A Philosophical Commentary on the Politics of Aristotle 0807823805

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Philosophical

Commentary on the

POLITIC ofAristotle

A Philosophical

Commentary on the

POLI Peter L. Phillips

Simpson

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS

CHAPEL HILL AND LONDON

TIC

of Aristotle

©1998

Library of Congress

The University of

Cataloging-in-Publication Data

North Carolina Press

Simpson,

All rights reserved

A philosophical commentary on the Politics of Aristotle /

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Aristotle. Politics.

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Aristotle— Contributions in

Title.

1998 97-16515

Book Longevity of the Council

CIP

on Library Resources. 02 Publication of this

was aided by

book

a grant

Earhart Foundation.

from the

01

00

99

and index.

paper)

5

4

3

2

1

To the students and fellows of

Wadham

College, Oxford, England,

where I was first introduced delights of Aristotle

to the

CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction,

Nature and

ix

xiii

Aim

of the Commentary,

Unity and Order of the Text of the Context of the

Politics,

Translation of Key

xiii

Politics,

xvi

xx

Words

in the Politics, xxii

Analytical Outline of the Politics, xxix

Introduction to the

Politics:

Nicomachean

Ethics 10.9,

book

1:

book

2:

Regimes Said by Others to Be

book

3:

Definition and Division of Regime, 132

book

4:

The Best Regime,

book

5:

Education in the Best Regime, 252

book

6:

Division and Description of the Other Regimes, 284

book

7:

Destruction and Preservation of the Other Regimes, 362

book

8:

Addendum on

The Primacy of the

Bibliography, 455

Index, 461

City, 14

Best, 72

195

Setting

Up the Other Regimes, 422

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The debts

have incurred in the course of writing

I

much

Politics are pretty

inseparable,

and

since

I

writing the translation,

same

the

translation. For since the

as those

I

commentary on

this

Aristotle's

incurred in the course of writing the

work of translation and

the

work of understanding

was writing the commentary

at the

same time

no one helped me with the one who did not

as

also

I

are

was

and by

me with the other. Accordingly it is my pleasure, no less than my my gratitude again to all the many friends and colleagues and

that very fact help duty, to express

students (which categories, have, sometimes in

me on the way to

for

First

and

I

hasten to add, are not

unknowing ways, played

among them must

again

I

and

as unstinting

its effect.

advice,

as past calculating as

have remained as stubborn, doubtless, in what he

my errors, but he has remained as patient too

has not been without translation, are

who

and companions

come Paul Rahe whose encouragement,

commentary were

they were with the translation.

be

exclusive of each other)

understanding Aristotle.

criticism with the

will consider to

all

the part of guides

and

his patience

Certainly the merits of the commentary, as of the

due in no small part to

his untiring kindness

and

friendship.

Among the others who, at various stages and in various ways, have given me of about how to understand Aristotle's Politics (advice not always taken,

their advice

to

be

sure,

but always gratefully appreciated),

particular: Giinter Bien,

I

should mention the following in

Robert Chiles, Diskin Clay, Ian Crombie, George Forrest,

Dieter Harlfinger, Karl-Joachim Holkeskamp, George Kennedy, Richard Kennington, Carnes Lord, Fred D. Miller

Jr.,

Larry Nachman, Carlo Natali, Martin Ost-

wald, Pierre Pellegrin, Michael Rohr, Eckart Schutrumpf, Jacob Stern, art,

Robert

Talisse. In

North Carolina Press also the

members

addition

I

for their careful

(too

numerous

to

and helpful comments and

name) of the

New

Ancient Philosophy during the academic year 1996-97, together the third

much food

book of Aristotle's

for thought.

Zeph Stew-

should thank the readers for the University of

Politics

criticisms,

and

York Colloquium in

when we

read and studied

and whose lively discussions provided

A special word of thanks is also

due

to Richard Kraut for [ix]

so kindly letting

books 7 and

me see the manuscript of his new translation and commentary on

8 of the Politics

(my books 4 and 5)

for the

Oxford 1997. Although, because of time constraints, his

work

most I

in the

way I would have

grateful to

him

liked

in the

for his selfless generosity

I

was not able

I

use of

remain

me in this regard.

Politics several

times over the past

Dublin, at the Catholic University of America,

Graduate School of the City University of New York, and

at the

Academy for Philosophy in

Series,

make

to

way the work deserves,

toward

have had the privilege of teaching Aristotle's

fifteen years, at University College

all

and

Clarendon Aristotle

the Principality of Liechtenstein.

I

at the International

would

thank

like to

my students at each of these places who, in various and sometimes unknowing my thinking. I would also like to thank all my

ways, helped to improve and clarify

same

colleagues at the

and

places,

University of New York, as well as

and Europe

for support

also at the College of Staten Island of the City

my many friends

scattered in the United States

and encouragement of a more general but no

less

neces-

sary kind.

During the process of working on

form of

in the

grants, fellowships,

Aristotle's Politics

and study

leaves.

College of Staten Island of the City University of special

faculty

I

I

received

must

New

much

assistance

of

thank the

first

all

York for awarding

me

a

summer grant and a year's study leave during my first years there as a junior member,

for granting

me

a further sabbatical leave

some

years later to

finish this

work, and also for help with covering the costs of professional proof-

reading.

must

I

thank the Professional

in addition

me

university for generously supporting

with

Staff

summer

Congress of the same

travel grants

and

fellow-

ships over a period of some six years. I

must thank,

too, the Center for Hellenic Studies in

Washington, D.C., where

I

spent a delightful year in 1991-92 engrossed in the present work. Special thanks are

due

in this regard to the director of the Center,

wife Diana.

him

Zeph

retired as director at the

Stewart,

end of the year but

or Diana from being most splendid hosts and making

great

enjoyment and

for appointing

profit.

