Academic Grammar for Masters

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Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации Южно-Уральский государственный университет Кафедра иностранных языков

Ш143.21-9 Е552

Р.З. Елсакова, Д.В. Кочкина

ACADEMIC GRAMMAR FOR MASTERS Учебное пособие Под редакцией Н.Н. Кузьминой

Челябинск Издательский центр ЮУрГУ 2020

ББК Ш143.21-9 Е552

Одобрено учебно-методической комиссией Института лингвистики и международных коммуникаций Рецензенты: к.филол.н. Н.Е. Кунина, к.филол.н. А.А. Селютин

Е552

Елсакова, Р.З. Academic Grammar for Masters: учебное пособие / Р.З. Елсакова, Д.В. Кочкина, под ред. Н.Н. Кузьминой. – Челябинск: Издательский центр ЮУрГУ, 2020. – 57 с. Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I курса магистратуры и имеет своей целью обучение грамматике на материале научной тематики на английском языке. Материал пособия разделен на теоретическую и практическую части. Теоретическая часть содержит графическое представление базовых грамматических конструкций, необходимых, как для письма, так и для устного общения в академическом контексте. Грамматические явления подкреплены большим количеством примеров употребления. В практической части представлены тренировочные упражнения различного типа на отработку соответствующих правил. Учебное пособие может быть использовано как для аудиторной работы под руководством преподавателя, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.

ББК Ш143.21-9

© Издательский центр ЮУрГУ, 2020

CONTENTS Unit 1. SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION .....................................................................................4 Lesson 1.1. Sentence: word order ................................................................................................5 Lesson 1.2. Sentence: length and clarity ......................................................................................7 Unit 2. NOUNS ..........................................................................................................................10 Lesson 2.1. Articles ....................................................................................................................11 Lesson 2.2. Quantifiers ..............................................................................................................14 Unit 3. PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES .................................................................17 Lesson 3.1. Pronouns .................................................................................................................18 Lesson 3.2. Relative pronouns and clauses ................................................................................21 Unit 4. VERBS AND VERB PATTERNS ................................................................................24 Lesson 4.1. Present Simple and Present Continuous .................................................................25 Lesson 4.2. Past Simple and Past Continuous ...........................................................................28 Lesson 4.3. Future Simple..........................................................................................................31 Lesson 4.4. Present Perfect ........................................................................................................34 Lesson 4.5. Passive Voice ..........................................................................................................37 Lesson 4.6. Modal verbs ............................................................................................................40 Lesson 4.7. Verb patterns ...........................................................................................................43 Lesson 4.8. Conditional forms ...................................................................................................48 Unit 5. ADVERBS .....................................................................................................................51 Lesson 5.1. Adverbs: word order ...............................................................................................52 Lesson 5.2. Hedging adverbs .....................................................................................................55 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................57

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Unit 1. SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION UNIT CONTENTS This unit provides the following lessons: Lesson 1.1. Sentence: word order Lesson 1.2. Sentence: length and clarity

KEY TERM A sentence is a group of words, usually containing a verb, that expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction, or exclamation and starts with a capital letter when written: Your conclusion is good, but the final sentence is too long and complicated. [Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/словарь/английский/sentence]

UNIT VOCABULARY Study the vocabulary you will come across in the lessons of this unit: 1. adjective 2. adverb 3. clarity 4. colloquial phrasal verb 5. comparative adjective 6. complex sentence 7. compound sentence 8. compound-complex sentence 9. contraction 10. dependent clause 11. (subordinate clause) 12. in a chronological order 13. independent clause 14. informal word 15. length 16. noun 17. pattern 18. sentence structure 19. simple sentence 20. synonym 21. verb

прилагательное наречие ясность разговорный фразовый глагол прилагательное в сравнительной степени сложноподчиненное предложение сложносочиненное предложение сложносочиненное предложение, имеющее в составе придаточную часть сокращение подчиненное/придаточное предложение в хронологическом порядке главное предложение слово разговорного стиля длина существительное конструкция структура предложения простое предложение синоним глагол

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the gaps with the correct options: сomplex, dependent clauses, a subject and a verb, two, independent, clause A simple sentence contains 1. ___________. It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own. A compound sentence has 2. __________ independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences. These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). A 3. ___________ sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more 4. __________. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought. - A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which). A compound-complex sentence has two 5. ___________ clauses and at least one dependent 6. __________. II. Identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-complex: 1. She works in a language laboratory. 2. He wrote a letter to the manager, but the manager didn't answer. 3. I told him that I didn't know anything about their plans. 4. Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework. 5. The man believed in the system, and he knew that justice would prevail after the murderer was sent to jail. 6. Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege male accomplishments. 7. It is important to vote when the time comes, or you won't get a say in new laws. III. Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentences 1–7: 1 / The male / the main income earner / was / in the last century / 2 / are / extended families / Do you know / traditional in Japan? / whether / 3 / gives / benefits / poorer families / The government / 4. / always / don’t / get on well / Family members / 5 / b y men and women / Household tasks / often / shared / are / 6 / are / Single parent families / becoming / in Western society / increasingly / common / 7 / There / the family structure / is less important / urgently / on why / need to be studies / IV. Combine the sentences to make one compound-complex sentence: 1. Susan teaches the kids who live in the neighborhood. They meet in the evenings after she comes home from work. 2. The doctor wants to prescribe physical therapy, and he asked me to see a specialist. He recommended Dr. Smith. 3. Anthony told us about the assembly of the products. Unfortunately, he didn't tell us about where they were made. 4. We managed to finish the exercise on time and passed the exam. However, it was very difficult. 5. The man spoke little English. Mary understood him, but couldn't help. 6. The eagles attract many tourists. They live in the local mountain range. Unfortunately, the politicians still refuse to protect them. 7. The students who attended the university went on strike. They protested the tuition hikes.

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EXERCISES

I. Make all the necessary changes in the sentences given below. Comment on the violated rules of sentence length: 1. The sample size was pretty small. A tiny part of the samples were contaminated. 2. A comparison was made between the USA and the Russian Federation. 3. The operator of the PC does x followed by y. Finally, the user does z. 4. The Russian Federation showed a much better performance than the USA. 5. Although (as has been shown above) it would be incorrect to say that English was derived from Latin, or French, or Greek, of from anything else but the original language of the Teutonic branch of the Indo-European language, nevertheless Latin, French and Greek have not been without great and lasting influence on our vocabulary. 6. This method shows quite a good efficiency in the calculation process. 7. This allows the transfer of the money to be performed . 8. His behavior was strange. Actually, he rarely talked … 9. When defusing a bomb, cut the green wire after first having disrupted the circuit. 10. A few European countries, like Montenegro, Slovenia and Moldavia, have requested… II. Replace each underlined word or phrase with one of the more formal words given below: advisable unacceptable deteriorated administered occasions occupation accelerated negotiations catalogued 1. The opposition argued that the government's cuts to housing benefit were very bad. 2. Medical reports suggested that the trapped miners' physical condition got worse rapidly after the first week. 3. The inquiry panel listed the number of accidents that had occurred on that part of the motorway. 4. There were at least two times when secret talks were held between the British and Irish Governments. 5. The suspect refused to reveal his job to the police. 6. The construction company claimed it had informed the employees that wearing of goggles was a good idea. 7. The enquiry concluded that the drugs given to the patients by hospital staff were inappropriate. 8. The pace of change within the industry has speeded up over the past decade. III. Three students are discussing their group experiment. Read their conversation and then complete the formal results of their experiment using the words and expressions given below: A: OK, so we've got our research done. The experiment's finished and we know what happened. Well, mostly, we do. What are we going to write about it? 8

B: Let's start with the conclusion. What we found out. The results. C: Yeah. The whole point was looking for what made the bacteria reproduce more quickly. B: Quickly and successfully. And we found the right level of warmth, 35 degrees, which was what we set out to do. So we've got to say something like "the optimum temperature". A: Remember, it wasn't just the temperature. We had all those different coloured lights too. C: I know, and they didn't work out so well. So don't we say we looked at two variables, and one gave us clear results and the other didn't? B: But they were clear results - they were just negative ones. Nothing happened. C: You're right, but how can we word that in our report? set out namely optimum to examine with regard to were exposed to two separate variables a strong correlation the same growth no matter what in the range of showed less influence on growth rates growing conditions The experiment (1) ________ (2) _______ the (3) _________ (4) ________ of one particular strain of bacteria, (5) ________ (6) ________, (7) ________ the temperature and the colour of light that the samples (8) ________ . The team discovered that there was (9) _________ between high bacterial (10) ________ and a temperature (11) ________ 35 to 36 degrees. The samples kept a degree below this minimum or above this maximum produced about 20% less growth, and those held below 30 degrees produced no growth at all. Experimentation with a second variable (12) ________ the growth rates. (13) ________ the colour of light that the bacteria were exposed to, (14) _______ resulted.

