ʾAggabāb according to the Qəne School Tradition: Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, Relative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Interjections and Partices in Gəʾəz 9781463242060

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)Aggab ab according to the Qene School Tradition

Gorgias Handbooks

48

Adverbs, Coni unctions, Prepositions, Relative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Interjections and Particles in Ge>az (Classical Ethiopic)

Hiruie Ermias

GorEias Handbooks Þrovides srudents and scholars with reference booËr, textbooks n.,d ittttod.t.tions to different topics or fieids of

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¡/ìoncns

[)*st 2020

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, US,A www.gorgiaspress.com 2020 Copyright O by Gogias Ptess

LIC

Al1 rights reserwed under International and Pan-American Copyrþht Convõrtions. No part of this pubìication may be reproduced, storecl in a retrievâl system oi ttansmitted- in any fotm or by any means) electronic, mechanicáI, photocopying, recording, scanning oi' odrelwise wirhour the

Tenrr

OF CONTENTS

prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

xiii

Acknowledgmenß ...... ........

Listof Tables 2020

$ ISBN

97 8-1-

4632-4206-0

XV

Transliteration List ofAbbreviations Biblical Texts ............

rssN

1935-6838

xvll xix

xix xxi

Exgetical, Hagiographical and Hymnodic Books ......... In the Annotations

xxi

Other

xxii

Introduction ä.The þne Schools as important cenrers of Ga'az study....... iii. Various stages of the study of Ga'azgrammar... a) Gaíi....

b) c)

d) iv. Significance oFthe study....... v. Objectives of the study.......... vi. Scatement of the problem vii. Research methodology....... Cliap ter One: General Introducti on to Ágab ab....... r.r. Its origin and meaning of the term r.z. Division of 'AscabAb according to the

r.zt.'Abiyy 'Afgabab

r.2.2. Na'us'Aggabab............

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

tz3.Daqiq'Aggabab

-t

Data

A Cataloging-in-Publication Record is available

at the Library of Congress.

Printed in the United States of America

.........22

V

VI

'A c c ¿ n Ãn

Ta¡reoECoNTENTs

eccoRDING'l o rHE Qa NE Scnool Trreott.roN

r.3.3. Prepositions.............

24

r.3.4. Relative Prououns

z4

r.3.5. Interrogative Pronouns .......

L\

r.3.6. Interjections............

L5

4.7. Partic\es............,...... r.4. Adverbial elements according

2.t

r.ro. On the Authorship oF ',4gabab........... r.rr. On the Transmi ssion of '.4ggab itb .........

r.4,2.

oF Place

Adverbs

to the tradition of

and Direction..

r.4.3. Interrogative Adverbs ...............'

to the radition of

'Agga bAb...............:.. "... :.' 5.r. Copulatlve con;unctlons ......'...... r.5.2. Causal conjuncrions .. r.5.3. Temporal

27 27 1a 1a

r.5.4. Adversative

z8 z8

r.

unctlons r.5.6. Consecutive Conjunctions.... r.5.7. Place Conjunctions ................'..' r.5.8. Conjuncdons of Condition........ r. 5. 9. Other Conjunctions ...............'... r.6. Prepositional elements according to the tradition r.5.5. Disjunctive

z8

z8 z8 z8 z8

6.rllace preposition.

eIements............ elements according

Rossini........ z.z. 4 Interrosative a nd Relative 2.2.5 I nterjections and Particles.

2.3.

49

pronouns .....

ACPPP elements included inJosef Tropper's gramlnar.. 2.3,r Adverbial elernents..

2.4. ACPPIP elements involved z.

zct

2.4.2 Conjunctional elements 2.4.3. Prepositional elernents

zc)

5z 52

4.2 Conjuncdonal elements ...... 2.3.3 Prepositional elernents........ z

29

54 54 55

in

'Alaqã Kidãna lflald .............'..57 ................58 .,..,,'.,,.,'...59

...............6o Interjections, Reladve Pronouns and Particles .......... 6 o 2.5. ACPPIP elements and their classes according to Stefan Weninger.... z. 5.r Relacive Pronouns.... z. 5.2 Inter r ogative prono uns 2.5.3 Prepositions................. z. 5. 4 P arúcles indicating Genitive relation........ z. 4. 4

r.7. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns according to ....,......... 3o 'Aggabab...... .............. 3o r.7.r. Reìative Prorrouns........ u7.2. Intenogative Pronouns..'........... r.8. Interjections according to tl"re tradition of 'Agabab.....". to the tradition of r.9. Particles

r.9.Í'

Chapter Three: Adverbs...... 3.r. Adverbs of Place.......

r.9.L. r.9.1. Presentational particles r 9. 4. P articles of uncertainty ................

h'o' o!'

r.9.6. Particlesof supplication: h'ltlh 'agzi'o(please) r. 9.7. Negative Particles... r.9.8. Pariicles indicating genitive relation r.9.9. Other Particles

5r

5r

z8

r.6.2. Prepositions of Tirne ............'..... r.6.3. Cornparative Prepositions........... r.6.4. Other Prepositions

r.9.5. Vocative particles:

35

z.z. ACPPIP elements and dreir classes according to Carlo Conti Rossini.... .',,,,,.,.,.,..46 z.z.t .Ldverbial elements....... .'.... "......... -... -. 47

2.7.4 Particles ..................

of

'Aøøabab..... r.

jr

Dillmann ........38 z.r.r. Adverbial elemenrs )9 z.r.z. Conjuncdonal elernenrs .... ............'..'.. 42 2.r.3, Prepositional elements ...... 44 z.t. 4. Interjections, Relative pronouns and Particles ........... 45

ofTime...

r.4.4. Other Adverbs....... r.5. Conjunctional elements according

...

."'.......'..'.....'....

Clrapter Two: Review of some printed Ga'az Grarnrna;rs ...............V7 z.r. ACPPIP elements and their classes according to August

'Aøqabab......

,.4.,3duerbs

vt1

...

.

.

1.t.r.û? bayya,ãL lafe,n'/ kab¿and1l? zala lî'ala and ttò (u.f la'ali ta ..... ¡rz. ttÒ(t La'alø,

j.V.

^ò(v and h1X¿'aruara øD1A¿ mantarã

j.r.4.øo+h+ matbeta, lht tAbta and taþtita.........

y',htf 9o

y

tä'A

ACCORDING T o rHE Qa NE

G G A 8,4-B

3.r.5.

tchrl nr'asa

TerrEorCoNTENTs

Scnool TR¿¡ttroN

and lc2P. targasa.,

9r

16. ÇKøD fasma............ of Tirne .........,. Adverbs 3.2. (rÅ- lafe.... 3.2t.

\ftO

93

Þ&o\ 93

3.4.ß.h*'f

......roo

lfa, tl \* qamurâ ,..

za

za

lafa,

rol

daga

ma,.....

.....138

......r4r

kaiata, 0øR'awda andtt0g. gabada

.

.....r42

3.a.ry.?zygi

.....r4i

3.4.2o.-lAgas$a

.....r44 144

rtå k' za I ufw and ol o"' l"

r\1,

.....176

V. 4.ú \ò O ka'ab a, C &'ãdi and &nø" 7.4.ry. hoo kamma........

9t ..,....

13+

-.....rys

.

g'hIL 3.2.1.424 sanitu,+o11;t9" tamalam, +tl+ takaï, ya'aze, ?T' yom andAwF' geíø7n ......'..'.-....

yz.5.h?4, þawala,9.2ò daþari a¡d k"tZ daþra"...... yz.6.It(tY le,allabe, al¿ uatra, û'ùà aattwra, HÃà

ßCrf dargata.....................rjt ,rli

3. 4 4. hùtt'as þw..,.......... V.4.5 - h7h'anþa............

qadàmi,þgo" qadma,ÞkT'qadmandhÞha* 'aqdimu.,.....

þa bw'a..........

3.4.t2. 7.4.ry. ho1\'aman andhoùï bmana..

93

3.2.2, ooÞ k øo maqd atna, + &oD' qadimw,

þubare,lkZ, þabøra, ,ìr{là þabra, htht'b

hb attane, RCI darga and

92

V

nt'Ql

7.4.n-

1X

j.4.zL.'I't'f gabta 7.4.21.

y3. Interro gative Adverbs

kftt

dabbwtaand

....."...'...........

hllt

145

r46

kabara.

3.Vt.ølhtL mabze

yl.z. hÇ7 safn andhñç?+ bsfantw Ti;'.A'r bonw.., yl.+. hß'È'oltt ....'..'......'.'...

V.4.z6.1?-Q tayyuqa ). 4.2V . fr

..............rr4

1.4. Other Adverbs.......

Àlto

3.4t. rhà.f batsãtaand 7.4.2. hQ þtqqo,?hùt. nastita,l&m þacLtta and bassaw¿

..............rr4

ø"TR wahuda

j.+3. oÐÇ+oj maføw,

u'Ç?

fD

7.4.5.

3.

4.7

.

mma and

tlf'

1*

ât0- b ame

3.

a. 9.

A

Ã*

.

and

dr w......

..,,,....'..'124

Ò/-* braqa.................

.............n6

b aba q q u, 41111 b azþ

a,

b m ma

4.

{ltf 1 b azu þ a, I'o*7

))anxøna.andes:4*fadfada..........

3.4.ro.0h bakkaanåh7*

kanta....

..................r5r ................. 15r

............rtr ...................r57

t6t

+4.2. Þkø" qadma 4.1.4. h?tt bnza 4.7.5.9'rà daþra.....

hfl'.Ti

14 9

...................r5o

..... oDPò(t mawa'alø, ñ0'l- sa'ata, iO soba, hø" 4.1.r.

4.y.hñh

l' u and

mita.....................

T emporal Conjuncdons

...,,....,... tLz

fa$ uma ............

s a m¿

hma, ò(tl' blata, 0øo+ 'amata andZtL Eze..

rzl

taqqa, û kh waddah, froo

Ç?,.@

V.a.8. rläntú babtitw

4.7

I2A

.....

òZ ma'rã.....,.....

3.4.6. ñ'00 sab'a, la

ma s b a'i tø

rr8

r48

mm i ta and K T' ol.'f

hlDd'|7 'am!àna,htl.F 'akkona and hftø" bsma........... r57

4.2t. .

sa

).4.28.Çrw\fatuna. Chapter Four: Conjunctions 4.r. Copulative Conjunctions............. 4.r.r.'Lbi,2ni anddD wa 4.2. Conjunctions expressing Cause

iannaya, C*ò rata' and

'sAo+ d¿\wat.......... gDft'lìtt 3. a. a. foã'Ont ma k b a'i ta and

úLl'

....... rz8

....'.........'.

rlo

bska

4. Adver sati',,. co,r; o,-r.;t;;;..

.... : :..... :..