I

would

least, to

children, place:

all

and

to his engaging

that did not prevent

my year

there one of

also like to offer thanks to the senior fellows

me to a junior fellowship; to all those on the staff of the Center, who

each performed their respective jobs with

not

Zeph

the other junior fellows in

much

efficiency

and

grace; and, last but

my year, who, with or without spouses and

contributed to the restful atmosphere and collegial scholarship of the

Mary Whitlock Blundell, Carlo

Brillante,

Diana

Delia, Christopher Faraone,

Karl- Joachim Holkeskamp, Lisa Kallet-Marx, Andrei Rossius.

my sabbatical leave, the Earhart Foundation in Ann Arbor, Michigan, me a substantial fellowship that enabled me to devote the entire academic

During awarded

year to this project. Without the Foundation's assistance sufficiently freed

[x]

from

I

might not have been

financial necessities to give myself fully to research

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

and

writing.

remain most

I

grateful, therefore, to the Trustees

of the Earhart Founda-

tion for their generosity in this regard.

The concluding

stages of the study for,

as of the translation)

were completed in

and writing

Rome and

of,

American University of Rome, the American Academy School of Classical Studies at

at

had most

I

Rome,

in

(as well

grateful to the

the

American

direct contact are

staffs

and

fellows with

remembered with much thankfulness and

A special debt of thanks is additionally owed, as it was in the case of the

affection.

translation, to the staff of the University of

Lewis Bateman, Brian MacDonald, and they devoted to bringing this I

am

I

Athens, and the Australian Archaeological Institute

Athens for their help and support. Those among their

whom

commentary

the

Athens.

would

work to

North Carolina

Ron Maner

for

all

Press, in particular to

end these acknowledgments, however, rather

like to

work and

the hard

care

publication.

the acknowledgments to the translation. For as there

I

in the

way I ended

closed by expressing

my

who first introduced me to the study of Greek, so here I would like my thanks to those who first introduced me to the study of mean my tutors at Wadham College, Oxford University, England. The

thanks to those

by expressing

to close

Aristotle,

I

study of Aristotle,

and

I

am

glad to say,

still

to a large extent in Aristotle's

university

knowing

whose

first

and

too. This

is

is

only

was unusual

a university, moreover,

for subtlety of thought, Blessed

ably subtle expositor of Aristotle,

memory

own Greek

amid Oxford's dreaming

chancellor, Robert Grosseteste,

his Aristotle in Greek,

renowned

flourishes

fitting.

spires,

For a

for his time in

whose student most

John Duns Scotus, was also a remark-

bound by

strong

ties

of piety to honor the

of those medieval giants by continuing to honor the Greek and the

Aristotle that they honored.

So

let

me too,

as a student of Oxford myself,

perform

piety, and honor my tutors there in Aristotle and Greek by my heartfelt thanks to them, namely to Michael Ayers, Ian Crombie, George Forrest, and (now sadly deceased) Tom Stinton. I doubt not but they will find some things in this commentary to disagree with (though Tom is by now

my own

duty of

expressing here

far

beyond such earthly concerns, having

tion in

all

theless, that

guiding

As

this

received, as

I

trust

and

pray, full instruc-

mysteries from Blessed John and other spirits in Glory).

I

hope, never-

they will also be able to acknowledge that their patient labor in

my awkward steps into the halls of higher learning was not wholly in vain.

book was going

died. So let

my

trust

to press,

I

and prayer

received the sad for

Tom now

news that George Forrest had

also

be

my

trust

and prayer

for

George.

January 1997

New York City

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

[

xi]

INTRODUCTION This

commentary on

Aristotle's Politics

made of the same work translation, as notably

commentary

1

and, as such,

its

it

is

companion

a

to the translation

on and uses

relies

have

I

certain elements of that

division of the text with headings

and subheadings. The

follows the translation exactly in these respects

and accordingly

it is

patterned after the same analytical outline and has the same divisions and headings. It also repeats the

translation.

Bekker numbers that begin each new paragraph of the

The reader should,

or of the Greek text that the culty.

These references

translation that the

Greek

commentary

possible (which

is

commentary

is

referring to without too

much

diffi-

moreover, meant to be sufficiently independent of the

commentary can be read and understood without that transla-

tion but, say, with the

In fact, the

are,

therefore, be able to find the part of the translation

in part

text only, or

as a

why

whole

I

is

meant

to stand

on

its

own

as far as

the book's design differs in several respects from

that of the translation). Consequently

certain of the things

even with some other translation.

I

shall repeat here,

more or

said in the introduction to the translation, but

less

verbatim,

which are

also

necessary for understanding the commentary, so that those without the translation will not be left at a loss.

I

have in mind in particular what

unity of the text and the order of the several books, about the

Nicomachean

Ethics as the context of the Politics,

key terms of

Aristotle's Greek.

I

said about the

last

chapter of the

and about how

I

translate certain

should begin, however, by saying what sort of

commentary this commentary is meant

wrong and

it

for his views about nature

Politics

is

still

be need

My own

torical reading

is

contention

ings,

I

else

of the

I

will, therefore,

much from

all

I

who

much from them,

other scholars generally. Indeed

have disagreed most. Disagreement

disagrees.

have to precede the rhetorical

is

remain

shows that no rhe-

proposed rhetorical readings are mistaken.

disagree with scholars

provided the disagreement

why one

for a careful

But the only way to show

sort.

that a correct analytic reading

have learned and benefited

I

when

is

necessary and that

Nevertheless, though

benefited

first

by the confession of

arguments are thus flawed or lacking is to analyze them properly as

they stand. The analytic reading reading.

am

only required because the express arguments are problematic or

confused or incomplete or something that the express

if I

does require, whether in whole or in

such rhetorical or oblique reading, there would

proponents,

and about

an d the commentary thereon). But even

can be shown that the

analysis of the express arguments. For the rhetorical reading, its

text to establish that

is

favor these rhetorical readas I

have also learned and

a powerful stimulus to thought,

honest and one's aim

is

to get clear about

grateful, therefore, to those

in the task of interpreting Aristotle's Politics,

I

have often benefited most

who

what and

have gone before

and admire and commend

me

their

devotion to so worthy an object. The bibliography and notes to the commentary

4.