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Unit 2. NOUNS UNIT CONTENTS This unit provides the following lessons: Lesson 2.1. Articles Lesson 2.2. Quantifiers

KEY TERM Nouns are one of the four major word classes, along with verbs, adjectives and adverbs. A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, event, substance or quality: 'Doctor', 'coal', and 'beauty' are all nouns. [Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/словарь/английский/noun]

UNIT VOCABULARY Study the vocabulary you will come across in the lessons of this unit: 1. article 2. countable 3. large quantity 4. neutral quantifier 5. noun 6. quantifier 7. small quantity 8. superlative adjective 9. uncountable

артикль исчисляемое большое количество нейтральный квантификатор существительное квантификатор (слово для обозначения количественных отношений) малое количество прилагательное в превосходной степени неисчисляемое

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EXERCISES

I. Choose the correct option: 1. All the patients had been operated either on the / an eyes or on the / a nose. 2. In an / the examination room students are only allowed a / the monolingual dictionary. 3. A / The dictionary I use the most is an / the online one called Word’s Worth. 4. This is detectable at a / an subcellular level in neurons. 5. These cells are interpreted as a / the codomain of x and y. 6. In the 1950s a / the television changed the way advertising was done. 7. The / an aim of this paper is to review all the / a relevant works in the / a literature. 8. It has a / an / the unique value. 9. The / A presence of copper contaminants was confirmed by GC-MS. 10. We found this data on the / an Internet, but it is not referred to in the / a literature. II. Match the sentences in each group with their meanings, A, B and C, as in the example: 1. 0. Teachers are often blamed for failures in education. B 1. The teacher is often blamed for failures in education. 2. The teachers were blamed for failures in the boy's education. A. This describes specific teachers at one school. B. This describes teachers in general. C. This describes teachers in general and is used in formal contexts. 2. 1. Most psychologists feel it is better to release anger than to suppress it. 2. I couldn't contain the anger I felt when I read the article. A. This talks about a feeling in general. B. This talks about a feeling on a specific occasion. 3. 1. It is impossible to live in a world without hope. 2. The hope of finding a cure for cancer drives a lot of medical research. A. The specific hope of finding a cure for cancer. B. Hope in general. 4. 1. There's something wrong with the television in the laboratory room. 2. In the mornings I prefer watching TV. A. We are talking about the machine. B. We are talking about the programmes. III. Tick all the uncountable nouns: advertising radiator report vessel device earth electrician blood luck electricity

good heat euro ceremony machinery step plant news smog mistake

progress earthquake award traffic product trouble kilometer job

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IV. Choose the correct option: It is well known that (1) the / Ø women are more intelligent than (2) the / Ø men. Even (3) the / Ø women with absolutely no education and who live in total poverty tend to be more intelligent than (4) the / Ø men, even (5) the / Ø men who have been to (6) the / Ø university. Of course there are always (7) the / Ø exceptions. In our case (8) the / Ø exceptions are (9) the / Ø women in this class. (10) The / Ø women in this class have exceptionally low levels of (11) the / Ø intelligence. (12) The / Ø PhD students tend to be above average intelligence, indeed (13) the / Ø female PhD students from most parts of the world who read (14) the / Ø scientific English books are extremely intelligent. Despite this, (15) the / Ø female PhD students here with us today in this class show few or no signs of (16) the / Ø intelligence. On the other hand (17) the / Ø intelligence of (18) the / Ø men in this class is supersonic. V. Five of these sentences contain a mistake. Find and correct the mistakes: 1. Life in the Middle Ages was hard. 2. Children need clear the information about the food they eat. 3. Organic farming causes less pollution than traditional farming. 4. More research is needed to make the genetic engineering safe. 5. Hydrochloric acid is twelve times more active than sulfuric acid. 6. Hydrochloric acid employed in our studies was purchased from … 7. The research is essential if progress is to be made. 8. The research that we have conducted so far proves that … 9. A knowledge of the mechanisms involved is essential. But the knowledge we currently have is insufficient.

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the table with proper quantity expressions: a (large/small) number of all neither any a (large/small/considerable) amount of both much enough some a wide range of a great deal of either plenty of a bit of a piece of (a) little a lot of several

countable nouns

uncountable nouns

both countable and uncountable nouns

II. Choose the correct expression to complete each sentence: 1. Recently, the number / amount of fast food that is eaten has increased. 2. For example, few / a few years ago there were not many microwave ovens in our country. 3. Technology brings much / many advantages to our lives. 4. I think many / a lot of research must be done on organic farming. 5. You can't get many / much information about your health these days without using the Internet. 6. Unfortunately, I have little / a little time to cook when I get home. 7. I think the amount / number of fast-food stores should be reduced. 8. Some children eat much / a lot of oily and fatty foods.

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III. Complete the sentences below with the expressions given below. Use each expression only once. There are two extra expressions that you do not need: a/an many a few much amount of deal of few number of plenty of little 1. I Only a small ........ consumers buy organic food. 2. I can't stand working in ......... . dirty laboratory. 3. Everyone needs to spend a ......... time relaxing. 4. At the end of the week, I don't have ........... money left to buy food. 5. You need to put a large .......... fertiliser on young plants. 6. You need ......... free time in order to do your own research. 7. It's a pity that so .......... people are interested in reading the labels on food. 8. Obviously someone has put a great ............ work into this investigation - it's amazing! IV. Read the article and choose the correct option: Companies are complaining there aren't 1. enough / much students taking science subjects now, especially physics. The problem, it seems, is that 2. few / many students see science subjects as too difficult, when there are 3. a lot / a lot of easier options, such as media studies. Professor Jennifer Cousins of Exmouth University comments: "This is becoming a serious problem. 4. Very few / A few students are choosing to study science subjects these days, which means that there 5. are enough / aren't enough graduates applying for jobs in the industrial sector. The way I see it, there are 6. too many / too much new courses at university level, and there's so 7. much / many competition between graduates that most students "play safe" and take courses they feel more confident in. At present they have 8. a little / little incentive to choose scientific subjects because science is seen as both difficult and boring. We must introduce 9. a little / a few more excitement into science in schools." V. Complete each sentence with a quantifier. In two of the sentences two quantifiers are possible: 1. Pebbleton plc had ........ success in extending their business to the USA, and soon had to close all their branches. 2. A late surge in sales produced just ....... income for the company to survive. 3. ........ application received after the deadline will be rejected. 4. ....... of the two candidates made an opening statement before the debate took place. 5. Bluewater Ltd will have ........ twenty subsidiaries worldwide after their expansion programme is complete. 6. Becoming self-employed or setting up a limited company: in theory ....... option is open to the freelancer. 7. Some printers support automatic printing on ........ sides of the paper. 8. Professor Jones claims that a virtual reality helmet that mimics ........ five senses will be ready within five years.

