A Tentative Grammar of Mycenaean Greek [1 ed.]

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A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

STUDIA GRAECA ET LATINA GOTHOBURGENSIA

IX

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK By

t/' EBBE VILBORG

GOTEBORG 1960

Also published as ACTA UNIVERSITATIS GOTHOBURGENSIS

GOTEBORGS t:NlVERSITETS ARSSKRIFT Vol. LXVI · 1 9 6 0

2

This book is printed with a grant-in-aid from

STATENS HUMAl\ISTISKA FORSKNINGSRAD

Distributors:

ALMQVIST & WIKSELL STOCKHOLl\1 GOTEBORG

UPPSALA

GOTEBORG 1960 ELANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG

CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . Signs and abbreviations Literature . . . . . . . . . The position of the Mycenaean dialect .. Special characteristics of Mycenaean . . . Internal dialect differences in Mycenaean

9 IO II

Ig 22

23

THE WRITING SYSTEM The Linear B Syllabary . . . . . . Identification of the signs . . . . . Synopsis of the phonetic values . . Signs not certainly identified The homophones . . Spelling rules . . . Word division . . .

24

25 z8

28 30 33 38

PHONOLOGY Remarks on the representation of Indo-European phonemes in Mycenaean . . . . . . . . The Mycenaean phonemes . . . . . Reflexes of vowel gradation . . . . Remarks on the phonetic development in Mycenaean .. INFLECTION Declension Case system a-stems ...

55 55

6

EBBE VILBORG

a-stems . . . . . . . . . . . o- and a-stem adjectives . Consonant stems . . . . . .

65 72 79

Survey of case endings, p. 79· Remarks on case forms, p. 79· Stems in stops, p. So. Neuter stems in -a, -atos, p. Sz. Stems in nasals, p. 83. Stems in liquids, p. 84. Stems in -s, p. 86. Stems in -nt, p. go. Stems in -i and -u, p. gz. Stems in -eu, p. 93· Other diphthongal stems, p. 95·

Heteroclitic substantives . . . . . . . . Greek types of nouns not represented in Mycenaean Remarks on certain case suffixes .. Comparison of adjectives .. Pronouns Numerals . . . . . . . . . . .

96 97 97 g8

99 102

Conjugation Preliminary remarks . . . . . A list of Mycenaean verb forms Verbal adjectives . . . . . Remarks on vocalic verbs . . . . Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Myrenaean verb forms arranged by tenses

103 105

II5 II5 rr6 rr8

Indeclinabilia Prepositions . . . . . . Prepositions preserved in compounds . Formation of adverbs .. Negatives . . . . . . . . Conjunctional particles .

rr8 122 123 123 124

SYNTAX Preliminary remarks Concords Numbers Article .

131 131 131 132

7

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

Cases . . . Comparison. . Verbs . . . . . Word order. .

I32 I36 I36 I37

WORD FORMATION Noun and adjective compounds . . . . . . . . . Derivation of nouns and adjectives . . . . . . .

I40 I42

Vowel suffixes, p. qz. Nasal suffixes, p. 147. Liquid suffixes, p. 148. Dental suffixes, p. 148. Guttural suffixes, p. 149.

Survey of the formation of certain classes of derivatives . . . . .

ISO

Adjectives of material, P· 150. Patronymics, p. 15I. Ethnics, p. I5I. Other classes, p. 153.

Word index . . . . . . . . . . .

I

54

PREFACE It may seem both premature and presumptuous to publish a gram-

mar of Mycenaean Greek, however tentative, while the research-work is still in a state of flux. Nevertheless, two reasons brought me to make such an attempt: First, it is very difficult for a non-specialist to find his way through the discussion and to get a survey of attested forms and constructions. Second, it appears that a kind of commwnis opinio is being formed among the leading scholars in the field; we have, after all, reason to believe that progress in grammatical analysis will be considerably slower in the future. I have tried to exploit to the full the literature published I953rgs8; more recent works have been utilized only occasionally. In a field where so many details are still controversial, I have thought it my duty to state the doubtful points rather than to urge a definite opinion in as many cases as possible. I think the time has not yet come to abandon this policy of neutrality in a work of this kind. Future investigations will no doubt rule out many of the alternative proposals cited in the grammar. My thanks are due especially to Prof. Hj. Frisk, Goteborg, and Prof. L. P. Palmer, Oxford, who were kind enough to go through my manuscript at a preparatory stage. I have profited much from their advice and corrections. Goteborg, March rg6o. Ebbe Vilborg

SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS Tablets are referred to by indication of the find-spot (KN = Knossos, PY = Pylos, MY= Mycenae, Th =Thebes, El = Eleusis), classifying prefix and serial number (as given in the editions, seep. n); for tablets with three or more lines, the number of the line concerned is also given. Reverse of tablet is indicated by r (r3 =third line of the reverse, etc.); edge of tablet by e. The texts are quoted (where not otherwise stated) from the standard editions listed on p. II. Mycenaean words are printed in the syllabic transliteration shown on p. 24. Interpreted forms have been printed in Roman letters (the Greek alphabet being replaced by the symbols a b g d e w z e th i k l m 1b X 0 p r S t 1{ ph kft ps 8; for lz, see p. 48; for e, 6, see p. 41; for q", q"h, g", see p. 46 f.; for f, see p. 42). Ideograms are indicated by capital letters (note Dl\I = unit of dry measure). Signs [ Text broken off The same form also occurs (in identical function) on other tablets from the same find-spot t (only in word-lists) Form (word) not known from classical Greek

+

Abbreviations For abbreviations of authors' names, see the bibliography pp. rz-r8. Abbreviations of periodicals: AJ A BICS JHS l\ILS

= American Journal of Archaeology.

= Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (London). = Journal of Hellenic Studies.

= Minutes of the London Seminar.

Abbreviations of case forms: For nouns: n. s. = nominative singular, a. d. = accusative dual, g. p. = genitive plural etc. For adjectives: n. s. m. = nominative singular masculine, g. p. f. = genitive plural feminine, etc. The sign/ indicates alternative interpretations: nja = nominative or accusative, sfp = singular or plural.

LITERATURE BIBLIOGRAPHIES CHADWICK, J., PALMER, L. R., VEN'l'RIS, M., Studies in Mycenaean inscriptions and dialect 1953-1955. London 1956. CHADWICK, J., PALMER, L. R., Studies in Mycenaean inscriptions and dialect II: 1956. London 1957. - Studies in Mycenaean inscriptions and dialect III: 1957· London 1958. CHADWICK, J., PALMER, L. R., RICHARDSON, L. J.D., Studies in Mycenaean inscriptions and dialect IV: 1958. London 1959. RUIPEREZ, M., Les etudes sur le lineaire B depuis le dechiffrement de Ventris. Minos1 ) 3 (1955) 157--167. - Chronique bibliographique. Minos 4 (1956} 69-73. Chronique bibliographique sur le lineaire B. Minos 4 (1956) 175-179. Chronique bibliographique sur le lineaire B. Minos 5 (1957) 103-107, 212- 216. Chronique bibliographique sur le lineaire B. Minos 6 (1958) 67-73. Knossos:

TEXTS

EvANS, A.]., Scripta Minoa II (ed. J. Myres). Oxford 1952. [SM II.] BENNETT, E. L., CHADWICK, J., VENTRIS, M., The Knossos Tablets. BICS, Suppl. Papers No. 2. London 1956. [Iqj i5t.aUxup. Nio1! A8rJvaio1• 2 (1957) rr6-119. [=PK 3·l KERSCHENSTJHNER, J., Bemerkungen zur kretischen Linearschrift B. l\Iiinchener Studien zur Sprachwissensehaft 6 (1955) 56--70. [ =JK r.] --· Pylostafeln und homerischer Schiffskatalog. Miinchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9 (1956) 34-58. ~ =JK 2.] KTISTOPOUI,OS, K., IJsel T~V avayvwaw rfj; ftll'Wi"xij; j'(!a!pfjc;. IJJ.aTWl' 7 (1955) 184--240. [=KK 2.] I,A~DAU, 0., ::Yiykenisch-Griechische Personennamen. (Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia VII.) Goteborg !958. Pp. 306. [ = OL r.J

A TE;:IfTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

IS

LEJEUNE, M., Essais de philologie mycenienne: I. Etat de la recherche. 2. Les inventaires de roues. Rev. Phil. zg (rgss) 147-17! =Mtfln. I 17-44. [ =ML 2.] - Remarques sur !'identification des caracteres myceniens. Minos 4 (Ig56) 22 -32=Mem. I 45-55. [=ML 3.] - Etudes de philologie mycenienne: I. I,angue, ecriture, orthographe. 2. Les tablettes pyliennes de la serie Ma. Rev. Et. Anc. 58 (rgs6) 3-3g=Mbn. I 57-91. [=ML 4.] - Observations sur le signe 43 (ai). Et. Myc. 39-50=1\tllm. I g3--Io7. [=ML 5.] --- Essais de philologie mycenienne: 3· Nouveaux inventaires de roues. Rev. Phil. 30 (rg56) 175-r86=Mem. I rog-I23. [=ML 6.] - Les documents pyliens des series Na, Ng, Nn. Et. Myc. I37- I6s=l'vllm. I I2S-I55· [=ML 7.] -- La desinence -cpt en mycenien. Bull. Soc. Ling. 52 (rgs6) r87-2I8=Mbn. I I57---I84. [ =ML 8.] -- Mycenien da-majdu-ma "intendant". Minos 5 (rg57) 130- q8=Mem. I r85 --202. [ =ML g.] - Nouvelles remarques sur !'identification des signes syllabiques rares. Mbn. I 203-2I7. [=ML ro.] Remarques sur les redoublements en mycenien. Mbn. I 2I9--236. [=MI. II.] Le groupe de neia{Jvr; est-il represente en mycenien? Mbn. I 237-253. [ =:NII,

I2.J - · Surles signes notant des syllabes a groupe consonantique initial. Mbn. I 255 -282. [ =ML 13.] - Sur les labiovelaires myceniennes. Jvlbn. I 283--317. [ =ML q.] -Coup d'oeil sur le systeme graphique. Mem. I 3I9-330. [=ML IS.] - Etudes de philologie mycenienne: 3· Les adjectifs myceniens a suffixe -went. Rev. Et. Anc. 6o (!958) s--26. [=:NIL 17.] LURJA, S., Opyt ctenija pilosskikh nadpisej. Yestnik Drevnej Istorii (1955: 3) 8-36. [ =SL 1.] ---· Vorgriechische Kulte in den griechischen Inschriften mykenischer Zeit. Minos 5 (I957) 41-52. [ =SL 3.] - Jazyk i kultura mikenskoi gretsii. :\Ioscow rg57. [ =SL 4.] ·- Pakijanija, Inanija und Qoukoro: Zur Lexikologie und Wortbildung in der Sprache der mykenischen Tafeln. Eunomia, Ephemeridis Listy Filologicke supplementum I (I957) 45-49. [ =SL 6.] - Uber die Nominaldeklination in den mykenischen Inschriften. Par. Pass. 56 (1957) 321-332. [ =SL 8.] - Methodische Bemerkungen zur Entzifferung und Deutung der griechischen Inschriften mykenischer Zeit. 1\finoica 209-225. [ =SL g.] - Uber einige eigentiimliche Ubergange der Sonanten und der Vokale im Griechischen. Eunomia, Ephemeridis Listy Filologicke supplementum (1958) 55 -59. [ =SL 10.] MANN, S., Mycenaean and Indo-European. Man 56 (1956) 24-27. [ =SM 1.] MARINATOS, S., Zur Entzifferung der mykenischen Schrift. Minos 4 (1956) II-2!. [=SpM 2.]

I6

F:BBB VILBORG

.;.viAR1NA'I'os, S., BaatAtxd f1V(JE1peia udt dexsia lv Mvuryvatc;. IIeawctud rife; 'Aua6'1/dac; 'ABfJVWv 33 (1958) 161-173. [ =Sp::YI 8.] ::'.IER1GG1, P., Das :Minoische B nach Ventris' Entzifferung. Glotta 34 (1954) 12-37. [=PM r.] - II minoico B e greco? Minos 3 (1954) 55-86. [=PM 2.] -- I testi micenei in trascrizione. Athenaeum N. S. 33 (1955) 64-92. [=PM 4·l :\IERI.1NGEN, W., Bemerkungen zur Sprache von Linear B. Wien 1954. [ = WM r.] -- Das Yorgriechische und die sprachwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen. Wien 1955. :=WM 2.] -- Zeichenpaare in Linear B. l\1inoica 246-259. [ = WM 5.] MII.ANI, C., I segni a, a 2 , a 3 (=ai?). Aevum 32 (1958) 101-138. [=CM r.] Nlinoica. Festschrift zum So. Geburtstag von Johannes Sundwall. Berlin 1958. Pp. 465. ::YIUHI.ESTEIN, H., Olympia in Pylos. Basel 1954· [ =HM r.] Zur mykenischen Schrift: die Zeichen za, ze, zo. Mus. Helv. 12 (1955) II913I. [=HM2.] Panzeus in Pylos. Minos 4 (1956) 79-89. :=H:.Vf3.] L'adjectif mycenien signifiant 'en or'. Et. 1\Iyc. 93-97. [=HM 7.] Die oka-Tafeln von Pylos. Basel 1956. [ =HM 8.] - Sirenen in Pylos. Glotta 36 (1957) 152--156. ~ =HM g.3 - Einige mykenische Wi:irter. Mus. Helv. 15 (1958) 222-226. [ =HM 1o.] PAI~:VIER, L. R., Review of: VENTRIS, ::vi., and CHADWICK, J., Evidence for Greek dialect in the Mycenaean archives. Gnomon 26 (1954) 65--67. [ ==LP r.] - Mycenaean texts from Pylos. Trans. Philo!. Soc. 1954 (1955) rS-53. [ =LP 3.] Observations on the Linear B tablets from Mycenae. BICS 2 (1955) 36-45. [=LP4.] A Mycenaean calendar of offerings. Eranos 53 (1955) 1-13. [=LP 5.] Notes on the Personnel of the o-ka Tablets. Eranos 54 (1956) 1-13. [ ~LP 6 b.] -- Military Arrangements for the Defence of Pylos. ::\Iinos 4 (1956) 120--145. >LP g.] -- A ::\fycenaean Tomb Inventory. Minos 5 (1957) 58-92. : =LP 12.] - Review of: VEN'I'RIS, l\1., and CHADWICK, J., Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Gnomon 29 (1957) 561-58r. [ =LP 13.] PISANI, V., Die Entzifferung der iighischen Linear B und die griechischen Dialekte. Rhein. Mus. 98 (1955) 1-18. [ = VP r.] Le lingue indoeuropee in Grecia e in Italia (Discorso inaugurale). Milano (Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere) 1956. L= VP 2.] Primo bilancio sui miceneo. Paideia 12 (1957) 169--175. ~VP 4.] - Sui genitivo miceneo dei temi in -o. Par. Pass. 14 (1959) 81---86. PFGI.1ESE: CARRATEI.I.1, G., La decifrazione dei testi micenei. Par. Pass. 9 (1954) 81-117. [=GC r.] - Nuovi studi sui testi micenei. Par. Pass. 9 (1954) 215-228. [ = GC 2.] -Review of: The Mycenae Tablets I. Par. Pass. 9 (1954) 312-317. [=GC 3.; Riflessi di culti micenei neUe tabelle di Cnossos e Pilo. Studi in onore di U. E. Paoli, Firenze 1955, pp. 599--614 [ = GC 6.]

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

IJ

PuHVEL, J., Greek ANAE.. Zeitschr. fiir vergleich. Sprachforsch. 73 (1956} 2o222z. [ = JP z.] - Une tablette de Pylos (Eq or). Eranos 54 (1956) 14-zo. [= JP 3.] - Mycenaean o-ro-jo. Minos 6 (1958) 6r-63. [ =JP 6.] RISCH, E., Die Gliederttng der griechischen Dialekte in neuer Sicht. Mus. Helv. 12 (1955) 6r---76. [ = ER r.] - I,a position du dialecte mycenien. Et. lvlyc. 167-172. [ =ER 2.] - Mykenisch wo-wo ko-to-no. Minos 5 (1957) 28-34. [ =ER 4.] -- Zur Geschichte der griechischen Ethnika. Mus. Helv. I4 (1957) 63---74. [=ER5.] - Zur Vorgeschichte der sigmatischen Aoriste im Griechischen. Festschrift Max Vasmer, Berlin 1956, pp. 424-431. [ =ER 6.] - Die Entzifferung der minoischen Linearschrift B. Anthropos 53 (1958) 143160. [=ERg.] - L'accusatif pluriel des themes consonantiques en mycenien. Bull. Soc. Ling. 53 (1957-1958) 96~102. [ =ER ro.] RUIJGH, C., L'element acheen dans la langue epique. Assen 1957. [ = CR r.] - Les datifs pluriels dans les dialectes grecs et la position du mycenien. Mnemosyne I I (1958) 97--u6. [ =CR 2.] RurPEREZ, l\11., El desciframiento del minoico lineal B. Zephyrus 5 (1954) 48-6o. [=MR r.] - J{o-re-te-re et po-ro-ko-1'B-te-re a Pylos. Et. Myc. 105--120. [~=:VIR 3·] Une charte royale de partage de terres a Pylos. Minos 4 (1956) 146-164[=MR 5.] Notes on Mycenaean Land-Division and Livestock-Grazing. l\llinos 5 (1957) r74-zo6. [ =MR 6.] - Mykenisch Pe-re-sa 2 "Persephone". JVIinoica 359-364. [=MR 8.] SAFAREWICZ, J., Odcyfrowanie tekst6w greckich w pis'mie linearnym B. Meander 10 (1955) 135- 147· [ = JaS r.J SI'l''l'IG, E., Review of: BENNE'!''!', E., A Minoan Linear B Index. Bibliotheca Orientalis I I (1954) 67-71. [ =ES r.] - Sprachen die Minoer Griechisch? Minos 3 (1955) 87-99. [=ES 3.] STELLA, L., La religione greca nei testi micenei. Numen 5 (1958) 18-57. [ =LS r.] SzEMERENYI, 0., The genitive singular of masculine a-stem nouns in Greek. Glotta 35 (1956) I95--2o8. [=OS I.] - The Greek nouns in -sv;. Mv~ft'YJ; xdgtv, Gedenkschrift P. Kretschmer (Wien I957) I59-I8I. [=OS 2.] - Review of: VEN'I'RIS, l\1., and CHADWICK, J., Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Classical Review N. S. 8 (1958) 57--61. [=OS 3.] ToVAR, A., Etymologisches iiber myk. te-u-ta-ra-ko-ro 'Orseillesammler, Farber'. l\1iinchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft ro (I957) 77-83. [=AT 3.] - El signo micenico 83=qe 2 • Nlinoica 402--405. [=AT 4.] TRITSCH, F., PY Ad 684. Minos 5 (1957) 154-162. [=FT r.] -The Women of Pylos. Minoica 406-445. [=FT 2.] Goteb. Univ. Arsskr. LXVI:

2

2

r8

EBBE VILBORG

YENTRIS, l\1., A note on decipherment methods. Antiquity No. 1o8 (1953) zoo -206. [ =MV r.] -- Mycenaean epigraphy: a suggested code of practice. BICS I (I954) 3-ro. [=MV 3.] - :Mycenaean furniture on the Pylos tablets. Eranos 53 (1955) 109-124. [=lliiV 4.] - Some Comments on Minos IV,r. Minos 4 (1956) 166-167. [ =MV 6.] WEBSTER, T., (1) Pylos Aa, Ab tablets; (2) Pylos E tablets; (3) Additional Homeric notes. BICS I (1954) rr-I6. [ =TW r.~ - Homer and the Mycenaean tablets. Antiquity No. 113 (1955) 1o--q. [ =TW 2.] - Early and late in Homeric diction. Eranos 54 {1956) 34-48. [ =TW 7.] -- From Mycenae to Homer. London 1958. Pp. xvi+ 312. [ =TW 10.] '\VHAT!viOUGH, J., Review of: VENTRIS, M., and CHADWICK, J., Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Classical Philology 52 (I957) I86-I89. [ =JW I.] '\VINTER, W., Review of: E. L. BENNETT, The Pylos Tablets; GEORGIEV, V., Lexique des inscriptions creto-myceniennes; id., Supplement au lexique des inscriptions creto-myceniennes. Language 32 (1956) 504--508. L= WW I.]

