American cinema of the 1960s: themes and variations 9780813542188, 9780813544717, 9780813542195

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a American Cinema of the 1960s |

Each volume in the Screen Decades: American Culture/American Cinema series presents a group of original essays analyzing the impact of cultural issues on the cin-

ema and the impact of the cinema in American society. Because every chapter _ explores a spectrum of particularly significant motion pictures and the broad range of historical events in one year, readers will gain a continuing sense of the decade as it came to be depicted on movie screens across the continent. The integration of historical and cultural events with the sprawling progression of American cinema illuminates the pervasive themes and the essential movies that define an era. Our series represents one among many possible ways of confronting the past; we hope that these books will offer a better understanding of the connections between American ~ culture and film history. LESTER D. FRIEDMAN AND MURRAY POMERANCE SERIES EDITORS

Ina Rae Hark, editor, American Cinema of the 1930s: Themes and Variations

Variations |

Wheeler Winston Dixon, editor, American Cinema of the 1940s: Themes and Murray Pomerance, editor, American Cinema of the 1950s: Themes and Variations Barry Keith Grant, editor, American Cinema of the 1960s: Themes and Variations Lester D. Friedman, editor, American Cinema of the 1970s: Themes and Variations Stephen Prince, editor, American Cinema of the 1980s: Themes and Variations

Themes and Variations EDITED BY

BARRY KEITH GRANT

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS “im NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY, AND LONDON

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

American cinema of the 1960s : themes and variations / edited by Barry Keith Grant.

p. cm. — (Screen decades) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-—0-8135-4218-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978—0-8135-4219-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Motion pictures—United States—History. J. Grant, Barry Keith, 1947-

791.430973'09046—dc22

PN1993.5.U6A8576 2008 ,

2007015496

A British Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the British

Library. ,

This collection copyright © 2008 by Rutgers, The State University , Individual chapters copyright © 2008 in the names of their authors

All rights reserved , ,

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 100 Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8099. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law.s Visit our Web site: http:/ /rutgerspress.rutgers.edu

Manufactured in the United States of America

This book could only be dedicated to my mother,

whose love of movies gave us something to share

| | during a turbulent decade. |

BLANK PAGE

| Acknowledgments | Ix Timeline: The 1960s xi

Introduction: Movies and the 1960s | | BARRY KEITH GRANT , 1960 Movies and Intimations of Disaster and Hope 22 ~ CHRISTOPHER SHARRETT |

1961 Movies and Civil Rights => | 44 ANNA EVERETT

1962 Movies and Deterioration | 67 ERIC SCHAEFER

1963 Movies and the Little Soldiers of the New Frontier 89 JOE McELHANEY

1964 Movies, the Great Society, and the New Sensibility 110 JAMES MORRISON

1965 Movies and the Color Line 130.

~ DAVID DESSER , |

1966 Movies and Camp 150 ~HARRY M. BENSHOFF ,

1967 Movies and the Specter of Rebellion |72 MURRAY POMERANCE |

1968 Movies and the Failure of Nostalgia | 193

— LESLIE H. ABRAMSON , 1969 Movies and the Counterculture | | 217

, CHRISTIE MILLIKEN | |

Select Academy Awards, 1960—1969 | 239

Index 257

Works Cited and Consulted 247

Contributors | 253

| BLANK PAGE

Tas

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank series editors Lester Friedman and Murray Pomerance for all their support and advice as I worked on this book. Thanks, too, to the contributors, with whom it has been a pleasure to collaborate and whose work has been so insightful about the 1960s. Iam indebted to Leslie Mitch-

ner for having the vision to see the value of the Screen Decades series for : scholars as well as the general reader. Thank you also to Eric Schramm for his careful copyediting of the manuscript. All the staff members at Rutgers University Press were thoroughly professional and delightful to work with. Curtis Maloley and Olga Klimova, graduate students in the M.A. Program in Popular Culture at Brock University, offered invaluable research assistance, the former with the bibliography and the latter with the timeline. A Chancellor’s Chair Research Award at Brock provided the financial support for research and preparation of the manuscript.

Ix

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The 1960s | 24 JANUARY Insurrection against French rule breaks out in Algiers. State of

, siege declared.

29 FEBRUARY Hugh Hefner opens the first Playboy Club in Chicago. |

, 6 MAY President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of , , 1960, intended to remove barriers for Blacks who want to vote

in the South. ,

l6 MAY Berry Gordy founds Motown records in Detroit.

presidential election. ,

8 NOVEMBER John F. Kennedy (D) defeats Richard M. Nixon (R) in the USS.

Misfits. a

~ 16 NOVEMBER Clark Gable dies of a heart attack days after completing The

3 JANUARY The United States terminates diplomatic relations with Cuba.

17 JANUARY In his farewell address President Eisenhower warns of “the _

City. Earth. | | military-industrial complex.”

23 JANUARY Bob Dylan makes his debut performing at an open-mike hootenanny at the Café Wha? in Greenwich Village, New York

|2 APRIL Yuri Gagarin of the USSR becomes the first man to orbit the _

17 APRIL The failed Bay of Pigs invasion takes place. | , 13 AUGUST Construction begins on the Berlin Wall. 22 DECEMBER James Davis of Livingston, Tennessee, becomes the first

American soldier to die in Vietnam. , ,

ee 12962 ee , | 20 FEBRUARY John Glenn orbits the Earth three times in Friendship 7.