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Unit 3. PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES UNIT CONTENTS This unit provides the following lessons: Lesson 3.1. Pronouns Lesson 3.2. Relative pronouns and clauses

KEY TERM A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned. "She", "it", and "who" are all examples of pronouns. [Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/словарь/английский/pronoun]

UNIT VOCABULARY Study the vocabulary you will come across in the lessons of this unit: 1. ambiguity 2. defining clause 3. generic pronoun 4. non-defining relative clause 5. plural 6. preposition 7. pronoun 8. relative clause 9. relative pronoun 10. subject 11. the object form 12. the passive

двусмысленность, неясность ограничительное определительное придаточное предложение обобщающее местоимение распространительное определительное придаточное предложение множественный предлог местоимение определительное/ относительное придаточное предложение относительное местоимение подлежащее объектная форма пассивный залог

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EXERCISES

I. Read the rules and fill in the gaps with the words given below: spoken you in a seminar in general a formal note one You and one can both be used to refer to people 1.________ . 2. ________ is informal and more common in 3. _______ academic English. 4. _______ is quite formal. Examples: 5. (________) If you make any kind of commercial or public enquiry, you'll notice how the organization will use almost any strategy to encourage you to find the answer via their website rather than by phone. 6. (________) The process of teaching one's own subject can provide new insights into it. II. Read the sentences and tick a better variant. Then match it with a rule (A-E) given below, one rule is used twice: 1. A) A more detailed explanation can be found in Appendix B. B) You can find a more detailed explanation in Appendix B. 2. A) One can think of many examples where this feature would be useful. B) This feature would be useful in many cases. 3. A) Barack Obama claimed in his speech that he … whereas in her speech Angela Merkel reaffirmed that she … B) A doctor plays a vital role in society, in fact he often … 4. A) If traders are trading on several markets and they wish to … B) If a trader is trading on several markets and he wishes to … 5. A) When a user has connection problems, the system tries to reconnect him / her automatically. B) When users have connection problems, the system tries to reconnect them automatically. 6. A) There are two traders: Trader A and Trader B. If Trader A wants to send his / her order to the market then he / she has to … B) There are two traders: Trader A and Trader B. If Trader A wants to send his order to the market then he has to … Rules: A. You can avoid using he and she (and he / she etc.) by making the subject plural and using they / their / them / theirs. B. When the subject must be singular, do not use the masculine pronoun, instead use he / she, him / her and his / her. 19

C. The generic pronoun one is somewhat archaic and in any case can easily be avoided. D. The use of you to address the reader directly is rare in research manuscripts. It is normally reserved for user guides, instruction manuals, websites and email. E. Only use he and she (and his, him, her, hers ) when they are specifically used in relation to a male or female subject, respectively. Using either he or she to refer to a generic person (i.e. where the sex of the person is irrelevant) sounds either politically incorrect or simply strange. III. It is best to take a generally impersonal approach to your writing, so read the sentences and make necessary corrections: 1. We continue our discussion of integers to extend the notion of … 2. In this document we outline the main points of xyz. 3. In the last few years we have witnessed a considerable increase in the numbers of mobile devices. 4. This means that we have two ways to solve this problem. 5. A cloze procedure is a technique in which we delete words from a passage according to a wordcount formula. We present the passage to students, who insert words as they read. We can use this procedure as a diagnostic reading assessment technique. 6. Before we deal with this matter … 7. I should recognize that raising interest rates may not solve the inflationary pressure. 8. I seem it difficult for larger travel companies to gain the positive feedback that their smaller competitors enjoy. 9. I prefer the newspaper industry to regulate itself.

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EXERCISES

I. 1. what 2. whose 3. that 4. who 5. why 6. which 7. whom 8. where 9. when

Match relative pronouns 1–9 with their cases of usage A-I: A. relates to objects and animals B. refers to places C. refers to reason D. refers to time E. used for possessions F. relates to things G. relates to people, animals and objects H. relates to people I. is the object form of who

II. Fill in the gaps with the suitable relative pronouns: 1. The following techniques, _________ are shown in Fig. 1, are at the cutting edge. 2. The exercise _________ we did today is much harder than the one from yesterday. 3. We used a bar code to identify a specimen _________ DNA was degraded. 4. My professor, _________ comes from Bangalore, is very friendly. 5. The teachers _________ we interviewed all spoke well of the new staff development scheme. 6. Negotiations often reach a point _________ one side feels it has conceded too much ground. 7. What are the major reasons __________ we are losing so much biodiversity? 8. In 2004, _________ the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake occurred, few expected it to trigger a tsunami of such overwhelming power. 9. Most of the delegates seemed to disagree with _________ the minister said. III. Rewrite the sentences to include a defining relative clause, using the information in brackets: 1. Some doubts were raised about the quality of the questionnaire. (The group used it in the research) 2. The shoe company was based in Dundee. (It made the largest profits) 3. The folding bicycle is selling very well. (They designed it at their workshop in York) 4. Hewitt questioned the experience of the software engineers. (Wentworth plc recruited them) 5. The director later wrote a memoir. (He pioneered the tracking shot) 6. The region is crossed by two main roads. (They require substantial repairs) IV. Rewrite the sentences to include a non-defining relative clause, using the information in brackets: 1. In case of gross misconduct an employer may fire an employee immediately. (This includes theft) 2. Bill Grayson handed his small pharmaceutical business to his daughter. (She transformed it into a multinational corporation) 3. Turkey has land borders with eight countries. (This has frequently led to a kind of diplomatic balancing act) 4. Vegetable oils have seen recent volatility in their spot price. (They are traded as commodities) 5. Barbara Hepworth created Single Form for the United Nations building in New York. (Critics regarded her as a key Modernist sculptor)

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V. Find twelve more mistakes in the text and correct them, as in the example: Tourism today is an industry has grown so much in recent years that in many countries it provides the greatest single contribution to the country's revenue. = Tourism today is an industry which has grown so much in recent years that in many countries it provides the greatest single contribution to the country's revenue. But is it always a good thing? Mass tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon, brings with it a whole raft of problems. First, it means that a country's economy may rely on an industry who is wholly seasonal, with the consequence that the huge numbers of people work in tourism during the season have no income during the rest of the year. Some find wherever work they can, but others may look for support from a government is already receiving lower revenues. Second, it is true that in many countries tourists are destroying the very sights where they flock to see. They take some pieces of an ancient monument or of a coral reef which will gradually result in erosion of the attractions and therefore of the industry. While this kind of destruction may be wholly unintentional, a certain type of tourist which wants only a "good time" can be very destructive in a different way: they behave badly, pick fights and often damage the hotel rooms where they are staying in. Obviously, it is then this behaviour by that the local community judges all members of that nationality, creating enmity rather than fostering empathy, whose should be one of the main advantages of tourism. Finally, there are many places tourism is threatening a well-established way of life: people that livelihoods traditionally come from older industries, such as agriculture or fishing, are finding new jobs and wealth in the overdeveloped tourist regions, but at what cost? It is sometimes difficult to understand the reasons which for countries become involved with tourism.