THE POSITION OF THE MYCENAEAN DIALECT

§I. The language of the tablets written in Linear Script Bl), deciphered in 1952 by Michael Ventris2), has proved to be a specifically Greek dialect, now generally called Mycenaean3 ). Characteristic Greek features are seen in the phonology (initial IE j- treated in two different ways, represented by z- and zero, § 12; loss of initial and intervocalic s, § 16. 7; IE dh represented by t, i. e. th) as well as in the morphology (gen. sing. masc. in -ao, § 24; dat. plur. of consonant stems in -si, § 28; aorist in -sa- substituted for the IE type in -s-, § 47.5; infinitive in -een, § 47· z} and in the word formation (nouns in -eu-, § 39; adjectives in -went- with generalized strong grade replacing the IE alternation -l~ent-(-!f~~t-, § 37; agent nouns in -ta-, § 70). The Mycenaean vocabulary contains several words which are exclusively found in Greek (e. g. anthropos, hieros, theos). See JC 3.1 sqq., 15 sq.

§ 2. The position of Mycenaean among the Greek dialects cannot be determined with absolute certainty, as many of the most important distinctive features do not occur in the material (athematic infinitive: -vat or -flsv(at) 4 )? vocalism of the verb "to will": {Jo(v)Aoflat or {JiJ..Aoflat 5 )? conditional conjunction: sl or al? modal particle: av or xifua?). The extremely vague spelling obscures other phenomena (e. g. the so-called spurious diphthongs and the development of -ns-). To this must be added that the exact relations between different dialect groups in the second millennium B. C. can only be guessed. 1}

The material found until 1958 comprises about 3000 tablets from Knossos (dated c. 1400 B. C.), about rooo from Pylos (c. 1200 B. C.) and some 50 from Mycenae (c. rzoo B. C.), further a few vase inscriptions from Thebes, Eleusis, Orchomenos and Tiryns. 2 ) First published in JHS 73 (1953) 84-105: M. Ventris and J. Chadwick, Evidence for Greek dialect in the Mycenaean archives (usually abbreviated Evidence). For the history of the decipherment, see J. Chadwick, Decipherment of Linear B (Cambridge 1958). 3 } On the name of the dialect, see MV 3. 'o; cf. also Dow, Par. Pass. 14 (1959) 161-165. 4) Cf. § 47· 2. 5 } Cf., however, § 48. 6 6.

A TB:l\TATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCE:l\ABAN GREEK

2!

b. Dat. plur. of o- and a-stems in -ois, -ais, if this is the correct interpretation of Myc. -o-i, -a-i (see the discussion § 20). Cf. Arc. Cypr. -ot;, -au;, Ion. -oun, -aat, Aeol. mm, -awt. c. The pronoun pe-i (§ 45.1), probably= spheis, cf. Arc. arpw;. d. The preposition po-si (§ 54), if = posi, may reflect the stage previous to Arc. Cypr. ndc;, cf. WGk., Thess. no-d; Hom. ne01:l, Ion. Lesb. ne6;;. e. The adverbial termination -da, if o-da-a 2 should be interpreted hoda ar (cf. § 57.5), cf. Arc. avob(a), Ovefla (Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. I,625). f. The Mycenaean vocabulary shows many points of agreement with that of Arcado-Cyprian, e. g. di-pa (dipas, cf. flina;;), i-ja-te (iater; cf. Att. lareo;;), o-wo- (oiwo-?), pa-ka-na (phasgana), wa-na-ka (wanax). See further CR 2.114. g. Highly uncertain are the alleged examples of the preposition (e)u= b-d (e-we-pe-se-so-me-na=eupsesomena Thumb-Scherer 353, cf. § 48.3 7; we-a-re-Pe= u-aleiphes Chadwick J\ILS 13.XI.57), cf. Cypr. eV-T(]OaawfJw· imaT(]tfcpwfJw.

h. The use of pa-ra (para = class. naea) + dative, if meaning 'from (a person)' (cf. § 53.8), can be compared to the constructions &nv + dative, l~ +dative in Arc.-Cypr. (cf. Buck, Gr. Dial. ro8). 4· Characteristics in common with Ionic. a. The god's name po-se-da-o (Poseidaon) with the adjective po-sida-i-fo (Posidaio-), cf. Ion. IloaetMwv, Hom. Iloaetbd.wv with adj. Iloatb~'io;;, Lesb. Iloae{bav; Dor. IIoretMwvjliD7:tbd.i'o;; Arc. Iloaotoav. b. Thematic inflection of contract verbs (at least one certain example: to-ro-qe-fo-me-no = troq"eomenos, see §50), cf. the Ionic type in -iw. Cf., however, also 2 f above. c. Nom. sing. -eus of stems in -eu- (§ 39) like Ionic and most dialects as contrasted with Arc. -'Y);;. d. The preposition me-ta (meta; § 53.6) is living in Myc. as in Ionic and most dialects; cf. Arc. Lesb. Boeot. neM. But there are also traces of neM in ::VIyc., see above 2 d. e. The preposition ku-su, (xtm; § 53.5) with the same initial sound as Ion. ~vv; cf. Arc.-Cypr. (and most other dialects) avv. f. The preposition en (e. g. in e-ne-e-si = en-eensi) preserves in Myc. as in Ionic and most other dialects the original vocalism; cf. Arc.-Cypr. lv. 5. Characteristics in common with Aeolic. a. Adjectives of material in -ios (e. g. wi-ri-ni-jo = wrinios; but see § 72); cf. Lesb. xevaw;, Thess. JdOw;.

22

EBBE VILBORG

b. Use of a patronymic adjective instead of the genitive singular of the father's name, e. g. a-re-ku-tu-ru-wo e-te-wo-ke-re-we-i-jo (Alektruon Etewokleweios). On this use in Aeolic dialects see Buck, Gr. Dial. 134.

Of the pre-Doric dialect groups (Ionic, Aeolic, Arcado-Cyprian), Mycenaean shows most points of agreement with Arcado-Cyprian. This is in harmony with the standard view that in the pre-Doric period the inhabitants of the Peloponnese spoke a dialect which must have been a precursor of Arcado-Cyprian (see e. g. Buck, Gr. Dial., 7). The characteristics in common with Ionic (4 a-f) represent cases where both Mycenaean and Ionic have preserved inherited phenomena in contrast to the innovations of Arcado-Cyprian. These two groups had, however, several features in common (cf. Thumb-Scherer 194), and it is possible that they constituted a rather uniform dialect group in Mycenaean times (so Risch, ER 1). We have also to take into consideration an element of Aeolic speech in the Peloponnese (Thumb-Scherer 2rr; cf. Buck, Gr. Dial. 8) which may have influenced this group. If, on the other hand, we accept the tripartition of the pre-Doric dialects, there is no serious objection to our regarding Mycenaean as a specifically Arcado-Cyprian dialect. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCENAEAN

§ 3· The following features are specially characteristic for Mycenaean in contrast to the other Greek dialects: a. Preservation of the labio-velars (§ 16.6); in any case, these phonemes (represented by the q-series, § 10.5) are differentiated in Mycenaean from the labials (p-series) and the dentals (d-, t-series). b. The consonantization of i, e before a or o in some words (§ 18.7), e. g. su-za (cf. class. avxeat). c. Dual (nom. -ace.) of a-stems in -o (§ 22), e. g. to-pe-zo (torpezo). d. General use of the suffix -pi (-phi, c£. Hom. -rpt) to form the instrumental case in the plural (§ 43· r). e. Dat. sing. of consonant stems in -e (probably= -ei; § 28). f. Preservation of stems in -m, proved by the numeral e-me (hemei) (§ 3!.2), g. Extension of the derivatives in -eus (§ 67.7). h. Extension of the masculine derivatives in -ta (§ 70. r). i. Extension of the derivatives with the suffix -teros (§ 6g.z).

A 'l'E:!:\f'l'A'l'IVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

23

j. Frequent absence of connecting vowel -o- in derivation and composition (§§ 43.1, 70.4). k. Archaic forms of certain prepositions, e. g. po-si (posi) (§ 54) and o-pi (opi) (§ 53.7). l. Absence of the definite article (probably not only for stylistical reasons), see §6I. m. Frequent absence of the augment (the syllabic augment is attested only once, see § 47.3). n. The preservation of initial IE archaism, is uncertain (see § r6.7).

i- in jo-, which would constitute a remarkable

Most of these characteristics are archaisms (a, d, e, are Mycenaean innovations (b, c, g, h, i).

f, f,

k, l, m); some

INTERNAL DIALECT DIFFERENCES IN MYCENAEAN § 4· The dialect in Knossos, Pylos and Mycenae seems on the whole to have been uniform. It is of course possible that the written language, in spite of dialect differences, was the same all over the Mycenaean area owing to the scribal tradition. We must also bear in mind that the imperfect spelling may conceal minor divergencies. The following cases deserve mentioning: a. The sign a 2 appears much more often at PY than at KN (e. g. in the plural of s-stems, cf. PY ke-re-a 2 : KN pa-we-a). This may indicate an aspirated pronunciation of the vowel on the mainland (cf.

§ 33). b. The second element of an i-diphthong is written more often at

KN than at PY (e. g. KN ko-to-i-na: PY ko-to-na). This is certainly a mere orthographical variation (cf. § 10.3). c. MY uses more often than PY and KN the dat. sing. in -i of consonant stems (see further § 28). d. In the instr. plur. of o-stems, KN shows a few forms in -o-pi (e. g. o-mo-pi), PY generally -o (e. g. re-wo-te-jo). Cf., however, § 20.

---·-------

THE WRITING SYSTEM § 5· THE LINEAR B SYLLABARY K=Knossos, P=Pylos, l\1=::\Iycenae, T=Thebes

~

+ :f

l

da

KP.MT

2

ro

El'MT

3

pa

Jm{

4

te

5 6

to

lvpJir; and -C>apJir;?). 2.

V ow el c on t r a c t i on

There is no evidence for vowel contraction analogous to that of classical Greek. Cf. do-e-ro = doelos (Att. C>ovA.or;), e-ma-a 2 = Hermaai, ko-to-no-o-ko = ktoinookhos. The infinitive shows the ending -e-e = -een GOieb. Univ. Arsskr. LXVI:

2

4

so

EBBE VJLBORG

(class. -uv); of the s-stems, the case forms -e-o (-eos), -e-e (-ee), -e-a (-ea) are found (see § 33). It is possible tha·: in some of these cases an intervocalic -lt- was pronounced, thus preventing the contraction: ktoino(h)oklzos, pa-u/e-a 2 = phcmt.;e(h)a (cf. § 33). Exceptionally, hvo identical vowels are written as one: lw-to-no-ko = ktoinookhos, ko-to-na-no-no c= ktoinii anonos. It is difficult to determine whether this indicates a slurred pronunciation or if these forms are simply scribal errors. In the word no-pe-re-a 2 (§ 34) = nophele(l!)a (< ne-o-) occurs a contraction which may be pre-Greek. 3· A s simi l a t i o n o i v o w e l s

a) In place-names: o for e in o-i?o-me-ne-tt (Orkhomeneus) (PY Ea 780) = e-ko-me-ne-u (Erkhomeneus) (PY 1\·n 83r.S) from e-ko-me-no (Erkhomenos) (PY Cn 40.5.6+). cf. class. 'Ee:xottsv6:;j'OQXOftBV6;, Buck, Gr. Dial. 43; possibly a for o in u-pa-ra-ki-ri-ja (Huparakria?) (PY An 2g8.r) = u-po-ra-ki-ri-ja (PY Cn 4:5-4-7-II); partial assimilation in o-ru-ma-to (PY Cn 3.6), if= 'Eevttm'8o;. But u-m-pi-ja-fo (PY An srg.rr+) is rather TVrupiaioi (cf. 'Puns;) than Olmnpiaioi. b) There are no certain examples of vowel assimilation in vocabulary words. do-po-ta (dospotiii) as contrasted with class. osa;r;6-rl}:; may represent different grades of the vowel (*dems- resp. *doms-). The adjectives 'lt:i-ri-ni-jo, po-ni-ki-fa (cf. class. -.,o;) possibly show a suffix -ios (cf. § 72).

4· M e t a t h e s i s o i v o w e l s An apparent metathesis of vowels is found in re-u•o-te-re-jo = lewotreios (§ 27) and re-wo-to-ro-ko-zc:o = .(err:otrokhowoi (§ 2r.z) as compared with Hom. Aosreox6o:;. The l\Iycenaean vocalism in this root may be the original one according to Rui.perez (see Docs. r6o).

5. Elision Elision occurs only in compound forms of prepositions: a-ne-ta = an-eta, a-pe-e-[si= = ap-eensi, e-pe-ke-u = EP··eigeus, o-po-qo = op-oq"oi, pa-ra-wa-jo = par-a'lcaio; uncertain in pe-qo-;~a = Per-g"otas(?), pe-re-ke = per-ekhei(?). Note, however, a-pi-e-'ke = amplzi-ekhei(?), o-pi-i-ta-ja(?), po-ro-e-ke = pro-ekhes(?) and, before aspirated vowel, o-pi-a 2-ra = opi(h)ala in contrast to class. l!rpaAo:;.

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

5I

6. P r o t h e t i c v o w e l s

A prothetic vowel, as known from classical Greek, is seen in e-ne-wo pe-za = ennewopeza, e-re-tt-te-ro1 ) = eletttheron, e-rtt-ta-ra = erttthrii.

7. Consonant i z at ion o I e, i In certain words, the vowels e, i (not always distinguishable) lost their vocalic value, when followed by a or o, probably affecting the preceding consonants (g, k, r, s) with palatalization. This process was not complete, as spellings with preserved vowels also occur. Examples: ai-za from aigiii or aige(j)ii (for z, c£. § r6. 7), ka-za from khalkiii or khalkeii (c£. ka-ki-fo), ka-zo-e from kakioes (c£. Hom. xaxlwv), stt-za from sukiai or sukeai (c£. Dor. avxla, Att. avxia); a-sa-ti-fa (PY Mn r62.4) = Asiatia (c£. a-si-ja-ti-fa PY Ae I34+), ku-rtt-so from khrttsios or khrttse(j)os(?),2) ktt-te-so from kutesios or kutese(i)os, (c£. ku-te-se-fo). The palatalized r is written with the signs ra 2 , ro 2 (cf. § g): a-ke-ti-ra 2 = a-ke-ti-ri-fa (akestriai?) and other feminine agent nouns, see § 23.2; a-ro 2-e from are(j)oe(?) (cf. Hom. aestwv); e-ro 2-ne (PY Na 588) from erionei(?); po-pu-ro 2 from porphurio or porphure(J")o.

8. A s s i m i l a t i o n o I c o n s o n a n t s r. Assimilation of consonants is assumed before the instrumental ending -pi: stop+ ph> pph (cf. Hom. xannsas): po-pi = popphi (c£. po-de), e-ka-ma-pi = ekhmapphi (c£. e-ka-ma-te), ko-ru-pi = korupphi (cf. koru-to). n +ph< mph, nt +ph >mph: ki-to-pi = khitomphi, re-wa-pi= lewomphi (cf. re-wo-te-jo). 2. The evidence for assimilation before the dat.plur. ending -si is scarce. d (and probably t) is lost before s: pi-we-ri-si = piwerisi (cf. pi-weri-di); uncertain de-ma-si = dermasi (c£. bc:e[ta-r-)? The treatment of nt before s does not appear from the spelling; it is generally assumed that the result is -ns- (as in Arcadian): pa-si = pansi. Cf. below, 12. 1) 2)

Once re-u-te-ra (PY Na 425; probably a lapse). Cf. ku-ru-so=khruso- (subst.), § 21. r.

