we;d sometimes made. Serjeant, who is still in the rear and never suffered to join me, as general Salcedo conceived he would probably procure some infor^ mation from him, which he could not if immediately under my orders, I expect many other communications of importance from many individuals, who promised to forward them by him. But I presume the general has found himself in an error, as I perceive by a tetter from him to governor Cordero, the serjeant killed one of his men, in consequence of some improper conduct, and the general accuses him of great intractibility, as he is pleased to term it. From

if sent rity

expressly for the purpose of acquiring

of his majesty.

the foregoing' statement your excellency will observe that I yet

immense

matter, the result of one year's travel, in a counand populated, which have doth been long the subject qi curiosity to the philosopher, the anxious desires of the miser, and tlie waking thoughts and sleeping dreams of the man cf ambition

possess

try desert

and the

and in our present

critical situation, I do conwhich opens a scene for the generosity and aggrandisement of our country, with a wide and splendid field for harvests of honor for individuals. But my papers are in a mutilated state, from the absolute necessity I was under to write on small pieces in the Spanish country; also, from 'being injured ini the gun barrels, some of which I filed three times off to take out the papers. 'These circumstances would make it necessary, in the [ first placcy to take a rqugh copy as they stand ; then it will be neces-1

aafiiring soul,

ceive, immensely important, and

|

tary to assort the matter, as military, political, moral, trade, climeJ

;

APPENDIX TO PART

^

country «»«» in the

iftea'*

lect it

the imine^** their counac'

„,,VK>Utical»en. s,

manners,

lof thwr ipaniah

att8,

tnines,

for

language

„ea«ai>

that your conduct, in each of those expeditions, met the approbatioto of the present $ and that the infiM^aUoil jroitt obtirfned and communicated to the executive. In reladon to the adurce ef the Mb* •istipipi and the natives' in that quarter, and the ^xnkniry generally, aa well oh> the Upper Misslslippi^ ai thttt between t|ie Aitaaaaw and the Missouri, and (m the border of the laMBr'^sKemdverrivtrto^its source and the country adjacent, has been considered lugiUy interestbg, in a political, geographidyf, and hiteorioal tiew And you may rest assured, thftt your services are held in high estimation by the provident of the United State* } and if any qiinioo of my own can afford you any sadwfaction, I very fraiikly declare that I consider the public much indebted to you for the ei^titrprising, persevering and judicious manner, in which you have pbrfohned th4m.

mpUonofyour

I

am, very

presents vrVttch

respectfully, ur,

Yourobedicnt servant, '

sir,wUU id am,

«?

Cafitain Zebulon

M.

H/QlVAkliOIiH.

Pike.

riLKissow*

iwUlbepleWed

RETURN

.ground, for the

or PERSONS EMPX.OTBD ON A TOUR OV DlSCOVOlRT ANb XXPLORATION TO THE SOURjOB 0' TnX MlSSISStFPI, {N THE TEARS 1.805

L

mouth of the

critical Lry other

ANQ

1806.

p

permi8«lon8 to

the [orded, and

lieutenant

Z.

J.W.*

Interpreter

PIERRE ROSSEAU,

Serjeant

^

Corporals

M. PIKE,


»tb of A^gttst^ eM dbUvewi^lvtheikr natMi In Mfttf liheir oUefi^ Women and childreHi uMi fc|Meohde ttf tlw>nMMk Here I renudwi* makilg: astranoiilcaV cMetwiiioiis^ and pee^ paUng for any nt:ireh bf kndmtilr ttie 1st of Septeniber, wlish we coek our depavtvrtt' fiir thv Fawileeire|NibIid« acooaspallieA bf sonnf Osage chieiw who werd depatedibf their Mtirar to fonmi m trmyefi peace and amit^iiAth th#nation'of the Kant (with wtoiAPtlMjr>wea»

1

au^eee of tlM

^fii. ttMndftlO siM month, w6«ra'9 oateadl conference between the Osage and Kans chiefi^aMi

then at war) under^the to be held a

mediated a peace for the two naticM.

Lede in yoor letter 1

ISMtefd

the Pawneet republic abeiN the 9scl» of

1

-hould place, there

L»y»««"«*^***"^ I

Swtet of

America, sum you

K,ver other

United States fe said

c:

'\c

CarAYrujo.

rending fduv ^/'T*-

bars,

IE5IO

SAtCEDO-

Ike, captain.