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Unit 4. VERBS AND VERB PATTERNS UNIT CONTENTS This unit provides the following lessons: Lesson 4.1. Present Simple and Present Continuous Lesson 4.2. Past Simple and Past Continuous Lesson 4.3. Future Simple Lesson 4.4. Present Perfect Lesson 4.5. Passive Voice Lesson 4.6. Modal verbs Lesson 4.7. Verb patterns Lesson 4.8. Conditional forms

KEY TERM Verbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, adjectives and adverbs. A verb is a word or phrase that describes an action, condition, or experience: the words "run", "keep", and "feel" are all verbs. [Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/словарь/английский/verb]

UNIT VOCABULARY Study the vocabulary you will come across in the lessons of this unit: 1. ability способность 2. active voice (the active) активный залог 3. certainty уверенность, определенность 4. clause придаточное предложение 5. conditional sentence условное предложение 6. consequence следствие 7. infinitive инфинитив 8. irregular verb неправильный глагол 9. modal verb модальный глагол 10. object дополнение 11. passive voice (the passive) пассивный залог 12. probability вероятность 13. regular verb правильный глагол 14. state verb глагол состояния 15. successive actions последовательные действия 16. the affirmative sentence утвердительное предложение 17. time expression указатель времени 18. verb pattern глагольная конструкция 19. zero/ first/ second conditional условное предложение нулевого/ первого/ второго типов

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EXERCISES

I. Circle the correct option: 1. Nowadays smartphones establish / are establishing themselves as the main mobile device amongst younger consumers. 2. In many countries around the world, the dominant culture sets / is setting the standards and norms for day-to-day living. 3. Most people recognize / are recognizing that a respect for the law is a fundamental basis for a civilized society. 4. Do the particles move / are the particles moving faster when you heat a substance? 5. I write / am writing to let you know that the paper has finally been accepted. 6. What do you do / are you doing? I study / am studying chemistry at the University of Florida. 7. What do you do / are you doing? I download / am downloading some photos to show you. 8. Murray suggests that attitudes to work amongst young people change / are changing. 9. Some maps of the world's oceans show / are showing the widths of the continental shelves. 10. Don't worry, I do not leave / am not leaving after my presentation this afternoon. II. Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets: 1. I have only just arrived so I ...... (to stay) in university accommodation until I find something of my own. 2. People ...... (not to like) to listen to others when they have no emotional connection to the other person. 3. When a team ...... (to work) intensively on a project, the team leader should protect them from distraction. 4. What step ..... you (to make) in your research at the moment? 5. Quantitative research ...... (to imply) the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. 6. Monetary policy ...... (to operate) by influencing the price at which money is lent. 7. Join our new project. We ...... (to form) self help groups for those with marital problems. III. Match the verbs in bold to the uses of Present Simple: 1. The journal only accepts manuscripts in English. a. to describe scientific facts 2. If two angles are vertical angles, then they have equal b. to express repeated actions in the measures. present 3. How often do you go to conferences? I go about twice c. to give instructions a year. 4. The studies of Levitt and Kotler and Armstrong suggest d. to describe states and situations that an understanding of consumer behaviour may help with that don’t change. the marketing planning process in tourism marketing.

e. to present theorems, lemmas, definitions, proofs

5. A magnet attracts iron.

6. First you roll out the pastry, then you cut circles with f. to report arguments of academics a cup or a glass. 7. Every 15 minutes, someone dies as a result of an g. to describe regular activities alcohol-related collision.

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IV. Match the verbs in bold to the uses of Present Continuous: 1. The number of people using Facebook is growing steadily. 2. What are you doing? I’m just downloading some photos to show you. 3. I usually teach at the university, but this month I am doing seminars at another institute. 4. Boston College is looking for an international marketing manager for their overseas recruitment drive.

a. to describe actions happening at the moment around now b. to talk about a trend

c. to talk about programmed future events d. To give a more friendly tone in emails and letters e. to describe actions happening right 5. I'm flying to Istanbul on the 15th. now 6. I am writing to let you know that the paper has finally f. To talk about a temporary event or been accepted. situation.

V. Tick the verbs that are not used in Present Continuous: 1. describe 2. want 3. provide 4. operate 5. contain 6. depend 7. accept 8. own 9. matter 10.possess VI. Each of these sentences contains a mistake. Correct the mistakes: 1. As always, this investigation have a number of limitations to be considered in evaluating its findings. 2. The analysts from Boston College are develop new ways to improve learning strategies. 3. This table contain the data on xyz. 4. We advises you that the deadline for the manuscript expired last week. 5. I are not working on a new project with Dr Huria. 6. Currently, student numbers falls but class sizes rises. 7. DIY is standing for do it yourself.

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EXERCISES

I. Circle the correct option: A. 1. Some 50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens beat / beated other hominids and become / became the only surviving species. 2. Graduate numbers rose / rised during the 15 years and reached / reach their highest levels in 2007, but there was / were always more female than male graduates. 3. When did the most significant increase took/ take place? 4. The number of overseas students did not rise / not rised in Chinese universities between 2007 and 2012. 5. To establish our verbosity index, we did analyse / analysed five languages and did classified / classified these languages in terms of x, y, z. B. 6. What were you talking about / was you talking about when I came in? 7. We encountered a problem while we were loaded / were loading the software. 8. What did you doing / were you doing after the conference? 9. While I was studying / was studing I was not working / was not work full time. 10. At the time of his death, Einstein was still worked / was still working on his attempt to unify the laws of physics. II. Complete each sentence with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb in brackets: 1. In the late 1990s, Rupert Burgess ... (to work) on robotics at the University of Manchester, while I ... (to work) on neo-androids at the University of Sussex. This shared interest ... (to lead) to our joint collaboration. 2. I ... (to sleep) when the hotel fire alarm ... (to do) off. 3. I ... (to wonder) whether you might need more time to finish the research. 4. Eighty cars ... (to cross) the bridge when the supports ... (to collapse) into the river. 5. They ...(to live) in Paris first, then Bonn, and then they ...(to move) to Prague. 6. Yuri Gagarin ...(to be) the first man in space, not Neil Armstrong. 7. We ... (to collaborate) with them on a few occasions. 8. In 1827, Darius Wells ... (to invent) a special wood drill - the lateral router - capable of cutting letters on wood blocks. 9. During my training I ... (to earn) a lot less than my wife. 10. Why ... (to argue) behaviorists of the early 20th century that children learn to speak by copying adults? III. Read the sentences below and select the most suitable tense for each verb in brackets, considering the time phrases in bold: 1. Cholera and typhoid ... (to be) widespread in Europe and North America 100 years ago, but now they have almost disappeared from the developed world, largely because of improved water supplies and sanitation. 2. The first university in Europe was founded in Bologna, Italy, in 1088. In 1999, 911 years later, European education ministers ... (to meet) there to plan a common framework for universities in Europe. The aim ... (to be) to standardise the system of studying for degrees to permit students to study in different countries. 3. Dr Livingstone was a Scottish explorer, famous for his work in Africa. While he ... (to search) for the source of the River Nile, he ...(to disappear). 4. At 4.30 p.m. yesterday a large meteorite ... (to crash) to earth near the small town of Karsville, Texas. Many local people ... (to do) things outside and ... (to see) it happen. 29

5. Over 20 years ago, Old World archaeologists ... (to recognize) that the chronologies of European prehistory … (to be) incorrect. 6. During the 1890s, many people ... (to leave) the south and ...(to move) to the north to look for work. 7. What ... you ...(to do) at 8.30 last night? - I ... (not to do) anything special. I ... (to read). IV. Match the underlined words in 1–10 with the explanations A-J: 1. They ran the same test seven times before they found the bug in the software. 2. She jumped out of her chair, ran to the balcony and grabbed the screaming child. 3. In 2011 the Social Democrats challenged the anti-GMO movement. 4. In 2007, Carted suggested that women are superior to men [16]. 5. The soldier was trying to deactivate the land mine when it exploded. 6. The whole time I was talking, the one child in the audience was howling! 7. In the third experiment we proceeded as follows: First, we gathered the data. Second, we sorted the data by... 8. Food was in short supply through the war. 9. The fire was raging throughout the whole night. 10. We found that best results were achieved by carrying out tests in triplicate. A. Two actions in progress at the same time in the past. B. A sequence of different, completed actions in the past. C. A clear time reference is provided. D. The same action repeated several times in the past. E. A state existing for some time in the past. F. The steps and methods of the experiment are stated. G. One action interrupted by another, shorter action. H. The statement about what you found, discovered, noticed, etc I. There is the reference to the literature when you give the date within the main sentence (i.e. not just in parentheses). J. An action in progress in the past. V. Choose the correct words in italics. Sometimes, both answers are possible: 1. When I was a child we didn't use / weren't used to fly - we couldn't afford it. 2. Do / Did you use to wear a uniform at school? 3. Last week we interviewed / used to interview over thirty candidates. 4. During the 18th century, merchants used to / would transport their goods around England by canal. 5. In the nineteenth century people worked / used to work longer hours than they do now. 6. Audi used to launch / launched their new family saloon in 2010. 7. She would to / would challenge the relationship between theory and practice. 8. The Spanish Royal family used to be / used to being more removed from public life than they are at present. 9. Did Dickinson used to work / use to work in a department store before he became the owner of a fashion chain in Australia? 10. Before publishing companies, writers would pay / used to pay for their own printing and distribution costs.