:ltBBE VILBORC

3· In some cases, original consonant clusters subsist in :Mycenaean while classical Greek shows assimilation: -Pm-: e-ra-pe-me-na = errapmena (cf. ::\IL rr.zzs) . -tm-: a-ra-ro-mo-te-me-na f a-ra-ro-mo-to-me-na ~ harannotmena (-dm-, Thumb-Scherer 336). 9· A s s i b i l a t i o n t i

> si

Assibilation ti > si (mostly analogous to the same phenomenon in Arc.-Cypr., Ion.-Att. and Lesb., see Buck, Gr. Dial. 57) is seen in the following cases: r) in verbal nouns with the suffix -si- (cf. Latin -ti-, Skt. -ti-): a-pudo-si = apudosis. 2) in 3rd plur. of pres. ind. act.: di-do-si = didonsi, e-ko-si = ekhonsi, e-e-si = eensi, ki-ti-je-si = ktiensi. 3) in derivatives of stems ending in t: e-qe-si-fo = hequesios (cf. e-qe-ta), ra-wa-ke-si-jo = lawagesios (cf. ra-wa--ke-t;t), pa-qo-si-jo (cf. pa-qo-ta), 11-wa-si-jo (cf. tt-wa-ta). 4) in derivatives of stems ending in th: e-pi-ko-ru-si-jo = epikorusios, (cf. ko-rtt-to), ko-ri-si-jo = Korinsios (cf. ko-ri-to = Korinthos), za-ku-si-jo = Zakzmsios (cf. ZaxvvOo~). This type of assibilation does not occur in classical Greek, where forms in -vOws have been restored analogically (cf., however, Att. IleofJa'A{aw; from IIgofJa'AwOos)· 5) in the preposition po-si (posi, cf. nm:t). At least in certain cases, the pronunciation tsi (vel sim.) is possible. In a few words the spelling varies: ti-nwa-si-ja (ethnic) J ti-nwa-ti-ja-o, tu-s1:-je-u (man's name) / tu-ti-je-u. ka-pa-si-ja (PY Vn 85r. I z) is perhaps a doublet of ka-pa-ti-ja (PY Eb 338. I+). The process was not universal in the above categories. Some ethnics without assibilation are found: mi-ra-ti-ja (1\!Iilatiai, cf. Mt'Ar;ro;), pa-i-ti-jo (Phaistios, cf. pa-i-to), ra-ti-jo (Latios, cf. ra-to). Some verbal nouns without assibilation are found as first element in personal names: o-ti-na-wo ('Ogat-?), ta-ti-qo-we-u (l:riiat-?), see further OL r.r63.

IO.

C o n s o n a r.: t a l t e r

11

ati on

r. The sign ke alternates with zc in the following words: a-ke-ti-ri-ja KN Ai 739-1- j a-ze-ti-ri-ja KN E 777.r~-; a-no-ke-ze•e PY An rgz. r 3,

A TBNTATIVB GRAMMAR OF MYCBKABAN GRBBK

53

KN I a-no-ze-we PY Cn 6oo.r3; ke-i-ja-ka-ra-na PY Nn 228.3 I ze-i-ja-kara-na PY Xa 70; possibly also in a-ke-o PY An rg2.14+ I a-ze-o KN Dv 1226; a-ke-ra-wo KN Vc 316, py I a-ze-ra[ KN X sgos; cf. also o-ze-to PY Vn 130 = ho keitoi (§ 48.84)? Since the actual consonant sound of the z-series is unknown, it is not possible to state the underlying pronouncing fluctuations. The analogy of za < kia (see above, 7) points to a value [k'] (palatalized k); cf., however, § r6.7. Discussion: LP 4.41, Et. Myc. 87 sq., Thumb-Scherer 336 sq. 2. The spelling o-da-tu-we-ta KN So 8g4.4 as contrasted to o-da-kuwe-ta KN So 0435, o-da-ke-we-ta KN So 0446, o-da-kwe?-ta (with sign 87, see § 6) KN So 0430 +indicates a pronunciation [-twe-] collaterally with [-kwe-], possibly due to regressive assimilation (cf. ML 2.164).

II.

D i s s i m i l a t i o n oI l a bi o- v el a r s

A labio-velar is dissimilated (> k) before 11: qo-u-ko-ro = g"ottkolos (cf. {3ovn6Aoc;) as contrasted with a-pi-qo-ro = amphiq"olon; kuna-ja = gunaia (cf. yvv1]). There is no sign for *qu in the syllabary. Dissimilation after u is seen in e-u-ke-to = e~tkhetoi (cf. evxop,at); the labio-velar is, however, preserved (or analogically restored) in qo-uqo-ta-o = g"oug"otas (cf. {3ov{36r:nc;) and su-qo-ta = sug"otas (cf. av{3wr:nc;). Cf. ML 14.293 sq. 2. A labialization of a labia-velar under the influence of a following labio-velar is indicated by the word i-po-po-qo-i, if its first element is i-qo 'horse' (lnno-r.pog{3oic;?); cf. the variant spellings pe-re-qo-ta I qe-reqo-ta-o (PY En 65g), o-pe-Pa 2 (PY Cn 570) I o-qe-pa 2 (PY Cn 45.9); pa 2 denotes qa, see § r6.7. Cf. ML 14.302. I.

12. T r e a t m e n t o I

- n s -,

-rs-

The treatment of the secondary cluster -ns- does not appear from the spelling. It is generally assumed that Mycenaean preserved the cluster unchanged (as was the case in several historical dialects, e. g. Arcadian; cf. Buck, Gr. Dial., 67): e-ko-si = ekhonsi, o-pe-ro-sa = ophelonsa, pa-sa = pansan. Note me-no = men(n)os from mensas. For -rs-, the aorist participle a-ke-ra 2-te confirms the loss of s (with compensational lengthening: agerantes?).

54

EBBE VII,BORG

13. I n i t £ a l

p - I P· t -

pt- alternating with p- (as in Hom., Thess., Arc., Cypr., see Buck, Gr. Dial. 61) is not found in vocabulary words but indirectly attested in the personal names ]-ru-po-to-re-mo-io = Emu-(Poltt-?)ptolemoio (PY En 324.27), po-to-re-ma-ta = Ptolematas? (PY Jn 6or.4), po-to-ri-jo = Ptolion (KN As 1517. II). - Initial pt- also occurs in pte-re-wa/ pe-tere-wa = ptelewiis. 14. lvf e t a t h e s i s o f c o n s o n a n t s A metathesis ro >or is seen in: to-no = thornos (but cf. to-ro-nowo-lw = thronoworgoi?), cf. Cypr. e6eva$; to-pe-za = torpeza; '{f)O-do-we = wordowen (as contrasted with Hom. etc. gob6et;). Cf. also the possible variants to-pa 2 (= torpha?) j to--ro-pa 2 (= troj)ha?).

INFLECTION DECLENSION CASE SYSTEM

§ rg. The Mycenaean case system appears only indistinctly owing to the regular omission of final consonants (see § ro.g). It is possible to distinguish four cases in the singular (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative-locative) and a fifth one in the plural (instrumental); in the singular, the instrumental always coincides with the dative-locative. The dual is very scarcely attested in oblique cases1). No vocative form has appeared so far. The attempts to point out special ablative forms {e. g. CG r.rs, SL 8) have not given certain results. It is, however, conceivable that instrumental plural forms may have functioned as an ablative (see § 62.6). - Outside the case system proper, there was at least one local suffix (-de, forming "allatives", see § 43.z).

0-STEMS § 20. C a s e e n d i n g s

jo

fo-jo jo-i fa 1)

Nom.sing.masc.-fem. (-os), nom.sing.neuter (-on), acc.sing. (-on), dat.-loc.-instr.sing. {-Bi); nom.dual {-8); nom.plur.masc.-fem. (-oi), acc.plur. (-ons), gen.plur. (-on), instr.plur. (-ois). Gen.sing. (-oio). Dat.plur. (-ois? -oihi?) Nom.acc.plur.neuter (-a). See §§ zo fin.;

22;

41. 3·

E:BBE: Vli,BORG

Table of declension

Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Instr.

Plur

Dual

Sing

do-e-ro (m.) ko-ri-ja-do-no (n.) do-so-ma (m.) n-no (n.) do-e-ro-jo da-mo

pa-sa-ro

do-e-ra (m.) ko-ri-ja-da-na (n.) si-a 2-ro (m.) do-ra (n.) a-ne-mo do-e-ro-i de-so-ma, o-mo-pi

Remarks 011 case for1ns The case forms must be reconstructed from comparative evidence, as the indistinct writing leaves several possibilities for the interpretation of the final -o. Gen.sing.: Cf. Hom. -ow, Thess. -ot(o) (from IE -osio). Dat.-loc.sing.: It is possible that the locative was distinguished from the dative (loc. -oi, cf. o[xot, from IE -oi; dat. -oi, cf. A.vxtp etc., from IE -oi). Nom.plur.: Generally interpreted -oi (= dassical Greek). Georgiev (Et. Myc. 185) suggests reading -i5s (= IE -i5s) and similarly -as from the a-stems (but cf. § 22). Dat.plur.: It has not been possible to interpret the dative in -o-i certainly. This form cannot represent -oisi (originally locative; cf. Ion., Lesb., early Att. -otat), for the -s- would then have been indicated in the writing (cf. ka-ke-u-si = khalkeusi). Of the classical forms, it can thus correspond only to -ou; (Arc. Cypr. and most other dialects), cf. the spellings pa-i-to = Phaistos, pe-i = spheis. An argument against this is constituted by the instrumental plural form in -o, which can hardly be other than -ois (cf. below). The writing of the same ending in two different ways seems improbable (Ruijgh, however, believes to have discovered a few dative forms written with -o only, as PY An 7· I I to-ko-do-mo, cf. line 10 pi-ri-e-te-s£; see CR z). Theoretically, there is another possibility, suggested by ::.\Ierlingen (see Wl\!I 1): As the intervocalic -s- in the original locative -oisi would be lost in Greek (it was analogically restored in class. -otat), the ::\Iycenaean form could represent its normal development -oii: (or, at an earlier stage, -oihi).

A TENTA'l'IVE GRAMMAR OF MYCE::-.TAEA::-< GREEK

57

(Ventris-Chadwick have adopted this interpretation in Docs., written -oi'i; it is not clear what the comma stands for.) But ka-ke-u-si etc. seems to indicate that this intermediate stage was already passed in the Mycenaean period: why should-s-have been restored in the declension of en-stems but not here? In any case, the -a-i from a-stems (§ 22) must be a parallel form. - Discussion: WM I (-oihi); VP I. r 8; ER 2.169 (-ois); VG 8.r8s (-oi(h)i); Docs. 85 (-oi'i); CR 2.rrr (-ois); Thumb-Scherer 34I (-oil). Acc.plur.: Generally interpreted -ons with unchanged IE ending (cf. Cret., Arg. -ov;;; on -ns, cf. § I8.rz), though -os is also possible (cf. Arc., Thess., Cret. -o;;). Instr.plur.: -o probably represents -ois, the continuation of the IE instrumental (-ois). The form is possibly (but not certainly) different from the dative (see above). A Knossos text shows forms with -phi: Se I042 e-re-pa-te-fo-pi o-mo-pi = elephanteophi hormophi? This is apparently an innovation, since the suffix did not originally belong to this type of nouns (cf. § 43.r). It has been suggested (Docs. 85) that the use of -pi at Knossos is a dialectal feature. But Knossos has also forms as de-so-mo (Ra 1543+), which may well be plural; on the other hand, Pylas uses -Pi at least in place-names, e. g. mo-ro-ko-wo-wo-pi (La 635), ma-ro-pi (Cn. 40.8,9-t-). Cf. §§ 4 d and 43.r.

Other alleged case forms of a-stems I. Gen.sing. in -o (Lurja, SL 8), e. g. te-o do-e-ra PY Eo 276.7 (normally te-o-fo do-e-ra), si-ri-fo (PY Ep 6IJ.ro) = si-[riJ-fo-jo (PY Eb 159), du-ni-jo (PY Ae 264) = dn-ni-jo-jo (PY Ae 8-t-). The forms cited by Lurja may be explained as showing erroneous omission of the sign jo, cf. Chadwick, Par. Pass. 13 (1958) 285 sqq. 2. Gen.sing. in -on (cf. Cypr. -o-ne beside -o), possibly concealed in some of the forms cited in 1; note further te-o-na do-e-ro PY En 65g.ro (Pisani, Par.Pass. 14, 1959, 81 sqq.). 3· Dat.sing. in -e (Lurja, SL 8) in the word i-qo-e(-qe) (KN Sd 0404+ ). This word does not, however, contain the enclitic -qe. 4· Loc.sing. in -e (Ventris, see Docs. 85) in di-da-ka-re (KN Ak 781+) = didaskalei? (cf. otxet). The word may be an abbreviation for didaskaleion vel sim. 5· Instr.sing. in -e (Gallavotti, CG2.z4) in we-ke (PY Ta64I.r+)

Ie~BBE

VILBORG

= "werge" (from *wergon; cf. the IE instrumental ending -e). Now read as part of an adjective lT B ror ko-wo (korwo-, cf. Hom. uovgo;, Att. uogo;) n. s. KN Ag 87+, d. s.(?) l\fY Oe r2r, n. d. KN Ai 338-f-, n. p. PY Aa 6o-fku-pa-ro (kupairo-, cf. ?-Cvnt:t(!o;, Dor. ?-Cvmugo;) n. s. KN Ga 465-t-; ku-pa-ro 2 (cf. §g) 11. s. PY U11 :249.I ku-pe-se-ro (Kupselo-) 11. s. KN Og 0467 (pers. name) ku-ru-so (khruso-) i. s. PY Ta 7I4. I (with -qe); ktt-rtt-so-jo g. s. PY Ae 303; cf. ku-ru-so § 27 lm-ru-so-wo-lw (khrusoworgo-, cf. XQVaovgyoc;) n. p. PY An 207. I o ku-te-so 2 ) (huteso-, cf. ?-Cvnao;) i. s.(?) PY Ta 707.3 ku-wa-no (huano-) i. s. PY Ta 642. I (with -qe) mo-ri-u·o-do (mohwdo-, cf. ,u61ltj1[o]o;) 11. s. KN Og I527 na-u-do-mo (tnaudomo-, cf. to-ho-do-mo) n. p. PV Na 568 o-mi-ri-jo-i (?, cf. Docs. 40r, Hl\I ro.zz3) d. p. KN Fh 356 o-mo-pi (?, cf. Docs. 369) i. p. KN Se roo6 I a-no (ono-) n. p. KN Ca 895 II a-no(?, cf. Docs. 40r, LP 3.22, ]P cUrS) K~ Fh347+, PY An 35·5+ o-pi-su-ko (?, cf. Docs. 357, H:\1 2.r::z) n. p. PY Jn 8zg.z (with -qe)+ 1) 2)

Gender unknown. Possibly an adjective kutes(j)o-, cf. §§ 27, 7 2.

A 'l'EN'l'A'l'IVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAX GREEK

6I

o-pi-tu-ra-jo (topithuraio-?, cf. emevewr;) d. s. PV Fn 187.9 (pers. name?)

o-ri-ko (?, cf. MT II I06) n. p. :;\1:Y Au 102.9 o-ro-fo (?, cf. JP 6) g. s. PY Eq 213.2-6 pa-ko-to1 ) (?, cf. PT I957 I8g, Mem. I 341) n. d. PY Ta 709. r pa 2-ra-de-ro (?) PV Vn 879.3.4 pa-sa-ro (passalo-) n. d. PV Ta 716 pe-ko-to (?, cf. Docs. 315) n. p.(?) KN Lc 526+ pe-po-ro (Peplo-) n. s. PV Jn 6oi.5 (pers.name) po-ro (polo-) n. d. KN Ca 8g5 po-ro-ko-wo (prokhowo-, cf. ne6xooc;) n. p. MY Ue 6rr po-ti-ro (?) KN V IOoz+ pu-ka-wo (tpurki'iwo-?, cf. Delph. nvglxaot) n. p. PY An 39·I,7-f pu-ra-ko (phulako-) KN X 141 (pers.name?) qe-ro 2 (?, cf. Docs. 380, LP 4.38, JC 13.1Io) n. d. KN V 78g.r+, n. p. KN K 740.2 qe-to (cf. nteor;? Docs. 407, HM 1.7) n. p. PY Ta 641.2 qo-u-ko-ro (guoukolo-, cf. {Jovx6J..o;) n. sjp. PV Nn 831.5, n. p.(?) PV An

I8.g

qo-zo (?,d. LP 4.41, MT II rrr) n. p.(?) MY Oe rr8 re-di-na-to-mo (?, cf. Docs. 407, CM I. I I 5) n. s. PY Eq 146. r I ri-na-ko-ro (?, cf. ML 7.143) n. s. PY An 129.5 si-a 2-ro (sialo-) a. p. PY Cn 6oS. I si-to (sUo-) n. s. KN Am 819 so-we-no (?, cf. Docs. 338) i. sfp. PY Ta 710. I (with -qe) + ta-to-mo (stathmo-) n. s/p. PY Cn 4·I+ ta-u-ro (Tauro-) n. s. KN V 832.2 (pers.name) te-o (thea-) dja. s. PV Eb 297.I+; te-o-jog. s. PV Eb I56.I+; te-o-i d. p. KN Fp I.7 (with pa-si-)+ te-u-ta-ra-ko-ro (?, cf. Docs. 409, AT 3, PC 8) n. p.(?) PY An 424.I+ ti-mi-to-qo-[ro] (tthimistoq"olo-, MR 5. 152, HM 8. 38) PV An ZI8.r ti-ri-po-di-ko (tripodisko-) d. s. PY Cn 599.8 (pers.name), n. p. lVIY Ue 6ri.4 to-ko (?, cf. Docs. 410) n. s. KNV 1529.2-4 to-ko-do-mo (toikhodomo-) n. s. PY An I8.6, n. p. PY An 35· I to-ko-so-wo-ko (ttoxoworgo-) n. p. PV An 207.12 to-no (thonw-, cf. ee6vo;) n. s. PV Ta 707. r,z+; cf. to-ro-no-wo-ko 1)

Possibly a feminine a-stem.

62

EBBE VU,BORG

to-qo (toq"o-?, cf. r6no;) n. s.(?) KN Gv 863 (with jo-e-ke-) to-ro-no-wo-ko (Wzronoworgo-?) n. p.(?) KN As 1517.II; cf. to-no to-ro-qo (troq"o-?, cf. TQ6no;·) KN Od 563 tu-na-no1) (?, cf. Docs. 315) 11. p. KN Lc 525-'tu-ro2 (tiiro-) n. p. PY U11 71:8.4 u-do-no-o-i (?, cf. Lexique s. v.) d. p. PY F11 187.I3 u-do-ro (lmdro- 'water-jar'?) 11. p. PY T11 996.z wa-o 2) (?, cf. Docs. 347) 11. d.(?) PY Ta 716 wa-to (wasta-) 11. s.(?) K:N" Ch 902.3-two-i-ko (woiko-) a. s. KN As 1519. I I (with -de) wo-no (woino-?) n. s. PY Vn 20. z 'lf'O-wo (worwo-?, cf. 8eo:;) d. s. PY An 424.3+; u·o-zco-pi i. p. PY I,a 635 (with mo-ro-ko-) (place-name) za-e-to-ro (?, cf. H::.\'12. I 30, I,P 9· I 39) n. p. (?; PY An 610. I z + (possibly a place-name) za-mi-jo (?, cf. Docs. 412, H::\I 2. 128) n. p. PY An 129.4 ze-pu2-ro (Zeplmro-) n. s. PY Ea 56 (pers.name) 85-ro 2) (?, cf. Docs. 367, JC 7.9o) n. djp. KN Sd 0402 85-to-jo (?' cf. Docs. 413, CG 12.2 I) g. s. py Eb 156 ~ta-ko-ro (?, cf. Docs. 413) n. s.(?) KX Uf 837 2.

