A Russian Reference Grammar [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674437340, 9780674437319

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A RUSSIAN REFERENCE GRAMMAR

LONDON

:

HUMPHREY MILFORD

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

A RUSSIAN REFERENCE

GRAMMAR

BY

FRANCIS J. WHITFIELD Member of the Society of Fellows Harvard University

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS H A R V A R D U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS 19 4 4

COPYRIGHT,

1944

BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TO

MY

FATHER

AMD

MOTΞER

PREFACE

The author's aim has been to provide the student of Russian with a reference grammar for use in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h practical lesson-books of the language. The main body of the w o r k consists of a d e t a i l e d treatment of inflection together with the necessary introductory information on writing and p r o n u n c i a tion. An interpretation of the function of the R u s sian alphabet has been given by means of phonetic symbols in a relatively 'broad' system of transcription. This interpretation should remove any possible a m b i g u i t y from the subsequent treatment of inflection in terms of the w r i t t e n language alone. For information on p r e s e n t - d a y inflection and acc e n t u a t i o n I have relied above all on ToAKoeuH CAOeapb p y c c K O t o Ä S W Ä O , ! the most important recent d i c tionary of the language. I am also d e e p l y indebted to the work of Serge Kartsevski,2 whose p r o p o s e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of verbs I have adopted w i t h slight m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and to the first volume of R. N a c h t i gall 's Akzentbeweêunê in der russischen Formenund VortbiIduni (Heidelberg, 1922). The appendix treats a limited number of s y n t a c t i cal problems that the learner must face at the beginning of his studies. I have made extensive use of the Emplois des aspects du verbe russe (Paris, 1914),

1. Ed. D. N. Usakov, 4 vols. (Moskva-Leningrad, 193 1934-1940). 2. 'Etudes sur le système verbal du russe c o n t e m p o rain', Slav la, I, 2 - 3 , pp. 242-268; I, 4, pp. 495523 (Praha, 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 3 ) .

i

by my former teacher, Professor André Mazon, and of A. M. Peskovskij's PyccKUÜ cunmaxcuc β HayuHOU oceeneuuu (3rd ed., M o s k v a - L e n i n g r a d , 1Θ23). Specific references to both these works have been given only in the case of a small number of examples w i t h s p e cial interest for the reader. I wish to express my gratitude to the Society of Fellows, Harvard U n i v e r s i t y , for the opportunity given me to prepare this work as a Junior Fellow; to Professor Samuel H. Cross for the unfailing e n c o u r a g e ment and help he has given me in the course of my inv e s t i g a t i o n s and in the preparation of the book for the press; to Professor Serge Elisséeff and Professor Waclaw Lednicki, and to Dr. Leonid I. S t r a k h o v s k y for valuable information concerning the s p o k e n and w r i t ten language. I am also deeply indebted to Mrs. Ann Chvany for the patience and care with w h i c h she twice prepared the typescript.

Society of Fellows Harvard U n i v e r s i t y August 15, 1944

ii

CONTENTS

LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION Pars. 1-4 5 6-9 10

Pages Alphabet; notes on letters, accents, and names of letters 1-3 'Old orthography' 3-5 Capitalization, stops, italics, syllabification 5-8 Transliteration 8 PRONUNCIATION

11 12-13 14-15 16-17 18 19 20 21

Introduction δ Classification of vowels; vowel positions 9 Pronunciation of hardening and softening vowels 9-14 Softening and voicing of consonants 14-15 Pronunciation of consonants 15-18 Pronunciation of H, ï>, b 18 Additional notes on pronunciation 18-21 Table of phonetic symbols 21-25 RULES OF SPELLING

22

Euphonic changes of vowels

26

DECLENSION OF NOUNS 23-25

General notes, rules of gender, animation 111

27-31

The

Masculine

Declension

86-34 35

Regular paradigms; notes Nouns ending in - a H H H (-HHHH), - a p M H (-HPMH)

31-42

36 37

Nouns ending in -è'HOK (-OHOK) Nouns ending in -bfl in the nominative plural Miscellaneous irregular nouns Masculine nouns outside the masculine declension Accentuation

43-44

38 39 40-41

The

42-46 47 48 49 50 51 52-53 54

65-66 67

44-46 46-47 47-48 48-55

Declension

Regular paradigms; notes Nouns ending in -Hfl Nouns ending in -bfl in the nominative plural Nouns adding - e c - in the plural Miscellaneous irregular nouns Neuter nouns outside the neuter declension. Accentuation Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -O and - e The

55-62 63 64

Heuter

48-43

Feminine

55-57 58 58-59 59 59-60 60 60-63 63-64

Declensions

Regular paradigms; notes Miscellaneous irregular nouns Feminine nouns outside the feminine declension Accentuation Masculine nouns ending in - a and - a

64-70 70 70-71 71-76 76

DECLENSION OP PRONOUNS 68 69

Personal pronouns Personal possessive pronouns iv

77-78 78-79

70

79

71

79

78 73

•80 Interrogative

possessive

pronoun....