4.4.r.à sa andtJJ wø............ QÃlr baþa xu, h|alla and &høù dabmu Disjunctive Conjunctions............. 4.5. 4. 4.2.

4.5.t.ø1oo mimmaandhts' 'ãuu......................................... r

x

Ta¡trorCoNTENTs

ÁGGABAB ACCORDING TO THE (JENË SCHOOL TRADITION

5.z.yhè" 'afa andÇÇ fanna........

XI

..........2+4

5.3 Comparative Preposition ..........

5.VtoDmlmaÍanãandhT'Q\ 4.7 . Place Conjunctions . aD11A mangalaand

4.7t.

t.

hoo'emma and t\0

4.8,2. ah{

so

b

a......................,

wabda

zoo

4.9. Other Conjunctions........ 4.9,r. û?-I'f hayltønta, O*(r baqalø

,LOI

andÇ4þdda

4. 9.2.

oD m1

*tv^m

245

.........;-45

ç.2. hrÞû(r hms ala and hchg'ar'ay 5.y. h9'f 'ayàta .............

10 þaba,,.........

4.8. Conjunctions of condition ...,........ 4.8

hmtana

5.7.4.h9" bm.....

......246 ......246

SC.S.h@ kama..

246

5.4 OtherPrepositions

:,48

5.4t. U?7t haylanta, AhTd^ ba'anta,14 bezã,;fh(t takl¿ andl'ov\,m tawlata.. ................... ;.49 ,........,.249

tawlàta

.....'..'...'.'.....2oI

matarca, h1D aù'amtãna and 0þo"'aq m a........ Lo3

z5z

4. n ba .............,......... 5.a.5. À?(\rUanba\a ..................

4. 9.7. Ah'I'f ba'a nta, A91 b ay na and h?û&I'a nbay na........ zo7 4. 9. a. h!"\tt'ams ala and hchg'ar'ay a...................'........'. zro

..,..... zrz

,......

LZO

...223 o"^ò^+ mal'aLta and ålì diba......'........ ...223 5.r.r. 40r\ lâ'\"a, y'.hf taþta........... øolin.f .,.226 and matheta 5.r.2. øD7'l^ and 1ll aba...'.....'.. mangala þ S.r.j.

ø"+køo maqdama, Þkoo 5.r.4. øD\A¿ man;ara,

qadma, h'Il.Z 'an;ara and 1?, ga;;a................... ,..228

ç.6. ,r.r.7.

hÇh'afa

òP-4:

ma'dota .......

Six: Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns and Interjections .. z6t 6.r. Interrogative Pronouns: øDl" mannu, o\ m| Tt'Il mant andhg'Ay....

..,223

Chapter Five: Preposidons .......... 5.r. Prepositions of Place

01

L57

Chapter

4.e.5.41Yh babila. a.9.6. hfD 'awt ...,.......

5.r.5. "?hhA ma'akala......

z5+

5.4.

...230 ...232

..,,..,,.......,..,..... L}3 .',.',.,...214

..,....,'...,,..2}4 ................L15 5.r.rr. rir'ftt w as tu, a' fi¡¡ wal ta, o'\¡¡ u as ale and dl'{nu'f wasatita....... ....,....L37 .,,,,.,..L4o 0a'9'awda...... 5.t.rz. L4T 5.r.ry.'10 gabo,ttlgora andtÞ taqa ....... ...............242 5.2. Prepositions of Time ,,...,..'....,'.''.'..242 5.2l. 42Ì sãníta ......... 'adme andLtL 'ama, ök4 gize ..............24i öA høo soba, 5.2.2.

6.2. Relative Pronouns....

-''

.............262 ..............272

6.3. Inrerjecrions..

.z8s .zgs

¿.;-.;.''E;¿i;'"';;;; ofJoy... 6.3.2. Exclamations of Pain, Sorrow and Anxiety .......

Chapter Seven: Particles.... 7.r. Interrogative Particles

'2,8s

.289

......',89

7.r.r. ü. hø and} rca............. '............'.......289 7.i.6. (PartNeg. + nu) hl1b.t 0uC+1 Únhêt%þ: ù1f-

A0Al:: (|ohn n:9)..... 7.2. Affirmative Particles

.

7.2.2. htr'oho ...,............. 7.2.3.4 gta. 7.3. Presentational Particles ....................... 7.3t. \9 naya, \P nawa and Ço- nAbw.... 7.4. Particles of Uncertainiry.....................

7.4.r. h1&au'andati andh?2 'anga ... 7.5. Vocative Particle

."....29r ......294 ...... L94 ..............295

,,..'.,'....'296

299

'.'.'......Joo .'...'.....300

x11

'AGG.4B,4B ACCORDING To THE CeN¿

Scuoor TR¡oITION

7.6. Particleof Sincerity and Supplication

.........305

7.6.t. h"llLh bgi'z....'...... 7.7. Negative Particles

.........305

7.7 t hlt'al

and

........)06 ........3c,6

lu'i'..........

AcrwowrEDcMENTs .',..,.....vry

7.8;.Y h¿..........,..

..'..... ..'.... " " " " " " " " 3r4 7.9. P articles indicating Genitive relation

l¿ as,hA'all¿,h?t 'anta andtl

7.9.r.

^ 7.ro. Other Particles .........

7.ror

oD

Z.ro.z.9 Chapter Eight:

nla, (l sa, Ô so,

yand?

zø...."'..""""""""" lr4 ...,'.,....'.,..'.'..', 7ú

h-\'a -'a andta þe......

)ú

..................,.... 3L5

Yo

Conclusion........'.

"""""327

8.r. Concluding observations on'Aggab ab and its issues " " " " 327 8.2. General remarks about the

Summary..... Zusammenfassung

study.......'...

.'.-.'3V5

.....''.....'.,,,.... 3}9

""

List of References......

)4r ....'....,,..,,,,....'.3+3

Glossary

...,... .... 3tr

Index................

..........]57

First of all, I would like thank my Lord for His compassion, prorecdon and provision. Then, I sincerely thank Univ. Prof. Dr. Alessandro Bausi for his kind support to successfully accomplish this research. I also thank Univ. Prof. Roland Kießling, Univ. Prof. Dr. Henning Schreiber and Dr. Denis Nosnitsin. My kind gratitude goes ro the members of the TTaCES project

team of the University

of Hamburg:

Susanne Hummel, Andreas

Ellwardt, Wolfgang Dickut, Dr.Yitlgrazia Pissni, Eugenia Sokoliniski, Magdalena Kryzanowska and Dr. Cristian Vertan. I am also chankful for my dear colleagues Dr. Solomon Gebreyes, Dr. Anronnella Brita, Dr. Gete Gelaye, Elias Feleke, Dr. Maja Pries, Martin Harras, Hewan Simon Marye, Leonard Bahr, Sisay Sahile, Daria Elagina, Sopliia Dege, Dr. Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Francessca Panini, Thomas Rave andDr. Ebrahim Abdu. Many thanks to Dorothtea Reule, Nafisa Valieva and all the peoples who supported me.

x11l

Ltst or T¿¡r.rs Table r. Adverbial elements, p. 64 Tablez. Conjunctional elements, p. 74 Table y Prepositional elements, p. 77 Tab\e 4. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns, p. 8r Table 5.Interjections, p. 8r Table 6. Particles, p. 8z

xv

Tn¿NSUTTRATToN uh

1ba

T,

¡la

lna

't

aho

Íña

m.ta

øom

h'a

6Ca

ia

hka

A;a

Lra

Aka

oda

ùsa

@wa

àfa

n .ta

0'a

Tpa

þqa

tl za

Apo

Oba

Ìl

*

l:

?ya

1-b"o

9. dct

h"

vt

ta

Tða

àct

ga ga

ça

q'uo

k'q

þ g'a

xvll

Lnr or AnrREvrRTroNS Bnr¡c¡.r,Trxrs Acts - Acts of theApostles Amos - The Prophecy ofAmos Baruch - The Book of Barucl-r Coloss. - Paul's Epistle to Colossians r Cor. - Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians zCor. - The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians r Chr. - The First Book of Chronicles zChr. - The Second Book oFChronicles Dan. - The Prophecyof Daniel

Deut. - Deuteronomy Eph. - Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians Esther - The Book of Esther Exod. - Exodus Ezek. - The Propliecy of Ezekiel

Ezra-The Book of Ezra Gal. - Paul's Epistle to the Galatians Gen. - Genesis Hab. - The Prophecy of Habakkuk Heb. - Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews Hos. - The Prophecy of Hosea Isa. - The Prophecy of Isaiah Jas. - The Epistle ofJames John - Tlre GospelofJohn rJohn - The First Epistle ofJohn zJohn - The Second Epistle ofJohn Jer. - The Prophecy ofJeremiah Job - The Book ofJob

xix

xx'A

cc,4 nz n tccoRDING

T

o THE Qo NíScuoot- TR¿oltroN

Joel - The Prophecy ofJoel Josh. - The Book ofJoshua Jude - The Epistle ofJude

Jodg. - The Book ofJudges Jonah - The Prophecy ofJonah r Kgs - The First Book of kings z Kgs - The Second Book of Kings

Lam. The Lamentation ofJererniah -

Lev. - Leviticus

Luke - The GosPel of Luke Mic. - The ProphecY of Micah Mark - The Gospel of Mark Matt. - The Gospel of Mathew Neh. - The Book ofNehemiah

LISTOFA¡BREVIATONS

xxl

ExcETrcAL, HactocnepHrcAl AND Hy¡,tNoprc Boory a very short description of what 'Aggabab is. This is used for all tlrree divisions of 'Agabab as a cornmon fonnula. The statements tlrat come after the formula give a hint about which 'Agabab division is going to be discussed and why the division keeps its identification. It looks like the following: fìfrøD:

h.lìr dDûttkz Øoo'lþfi2 Þ&ãza&z hgD^h: h"xTt:

7q17, AZkh,t't

¡1"?rlÀ't|¿bc: 1'ì¿, h1q.n21 hZQ'lì: ?øT.Qlrz Ft Ç4a-;: o17. ø171Çfo: llrt: |Lgi 7}FñÇt 9*Þt Ç40vt hÀTtLUfl': ro-nÎ 0(L9,1 Ìflq{t?t hû-72

h7Çt/-ã7Í MqCl n+&o1ø: nhd\gß: nï44ß: h7þX: h?tQt ø1 t]' ¿,9, 9 à-C{Ëvz h?rì'n r øDrìft. : hh?ffr : Oè,1 t (t(t f\l L t \oy :t hr4'lì: ø?Âl: }."IC. '0¿+! rl?rÏ\ä: úl(tå-:7@-:t l\g,: gãTa-t h7*Kt tt\è"/.ñz\oY:t ba-sama'ab wa-wald wa-manfas qaddws t 'amlak hmen. na w e t ta n b a-r ada'e t a bgzi'a b a b e r n agara'aggab a b.

conrbir-ration of two words rabA (lit.: 'reproduction" 'conjugation"'declinatior-r') andgaíí ('verb','vocabulary')., It is juit ,n ã.ro,-ryn-t of the namei of rl.rese six lexical categories involved

aggabãb yamibbaLw j naððaul mann mãnn rcaððaw biLw 'abiyy na'w daqiq naðiaw. ka-bnnazibamm wast 'abiyt 'agab a b a - n'a b wn b nra runagara llan. b a- n ab b ar, b aqa d amày, b a- k a/a' ay, b a -i a b sa y by aga b ba ma i ary a Tafars a l. hggab a b ma b ba lw k a -'an q øs b a-fi t s a la- ranagara naw. 'agabab maLat 'agr barat sansalat màlat naw. 'abiyy ya ssaríríaw'anqas sa hfarassa naw.

in'Agabab.