3 JULY France cedes independence to Algeria. XI

XII TIMELINE — THE 1960s 9 JULY Andy Warhol’s first art exhibit, consisting of thirty-two paintings

, of Campbell’s soup cans, opens at Ferus Gallery in West Hollywood, California.

23 JULY Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

4 AUGUST Marilyn Monroe dies at age thirty-six from an overdose of prescription drugs. 22 OCTOBER The Cuban missile crisis begins.

| |I7 JUNE The U.S. Supreme Court rules that no state or locality may require recitation of the Lord’s Prayer or Bible verses in public schools.

28 AUGUST Ata civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C., Martin Luther King Jr. gives his “I Have a Dream” speech. 30 AUGUST An emergency hotline between Washington and Moscow is set up. 27 SEPTEMBER Joseph Valachi identifies Mafia families in his testimony before the McClellan Committee on national television. 22 NOVEMBER JFK is assassinated in Dallas; Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as

the thirty-sixth president.

7 FEBRUARY The Beatles arrive in the United States for the first time at the newly renamed JFK Airport in New York. Two days later, the band makes its first appearance on “The Ed Sullivan Show,” viewed by more than 72 million. I3 APRIL At the 1963 Academy Award ceremonies, Sidney Poitier wins an Oscar for Best Actor for Lilies of the Field, the first African American actor to win the award. 7 AUGUST Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, approving U.S. action in Vietnam and giving President Johnson discretionary

| power.

27 SEPTEMBER The Warren Commission releases its report on the investigation into the assassination of JFK, claiming that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone.

| OCTOBER The first student arrest in the Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley. Two months later over seven hundred demonstrators are arrested during a demonstration on campus.

TIMELINE — THE 1960s XIII

21 FEBRUARY Influential and militant black nationalist Malcolm X is murdered

City. , | | _

| . by three gunmen while giving a speech in Harlem in New York — 13 MARCH LBJ authorizes the use of napalm in Vietnam. | , MID-JULY Mariner 4 Mars probe flies to within 6,100 miles of Mars,

sending back pictures of the planet’s surface. , || AUGUST Six days of rioting begins in the Watts section of Los Angeles.

4 OCTOBER Pope Paul VI, the first pope to visit North America, arrives in

New York City. | ,

18 OCTOBER The first public burning of a draft card is carried out by David

| Miller in New York City. 22 JUNE Samuel Goldwyn wins an out-of-court settlement of a sixteenyear-long antitrust suit against Twentieth Century Fox and other

companies. | Oo | ,

China. , NBC.

30 JULY The United States bombs the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in

Vietnam for the first time. , , ,

13 AUGUST The Cultural Revolution is officially announced as state policy in

8 SEPTEMBER The first episode of “Star Trek” (“The Man Trap”) is broadcast on

, 29 OCTOBER The National Organization of Women is officially launched, with

Betty Friedan as president. |

, [5 DECEMBER Walt Disney dies of lung cancer at the age of sixty-five. me

I5 JANUARY The Green Bay Packers beat the Kansas City Chiefs 35-10 in

. Superbowl I in Los Angeles. - |

|3 MARCH Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-Minn.) introduces the equal rights

‘amendment to Congress. | |

5 JUNE Beginning of the Six Day War between Israel and the Arab , states of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq. | IO JUNE The American Film Institute is established.

|7 JUNE China announces its first successful test of a hydrogen bomb. | |4 DECEMBER Biochemists at Stanford University announce the successful ~ synthesis of DNA.

XIV TIMELINE — THE 1960s

am «=6—1968 2-3 MAY Leftist students occupy a lecture hall at the University of Paris and clash with police, setting off the events of May ’68. A general strike begins on 13 May. lO MAY Peace talks begin between the United States and North

Vietnamese delegations in Paris. : 4 APRIL Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee; several days of rioting follow in cities ~ across the United States. 5 JUNE Senator Robert Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles moments after declaring victory in California’s Democratic presidential primary. Three days later, James Earl Ray, the alleged assassin of

, Martin Luther King Jr., is arrested at Heathrow Airport in London.

27 JULY Alexander Dubcek, Czech party leader, announces that the country will manage its affairs independent of the USSR. On 20 August, Soviet tanks invade and Dubcek and others are arrested, ending the Prague Spring. 26 AUGUST The tempestuous Democratic National Convention opens in

Chicago. ,

| NOVEMBER The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) announces

its new ratings system. , ,

20 JANUARY Richard Nixon is inaugurated as the thirty-seventh president.

6 JUNE John Lennon and Yoko Ono stage their bed-in for peace in a Montreal hotel. 27 JUNE Beginning of Stonewall raids and rebellion in New York City. 20 JULY Astronaut Neil Armstrong makes his “giant step” for mankind

, on the moon.

9 AUGUST Actress Sharon Tate and four others are murdered by Charles Manson and his “family” in Tate’s Hollywood Hills home. [5-18 AUGUST The Woodstock Music Festival in upstate New York. 5 SEPTEMBER Military authorities charge Lt. William Calley with premeditated murder in the My Lai massacre of eighteen months earlier. 6 DECEMBER The Rolling Stones’ free concert at Altamont Speedway in

northern California results in violence and the death of one fan.

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