On

(1996),

the general point see Jaffa (1952),

Lord

(1982, 1984),

and on the

Mansfield (1989: chaps. 2 and

Politics in particular see, for 3),

and Nichols

(1992).

A

example, Davis

similar approach

is

taken to Aristotle's Ethicsby Tessitore (1996). 5.

The same

thesis

is

argued by Dobbs (1994: especially 71-73), with

whom

I

am

in general

agreement; see also Lindsay (1994).

INTRODUCTION

f

XV

]

contain only a partial acknowledgment of

how much and from whom

many to whom I had no

occasion to refer expressly or

learned. There are

perhaps,

have forgotten, though they too were

I

have seen more than they, or Politics,

it is

any respect

if in

only because they advanced

it

I

my teachers.

If in

have

I

whom,

any respect

I

have advanced the study of the

and saw more

first.

UNITY AND ORDER OF THE TEXT OF THE POLITICS

402n, 411, 413, 438,

440, 423, 453. See also Education/educate Leisure, 60, 120, 156, 213, 238-39, 352;

education and virtue,

113, 183,

222, 241-43, 255-63, 321;

and

and

209, 220,

ruling, 99,

125-26, 175, 308-10, 312-14, 324, 352, 412, 429, 435, 438, 452-53

Leontini, 404

Lesbos, 227n

[468

11311

Madison, James, 332n

Legislator, 239, 332; education as

391-93,

446n

217,

262

Magnificence, 414, 447

Majority rule, 320, 325, 401 Male. See Female Malia, 339

Mansfield, Harvey

C,

xvn,

4m, 49n,

55n,

i7on, i94n, 326n, 34on-4in, 343n, 44on,

45on Mantinea, 378, 436

Many,

the, 1-2, 4, 44, 102-3, 205, 391, 436,

440, See also Democracy/democratic;

Needy, the; Poor, the; Populace Market/place, 304, also

313, 315, 358, 450.

Square

Marriage, 78, 244-48, 385, 388, 392

See

Martin Ferrero, Francisco, i28n

332n, 341-42, 363n, 37on,

Marx, Karl, 55n

440 n

Modes, musical,

Massilia (Marseilles), 382

Mathematics,

93, 104,

Mayhew, Robert,

i07n-8n, 228, 418

2in, 8in, 85n,

Molossians, 404-5, 411

87n-88n,

254n, 285n-87n

Mean,

398-

400. See also Middle, the

Mechanic, vulgar,

Monarchy/monarch,

45,

98-99,

227, 308, 314-16, 362-63, 365,

the, 270, 281-82, 324, 328-33,

Money, 114,

147, 211, 221-23, 257, 263,

Medes, 405n, 407n

i6n, 27n, 47, 50-51, 53~55, 61, 85,

38on-8in

4m

Montesquieu,

Mulgan, R. 373,

123, 179,

402-10

118-20, 126, 198, 393-94, 396, 420

Morrow, G.

267, 276, 300, 425, 438

Megara, 162-63, 307n,

276-83,

32, 139, 272-73,

Music/musical

295. See also

Master. See Slave/slavery

383^ 428n,

R.,

9m,

95n,

96n-99n

G., xvin, xxivn-xxvn, 22n, 69n,

I33n, i45n, i48n,

15m, i59n, i67n, I78n,

Meikle, Scott, 5m, 55n

I92n, 236n, 284n, 287n-88n, 298n, 3o6n,

Mercenaries, i22n, 384-85, 392, 405

33on-3in, 34m, 344n, 346n, 363n, 37on-

Messenian War, 387n Messes,

common,

7in, 395n, 399n,

87, 93, 100, 119, 121-22,

124, 127, 224-25, 228-30, 283,

Multitude, the, virtue

430

and

40m

191, 296, 405,

Metaphysics, 92-93, 202

Musaeus, 267

Metaphysics, the (of Aristotle), xxi, 2on,

Music/musical,

6, 8, 167,

Middle, the: and middle regime and polity,

Mytilene, 227n, 378, 4o6n

and

170-71, 323-24, 327-40, 355, 357, 369;

preservation and destruction of regimes,

Narcy, Michel, i66n

345-46, 348, 365-66, 379, 383, 385, 387,

Natali, Carlo, i6n, 55n,

393-95, 398-400, 439. See also Regime:

Nation,

mixed/common

i9n-2in, 75, 179, 205, 212, 263,

National Rifle Association, io6n

Milani, Piero A., 36n Jr.,

xxiii,

242n

305, 405

Middle Ages, 249n

Nature, xv, xx-xxiii,

xivn, xvin-xviin,

14-71 passim, 85,

296n, 326n-27n

47n, 48n, 83n-84n, 87n, i34n, i36n,

Navy/naval, 127,

i5on-5in, i64n, i72n, 222n, 226n, 233n,

Naxos, 382

238n, 242n, 284n-85n, 287n, 294n, 3ion,

Needy, the, 116-18,

353n, 395n

215, 378,

389^

393,

446-47

156, 293, 323-24, 327,

335-36, 374, 378-79, 385-88, 391, 394, 415,

Milton, John, 44n

420, 426-27, 431-35, 440, 442-43- See also

121, 123

Democracy/ democratic; Many,

the;

Poor, the; Populace

Mithridates, 407

Mnason, 378n

Newell, Waller R., i75n, i78n, i84n

Moderation/moderate, 3-4, 65-71, 86,

95,

97, 101-3, 122, 141, 145, 183, 213, 241-42,

263, 271, 331, 357, 414,

Modern (thought and

3, 9,

96, 104, 146, 175, 190, 205, 234, 250, 258,

xxivn-xxvn, 2in-22n, 24n-26n, 29n,

Minos,

2i4n, 209n,

Myron, 4i9n

Midas, 54

34m,

451;

256-83, 452

220, 223

Miller, Fred D.,

446-47,

vice of, 164-71, 184

440

practice, as con-

Newman, W.