'

After having iMhl cMincils

with thd Pawnees, naadvastvoniomloalobtervMtbMittte;

I'

iiaic liwi

from the! slaid viMage on the 7th of OctelkiVanid arrived aiPfbe Aiw kansaw on the nth of die said month, wfleM We reoiahwd'iMtUlhif Mth, pieparingcoanoes^

my

formed me. that

my

until

arrival at

papers would be considered as a sacred depot

tl^is

place,

when your excellency would ezaniine

and take them into consideration.

When they were

examined and taken possession of,

I

expluned

without disguise the nature and contents of each, conceiving that thoae only which had any relation to the object of my expedition

could be interesting, and that merely a copy of the chart and translation of the official papers

trace of

but resting

was

in

satisfied that

tholic majesty

be

no rupture had taken place between his ca1 have the honor to serve, which would

and the States

a. justification

them

You must be conscious,

would be taken.

my power to h^ive secreted or destroyed every my voyage and plans previous to my arrival at Chihuahua,

sir, that it

for the seizure of

in statu quo, to

my papers ;

I prefered leaving

using duplicity, which in some degree always

implicates the character of a military man.

Admitting the country which I explored to be contested between the two governments, each naturally wishing to gain some information as to

its

geographical situation, in order that they

may

form correct ideas as to what would be their mutual interests, founded on justice and the honor and the dignity of the nation in forming the line of demarcation. This was the view of the United States government in the expedition which I had the iionor to command^ and the loss of the geographical sketches taken, might be the occa4on of a suspension of the final line of limits, and consequently the delay of an amicable adjustment of the

now

existing differences be-

tween the two governments.

Your excellency may not have an

intention of detaining

my

pa-

pers, which I had only began to suppose from your returning part by lieutenant Walker, in which case trusion

;

but I will add, that

you

if you

to excuse this inview to detain the pa-

will pleas

have

it

in

pers, I request you will be pleased to cure, and

you

examine them with particular from general Wilkinfrom the latter to his father and

will find that there are letters

son, as well as his son to

me,

also

mother, and others which are by no means of a

political nature, or

at least not relative to the relations exiting between the

government

of Spain and the United States, aad therefore can by no

means be

APPENDIX TO PART

r»

III.

The book which conudnt my charts

mteretting to your excellency.

also 9ontain8 part of the blotters of a voyage to the source of tho

Missisuppi, which I presume cannot be interesting to the. Spanish »rtf,

goretnment.

i8or.

"'>'

a sacred depot

,

would «»nuiie

h

if

sion

if so, that

;

is

reasons for their seizure and detention, in order that

iof,Iexpl«4»«*

ment may be tinaUed

conceiving that „y expedition

•

'But to conclude, I have only to request of your excellency to

know

your intention to detain my papers nowin your posaeth. you may cause me to be furnished (or suffer nse, to take) a copy of them, and that I may receive, a dectificate from'in^ der your hand, of the number, nature. Sec. of the< said papers, and lb*

Allenca«t«r in-

to

make

my

govern-

the proper appUcatliMi to the Spa-

My reason for applying to

your ejc

oh the arrival of

my men,

might be {mpared to march

in a short

nish court for an explanation.

chart and trana-

cellency so early on this subject,

ua^be conaciout, deatroyed every

period of time, (for under the present aspect of affairs) I feel con-

,al

who

Chihuahua,

at

States, as

in the^retarj I

am as anxious to arrive on the territories of the United your excellency must be for me to quit the dominions of

his catholic majesty.

prefered leaving

me degree

still

scious that I

his cae between would 5rve, which [

are

is that

In

always

all

events, I hope you will believe

me to be with the highest

sentiments of personal respect,

Tour most obedient bebe contested ling to gain

some

xler that they

His

may

(excellency, brigadier

ing-general of the

foundal interests,

Spain.-

naUon in forming States 'the United [>nor to

11

command,

>fh

[

;;

New

.r^mrntf

No.

15.

1

TRANSLATION;

pa-

OF

part *>y ir retm-n'mg this inexcuse 1 to

Im

klh||dom«f

'-'

'

;

the pato detain

lem

M. Pike, command-

Sftlcieido,

.

,g

iw

Z.

g^erat Don Nimealo

ihteriot' province of the ''•-^'-•'^ '.n..ar...

"'

•^'•"'

occanight be the consequentiy the differences be-

kfdetwning my

servant,

(Signed)

the papers connected with the expedition, which by orders

of the United States government, you have .

with particular

general Wilkinand his father

ler to

or 1 political nature,

government Len the he tan by no means

of the Illinois, unto the settlements of

made from the

New

St.