In the name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy

,A

:

Moreno 1949, 44-45.

II

Spirit, one God, Amen. We begin (speaking about) the subject of 'Agabab with the help of God.'What are called

\L

,A

INTRODUC,IION

GGABÅB ACCORDING T O TIHE QENE SCHOOL TRADITION

'agabab ar€ three.

If

sotneone asks what they are, they are

'ibiyy (big) na'ws (rninor) and daqiq (snrall)- Among them, *. ,lir.urõ here'abiy1 hgabab.It is con-rl¡inecl with tl-re perfecrive, inperfeciive ancl subjunctive (verbs) and , ãesffucts a verb. It is called 'agabab because it is prefixecl to a verb. 'Agabab rneans sltackle (or) chain' It is callecl

'abiy

sinceit destructs a verb (Hiruie, anpabLished

'Agabab,98). This is tlre introductory part of the first division ''abiy 'agabab' ' ht ,agabùb or daqiq 'øggabab, the introcluccion precec{rlre case of na'ws ed by the invocarion is focused and specific enough ou what na'us or daqiq 'agabab is. Aîterwarcls, the elements arranged iu the categories are cliscussed consecutivelY.

The discussion is executed in two ways. The first way is introducing firsrly tl-re elements with tl-re salne senantic value together and gìving an explanation abour their meanings and grammatical functions later.

Exarnple: 1A1 h!"aù1

\z

f'ÚÇ(Y" 0UÀ":

02: nUr\o: ATt

u¿"9+z

9'11¿^ftt:

þaba hmtana

sa

yabonallu, ba'ballo ba'7 ba'balLawa ba-to

iarawit yanagarallu. 'Haba and'amtana are usecl as'without'; they are treatecl witlt ballo in seven (persons) andwith hallnwaínten (persons)' (Hiruie, unp ublished'Agabab

The second way

is

rc).

to menrion a concept fìrsr ancl then introclucing

the elements wirich keep

tl-re

concept.

lJ ?oAúl't þÃo1lz T8: î40:-:zz {D}Çt f'72 ÇT@: lL/¡: 'I0i ø"7ldi h7+',. h^'. ú¡n+í ni hr'" "tÒ'11'. /.'tlò'. lrni \'(lþz Ç$a>zt wada yamibona qalnmat tt naððaw. ma,rnnna man naiiaw bila faba, mangala' bnta, 'alla, wasta, ba, 'am, ga'az, raba', bam¡s, sàbï røòðaw. The words which are usecl as 'to'are eleven. If someones ask wl-rat they are, they are baba, mangala, bnta' 'alla, tuasta, ba, bm, ga'az, raba', þamas andsaba (Hiruie, Example:

ør

unp ub lis

be

d'Agab

ab, rc 4).

f3

ln

the example above, gabz, raba', þamas and saba'are not ACPPIP eleluents. They are nuurerals referring tå the first, fourth, fifth and sevench order radicals respecdvel/; that is why in the explanation, they are called qaLamZt 'words'. Quite surely, such a description n.r¿kes the treatise not easily achievable. Even though the rnedium is Arnl.raric, tlre Arnharic speakers with less knowleclge of G{az face a big challenge to unclerstand it sufficiently because of technical terms, old Arnharic words and dre less systematic arrangelnent of elements and explanations.' Like the nurnerals, some other words are also included in some

of the tradition such as rh34 þawlsa'Greetings', Orh baba (Greetings), \1 na'a (corne) ar-rd u?h banÞ(take). The inclusion of suclr worcls makes one out of the 'Aggabab framework. To have a precise understancling of 'Aggabaå with special f'ocus on ACPPIP elenrents, it is necessary to single out rhe exact ACPIP elements and versions

to put aside the non-ACPPIP elernents. Thus, n-raking a careful selectior-r of elements was a crucial task in implementing this work. As nentioned above, such language elemenrs are habitually described in

tlre tradition as qalamat'words' instead of 'agabàboi ACPPIP elements.' This kind oldescription helped much for realizing dre selec-

tion.

The otl-rer challer-rging facror is the presentation of evidence. Moreno affinls drat the grear display of phrases arc taken frorn sacred tex62 but most often, dre evidence is provicled without authentic reÊ erences. Besides, the evidence is sometimes presented succeedingly without clisdnction. Much of the evidence ii also presented bei-ng mingled with sirnple examples. Let us look at the following exarnple.

lì: ?t[: þúÇËtzt lì4fL: flC:n?hfr: h?þxt nT¿.t nR.rtud.: oDtrhÇt OK¿lLd.t oDKÄÇt h'l&.Èttt

HC2

g,,tqð.t

a!*1t-L: tgr.t: ûå.1ìö:

yabonal ba+abi zar ba-ru'ws 'anqq ba-¡are zar ygabal ba-sbþifa ma¿þaf ba-pbfata ma;þaf wa-taqannatanní þayla ba-sab'a ba gize

rMoreno t949, 6o. 'Ibid, 44,62.

r4

',4cc¿ nÁn tccoRDING

T

o rHE QêNE Scr¡ool-

TR¿ltloN

ba servesas 'at' ('during'); it can be attached to a verbal noun, infìnitive and deverbal as it says "during writing a book, during composition of a book, and you gird me at a war" (Hiruiã, wnp-ublisbed 'Agabab t3)' This explanation consists of there different readings withouc separation. The textual evidence is just one i.e wa'taqannata'nni þqli !* sab'a wlich is quoted frorn Þsalm ry:v9. Ba-sbþifa mAþaf 1nd b.a' to show how rhe lrþfata ma;bafàretwo different examples provided is however not This derivatives. .l.L.,rr can be reated with different from easily achievable, yet, too diffìcult to differentiate the evidence the å*amples. Thus, sorting out the evidence from the examples' exarnining its reliabiliry and finding the reference are tl-re principal tasks in realiãing this reséarch before moving to analyzing and making a .o-p"riroî of related observations. If the evidence is not fitcing .r,rorgl., or unavailable in the attainable sources, the equivalent textual evidence must be investigated and replace

it'

'Wlren we come to its value, in the þne schools' producing a couple of new composidons in the fonn of Poetry (ÞL qane), bymn (hCi 'arke), or of a proraic text is the daily key activity of students.' òuch kind of compe t..rce cânnor be a result of a mere accumulation nouns in mind. That is why the students shall study of verbs ,AggabAb "nd to develop their knowledge to the high exten! by learning a[äles and characteristics of the language even after being able to recire new compositions with an excellent abiliry. This shows evidently what a kéy role 'Agabab plays in rhe study of Ga'azla'guage

or Ga'azliterature. According to the academic tradition of the schools, without studying 'Aggabab, no one can be a graduate of Qane because it is ,.rotlgt1it .tãued that only those who study 'Agabab can know and ,r,rd.ät"rld the language well and its entire characteristics. This

of 'Agababinthe þne schools is on_e of to graduate in the study of Qane l-ras to scudy 'Agabãb at canclidate and Ge'azl"i-,gorg.. Thus, every of the t1-re fi'al ,r"gã oF his study. To finalize, tl-ris specific part

means, a perfect kn"wledge

INtRoouct.roN grammatical study draws a huge attention

of both the instructors

and the students.

ry. SIGNIFIC.á,NCE OF THE STUDY The production of various outstanding scholarly works concerned witlr Ga'az rnd Ga'az literature in a massive number is certainly a testimony confirming that the language is one of the well-studied Sernitic languages in Ethiopia.' Putting aside the early productions, yet, since nineteenth cenrury onwards, many scholady works were carried out by various local and European scholars on different aspects of the language. However, the grammar which is regularly studied in tlre þne schools i.e. 'AgabAb is still unpublished., The importance of conducting deep investigarions on dre contents of the grammaticalstudy of 'Agabab is notably connected with preservation of the knowledge as an oral heritage and to do some contribution to developing the used grammars with more additional 'W'idr issues from different points of view. regard to the number oi elements, ACPPIP classifications and reasonable evidence for the metaphoric meanings and various features of polysernantic elements, the printed gramrnars differ one from the other in mosr cases. Even if we compare each with 'Agabab, a number of ACPPIP elements inclucled in rhe printed grammars excluding that of Dill-

mann is fewer than rhe number of ACPPP elements involved in 'Aggabab. This means a couple of ACPPIP elernenrs are nor yet studiecl as well from the perspecrives of 'Agabãb. The irnproper classification of sorne critical elements may also lead to a serious confusion. Moreno indicates that rhe classification of the elements according to rheir function is neither complete nor expliciq the elements may be grouped according ro rhe corresponding Amlraric words.¡ Conrrarily, the 'Agabãb tradition clarifies that dre classification is rnainly based on the use and role of rhe elements

the most important requiremencs

'

' ,A.len.rayehu Moges ry7y 92.

r5

'Weninger

1999,1.

, Andualen-r Muluken Sieferew zor1, ; Moreno 1949, So.

5.

