A Study of the Harappan Religion and Its Relation to the Mesopotamian


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STUDIA ORIENTALIA EDITEI] BY T}IE IIINNISII ORIENTAL SOCIETY 57

THE SKY-GARME,NT studY of the IlaraPPan religion and its relation to the Mcsopotami¿rn and later Indian religions

A

By

ASKO PARPOLA

HELSINKI

1985

j

STUDIA ORIENTALIA Edited by the Finnish Oriental Society Exchange Centre for Scientific Literature 00170 Helsinki l7lFinland Rauhankatu l5 B, SF

c/o

-

Available volumes and offprints (prices in Finnmarks, as adjusted in 1980): l. 1925.396 p. Comm€nl¡tlones in honorem Knut Trllqvist. (collection of 3l artictes + a bibliography of Prof. Tallqvist's publications). 50'II. 1928. 284 p. (collection of 5 articles). 50'Itl. t930. 154 p. o.J. Trllgren.Tuulto & A.M. Trllgren ldrísi, La Finlande et les autres pays baltiques orientaux (Gëographie, VII 4). 50'-

lV:l (1928).30,V:l (1934). 15,- / v:3 (1934). 20,Vl:3 (1936). 40,VlIl:2 (1937). 30,lX:l (1940). 15,- / lX:2 (1941). 30,X:2 (1942). 15,Xl'2-7 (1945). 15,- each. XIll:1, 3-10 (1946-47). 15,- each' XIV:1, 4, 6, 7 (1950). 15,- each. XVt:1,4,5, (1951). 15,- each. XVIt:1,3-9 (1952). 15,- each. XVIII:2-4 (1955). 15,- each. / XVlll:5 (reviews, 1956). 5'XIX:2 (1953). 10,- / XIX:3-10, ¡2, l3 (1953-54)' l5'- each' XXlll. 1958. 23? p. (collection of 4 articles + reviews)' 50,XXlll:2, 3 (1958). 15,- both. / XXIII:S (reviews, 1958)' 5'XXV:2, 3 (1960). 15,- both. / XXV:5 (reviews, 1960). 5'-

xxvll.

1962. 185

p. L E.S¡lonen untersuchungen zur Schrift und

mit 50,- / XXYII:Z (reviews,

Altbabylonischen von Susa (reviews, 1962).

Sprachedes

Ber0cksichtigung der Mâlamir-Texte. 1962)'

5'-

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2.

p. Commentaliones in hono¡em M¡rtti Rösünen. (collection of l6 articles, a bibliography of Prof. Räsänen's publications ¡954-ó3 + reviews).

xxYttt. lgu.212

50,- / XXV|ll:12

(1964).

15,-

xxx. 1966. 249 p. L A. S¡¡ris¡lo & H. P¡lv¡ A Byzantine church at Kafr Kama (1964). 2. N. Poppe The Mongolian version of the vessantarajãtaka (l!)64). 3. C. Vogel surüpa's Kãmasãsrra, an Erotic Treatise in the Tibetan Tanjur (l%5). 4. A. Siiriôinen The Wadi Halfa Region in the Stone Age (1965)' - 5' R' Sh¡fcr -Studies in Austroasian, ll (l%5). - 6' (reviews' 196ó). 50'XXXII. 196ó. l?l p. H. P¡lv¡ Lower Galilean Arabic. 50'XXXIV. 1967.28'l p. B. Grenberg Förreckning över kufiska myntfynd i

land. 100,-

XXXVI. l9ó7. I l8 p. E. Srlonen Clossar zu den altbabylonischen Urkunden

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aus

Susa.

l. R. Hotlhoer An Egyptian Late Middle Kingdom stela in Diphthongs at Helsinki (19ó?). Museum rhe Finnish National - 2. H. P¡lv¡ On the aw andø¡ in Syrian Arabic (l%7). - 3. A. S¡lonen Zum Aufbau der Substrate im Sumerischen (19ó8). - 4. l. Kccsleméli lndex to P.S. Pallas"'Zoographia" 1968. ¡22 p.

(r9ó8).100,-

p. t:. s¡lonen Die babylonisch-assyrischen Briefen. 50,-

xxxvlll.