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EXERCISES

I. Look at dialogue below and correct any mistakes in the Future Simple forms. There are five mistakes: Librarian: Hello there. How can I help you? John: I should do a presentation on Albert Einstein, and I’d like to get some books on him. I guess they be will really helpful. Librarian: Okay. The biographies are on the third floor. I'll to write the aisle number down for you. John: Thanks. I must will use the Internet too and look for resources on there. Librarian: That's a good idea. Use the Internet, have a look on the Great Scientists website. John: Thanks, I wills. I haven't heard of that site before. Thanks very much for the information. Librarian: That's quite all right. Feel free to come and ask me any questions and I won't do my best to help. II. Tick all the time expressions that can be used with the Future Simple tense: 1. in 2012 2. next semester 3. recently 4. soon 5. right now 6. in a day 7. for 8. some day 9. later 10. hardly ever III. Match the underlined words in 1–9 with the explanations A-I: 1. The university will admit five hundred more students next year. 2. I'll deal with your question in just a moment. 3. The teachers say they won't attend meetings out of school hours. 4. We will see how relevant this is in depth in the appendix. 5. Online learning will become more popular the future. 6. Future work will involve investigating the reasons for the shortage of relevant financial tools. 7. I'll try my best to answer all the questions. 'I need to go to the library later.' - 'Good idea. I’ll come with you.’ 8. If the illness is in an advanced stage, then the treatment in this case will have little effect. 9. I really doubt that in the future online courses will get less attention and interest. A. Promises and offers B. Talking about future parts of the manuscript. C. Refusal D. Facts about the future E. Predictions that are indefinite F. Decisions about the future that we make at the moment of speaking G. A hypothesis referring to one specific case H. Future work outline I. Uncertainty about the future 32

IV. Read the answers A-C and match them to the questions 1–3: 1 How do you think education will change in the future? 2 What are the main arguments about education in your country at the moment? 3 Do you think education will be accessible to all in future? A. Well, I believe that the government will introduce compulsory tuition fees next academic year, and this has caused a lot of anger. Students have been protesting about the unfairness of these fees. They think that poorer students won’t be able to afford the fees. The government won’t back down though. B. In one way, yes. I think more people will be able to access basic education around the world, like primary and secondary schools, and also courses online in practical subjects. But I think university education will become more exclusive. I read an article recently about how the Internet will make education available for the world, but I think that will mean that good university degrees w ill be more important. C. I think a lot of people will study online. The Internet will be easily accessible in all countries soon and online courses are cheaper and more convenient than having to travel to a college or campus. I also think more and more people will be able to study. Look again at questions 1–3 and think about how you would answer them using will. V. Write down your smart action plan: 1. List one academic/ scientific / professional area in which you would like to see improvement in the future. 2. Write a SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely) action plan for achieving this. Specific. What specific action steps will you take in what you want to accomplish? Measurable. Think how much, how many and when will you know your goal is accomplished? Attainable. What will you do to reach your goal? Realistic. Will you be able to achieve your goals within reasonable time limits? Timely. When will you start? When will you finish and reach your goal?

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EXERCISES

I. Write sentences and questions in the present perfect, using the words below: 0. Mr Foxlen / not come / to the office today Mr Foxlen has not come to the office today 1. I / not finish / the report 2. Carlos / call / six times this morning, so you’d better ring him. 3. We / only receive / three pages of your six-page fax. Could you send the last two pages again please. 4. I / try / your paper ID number several times, but I / have / no success. 5. You / add / a new figure to Table 3? 6. Unfortunately, you / not rewrite / the Conclusions successfully. 7. Dave / know / Claudia since they were at college together. 8. You / provide / them with all the necessary information? 9. The sea level / change / throughout the Earth’s history and will continue to do so. 10. Over the last 60 years English / transform / itself from a predominantly writer-oriented language to a reader-oriented language. II. Complete the sentences with the words given below: yet (2) for centuries ever for never so far since just recently 1. My neighbour recently confessed that he has ... read a newspaper in his life!. 2. Have you decided which university to apply for ...? 3. Printed books have been around ... . However, electronic books are relatively new. 4. We haven't learned about phonetics with our course tutor ... . 5. Scientists have not been so effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools .... 6. The plane has ... landed. The passengers are getting off now. 7. ... 2012 there have been many attempts to establish an index [Mithran 2012, Smithson 2014], but until now no one has managed to solve this issue. 8. I apologize for the delay in responding but Dr Jenkins has ... left our institute. 9. Have you ... had any emailing problems? 10. We have not used this equipment ... several months. III. Complete the text with suitable forms of the words in brackets: Electric Cars -Latest Update A small American car manufacturer ... 1. (just announce) that its experimental electric car, the Lexington X1, will go into production this year. Markton Automobiles, of Detroit, Michigan, ... 2. (make) the announcement recently. Although there are now lots of electric cars on the market, so far manufacturers ... 3. (not be able) to produce one that can really compete with existing petrol cars. There are two major problems speed and distance. Up until now, electric cars ... 4. (be) either too slow or unable to travel far enough without recharging their batteries. Markton Automobiles claim that they .... 5. (overcome) these difficulties with a new type of solar panel which continually recharges the batteries. The company ... 6. (not give) the press exact details yet, but they claim they ... 7. (already test) the car successfully under all kinds of weather conditions. The company ... 8. (invite) ten journalists this week. Their reports ... 9. (be) mainly positive, although we will have to wait for the full test results before we know if this really is the electric car that everyone is waiting for.

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IV. Match the underlined words in 1–7 with the explanations A-G: 1. Small CSP plants have produced power in California's Mojave Desert since the 1980s. 2. It is the first time that we have used this system. 3. We have recognized that businesses of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. 4. As for the final part of our presentation, we have added some more information about promotional, pricing and distribution strategies. 5. Environmentalists have proved that the purified dirty water can be used for irrigation around power plants, and this way oases will be formed. 6. The website exploits the fact that your web browser keeps a list of the web addresses you have visited. 7. We have made the correction accordingly, and then the relevant sentence has been further modified by the EE for better phrasing in the revised form of the manuscript. A. To summarize what you have done in the paper, presentation or essay B. To announce a new finding. C. To refer to earlier studies. D. An action, event, or scenario that began in the past and is still current today. E. Single or repeated actions in the past, when we don't know the date of the action or it isn't important. F. To state that this is the first (second, third, etc) time that something has been done. G. To announce what additions and changes you have made when writing a response to the referees. V. Read the sentences carefully. There are some wrong sentences. Correct the mistakes: 1. Our department has not used this system for several years, but we believe it is still valid today. 2. Regarding the environment, tourism has improve people's understanding of endangered species. 3. The Internet has been the main cause of the decline of conventional newspapers. 4. We believe that this is the first time that they have addressed the problem. 5. How long are you here for – since last year or the year before? 6. Fortunately we haven’t had this problem never. 7. In the revision, we has added more concepts and addressed the relationship for the hypotheses, as also described above. 8. English for academic purposes (EAP) has emerged out of the broader field of English for specific purposes (ESP), defined by its focus on teaching English specifically to facilitate learners’ study or research through the medium of English. 9. I have recently readed your interesting article in the ELT Journal and could not help writing to you to thank you for your wonderful ideas. 10. There are 188,000 lakes in Finland. Chemicals have polluted most of the larger lakes.

