Acquiring counseling skills: integrating theory, multiculturalism, and self-awareness 9780131991330, 0131991337, 0135082366

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 13
Preface......Page 8
Chapter 1 Counseling Skills and You......Page 22
The Relationship Between Your Behavior and How Others Respond to You......Page 23
The Impact of Life Experiences......Page 24
The Role of Religion and Spirituality......Page 25
Awareness of Cognitive Frames......Page 26
High and Low Self-Monitors......Page 27
Participating in Personal Counseling......Page 28
Resistance to Change......Page 29
The Role of Theory in Counseling......Page 30
Common Cultural Frames versus Stereotypes......Page 31
Ethical Standards......Page 32
Beginning Assignment......Page 36
Chapter 2 Multiculturalism and Diversity in Counseling......Page 37
Culture......Page 39
Diversity......Page 40
Ethnocentrism......Page 41
Immigration Policy in the United States......Page 42
Multiculturalism in the Professions of Counseling and Psychology......Page 43
Berry’s Ecocultural Framework......Page 45
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model......Page 46
Sue and Sue’s Model of Multiculturalism......Page 47
Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Differences......Page 48
How Hofstede’s Model Developed......Page 49
Implications of the Multicultural Material for Counseling Students......Page 57
Chapter Summary......Page 59
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 60
Chapter 3 The Microskills Model......Page 61
Historical Context......Page 62
Interpersonal Process Recall......Page 63
The Microskills Model......Page 64
Advantages of the Microskills Model......Page 65
Limitations of the Microskills Model......Page 67
Client-Counselor Relationship......Page 68
Therapeutic Technique......Page 69
Chapter Summary......Page 70
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 71
Chapter 4 Attending Behaviors......Page 72
Components of Attending......Page 73
Eye Contact......Page 74
Open Posture......Page 76
Leaning In......Page 77
Room Arrangement......Page 78
Lighting......Page 80
Verbal Behavior (Following the Client’s Lead)......Page 81
Multicultural Aspects of Attending......Page 83
Humanistic......Page 84
Cognitive-Behavioral......Page 85
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 87
Chapter 5 Client Observation......Page 89
Four Observable Elements of Client Behavior......Page 90
Nonverbal Behavior......Page 91
Paraverbal Behavior......Page 92
Verbal Behavior......Page 93
Congruence Among Nonverbal, Paraverbal, and Verbal Behaviors......Page 96
Silence......Page 97
Multicultural Aspects of Client Observation......Page 98
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 101
Chapter 6 Silence, Minimal Encouragers, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing......Page 102
Silence......Page 103
Silence in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 105
Minimal Encouragers......Page 106
Intentional Withholding of Minimal Encouragers......Page 107
Restatement......Page 108
Paraphrasing......Page 109
Multicultural Aspects of Paraphrasing......Page 112
Paraphrasing in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 114
Summarizing......Page 115
Enumerating Possible Topics......Page 116
Beginning and Ending Sessions with Summaries......Page 117
Chapter Summary......Page 118
Case Studies for Discussion......Page 119
Appropriate Use of Questions......Page 122
Open and Closed Questions......Page 123
Mechanical Aspects of Questioning......Page 124
Dialogue Examples of How to Achieve Specific Purposes......Page 127
Client Resistance......Page 131
Cultural Considerations in Questioning......Page 132
Questioning in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 133
Case Studies for Discussion......Page 135
Chapter 8 Feeling Reflection......Page 139
Mechanical Aspects of Feeling Reflection......Page 141
Feeling Reflection Mechanics......Page 142
Accurate Feeling Reflection......Page 145
Relativistic Model of Emotion......Page 147
Ekman’s Neurocultural Theory of Emotion......Page 148
The Integration of Emotion Theory and Empathy......Page 149
Fear of Loss of Control......Page 150
Complexity or Intensity of Ambivalent Feelings......Page 151
Say, “You Shouldn’t Feel That Way”......Page 152
Ask, “What Did _____ Feel?”......Page 153
Repeatedly Ask, “How Did That Feel?”......Page 154
Gender Roles......Page 155
Developmental......Page 156
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 157
Case Studies for Discussion......Page 158