16

'A c c z n Ãn

INTRODUC IoN

tccoRDING To rHE gáN¿' ScHo oL TRADITION

u.

tlìeir in the language and is yet believed that it can simply prove

tiolrs into conside ratiot-l:

o Wlr¿t is ''4gabab? o How rnany distinctive o o ¡

fr""ia.,

On tl-re other hand,

Tayrya

lfalda Mãryãm (''4laqa).and

exatnples alongYatbãrak Mar5a (MaL'aka'Ara1'am) give tl-reir own readings they side with r".. t.*tod readings' Even for the textual from mention, references are not plovided satisfactorily' Of course' ,l-ri,

"t-,gI.,

tl'te

'Agabab r"dition is also not irreproachable

tioned earlier.

important Thus, the cotnposition of chis work is indisputably itself' to fill such a gap, inciuding that of the 'Ågabab tradition role in inrportant an to play Such an investigatioi is expected I.i will linguistic;' and the pertinent fields, i. p"rtitul"ç in philology different from prouid. inputs to t,tdi.,,t"'-' d Ga'a) language well

p.,,p...iu.,ofEtlriopiansclrolarslrip.Italsofurnisl-resapotentialto i',..k orl-,., works dàne earlier by iinguists a.cl pl-rilologists and to compare their approaches. Even for Ga'az lexicographers'-11fp ffelefer various less-known meanings of the polysemous ACPPIP ments.

v. oBJECTTVES OF THESTUDY Tlre main objective of this study is to analyse what'AgabAb.is its origin and transmission and to discuss its issues focusing "bo.rr, and position of o,-, tl-,. .,y-iogy, meaning, grammatical function comparison with each lingiistic Jl.ment in.'íoãtd in the study in also an important task.

'Agabab (s) is (are) studied in the

schools? þne -Wlrat

is dre significance of studying'Aggabab? Wlrat are rhe rrain issues comprised in'Aggabab? On which issues do scholars have argumenrative ideas, and what are the argurnents ?

VII. RESEARCH METHODOLO GY

as men-

theory differenlpublications. Providing texrual evidence for each

OF THE PRoBLEM

As nrentioned earlier, this research aims principally to deal with the rnajor issues of 'Agabab. To achieve this, I put the following ques-

grammâtical functiot-t. " Sirnilarly, on providing evidence for the explanations particularfunctions of lv for the -.i^plroìi..1 ,r-r.rîir-rg, and ot6er grarnt.'atical earlier follow different ,'t-r. .t.-.nrr, ti-re ,r-rodel grr-d"t' mentioned short textual eviclence ways. For instance, AogJrt Dillmann provides eac6 lexical category in 6e collects ir'riár'triu.ly for tl-re .l.Ã"nt, that '!Øalcl Kafle (Alaqa) witlr sufficienr references. Incoherently, Kidãr-ra refmentioned ,.l

þab'

3.2.2.

bazb



,.L.j.j. Elements concerned with a furure time : {2,4 sanita and

'Behold, from this day on, all generations will bless rne'

with a time in the future to a short extent with next day' and 'tomorrow' respectively. However, 'the meanings the they are used to indicare che day and at the same time the as adverbs, unfixed age or time which has to come.

3.2.j.2.2. (1om-

as a

present day) aÇu-z hñT'òt (thont

ffl':

XtPTtgeiam'

These are concerned

nryt:

ô4t...:: (Acts zo:26). wa-nàhw 'asammf la-kamu yom ba'zatti blat

Textøal euidence:



øoq¡6: tlÀ?fìA: ?Pt aTwgoz: (Anp. Gry (com.) j.L.j.1.r,'Aft?.: ' verse zz).

'And now, I testify today, this very day...'

baLlay mawa'al za-bnbala-ltom

j-z.j.L.j.(yt"zt

tirne) o9¡¡¡\:

- as unfixed l.,q¡¡]r'[¡¿uC:: (Acts zo:32). wa-ya'aze

hnl.g?Yvhøo'z

d¡Qt'

'The ancient of days without today and tomorrow'.

-ni'amàþdanka-kamwþaba'agzí'ababer



Each element has its own fearure which is not shared by the others. For example: saníta can receive a pronominal suffix of the third person singular male ¿t hø, and the preposition O ba is mostly used to be attached to it initially ro form a fixed phrase 'On the nexr day'. Likewise, geíam is the only element which exceprionally changes and adds the vowel'a'at the end in the case of accusarive phrases. The initial attachment of rhe viable prepositions mentioned eadier still works even in the cases of sanita andgelam.

'And now, I entrust you to God'. J.2.j.2.4.(¿om- ^t unfixed time)ohfl¡: ?T'N 9LÞ¿2:

¡'|f::

(Gen.

)otr9 ).

wa-bm lonx-rta yafaqqara-nni mata-7a

'From now on, rny husband will love me'. Funher references: Gen. L4.rL' ,o:rs,7rt47, 35:4;Josh. 4:9, 1:to;Ps, z:7, ro, 94:8; Prov. (com.) zz.zoi Lttke r?1t2, rggi Aæs zo':28, zz:7; Heb. 3:r5; Anp..{,th (com.) verse 3.

wa-geíam

TextwaL euidence:

j.2.j.3.L.@g(L1 TtpoDl gl-OCt h"ltLht Ht \,t¿rt (Exod. 9:5).

geiarna 2,agabbar bgzi' za nagara wa-1tabe

The elements under the first and the second sub-categories are not going to be combined with other words and phrases except some appropriate elemenm such as: þEoo qadma, hlt +ko" bm-qadma, h}'l' 'anta, h(t blla, Íl za, h{' bm and hhh bska' Their ending vowels

'And he said: tomorrow, I will do rhis dring'.

remain the same in all cases. '

Kidâna Wald Kafle

1955, r5r;

Leslau r98 9,71, Lil.

ro

o'A

G G A B.4B

ACCoRDING To TH E {¿aN¿

).2.13.j.on41.Ì, à,+9t ø"^hhz th9f'C:,tÈ*z Ohttz ç¡D'Il: th,f?99P: h9,ùk,, (Acts zz:3o). wa-basanita faqada malak yamar talyuqa'

ba'anta-mant yastawãddaya'wwo'a1bwd



'On the next day, the commander wanted to know why the Jews accuse

a day

in

him'.

story, sanitã can be used exceptionally to exPress the past. Its meaning, however, remains the same even in

In narrating

CueltrR

Scuoor Tn¡oITIoN

a

such cases.

).2.3.j.+.ar-n¿t h"?flh: tl 1't¿1 OlL4.t¡r (Exod. 9:5). wa-gabra 'agzi'ababer za nagâra ba-sanita-bu 'And the Lord did this thing on the next day'. Further references:John r:29; Axs zz:1o.

9.t.4.høLZ hmira It is originally the accusative form of the noun hoAC 'amir (lit; 'time', 'moment', 'occasion' and 'point').t Its function is to be used as adverb of time in nominative or in accusative form. If Oht ua'etø or ?'ht, ybtl cornbined with a certain preposition such as A 14, O ba and h|o bm precedes it, it should keep a nominative form. Otherwise, it

3.

Aov¡R¡s

form of wabtu, ya'ati or tf(r þ*aLla (wab,ta,

ybta

IOI

and k*allo). These

demonstrativ€ pronouns are expected to occur together and can clearly express it as to which specific time or moment ir refers. If it comes together with wa'atw or yabti, it refers to a speciÊc drne, but if it comes after k*allo, it is to mean 'all day-time', 'always'

6¡ 'continually'.

Tertaal euidence:

Õhfvt I'h'Et hoac2 +¿"a(tz ctl,,þt o19:z (zKgs z:zz) wa-bm Ja'eti 'amtr tafawwasa wabtw may

1.L.4.r.

'And since that very time, the water was healed'.

3.2.4.2.û+i'tçt ulr[$øo'z thtz wø-tasabra iarawit-omw

hoAàzz

$Kgs zz:14).

lta'ta'amira

'And at that moment, their armies fled back'. j.L.4.3.@+p"ö¿2, dr.lìg: tfrþ: hoaZzz (Ps. rz:z). wa-tase'ara-nni labba-ya þ,allo'amíra Conj -V:Lnperf. 3 f. s-PSuffi rc. s >


will

4.2.7 . a ¿,

_

'aþa'ab+sa waþuda taqanla la'ba'al

'Tl'ris is worthy so that you have to do'.

dammana mattnâ sale*anà bali

'And at rl-re seventh (time), he saw a cloucl as small rnan's heel'.

1.4.i.2. C+ó:

fannawa-nni

'It

'(he) sows a little cumin'. wÇP lannã.Y

h?nC: %AC1 AH¿.Io1:: flohn 9:4). )gbar gabr-o la-za-



NE ScnooI- TR q¡tttoN

).4.5.z.oÏhoo: âT.À: Arl'lìh t ['Òà: ø"9r4-.... zt (IHeb. 9:27). wa-ba-þama sanub la-sab' ma'ra mawit'..

3.

as

it

wa-yatbalLa' qo'a

r5

:

z7).

is the scholarly conviction towarcls the nurnl¡er'seven' itself. Accord-

l¿-m¿'r.

< Cor-rj-V.Lnperf. 3m.s> < Prep-Adv>

'And its fruit will be eaten once'. ).4.5.4. Ah?4': 7oþÇ: þþorf: fl'ltÀh: ohnh: 4-+.ø"ç+:l1-l¿hf /-,]þ;: (Sir. rz:r5).

la-bnta ma'r 1/aqawwam masle-ka wa-bska-tatmayyat 'i-treby-o bnka

PSuffi

þne and Bible colnmenraries, rhe nunber seven ir-r Hebrew (IlllJJ-Sheva) is a perfect nurnber ancl a numerical sign of perfection. For this reason, all nulnerical derivations which represent the number'seven' are considered as sigr-rs of cornpleteness, fullness, perfection, absolutism and blamelessness. ft seems that for dris very reasoÍì it is used as an aclverb with the meanings indicated above.

In construcring

senrences, all the elernenrs will indeper-rdently take dreir own places after or before a verb or any adjectival phrase to bolclly express the verb or dre adjecrival phrase. There will be no possible attachment to therr as far as they play the role of adverbs. Their

in a sentence

expresses not only the certainty of the message, but also the confidence of rhe speaker or rhe wrirer on the issue he is presence

'For a rnoueut, he stancls togetl-rer with you, but when you return, you do tlot see hirn any lor-rger'.

expressing about.

Funher references: Si¡. 18:26;Job 4o:5; Matt.

Textwal euidence:

3:r5.