+-

Certainly or presumably feminine are:

a-pi-qo-ro (amphiq"olo-, cf. aprplnoA.o:;) n. p. PY Aa 8o4, g. p. PY Ad 69o; a-pi-qo-ro-i d. p. PY Fr. 1205 a-pu-ko-wo-ko (tampukoworgo-?, cf. a-pu-ke § 29) n. p. PY Ab 210, g. p. PY Ad 671 e-ke-ro-qo-no (?, cf. LP 3.23) n. p. PY Aa 777-i-, g. p. PY Ad 691 (with -qe) ka-na-ko (knako-, cf. uvi'juo:;) n. s. l\IY Ge 602.4.5+ ka-ra-wi-po-ro (!diiwiphoro-, d. Dor. uA.q.xorp6eo:;, Att. uA.etOorpo(!ecv) n. s. PY Ep 704.7-t-; ka-ra-wi-j1o-ro-jo g. s. PY Ae no no-ri-wo-ko (?) n. p. PY Aa 98; no-ri-wo-ko .. jo g. s. PY Ad 669 re-wo-to-ro-ko-wo (lewotrokhowo·-?, cf. A.oeTf!OX(Io:; and§ 18.4) n. p. PY Aa 783+, g. p. PY Ad 676 si-to-ko-wo (+sUokhowo-?) n. p. PY An 292.1 1) Gender unknown. 2 ) Not certainly an o-stem.

A TBNTATIVB GRAMMAR OF MYCBNABAN GRBBK

63

3· Neuter o-stems:

a-ai 2?-ka (?, cf. LP 4·44) 11. p. KN Le ]86-Ta-re-ro (aleuro-?' cf. CM I. II 6, M em. I 343) 11. s. py U11 ]IS. 8 [a]-ko-so-ni-ja (axonio-?) 11. p. KN Pp 437 a-ta-ra1 ) (antlo-?) n. p. MY Ue 6u.2 da-mi-jo (damio-, cf. 15~tttos) a. s. PY Ea 803 de-mi-ni-fa (demnio-) n. p. PY Vn 85r. r do-ra (doro-) a. p.(?) PY Tn 316.2.r2, r5. r8 (with -qe) e-ne-ro 2 ) (?, cf. Docs. 392) n. d. KN L 6g5.4; e-ne-ra n. p. KN Ai 762 e-pi-ju?-ko (epijugo-?, cf. buCvyos Hesych.) PY Vn 46. r I e-pi-ki-to-ni-ja (tepildtitonio-?) n. p.(?) KN J 6g3 e-pi-pzt-ta (epiphuto-, cf lmrpvottat) 11ja. p. PY Vn ro. 2. 5 e-pi-ro-pa-ja (?, cf. Docs. 321) n. p.(?) KN Od 6g6. r e-po-mi-jo (epomio-) n. d. KN Mem. I 279, [V 789] e-ra-jo (?, cf. GC 6.3, LS 1.25) n. s. (?) KN Fh 1059 e-ra-wo (elaiwo-, cf. EAawv) n. s. PY Fr 1223+; e-ra 3-wo a. s. PY Fr II84.I+

e-re-mo 3) (eremo-?) n. s. PY Er 312.7 e-to-ki-ja (entoikhio-?) n. p. PY Vn 46.6+ e-to-ni-jo (?, cf. Docs. 253, LP 3.46, EB 2.Iz8, FA 3.388) a. s. PY Eb 297.I+

i-je-ro (hiero-) d. s.(?) KN Fp 363.2; cf. i-je-ro § 27 ka-da-mi-ja (tkardamio-?, cf. xael5attov) n. p. MY Ge 604.5 ke-me-ri-jo (keimelio-?) n. s. PY Fn 324.r (possibly a patronymic) ko-re-te-ri-jo (tkoireterio-?, cf. ko-re-te § 32) n. s. PY An 830.6 ko-ri-ja-do-no (koriadno-, cf. xoelavvov) n. s. KN Ga 415 +; ko-ri-a 2da-na 11. p. MY Ge 605.4.5-t-; ko-ri-ja-da-na 11. p. MY Ge 6o5.3 ko-te-ri-ja (?, cf. Docs. 337, LP I2.8I) n. p. PY Ta 709. I ko-u-ra1 ) (?, cf. !?o-u-re-ja § 23.2; Docs. 398) n. p.(?) KN Lc 528-tku-mi-no (kum'ino-) n. s. MY Ge 6o2.3+; ku-mi-na n. p. MY Ge 6o5.2 [kzt]-pe-ra (kupello-?) 11. p. MY Ue 6u. I ma-ra-tu-wo (marathwo-, cf. ttdeafJov) n. s. MY Ge 602.2.4+ me-re-u-ro (tmeleztro-?, cf. ttriAweov) nfa. s. PY Un 718. Io o-na-to (onato-, from ovlV'Y)fhl) a. s. py Ea 29+; o-na-ta a. p. py Eb 236.r+ 1) 2) 3)

Possibly an a-stem. Possibly feminine. Possibly masculine.

l~BDIe-zo-) to-so (tosso-), to-so-de (tossosde), see § 45·4 wa-na-ka-te-ro (twanaktero-, cf. wa-ncl-ka § 29) n. s. m. PY En J4·3.23-"(ka-na-pe-u "'), 6og. 5 (e-te-do-mo "'), Eo 3J1 (l~e-ra-me-wo "'!), 11. s. 11. Er 312. r ("' te-me-no); wa-na-ka-te-ra 11. p. 11. KN Lc 525 wa-na-se-wi-ja (twanassewio-?, cf. ;:1/)a-na-so-i § 23.2) 11. s. f. PY Ta JII.z.3 (qe-ra-na "') u·a-ra-wi-ta (?, cf. Docs. 4II, ::VIL 2.r65) n. p. n. KN So 0443 we-a 2-no-i (weano-?, cf. em,6;) d. p. n.(?) PV Fr 1225 we-a 2-re-jo (?, cf. Docs. 340) n. s. m. PY Ta JI4.I (to-no"'); Z£'e-a-re-ja n. s. f. PY Ta 642. I (to-pe-;':a "') we-e-wi-ja (?, cf. PT I95J rgr) n. p. f. PY Ub 13r8.4 (- di-pte-ra) we-pe-za (+wespezo-?, cf. § 46,;:) n. s. f. PY Ta J13.2 (to-pe-za "'); cf. e-ne-wo pe-za we-we-e-a (twerweeo-?, cf. Att. lecov:; < *wen.r)eseos, Hom. eleo:; < *werwos) n. p.11. KN Le IJ8+; )oe-e..a2 PY Xn 8J8 wi-ri-ne-jo (twri'neo-, cf. (]w6;) i. p. n. (?) KN Sd 0415 ("' o-po-qo); wi-ri-ne-o i. p. n.(?) KN Sd 0408+ (- o-po-qo); wi-ri-ni-jo i. p. n.(?) KN Sd 0401+ (- o-po-qo); wi-ri-no n. d. n. PY Ub 1318.5 (- pe-di-ro) wi-so-wo-pa-na (?, cf. Docs. 379, 2\IL 10.zr:~) n. p. n. PY Sh J40 (o-pa-wo-ta) wo-ro-ki-jo-ne-jo (tworgioneio-?, cf. ogye65vc:;) n. s.11. (?) PY Er 312.7 (- e-re-mo);? PY Un J18.rr ')

~ot

certainly an adjective.

A 'l'EN'l'ATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

79

wo-ro-ne-fa (twolneo-?' cf. ov.Ao~ < *wolnos) n. p. n.(?) MY Oe III Cf. also the numerous ethnic adjectives in -i-fo (-ios), -i-fa (-ia); a list is given in §74-1. CONSONANT STEMS § 28. S tt r v e y o f c a s e e n d i 1t g s (C stands for any consonant)

Nom.sing. (-s or zero) (C)jCjo Gen.sing. (-os); gen.plur. (-on) Dat.sing. (-ei?); nom.dual (-e); nom.plur. (-es) Cje Dat.sing. (-i) Cji Cja Acc.sing. (-a); acc.plur. (-as) (C)jsi Dat.plur. (-si) (C)jpi Instr.plur. (-phi)

Remarks on case forms Dat.sing.: This case shows two spellings: -i and -e. The latter is considerably more frequent, but -i is represented both at Pylos and at Mycenae (PY e. g. ko-re-te-ri On 300.5, me-za-wo-ni Un I38.5, o-pa 2 wo-ni Fn 324.16, po-se-da-o-ni Un 7I8. 1; MY shows a higher percentage of i-forms: 8 -e against 7 -i, if the certain examples are counted1). Note also that the s-stems have generally a dative in -e-i (cf. § 33). It is possible that both spellings are used to express the same ending, viz. -i (originally locative; cf. class. -t); there are some examples of confusion of i and e in Mycenaean (see § I8. 1). But the general view is that -e stands for -ei (or, possibly, e < ei), the old IE dative ending, which is known in classical Greek only in traces (e. g. Cypr. iJtF elrpt.Ao~, cf. Schwyzer, Gr Gr. !,548). Theoretically, the -i may be a phonetical development of this diphthong (ei > e > 'i?). Discussion: Docs. 85 sq.; JC 3.1o; JK I.63; OS 2.162; Thumb-Scherer 342. 1 ) ·with -i: i-te-we-ri-di Oe 121, ka-ke-wi Oe 121, ke-ra-me-wi Oe 125, o-ta-ki Fo 101. s, pa-na-ki Fo 101. r, pi-we-ri-di Oe 103. 7, pu-i-re-wi Go 610. 4. With -e: i-na-a-te Ge 604. z, ka-e-se-we Ge 602. 4, ka-na-pe-we Oe 129, o-pe-ra-no-re Oe 126, pe-re-ke-we Oe 130, pi-ko-da-ke Oe 128, ra-ke-da-no-re Ge 6o4. 3, tu-ka-te-re Oe ro6. z.

------------

8o

EBBS VILBORG

Dat.plur.: Loss of consonant before -si can be proved in pi-we-ri-si (§ r8. 8), cf. dat.sing. pi-we-ri-di. Instr.plur.: On -phi, see § 43· r. The consonant before the ending is often assimilated, see § r8.8. Other alleged case forms

r. Acc.sing. in -n from nom. in -os, -es (Pisani), see §§ 29,34. Acc.plur. in -es (Risch, ER ro), e. g. a--ko-so-ne PY Vn 10.3 (usually taken as a nom. of rubric), o-pe-ro-te PY An 724.6 (syntactically not clear). Cf. ace. in -er; at Delphi, Dyme (Achaea), in 'XOtv~ etc. (see Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. 1,563). 2.

§ 29. S t e m s

Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat.

1

n s t op s : D ecl en si on

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

ti-ri-po o-nu?

ti-ri-po-de

ke-ki-de to-ra-ke

ko-ru-to ai-ti-jo-qo po-de

ka-pa-ra 2-do pa-wo-ko pi-we-ri-si

ka-ru-l~e

Instr.

po-pi po-ni-ki-pi

Note a. The noun wanax (stem in -kt) shows the following spellings: N. wa-na-ka (wanax) G. wa-na-ka-to (wanaktos) D. wa-na-ka-te, 7P)a-na-ke-te (uvanaktei), cf.(?) a-na-ka-te (anaktei?), a-na-ki-ti (anakti?). Note b. An ace. sing. in -on is alleged by Pisani (2'.Iinoica 297) in ti-1·i-po PY Ta 64r.r (=tripon?, cf. Att. Ion. Olr5tnovv). The word is usually taken as a nominative of rubric. Note c. For ti-mi-to (thimistos?), see § 41. Note d. The form po-da KN V r524 (bis) has probably nothing to do with the stem pod- ( =sponda? cf. § 23. r). Note e. The dative pa-de KN Fp L41 (cf.? pa-de-i KN F 955) is obscure (see Docs. 307, CG 6.r2, SL 3-43).

A 'tENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

81

Evidence for stems in stops r. Stems in -k, -kh, -g: a-Pti-ke (ampuk-?, cf. a-pu-ko-wo-ko § 2r.2) n. p. PY Sb 1315.4 ka-ru-ke (karuk-, cf. Dor. Aeol. uaev~) d. s. py Fn I87·3·5·I6,2I a-nu-ke (?, cf. Docs. 401) n. p. KN L 1568.e+; o-mt n. s.(?) KN X 68r; cf. po-ki-ro-nu-ka, re-zt-ko-nu-ka § 27 pa-wo-ke (?, cf. Docs. 404) n. p. PY Aa 7g5 +; pa-wo-ko g. p. PY Ad 6g1 + pe-ri-ke (pelik-, cf. :rdAt~ Poll.) n. p. l\fY Ue 6n po-ni-ke (phoinik-) i. s. PY Ta 722.r (with -qe); po-ni-ki-pi i. p. PY Ta 714.2 to-ra-ke (thorak-) n. p. PY Sh 736+; cf. [to?]-ra-ke PY Wa 732 we-re-ke1 ) (twreg- 'enclosure'?, see LP 13.569, MD 2.26) d. s.jn. p. PY Cn 13r.r+ An adjective with stem in -k is found in a-na-pu-ke (an-ampuk-, cf. a-pu-ke above) n. p. f. PY Sb 1315.3 (a-ni-ja "') 2. Stems in t, -th, -d:

a-na-ka-te (cf. wa-na-ka?; JP 2.2r8) d. s. PY Un 21g.7; cf. (?) a-nalli-ti KN Dv 1471 da-ma-te (damart- 'household'?, cf. Docs. 242, LP 3· 34, GC I.92, EB 2.rrg) n. p. PY En 6og.r; cf.(?) sq. du-ma(?, cf. ML g) n. s. KN Np 1039+;] du-ma-tid. s. PY On 300.6; du-ma-te n. p. PY J n 82g. r; cf. me-ri-da-ma-te, po-nt-da-ma-te i-te-we-ri-di (?, cf. P::.VI 4.88) d. s. MY Oe 121 ka-ti (kathid-?, cf. U1J()lr;) n. s. PY Tn gg6 ke-ki (?, cf. Docs. 3g6, ML 6.r8o) n. s. PY An 192; ke-ki-de n. p. PY An 657+ ko-no-ni-pi (?, cf. Docs. 32g, HM g.rss) i. p. PY Ta 714.3+ [ko]-rn (koruth-) n. s. KN G 5670; ka-nt-to g. s. PY Sh 740+; koru-pi i. p. PY Ta 642.2 me-ri (melit-, n.) n. s. KN Gg 702+; me-ri-ta g. s. PY Un 718.5 me-ri-da-ma-te (?, cf. dtt-ma; ML g) n. p. PY An 3g.s; me-ri-du-ma-te n. p. PY An 427+; cf. po-rti-da-ma-te ne-ki-ri-de (?) n. p.(?) KN L 1568; ne-ki-ri-si d. p.(?) KN Od 687 pi-nt-te (?, cf. H::.VI r.6) n. p. PY An 5Ig. 14 (possibly an ethnic) pi-we-ri-di (piwerid-?, cf. Iltselbsr;) d. s. MY Oe 103. 7; pi-we-ri-si d. p. MY Fo ror.s 1)

Not certainly belonging in this class.

Goteb. Univ. A1'ssk1'. LXVI: 2

6

- - - · - - - - - - - - -

8z

EBBE VILBORG

po-de (pod-) d. s. PY Ta 64r. r; j>o-pi i. p. PY Ta 642.3; cf. po-rttpo-de, qe-to-ro-po-pi, ti-ri-po po-ro-dzt-ma-te (?, cf. dtt-ma) d. s.(?) PY Fn 50.7; cf. sq. po-ru-da-ma-te (?, cf. du-ma) n. p. PY An 39.rr po-ru-po-de (polupod-) i. s. I'Y Ta. 722.1 (with -qe); cf. po-de qe-to-ro-po-pi (quetropod-, cf. rerec!nov;) i. p. PY Ae 134+ sa-pi-de (?, cf. Docs. 227) n. p. PY Vn 1g.r-4, MY ti-ri-po (tripod-) n. s. PY Ta 64r.r+; ti-ri-po-de n. d. PY Ta 64r.r; cf. po-de to-qi-de (ttorquid- 'spiral'?, d. Docs. 336) i. s. PY Ta 642.3+ wa-na-ka (wanakt-, cf. ava~) n. s. PY Ta ;nr-;.-; wa-ua-ka-to g. s. PY I,a 622.rr; wa-na-ka-te d. s. PY Un 2. r __;_; wa-na-ke-te d. s. PY Fr 1215 ZC'e-ko-we-ka-te~ 1 ) (?, cf. Docs. 4II) n. p. KN Ak 630 wo-na-si (woinad-?, cf. olvaos; Hesych.) d. p. KN Gv 863 Cf. also the divine name a-te-mi-to (Artemitos, cf. Dor. 'Aera,utro;, 'Agraftluo;) g. s. PY Es 6so.s, a-ti-mi-te d.~;. PY Un 219.5 (for eji, see § 18. r). The form lur-pa-ra 2-do, given in the table of declension, is gen.plur. of a feminine ethnic (?) (PY Ad 679; cf. nom.pluL !?a-pa-ra 2-de PY Aa 788+ ). 3· Stems in labio-velars:

Only personal names in -oq"'s (=class. -cmp), e. g. ai-ti-jo-qo = Aithioq"s (n. s. py Eb 156+; g. s. py En 74· I I+; ai-ti-jo-qe d. s. py Eo 247.z-~). po-ki-ro-qo = Poikiloqus (n. s. PY An 654.Iz-1-). For the spelling, see § 10. 7. A. b. The obscure instrumental i-qo-e-qe KN Sd 0404+ (cf. Docs. 364, CG r.c,z, ML 8.zu, LP 13.579) may, however, eonceal a noun with stem in a labio-velar. 4· No stems in -p, -Ph or-b have so far been identified (-w!p=-o-qo, see 3 abon). § 30. N e u t e r s t e m s i n - a, - a t o s

Certainly attested are: a nom.sing. in -a (pe-ma), a clat.sing. in -a-te (e-ka-ma-te), and an instr.plur. in-a-pi (e-ka-ma-pi). The evidence is as follows: a-mo-ra-ma (?, cf. Docs. 387) n. s. KN Am 6oi+ de-ma-si (derma[[>?) d. p. K~ Fh 353 e-ka-ma-te (e!?hma=t]-) i. s. PY Ta 642.3; e-!?a-ma-pi i. p. PY Ta 713. 1.3+ 1)

Not certainly belonging in this class.