L.,

xvin-xviin, xxn, nn,

vn,

32n, 4on, 45n, 5in-52n, 54n, 59n-6on,

7on, 72n, 77n, 83n, 88n, 9on, 95n-97n,

99n, i04n, io6n, io8n, non, ii5n, n6n,

trasted with ancient), 34n, 44n, i03n,

i2in-22n, i24n-3on, i32n, i34n, i37n,

149, 152, i97n, 212, 23on, 276n, 297n, 305,

I39n, i4in-46n, 15m, i57n-58n, i6on,

INDEX

469

i63n, 16611-7111, 17311, 17511, 17911-8211,

133>

18511, 19111, 19311, 195-9711, 19911-20011,

338-39 350, 359, 387; destruction and

138-40, 142, 170,

287n, 332-33,

175,

5

20211-411, 20911, 21311-1411, 21611-1711,

preservation

22011, 22211-2311, 22511, 22711-2811, 23211-

371,

3611, 23811-3911, 24211-4311, 24511-4611,

398-402, 418-21, 444-48; kinds

24811, 25011, 25411, 25611-5711, 26011,

123, 288, 291-93, 295,

26311-6411, 26611-6711, 26911, 27211, 27411-

334-36, 421; modern,

7511, 27711-7911, 28211, 28411,

of, 109,

383n, 44on; nature

28911-9611,

of, xxvi,

304-15, 320-21, 153,

and

342n, 37on,

features of, 60,

158-64, 177, 22m, 227, 253,

29811-9911, 30211, 30411, 30611-711, 31011-

152, 155-56,

nn,

289-91, 296-99,

31411, 31611-1711, 32111, 32411-2511,

347-48, 365-66,

373-76, 378-79, 38o, 382-86, 391-95,

321-25, 328-29,

311, 318,

368-69,

33211, 33711, 33911, 34111-4511, 34711-4911,

343, 356-58, 361, 363-64,

35311—5511, 35911-6011, 36611, 36911-8511,

398-99, 405, 416, 424, 430, 436, 443-44,

38711-9011, 39311, 39511, 39711, 39911, 40311,

447-48, 452; and offices and courts,

40511-811, 41011, 41311, 41611-1711, 41911-

i07n, 135, 146-48, 344-45, 356-57- See

391,

2111, 42411, 43011-3111, 43611, 43811, 44411,

also Notables, the; Wealthy, the; Well-

44611, 45011, 45211

off,

Nichols,

Mary P., xvn-xvin,

6711-6811, 17811,

the

Olympic (games/ victors),

Noble/nobility, xxiii, xxv, 2-4, 10, 12-13, 18, 34, 56, 65, 78, 81, 85, 11211-1311,

15,

123-24,

Opus, 187 Oracles, 229

207, 211, 226-30, 257-63, 275, 291, 325,

Oreus, 375

discernment

44-45, 66, 69; as meaning of

and 33,

utility

and

264

Onomacritus, 129

126, 149-56, 167, 180-81, 195, 200-201,

387, 405, 437, 449;

15, 91,

Olympus, 269, 277

22611, 26111, 34611

of,

36-37,

kalos, xxvii;

necessity, 198, 229, 232-

Orthagoras, 416 Ostracism, 178-80, 373, 393, 405,

43m

Ostwald, Martin, 8n

238-39. See also Beauty

Nomads,

Pagans, 37

48, 60, 224

Noses, 398

Pain,

Notables, the, 129, 297n, 305, 310-14, 341,

3, 23, 37,

-/-/,

232, 241, 266. See also

Pleasure

346, 348, 355-56, 373-76, 378, 380-82,

Panaetius, 404

388, 394-95> 404-5, 4i4-i5> 441-42, 437,

Parents, 42, 80, 83, 244

439

Partheniae, 386n-87n, 391 Passions, 2-4, 26, 44, 114, 116, 184, 188, 190,

Occupation, 209,

241, 256, 258-59. See also

Leisure

279-80, 310, 329-30, 364, 396-97, 402, 428;

Odysseus/Odyssey, 5n,

26m

and music, 269-73

Pausanias, 240, 366-67, 391-92

Oeconomica, the (of Aristotle), 6in, 226n,

248n

Pay(ment), 323, 338, 346, 429, 442 Peace. See

War 386n-87n

Oenophyta, 373n

Peers, the (in Sparta),

Office: appointment/distribution of, xxvi,

Peiraeus, the, 130, 138-39, 376

98-99, 124-27, 129, 148,

172, 174, 288, 292,

308-11, 324, 338-39, 342-46, 352-58, 361, 388, 391, 394, 428-31; nature of, 92, 99, 118, 122,