7.4.6. h{10 sab'a,lQ laqqa, Økh uadda'a, KoD lxnma' and

ç&ø'

1.4.6¡. (verb - element) @Oh?+il hÒlìF: h"ttlh.lì¿r,C: +*:: (phil Lt9).

fa¡¡uma

wa-babntaza'a'abay-o bgzi'ababer øqqa

Tlrese elements except 1+ taqqa have an etymological relation with verbs; ft'lìO sab'ais the accusative form of tr'lìô sab'd.re noun which is relatecl witlr the verb Ô'll0 sabba'a 'nake seven'. aÇ-'h wadda'¿ is also related with the verb al.Qh wadda'a 'colnplete" 'finish', and'accornplislr'. Alike, KoD samma and' Ç%Ø fagumã ãre relatecl with the verb ¿7oo fassamz wl-rich has almost the satne tneanings with wadda'a.



'Therefore, Gocl highly exalred him'.

,Leslau 2oo6,594.

, Dilltnanr-r t865, 161,

932.,

rzzj,

1388;

Kidãna Wald Kafle

ry 'Even your hand, you did not lay on me'.

1.4.7.j.

fìfflr:

TÇlth:

çCl/: r\å?tlå'lìrhC:: (Sir.7:z).

ba-þ,allu rcafsa-ka þrb-o la-'agzí'ababer

7.4.7. A{oât}' bamal'u and trf".Sn 'arnmedrø

They are originally the nominal derivations related with the verbs

'ãll', 'become full', 'be complete ' and øo9.¿ madara'be' come solid' with a suffix 'u' and with the initial affixation of the prepositions O ba andhf' bm respectively. It is just this way of constro.tion (fi ba + {'ÅlÒ mal'+ fu ø = AT'Êt}' bamal'u; h{" bm + f'kc

ø"Êto n'tata

A'lì9:: (ps. 9:r).

bgønni la-ka bgzíb ba-le,allw labba-ya 'I will praise you, O Lord, with mywhole hearr,.

bde-lean¿w

Furcher rderences: Matt. 6zz9;Iohn 8:52.

are

them as 'absolutely', 'cornpletely', 'generally', 'entirely', 'fully, and 'whollY'." Their advisable position in a senrence is just after a noun which is rnagnified thoroughly by one of the particles. In fact, h{'kç bmmadrw can uniquely take the closer position to the verb. However, tl-reir main function is to express to what extent the action which is determined through the verb goes on.

'God is extremelY good'.

'Did he completelY

rz5

,Leslauzoo6,34z. .

Kidäna Wald Kaflc ry55, zz5.

o6' A GG A B'4-B ACCORDING

TO TH

E

'Fear unto the Lord in your whole soul (body)''

This is not ro say'in all heart/s of mine'as it can be translated literally. But rather, one can easily understand that he wants to exp..r, ih. absolute subjection of his heart or his absolute subjection from the heart.

has distinctively a variant ngDÀq ba'mafA which is purposely drawn from it to go parallel with the nouns of a feminineiend., ,, rl4 k*alla and Oll\ ba-þ*all¿ goes parallel with the

nf'Aû

ba-maf

u

masculine Yt(v k*aLla and

lìtfrt

CHetttn

QANð s CHOOL TR',{DITION

ba-k*aLlø'

rz7

nreaning that the element has. These particles can be atrached to them only when the elelnents pronominal suffixes. Their accusative forms do not need an adrake

ditional particle to be combined with. Texrual euidence:

).4.8.t. (za + ,Part)

na,htth:

Urþh:

ÂQAøo ;

q(tl'zt (Haym (com.)

verse 57).

Textwal euidence:

zø-bahtiø-þa balloþa la:alama'alam

madr za-'asþat-a la-bewan ba-g*ablwt

(Ps' rr:9).

'awda yabauuaru rasiZ'n

'But I am afraid that the serpent that deceived Eve in his deceitfulness maybe...'

illi

'The wicked prowl openly'.

3.4.19.2. (yogi - uerb)

I

1.4.183. (Part - verb) hf rlh'{ì ¿ÉCà't

kabba ma;i'a1a babe-þama labammama-nni

."

'lilirh trouble

and

with persecution, again with difficulry''

Funùer references: Num. Philem. r:u.

4.r.r.9, (verb +

ni'

482q,

5o:zt;

(...ri

- wa + ,..bi)

np'2tt 2t athltLhlY.¿: (philem.

r:16).

>

'And the rest oFtheir brothers the priests"''' ¡f''

11

il

r)

iì,",.

However, it is nor unavoidable to use thetn this way in all cases. They can alternately come after the second component, particularly when the adjectival phrase precedes the noun.

* Notice thar the Pronominal suffix of the fìrst person both nrasculine and feminine singular 2 nni (A(.tL badara-runi, +goD+L qadamatta-nni etc.) is not the same in function with the conjunction L nithatwe discussed up ro now.

i,

,'| illi rrl;.,, rlì1".,

Iii,

[,.,

..' tf

r57

(t&Ir'?t alqo¿.1 hov?Wtz (zPet. z:6). 4.rr.r7. ^IflT¿l la-'abgara sadoma-ní wa-gomora



@hr\2: 4.r.r.r4. (pron. + ni - verb)

4. CoNJLTNCTONS

Textøal euidence:

4r.r.\. rr.hllh¿ lufrÌñ2: rhàz a'ùt'z R'0ü H?l*

4.2. CoN¡-rNCTroNS Ð

,Dillmann r9o7,4rS.

tãbezøw

"

'And the firstborn of unclean animal, you shall redeem'''

Dillrn ann 18 6 5, zzz, 7 8r, 7 46 ; Kidãna'Wald K afle ry 55, rz7, tz9i Leslau r9 g 9, 46, r)7, t 47; Y ercd Siferaw zoo9,3 8 8; Yarbãrak M aria íooz, ry6'.

$8 2 G G A 8.4ts ACCORDING TO THE peNE

CHaltrR4. CoNJUNCToNs

TR¡OITION

SCHOOT

Regarding the syntactical arrangenent, âs part

of the subordi-



¡f""

1'r!

!'*'1'

." j".. rr!

:tr..,

',1

¡rl ,l

ttô: h&ô-: ¡\þ: þøo: T¡.Aà.tz

'o bþa-1a bsrna 'ana ba'anta

'Buc they did not seize him because his time has not yec



reached'.

k,allu bselli la-þa kanta

Funher references: Josh. +:¡¡; Ps. 6:4 tr'r' r?'izoiJer. 3r:r5; Matc z:r8;



John ¡z:39; r Tim. r:r3; r Cor. 15:33.

Textøal

i:

\\t

Qh?t:z 4.L.r.4. h: Zrtg: lrfiøot Çf'|h:: (3 John r:z).

¡.ì

.j

f

It is used again as an exclamation of surprise, pleasure or âssurwith the meanings 'just', 'indeed', 'oh'.

gize-hø L

f"ili

ance

Textø¿l euidence:

wa-'i-'aþazaww-o bsma',ad¡'i-ba;ba

So, each can be translated as 'when tl-re Jews took our Lord to crucify him on the cross'. Soba, hma and gize are exclusively combined with all other elements, initially. However, only one of them will be often dominant

¡,

.'

ú1

is defined by itself withour confusing the acual meaning Let us see the following reading in different synattacl-rment. of the øctical arran ge tn en ts.

serted

'When God

Textual euidence:

'.:::::;l"ll

CHAPTER4. CoN¡uNcroNS

'When man revolted against us'.

As mentioned above, the elements are directly attached to verbs. Though, there is a way by which other verbal or non-verbal elements or a couple of words can come between the element and the verb. Even jussives can split the attachment and take the medial position. Nevertheless, the intercession of a jussive or any other word can

never affect the common use and meaning of the elements. The in-

'Dillmann

analysed ic as forrned

prefixing 2. Dillmann r9o7,4t7.

from the interrogative andtelarive maby

.

in translation. Even gize appears somerimes

as combined

'ama andmawà'ala.

Textaal eaidence: 4.3.r.S.doi0: LtL. hoofrh'! ÀT: QÖ.t: g+kov|1, (John 5:7). wa-soba gize bmassa' 'anø ba'ad



yqaddama-nní

with

soba,

16

4',4GG,48,4:B ACCORDTNG TO THE QONESCHOOT TUOITTON

'But, while I am coming, anodìer

(steps

CHaltER4. CONJUNCTONS

down) before rre,



'And it left her imrnediately'.

IOI:2,.

Funher ¡eferences: Matt. zr,t9,

Moreover, sob^,'ama and gize are important dme prepositions. In tlris case, they are attached ro tlle non-verbal elemeni, ¡o"t aç1t

t.lt tolï h1 ¡oba mennøn,L¡U TqcD gize nalam etc. (Acts r7:3o, zr'zî; Anap. Nicean (com) verse 6). The theory concerning the attachmenr of the particles ba, bm and bska at the beginning yet function in such cases.

l"

it,"

r: r ': äll

;1.-.

it"

(t(L'l sobe-b¿ andh"LY 'ame-ba can occur alone.

rll

þ,

,[ìi

4.j.r. 6. û+ moL& hnLfu å"?rlfr

:

ÒL,/ | Ø Òht høt g lz

wa-tatamiql 'agzib 1yyasas

(Matt.

3

sobeba

1,,,, ,,.r;l

wa/a

'am-may

¡,

'Having been baptised,Jesus came up imrnediatelyfrom dre waler'.

4.j.r.7. aàà?z Ç¿"t ho'Iyt ¡iô.t.chg: hc,g.t2:: (Matt. t1.26)

wa-þraya

fue hmehA 'astar,a2a

a case is a noun in status constructus. The norn(qdm) qadru ß the root of the verb +RøD qa¿ama 'preinative cede', 'be first'and'come before'.

Þkn

Interestingly, qadma is one of tl-re rwo exclusive ACPPIP elements that can be caregorized into tl-rree lexical categories of adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions. Leslau considers it to be a conjunction only wh en bnt is prefixed to it while Dillmann identifìed it only as preposition and an adverb. ' As

conjunctional element, it is added to jussives with or witha prepositional element, it is attached to rh€ non-verbal items with or with o:ut ba. Distinctively, when it is used as an adverb, it occurs alone., In the state of being a conjunction, it is used in expression of priority and precedence with the meanings 'before', 'at fìrst', 'at the a

:16)

prior', 'eadier' and'previously'. 'When it is used as a preposition expressing location, its meaning will be as follows: 'in front oP, 'before', 'in sight ofl and'in the presence of. Regarding with the synracrical arrangelnenr, its position in a 'When sencence depends on che role it plays. it plays dre role of an adverb, it can take the place either before or afrer a verb. As a preposition, it can only be dire ctly attached ro a noun initially. But when it is used as a conjunction, the amachment can be either direct or indirect attachment as we l-rave already seen earlier in the case of iA soba. beginning','primarily',

Conj-V:Gern.3m.s>




itLY )

a?'\l'hz h{"t

taþawwarw þaba þattal-þ,amw'ant-karrta

gaþaíkarnw þaba gabra-kama

:

'You will go wherever you thought after you enter to (the house of) your servant'.