Louis

Mexico, and which you

yourself* separated from those which you brought here and put into

my hands the day you arrived in this town. There has been formed an inventory and certificate respecting each of them accompanying

you, and deposited in the (^ce, the

* See my account of die

seiaure of

it

to

17th current* fop the purpose

my paper*, April

ik, z8o/.>

'

AFVEVRyiX

tia

TO WfOftm.

t9Mr«iiifl«i«tiMd; tb* >uil{^«nt on whiktli renMiin.ibrii«d9ol.

4Mof UwUnftiny tflilfM

kivd^and, ihdl be i-qMirted kt the Mcretav^

of this €Apu&n genenddyr ; and

summons

cated in your

medktimg thiit you kaiiw

kidi/-

government, the greatest de* dto to arrivo ad the< tetritorns of the Umte4 ScsttfSf have i>e4»lv£d tiMt

official to this

yon preparer to ceminve your vograge

two or three day a;, iiv afatll bd^madOy

in*

eonoaqoeiiee ofidiicfa, iba arranyeanenla neoeasarf

attehaa'yoor^thithepeo^ of your expe^tion hinM»oxperienced

«mU )«uff arrival ae this jplaee. God

preserfelydu-^atiany^earflit.

(Signed)'

liiieaaiorSAtLeBBfo.

lai Lieiite»t»itof Inibits^

Mantgmftery Pikoi

ir^^Trattsilired fiiMii^4ifipia{inalr tty

1o

Z.

M;

Bitte^ capldili.

^UtfJl.Hl

I

No.. L6.

J tm:

TRANSI^TION.

M .X 4i/i

IMVENnCQUYoCfMiperawh^h. tbe

tyheUlMMted States (^ Ataeticai

lieutenant of infantry of

Montgomery

Pike».in the superior

government) and commandant general of the internal provinces of New Spain, as belonging to a voyage which he executed from St.

Louis up the

Illinois to the population

Indian nations, and reconnoitre

tfie

of New Mexico, to

visit

the

country and intermediate rivers,

as it appears his expedition was undertaken by provision of the government of the said United Staffet and the orders of general

Wilkinson.

No^

1.

Letter from general Wilkinisa to^ Pike, dated 34th June, 1806.

Another ftmn* the same to Pfte^ 18th Julyi 180«. 3. Another from ^m aanrie to tiw same officer, ,19th Julyj 806. 4. Another fVOM the same taPike^ dated 6th August, 1806. Ueutonanv Wilkinson to his father, 37th October} 5. Letter 3.

1

^m

li06v 6»

X. 8^

Another from the same to the same, seth October, 1«06. Letter from Pike to general Wilkinson, 33d July, 1806. Letter from lieutenant WiUunson to lieutenant Pike, 36tb Ootobcr,

1806'.

.

^!'i^'' ^

APPENDIX TO PART 9. Lhe •ecrot.a**

M'

III.

Proclamation of general Wilkinson, prohibiting any citiMn of the United States trading with the Indian nations without his permission, or that of the government, dated 10th July, 1805.

10.

A letter from ral

Charles Junot, agent for the Indians, to gene-

Wilkinson, dated lUth July, 1806.

13.

Notes of lieutenant Pike on the voyage from New Mexico, to Chihuahua, of four pages. A rough manuscript of the Missouri and Osage rivers.

13.

Letter from sergeant Ballenger to general Wilkinson, with*

14.

Letter from lieutenant Wilkinson to Pike, without date.

15.

A certificate in the French language of a certain Baptist La-

1 1.

out date.

mie, found caiiptilti.

tive for 16.

among

those nations, and q;>ecifying his

mo«

being there.

A bundle of papers in the French language, which contained notes on the harangues and manifestoes which lieutenant

Pike had delivered to the Indian nations. 17.

A passport of

lieutenant Pike to the Indian

cai^ain of the 18.

L,.inlhea«penor of

\temal provinces bt. executed from

Vmt the

Ltermediate

rivers,

the go'provision of general orders of 1

21.

June, dated 34th

Le,

Il«4

A small draught or map of the country which is situated be-

tween the Mississippi and Santa Fe, with a description of that town, and of having met with three thousand Camanches. 19. A book 8 vo, manuscript, which contains the di&ry of lieutenant Pike, from January, 1807, to the 2d March of the same year, when he arrived at Santa Fe, in 75 pages. ZO. A book 4to. manuscript, in paste-board, with copies of letters to the secretary of war and general Wilkinson, and various observations relative to the commission of the lieutenant^ in 67 pages.