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EXERCISES

I. Turn the sentences from active into passive: Example: This paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of a world court of justice are considered. = In this paper the advantages and disadvantages of a world court of justice are considered . 1. In this paper we address the need to promote awareness. 2. We summarize the latest developments in search engines. 3. This survey has highlighted the urgency of the situation. 4. This work aims to find an alternative to school education. 5. We have not included details on this progress in this document. 6. In Section 4 we attempt to make some sense of these findings. 7. Future work will deal with this aspect. 8. One of the advantages of PCA analysis is that it enables one to classify new samples quickly. II. Turn the sentences from passive into active: Example: In the Methodology it is shown how to follow the steps. = In the Methodology we show how to follow the steps. 1. All the relevant values are reported in Table 1. 2. The results are shown in Figure 2. 3. This quantity was determined from the values in Table 2. 5. The model was built in accordance with Smith and Jones [69]. 6. An increase in the speed that the reader can read the paper was recorded. 7. Ten datasets were generated. 8. In the present study a new methodology for solving the meaning of life has been developed. 9. The approach that was adopted in this work is highly innovative. 10. The results that were obtained in this study show that a lot of money has been wasted by the department. 11. Future work will be dedicated to investigating the cerebral life of ants. 12. The languages analyzed, all the differences in tense usage, and numbers of words are listed in Table 3. III. Match the underlined words in 1–7 with the explanations A-G: 1. Much progress is being made in the field of telecommunications. 2. Animals which live in a non-domesticated environment are called wild animals. 3. The surface of the steel piping was fractured. 4. The system is installed automatically. 5. Filmmaking is said to be a lucrative industry. 6. It has been announced by some speakers that the recent increase in female graduates who have studied technical subjects has changed the modern job market. 7. An aerosol solution was added to make the flame front visible. A. To report what is commonly believed to be true. B. To report formal decisions or to make announcements. C. To make general references to the literature or to what is happening in the world in general. D. When we don't want to say it is our opinion. E. To describe processes.

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F. The passive is generally used with verbs such as install, upload and download. G. When it is unnecessary, difficult, or impossible to identify the originator of the action. IV. Read the text and choose the correct active or passive forms: How Is Paper Made? Everyone enjoys reading books, newspapers, magazines. But have you ever thought about how the paper 1. we print them / they are printed on is made? Most paper is 2. made / making from wood. First, 3. they cut the wood / the wood is cut into small pieces. These 4. mix / are mixed with water and heated to produce a kind of thick paste. Then chemicals 5. we add them / are added to clean the paste and make it white. Next the paste 6. spreads / is spread on a screen and 7. dried / is dried. The water drains away or evaporates and 8. are left / leaves a thick layer of paper. 9. We then pass this / This is then passed between two large rollers (circular machines) to make it thinner and flatter. 10. The paper is then cut / They then cut the paper into the correct sizes. V. Read a report on the use of DNA testing by the police and fill in the gaps with suitable passive verb forms: DNA is the chemical in the cells of plants and animals which carries inherited characteristics, or genetic information. DNA testing ...(to use) to identify each person as a unique individual on the basis of that genetic information. It ... also (to call) "genetic fingerprinting". The results of DNA testing ... (to accept) as evidence in cases where it ... (to believe) that the wrong person may have been convicted of a crime. In recent years, more than seventy people ... (to show) to be innocent through DNA testing. Many of those people ... (to sentence) to life in prison. In one case, a man ... (to release) after nineteen years in prison. DNA testing ... (to use) in some murder cases that ... (not to solve) without it. VI. Rewrite these sentences with verbs in the passive, where possible: People have claimed that they cannot use tasks successfully with beginner level students. We designed the following study so that we could investigate that claim. We created two groups of students, each with different proficiency levels. We gave them a task in which we showed them a set of pictures and we asked them to tell a story. We recorded them as they spoke and then we examined their stories.

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EXERCISES

I. Read the text and choose the correct option: How technology has changed our lives... Last week my wife suggested we should have a weekend break: Barcelona, or perhaps Prague. After a few minutes on my computer I 1. mighted / could book flights and a hotel, then print out airline tickets and a hotel voucher - all done in less than half an hour. Nothing surprising about that, you 2. might / might to say. But then I suddenly remembered how things were different when I was a child. If my parents wanted to go away they 3. can't / couldn't just use the Internet - just because there was no Internet. Well, of course it existed, but ordinary people 4. could not to / could not use it, it was only used by a few universities and some government agencies. No, they had to phone a travel agent or drive into town and go to a travel agency. It's the same thing with phones. I remember once, when I was a teenager, going out with some friends and missing the last bus home. Of course, none of us had a mobile phone. So we spent hours searching for a phone box so we 5. may / could call for a taxi. Eventually we managed to find one, but by then it was 2 a.m. and we were freezing cold. In those days mobile phones were an expensive luxury. Even if you had one, you 6. did can / could only use it in big cities because there was no signal in the countryside. And they were huge - not much smaller than a house brick. Now I have a phone that's no bigger than a box of matches. And I 7. can / can't call anyone, anywhere in the world, any time I feel like it. I 8. cans / can use it to look at the Internet. 9. Do you can / Can you imagine how exciting it was the first time an engineer managed to make a phone small enough to put in your pocket? It must have been amazing. And it's not surprising any more that nowadays lots of people 10. can / are canning wear their phones as a wristwatch. II. Complete each sentence with one of the phrases given below. One phrase is not needed: could not produce could soon might be may focus may have can update may explain might overlook 1. In anti-capitalist demonstrations, protestors ...... on specific companies. 2. It ...... suggested that the team's research methods were less than perfect. 3. A personal computer device ...... be developed with the sole purpose of detecting medical conditions. 4. Forgill argues that the geological team ...... some of the evidence at the site of the volcano. 5. Genetic research at the Harvard Medical School ...... why women suffer more from migraines than men. 6. Proponents of 'intelligent design' assert that evolution ...... certain biological structures. 7. It is both a strength and weakness of Wikipedia that anyone ..... its pages.

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III. Circle the correct or more appropriate option. If both are correct, circle both: 1. Our research only focuses on the situation in China, whereas it can / might be important to include Korea as well. 2. We only had a limited number of samples. A greater number of samples can / could lead to a different set of conclusions. 3. We would like to thank Professor Perkins without whose help this study could / might not be completed. 4. I was wondering if by any chance you can / may be able to help me. 5. Although this is a small study, the results can / could be generalized to several areas. 6. As could / might have been predicted from the relative lack of cross-reaction with digitoxin, the results show that… 7. We could / might not do all the tests within the allocated time, in fact we only managed to do three out of five. 8. It is an appealing idea to hypothesize that these effects could / might be responsible for the discrepancies. 9. In each case, we find that x and y are identical in structure. This means that they can / might not be discriminated in terms of this structure, but only in terms of their behavior. 10. A number of criteria could / might be suggested for finding the best fit. IV. Match the underlined words in 1–10 with the explanations A-J: 1. It can rain a lot during a monsoon, up to 20 cm of rain at one time. 2. As a rule one can draw a parallel between a country's reaction to a natural disaster and a company's response to recession. 3. I can finish this part of my report by tomorrow. 4. What if parents and children swapped roles for a day? How might they behave differently? 5. Bilinguals are people that can speak two languages. 6. Unfortunately, the referees might interpret our findings as being indicative of … 7. After lengthy talks, the British and Irish governments could sign the Good Friday Agreement on 21 April 1998. 8. I may be here tomorrow, but I am not 100% sure. 9. Interest rates may go up again in the near future. 10. Could the first cameras take colour photos? A. to express general ability in the past B. to indicate only the potential for something to happen C. to indicate a characteristic behavior D. to talk about a future ability provided that the decision is being made now E. to indicate that things are possible but do not necessarily happen F. to indicate uncertainty G. to indicate a possible reaction with no certainty that this reaction will take place H. to indicate greater certainty I. to talk about past ability J. to indicate the sense of uncertainty (this may or may not happen)