4.9.6.j.].hF'høot rlhZ: drfk: (thT'ci?z Oo97t hßAhøo': 44612l- (z

ba-wayn'abela-kþamu qatalaww-o

PSuffi



yamass'a



sobehA wa-yanasi'a 'am labb'omu



'When Amnon's heart is merry with wine, I say to you: kill

him!' Furcherreferences: Ps. ro1:24 z8;Jas. r:u.



(\+, hhø"cnøw\t l$ot h oocllT'P| AhßIt:: flohn r4:7). 'ant-kamali-ta h'markarnw-ni bnn

'As they hear the word, Satan comes immediately and takes away the word which has been sown from their



qalø

zt

(Gen. I8:5).

'am-þama saþra labb-w la-'ancrcon

þama)






'And they

madr 'arba'a 'alata wa-'arba'a

5.r.r.5.

¡m.p>



of ba. Textwøl euidence:

'And he D.¡,ç?214R: r\Þ.qøDt h'ttLh.Ì¿",Ct DAÞgaq ¿4ll:: (z Cor.

ä#i -'{''

In

passed between Samaria and Galilee'.

some text traditions,

it occurs rwice before

each

noun. How-

8:zr).

ever, its double employment does not make any semantic change.

wa-iannàya þallaya la-qadma bgzihbaher wa-la-qadma

Textaal euidence:



d?hhr,t: -OC'l7, øúlhhft: gfiøoþ:: (Gen. r:4). 5.r.5.2.aà"(tm: h'?nh-flrfùc:

sab'

wa-fala¡a bgzi'ababer ma'akala barban



'And think what

5.r.5.

z)r

CHAPTER5. PREPOSITONS

is

good in the sight of God and in the

sight of man'.

wa-mabþala salmat

Further references: Enoch (com.) z5:z; Ps. 77:55;Lvkettg; Acs ro:4.



ø?lThfi mã'aþala

According to the UggabAb radition, "?ÀhA mabþaløin such a case is a noun in status consrrucrus which is related with the verb h"?trhA 'ama bþala 'plot a centre'. ø?hhÀ ma'þal means 'c€ntre'or 'middle'. But from the perspective of modernGa'az studies, rhe etymological relation oF ma'kal is with the verb hhlt'aþala 'be equal', 'be enough'; hø?hhrVam¿bkal¿ is a denominative from'?hhA ma'þal.' It mostly plays the role of a preposition with the meaning 'between' or 'in the middle of ., In such a case, ir is always atrached to the non-verb allanguage elemenrs initially.

'And God make a separation berween the light and (between) the darkness'.

Ba, bm' and wasta are the most essential ACPPP elements whiclr can be added to mãbkalø initially. Textual euidence: 5.r.5.3. HhCgn: odrß: 0åhß: tl++Ahfl'P: lìo?hhr\: a{,p? ò:t (Matt. zlt}S).

Zakaralas walda barakay za-qatalkantaww-o

s.Nom>

5.4.5.4.r. h-y'.tAar: r\CÄñhø*, tlÀ?nr\: rlflehøD':: (r Cor. ro:24)

:

kwello hrnira bnza 'aþelli beta

'i-tadl¿ww la-ra'sa-þama za-'anbala



krastiyanat

la-bisa-kamw




flfif-: ff,@;9hhrt: hC{t?t T'òlz {thÒ-t flh?llr\: h?lrt: olþ:: (Matt. i5:38). wa-blla-ssa bal'a 'adaw yahkkala

5.4.5.4.2. @hArl:

('Apart from'). S. +. S.j.

' The pluralization of combined terms

Prep-NCom

has three.features. First, only.the

gers pluralized

while the second word re-

mains singular. Example: ¡29: øþZ a;ada wayn --+ hÀå4f : Ø9"1 'Ì;adata wayn; høl t&T"oma gadam '-+ hh?a,1 't4'T' h'øama gadam. Second, the seóorrd term will be pluralized while the initial term remains singular. Example: ô.*: 'tl1'r,1 liqa barban -+ fu+: 'lìcyç+ Liqa barbAnAt, chàt ø"1v77 ra's) mak*annan ---+-Chñt ooã'I1l ra'sa mak*ãnant. Thitd, both terms can be equally pluralized. Exarnple: ft+t nlP+ beta ¡a'ot --+ h'fì9f: nlPÌ! 'afuaia ¡alotat;(L+t 7T/Ð beta-nagø! --+ h'lì9+: \tt'l 'abyta "og^t.!:?t!: ing to this perspective, the way how che reconstructed term ßt: hcnd:9? âs one Neverrheless, båa krasqan was pluralized ii not to be condemned. since strange incredibly seems ir used terms, ãnd widely of the weli-known the most praccicable plural forms for the combined term ßt: hCh4:97 beta krastiyanis either ¡,'itB+t hcñt9? 'abyata krastlan or h'lì9t: hcñt9ç+ 'afuata krastiyanat Acts 9:t.



'arbaã rna't bali za-'anbala

'anast wa-daqq

'And the people who ate were about four thousand men excluding women and children'.

('Including' and'without skipping'). 'tf'àz þwþ2t hf,t¡kt 0lìhC'fì9: flh?Oô: \¡fzt (zCor.

5.4.5.5.

rc24).

þamsa

qaiafu-ni

'aybad



259

26

o2

GG,4 B A-B ACCoR-DING T

o'f:e,E 8e NE ScHoor

TR¡otrtoN

babba-'arba'a za-'anbala'aþatti



'TheJews have beaten me five times, forty times by

each

without skipping one' s.4.s.6.

CueprER Srx: INTEnRocATtrE

('Without').

Pn oNor.-rNs, Rnernrr PRoNoUNS Ar{D INTSR IECTToNS

hdr0: Qö.Çr,h"lr Hh?nf\: høA'I* (Rom.3:27).

'albo ba'd þagg za:anbala 'amín

This chapter consists of three sub-lexical categories Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Pronouns and Interjections. The elements involved in the chapter divided in drree sub-categories are fourteen all

'There would be no Law without faith'.

t.4.s.7.('Unless'). lui*{lll: nÞ{ì0' tlh?04: A9.ø4 ++

lt:

in (z Sam. r:zr).

\-taqb'at ba-qab' za-'anbala ba-dama qatalan

'Saul's shield was not anointed with oil unless with the blood of the slains'. Funlrer references: Ezraz:64; Mett. 6:18; Prov. (com.) 7"4Heb.7:zo, u:4o; Rev.3:7.

all. According to the 'Aggabab

tradition, none of them

related with a verb except the interjection wayle (see 6.4.r). In a sentence, only three elements of the second sub-category (relative pronoun) are attached to verbs or nouns; the elements of the remaining sub-categories occur alone . The grammatical importance of the elements of the first sub-

category is to be used to ask questions with the meanings 'who', 'what' and 'which'; and of the second sub-category is to be used to give infonnation about the noun in a sentence. The elements of the third sub-category are used to express an emotion such as 'sadn€ss', 'happiness' and so on. Now, we will see th€m more in detail.

z6t

lL

is originally

L6z 'AGG,4BÃBACCORDING To

Cuept¡n6.PRoNoLTNSANDINTERJECTIoNS z6j

TrlEgá E Sctrool Tneot]]roN

6.r. INTENNOGATTVE PRONOUNS:

øO\'

]T[/úNNU,'

ú,L

MI,

Il'?¿+

6.r.7.

httt oo\''alla'mannu.

+

^,

Textwal euidence:

6.r.r. (singular-) oo¡t FrL'lt¿: r\ËraÀr (løo9.'nc" (Sir'tzzzz)' ntâ.l?nt¿ yasebbaþ-o la-la'al ba'rnaqabar

'Who

praises to the Most

High in the

+ Par) d¡ì{tt øol.t år1:

rlt"}!

,rLhFZCPz¿

(Heb.

3:16).

wa-blla mannx¿ 'alla sam'a wa-'amraraww-o

/Ø'INTA}{DL9

"{P These elemenrs are the most exploitable interrogative elements in Ga'az language with the meanings 'who', 'ltow', 'wltat', 'why' and ,which,.t Ñ.u.rth.l.rr, each has its own special focus and character. øo.¡ manna is employed specifically with regard to human beings for all genders and numbers. Its precise meaning is 'who?'The atpa"rticles l. bi andøú m4 canbe suffixed to them. FIowevef, their i".lr-..rt makes no change. The attachment of the reladve pronoun thrbeginning forms the plural fixed phrase hà blla to øol mann,

(alk

< Conj -Y: Perf.

'And who Furher

3

m.

p-PSuff: 3 m. s >

are those who heard bur

not believed in him'.

references: Gen. z7:18; Sir. 41:3;

Matc rz:48; Lrtke zz:27, 64.

manna is obviously ø"I, and this is considered as the standard form even if the replacement of the ending vowel 'r/' iÍtto'A' is a bit stranger.' However, according to the tradition of almost all writren rexrs, the accusative particle '/ ha canbe added to ool manna at the end. As a resulr, a double standard accusative form oDTl manna-ba comes into existence. In supporting this, Leslau stat€d drar it is found rarely in this form."

The accusative form of

øo1-

Textual euidence: 6.r.4. (without ourer object-marker). A?r1:

grave ?'

lu,øho?T: ?Þådr: afuøoll* (fohn 18:3r).

la-na-ssa I-Tyhawwana-nna naqtal 6.12. (plural) ûtøq.!'hÈv'o't öRût'¿

år\:'t'rh?â?: t\4t: tnc!!

(F¿t St+)'



u)a'ma'nnø 'antancw 'adaw 'alla

wa-'i-manna-bi

'But for

'Butwho

are

also be transcribed as 19 'aY. Leslau 1989' ¡ Dillmann 1865, 186' t88, 794;Kidãn; Wald Kafle 1955, t4z, 1+1i

.rn

28,77, 78, r45. +

Dillmann r9o7,))1-5i Leslauzoo6, 348.

is

not permitted to put any one to death'.

maruna-ha farahki

.Whom

,

,Íhi,

it

6.r.5. (with addirional object-marker) oo7,¡z ¿.¿,.ütt".. (Isa. 5r:rz).

you menwho build that land?'