and kinds

134-35, 146, 162, 168,

340-42, 349-52, 393, 447-53 Oligarchy/oligarchic, 98-99, 119, 125-28,

470

INDEX

Peisistratus/Peisistratids, 381, 404, 406,

416-17 Pellegrin, Pierre, xviiin-xixn, 3on, 248n,

299n Peloponnese, 138-39; Pelopnnesian War, 227n, 366n, 374n,

383^ 389n

Penthilus, 406

47-48, 56, 101-2,

Periander (of Ambracia), 405-6

280

161,

258-61, 268, 276,

Periander (of Corinth), 179, 416

Plutarch, 378n

Pericles, 137, 38111

Poet/poetry, 19-20, 68, 92-93, 167, 209n,

Perjury, 108, 129-30

Persian Wars, 129, 216, 366n

Polansky, Ronald, 363n, 37in-72n, 39on,

403n,

Peter of Auvergne, xivn, 38n, i78n,

20m,

209n-ion, 227n, 242n, 247n, 263n, 272n, 289n, 302n, 3o6n, 309n, 364n, 422n Phalaris,

274m 28on

23on, 269,

Persia/Persians, 179, 404, 40511, 40711;

404

41m

Policemen, 349n-50 Political, xxii, xxv,

3-4, 21-27, 103-4,

137-38, 191, 204-10, 360;

community,

3-5> 133, 140, 153. 174, 197, 203, 231, 235,

modern, 342n,

Phaleas, 100-104, ii2n, 122, 128, 130, 226

326, 359,

Pharsalus, 384

37on, 383m 44on; rule, 33"34, 45, 63-64,

Pheidon (of Argos), 404

126, 144, 182-83; science/philosophy, xxi,

Pheidon (of Corinth), 96

9, 57,

Philip (of Macedon), 216, 334n, 385n, 406,

422

410,

446n

363m

parties,

92-93, 104, 171-72, 284-89, 318, 334,

Politician, 7, 9, 58n, 133, 145, 205, 239,

Philoctetes, 22

302-3, 392 Politics, 7-11, 45, 62, 104-12, i7on, 171

Philolaus, 129

Philosopher, 24,

9m, 204n,

224, 232n,

Politics,

the (of Aristotle),

of argument

417

Philosophy/philosophic,

9, 45, 62, 87, 90,

101-2, 121-22, 137, 157, 172, 250, 263-64, 281, 283; as goal

of life,

203-10, 220,

183,

223, 238-39, 241-43, 256, 261;

meaning of

242n

in Politics, 209n, 238n,

accuracy

13, 73;

of, 9, 25, 43, 91,

93n, 142- 43,

200-204, 236-37, 260, 298, 317-18, 32223, 331, 346, 376, 395>

430, 440-41; order

xvi-xx,

2,

399n,

40m,

407,

and coherence

of,

10-13, 28, 32, 59-60, 72-75,

77-81, 83, 86n, 88n, 127-28, 131-34, 136,

16m,

Phocis, 378

138, 140, 146, 149, 157-58,

Phocylides, 331

i68n-69n, 170-71, 180-81, i85n-87n,

Phrygian mode, 277, 281-82

i9in-96n, 209, 213-14, 218, 220, 223-35,

Phrynichus, 383

232-33, 251, 255-56, 265, 276-78, 282n-

164, 166,

Physics, the (of Aristotle), xxi

85n, 289, 291-95, 302, 304n, 323, 348-49,

Piety, 220, 414

362-63, 379, 390, 416-18, 421-22, 424,

Pipes (musical instrument), 145, 173-74,

428, 444, 448-49, 452-53; rhetorical

readings

275, 278, 281

279

Polity,

Plato, 9n, i6n, 68n, 7on,

73-100 passim,

11211-1311, 122, 128, 130, i5on, i65n, 184,

187,

xv-xvi, 19-20, 43-44, 48n-

326n, 343n

Pittacus, 130 Pity,

of,

49n, 5m, 55n, 68n, von, i94n, 26m,

Piracy, 48

204n, 210,

213, 217,

22in-22n, 225,

xxv-xxvi,

11211, 127, 129, 175,

289, 365-66, 381,

preservation

of,

287n,

419m destruction and 365-66, 378-79, 382,

385-89, 391, 393-94; kinds

of,

315-25;

228n, 246n, 248-49, 252n, 281-82, 286n,

nature and features

289n-9on, 300, 309,

154-56, 164-71, 175-80, 185-86, 189-91,

21,

315,

337n, 362, 417-

44on

1,

98-99,

125,

i92n-94n, 234, 290, 293, 295, 327-40,

Play, 258-59,

Pleasure,

of,

265-66, 268, 278

21, 37, 77,

85-87, 248, 266-67,

270-71, 279, 405; kinds

of,

2-4, 23,

387,

399-400, 423, 435-36, 444, 446; and

offices

and

courts, i07n, 343, 345-46,

348, 351-52, 355-58, 361, 451

INDEX

471

Polynesia, 23511

Purification (katharsis), 275, 278-80

Pontus, 40711

Puritan/puritanical, 85, 249

Poor, the, xxv, xxvi, 29, 100-101, 116, 142, 253,

296-97, 333, 346-47, 357, 360, 364,

373, 388; character of, 101-3, 152,

Quinn, Timothy

302, 330-31, 336-39, 355, 382, 398-99;

Racial/racist, 217,

and parts of city,

Rahe, Paul A., 59n,

393. See also

Many,

the;

89, 158-59, 303-4, 325,

Democracy/democratic;

Needy, the; Populace

403-4,

413;

and character

of,

116-18, 146, 333, 388, 435-39> 446-48;

democracy,

134, 136, 148,

or parts

of, 293, 297,

29, 376, 425; as

and

306-10, 343,

393-94, 427, 432; kinds

355, 364,

304-5. 311-13. 328-

meaning of demos,

xxvii.