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

83

e-to-ro-pa 2-ta (?, cf. Docs. 394, LP 4·39, ML 14.3o8, AH 5.rzr) n. p. KN Og 878+ i-na-ma-ta (?, cf. ML 4.zs) PY 1\tla 126 (possibly a place-name) ka-ra-ma-to1 ) (?, cf. AF I.57) g. p.(?) KN V 684 pe-ma (sperma[t]-) n. s. PY Er 312.z.s.8, KN; cf. pe-mo below po-ka-ta-ma (?, cf. Docs. 339) n. s. PY Tn gg6.4 Note. For are-pa-te ( aleiphat-), see § 4 I.

A parallel type in -o, -otos (with o < 121, see § 12.3) is apparently represented by two nouns: a-mo (harmo[t]- 'wheel', d. aefta) n. s. KN So 7485; a-mo-te n. d. KN So 0442; a-mo-ta n. p. KN So 0437+, PY; a-mo-si d. p. PY An I282.r pe-mo (spermo[t]-2), cf. pe-ma above) n. s. PY Eb 152+ § 31. S t e m s i n n a s a l s : D e c l e n s i o n

Plur.

Sing. Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Instr.

te-ko-to3) a-mo-te-fo-na( -de) po-me-no po-me-ne, o-pa 2-wo-ni

te-ko-to-ne pa-ki-fa-na (-de) pa-ki-fa-si ki-to-pi

For the case endings, cf. § 28. The dat.plur. is probably to be interpreted -nsi (with preserved -ns-, cf. § I8.rz), the instr.plur. -mphi(cf. § I8.8).

Evidence for nasal stems I.

Stems in -n:

a-ke-re-mo (agremi5n-, cf. &y(!BftWV Et. Mag.) n. s. KN Uf 838; a-kere-mo-no g. s.(?) KN V 865 a-ko-so-ne (axon-) n. p. PY Vn 10.3 a-mo-te-jo-na (tharmoteii5n-, cf. a-mo § 30) a. s. PY Vn IO.z (with -de) ka-ra-ko (gltikhi5n-, cf. Dor. yJ.axwv, Ion. yJ.~xwv) n. s. MY Ge 605.6 ka-ra-wi-ne (?, cf. PT I957 190) d. s.(?) PY Ja 1288 1) Not certainly belonging in this Regarded by some as an o-stem oblique case forms are attested; the 3 ) There is one instance of written 2)

class. (tspermos or tspermon). Unfortunately, no reading o-pi pe-mo PY Ae 26 is uncertain. n: te-ko-to-na-pe PY An I 8.

l~BBE

VILBORG

ki-to (khiton-) n. :3. K~ J 693; ki-to-ne n. p. KN X 77r.z; ki-to-pi i. p. KN Le 787; ki-io-na a. p.(?) KN I, 785 ki-wo 1) (kiwon-?, d. u[wv) n. s. PY Vn 46. I z (with -qe) me-no (men- 'month', originally an s-stem) g. s. KN Fp r.r+; me n. s.(?) KN E 842.I; me-na KN 842.2 is probably a goddess' name (d. OL r.s::); cf. also o-pi-me-ne § 48.56 o-pa 2-'l£'o-ni (Opawon-, cf. dnawv) d. s. PY Fn 324- r6 (pers.name) po-me (poimen-) n. s. PY Ae 134+; po-me-Jzo g. s. PY Ea 782; pome-ne d. s. PY Ea 8oo+, n. p. PY Nn831.ro ri-me-ne (limen-?, H:VI8.z8) d.s. PYAn657.rz (e-ra-po~, a placename) te-lw-to (tekton-) n. s. PY An 5; te-ko-to-n:a-pe) n. s. PY An 18; te-koto-ne n. p. KN Am 826 Cf. also the divine name po-se-da-o (Poseidai5n, cf. § 2.4 a) n. s. PY Es 653. I, KN, po-se-da-o-no g. s. PY Es 649. r, po-se-da-o-ne d. s. PY Es 645.I-!-, po-se-da-o-ni d. s. PY Un 718.r. One (plural) place-name is quotable in four different forms: pa-ki-ja-ne n. p. PY Vn 19.4-!-, pa-ki-ja-na(-de) a. p. PY Fn 187.4-t-, pa-lci-ja-si d. s. PY An 18. r r +, pa-ki-ja-pi i. p. PY J n 829. 7+. An instance of an adjective in -n is found PY Ta 709. r: pa-ko-to a-pe-te-me-ne (n. d.; cf. PT I957 189, ~ILS r2.iii.58). Stems in -m:

2.

The existence of m-stems in ::VIyc. (in class. Greek coalesced with the n-stems, cf. Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. !,567) is proved by the form e-me (hem-) d. s. PY Ta 64r.r-t- (§ 46.r; cf. class. evE). ::\Iiihlestein (HiYI g. r 5 + sqq.) identifies the first element of the compound se-1·e-mo-ka-ra-o-i PY Ta 707.2-i-, se-re-mo-ka-ra-a-pi PY Ta 708.2 as a stem in -m (=class. astQ1)t•). § 32. Stems tn liquids: Declension

Sing. Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. 1)

~ot

ma-te ka-ra-te-ra? a-ta-no-ro tu-ka-te-re

Dual

:Pi-ri-je-te-re

certainly belonging in this class.

Plur.

ra-pte-re

pi-ri-e-te-si

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

85

The dat.plur. is interpreted -rsi (=class. Greek). 'fhe spelling conceals the weak grade which is to be expected in the dat.sing. tu-ka-te-re, ma-te-re (= tltttgatrei, matrei with the first e as empty vowel?).

Evidence for stems

~n

liqttids

I. Stems in -r:

a-de-te (?, d. Docs. 386) n. s. PY Eq 887.2; a-de-te-re n. d. PY An 207

ai 2?-ka-te-re (?) n. d. PY Va I5.I.r; cf.(?) sq. ai 2?-ke-te-si (?, cf. a-ke-te-re?) d. p. PY Es 645.2+ ai-te (?, cf. a-ja-me-no § 48. I?) n. s. PY Un I32r.3; ai-te-re n. p. KN B

IOI;

cf. sq.

ai 2?-te (?, d. ai-te) n. s. PY An 2I8. I I a-ke-te-re (?, cf. Docs. 387) n. p. PY Jn 832.r; cf. a2-ke-te-re, ja-kete-re a2-ke-te-re (?, cf. a-ke-te-re) n. p.(?) KN V rr8 a-mo-te-re (harmoster-?) d. s.fn. p. KN X no+ a-re-te-re (taleter-?, cf. &Urn:; Gortyn) n. p. KN As 5557 (with -qe) e-re-tt-te-re (tereuter-?, cf. Cret. lesvn)c;) n. p.fd. s. PY Cn 3.2-\i-ja-te (iater-, cf. Hom. lrrn]e) n. s. PY Eq 146.9 ja-ke-te-re (?, cf. a-ke-te-re?) n. p. PY Mn II. 2 ka-ra-te-ra (kriiter-) a. s.! MY Ue 6rr. 2 ko-re-te (t koireter-?, cf. noLeavoc; MR 3; cf. Docs. 397) n. s. PY J n 829.4-I9+; ko-re-te-ri d. s.(?) PY On 300.3.5; ko-re-te-re n. p. PY Jn 829. I; cf. po-ro-ko-re-te ma-te (mater-) n. s. PY An 6o7.z.s.6.7 (2.5 with -de); ma-te-re d. s. PY Fr 1202

o-na-te-re (toniiter-, cf. o-na-to § 2r.3) n. p. PY En 74·2,I2.2I+ o-pi-te-te-re (topitheter-?, cf. lnL8rJfla) n. p. PY Vn 46. s; [o ]-pi-te-te n. s.(?) KN K 872 pa-ke-te-re (?, cf. Docs. 332, MT II rrr) PY Vn 879.4+ pa-te (pater-) n. s. PY An 607.2.5.6.7 (6.7 with -de) pi-ri-fe-te (?, cf. Docs. 405) n. s. KN Ra I548+; pi-ri-je-te-re n. d. PY An 207.5; pi-ri-e-te-si d. p. PY An 7.Io po-ro-ko-re-te (tProkoireter-?, cf. ko-re-te) n. s. PY J n 829.4- Ig+; po-ro-ko-re-te-re n. p. PY J n 8zg. 2 (with -qe)

86

EBBE VILBORG

po-si-ke-te-re (tposik(e)ter-?, cf. neoa{Y.-TOJQ, iY.-n}e) n. p. PY An 6ro.6 pu 2-te-re (tphuter-, cf. [pe]-pu 2 -te-me-no § 48.6r) n. p. PY Na 52o+; pu-te n. s.(?) KN Uf 835 ra-pte (rapter-?, cf. § 15) n. s. PY An IJ2. r -+-; ra-pt e-re n. p. PY An 20J.q-r8+

su-ra-te (tsulater-?, cf. av?..1]rwe, avA1Jdjr;;; Docs. r69) n. s. PY Ae 72+ ta-te-re (?, cf. Docs. 409) n. p. PY An 209.1 tu-ka-te (thugater-) n. s. MY SpM 8. r68 (bis, with -qe); tu-ka-te-re d. s. MY Oe 106 85-te (?, cf. Docs. 337) n. s. PY Ta 709.2 -Jra-ka-te-ra (?, cf. Docs. 348) a. s.(?) PY Va 15 Cf. also the personal name a-ta-no (A ntanor) n. s. KN As 1520. z a-ta-no-ro g. s. PY Fn 50.3, a-ta-no-re d. s. PY Vn IJO.J.

+,

2.

Stems in -l:

In the compound a2-ro[]u-do-pi PY Ta 642. r (reading uncertain), the first element has been recognized (Docs. 340) as gen.sing. of {J),r;; (:halos).

§ 33. N e 'lt t e r s t e m s i n -s

The type in -os, which is most fully represented, shows the following different case forms:

jo

Nom.-acc.sing. (-os)

I e-o

Gen.sing. (-eos) or gen.plur. (-eon)

J e-e

Dat.sing. (-eei?); nom. dual (-ee)

I e-i

Dat.sing. (-ei)

/ e-a(2) Nom.-acc.plur. (-e[h]a) j e-si Dat.plur. (-essi) / e-pi Instr.plur. (-esphi) The dat. sing. shows more frequently -i than -e; both variants are seen in the words e-re-e I e-re-i (cf. below), jJa3 -ko-we-e (KN Dx 794) I pa3-ko-we-i (KN Dn 1093 +). The writing -e-a 2 in nom.-acc.plur. (chiefly at Pylos) may indicate an aspirated pronunciation of the vowel (-eha < -esa), cf. §g.

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

Sing. Nom. Ace.

te-me-no; di-pa we-to

Gen.

we-te-i, a-ke-e

Dat.

Instr.

Dual

87

Plur.

qi-si-pe-e; ke-ra-e pa-we-a 2 ; ke-ra-a ttt-we-a pa-w e-o? pa-we-sil) pa-we-pi

r. Stems in -os:

a-ke-a 2 (angos-?) n. p. PY Vn 130.2 a-ke-e (agos-?, cf. tiyea Hesych.) d. s. PY Cn 6oo. 7. s. I I- I 5+ (ti-mito "', a place-name) [e]-ke-a (enkhos-) n. p. KN R 048r; e-ke-si d. p. PY Jn 8zg.3 e-re-e (Helos-) d. s. PY Jo 438.I9 (place-name); e-re-i d. s. PY Jn 8zg. I g (place-name) ke-re-a 2 (skelos-? kheilos-?) a. p. PY Ta 641. I o-pe-ro 2 ) (ophelos- 'debt'?, cf. lJrpsJ..or;, class. only 'advantage') n. s.(?) PY Ad 357+. KN o-pi-ke-de-i (?, cf. JC MLS z8.v.58) d. s. (?) PY An rz8r.z pa-we-a (pharwos-, cf. rpfieor;) n. p. KN Lc 532+; pa-we-a 2 n. p. MY Oe 127; pa-we-o g. sjp.(?). KN X 65r; pa-we-si d. p. MY Oe nr (reading uncertain); pa-we-pi i. p. KN L 104 pe-ko (peskos-?) a. s.(?) PY Cn 418.3+ qe-te-a (?, cf. Docs zzo) n. p. KN Fp 363.r; qe-te-a 2 n. p. PY Un r38.r; qe-te-o g. sjp.(?) KN Fh 348+; cf. § 49 qi-si-pe-e (xiphos-, cf. § r6.6) n. d. PY Ta 716 ru-de-a 2 (?) PY Ub 1318.3 te-me-no (temenos-) n. s. PY Er 312. r.3 te-u-ke-pi (teukhos-) PY Sb 1315. r tu-we-a (thuos-) a. p. PY Un 267.3 we-to (wetos-, cf. Cypr. Fhor;) a. s. PY Sn 64.2.5-7.13-r6+; we-tei-we-te-i d. s. (redupl.) PY Es 644.r-g,rr.r3 ze-u-ke-si (zeugos-) d. p. PY Ub 1318.4 85-de-pi (?, cf. Docs. 338, lVIL 8.zor) i. p. PY Ta 64z.z+ Cf. also ko-wo 'sheepskin' PY Un 718.4 (kowos-? with unexpected stem formation, cf. Hom. "war;). 1)

2)

MT II reads pa-we-si-fq. Or is this word an abbreviation of a passive participle? Cf. § 48.55, note.

88

EBBE VILBORG

2. Stems in -as:

di-pa (dipas-, cf. obra;; see BICS IV, 55) n. s. PY Ta 64r.z.3; n. p. KN K 740; di-pa-e n. d. PY Ta 64r.z ke-ra (geras-?) a. s.(?) PY Eb 416+ ke-ra-a (keras-) n. p. KN K 872.r; lee-ra-e n. d.(?) PY Sa 840 M a s c u l i n e s t e m s i n -s

As in classical Greek, only personal names (originally adjectives) belong to this category. Declension: Nom. Gen. Dat.

-e (-es): e-u-me-ne, pe-ri-me-de -e-o (-eos): a-pi-me-de-o, pe-ri-me-de-o -e-i (-ei): e-u-me-de-i, [da ]-mo-ke-re-we-i

a-pi-me-de (Amphimedes) n. s. KN B 8or.4, PY; a-pi-me-de-o g. s. KN C grr.ro, PY [da]-mo-ke-re-we-i (Damoklewes) d. s. PY lfn 324 e-n-me-de (Eumedes) n. s. PY Ea 773+; e-u-me-de-i d s. PY Fr rr84 e-u-me-ne (E-umenes) n. s. PY Ea 822+ pe-ri-me-de (Perimedes) n. s. PY An 656.rz; pe-ri-me-de-o g. s. PY Sn 64.7 § 34· A d j e c t i v e s

l

n - es

Attested forms: Masc.-fem. Sing.Nom. Dat. Dual Nom. Plur.Nom.

ti-ri-jo-we a-ko-ro-we-i a-ko-ro-we-e

Neuter

a-no-we ti-ri-jo-we-e no-pe-re-a 2

The forms are interpreted in the following manner: Nom.sing.masc.

-es, neuter -es; dat.sing.masc. -ei:; nom.dual -ee; nom.plur.neuter -e(h)a. Note.

Pisani (l'vfinoica 298) sees in the words o-wo-we and

f?-U:~

ka-qr: f?-r;;~ is usually read ke-ka-u-me-no) PY Ta 64r an acc.sing. in

(Pisani's ke(cf. Cypr.

-en

du}.~v).