Chapter 9 Reflection of Meaning......Page 161
Aspects of Individual Difference in Meaning Making......Page 162
Spirituality......Page 163
Level of Cognitive Functioning......Page 164
Trauma......Page 165
Masculinity/Femininity......Page 168
Affiliation......Page 170
Uncertainty Avoidance......Page 171
Reflecting Meaning in the Context of Three Theoretical Stances......Page 172
Humanistic......Page 173
Developmental......Page 174
Cognitive-Behavioral......Page 176
Chapter Summary......Page 179
Case Studies for Discussion......Page 180
Skill Definition: What, Why, and How......Page 183
Why Counselors Use Confrontation......Page 184
How to Effectively Confront a Client......Page 185
Timing......Page 186
Carrying Out the Confrontation......Page 189
Immediacy......Page 193
Gender Roles......Page 196
Humanistic......Page 197
Chapter Summary......Page 198
Case Studies for Discussion......Page 199
Introduction......Page 202
The Relationship Between Theory and Microskills......Page 203
Developmental Models......Page 204
Adlerian Theory......Page 206
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory......Page 208
Attachment Theory......Page 209
Client-Centered Counseling......Page 211
Existentialism......Page 214
Gestalt......Page 215
Cognitive-Behavioral Models......Page 217
Behavior Theory......Page 218
Cognitive Theory......Page 219
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory......Page 220
Interplay of Multicultural Issues and Theories......Page 222
Current Trends in Theory Development......Page 223
Chapter Summary......Page 224
Case Studies for Discussion......Page 225
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 226
Counseling Process and Counseling Outcome......Page 227
Typical Stage of the Counseling Process......Page 228
Process Across the Course of Counseling......Page 231
Situational Factors That Influence Process......Page 235
Self-Disclosure......Page 240
Multicultural Considerations in Self-Disclosure......Page 242
Chapter Summary......Page 243
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 244
Chapter 13 Intake Interviews and Initial Assessment......Page 245
Assessment......Page 246
Organic or Medical Conditions......Page 247
Personality Style and Typicality......Page 250
Subjective Distress......Page 251
Impairment in Daily Functioning......Page 252
Intake Interviews......Page 253
Assessment of Suicide Risk......Page 254
Assessment of Violence Risk......Page 256
Diagnosis......Page 258
DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Diagnosis......Page 259
The Sociopolitical Nature of Diagnosis......Page 260
Errors in Clinical Judgment......Page 261
Chapter Summary......Page 263
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 264
Chapter 14 Empirically Supported Techniques and Common Psychotherapeutic Factors......Page 265
Historical Antecedents of the EST Movement......Page 266
Strengths of the EST Approach to Treating Clients......Page 268
Criticisms of the EST Approach......Page 269
Saul Rozenzweig......Page 271
Hans Strupp......Page 272
Strengths of the Common Factors Approach......Page 275
Summary of ESTs and Common Factors......Page 276
Systematic Treatment Selection......Page 277
The Readiness for Change Model......Page 278
Recommendations for New Counselors......Page 281
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 282
Chapter 15 Integrated Case Conceptualization......Page 283
Individual Assessment/Intake Information......Page 284
Carole’s Value Preferences (Hofstede’s Cultural Axes)......Page 286
Carole’s Spheres of Influence in the Ecological Model......Page 287
Carole’s Treatment Plan......Page 288
Potential Impediments to Successful Counseling......Page 290
Individual Assessment/Intake Information......Page 291
Derek’s Family’s Value Preferences (Hofstede’s Cultural Axes)......Page 293
Diagnostic Impression and Readiness for Change......Page 294
Treatment Plan......Page 295
Derek’s Treatment Plan......Page 296
Potential Impediments to Successful Counseling......Page 297
Chapter Summary......Page 298
Questions for Class Discussion......Page 299
The Self-Awareness Strand......Page 300
Professionalism......Page 301
Boundaries......Page 302
Impairment and Self-Care......Page 303
Developing and Implementing a Self-Care Plan......Page 308
Culminating Activity......Page 313
Appendix: ACA Code of Ethics......Page 314
Reference List......Page 334
C......Page 346
D......Page 347
H......Page 348
M......Page 349
Q......Page 350
T......Page 351
Y......Page 352