See also Democracy/democratic; Many, the;

Needy, the; Poor, the

28,

separation of powers, 341-42

and

theoretical, 204-10, 237-39,

242n 3, 72,

94, 192, 194, 210, 220,

230, 234, 253, 327, 363, 418

Precouncil, 351-52,

of), 2-4, 24, 35~37, 44, i43>

234, 237-39, 243-44, 329

Reciprocal/reciprocity, 75-76, 87

Regime,

xxi, xxvii, xxviii-xxix, 8-9, 11, 70;

best, ion, 13, 27, 38, 71-132 passim, 158,

i75n, 179-80, 193-284 passim,

289m

316-18, 327-35. 418-19; change of, 92,

186,

22m, 285-87,

33, 98, 125, 142,

291, 316-25,

343> 345-46, 359, 366,

327-40,

368-69, 386-91,

403, 423, 448-49; nature

125, 133-35, 141,

212, 219,

45m

315, 317,

and kinds

of,

147-56, 158-64, 181, 190,

230-34, 252-55, 288-304, 311-12, 334-35, 340, 343n, 363, 396, 402,

425-27; and parts

Pride, 89, 198, 330 Priests, i6n, 208, 220, 223,

229-30, 239, 294,

of, 126,

340-61, 351-

52, 423, 428, 449, 452. See also Citizen/

citizenship; City

349

Regimen, xxv,

Prisons, 34n, 349

and change of regime, 370-72,

380, 382, 387-88, 394,

378,

405-6

100-103, 105-7, 115-16, 143, 219, 225, 283,

Property qualification, 306, 324, 338-39, 369, 375, 38i, 383, 385, 388-89, 392, 429, 432, 437-38,

37, 112,

143-46, 148,

191,

216-17, 254-55, 265-66n, 270, 288, 310

Puberty, 250, 264, 282n

Punishment/penalty,

2, 4, 23,

INDEX

Regime: change of

Rhetorical readings. See

Rhodes,

P. J.,

Politics,

the

307n

(island of), 307n, 373, 380

Rich. See Wealthy, the; Well-off, the Right, 23, 25-26, 145, 444; rights, xivn, 26n, i72n, 295, 305-6, 425-26, 435

34n, 123, 130,

232-33, 248, 325, 342-46, 385, 407, 414-15.

450-51

Revolt/revolution, 100-101, 120, 122, 137,

Rhodes

444-45, 447

God/gods; Pray/prayer

Revenues, public, 313-14, 442, 450

236. See also

310-13, 328, 443

Prudence, xxv, 26,

5

Religion/religious, 23on, 246, 249, 371, 376, 414, 441. See also

Property/land, 29-31, 46-62, 83-86, 95,

[472

Reason (faculty

xxii-xxiii, xxv-xxvi, 10, 12-14, 25, 93,

Pray/prayer,

Profit:

Rawls, John, i62n

109, 123, 292, 309, 311, 335, 360, 362-402,

Power: and definition and nature, 24,

Practical:

Rape, 4i5n

440-42; mixed/common,

Poverty, 62, 95, 156, 159, 322, 329-31

31, 212;

ii4n-i5n, i53n,

276n

128-29, 365-66, 368-69, 373-74, 378-79,

346-47,

mn,

Rake's progress (of musical performers),

and change of regime,

397-400, 381-84, 441;

375-76

34m

332n, 363n,

Populace, 122-25, 140, 314, 316, 325, 337, 341,

i33n~34n

S.,

164-65,

Robinson, Richard

8m,

R., i48n, i57n,

i87n, 292n, 299n, 31m,

Robinson Crusoe,

22,

24n

i8on-

34m

Robots,

Romer,

See also Machines

11311.

Romans,

75-76, 85, 136, 203, 212-13, 300, 335-36,

the, 218

F. E.,

398, 427

18m

Senate/senators: in Sparta, 118-19, 122, 124,

Ross, Sir David, nn,

Rowe, Christopher

rm

J.,

xviiin,

223, 325

nn, 284n,

286n-88n

Serious,

Rule/ruler, xxv-xxvi, 32, 89, 126, 135-36, 188, 207-8, 349,

448-53; advantage

of,

151-56; kinds of, 14, 32-34, 44~45> 62-64, 144, 149-50, 174-80, 182, 190, 204-10,

240, 306;

Separation of powers, 341-42

and

ruled, 17, 32-71, 65-66,

88-91, 96-97, 142-46, 235-37, 426-27; by

Ruling body, ion, 148, i52n-53,

159, 219-20,

Sex/sexual,

21, 26, 95,

81-82, 86, 121-22,

406, 414-15. See also Homosexuality

Shakespeare, 245n

Shame/shameful, 70, 242, 249, 303 Shulsky,

25,

51-52

Abram

231, 253, 288n, 296, 31m, 315, 325, 331-32,

Sicily, 62, 121

359, 377, 391, 395-97, 400, 402n, 440,

Sicyon, 416

444-45, 447; as meaning of politeuma,

Simpson, Peter

xxv

350

Seuthes, 407n

Shoe, 22,

turns, 76, 150, 187, 191, 207

56, 64, 70, 141-45, 233, 258,

5,

Service, public, 121, 302, 395, 414, 442, 447

N., 226n

R, xivn, xviiin, i6n, 2m,

L.

74n, i53n, i73n, 279n, 332n

Simus, 385 Sacred: tunes, 277n, 279; War, 378n Saint- Hilaire, Saints,

J.

Barthelemy, xvii-xviii

Thomas A., and

Trevor

Saunders, Trevor

J.,

376n, 4i7n, 2in, 32n, 36n, 4on, 47n,

9m, 97n, 99n, i07n-8n,

5in-53n, 77n,

i27n-28n. See also Sinclair, J.