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EXERCISES

I. Read the text and then complete the table showing the grammatical patterns that follow the verbs in bold as they are used in the text: Verb + infinitive with to Verb + infinitive without to Verb + - ing form Verbs + that Verb + wh- (i.e. a question word) Farmers' markets have started to appear in many UK towns and cities. The local people who frequent them apparently enjoy buying produce that might not be available in supermarkets. Advocates of such markets argue that smaller farmers can maximize their profits by selling directly to shoppers, and provide answers for consumers who are increasingly asking where their food originates. Critics contend that, without regulation, some of these markets enable unscrupulous vendors to "mislabel" their goods as organic or local, and that the anti-supermarket ethos justifies selling produce at inflated prices. This essay will attempt to explain how these markets first established themselves, and where the trend may lead. II. Circle the correct option. If both are correct, circle both: 1. Most office workers hate to feel / feeling that their contribution to the overall success of the company is being overlooked. 2. Davo plc was beginning enjoying / to enjoy some success when the UK entered a period of sustained recession. 3. However much a successful research scientist would prefer to claim /claiming all the credit for a new discovery, the likelihood is that it has resulted from a team effort. 4. If patients stopped taking / to take this drug, it would put them at risk of a heart attack. 5. The legislation was meant to discourage / discouraging traders from buying illegally-acquired copper. 6. The "Hayflick limit" is the point at which cells no longer continue to divide / dividing. 7. None of the witnesses remembered seeing / to see the helicopter drop before it exploded. 8. Despite early setbacks, Lowton plc went on winning / to win the UK's largest defence contract of 2010. 9. The research team noted the exact moment when the subject would start to hesitate / hesitating before replying. 10. Some householders have tried lowering / to lower their heating thermostats by two degrees to save energy. III. Correct each sentence by adding one of the words given below: not offering on leaving being losing delayed 45

1. Fundraisers fear that if the arts center carries making a loss, it will be closed by the end of the year. 2. Zantec plc launching their new smartphone when rumours circulated that it had a serious design fault. 3. Most new companies must anticipate money on their first year of business. 4. Some local authorities acknowledge having their funding capacity to offer hostel space to the majority of homeless people in their area. 5. Companies which do not innovate risk overtaken by their competitors. 6. Dyson has proposed research and development tax credits to technology start-ups. 7. In his autobiographical book What Mad Pursuit, Francis Crick describes the field of molecular biology for neuroscience. IV. Complete each sentence, using the past form of one of the verb given below: help agree manage invite refuse remind 1. Professor Kurn ________ her team not to talk to journalists from the medical press during the drug trial. 2. Selco only ________ to survive the recession by selling its assets in Spain. 3. When Muhammad Ali _______ to serve in the US Army during the Vietnam War, his boxing licence was immediately revoked. 4. When he finally _________ to be interviewed by the BBC, Tony Hayward, former chief executive of BP, admitted that he had made mistakes in his handling of the oil spill in the Gulf. 5. In 1993 Louis Herman _______ Adam Pack to join him in establishing the Dolphin Institute. 6. Cyclist Gino Bartali was honoured by Israel because he had ________ Jews to avoid deportation to concentration camps during the second World War. V. Complete each sentence, using one of the words given below: would let made must will watch 1. Chemicals can be _______ to react through the input of an energy source such as heat. 2. I ________ rather take all questions at the end of the presentation, if you don't mind. 3. This essay ________ explore the organizational differences between Apple Inc. and Microsoft Corporation. 4. Observers at the aquarium are able to _______ octopuses feeding on crab. 5. There were reports that the hospital had _______ patients lie unattended in corridors for up to eight hours. 6. Foreign companies ________ float at least 50% of their shares if they wish to be considered for the FTSE's UK indices.

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VI. Circle the correct option: 1. Some office mangers may decide that / what the best way of sharing information is to write everything down. 2. The predominant model of health insurance assumes that / what at least one member of the household is in employment. 3. Commentators considered that / what the news of the CEO's arrest would mean for the company's share price. 4. A realistic conclusion may be that the general public does not mind that / who represents them in parliament, as long as he or she is prepared to stand up for the serious concerns of local people. 5. Recent research has revealed that / when the tomb was built. 6. The auditors realized why / that the bankrupt company had failed when they inspected the accounts. 7. Warrander asserts that / what most of London's hospitality industry should be classed as part of the UK's invisible exports. 8. The American public was left wondering for too long that / when BP would accept full responsibility for the oil leak.

VII. Complete the text about the setting up of a small art galleries, using the infinitive or -ing form of the verb in brackets: Browne describes ________ 1. (set up) a small art gallery in an unfashionable part of Birmingham in 2009. She acknowledges ________ 2. (spend) much more than the business earned in the first few years, but explains how it was managing ________ 3. (make) a modest profit by the end of 2015. Her account and that of Bannister and Ives appear _______ 4. (suggest) that two key factors need to be borne in mind if the new gallery owner wishes to avoid ________ 5. (make) what could be a very costly mistake. For anyone planning ________ 6. (open) a small gallery, the first factor is financing. Browne warns the would-be owner ________ 7. (allow) enough capital for at least two years of trading before any significant income is generated. The second factor is location. Bannister and Ives considered ________ 8. (establish) their gallery in London's trendy Brick Lane before realizing that there would be too much competition. They carried on ________ 9. (look) elsewhere in London until colleagues in Wales encouraged them ________ 10. (acquire) empty retail premises at much lower cost in Newport. Now, with a National Lottery regeneration grant, they anticipate _____________11. (expand) their gallery into neighbouring premises.

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EXERCISES

I. Read the rules and fill in the gaps with the words given below: general truths first conditionals unreal scientific hypothetical situations present tense verbs real would + verb every time that the future with will different 1. We use zero conditionals to express 1. ________, logical conclusions, 2.________facts or situations that always produce the same results. It means ‘3. ________’ or ‘whenever’. We normally use 4. ________in both parts of the sentence. 2. We use 5. ________to talk about 6. ________ future situations, rather than general truths that are always valid. We typically use the present simple tense in the if clause, and 7. ________ in the result clause. 3. We use second conditionals to express 8. ________ regarding what would happen if certain features, events, scenarios were possible (which are currently not possible). These conditionals are called "9. ________" because they can be used to imagine what may happen if circumstances were 10. ________. So they van be an important way of exploring behavior and testing theories. Second conditionals use a past tense in the if clause, and typically 11. _______ in the result clause. II. Identify the type of the conditional and put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense form: 1. If a small asteroid ________ the Earth's atmosphere, it ________ immediately. (hit, burn) 2. Completing an annual tax return _______ a legal requirement if you _______ self-employed. (be, be) 3. We ________ refunds if the goods ________ without receipts. (not to offer, be returned) 4. Local authorities ________ if they ________ at least 25% of domestic rubbish. (be fined, recycle) 5. If you _______ poetry into another language, you _______ some aspects of the original text. (translate, lose) 6. Phosphorus _______ if you _______ it to air. (burn, expose) 7. If they ________, athletes ______ the risk of injury in competition. (overtrain, increase) III. Correct the sentences with the first conditionals: 1. The wealth of a country will diminish if banks will not perform their function successfully. 2. If you will not give people regular information about the progress of the hurricane, they will begin to panic. 3. If you will ask managers about the general skills levels of trainees, many will say that they are insufficient. 4. You will not know if a new project is successful if you will not evaluate its outcomes. 5. These regional conflicts will only be resolved if the two sides will enter into dialogue with each other. 6. Many small companies will lose business if they will not take advantage of internet marketing. 49