1967. l14

Gruss- und Höftichkeitsformeln in

1971. iv + 90 p. l. H. Palva Balgãwi Arabic, l. Texts from Mãdabã- (t969). 2. H. Palva Balgãwi Arabic, 2. Texts in the dialect of the Yigûl-Group (1969). *. -3. H. P¡lv¡ Notes on Classicization in modern colloquial Arabic (1969). 4. - l. Kecskeméti lnhalt der Studia Orientalia I-XXXIX (1970). 5. (reviews, t970). 50,- / XL:4 (1970). 15,XLI. 1970.344 p. + ll pl. E. Sslonen über das Erwerbsleben im Alten Mesopotamien, L l(X),-

XL.

XLII. 1970. 162 p. + 29 pl. Y. D¡her Agricultura Anatolica, L 100,XLIll. 1974. VIU + 238 p. l. H. P¡lv¡ BalgãwiArabic,3 (!970). 2, Y. D¡her

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Wortregister (197t). - 3. t. Kecskeméti Rilckläufiges Verzeichnis der tatarischen Suffixe und Suffixkombinationen (1972'). - 4. E. S¡lonen Über den Ze hnten im Alten Mesopotamie n (1972). 5. R. Holthoer Two - ó. A. Prpola The inscribed Akhenaten blocks from el-Ashmunein (1972), literature and study of the Jaiminîya Sãmaveda in retrospect and prospect (1973). 7. R. Holthoer& R. Ahlqvist The "Roman Temple" at Tehna al-Gebel (1974). -8. l. Kecskeméti Die Frauensprache als Tabu im Oirotischen (¡973). 9. A. S¡lonen Beiträge zur Geschichte des Schweines im Zweistromlande (197a). R. - 10. Holthoer An uncommon uJebtj-figurine from a Finnish collection (1974). I l. l. Körki & E. S¡lonen Kritik zu neueren Besprechungen (1973). 100,- / XLIII:2-7

Agricultura Anatolica

(1971-74r. 15,-

I:

each.

1976. 195 p. T. H¡rviainen On the Loss of the Greek /h/ and the So-called Aspirated Rhõ, R. Hollhoer A new Ramesside tomb at Khôkha. R. Hotthoer

XLV.

Coptic graffiti -in Speos Artemidos.

-

- B. P¡rs$chkevov Zum Problem der ttirkischen Vorlage von russ. ,{yryH. l- A. Parpola Interpreting the Indus Script, II. A. Parpolo Pierre Rolland (1940-1974). - XLVI. - Reviews. 100,1975. 369 p. Comment¡liones ln honorem Arm¡s S¡lonen. - P. A¡lto The Horse in Central Asian Nomadic Cultures. J. Aro Der Abfall der kurzen Auslautvokale im Spåtbabylonischen und seine Einwirkung auf die Formenlehre. R.D. Biggs An Ur III Agricultural Account from Nippur. H. Broms Euphony poetry. and the Weltanschauung in $ãfiz's Exercise froin Tell - M. Civll A School Asmar. l.J. Gelb Homo Ludens in Early Mesopotamia. W.W. H¡llo Another Sumerian Literary Catalogue? E. Heinrich Noch einmal: Überdachung des Thronsaals in Babylon. R. Holthoer Classification of pottery shapes an

J. Klfm¡ Sur les recherches concernant l'êconomie et la société de la Mêsopotamie ancienne. - S.N. Kramer Two British Museum irSemma "Catalogues". - ¡. Körki Über die Indizierung der zweisilbigen akkadischen Lautwerte. Die Architektur der Schicht Uruk Arch. Ill (Djemdet - H.J. L.Lenzen Nasr) in Eanna. M¡tou5 Das altassyrische Sammelmemorandum 1429. - A. & S. Parpolr On the relationship of the Sumerian toponym Meluþþa and Sanskrit experiment.