Evidence for adjectives in -es: a-ko-ro-we (+akhrowes-, cf. IJ.xeoor;) n. s. m. PY Cn 418.3; a-ko-rowe-e n. d. m. PY Cn 418.z; a-ko-ro-we-i d. s.(?) KN" D 7100

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

89

a-no-we (tanowes-, cf. arup-ws~) n. s. n. PY Ta 64r.3 (di-pa "'); cf. qeto-ro-we, ti-ri-jo-we a-te-re-te-a (?, cf. Docs. 371; ML 2.I66, CG I.54, EP I.I65) n. p. n. KN So 894.1

e-ni-qe1 ) (?, cf. Docs. 392) n. s. f.(?) KN L 647 e-pi-ke-re1 ) (?, cf. Docs. 219) n. s. f.(?) KN F Ssz+ (a-rna"') ka-ka-re-a (khalkiires-, c£. Hom. xaAX~(!'fJ~) n. p. n. KN R 0841 bis ([e]-ke-a "') !?e-re-si-jo we-ke2) (t Kresiowerges-?, cf. Avxwsey* etc.) n. s. m. PY Ta 64r. I (ti-ri-po "'), n. d. m.! PY Ta 64r. r (ti-ri-po-de "') no-pe-re-a2 (nopheles- 'useless'?, cf. avw -(n)sa. The adjectival type in -went- has in the fern. analogical-e- (as in class. Greek) instead of the expected -a-< .. ~1- (miltowessa etc.). The strange form mi-to-we-sa-e KN Sd 0404 is treated in § 26. List of adjectives in -nt (for the participles, see § sr. 1). For the whole group in -went-, cf. l\IL IJ. ai-ta-ro-we (Aithalowent-) n. s. m. KN Da r:zzr-j- (pers.name)

A TE:NTA'I'IVE: GRAMMAR OF MYCE:NAE:AN GRE:E:K

91

e-ti-we (?, cf. PT I955 19) n. s. n. PY Fr 1209+ i-to-we-sa (?, cf. Docs. 338) n. s. f. PY Ta 709. z (e-ka-ra "') ko-ma-we (Komawent-) n. s. m. PY An 51g.ro+ (pers.name) ko-ro-no-we-sa (?, cf. Docs. 335, LP 12.73) n. s. f. PY Ta 711.2 (qera-na "') ku-pa-ro-we (tkupairowent-, c£. ku-pa-ro § 2r.r) n. s. n. PY Fr 1203 ku-su-pa (xumpant-) n. s. n. KN Fh 367 (with to-so-); ku-su-pa-ta 11. p. n. KN Dl 699; cf. -pa mi-to-we-sa (tmiltowent-, cf. Hom. fttkronaeno~) n. sjp. f. KN Sd 0407+ (i-qi-ja rv); mi-to-we-sa-e n. p. f.(?) KN Sd 0404 (i-qi-ja "') o-da-kwe-ta (?, cf. Docs. 370, l\1L 2.164) n. p. 11. KN So 0430+; o-dake-we-ta 11. p. 11. KN So 0446; o-da-ku-we-ta 11. p. 11. KN So 0435; o-datu.-we-ta 11. p. 11. KN So 894 o-wo-we1 ) (towowent-?, cf. Docs. 403, PC r.zo, LP 13.567, VP Minoica 298) n. s. m. PY Ta 64r. r (ti-ri-po "') -pa (pant-) 11. s. m. PY ]11 6or.g + (with to-so-); pa-sa a. sjp. f. G 820 ("' ki-ri-ta); pa-to g. s. 11.(?) PY Ec 4rr; pa-te 11. p.m. KN B ross; pa-ta 11. p. n. KN C 918.3; pa-si d. p.m. KN Fp r.7+ (,...,-te-o-i); cf. ku-su-pa pa-ko-we (tsphakowent- from (}'(pauo~?, cf. PT I955 17) n. s. 11. PY Fr r2oo+ pe-de-we-sa (tpedwent-, cf. nov~? CG r.rsr) n. s. f. PY Ta 709.2 (e-kara "') pe-ne-we-te (?, cf. Docs. 318) n. djp. m. KN Ld sro8; pe-ne-we-ta 11. p. n.(?) KN Ld 571+ pi-ti-ro 2-we-sa (tPtilowent-, from m:lA.ov?) 11. s. f. PY Ta 713.2 (tope-za "') te-mi-dwe (ttermidwent-, cf. Hom. 7:B(!flt6st~) n. s. 11. KN So 894; temi-de-we-te 11. d. 11. PY Sa 1266; te-mi-dwe-te 11. d. 11. KN So 0437+; te-mi-dwe-ta 11. p. 11. KN So 894+ to-qi-de-we-sa (ttorq"idwent-?, cf. to-qi-de § 29) 11. s. f. PY Ta 711.3 (qe-ra-na "') wo-do-we (wordowent-?, cf. l}ob6st~) 11. s. 11. PY Fr 1203 + wo-ra-we-sa (?, cf. Docs. 412, LP 12. 7o) 11. s. f. KN Se 88o 85-de-we-sa (?, cf. 85-de-pi § 29) 11. s. f. PY Ta 709 (e-ka-ra "') 1) This word could also be taken as an adjective in -es (toiwowes- 'with a single ear'?).

EBBE VILBORG

§ 38. 5 t e 111- s i n - i a n d - n

Case endings. Nom.sing. (-is, -us; -tt [n.]), acc.sing. (-u [n.J) (-uos) / tt-we Dat.sing. (-Hei); nom.plur. (-ztes) / i-pi, j u-pi Instr.plur. (-iphi, -up hi) / Z:, / tt

j tt-o, f u-wo Gen.sing.

Remarks. The type with vowel gradation is possibly reflected in i-fe-we (dat.sing., cf. nom. i-ftt); cf. the adjectives below. Inflection of the type bove6:;, bovei, (gen. *-w-os, dat. *-w-i) may be indicated by the double dative form pa-ra-ke-we / pa-1'a-ktt-we (~'~ -kwei vel sim.). Traces of nouns in -1, -it are seen in the personal names wi-pi-no-o (KN V 962.3) = W'iphinoos (cf. Fi:;) and re-u-ko-ro-o-pu 2-ru (PY Jn 415.z) = Leukrophrus (cf. drpQD;). Dat.sing.: The datives written Itt-we, I e-we dearly represents the same ending as in the consonant stems (probably -ei, see § 28). The other dative ending -i may be suspected in e-ri-n,'f. KN Fp r.s (erimti?), as the second element of i-diphthongs is rarely written (§ 10.3). One could also imagine a form in -it (cf. class. -l, Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. I,571). Discussion: AF 1.34, Mem. I 396, Thumb-Scherer 343· Evidence for i-stems:

a-pu-do-si (aPttdosi-, f., cf. dn6bom:;) n. s. KN Fh 349+, PY ::.VIa 123+ po-ti-pi (porti-, m. f.) i. p. PY Ta 707.2 (with -qe) Evidence for u-stems:

e-ri-nu (Erintt-, f.) d. s.(?) KN Fp r.8 i-fu? (hi{u-?, cf. v£V; 1 ) n. s. PY Ae 344+; i-fe-we d. s. PY Tn 316.n o; cf. (?) i-jo § zr. r ka-nt-we (?, cf. Docs. 345, FH 2.38o) i. s. PY Ta 72r.r (with -qe); ka-ru-pi i. p. PY Ta 722.3.3 ma-tu-we (?) d. s.(?) KN L 1568.e (o-pi "'; reading uncertain, Docs.: o-pi-ma-tu) me-tu-u•o (methu-?, cf. EB 8.42, l\IL 17.r7) g. s.(?) PY Fr 1202 (uncertain; possibly to be read together with following ne-wo) pa-ra-ke-we (?, cf. Docs. 340, LP 12.63, FH 2.38o) i. s. PY Ta 642.r; pa-ra-ku-we i. s. PY Ta 714.1.3+ 1

)

For the initial i-, see Thumb-Scherer

343·

A TEXTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

93

ta-ra-nu (thriinu-, m.) n. s. PY Ta JOJ.r (with -qe).3+, KN; ta-ranu-we n. p. PY Ta 721.2+ wa-tu (wastu-, n.) nla. s. PY Eq 88J.r, a. s. KN X II4, g. s. in the pers.name e-te-wa-ttt-o KN C 912.5 For the declension, cf. also the place-name *ko-tu (Gorius?): g. s. kotu-wo PY Eq 213.4, d. s. ko-tu-we PY An 6r5.r6+.

u-stem adjectives are very poorly represented: a-pu 2 (Aipzt-) a. s. n. PY Vn 20.7 (with -de; place-name); a-pu 2-we d. s. n. PY An 427.r+ (place-name) ma-ra-[.:~1, see pa-ra-ku o-ku (oku-) n. s. m. KN Da 1170+ (pers.name) pa-ke-we (pakhtt-) n. p.m. KN L 7514 pa-ra-kzt (brakhu-?) PY Cn 201 (no context; pers.name?). Also mara-ku n. s. m.(?) PY Cn 418.3 has been identified with this adjective (MD 2.35); the alternation Plm may indicate that the phonetic development mr- > br- was not yet finished ({Jeaxv~ < *m(ghtt-). pa-ra-ku-ja n. p. n. KN Ld 580 shows, if from this adjective, an unexpected ablaut form (*brakhttia!?) and probably does not belong here (cf. § 27).

§ 39· S t e m s i n - e tt

Case endings.

I e-u

Nom.sing. / e-wo Gen.sing. I e-we Dat.sing. I e-wi Dat.sing. I e-u-si Dat.plur. / e-u-pi Instr.plur.

(-etts) (-ewos); gen.plur. (ewon) (-ewei); nom.dual (-ewe); nom.plur. (-ewes) (-ewi) (-ettsi) (-euphi)

Table of declension.

Nom. Gen. Dat. Instr.

Sing.

Dual

Plur.

i-je-re-u i-je-re-wo ka-na-pe-we lla-ke-wi

ke-ra-me-we

ka-ke-we me-ri-te-wo ka-ke-u-si ktt-te-re-u-p i

The dat.sing. in -i is known only from Mycenae (cf. § z8).

---~---

94

EBBE VII,BORG

Evidence for stems in -ett-. Cf. for the whole group OS 2. ai-ke-tt (taigeu- 'goat handle'?, cf. LP 13.577, OS 2.I65) n. s.! PY Ta 64I.I; cf. ai 2 ?-ke-u n. s. PY Ta 709.3 ai-mi-re-u•e (?, cf. Docs. 386, GC 2.22r, ML 5.46) n. p. KN Dm n8o+ a-mo-te-wo (tharmotett-?, cf. a-mo § 30) g. s. PY Ea 421+ a-pi-po-re-we (amphiphoreu-) n. p. KN Uc 16o.rr; cf. sq. a-po-re-we (amphoreu-) n. d. MY Ue 6n.rr, PY; cf. a-pi-po-re-we a-te-we (?, cf. CG I.I55, EP I.I66) n. p. PY Tn 996.3 da-i-ja-ke-re-tt (tdai"agreu-?, cf. ()alvvru, ayg6~:;) n. s. PY An 218.3 (possibly a place-name) di-wi-je-we (tDiwieu- 'priest of Zeus', cf. di-u-jo PY Tn 316.rs 'sanctuary of Zeus') d. s. PY Cn 3.2+ e-da-e-u (?) n. s. PY Qa 1298 e-ka-ra-e-we (?, cf. e-ka-ra § 23. I) n. p. KN Dm n8o+ e-ku-se-we (?, cf. Docs. 392) n. p . .:.\IY Wt 501 (reading uncertain) e-ro-pa-ke-tt (?, cf. e-ro-pa-ke-ta § 25) n. s. KN" As 0493 e-sa-re-u (?, cf. SL I. IZ, MDP I.4oo) n. s. PY Na 395+; e-sa-re-we d. s. KN As 1517. I I (possibly a personal name) i-je-re-tt (hiereu-) n. s. PY An 218.2, [K='J"]; i-e-re-u n. s. PY En 74.I6+; i-je-re-wo g. s. PY Ea 756 ka-ke-u (khalkeu-) n. s. PY An 6o7.6.7+, KN; ka-ke-wi d. s.(?) l\IY Oe 1zr; ka-ke-we n. p. PY Jn 310.I.7.f4+, KN; ka-ke-1t-Si d. p. PY An 129.7+ ka-ma-e-H (cf. ka-ma § 23. r) n. s. PY Eb rs6+; ka-ma-e-we d. s. PY Ep 539·7· n. p. PY Eb 236+ ka-na-pe-u (knapheu-) n. s. PY En 74.3.23+; l~a-na-pe-wo g. s. PY Eo z6g.z; lla-na-pe-we d. s.jn. p. MY Oe 129 ka-ra-re-we (?, cf. Docs. 2IJ, PT I955 40) n. p. KN" Uc 778.r, PY ke-ra-me-1t (keramett-) n. s. PY Cn 1287.4; ke-ra-me-wo g. s. PY En 467.s+; ke-ra-me-wi d. s.(?) MY Oe 125; ke-ra--me-we n. d. PY An 207.7 ki-ri-se-we (?, cf. Docs. 397, PC r.z8) n. d/p. PY An 298.2 ko-to-ne-we (ktoineu-?, cf. ko-to-na § 23. r) 11 dfp. PY Be 995 ku-re-we (tskulelt-?, cf. axvJ.o;; GC 2.zzo, ML 4.rg, HM 8.zr) n. p. PY An 519.14+, KN ku-te-re-u-pi (probably ethnic Kuthereu-, cf. Kv(h)gsw) i. p. PY An 607.2+ ma-ra-te-u (?, cf. Docs. 399. s:~ l.I9, lVIL J.I44) 11. s. py An 2I8.r5; nw-ra-te-we n. p. PY Na 245

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

95

me-ri-te-wo (meliteu-?) g. p.(?) PY Ea 771+ o-pi-ka-pe-e-we (toPiskapheeu-?, cf. buaxaq;sv~ Hesych.) n. p. PY Jn 829.2 (with -qe) o-pi-ke-wi-ri-je-u (?) n. s. PY Ta 709.3 o-pi-te-ke-e-u (topite,ukheeu-, cf. te-u-ke-pi § 33) n. s. PY Un 2.2; o-pite-u-ke-e-we d. s.(?) PY Fn so.s, n. p. PY An 39·4+; o-pi-te-tt-ke-we n. d. KN B 798.ro pa-ra-l~e-te-e-we

(?, cf. Docs. 403) n. p. PY Jn 750.2

pa 2-si-re-tt (basilett-) n. s. PY Jn 431.6+, [KN] pe-di-je-we (pedieu-, cf. Att. Ilc~u3i~) n. p. PY An 654. I4 pe-re-ke-tt (?, cf. PM 4.89, ML 12.244) n. s. PY Cn 1287; pe-re-ke-we n. p. PY Ae 574+. MY po-pa 2-te-u (?, cf. JC MLS 28. v. 58) n. s. PY Qa 1295 po-si-da-i-je-tt-si (t Posidaiett-, cf. po-si-da-i-jo PY Tn 316.rr) d. p. PY Fn 187.r8 po-te-re-we (?, cf. Lexique s. v.) d. s.jn. p. PY Fn 187.14 (possibly a personal name) ttt-ra-te-tt (?, cf. OS 2. r 6z) n. s. PY Ae 72; ttt-ra-te-we n. p. KN B 755; tu-ra-te-tt-si d. p. PY Gn 428 we-je-we (?, cf. JC MLS 13.xi.57, VG 13.156) n. p. KN Gv 863, [PYJ we-te-re-u (?, cf. EB 2.r3o) n. s. PY Eb 317.2+ wo-ne-we (woineu-?, cf. wo-no § 2r.r) d. s. PY Cn 4o.z+ wo-we-u (tworwett-?, cf. wo-wo § 2r.r) n. s. KN C 91r.3+, PY ze-u-ke-u-si (tzeugeu-) d. p. PY Fn so.g+ There are numerous personal names in -eus (cf. OL r.r78 sqq., Docs. roo sq.). Some of them are quotable in three different forms: pi-ke-re-u (tPikretts?) n. s. PY Eb 496+, pi-ke-re-wo g. s. PY En 74.zo.2I+, pike-re-we d. s. PY Eo 160.2-4; po-ro-u-te-u (Plottteus) n. s. KN De rr29, PY, po-ro-tt-te-wo g. s. PY Jn 310.r2, po-ro-zt-te-we d. s. PY Cn IJI.5.

§ 40. 0 t h e r d i p h t h o n g a l s t e m s r. The name of Zeus is represented by di-wo (Diwos) g. s. PY Tn 316.rro, KN, and di-we (Diwei) d. s. PY Tn 316.rg, KN. According to Miihlestein (HM 3), also pa-de-we PY Un 219.2 belongs here (Pandiwei?; for eji, cf. § r8.r). 2. ka-ra-we n. p. KN Ap 694.2, probably= griiwes, cf. Att. yeas~. 3· qo-o PY Cn 3.2 is certainly a form of f3ov~, but the case is not

g6

EBBE VII,BORG

exactly determinable: a. p. g"o:nJs? (d. Do:r. {Jw;, Skt.giis; if so, the word shows scriptio plena, cf. § ro.r b); g. p. g"oon? (if so, the omission of -Y Ep 704.7+

e:

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF lVIYCENAEAN GREEK

IIJ

[pa 2-si}re-wi-jo-te [6o] (basilewjont-) n. p.m. PY Sn 64.I wo-zo [8r d] (tworzont-) n. s. m. PY An 519.z+; wo-zo-te [8r e] d. s. m. PY Ep 539·5; n. p.m. PY Eb 236 2.

P a r t i ci pl e s

2

n -m en o-

Declension, see § 26 a-ja-me-no [r a] (taiaimeno-?) n. s. m. PY Ta JOJ.I.3+; n. d. f. KN Sd 04or; n. p.m. PY Ta 72r.z; a-ja-me-na [r b] n. s. f. KN Sd 0403+ a-pu ke-ka-u-me-no [r2] (apukekattmeno-) n. s. m. PY Ta 64r. I a-ra-ro-mo-te-me-na [r4 a] (thararmotmeno-, less likely thararmost(e)meno-, cf. Minos 4,59) n. s. f. KN Sd 0402+; n. p. f. KN Sd 0404+; a-ra-ro-mo-te-me-no [r4 b] n. d. f.(?) KN Sd 04or; a-ra-ro-mo-to-me-na [r4 c] n. f. sjp. KN Sd 0416; a-ro-mo-te-me-na [r4 d] n. f. sjp. KN Sd 0422 de-de-me-no [24J (dedemeno-) n. d. n. PY Sa 287+ de-do-me-1'1-a [28 f] (dedomeno-) n. p. n. KN So 0440+ e-ne-me-na [34] (?) n. f. MY Ge 603.2 (e-w)e-pe-se-so-me-na [37] (hepsesomeno-) n. p. n. MY Oe 127 e-ra-pe-me-na [42] (errapmeno-?) n. s. f. KN L 647 e-sa-pa-ke-me-na [46] (?) n. p. n. (?) KN L 7375 ke-ke-me-na [Sr a] (tkekeimeno-?) g. s. f. PY Eb 866-j-; a. s. f. PY Ep 30r.S+; n. p. f. PY Ep 30I.I+; ke-ke-me-no [Sr b] a. d. f. PY Eb 338+; ke-ke-me-no1"o [SI cJ g. s. mjn. PY Na 395; ke-ke-me-na-o [5I d] g. p. f. PY Eb 236+ ki-ti-me-na ~52 b] (ktimeno-) n. s. f. PY Ea 7r+ me-ta-ke-ku-me-na [53] (metakekhumeno-?) n. s. f. KN Sf 0428 mu-jo-me-no [54] (tmuomeno-?) d. s. m.(?) PY Un 2.I o-ro-me-no [57] (oromeno-) n. s. m. PY Ae 134+ [pe]-pu 2-te-me-no [6r] (tpephutemeno-?) a. s. n. PY Er 88o.z qe-qi-no-me-no 1:65 b] (?) n. p. PY Va 482; qe-qi-no-me-na [65 ( n. s. f. PY Ta 713.I.z; i. p. f.! PY Ta 707.2+ qe-ro-me-no [66] (q"elomeno-?) n. p. m. PY Ad 697 re-qo-me-no [69] (leiq"omeno-) n. p. m. KN As rsr7. I to-ro-qe-jo-me-no [76] (troq"eomeno-) n. s. m.(?) PY Eq 213. I wo-zo-me-no [8r f] (tworzomeno-) n. d. n. KN So 0433; wo-zo-me-na [8r g] n. p. n. KN So 0438 ze-so-me-no [83] (zesomeno-) d. s. mjn. PY Un 267.4

rr8

BBBE VII,BORG

There are further several participles in -menos used as personal names: ai-mt-me-no (Ainumenos, from a'tYvp,at), a-me-no (Armenos, from aeag[a~w?), a2-mt-me-no (Arnttmenos, from agYvp,w, or Anttmenos, from avvw, cf. Hom. ijrvro), e-u-ko-me-no (Eukhomenos), ka-e-sa-me-no (cf. i~af!­ aap,YJr), ke-sa-me-no (Kersamenos, from "dew?), ku-ru-me-no (Klumenos), ktt-sa-me-ni-jo (patronymic from *ku--sa-me-1t0 = Kursamenos, from ~vew?), o-me-na (Ormenos, from oervp,t), o-po-ro-me-no (l!oplmnenos, from onlLcaOat Hom.), pa-sa-ko-me-no(?), pi-ra-me-no (Philamenos, cf. Hom. ((!iAaro), qe-ja-me-no (from asigmatic aorist later replaced by utaap,sroq?), wa-do-me-no (Wadomenos, from 1}0op,m). See OL r.r7r sqq., AH o.oo. 3· P a r t i c i p l e s i n - w o s Declension, see § 3S a-ra-ru-wo-a [IS b] (ararwos-) n. p. n. KN Ra I548+; a-ra-ru-ja LIS a] (araruia-) n. s. f. KN Sd 040I-i-; a-ra-ru-wo-ja (cf. § 35) n. s. f. KN Sd 0408, [PYJ de-di-ku-ja [25] (?) n. p. f. KN Ak 6rr ke-ke-tu-wo-e [Sr A] (?) n. p. m. PY .A::1 z6r. r te-tn-ko-wo-a L75J (tetukhwos-) n. p. n. KN Ld 87r; te-tu-ko-wo-a 2 n. p. n. PY Sa 682 Cf. also the personal name wi-do-wo-i-jo PY Ae 344+ (also other spellings, see § Io. 7 A e) = Widwoios, derived from the perf.part.act. *widwos-.

