A Short History of Medieval Philosophy 9780691188300, 0691019568, 0691071357

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A Short History

of

Medieval Philosophy

A Short History of

Medieval Philosophy B Y

J U L I U S

R.

PRINCETON, PRINCETON

W E I N B E R G

NEW

JERSEY

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

P u b l i s h e d b y P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y Press, P r i n c e t o n , N e w Jersey I n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m : P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y Press, C h i c h e s t e r , W e s t Sussex C o p y r i g h t © 1964 b y P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y Press L . C . C a r d : 63-18652 I S B N 0-691-01956-8 ( p a p e r b a c k edn.) I S B N 0-691-07135-7 ( h a r d c o v e r edn.)

F i r s t P R I N C E T O N P A P E R B A C K E d i t i o n , 1967

Fifth

Printing,

19J4

F i f t h H a r d c o v e r P r i n t i n g , 1974 T w e l f t h p r i n t i n g , 1991 P r i n t e d i n t h e U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a

Princeton

University

Press b o o k s are

printed

on

acid-

free p a p e r a n d m e e t t h e g u i d e l i n e s f o r p e r m a n e n c e a n d d u r a b i l i t y o f the C o m m i t t e e for

on Production

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B o o k L o n g e v i t y o f t h e C o u n c i l o n L i b r a r y Resources 19

18

17

To Mark and Marilyn

PREFACE T o T H E G R E A T W O R K S of Ueberweg, Gilson, and others I am deeply indebted: I could not have written this sketch of medieval philosophy without constant dependence on these more extensive treat­ ments. I am also personally indebted to a number of scholars w i t h whom I have discussed special questions. Particular acknowledgment is due to Pro­ fessor H a r r y Wolfson and to Professor M a r s h a l l Clagett. I felt obliged to include chapters on Is­ lamic and Jewish philosophy, but I make no claim to any expertness i n these areas, indeed, honesty obliges me to make the confession Gibbon made when he wrote of the rise of Islam.* T h e present book is addressed primarily to stu­ dents of philosophy who are not specialists i n medi­ eval thought, but I hope i t w i l l be of some interest to the general educated reader. There are many au­ thors who deserve a fuller treatment than I have given them and some who would have been dis­ cussed had I been able to compose a more exten­ sive work. T h e bibliographies of Ueberweg and Gilson w i l l guide the interested reader into those aspects of medieval philosophy which I have failed to treat adequately. T o the American Council of Learned Societies * E d w a r d G i b b o n , Decline and Fall of the Roman Emfire, ch. 5 0 : " A s i n this a n d the f o l l o w i n g chapter I shall display m u c h A r a b i c l e a r n i n g , I m u s t profess m y t o t a l i g n o r a n c e o f the O r i e n t a l tongues, a n d m y g r a t i t u d e t o the learned i n t e r ­ p r e t e s , w h o h a v e t r a n s f u s e d t h e i r science i n t o t h e L a t i n , F r e n c h , a n d E n g l i s h languages." T o this the present a u t h o r w o u l d h a v e t o a d d h i s indebtedness t o t h e s c h o l a r s o f G e r ­ m a n y , Spain, and other nations.

vii

P R E F A C E

and to the Institute for Research i n Humanities of the University of Wisconsin, m y grateful thanks for the help which they afforded me. J U L I U S

^Madison,

Wisconsin,

June

viii

ic6¡

W E I N B E R G

C O N T E N T S

P R E F A C E

I.

II.

III.

V U

ST.

3S4i ' 5 5 ) ! 5 9 i Fishacre, R., 69 F r i e d l ä n d e r , M . , 1 1 5 , 151 F u l t o n , A . S., 1 0 5 , 1 2 7 , 128

132, 1

6

2

HQ,

169. 196,

198

I22j

124,

134,

150.

H a l e v i , J., 1 2 4 , 1 5 0 H a m i l t o n , Sir W . , 122 H a u r e a u , 81 H a y d e r a b a d , 97 H e a t h , T . L., 99 H e i t z , E., 3 4 Heloise, 73 H e n r y of G h e n t , 226 Heraclitus, 7, 8, 2 0 6 H e r n a n d e z , 106, 124, 130 Heschel, 144 H i c k s , R . D . , 34 H o b b e s , T., 265 Hochstetter, E., 2 5 9 Holcot, 276, 286 H o n e i n I b n Ishaq, 95 Honorius, Pope, 49 H o r t e n , M . , 1 1 5 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 1 , I35> 4 4 H u g h o f St. Victor, 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 , 169 H u g h o l i n d e M a l a b r a n c a , 268 H u m e , D., 122, 124, 265, 271, 274, 292 2

Gabirol, Ibn, 23, 9 5 , 125, 142, 146149.