«f «aBt oi infantry

Mexico, to

A

containing different plans of

Rhumbs

and which

distances, tables,

said lieutenant

Pikc; in 40 pages.

August, 1806. STth October,

Don

[father,

Franciso Valasco,

first officer

of the secretaries of the

commandant generalship of the internal provinces of New Spain, and Juan Pedro Walker Alferez, of the company of horse of the

l«06. ]th October,

lieutenant

folio,

worked observations and meteorological arose from a revisal of the voyage, by the

ISO*.

Pil^«»

manuscript book in

countries, &c. with a diary with

rjer,mhJa\yi^8«-

Ith

Winapicaneya

Osage.

little

royal presidio of Janos.

We certify

2^* I

American infantry, Montgocommandant general of. the be-

that the lieutenant of

mery Pike, when presented

to the

26

APPENDIX TO PART

9$

III.

Don Nimetio Selce4lo» Ukewiae produceil a smell trunk which he brought with himi* and that in the presence

fere mentioned provinceit

of the undersigned, opened himself» and took out different books and papers, when having separated with his own handsy under our cognisance, all that appeared to be, or that he said was piivate, or had no connection with the voyage ; delivered the remainder to the demand of the commandant general, which were solely those

comprehended in the foregoing inventory which we have formed, and for the verification of which we have signed these presents at Chihuahua, the 8th of April, 1807. (Signed) Franciso Valasco. Juan Pseao Walker. Translated from Uie original, by Z. M. PiliO} captain.

[ No. ir. ] ChihuahuatJtfiritAtAflSOr.

Sir, I H'^PE your excellency ra$j not uttrihute it to presumption, or a disposition to intrude when I address you on a subject foreign

from

my official

and on which I can only spealc as an indivimyself wanting in humanity, and that atten-

dnties,

dual, but I should

feel,

which every man owes to his fellow creatures in

tion

distress should I

remain silent ; and more especially when those who are compatriots and some former companions, now in a strange country, languishing out their days, far from their friends and relations, without scarcely

a dawn of hope remaining of ever again being blest with the view of their native homes, to the unfortunate

It it scarcely

necessary to add that I allude

companions of Nolan, who having entered the

manner, equally between the two governments, the laws

territories of his catholic majesty in a clandestine

in violation of the treaties

of the United Slates and those of Spain, could not be reclaimed or noticed by their country

r

-

yet from every information I have receiv; ed on the subject, the men of the party were innocent, believing that Nolan had passports from the Spanish governor to carry on the traffic of horses. I pretend not to justify the many irregularities of their conduct since in the Spanish dominions, but hope that

* The want of candor exhibited in the becile

ef

attempt to shew that

all

certificste is manifest,

it

may

and was an im«

017 actions were voluotary, and that io the delivery

mj papcn th«re was ao degree of

coaatraist.

APPENDIX TO PART wUc n the

produced presence

different

lid

was piivate,

to e remainder >re

be viewed with an eye of clemency, as they are most of tbem rerj illiterate, and possessing scarcely any part of an education.

books

hMKli, under

I

solely those

formed, ve have at presents hese

••

III.

David Fero was formerly a subaltern in a company of infiuitrjr commanded by ny father at the time I senrsd

of the United States,

as a volunteer, but left the service (as I have been informed) owing to

some irregularities of conduct ; entitles him at the present to herii if

my companion

his having been once

my

particular attention

known

in

an unfavorable

formed Fero was

in town,

light, viz.

About

1

tremely mortified at receiving the information, as I

must have

captain«

in

left

was inwas exconceived he

5 days past I

Walks*'

my

his post in a clandestine

yet I will

may appear

and that he desired to see me.

LASCO.

,

;

mention to your excellency a circumstance which

manner, yet

I

I could not find

heart to refuse the interview, which I gaye, but determined at

the same time to inform you of the circumstance, conceiving that you could not look on it as a matter of much criminality. But to conclude, I have to beg of your excellency, if in your power, and consistent with the line of conduct you conceive proper to pursue, to

inform

me

if

any thing can be done towards restoring

these poor fellows to their liberty, friends and country, and in a parit

to presumption*

ticular

manner

I intercede for Fero.