§52. MYCENAEAN VERB FORMS ARRANGED BY TENSES I.

Present

a. Thematic verbs. Pres.ind.act.: (3rd. sing.) a-ke?, a-ke-re, a-pi-e-ke?, e-ke, e-pe-ke?, o-pi-me-ne, pe-re, pe-r e-ke?, te-ra .. pi-ke, we-re-ke?, wo-ze; (3rd plur.) e-ko-si, o-pe-ro-si. - Pres.ind.middle-pass.: (3rd sing.) e-tt-ke-to. ·- Imperf.act.: [eJ-ke? - Imper.act.: a-i~e?, pe-re? - Inf.act.: a-na-ke-e, a-re-sa-ni-e?, a 2-ri-e?, e-re-e, te-re-fa-e, wo-ze-e. - Part. act.: e-ko etc., eqo-te, o-pe-ro-ta etc., [pa 2-si]-re-wi-jo-te, 100-zo etc. - Part.middle-pass.: mu-jo-me-no, o-ro-me-no, qe-ro-me-no, re-qo-me-no, to-ro-qe-jo-me-no, b. Athematic verbs. Pres.ind.act.: (3rd sing.) pa-si, te-re-fa?; (3rd dual) e-to; (3rd plur.) a-pe-ei, e-c-si, e-ne-e-si, i-je-si, ki-ti-

A 1'EN'rA'tiVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

II9

je-si. - Imperf.act.: (3rd sing.)-a-pe. - Pres.ind.middle-pass.: (3rd sing.) -ze-ta?, (3rd dual) i-je-to; (3rd plur.) di-do-to, e-ke-ja-to, -u-ru-to? Imper.act.: e-e-to?, e-so-to?, i-je-to? - Imper.middle-pass.: i-je-to?, -uru-to? - Part.act.: a-pe-a etc., e-o etc., e-ne-o etc., e-pi-zo-ta?, i-fo etc., - Part.middle-pass.: ki-ti-me-na. 2.

Future

Fut.ind.act.: (3rd sing.) a-ke-re-se?, do-se, e-re-u-te-ro-se?, su-ra-se?; (3rd plur.) a-se-so-si, do-so-si. - Fut.ind.middle: (3rd plur.) e-so-to? Part.act.: de-me-o-te. - Part.middle: (e-w)e-pe-se-so-me-na, ze-so-me-no. 3· Aorist a. Sigmatic aorist. Ind.act.: (3rd sing.) a-ke-re-se?, e-ra-se, e-re-u-tero-se, su-ra-se?. - Ind.middle: (3rd sing.) de-ka-sa-to, da-sa-[to]. Part.act.: a-ke-ra 2-te, a 2-ri-sa? b. Asigmatic aorist. Ind. act.: (3rd sing.) a-pe-e-ke?, a-pe-do-ke, a-pudo-ke, do-ke, -po-ro-te-Z,·~?, ra-ke, te-ke, -wi-de, wo-ke?; (3rd plur.) -opo-ro. - Ind. middle: pa-ro-ke-ne-[to], qi-ri-ja-to.

4· Perfect Perf.ind.middle-pass.: (3rd sing.) e-pi-de-da-to. - Part.act.: a-ra-ru-ja etc., de-di-ku-ja?, ke-ke-ttt-wo-e, te-tu-ko-wo-a. - Part. pass.: a-fa-me-no etc., a-ptt ke-ka-u-me-no, a-ra-ro-mo-te-me-na etc., de-de-me-no, de-dome-na, e-ne- me-na, e-ra-pe-me-na, e-sa-pa-ke-me-na?, ke-ke-me-na etc., me-ta-ke-ku-me-na, [pe ]-pu 2-te-me-no, qe-qi-no-me-no etc.

INDECLINABILIA § 53· PREPOSITIONS r. a-pi (amphi) with dat., 'on both sides of' = class. &.f-upl. KN G 820 e-ko-si a-pt ku-do-ni-ja pa-sa ki-ri-ta (ekhonsi amphi Kudoniai pansan[s] krithan[s]) "they have in the region of Kudonia all the barley" (the reading a-p~t "from" is also possible). PY Ta 716 pa-sa-ro ku-ru-so a-pi to-ni-jo 2 (passalo khruso amphi . •. ) "two gold studs on either side of ... " (but it cannot wholly be excluded that a-pi to-ni-fo is a single word).

IZO

EBBE VILBORG

In compounds: a-pi-e-lee (amphiekhei), a-/Ji-ke-ne-ja (Amphigeneia), a-pi-me-de (Amphimedes), a-pi-j,o-re-we (~mphiphorewes), a-pi-qo-ro (amphiq" olfm), a-pi-qo-to (amphig11 otos). z. a-pu (apu) with gen., 'from'; cf. Aeol.Arc.Cypr. dm), Att.Ion. &no. Only one example as an independent word: KN G 820 . . . ku-ta-ti-ja-qe po-ti-ni--ja-we-ja a-pu ke-u-pu-de-ja MONTHS 4 "and women of Ku-ta-to, belonging to the ::\Iistress, from ... " (the noun is obscure, cf. fvord e-ke-qe, apparently to be read ehhei q"e, the particle seems to have no copulative meaning. Examples: PY Eo zrr. z a-ttt-ko e-te-do-mo e-!?e-qe o-na-to pa-ro wa-na-ta-[jo] (Atukhos entesdomos ekheiq"e onaton paro W arnataioi) "Atukhos the artificer holds a lease from W."; cf. Eo 224, Eo 276, Eo 247 etc.

s;

Goteb. Univ. A1'Sskr. LXVI:

2

9

130

EBBE VILBORG

PY Eo 278 ti-Pado po-me e-ke-qe dwo ko-to-no (Thisbaios poimen ekheiq"e dwo(?) ktoino) PY Eb 846 Ai-ti-jo-qo e-ke-qe o-na-to ke-ke-me-na ko-to-na (Aithioq"s ekheique onaton kekeimenas ktoinas) "A. holds the :lease of a communal plot". This fact has evoked great many tentative explanations; some of these consider this -qe another word (Bennett, EB 2.1 zo: "generalizing particle of obscure function"; Carratelli, GC 2.223: -qe = ys (abandoned); Miihlestein: -qe = n) or incorporates it in the verbal form (Palmer, LP 3.53: e-ke-qe = hexei; Georgiev, Lexique 30: e-ke-qe = ekheske). The majority of these are impossible to reconcile with the ordinary Mycenaean spelling rules. It has alm been argued that -qe here means something other than strictly ''and" (has "prospective" force, I,P 13.571; cf. Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. II,574---6) or that the personal name is considered as a separate proposition ("Atukhos the artificer, and he holds ... "). Of great importance are the remarks by Winter (WW r.5o7 sq.), which show that e-ke is the normal form if the verb immediately follows the subject or the object, whereas e-ke-qe is normal if it follows the subject but is itself followed by the object and a noun modifier of the subject or if it follows a nominal-phrase modifier. Winter concludes that e-ke-qe is the phrase-initial variant of e-k,~, used after "terminal juncture". As verbal forms originally were weakly accented, they were not fit for use initially; their accent could be strengthened by adding an enclitic particle (cf. initial i-fe-to-qe PY Tn 316.8). Nate b. There are no traces of the other classical copulative conjunction, xal.

SYNTAX §58. PRELIMINARY REMARKS The syntactical facts which can be extracted from the material are necessarily very scanty. The following account does not pretend to be a presentation of the syntax of the dialect but is to be considered chiefly as a list of syntactical phenomena which can be verified by means of our texts. § 59· CONCORDS I.

Adfectives.

a. An adjective belonging to a noun in the dual may take plural form: PY Ta 714.2 a-fa-me-na ... se-re-mo-ka-ra-o-i-qe ku-ru-so "and with two ?-heads of gold"; cf. KN Sd 0415 i-qi-fo a-ra-ro-mo-te-me-na (hiqq"io hararmotmenai?). b. The number of an adjective belonging to more than one substantive in the singular is concealed by the spelling: PY Ta 722. r ta-ra-nu a-fa-me-no e-re-pa-te-fo a-to-ro-qo i-qo-qe po-ru-po-de-qe po-ni-ke-qe (thriinus aiaimenos? elephanteois[-oi?] anthroq"oi hiqquoiq"e polupodeiq"e phoinikeiq"e). 2.

Verbs.

The spelling does not permit to determine the number of a verb form belonging to a neuter plural subject: PY Ng 319 to-sa-de o-u-di-do-to (tossade ou dido[ n ]toi). § 6o. NUMBERS The dual is generally used when there is an explicit numeral "two", also of "accidental pairs" (c£. Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. II,48): PY Ta 715.3 to-pe-zo (torpezo) "two tables", PY Ta 641.2 di-pa-e (dipae) "two goblets". There is an apparent exception in the tablets of personnel, where "two girls" is always written ko-wa 2 (korwai) (KN Ai 754 etc.). This

132

E~BBE

VIL:SORG

exception is explained by the fact that the feminine dual form (*ko-wo) could here not be distinguished from the masculine. Cf. also ~di]-pte-ra z (PY Ub 1318.I), pe-dt:-ra z (PY Ub 1318.3). § 6r. ARTICLlt There is no definite article; accordng to classical usage, it would have been expected e. g. PY An 6Sf'· I o-u-ru-to o-pi-a 2-ra e-pi-ko-wo ("the coast''), PY Un 267. I o-do-he a-ho-so-ta tu-u''e-ta a-re-pa-zo-o ("to Th., the unguent-boiler"). The stem i'o- is clearly demonstrative (see § 45.z). Cf. Hom. (Chantraine, Gra1r.:m. hom. II,rs8 sqq.), Pamph. (Thumb-Scherer 18g).

§ 62. CASES r. Nominative Nominative of rubric. The subject o:f a ta.ble or the concerned person is written in nominative, e. g. KN Sd i-qi-ja, PY An r. I e-re-ta pe-rett-ro-na-de i-jo-te (eretai Pleuri5nade iontes). When a place-name begins a tablet, it is mostly impossible to determine whether it is in the nominative or in the locative (e. g. PY Tn 316 pu-ro = Pulos or PulOi). 2.

G en i i i v e

a) Genitivus possesst:vtts. Numerous examples, especially in the Aand E-series, e. g. PY Ad 6go a-pi-qo-ro ho-wo (amphiq"oli5n korwoi); PY En 6og. I o a-ma-rzt-ta-o ko-to-ua ki-tt'-me-1za (A maruntao ktoina ktimenii). - Possessive genitive with Et1•at: KK Ai 63 pe-se-ro-jo e-e-si (Pselloio eensi) "to Psellos belong .. .' Note. A patronymic may replace the posllessive genitive before ko-wo "son": KN Ai rrs pa-ro 11-Zf'a--si-jo ko-j'Joqo ro. 7, 2r. I, 66.r atoroqo 10.5.7, 2I.I atu.~o 27, 66.4 auqe 57· I autkeseu 67.7 azeo r8. r o azeya r8. r o

azm'irija 23.2, 67.6 azno 48. z r a-6.;-ja, -o 8 a-6.;-jo 8 a-85-ta 2 8, 9 dadarejo ro. 3 da·.i;'akereu 39, 66. 3, 67.7 dakoro, -i 21. I dama r8.I damate 6, 29. z dai1tijo z r. 3, 67. 3 damo 21. I da;nodemi 45· I, 64.2 [d.g, 48.46 A etedomo 21. I, 66. < etereta 27 etewatuo ro. 4, 38 etewokereweijo 2. 5, 73 etiw,~fa 74· I etiwe 37, 70.4 eto L~s. 2 9 etokija 21. 3, 67·3 etonijo 2!.3 etoroj•a 2ta 30 etowo,?o 2!, I, 66, I eudamo 66.4 euketo r8. r r, 47· 2, 48-47 eukomeno 5 r. 2 eumedei 33 e~ttnet!e

33

~eu]r;~potoremojo 2.

euruqota r6. 6 euwakoro 10. 2. 4 ewakovo ro. 2

I

A TENTATIVE: GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

ewepesesomena 48.37, 51.2 ewiripija 74· r ewiripo Io. 2, IS ewisozoko 6, 27 ewisuzuko 6, 12.2, 27, 66.I ewitewijo 74· I ezeto 48.48 ierett IO. 4, 39 ifate 2. 3, IO. 4, 32. I, 69. I ijereja I0.3, 15, 23.2, 67.4 ijerefu, -wo 10.4, 39, 67.7 ijerewijo 67. s ijero, -jo 2. I, Io. 4, 21. 3, 27 ijerowoko 21. I, 66. I -1JeS1 47•4, 48.49 -ijeto 48.4 9 ijewe 38 ijo 2I.I, 46.r, 48.50, SI.I ijote 10.4, 48.so, SI.I iju 6, 8, 38 iketa 25, 70. I ikuwoipi 20, 42 imirijo 13 inamata 30 inane 74·3 ipasanati r 8. I ipemedeja I3. I 5 ipono I0.7, 2r.r ipopoqoi IS. I I, 21. r, 66. I iqijfa, -0 23.I, 67.3 iqo, -jo I6. 6, 21. I iqoeqe 20, 29. 3, 66. I itejao 23.2, 67.4 iteweridi 29. 2 itowesa 37, 67.6 iwasijota 70.I, 74·4 izaatomoi 2 1. I, 66. I jaketere 9, IS, I6. 7, 32. r jasaro 9, IS jo- II, I6. 7, 45· 3, 57-3, 65. I joasesosi 48. I 9, 57· 3 jodososi 48.28, 57.3, 64.I joeketoqo II, 57.3 joijesi 48.49, 57.3

jooporo 48.55, 57·3 joporote(ke?) 48.55, 57·3 foqi 45· 3 joterepato 48.74, 57·3 kadamija I0.7, 21.3 kaesanzeno 5 r. z

kakarea 34 kakejapi 27, 72 kakefu, -usi, -wi, -we 39, 67.7 kakijo 27, 72 kako IO. 7, 21. I kakodeta 27, 49, 66. I kama 23.I kamaefu, -we 39, 67.7 kanako 21.2 kanapefu, -we, -wo 39, 67.7 kanato 21. I kapa 23. I kapara 2 dfe, -o 29.2 kapinija 23. I kapo 21. I karaapi 41 karadoro 21. I karako 31. I karamato 30 karapaso 6 karapa 3 so 6 kararewe 39 karasetirijo 21. I karatera IO. 7, 32. r, 69. I karatirijo 2 I. I ]karato 21. I karauko ro. 7, 27 karawe ro.7, 40 karawine 31. I karawiporo Io. 7, 17, 21. 2, 66. r ka-ra-82 8 kariseu 67. 7 karo ro karuke 29. I karufpi, -we 38, 43· I kasato 27 kasikono 2 1. I kataro 27 kati 29.2

159

r6o

EBBE VILBORG

-kawo 67.2 kaza r6. 7, r8. 7, 27, 72 kazoe I 8. 7, 44 keijakarana I 8. I o keijo 74· I kekaumeno Io.s, rr, 47-4 kekemenfa, -ao, -o, -ojo 47· 4, 48.5 I, 51.2 keketuwoe 35, 48.5I A, 51.3 keki, -de 29. z kekijo 73 kekojo 73 kemerijo 2 r. 3 kepoda 10.2 kera, -a 33· 2 kerajapi 27, 67.3 kerameja 23. 2, 67.4 kerame ftt, -we, -wi, -wo 39, 67. 7 kerea 2 4• 9, Io.s, 33·"· 62.4 keresijo weke II, 20, 34, 66. I kerimija 23. I kero 2r. I kerosija Io.s, 23.I, 67.3 kerote 36 kesameno 5I. 2 kesene[weja] 27, 67.4 keseniwijo 27 kesemtwijfa, -o 27, 67.3 kesenuwo 2 I. I keupoda ro. 2, 25 keupodej a 5 r. z ke-8J-I8 8 kinidija 74- I kira 2 ijo 9 kirijaijo 9 kirijote 36 kirisewe 39, 67.7 kirita, -i 23. I, 27, 49 ki1·itewija 23. I, 67.8 ki-ri-82-jo 8 kit ano 2 r. I kitijesi I7, I8.9, 47.5, 48.sz kitimena 47.5, 48.sz, 51.2 kitifa IO, 7, 2j, 70, I kilo, -na, -ne, -pi ro.s, I8.s, 3I.I, 43·I kiuroi 2r. r

kiwo 3r.r k9ata 9, 25 koa. 2 ta. 9 koino

10.3, 2I.r

k9kida 24 kokireja 27, 67.4 komawe 37, 70.4 komaweteja 27, 67.4 kona 27 konitijaja 27 kono ro.3, ro.E, 2r.r, 27 kononipi 29. z konosijfa, -o 10.4, 74·' konoso ro. 7 ko:/Jereu Io. 7 krFete, -re, -ri 28, 32. r, 69. I ko.veterijo 2 r. 3, 67. 3, 69. I ko:,ia 2 dana 9, Io. 4. 7, 21.3 kotija[dana, -dena 9, 10.4, 21.3 ko.•·isijo I8.9, 74· I ko,•ito r8. 9 ko;·o 21. I ko;-onowesa 37, 67.6 kwol/a 2 , -o 9, 27, 49 [ko]ru 29.2 ko;•upi r8.s, 29.2, 43·I koruto 29.2 ko;·uweja 27, 67.4 ko:;outo 27 kozerija 21. 3, 67. 3, 69. I kotoina 4, IO. 3, 17, 23. I kotonfa, -o 4• I-:>. I, 3, 23. I kotonakitimena I I kotonanono Io. r, I8. z, 23. I kotoneta 25, 70, I kotonewe 39, 67.7 kotonoko IO. I kotonooko I7, rS.z, 2I.I, 66.I kotufzce, -wo 38 koura 21.3 koureja 23.2, 27, 67.4 kowa 23. I, 6o kowirowoko 2 r. :: kowo (korwo·) 10. 7, 21. r kowo (kowos-?) .33· I -kowo 67. z