121,

159, 1 8 4 , 1 9 1 , 2 6 6 Giles, 2 6 9 , 276 Giles o f R o m e , 1 0 0 , 1 5 6 , 175 G i l s o n , E., 3 4 , i n , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 7 , 119, 129, 135, 137, 159, 171, 184, 193, 209, 213, 224 G o i c h o n , A . M . , 106, 107, 112-115, 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 175 Gottschalk, 49 G r a j e w s k i , M . J., 2 2 7 , 2 4 7 G r e g o r y o f N y s s a , St., 4 8 , 4 9 , 55 G r e g o r y of R i m i n i , 290 Grosseteste, R . , 1 5 9 - 1 6 1 , 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 Grosseteste ( P s e u d o - ) , 158 G u i l l a u m e , A . , 9 3 , 99 G u n d i s a l v i , D . , 122 G u t t m a n n , J., 1 4 7 , 155

H u s i k , I., 1 3 7 , 1 4 7 ,

302

150

I N D E X J a c q u e s d'Eltville, 2 7 6 Jaeger, W . , 2 0 Jamil-Ur-Rehman, 1 3 4 Jeffery, A . , 2 7 J e r o m e , St., 6 0 Johannes d e Mirecuria, 2 7 6 J o h n of Cornubia, 1 8 0 , 2 1 3 J o h n o f F i d a n z a , cf. St. B o n a v e n t u r e J o h n of Mirecourt, 2 6 8 - 2 7 0 , 2 7 2 , 276,

204

Joscelin o f Soissons, 6 0 , 7 9 , 8 1 J o s e p h , H . W . B., 2 4 5 Joseph Ibn Zaddik, 1 5 0 Josephus, 1 4 1 Justin M a r t y r , 7 , 8

K., 2 6 8 - 2 7 0 ,

Michalski,

274, 276,

286

M i l l , J., 2 4 5 M o o d y , E . A., 2 5 6 M ü n k , S., n o , 1 2 5 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 7 , 147,

283-285

J o h n o f Salisbury, 6 0 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 8 2 ,

148

Nasafi, A l - , 4 N a z i a n z e n , G., 4 9 N e u m a r k , O., 1 4 0 N e w t o n , I., 2 9 2 Nicolas o f Autrecourt, 267-269,

271,

124,175,

273-283,

286-289

Nicolas of Cusa, 2 9 0

Kamali, A., 2 2 K a n t , I., 2 3 , 6 4 , 6 9 , 2 9 2 K a t z , J., 1 4 1 Keeling, 2 3 Kilwardby, 1 9 9 Kindi, Al-, 9 9 - 1 0 4 ,

McGarry, D . D., 7 9 , 8 2 M c K e o n , R., 6 0 , 7 8 , 8 0 , 8 6 , 2 5 8 McTaggart, 23 M e y e r , H., 2 1 1

O a t e s , W . J., 4 3 Ockham, W . , 70, 84, 85, 87, 1 2 1 , '7S> 281,

106, 109, 143

Kneale, W . a n d M . , 8 5 , 1 7 7 K o c h , J., l o o

79>

l

!96, 235-266,

286,

273,

O c k l e y , S., 1 0 5 , 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 O d o of Tournai, 5 9 , 8 0 O ' D o n n e l l , J . R., 1 7 9 , 2 6 8 , 174»

280,

288

275,

27 . 8

2

8

269,

1

Ostlender, H . , 7 5 Leibniz, G., 7 7 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 , 2 2 2 , 2 4 7 , O t t o o f Freising, 6 0 , 7 9 L a p p e , L., 2 6 8 - 2 7 0 , 2 7 2 278,

291

Pegis, A . C , 6 , 1 8 3 Peter o f S p a i n , 1 5 8 , 1 7 8 Peter t h e V e n e r a b l e , 7 3 Philo o f Alexandria, 1 4 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 5 ,

Levi ben Gerson, i n , 1 5 6 L o c k e , J., 2 9 1 L o m b a r d , P., 1 5 8 , 2 1 3 Lullus, R., 1 8 0 Lucretius, 1 3 4 Luterell, 2 5 7

141-143

Macrobius, 1 0 , 7 7 Maimonides, 6, 2 5 , 7 6 , 9 2 , 9 8 ,9 9 , 115,

141,

142,

145,

156,

159,

189»

190

146,

150-

M a m u n , Al-, 9 5 Mani, 3 0 Marcion, 6 M a r i o dal Pra, 7 8 M a r t i n , R., 1 3 4 Massara o f C o r d o v a , Ibn, 1 2 5 , 1 4 6 , 147

M a t e s , B., 1 7 6 Maurer, A., 1 7 4 , 2 0 3 M a x i m u s the Confessor, 4 9 , 5 0