If it is out of the

foreign n a subject

power of the general to grant them leave to know if there b any objection

return to the United States, I beg to lity,

and that attenshould I

iniUatreas compatriots

to

my

taking out letters to their fathers, wives

have addressed this of those

rho are

fate

ountry, languishing

one of them

»8,

without scarcely with the view

West to add that p

I allude

do

I

men

had

I should not

fcc.

I not conceived the

alluded to was at his disposal, as he had suffered

to join the service of his catholic majesty

;

nor neither

request the honor of any other than a verbal reply, as I write

in the character of an individual,

and not as an

officer of the

United

States.

I-am, ur.

the having entered

With high

equally ine manner, laws the vemments,

or not be reclaimed rcccivhave I nation

letter to the general,

consideration.

Your humble, obedient

servant,

Z.

(Signed)

M. Pike.

His excellency, general Nimesio Salcedo.

innocent, believing on the srnor to carry irregularities of ,any it may but hope that

[ No. 18. 3

Mttc/dtocheay20thJu^^tf 1607. |manifert,indwasanim-

-and that in t^'*^""^

Sir,

PREVIOUS to my departure from Chihuahua, we so fully into the subject of the seizure of

my papers,

had entered

that I should Hit

APPENDIX TO PART

«*

III.

nerer hare madt another appeal, utitil I made one through our g«vemment to the ambatiador of hit catholic niujeatjr, had 1 not re« ceived orders to that effect ; it not being known at the time those iDStructions were givent that the proprietf of the seizure had beet,

contested between your excellency and myself.

now had time

fully to re

4be same light that

did

it

Your excellency

lore.

of seising

-surt;

Mrvatioas,

consider the business,

it

But, as you have

may not appear

my notesi plans, meteorological and ostronomical

Gcc, for

parts of the Mississippi, Missouri, Osage,

and Arkansaw rivers

;

in

when I had the honor to address you be* may be induced to conceive that the meaob-

Kans

waters acknowledged by the Spanish govern-

known territories of the United States, may Whatever may be your opinion on those subjects

meiit to be within the

not be justifiable. I

am

ut

an entire loss to conceive, how, and upon what principle you

could involve in that seizure, letters from individuals to individuals,

Che contents of which could in np wi99 be interesting to the

Spaniitii

government, I have therefore once more to appeal to your e^cellenr.j , with a hope that the time you have had for deliberation may induct /ou to conceive it proper, and but an act of justice to deliver up the papers sdz«d at Chihuahuaj and hope your excellency will have llic

them

me

goodness

to address

manding

officer of this place.

to

If the continuation of

in

a packet, to the care of the com-

an amicable underslAndiug between the

two nations is an object of estimation in tiie mind of your excellency, the final demarcation of limits myst be considi rod as the first great step to be taken towards

its

accomplinhnient

;

and to enable

my

go-

Tjernment to form a correct idea on that subject, it was requisite they should be well acquainted with the geographical situation of the

heads of the Arkansaw and Red rivers, the jbrmer part of which I had accomplished, and could with all ease have carried the remain-

ing part of that object into execution, (after discovering my mistake of the Rio del Norte for the Red river) had I been permitted by the governor of New Mexico, instead of which I was hurried tlirough the country to Chihuahua, without having time given for the absent part of my party and baggage to join me, by which means I was obliged to appear in a garb and

the rank

I

manner

have the honor to hold, and

Co the country

whose commission

entirely incompatible with

in

I bear.

some degree

un indignity

Atul to add to

my

morti-

was then deprived of the information 1 had obtained at tho r^que of our lives and the suffering of unknown miseries. The infication,

forppatio!) gontained in

my

notes were npt only of a geographical na*

;

APPENDIX TO PART

luch ai would enable the executive of the United

tura, but also

ougln OUT fS^ had 1 not re-

States to take

some

savage tribes

whom

,

he lime thoie xure h»d beei. you have it, a«

would have added enee, which

kddress you be-

mea-

e that the stronomical ob-

intimidated to

wards

Osage, Kana

time,

may you

Spanish to the

conceive

do

it

was

requisite

which I er part of arried the rcmain-

my

mistake

the n permitted by tluough s hurried for the absent

it

}

I

legree an indignity

add

to

my

morti-

at tho ,ad obtained liiiiseries.

The

it

just that

should pay for an involuntary

I

I

my

general on

route

in^

na* a geographical

;

I

received from your officers in

but in a particular manner to colonels Cordero

and Viana, with lieutenant Malgares would be my greatest pleasure to have it in my power to return the compliment. Will your excellency do me the honor to present my high respects to your lady, and my compliments to Mr. Truxillo and father

Herrara

to all of

to captains Barelo

;

whom

it

Rocus. I

am,

sir.