Thomas A.,

Saunders

J.

Saunders, 52n-53n, 9m, 20on, 2i4n, 222n, 226n, 23on, 292n, 32m,

23on

Sardanapalus, 407

and Trevor

Sinclair,

34m, 353n,

45m

Slave/slavery, 89, 93, 105-6, 123, 125, 140, 161, 163, 191, 211, 215,

240, 283, 305-6, 313,

349, 376, 402, 404; features of, 64-70,

241-42, 249, 275, 326, 330-31, 412,

231,

and master,

Savages, 263

43m,

Saxonhouse, Arlene W., 67n-68n, 2i8n

50, 61-62, 70; natural, xv, 27-46,

Scaino da Salo, Antonio, xvii-xviii

82n, 205, 2i9n, 222n, 226, 234, 240, 400,

Schofield,

Malcolm, i6n, 36n, 4on, 69n,

i35n

School,

3, 11, 15,

364n

Schiitrumpf, Eckart, xvin, i7n, 29n-32n, 36n, 4on, 45n, 5111-5311, 56n, 59n,

69n-7on, 72n, 83n, 88n, 9m, 95n, 97n,

410;

427, 440;

and

44-46,

17-19,

18m-

rule of, 16, 82, 105-6, 113,

120-

21, 129,

143-44, i46-47> 150, 207, 237;

slavish

work, 144, 226, 237,

Smith,

257,

266

Adam, 84n

Smith, Nicholas D., 36n, 45n, 67n,

285n-87n Bruno, 27on

i03n, io6n, ii5n, 12m, i24n, i27n-28n,

Snell,

i3on, i32n-33n, i34n, i4on, i42n-44n,

Social contract, 162

i46n, i5on-52n, i54n, i57n, 16m,

Socialists,

i63n-64n, i66n-69n, 17m, i73n~75n,

Society, xxiv

i8on-82n, i85n, i87n, 19m, I93n, i95n,

Socrates, i6n, 68, 73-93 passim, 104, 217,

22on, 236n, 284n, 302n

224, 252n, 281-82, 300, 362, 417-21 Soldier, 92, 106, 116, 191, 208, 217, 264, 279,

Scylax, 235

Scythian slaves, 349n Self-control. See

modern, i03n, 222m 399n

Moderation/moderate

Self-sufficiency, 21-22, 24, 50, 52-55, 59n,

349. See also

Arms/armed

Solmsen, Friedrich, 209n, 238n

Solomon, 34n

INDEX

473

Solon, 50, 101,

118,

127-29, 142, 332, 37911,

436n Son,

7,

Swanson, Judith

A., 36n,

67n

Sybaris, 375

79-82, 100,

116,

244-45, 310, 314-15,

Sycophants, 399n Syracuse, 373, 375-76, 377n-78n, 38m, 384,

382, 388, 416

Sophist/sophistry, 7-9, 40, 73, 89, 200,

404, 407n-8n, 417, 4i9n

337-38, 342, 391

Tarentum, 374, 443

Sophocles, 68 Soul, xxvii,

31,

33-38, 45, 143, 202, 234-36,

Taxes, 103, 120, 412, 414, 442, 45on

244, 257, 279, 301; education of, 100,

Technocrat/technology, 104-11,

262-66, 268-73; features and parts

Tecmessa, 68n

of, 33,

37-38, 42-43, 66-68, 72, I03n, 198-99,

237-39, 244, 259, 270, 280. See also

Body

Territory, 94-95, 213-15, 225-30 Tessitore, Aristide, xvn,

Sparta, xxi, xxiv, 94, 98, 121-22, 124, 128,

Thales (of Miletus), 61-62

142-43, 181-82, 186-87, 213, 225, 228,

231-32, 286, 334, 383n, 389, 404, 410-11; analysis of, 112-25; education tices of, 5, 85, 87-88, i04n,