-nø is Leslau described it as a composition of man aná -nø.It seetns to say or affiliation, an interrogative parricle; buì what abouc rnaù. Its origin again, its nieaning is not indicated. Leslau 2oo6,348 '

us,

have you feared?'

regular replacement of 'u'in terms ofpattern is into'o'. Example, ß'È bet-a --+ (L* bet-o, h,tlrt bazb-u --+ rh'tl0 bazb-o. However, this kinã of replacement is very rarely or may be accidentally employed. "Lesla:ozoo6,348.

'The

26

42

G

G A B /4

CHAPTER6.PRoNouruse¡¡oINTERIECTToNs

BACCORDING TO THE.qANE SCHOOL TRADITION

Funher references: Josh. 6:ro; Wis (com.) 8:rz; Job zß3; lsr"' Lrtke zozz, zzz z4;John ntz, r.8;ç 7.

17:27;

,lZanna is used to form the usual inquiry for personal n¿mes .wlrat is your/ his/ her ...... name?'with orwithout the occLrrrence of

simply understand that Textøal euidence:

6.r.9. úLz oD(n?2

l{?'Iùt oo?öN'Jbl /tt,flCh:r (Psrr8:84). mí ma¡an bntmanta maua 'li-ba la-gabra-ka

*nni

'Why are you in despair, O my soul, and why do you trouble me?'

6.t.zt.

Úohøo(t: 1"d!

: r\ñÄ : flfD?*b: I,Qttll"P rt (Matt. 1:r3).

Øa-'ancmt-ssâ sew lasba ba-mant-rta



15:5).

wa-'itaiatw-o bgzi'

6.r.3o. a gfutet

Ilryasws



'And nothing like it was made during any other kingdom'. 6.r.72. nh9,z ¿nôian: +?,ltC:

a ques-

tion about dre tnanner of somebody or something that has a singular number with the meanings 'what' and 'which'. For rwo or more numbers, its plural forms hft 'ayat (nominative) and h9t 'ayata (accusative) are used instead.

him, 'which ones?'

their nominative forms.

V:Imperf.3m.s> .What then is this that written'. 6.t.28. (acc. + nu + mal mma) ø1o7'¡}.oor on,hhlloo':

he said to

d?t* (Matt. zr:4).

ba-'ay ial¡an tagabbar zanta

'By what authority are you doing this?'

L7

z

A

GGAB

A BAccoRDING

In the accusative

T

sentences,

they should keep an accusative

form, including the nouns to which they refer. Textøal euidence:

6.t.77.h1'r.t (L+, +rh?&:

CHAITER6. PRoNorrNs AND

o THE Qe NE Scgoor Tn'¿¡tnou

¿'¡* (Acts 749)-

'aya-nw beta tahønna¡u li-ta



'What kind of house will you build for me?'

The interrogative particle \' nw can join both the nominative mant and the accusative manta. Any verb can apPear togecher; it is optional. Nonetheless, no syntactical change occurs due to the attachment.

6.2.t.t. They play the role of relarive pronouns ånd de terminatiye adjectives referring to nouns. It seems rhat each is formed originally to be utilized for different gender and number, II za for masculine, and h'I'f bnta for feminine singular whereas hã blla is to be used as the plural form for both H za and h?t bnta.'Bur in pracrice, this is not fully preserved as a common rule since we find za as used as a determinadve or a relative pronoun for both genders and numbers and bnta as used for both genders in singular numbers. From the perspective of modern Ga'az stady, 'anta is used for masculine singular only in poerry since the abundant readings in such cases is found in hymns and in Ga'az poetry (Ønt). But rarely, we find also the same reading in non-poetry litratures (see 6.2.r.r.4). With this regard, a number of textual accounts can be presented as evidence. We can see

Textual euidence:

6.t.t4. h,eT.: ;lhrlt : l0 fL: nd}ñ+ t hô,4|t (Matt. 'a1ta-nw tabzaz ya'abbi ba-wasta 'orit

6.2.t.t.t. zzz76).

'Which is the great commandment in the Law?'

INTERJEcTToNS z7j

It

the following readings:

zain the case of masculine singular

@tfrt: HøUnz: hft?t g,øorh: 1lì?:: $ohn wa-þ,alla za-wababa-nni'abw-ya

5:37).



Tama;;a' þabe-ya

'All that my father gives me comes to me'.

6.2. REI,ETTVE PRONOUNS

6.z.t. lÃ'elLa" Nl{^'anta tnd ll za None of them has an origin related with verbs or notlns' Both are originally independent elements formed to be used as relative pronouns.r

They share almost similar functions with similar concepts' This can be pragmarically observed by the following few generalizations and supplementary examples.

,

Dillnrann ß65, 774, roz8, ro3o; Kidãna Wald Kafle

t1z, t4z, t9z.

6.2.t.t.2. tl za - in the case of feminine singular:

a?,ht: tìhrll: nl,aa-çï2 Ffl'

...:: (Gdl.eaw r:za).

wa-ya'atí ba'asit za-dewawna-ba

ym



'And that woman whom we captured today...'

r955,r)5) Leslau 1989,

'Leslau ry89, r8z

L7

4',4

G

G,4 B A-B

ACcoRDING

6.2.r.r.V.ll za - in the

case

To

rHE Qa NE Sct¡oor- Tn

aotrlou

CHAITER 6. PRoNouNs AND

INTERJECTToNS

6.2.r.t.7. h(t'alh in the case of feminine plural:

of masculine plural:

HhøDn+l.t htrehøD'2 àl:'ti"zt (Heb. 3:9).

ohdrlu: Òþ4+1Àô:'flìtfä: ttå?nr\r òt (ulfl:z (r Sam. 6:7).

za-hrnakþaru-ni \bauika'mu fatana-ni

she is the elect

of the one who bore

lrlr-{"; Hnd.il ?0+Al À"?tlh'lìrtr,C 'akÞut za-zaLfa ya'aqqabanna agzi'abber. But they cannot be used to begin a selìrence by taking the initial position of a senrence unless when they are used as reiative pronouns (Phil.3:19). round

wa-þant ya'atí lø-bnta waladatt-a

'And our word that was spoken to you was not wrong'.

6.2.r.53.fiba

The predicative word 'was rold' is not stated in the original

hßT: fllìrld?g| :: (Matt. 6:9).

'abu-na za-ba+amà1at 'Our Father who 6.2.r.5.4.1{lo

{lc't?

is in heavens''

bn

¡1}r9t -(lCYz:: (Liturgy (com). sec. z, verse 3z)'

barban za.-'arn barban

statement, but it appears in the translation. 'Without its appearance, the statement would have been roo complicated to be translated. Wl-ren they are combined with various place prepositions such as 40/t la'la, øo7l\ mangala, Þkø" qadma, Ìãt t¿bta, 1A þaba, o(t t:

wasta, &O diba and k1¿ daþra, again, in such cases, the verb which is mainly preferred to be added in translation is UN hallo/ ù(@ hall¿wa or U't(y yabellu (see examples from Num. z4:6; Josh. u:r6; Enoch (com.) 17 :12; Matt 5 :rz; Heb. 5 :r3 Jas. 5t4 lF.ay m. ( com.) 7 :ry, z9). The verb which is needed for such cases in the case of nominal sentences is not always hallo. Some other verbs which fit the narure

z8

o'A

G G AB

A B ACCORDING TO TH E gaN¿'

s CHOOL

and srarus of the combined word can occur in the place of ballo.For (t\9t" q1a' example, if we have a reading like @laCf¡: ttrþ: tln8Çåd't better to defìnitely n^¡oìk, lsuallo za-ba'{a.rtûfa sama,, it will be take tlre verb ttrrhd" taùafT 'be written' or *I0 tanabba 'be read'because RSåÇ safiaf is an object to write something on''With this respect, the ,.ni.rr.. goes to be translated as either 'And I read that åuld be read from the tablet of the sky' or'And I saw/ read whatever

written on the tablet of the sky'

(see

Luke zz:17)'

6.2¡.6.

A verb to which one of the elements is attached cannot be a final verb in a sentence. Even if no verb is mentioned in a sentence at which the element is used as a relative pronoun, the fìnal verb will be a

CHAPTER 6. PRONOUNS AND INTERJECTIONS

TRADITION

copula.

z8t

PPIP element. For this reason, the object occurs regularly just after the combination being directly close to the verb. ExampLe:

h?nil nøq n++^ hnbasa kama za-qataLa object preposition relative pronoun verb The rough translation of this secrion is 'a lion, like someone who killed', and this is obviously incorrecr. So, ro have rhe correcr statement, the object must follow the verb like høo: flffA: hTOi þama za-qatalz'anbasa'like someone who killed a lion'. Notwithstanding, at least two exceptional features of bnta can be understood basing its usages in some readings.

Textual euidence:

6.2.t.8¡.It

tl. h'l+K. tr?t: h"ltlh'lì¿6:: (Ps. tTzo).

o?Çlr: C't'{lhz À?f: e"?flà:

Lord'.

6.3.

'Gilead is mine, and Manaseh is also mine'. 6.2.r.8.ry.

h1'thlt ¡o2: hltt hf : Òs194:t HhavZkltzz (Anap.

Nicear-r

(corn) verse rzo).

INrnn¡EcrroNS

6.3.r. Exclametions ofJoy

6.7.r.r.h7*Ò'anq*¿'

bntî'a-na iaga 'akko 'am samayat

It has no nominal origin. It

is used as an exclatnation of joy and appreciation with the meaning'aha'.'The exclarnatory elements of sad ancl sorrow ã9 sa!, h(t hlle, og ua,! ar-rd @ß'A wayle are its counterparts. In a sentence) it occurs alone. Though, it can be employed more than once to express the high degree ofjoyrnent.

'Ic is our body, not that you brought down from the

TextwaL euidence:

zø-'awrad-ka

heavens'.

6.2.r.8.t4. rthh: r1'?9'l*t dofuhhz T'kCzt (Anap. Nicean (com)verse

63tr.t aþft(vt h?*òt hl*òz

wa-Tabelw'anq'¿"znqtua< ra'ína-bu ba-'a'a11anti-na

ro8).



zi'a-ka samaTat wa-zi'a-þa madr 'The heavens are yours, ancl the earth (also) 11

is

yours'.

za can be attachecl to all possessive pronouns at tlÌe beginning

CtuÇu- Ohò9?'b\t: (Ps. 34:zr).

'They said, aha, aha,we have seen l-rim with our eyes'.