mleccha. - S. Prrpola Transliteration of Sumerian: problems and prospects. - G. Pettin¡to & H. rrV¡etzoldt Saatgut und Furchenabstand beim Getreideanbau, - E. S¡lonen Über den Laut H im Akkadischen. A.W, Sjöbery Three Hymns to rhe - akkadische WÖrrer. G. Sz¡bô God Ningi5zida. lV. von Soden Seltene Bemerkungen zu heth. taþþurnuzzi. Die VerÖffentlichungen von Prof. Dr. Armas Salonen. Bearb. von S. Prrpole. 150,47. 1977.3ll p, Commenl¡liones in honorem Penttl Arlto. - T. Pekkrnen Rhythmus gratulatorius Professori Pentti Aalto. J. Aro Pronunciation of the "emphatic" consonants in Semitic languages. - H.fry. Briley Khotan Saka metal and mineral names. C.R. B¡wden A note on a Mongolian burial ritual. - T. Burrow Sanskrit íra- 'nourishment'. G. Doerfer Das Sonqor-Türkische (Ein vorläufiger Bericht). G¡b¡in lranische Elemente im zentral- und - A. von ostasiatischen Volksglauben. J. Gond¡ The mantras of Kaulika-Sütra l0-52. rrV. Heisslg Das

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Epenmotiv vom Kampf Gesers mit dem schwarzgefleckten Tiger.

-

Joki Die Tungusen und ihre ternl Porss -a Siberian culrural ---A'J' jakutische Etymologicn' S. Krhriylrski^Einige Kontekte mir anderen voirern. Lokesh of Monsolian folklore'

t. Jrnhuncn

î;i:'ä;;Jcrcm¡arr

Currin as a scholar

iconographv.

A. prrporr Sanskrir

ä;;J;rü;;ptrotogicat ryporogy in Buddhisr (Brahm.in) bov' and the religious fast in môqava(ko)-'(Vedic) 'tuitnr'-pupil' plu.ral suffix -rr' Everlasting The Alraic - Rinchen niiL*'ïãâi".'- N, Poppe 'spirirs K. Segeste¡ Das shamanism. Mongolian in ;äi.r""ï'ù; anccsrral symbolkundliche untersuchung. - N' ä.iå.îr[i'"ãn-Ár,a tsemuet Xli. Eine D' Sinor An Altaic word for knowledge' of Slmon¡¡on Knowledgc and means

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- J'G'ot -tf. Tiberim V-viri uls Suolrhli J' Stlpr Problcme d€s permischen Tierstils' - Anton Vartabed' - P' V¡ltonen C¡íiiæot. - E. Trylrrski The confession.of Bibliographv of Professor Pentti Romani. Finnish ¡n tiãirs i;;ã;ana spcciat Compiled bv H' Halên' 150';"*|];-¡-,¡;;.

Ã;ìi"b

synonyms' Sh¡szkiewlcz Some renrarks on Sanskrit

puUliã"tiont 1938-1976'

on the vocalism of the closed unstressed 1977. 263 + 12 p. I. T. H¡nl¡inen provided by the transcriptions of evidence the on based study A syltables in Hebrew.

ß,

ú.

Jaro,o. and palestinian punctuations.

2. A. Sh¡rms ls

Brahmasl¡tra

i.l.lc,/ls 8n ¡ndependenr súrra?. - 3. Addirions and correcrions to studia O¡ientslia, Vol. 4ó. 150'49. 19E0. xvII¡ + 193 p, l. Kôrki Die sumerischen und akkadischen KönigsinschriftenderaltbabylonischenZeit't'lsin'Larsa'Uruk'150'held in 50. lgEl' 310 p. Proceedings of the Nordic South Asia Cclnfercnce,

l0-12, 1980' Edited by Àsko Parpola' 150'sl. l9Et. 257 p, l. T. Harviainen. A Sl'riac inc-antation boç'l,in the-Finnis.h ], J. Hy-rkkänen & E. Salonen. Uber die National Museum, Helsinki (1978), Helsinki, June