With

the most profound consideration,

Your obedient

was

incompatible with

[o

have to pay for the hire of horseSf

but as your officers were responsible, and gave their receipta

iven

„hich means

to

acknowledging the polite treatment

go-

of ibe ical situation

.cring

immedi-

and from the orders received by captain Viana at was obliged to hire beasts to take me to Natchitoches, although an escort of your troops were furnished. I here, with the greatest ple'\sure embrace the opportunity of

great

my

they should follow

for the transport,

the iding between excellency, . your

toenable

conscious must have failed, but am at an enwhy they should have been detained unUl this

was much surprized

Nacogdoches,

first

declaration to justify the conduct observed to-

am

tour I had taken through ^our territories, neither was I prepared to

^hc will l-.Ave

as the

I

as I neither conceived

care of the com-

i

tdf

mankind.

&c. demanded of me at the first place where we changed our escorts;

ieliverupthepa-

B

make a

when your excellency assured nte

lines, but

e^cellcnnv, with induce /ou » may

ncy

to the acquirement of

Their detention has been of considerable private injury to ^nyself, and an insult to my government. When I marched from Chihuahua, your excellency officially informed me that every thing was prepared for my transport to our

individuals, kh to ,g

Home small degree

ately.

subjects n those lat principle

in

amellonte the berberous state of verioui and I may be permitted to eddy

visited;

I

for the general benefit of

This

us.

tire loss to

Spanish governited States,

is

steps to

When I left Chihuahua, I was informed my sergeant and pertjr were detained near the place, in order that thej •Ao«/d ntt be per> mitted to join me. That by a separate examination they might bo

notappow*"

ri,

HI.

(Signed)

His excellency governor Salcedo.

servant,

Z.

M. Pike,

captain.

AH>£MDIX TO PART

HI.

f No. 19. ]

nesLLMHT

ON

gfH^ If.at, John Robinson appeared before Mexico, saying that he wai a Frenchman) in-

the 16th of Pebruarf

Ibe gorernor of

N«w

hahkahtof St. Louiti which place he

whh the view of toveries

*,

left

on the iSth June

last year,

gtrfng to the country of the Pananas to malte re-

that having; receifed information that his debtors had di-

rected their stepH to said province, he had concluded to follow them, In

company with

15 other persons,

who went

purpose o(

for the

hmitfng on the rivers of Arcs, Arkansaw and Colorado; (Red river) that in the neighbouring mountains the left

two

last

of his company had

him, for which reafton he saw himself under the necessity of

to whom he exposed his situation, and who accordingly agreed to conduct him. On the S5th of the same month of February, at the distance of 4 days march from tlie town of fianta Fe, and 9 leagues west of its set-

proceeding to the Yutas Indians,

tiement, at the place called the Ojocaliente, (Hot Spring) near the

(QMat North river) and that known under the name River de los Conejos, (of Rabbits) a detachment of the garrison of said province of New Mexico, met Montgomery Pike, first lieutenant of the infantry of the United States, with eight men of the said infantry ; who on being given to understand confluence of Rio Grande del Norte,

that he ~must be conducted to said town, consented to

them.

It

was then

settled that

two of his

men

accompany

should remain on the

spot with half of his catholic majesty's detachment, to wait for six

who had

not yet arrived, and he proceeded to the governor's, he declared, that his being in that neighbourhood was owing solely to his having been lost, and having mistaken the Rio del Norte for the Colorado. But this officer in compliance with the

others to

whom

orders of this, hlr superior

with the six

men

John Robinson

They

officer,

forwarded the said

first

lieutenant

of the American army, and the above mentioned

to this capital.

arrived here on the 2d instant, and said officer on being

presented to me, laid before

me in

the same manner as he had done

to the governor of Santa Fe, the papers relative to his mission

;

correspondence he had carried on with your excellency since

com-

menced, with

his journals

it

the

and note books.

Your excellency is not ignorant of the repeated representations made by the king's minister in the United States, and by the marquis of Cassa Calva while he was in Louisbna^ summoning the

APPENDIX TO PAWr American government its

8T

III.

carry into effect any projects of nltMinf

to

expeditions into territories unquestionably bclongiftg

to his

mar

jesty; you must th»reiurc, without any further

ppeared before

obscrvat^s or remarks on my part, be h