74

80

75 76

80 81

Indefinite-negative

pronouns

81

77

83

78

85

79

85

DECLENSION OF

ADJECTIVES

80-83

Regular paradigms;

84-86

Accentuation

notes

89-94

86-89

87

Possessive adjectives...

94-95

88

Relative adjectives

95

89-91

Comparison

of adjectives

92

Adjectives

used as nouns...

95-101

93

Adverbial

94

Comparison

101-108

forras of adjectives of adverbial

108-103

forras

103

NUMERALS 95

Cardinal and ordinal numerals

96-105

Declension of cardinal

106

Declension

107-108

Collective numerals and

104

numerals

of ordinal numerals their

105-108 108

declen-

sion

109

109

Fractions

109-110

110

Other words of number and quantity...

CONJUGATION

110

OF VERBS

111-114

Aspects

111-114

115-187

Forms of the verb

114-181

188

Classification

181-128

189

Class

of verbs

1

188-123

ν

130 131

Class II Class III

132 133

Class IV Class V

125-129 129-130

134 135

Class A Class Β

131-139 139-141

136 137 138 139 140

Class Class Class Class Class

141-143 143-144 144-147 147-149 149-153

141

Reflexive verbs

.

C D E Ρ G

123-124 124-125

153-154

APPENDIX USE OF CASES, TENSES, AND

MOODS

USE OP CASES 1

Nominative

157-158

2

Genitive

158-163

3 4

Dative Accusative

163-166 166-168

5 6

Instrumental Prepositional

168-172 172

USE OP TENSES AND MOODS 7 8 9 10

Imperfective present Imperfective and perfective futures. Imperfective and perfective pasts... Imperfective and perfective sub-

173 173-176 176-178

junctives Imperfective and perfective peratives

178-181

11 12 13

Imperfective and perfective finitives

im181-184 in-

Imperfective present p a r t i c i p l e s . . . .

νi

184-185 185-186

14 15 16

I m p e r f e c t i ve and p e r f e c t i v e

past

participles I r a p e r f e c t i v e p r e s e n t gerund I m p e r f e c t i v e and p e r f e c t i v e p a s t gerunds; p e r f e c t i v e 2nd p a s t gerund

Index verborum

186-187 187-188

188-189 191-222

vii

ABBREVIATIONS

A bot. coll. comp. comp. fut. D dial. fem. fut. G ger. I imp. impf. inf. irr. mase. mus. Ν neut. obs. Ρ PAP Par. pf. PGer. pl. pl. tant. poet. pos. PPP

accusât ive botanical colloquial comparât ive compound future dative d ialect ical feminine future genit ive ge rund ins trumental imperat ive imperfect ive infinitive irregular masculine mus ical nominat ive neute r obsolete ï>repos it ional past active participle parag raph perfect ive past gerund plural pluralia tantum poet ic pos it ion past passive participle

près. PresAP PresGer. PresPP reg. sg. subj . sup. tech. 1 8 3

present present active p a r t i c i p l e p r e s e n t gerund present passive p a r t i c i p l e regular s ingular s u b j unct ive s u p e r l a t ive techn i c a l f i r s t person second person t h i r d person

ix

LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION

1.

Alphabet

Printed

form

Regular

Name

Transliteration

Italic

A

a

Α

α

a

Β

ö

Ε

6

öS

a 6e

b

Β

Β

Β

β

Β3

Be

ν

Γ

Γ

Γ

t

re

γθ

H

A

Λ

a

g d

Ε I

e

»

Ε

e

Ä3 e

Ε

χ

»e

ζ Ζ

e

3

3

s

33

H

Η

Η

u

Η

2

Η

Η

a

Κ

E

«

ü κ

Ka

JI

Λ

ί

Λ

3 Jib

1

3

i xpáTKoe

.i k

Μ

U

U

Μ

3M

m

Η

Η

Ε

Η

3H

η

0

0

0

0

0

Π

Π

η

η

Π3

ne

Ρ C

Ρ

Ρ

3P 3C T3

PS

Ρ

c τ

0

Τ

y

y

s

y

Φ

Φ χ

Φ

χ

Χ

H ι

Ιί Ί

m

m

m

Β

C τ

m

o Ρ r s t u

φ

y 3φ

χ

xa

h

4 ?

ν κ

«e

c

ie

c

I

%

na

s

Η

ta

sc