Herkunft des slawischen *korabjr,. griechischen karuhos/karaåiorl ( 1978). - 3. X. öhrnberg, A eur'ån manuscripr in gelsinki (1978). - 4. H. Halén, Die uigurischen-Mannàrheim-Fragmcnte. I (1979). - -5. P. Aalto. G.J. Ramstedts oñkor-solonische Sprachmarerialien (19?9). - 6. O. Salmi, An outline of the historical phonology of the dialect ol C-hengguan. in Linxian, I Ienan ( 1 979). ( [7. E. Selonen, Loan words of Sumerian and Akkadian origin in Arabic 1979).1 9. E' Salonen, Rcmarks on E. T. Hgrviainen, SElsah in Sam. l0:2 (1979) [ -the Arabic dialect of thc Druzes ol Lebanon (1979).1 Salonen. Zum - [10.AE.bibliographical ll. H. tlalén, arabischen Dialekt von Gaza, I (1979).1 survey of the publishing activities of the'l'urkic rninoritv in Finland (1979). I -1. N. Sims-rÀ'illi12. S. Kho, Korean studies in Russia. 1677- l9l0 ( 1980). lìom the script ams & H. Halén, The Middle Iranian fragmcnts in Srtgdian Mannerheim Collection (1980). - 14. T. Harviainen, An Ararnaic incantalion bowl from Borsippa. Appenclix:A cryptographic boç,I text or an original fake? (1981). 150,- / 5l:l-14(1978-81). 15.-each. (Note:51:7.9 - 15. Reviews. only as preprints.) and l0 available 52. 1982. XIV l'267 p. R. Gothóni ì\f otlcs ol lile ol l lrcr¡ratla nlonks. .\ clsc study of Buddhist nlonasticisrl in Sri l.trrk.r. 150.53. 1982. Xll J-27-5 p. P. Nikkilä Firlr' ( nnl'trcianisrl ¡rrd inhcritìjtl thought in the light of sonre key' tcrnts ol thc Conl'ucil¡r .,\nulccts. L Thc t,:rnrs in Shr¡ Ching and Shih Ching. 150,54. 1981. XLI + 167 p.'l'he oll'springs ol l-atinr¡. l)ispr:rsll lntl r¡nlil'icrtion. 'Edited and with un inrrotlucrion b1 Kaj t)hr¡rherg.200.-

55. lgg4. 562 p. stud¡¡ orient¡ü¡ memoriae Jussr Aro dedic¡la. _ Jussi 1928-1983. By Heikki putyl..: Bibtiosra;;; Aro pro[essor J*;i;;",, ot publica_ tions. compiretr bv Harrv Harén. r. - I:iöiü Die sumeriscr,.oïnïuît"dischen

Königsinschrirten der artbabvronisctr."-2.¡t,

Babrron. - z.'i] ü".r¡.¡n.o l_1. in Jewish Easrern irr;;i;.'- ll'ä.w. ¡¡¡rirã.o e,i'urct oeorogi.ar picture of tron Age retigions ¡n an.ient Þur.rt¡nr. _ q. w.;;;3iä;" Reflektierte und konsrruierte Mythen ¡n Srùyi*i;n und Assyri.n. _ S-.-ñ.O. C.¡t.. Die Zerstörung Babvrons durch sanheriu. Digrossia

- ã. r. nuh"í oo',rirt";;_;;;,rrevisits' prrpora Likarka ittatakku. rt"o noi., atãku in Neo-Assyrian. _ 8. t.J. Getb Thì on rhe.n.,orp¡óiogv;rrhe verb inscriprion oi'iiuiíql¡¡r. ¡¡n, ot Ebra' - 9. R. Horrhoe¡ Tornb or r¡.t.ii'ut ror'.r-srrrán.'-iï.'o.o. zard "ursemitisch" rr¡i?'¿, *íi'a? - ll, ¡.ò. ;';;';rrn;; kab-asun¿-= tly) ?rtf - 12. T. Harviaine, llrriri creent¡ei¿ the^Archite, a genrite in rhe King's court (2 Sanr. tó:18-19, 17:7_16). _-ìj.. f. S_o¡r"fon_'So'¡nînän"Oi. -r';;' possessivpronomens eu.lassung ed'

-

7'

des

im griechischen pentateucrr.

r. or,.obery rt'tãri-va at'qibtiyva unveired. - ¡s- i. H¡meen-eiri¡r, rr,. prorheric vowet (wastal in crassicar Arabic. - ró. J. n"i.o'¡rìiåii.'üio,l'ìi j

copt¡cArabic manuscript in the,,8öhsska fonr,rtti¡Orrséet,,, den. - 17. H. Sheh¡deh ú¿= -to à non-Moslem GöteborB, Swe-trre Arabic word. . l8' H. p¡rva A generar crossñicuriJrr ro¡ Arabic oiaìeii spo¡