64,z.Exclamations of Pain, Sorrow and Anxiery

as tlï za-2a..., tlHtlh¿¡ za-za-zi'a-ba, fltlh?thtt-: za-za-bnti'a-ki,

64.2.r. Òþ say,hû 'ab,h(v'alle,og ual,aß'(uwqtle and?- ye

tlHÀrl-h7 za-za-'alli'a-ba etc. (Nurn. 283,9, 19; Prov. (corn.) 9:3). The attaclrrnent of a single za changes neither the positions of the units nor affects their meanings. It is about either connecting tl-rem with

All

otlrer worcls or bolding them. But the engagement of double za rnight introduce additional ideas such as 'eacl-r', 'different', 'every' and'owtt'. TextuaL euidence:

6.2.r.8.r5.

a^^z h^&-t tlcil nnLhù': IÇlt*:: (r Cor.

wa-lalla hbadw zar' za-za-zi'a-bø

15:38).

are originally the linguistic eletnents which are not related witl-r verbs or nouns with the exceptiorl of wayle. Wafle has an erymologi-

with dre verl: wa/awa'cty', 'r-nourn'. Leslau claimed it to be a denominative from wa1. Sínilarly, he affìnned say as the origin of saltL'misîortune', But Dilhnann kept both as variants." cal relation

' Dillmann 1865,772; Kidãna Wald Kafle ry5

whirlwind strike me?'

tÁt.

Despite this, the particles (tt- ha in particular) are usecl as external particles attached to other ACPPIP elements, supporting them to

occur apart from a direct attachment without introducing a new concept. According to the tradition of the scl-rools, tl"re particles in suclr cases are called 4¿"ñ taras' for the reason that they are ernployed

'awlo-nø lzqataqqata'-nni

a

bagga



''What is tl"ris I hear?'

7.rr.ro. h'It:'t-t +'Éh'll: 1+

'Does

29V



pronouns.2 By using these particles at the beginning of the speech, a speaker can be able to express his respect for the message that he adàres.es and for his audiences while these particles are considered as the right elements expressing sinceriry and genuineness. None of rhern is Jm-

balawu-o la-ganen

'You may submit to God and resist the devil'. Furtlrer References : lob 4zt7 , r9.4;Eph. 4:2.

ployed in

a senrence

which publicizes an uncerrain or an ambiguous

message. 7.2'.3. ?' gta

with any verb. It

{ahas no etymological relation fìrmative pardcle in expression of certainry with the meanings 'even', 'just', 'indeed' and'at least'.'[t comes mostly after a verb or a noun as án individual element. All forms of verbs with all possible numbers and genders can follow it as equipped to occur with.

4

at pr€senr, there are some scholars who still keep this kind of supposition, and mention the following reading as a serious reference' i?t oCt,Qh.: ... aIY h{'ht: nawa walda-þi... wa-naya bmma-þa(Woman, behold, your son! ... Behold, your modler!) John 19:26.

Nonetheless, we find rhe arresrarions like naba.

Textaal euidence:

7.2.)r. hrlQt2: 4t I'Odtl- h{ot ÇC+à+. tlQ'@k+t Ìr2hllr+ú oD':: (Matt. t527). kal¿bar-n¡

Theoredcally, Tg naya seems ro have been originally proposed to refer to a feminine gender while T? nawa refers to lo"r.rrlin.. Eu.n

is used as an af-

ho1ò9.2

g,a yaballs'a bm þfarat

Textaal euidence:

7.j.rr.(n!wa,

rn.s)

I?: Hthry'!z hnàh^qJ

r:48).

za-yaaaddaq bn't'ma'adda \gabztí'bomø

flhCr0: RCrrh.l:: (John

nauã za-ba-'aman ura'elawi za-'alb

'

Dillmann t865, 67o; Kidãna Wald Kafle ry55, 612; Leslau ry89, rz7;

Yatbãrak Marì ã zooz,r91. ' Leslau zoo6, r74.

of nawã for both genders

"Leslau zoo6,78o.

298'A G G A B,'tB ACCORDING

TO THE QANE

S

Cu,tltrnT.

CHOOL TRADITION

zgg

PARTIcLES

'Beholcl, an Israelite indeecl, in whotn there is no deceit'' (rDCqqJ ooïhtz

7.)r.2.(naba, m.s) Çu': nahu mar'awi ma;'a

(Matt.

z5:7).

'Behold, the bridegroom has come''

PannclEs

oF UNcEn

7.4t Nl&n 'andãI andh22

terirnry 'angã

Both are originally particles fonnulated to be used as an adverb in expression of uncertainry, probability and unfamiliarity with the rough rneanings'maybe','perhaps','probably' and'rnost likely'.' On tlre origin of bnga, Leslau supposed that it is formed our of the combination of 'an and ga. But he did not explain what these elernenrs are for patterrl ancl what their meaning is.,

@Aß'hu:: (r Kgs r7:zz)' 7.1.r3.(nawà,f.s)IP: Ch?*: høor ¿\9a' nawa ra'ayi kama halwa walda-þí

:

'Now,

see

cu:

.q?16\: tg?Ô:

is not possible to precisely determine their position in a sennot keep a consistent engagement in every case.

But in fact, in an interrogative sentence, they follow irnrnediately after the interrogative particles. Textøal euidence:

that your son is alive'.

7.3.t.4.Qtabu, f.s)

It

tence since they do

olonß:

oAß:: (Isa' 7:t4)

7

.

4.r.r. hÊ\' I

h7 2 | Ço.fìÈ

:

Afl

ÉQlLdr:: ( Sir. 49: rr).

naba dangal tadannas wa-tawøllacl walda

bffo-nw bnga na'abbay-o la-zarubabel

'O the generation of that time, their eyes were blind'.

'o

7.5r.6.

(r-.p) N hTl.oo't,hÏn: hcn{:?'lt

Ohoot +2qhhøD':

lov

Textaal euídence: 7

.

j

duPT t troT +\ t ¿ã g,çfL- Ç tt- z gth g t ftrþ? : Ìr?Aßtl (Anp.Ath (corn.) verse z9).

r.8. h:

:;

b

bewan manta-nu rassayna-ki nabw

nft:

ybakkaya þ,allon'awalada-ki

04t...:: (Anp. Mary (com.) verse r53).



'0 'ântamu hazba karstiyan ba-þama tagaba'kantw

'O Eve, what wrong did we do against you, now all your

ba- zatti blat 'O you the Christian (people), as you gathered this day"''

daughrers lamenr'.

Again, it is used to rebuke or disgrace persons due to their guilt. Textwal euidencei

7.t,r.g. hz h.0&72 rl.lìh: ¡tr.RÞ:: (Gal. 3:r).

(thfr{ot 4'þ\92 nÞlq+: 7.5.r.7.(3f.p) h: hh1,a't hô: Arhhr¡:

'o 'abdan sabh

øof¡ffi:: (Anp. éallastu (com.) verse 95).

'o 'abdaw 'alla

f4lf

r øD7-t h^ooøDl1øo-t

l'loot

Ìu{ho"lt

galataya



laþak*a'bw la-'addam



mannu'abmama-þþ,amu karrta \-tamana



Mqannawa ba-qannawata masqal

ba-;adq

'O the hands that fashioned Adam, they were nailed with

lO, yo" foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you nor ro believe in truth?'

the nails of the cross'. Furcher rderences: Gen. 3:r9; Prov (com.) ¡:ro; Wis (com) 9:r; Dan' ro:25 , ru2D, ?4 rrir4 5:r8; Matt. t:zo, t5:28, ?'512r' z7t4oi Luke r:3, lohnz:4 8:ro, 19:26; Acts r:r.

The grammatical function of the particle is however not fixed only with kindly and humbly addressing statements for the highly favored or honorable personalities; it also is used to fairly blame or criticize persons or orher natures and inciclents due to the faults they did or due to their weakness'

Further references: Matt. 7:7, 8:26, t7zr7; Lttke u:4o, riLizo,

Apart frorn this, the particle is used once more as an exclamation of anxiery, regret and sorrow as a varianr of h"tt[¡, bgzi'o without being connected with personal or proper names.

'Ibid.

)o

CHRlteRT. PAR'ncLEs

Tn¡oITIoN +' A G G A B A-BACCoRDING To THE (ZeN¿ Sctrool

7.6. Pan rrcr,E oF Sr¡,lcrmryAND SuppLrcATIoN

Textuøl euidence: 7

.

s

r.ro. a |'(Lt ht ht (Num. z4:zz).

oD\-

t

høD

?

t 9"141C t h"?tlh'lìrhC : r11l?*

7.6.t. hnfuh'agzi'o

::

^9"

According to the perspective of modern linguistic study bgzi'o is a vocative form of the noun Altlh 'agzí"master', 'governor'or'Lord',' Tlre tradition of '-4gabab accepts its affiliation with the noun bgzi'. However, it considers it as an individual ACPPP element. Its function is to be used as an exclamarory phrase of disappointment, atonement, supplication, devotion, surprise and adoration with the meaning'O' or'O Lord'. Its status in a sentence can be specifically decided in terms of the state and the general impression of the sentence. On its usage, it cânnot be attached to other language elemenr, and not restricted to take a position either before or after a verb. It does not change its form due to diverse gender and number aspects.

'o 'o

manrcu TabaYTw 'arua'

wa-1abe

yagabbar'o'agzi'abher la-zantu



blla ya'ammanu qala yabbabe

Lrtkeryz77,r9:r8, zo; Heb. r:8. degree

al-bo

þA- ß,qA,2, (Ezr yry).

Funher references: Neh. 5:r9; Ps. zo:r, zrzr9, z5:8, ror:rz; Hos. 9:r4;

The recurrence of the particle expr€sses the high

oÌt+t,htl'fì: hr\r ?hfl'T.r

@hdrO: htt'r1

the

surprise or sorrow of tl're speaker.

'And arnong the people, nobody knows jubilating'.

TextwaL euidence:

7.7.r.L. (renunciation)øg¡¡¿¡t h.ÇC: hdr0: &hoÛ'1¿]p:

Kingrzz).

2.6.t.4.hnilfu tr"ltlh: h?l't ovh*t å"ltlh'lìrtuC:t (z Sam. 7:zB) bgzt.b 'agzib 'antø ua'etø 'agzi'øbaber

wa-ybel-o hder 'al-bo Conj-V:Perf.

m.s-PSuffi 3m.s

>




7 .7 . r

'Andwe cannot saygood or bad'. 7 .7

.

3tr

Textwal euidence:

wa-'i-'a/eleuya




'You are mistaken by not knowing the scriptures'.

wa-1-kQay Conj-PartNeg-PObj

zz (

ba-'i-ya'maro masàbaft