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYNCEAEAN GREEK

kumino 21.3 kunaja r8.II, 27, 67.3 kunaketa-i 25, 66. I, 70. I ktmita 25 kupariseja 27, 72 kuparisijo 74· I kttparo (2 ) 9, 2 I. I kuparowe 9, 37, 70.4 [ku]pera 21.3 kupesero ro. 7, 21. I kupirijo 74-I ktwewe 39 kurinazeja 23.2 kurmnenijo 73 kurmneno sr.z, 73 kttrusapi 27 kuruso, -jo IO. 7, IS. 7, zr. I, 27, 72 kurusowoko 21. I, 66. I kurusHpa 3 23. I kuruzo 44 kusamenijo 51. 2, 73 kusu 2. 4, 53· s kusupa, -ta 6, 37 kusutoropa 2 9, I0.7, I6.6, 23.I, 67.r kula-ito Io. 3 kutatijo 74· I kutato IO.g kutefra 3 , -mo 6, 9, 74· I kutereupi 39, 43· r, 74· z kutesejfa, -o IS. 7, 27, 72 kuteso 13, IS.7, 2I.I, 27, 72 kutetajo 27 kztwanijo 27, 72 kuwano IO. 4, 21. I ktt-6J-SO 8 manasiweko IO. 7, 66.3 maraku 38 maranenijo 74· I maratefu, -we 39 maratttwo I0.7, 21.3 mara 2 wa 9 maropi 20, 62.6 masa 23 mate, -1•e 32. I, 69. I nuttuwe 38 Goteb. Univ. Arsskr. LXVI:

I6I

me 31. I mekita 27, 44 mena 3I.I, 62.4 meno rS.rz, 3l.I, 62.2 menoeja 27, 67.4 menuwa 13 meretif1·a 2 , -rija 9, 23.2, 67.6 merem·o 2 r. 3 meri, -to ro. s, 29. 2, 62.2 meridanzate 6, 29. 2 meridumate 6, 29. z meritewo 39, 67.7 mesato 27 meta 2.4, 53.6 metakekumena I7, 47·4, 48.53, 51.2 metakitita 25, 70. I metapijo 74· I me-ta-47-wa 8 nzetuwo 38, 62.2 meujo, -a 2 , -e Ij, 44 mewijo, -e Ij, 44 mezana r6.7, 62.4 mezawoni 28 mezo, -a 2 , -e r6. 7, 44 me-86-ta 8 -mi 45· I mijaro 27 mikata 25, 70. r mira 2 23. I, 62.2 miratija r8.g, 74-I mila 23. I mitowesa, -e ro. g. 7, r6. 7, 37, 67. 6, 70.4 moriwodo I0.7, I3, 2I.I morokowowopi 20 moropa 2 25 mujomeno 6, 48.54, 51.2 naput-ijo 27 12. r, zr. r, 66. r nausikere[we] 66. z nawijo 27, 67.3 nedowotade 43· 2, 62.6 nekirifde, -si 29.2 netijano 66.3 newfa, -o, -ojo 27 nopcrea 2 9, IS. 2, 34, 66.4

naudouzo ro.z,

2

II

162

EBBE VILBO:RG

noriwoko 21.2 nuto 42 nuwaja 27 o- rr, 12. 2, 45· 3· 5, 57-3, 65. I oa. 9, 45·4. 57.4, 65.I oai 2 ta, -qe 8 Oakerese 48.5, 56,I, 57·3 odaa 2 2.3, 9, 57.5, 65.I odakeweta 6, 10.7, 16,6, 18.zo, 37, 70.4 odakuweta 2.2, 6, 10.7, 16.6, 18.Io, 37, 70·4 odakweta 6, 18,Io, 37, 70.~ odasa[to] 48. • 3, 57· 3 odatuweta 6, 18.Io, 37, 70.4 odekasato 48. • 6, 57· 3 odepa 2a 2 9, 57.8 odidosi 48. • 8, 57-3 odoke 48,28, 57.3, 64." oka 23. I, 67. I okara 9 okara 3 6, 9 -oko 67.2 okomeneu 18.3, 74·• ok2t 38 omeno 51.2 omirijoi 2 I. I omopi 4, 20, zx. I, 43· I ona 23. I onaseu 67.7 onatere 32. I, 6g. I onato 21.3 onitijapi 27, 67. 3, 72 ono (ono-) ro. I, 21. I ono (ono-?) 15, 2 r. I onu 29 onuke 29. I onukeja, -o 23.2, 67.4 ooperosi 13, 48.55, 57·3 opa 23. I, 67. I opawoneja 9 opa 2woni g, r6. 6, 17, 28, 31. I opawota 2 I. 3 opepa 2 r8. rr opero 33,I, 48.55, 62.4, 64.2 -operosi 13, 48.5 5

operotfa, -e 28, 48.55, 5I.I, 64.2 opi 17, 53· 7 opia 2ra g, 18. s, 27, 61 opidamijo 27, 67.3 opiijapi 23. I, 43· I opiitaja 18.5, 21.3, 67.3 opil1apeewe 39 opikedei 33· I opi.kereminija, ··Pi 23. I, 43· I, 62. 4, 67-3 opikerewijeu 39 opikerijo(de) 21.3 opimatu 38 opimene 48. s 6 op·i;fJonikeja 27 op:iqina 27 op:i1•oqo 17, 27 op;isuko 2 r. I opMekeefu, -we 39, 67.7 op{tete, -re 32. I, 6g. I op;:teukewe 39 opitinijata 25 op1:turajo 21. I opoqo 18.5, 2r..3 -of.•oro 10.7, 47·5, 48.55 oporomeno 5 r. 2 oqepa 2 18. I I ort•a 2 9 oremoakereu 9 oremojakereu 9 orenefa, -o 10.4, 27, 72 oreneja 10.4, 27, 72 ori.~o 21. I

orofo 21. I oromeno 15, 48.57, 51.2, 65.7 orumasijajo 67.3, 74· I orumato r8. 3 ote 2.I, ro.Io, 57.6 otinawo r8. 9, 66.3 otira 2 , -o g, 2].2, 67.6 otirija 23. 2, 67.6 Ott .. II, 5 6. I Ottdidosi 48.2 8, 56. I, 64. I oudidoto 48 .• s, s6.I, 59-• ouki 56.2 oukitenzi 56. 2

A TENTA'riVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEK

ouko 21.3 ouparokene[fo] 56. I ouqe 57·7 ouruto 10.7, 48.77, 57·3 outemi 56.I ouwoze ro. 2, 48.8 I, 56. I owide 48.so, 57.3, 64.I owidetai 25, 48. So owitinijo 74· I owowe 2.3, 37, 46.I, 62.3 owoze ro. 2, 48.8 I, 56. I ozami[ 48. B 2 ozeto r8.Io, 48.84, 57·3 -pa 37 ]paai 2so 8 pade 29.2 padei 29.2 padewe 40 paitijfo, -a r8.g, 74.I paito ro. 3 pakana 2.3, ro.7, 21.3 paketeja 23. z paketere 32. I, 69. I paketerija 21. 3, 67. 3, 69. I pakewe 38 pakijafnade, -ne, -pi, -si 31. I, 43· I, 62.6, 74-3 pakijanija 74· I pakoto 21. I pakowe 37, 70.4 pa 3 kowefe, -i 33 pa3 koweijfa, -o 74· I pakuro 2 9 pamako 21.3 pa 2mesijo r 8. I pa 2misijo r8. I pa 2mtwaso 6 pa 2nwaso 6 papajo 9 pa 2 pa 2 jo 9 paparo 9 pa 2 pa 2ro 9 papu 2to 27 paqosijo rS.g pa 2ra 9

pa 2ra 2 9 pa 2radero 21. I parajfa, -o r6.6, 27 pa 2rajo 74· I parakesewe 67.7 paraketeewe 39 pm•akewe 10.7, 38 paraku 38 parakuja 6, 27, 38 pa3 rakuja 6, 27 parakuwe ro. 7, 38 pa 2 ratoro 9, ro.s, 21.3 parawa 27 parawajo r8. s, 23. I paro 2.3, II, 53.8 parodamo II parokene[to] 47.5, 48.58 pasa r8.I2, 37 pasakomeno 51. z pasaro r6. 7, 21. I pasi (pansi) r8.8, 37 -pasi (phasi) 48. 59, 64.2 pa 2 sireu r6. 3. 6, 39 pa 2 sirewija 23. I, 67.8 [pa.si]rewijote !0.7, 15, 47·5, 48.6o, 51. I pasiteoi r r, 62.3 pata 37 patajfa, -oi 2!.3, 62.3, 67.3 pate (pantes) r6. 6, 37 pate (pater) ro.s.7.9, 32.I, 69.I pato 37 pawefa, -a 2 , -o, -pi, -si 4, 9, 12. 3, 33·I, 43.I, 62.3 pawokfe, -o 29. I, 53· 8 pa-83-fo 8 peda 2.2, 53·9 pedewesa ro.7, 37, 67.6, 70.4 pedijewe 39, 67.7 pedirfa, -o, -oi 21.3, 6o, 62.3 pei 2. 3, IO. 8, 45· I pejuka 21.3 pekitira 2 , -o 9, 23. 2, 67.6 peko 33· I pekoto 21. I pema ro.7.B, 30

E:BBE VILBORG

pemo 12-3, 21.3, 30 penewetfa, -e 37, 70.4 pepa,to 2 I. 3 peporo 21. I [pe]pu 2 temeno 48.6I, 51.2 peqeu 67.7 peqota I8.s, 25 perakoraija 6, 9 pera3koraija 6, 9 pere 17, 47· 2, 48.62 pereito 27 pereke I8.s, 48.63 perekefu, -we 39 perekttla 25, 70. I pereqonijo 73 pereqota I6. 6, I8. I r perettronade ro. 7, 43· z, 62.6 pereuronijo 74· I perewote 48.64, 70.4 pe-re-82 8 pe-re-82-jo 8, 67. 3 perike 29. I perimede, -o 33 periroqo 27 perusinttwfa, -o 6, 15, 27, 68 pentsinwa 6, 27 pesero, -jo 27 peterewa I8. I 3 peza I I -pi 43• I pia 2ra 9, ro. 4, 23. I pijera 3 9, 10.4, 23.I pikerefu, -we, -wo 39 pirameno 51.2 pirijete, -re, -si 32. I, 69. I piropatara 66. 3 piroqo[ta] 66.3 pirotekoto 66. 3 piroweko 66. 3 pintle 29.2 pitiro 2 wesa 9, 37, 67.6, 70.4 piwerifdi, -si r8. s, 28, 29.2 pi-82, -de 8 poai 2 - 8 poai 2 wido 8 poda 23. I, 29. 2, 67. I

pode 29.2 pol!atama 30 pohiroqo 29.3 pol:ironuka 27, 66. I pol:uta 25, 70. I poJ:utero 2 7 pome, -ne, -no IO. 3, I2. I, 31. I ponijaja 27 ponike 29. I ponikea 27, 72 ponikeja 27, 72 ponikija 27, 72 ponikijo 2 I. 3 p011ikipi IO. 7, 29. I, 43· I poj>a 2 9, r6. 3, 23. I, 67. x poj>a 2teu 39 poj>i r8.8, 29.2, 43.I pof>ureja ro. 7, 27, 72 poj>uro 2 9, r8. 7, 27, 72 poqewija 23. I -poqo 67.2 porai 62.3 porapi 62.6 porena 21. 3, 48.6 2 poriwa 27 porO IO, I, 2 I. I -poro 67. z porodumate 6, 29.2, 66.4 poroeke r8.s, 34 porokorete, -re 32. I, 54, 66. 4 porokowa 23. I, 67. I porokowo I7, 21. I pm·oteu 46. 2 po1·otiri 46. 2 poroto 27, 46. z porouteftt, -we, -wo 39, 67.7 porudamate 6, 29.2 porupode 29. z, 66. r pm•uqoto 27, 66. I, 70.2 posedao, -ne, -ni, -no I5, 28, 3I. I posi 2. 3, 3, r8. 9, 54 posidaijettsi 39, 67.7 posidaijo 39, 67-s posiketere 32. r, 6g. r pos~ro

68

poterewe 39

A TENTATIVE GRAMMAR OF MYCENAEAN GREEN

potija 2r. 3 potinifa 23. z potinijawejo, -jo 27, 67.8 potipi 38, 43· I potiro 2I.I potoremata r8. I 3 potorijo 2. 2, r8. I 3 pteno 23.I pterewa I8. I 3, 23. I, 62.2 pukoso ekee II, 34, 66. I pukatarija 23. I pukawo I0.7, 2I.I, 66.I punasijo 74.I purako 2I.I purautoro Io. 7, 2r. 3, 66. I pusij fa, -o 74· I puta ro. s, 2I. 3 putarifa 23. I pute 32. I, 69. I pu 2 temeno 48.6I, 51.2 pu 2tere 6, 9, 32. I puterifa 23. I putija 9 pu 2 tija 9 puwo 27 puOa 2ko 6, 9 puofako 6, 9 -qe II, 57·9 qejameno 5r.2 qeqinomenfa, -o 48.6 5, sr. 2, 62.5 qeqinoto 48.65, 49, so qerana 23.I qerasija 23. I qereqotao I6. 6, 18. I I qero 68 qero 2 2r. I qeromeno 17, 48.66, 5I.2 qetefa, -a 2 , -o 9. 33· I, 49 qetija 21.3, 67.3 qeto 13, 2I.I qetoropopi 2.2, 12.3, 29.2, 46.I qetorowe 34. 46. I qirijato 10.7, 47.5, 48.67 qisijako 66. 3 qisipee ro. 7, r6. 6, 33· r

qoo 10. I, 40 qoqotao 6, 10. z, 25 -qoro 67.2 qoukara 4I, 66. I [qo]ukaraoi 41 qoukoro ro.s, I2.I, r8.II, 2I.I, 66.I qouqofa IO. 2, 18. I I, 25, 66. I, 70. I qowakeseu 67. 7 qowija 27, 67.3 qozo 2I. I raeja rs, 27, 72 ]rakatera 32. I rake 48.68 rapitira2 9. IS, 16. 6, 23. z, 67.6 rapte IO. 8, 1S, 32. I, 69. I mpterija 27 raqitira 2 , -o 9, r6.6, 23.2, 67.6 rasutijo 74· I ratijo 18. 9, 74· r rauratijfa, -o 9, IO. 2, 74· I rawaesijo 27 rawakeja 23. I rawakesijo, -jo 2. I, 18.9, 27, 67.3 rawaketa 2. r, 2S, 66. r, 70. r rawarata 2 9 rawaratijfa, -o 10. 2, 74· I rawijaja 23.I, 67.3 redinatomo 2r. I, 66. I rekatane 74·3 rekeetoroterijo 21.3 reketoroterijo 10.7, 21.3, 62.3, 67.3, 69.I repoto ro. s. 7, 27 reqomeno 10-3.5, I7, 48.69, 51.2 reukfa, -o, -ojo 10.2, 27 l'ettkonu.ka 27, 66. I reukoroopu 2ru 6, 9, 38 reukotoro 10.7 ]rewijote, see [pa 2si]rewijote rewopi r8.8, 36, 43·I rewotejo 4, 27, 67.4 rewoterejo I8.4, 27, 67.4 rewotorokowo I8. 4, 21. z, 66. I 1·ijo Io.8, IS rifoniffa, -o 74· I

166

EBBE VILBORG

rijtt- 8 rijuno 8 rimene 31. I rinakoro 2r. I rineja, -o 23.2, 67.4 rino 10. 5, 21.3 rita 27 ri-82-ta-o 8 roiko 27 rousijewija 27, 67.8 J'attsijo 20, 74· I rttdea 2 33· I rukitijja, -o 74· I rukito 10.7 rttkoa 2 [ke]reute 9, 43·3 Jrt~potoremojo 2. z, r8. I rtt-83 f-e, -o 8

ta-di-22-SO 8 ]takoro 2I.I tamijeu 67.7 tan1,wa 27 taniko 13 tanuko 13 tapaeote 48. zg, 5 I. I, 55 tart~nu, -we 38 tart~sija 23. I tarc~to tart~ 2 to

3

sajtt 8 sapa 23 sapakaterija 10. 7 sapera 23. I sapide 29.2 sapitinewejo 73 sapitinttwo 73 sarapedja, -o 21.3 sarinote 15 sarinuwote 15, 70.4 sasama 21.3 seremokarafapi, -oi 31.2, 41 serino 21.3 sia 2ro g, 2 I. I sirarija 74· I sirijo, -jo 20 sito 21. I sitokowo 21.2, 66.I soweneja 27, 67.4, 72 soweno 21. I sttkiritajo 74· I sttqota, -o 6, 18. I

I,

25, 70. I

S!trase 6, 48. 7o Sttrafe 32. I, 6g. I surimijo 74· I surimo 8 st~za

3, 6, 16. 7, 18. 7, 23. I

9

9

tatere 32. I tatiqoweu 18. 9, 66. 3, 67.7 tatomo 10. ;. s, ZI. I tauvo ro.:z, 21.1 ta-49-ro 8 teij