7. If you submit your essay after the deadline, it does not be marked. IV. Mind the second conditionals and put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense form: 1. If developing countries _______ a greater control of commodity prices, they ________ their economies more efficiently. (have, plan) 2. _______ the world ________ different if it were ruled by women? (be) 3. If we _________ in dollars instead of sterling, _______ we _______ a discount on a bulk purchase? (pay, get) 4. If businesses _______ easy access to solar energy, their costs in the region _______ too high. (not have, be) 5. If my eyesight _______ perfect, I ________ to wear these glasses. (be, not need) 6. It _______ the regional economies if more business headquarters ______ from London to cities such as Manchester. (benefit, move) 7. If the government _______ a 60% tax rate, more tax payers _______ tax avoidance schemes. (introduce, use) V. Choose the appropriate option: 1. If you press / will press it too hard, it will / would break. 2. If I am / were the prime minister, I will / would increase taxes. 3. I carried / would carry on working as a researcher if the salary would be / were high enough. 4. If we would choose / chose to have a single currency it will / would be better. 5. I will / would be delighted if they held / hold the conference here. 6. She seems a bit reluctant to do the presentation. Perhaps if we gave /will give her some help with the slides, she would accept / would accepted. 7. We have not yet been able to explain whether x = y. A larger sample would enable / would enabled us to make more accurate predictions and this is why we are beginning sampling again.

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Unit 5. ADVERBS UNIT CONTENTS This unit provides the following lessons: Lesson 5.1. Adverbs: word order Lesson 5.2. Hedging adverbs

KEY TERM An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb, or phrase: in the phrase "she smiled cheerfully", the word "cheerfully" is an adverb. Adverbs have many different meanings and functions. They are especially important for indicating the time, manner, place, degree, or frequency of something. [Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/словарь/английский/adverb]

UNIT VOCABULARY Study the vocabulary you will come across in the lessons of this unit: 1. adverb 2. auxiliary 3. contraction 4. doubt 5. frequency 6. full stop 7. hedging adverb 8. negation 9. opposite 10. probability 11. statement

наречие вспомогательный глагол сокращение сомнение частота точка (знак препинания) смягчающее наречие отрицание противоположный вероятность утверждение

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EXERCISES

I. Insert the adverbs of frequency into the most appropriate position: 1. We will have problems in this field always. 2. These findings have been disputed in the literature often. 3. We will have to make changes occasionally. 4. She is late seldom. 5. This does not occur very frequently. 6. Foxes appear in the daytime rarely. 7. This has happened before never. 8. The patients have complained of fever often. 9. This may not have been the case always. 10. We have had this problem every now and then. II. Select the best position for the adverb of manner in bold: 1. The durations of the ON and OFF periods are distributed exponentially 2. We express this requirement in the following axiom formally. 3. The referee is right in his / her comments absolutely 4. This operational mode fits the typical scheme perfectly . 5. These samples are stored from the others differently. 6. I am sorry to give you such short notice and I hope that this won’t cause you too sincerely. 7. A broadband access network should share the bandwidth among all subscribers 8. I have read the manuscript and have made several changes carefully 9. I’m sorry, but would you mind emailing that to me? I’m not sure if I’ve got it all 10. Rather than going through each report, we have organized our response under individually

much trouble fairly correctly. general areas

III. Remember that adverbs of time always tell us when, how long, and how often something happens. Write the adverbs of time from the list in the correct column. After reading this list of adverbs of time, you may be able to come up with several more on your own: all morning tomorrow frequently annually yesterday last year often for a week for hours now today since last week since 1971 later all day long sometimes never daily

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WHEN

HOW LONG

HOW OFTEN

IV. Choose the correct sentence from the following: 1. a) They are obviously late. b) They obviously are late. 2. a) She was clearly very emotional. b) She was very clearly emotional. 3. a) He has misunderstood obviously the instructions. b) He has obviously misunderstood the instructions. 4. a) The message never arrived maybe. b) Maybe the message never arrived. 5. a) They will definitely not carry on their research work together. b) They will not definitely carry on their research work together. 6. a) She hasn't certainly arrived to any conclusion yet. b) She certainly hasn't arrived to any conclusion yet. V. Read the sentences and mind the place of adverbs. Match the adverbs in bold with the appropriate meaning: usually in the normal way 1. After six months of rehabilitation 65% of the patients were able to walk normally (i.e. without assistance). 2. Patients normally undergo rehabilitation after such accidents. obviously without difficulty 3. Clearly , the authors have not followed the instructions carefully. 4. The instructions were not written clearly , in fact they were almost impossible to understand. quite (in a sufficient manner) in the right proportion 5. The article is written fairly well, but needs improving in several areas. 6. Profits were not distributed fairly amongst the shareholders, which led to several complaints.

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EXERCISES

I. Match the hedging adverbs 1–9 and their definitions A-I: 1. reasonably A. it is reported that 2. supposedly B. it could be argued that 3. approximately C. fairly, to some extent 4. reportedly D. it appears that 5. apparently E. not always 6. not necessarily F. it is generally believed that 7. relatively G. normally, usually 8. arguably H. not completely accurate; roughly 9. typically I. fairly, when compared to other similar things or situations II. Correct the mistakes: 1. The results that we gained may appear the same, but it seems to me that they are fairly different. 2. It is, however, quite more difficult to understand why, on an objective level, some convicted murderers are kept far longer in prison than others. 3. I am slightly certain about this. 4. This a quite good abstract, you may take it as an example. 5. The conference participants had a fairly tense discussion. 6. Mr. Jenkins is quite more experienced in this field than me. 7. I’m slightly sure this idea isn’t a good one. III. Circle the most appropriate option. In two sentences, two options are appropriate: 1. Mature students do not reasonably / rather / necessarily manage their deadlines better than their younger colleagues. 2. The US economy grew fairly / slightly / approximately faster in the first quarter than it was expected. 3. The transition from prison life to ordinary society is fairly / quite / relatively a difficult case. 4. Although it works faster than treatments, the new drug is relatively / approximately / reportedly expensive to produce. 5. Smaller shops quite / normally / reasonably suffer a decline in trade when a supermarket opens nearby. 6. Physical exercise relatively / supposedly / arguably reduces the symptoms of mild depression. 7. Third-year undergraduate courses typically / fairly / usually cover less ground in greater degree than the first two years. 8. Groundnut oil is similar in character but approximately / quite / rather more expensive than grape seed oil. 9. There are approximately / reasonably / relatively 100 billion neurons in the human brain. 10. In pollution control, it is apparently / quite / sometimes impossible to establish a firm limit between a specific event, such as a leak of chemicals, and harm to the local population. IV. Make up several statements about your scientific research / current trends in your field / modern problems. Use hedging adverbs to reduce the certainty of your statements and make your meaning less extreme. Share with your partner.

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REFERENCES 1. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/ 2. Paterson K., Wedge R. Oxford Grammar for EAP. Oxford University Press. 3. Wallwork A. English for Academic Research: Grammar, Usage and Style. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2013.

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Учебное издание

Елсакова Рената Загитовна, Кочкина Дарья Викторовна ACADEMIC GRAMMAR FOR MASTERS Учебное пособие Под редакцией Н.Н. Кузьминой

Техн. редактор А.В. Миних Дизайн обложки А.В. Коноваловой Издательский центр Южно-Уральского государственного университета Подписано в печать 02.07.2020. Формат 6084 1/8. Печать цифровая. Усл. печ. л. 6,97. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 192/432. Отпечатано в типографии Издательского центра ЮУрГУ. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. 58