P h i l o t h e H e l l e n i z i n g J e w , cf. P h i l o of A l e x a n d r i a P i c o della M i r a n d o l a , 2 6 6 Pierre d'Ailly, 2 8 6 - 2 8 8 Pierre d e C e f f o n s , 2 8 3 Pines, S., 9 7 , 1 0 4 Plato, 9 - 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 0 - 2 5 , 65,

7*i 75)

1

34, 37, 40,

° i 2

I

O

4 ,

108,

113,

129,

130,

133,

142,

164,

186,

197,

203,

206,

235,

279

Plotinus,

10, H,

4 ,

58,

2

113,

54,

128,

21-24, 34, 39, 40, 95,

144,

™°> l o i ,

108,

148,

235

149,

Pococke, 1 2 7 10, 58, 59, 72, 79, 80,

Porphyry,

8 7 , 9 5 , S7> 7 > l

l

6

2

0

3

I N D E X

Prantl, C , 1 8 0 Priscian, 7 7 , 1 5 7 , 178 Proclus, 1 0 , I i , 2 1 , 2 3 , 4 6 , 5 4 , l o i , 127 Pseudo-Dionysius, 1 6 5 , 168 Pseudo-Empedocles, 9 5 , 125, 147 Pseudo-Scotus, 1 8 0 Rahman, F . , 1 0 4 , 1 1 0 , i n , 1 1 3 , 114,

1 1 9 , 1 2 0 , 121

197, 224,

203, 204, 206, 214, 216, 227, 244, 247

Socrates, 8 Spinoza, B., 5 4 , 7 7 , 2 9 1 , 2 9 2 Stegmüller, 2 7 6 , 2 8 6 Stern, S. M., 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 6 , 1 4 3 , 145-147

Strauss, L . , 92 Suarez, F . , 291 Syrianus, 95

Raschid, Haroun AI-, 95 Tempier, S., 139, 171, 235 Rehman, 1 3 4 , 135 Tertullian, 6 Remy of Auxerre, 5 9 Themistius, 10, 9 5 , 1 3 7 , 138 Renan, E . G., 122 Richard of St. Victor, 1 6 5 , 1 6 9 Theophrastus, 95 Riedl, J . O., 1 0 0 Thomas of Erfurt, 2 1 3 Rijk, L . M. de, 7 5 , 7 8 , 89 Thomas of Strasburg, 267, 2 8 6 Robert of Lincoln, 162 Thorburn, W. M., 2 3 9 Roche, E . , 1 1 5 , 2 2 2 Thorndike, L . , 173 Roland-Gosselin, M . D., 2 0 4 Tofail, Ibn, 1 0 5 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 7 , Roscelinus, 5 9 , 73 128 Rosenblatt, S., 1 4 4 , 1 4 6 Rosenthal, E . I . J . , 9 2 , 1 0 8 , 1 2 5 , Urban IV, Pope, 182 130 Vajda, G., 154, i 5 5 Rosenthal, F . , 102 Valentinus, 6, 7 Ross, W. D., 137 Van den Bergh, S., 9 2 , 9 9 , 1 1 7 , Rushd, Ibn, 6, 2 9 , 6 9 , 7 6 , 9 2 , 9 8 122-124, 130, 133-136) "38, 244 100, 1 0 5 , 109, 110, 117, 121, Vaux, C , 4 , 2 8 , 9 3 , 9 6 124, 125, 128-139, 150, 156, 159, Ventura, M., 1 4 4 , 145 169-171, 175, 200, 2 i 6 , 224, 244, Victorinus, 10 262, 277 Vignaux, P., 8 4 , 8 7 , 2 4 0 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 6 , Russell, B., 6 9 277 Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyiemi, 1 4 3 - Vital du Four, Cardinal, 2 1 3 146

Sajó, G., 174 Schwarzschild, S., 1 4 0 Scotus Eriugena, io, 4 6 , 48-59»

Walter of Mortagne, 82 Watt, W. M., 1 1 8 , 121 Walzer, R., 1 0 3 - 1 0 5 , 1 1 0

Webering, D., 2 5 6 Weinberg, J . , 85 Seneca, 6 6 William of Auvergne, 147, 162, 2 4 0 Shahrastani, 9 8 , 9 9 , m William of Champeaux, 7 3 , 79-81 Shyreswood, W., 1 7 8 , 179 Siger of Brabant, 1 5 9 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 2 , Wilpert, P., 2 0 2 Windelband, W., 33 175, 182 Wolfson, H . A., 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 3 6 , 1 4 2 , Sikes, J . G., 7 4 1 0 7 , 108

i44> 1 4 5 ) 5 0 ) 155) 9 3 Simplicius, 10, 9 9 Sina, Ibn, 2 3 , 3 4 , 4 4 ) ^9) 7 > 9«- Wolter, A., 2 1 4 , 2 2 0 , 2 3 2 101, 110-123, 128, 129, 132, 135, Zeno, 7 x

8

136, 144, 152, 154, 155, 159-162, 169,

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