and prac-

non,

127, 223,

Thebes, xxiv, 115-16, 129, i39n,

Theodectes, 42

Theopompus,

Thera, 297-98, 3ion

324-35, 327, 345, 366, 368, 386-88, 391,

394, 4i6n, 4i8n-i9n

Speech,

18,

23-24, 68-69, 72n, 104, 275, 310

225-

Stalley, R. R, 77n, 8in,

modern,

86n

xxii-xxiv, 15-16, 2in, io6n,

162, 252n, 332n,

St.,

19m

xivn, xxin, in, 5n,

2in, 23n, 25n, 33n-34n,

5m, 58n,

6in, 86n, i3on,

Thought,

19, 24,

208, 216, 223, 246, 255-57,

275, 350, 412-13

363m

383, 428,

44on

Thrace, 4o6n

Thrasybulus, 179, 404n Thurii, 375~76, 388-89, 390

Samuel M., 4ion

Timocracy, i55n, 420

Timophanes, 384

Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, i44n Strauss, Barry

S.,

307m 309n

Toil, 259, 264,

Superiority/superior, 235-36, 370-71, 37375,

i2n, i7n-i8n,

i45n

Square, 229-30, 438. See also Market/place

Stern,

Thirty, the (at Athens), 383

38n, 4on, 43n,

26, 386, 415

Spyridakis, Stylianos V., i22n

123m 153m

446n

Thomas Aquinas,

Spirit/spirited, 90, 11311, 182, 216-18,

State,

411

Theramenes, i45n Thessaly,

Spies, 412

241, 373, 385,

420

mixed regime/aristocracy, 17,

242n

Theagenes, 381

239-43, 256, 262-64, 267, 273, 320; as 98, 125, 315-

228

Temple, 229-30, 395

Soviet empire, io6n, 389n

131,

212,

378-83, 384, 386-87, 389, 392-93, 400,

Town

planning, 228, 23on, 272n

Trade/traders, 48, 53-54, 58-59, 61, 214-15,

405, 407-8, 412

Susemihl, Franz, 35m and Robert D. Hicks, xviin, xxvn, 4on, 52n, 69n, 88n,

276

Tool. See Instrument/tool

95n-

99n, i07n, non, 12m, i24n, i27n-28n,

438 Tragedy. See Drama/dramatic

Tyranny/tyrannical,

24m

45, 60, 62, 100,

i3on, i32n-33n, i39n, i42n-43n, i46n,

117, 119, 124, 127, 133,

i48n, i57n, i66n-69n, 17m, i87n, 19m,

i5in-52n, 165, 186, 307, 310, 315-16, 365,

i97n, 20on, 202n, 2i6n, 223n, 226n,

378, 388; nature

228n, 238n, 256n, 26on, 263n, 267n~72n,

155-56, 158, 176-79, 181-82, 204-6, 289-

274n-75n, 276n-79n, 282n

90, 292, 317, 325-26, 332, 362, 402-5,

474

INDEX

138-39, 142, 144,

and kinds

of, xxvi, 82,

and destruction

432-33; preservation 102, 109, 111,

of,

380-84, 395, 399n, 401-19,

Warriors, 105-7, 222, 300-301. See also Soldier

Washington, D.C., 228n

436

Weakness of will, United

States, 34n, 44n, 99n, io6n,

non,

3o8n, 31m, 389n

Wealth,

116,

397, 401-2

173-74, 198-99, 219-20,

324-25, 352; nature

of, 50, 62, 65,

as object of honor, 114, 126;

Usury, 59

leges of, 305, 310, 314;

Vahlen, Johannes, i97n

Vander Waerdt, Paul

and

i36n,

209n, 233n, 238n, 4ion

366, 368, 425-26;

175, 253, 388;

character of, 89,

100-101, 164-65, 336-37;

Village, 20-21, 24n, 75

123, 152,

and

citizen,

140-46;

and

1-10, 122, 260, 315; 210; in

household,

64-71, 86; military, 94, 124-25, 154-56, 191, 228, 242, 305, 416, 438;

kinds

of, 14, 16, 23,

344-45>

and tyranny, 406-8,

Venal, xxi, 117-18

equipment, 40, 194,

rule, 125-26,

413-14 Wealthy, the,

Vanity, 303

and education,

155-56;

privi-

150, 159, 192, 317, 322, 329-31, 335>

9n-nn, 7on,

A.,

Virtue, 60-61, 87, 129;

and

25-26,

nature and 113,

165-71,

and

oligarchy,

158-59* 253, 345-46, 382; and

parts of city, xxv, xxvii, 142, 168, 222,

296-97, 303-4, 322, 325, 333, 335-36, 340-41, 355, 357, 365, 373, 380, 393, 39899, 424. See also Oligarchy/oligarchic;

Well-off, the

Weil,

Raymond, 334n

I78n, 192, 195-210, 216-17, 234, 239, 241-

Welfare, 103

43, 255, 269-71, 273, 293, 303-5, 316, 319,

Well-born, the, xxvii, 42, 175-76, 298, 305,

321-22, 327-31, 387-88, 396-97; tivity to

work,

65, 67,

140-42,

and

rela-

and

145;

rule, 72, 117-19, 177-80, 192, 302, 316, 320,

324-25, 352, 364, 368, 414, 437; and slavery, 34,

36-38, 40-45; surpassing,

23,

291-92. See also Courage/courageous; Justice/just; Liberality/generosity;

Mod-

321,

364-65, 376. See also Birth, good

Welldon, James Well-off, the: of, 293;

E.

C,

and the

xviin, 353n best, 319, 321; parts

and preservation and destruc-

tion of regime, 374, 378-79, 382, 384-85,

387-88, 393-95, 397-400, 420, 440; and rule/regime, 98-99, 129, 156, 302-3,

426-

eration/moderate; Philosophy/philo-

323, 327-29, 333, 364, 386, 391, 415,

sophic; Prudence

27, 430-35, 443. See also Oligarchy/

Virtuous, the, xxv, 176, 325, 365-66, 397;

becoming,

1-13, 193-94;

364, 372-73, 379; rule

and change,

and regime,

126,

154-56, 175, 179-80, 328, 434n

oligarchic; Wealthy, the

Welsh, 27on West, Martin

Wholes and

Vitruvius, 227n

Vulgar, the, 34, 140, 144, 146-48, 263,

267-68, 275, 279-80, 305

L.,

275n

Wheeler, M., 363n, 365n parts, 16-17, 23-24,

30-34, 43, 46-47, 5in, 70-71, 143, 160, 178, 192, 218-19,

26n-27n, 91, 133-34,

254-55

William of Ockham, 8in Walls, 228-29

War,

Williams, James M., 364n

89, 92, 95, 102, 143, 181, 225, 357,

365, 374, 429;

and peace,

37, 115, 118-20,

205-6, 209, 238-43, 263, 275, 342-46,

Winthrop, Delba, i34n

Wisdom/wise, xxv,

5,

24-25, 34n, 40-42,

61-62, 73, 92, 223

384-85, 392; Second World, 389n;

Wolff, Francis, i57n, 17m, i75n

and

Woman/wife,

slavery,

39-42, 46;

and technical

advances, 228; and tyranny, 412

xv, 104, 110, 124, i36n, 143,

150-51, 191; behavior in deviant regimes,

NDEX

475

352, 412, 4i4» 43 ln > 44°;

and marriage,

and household

28, 62-71,

244-49; managers

of,

73-94 passim,

and virtue,

64-71, 145, 246, 249, 283. See also

Female

Yack, Bernard, 22n

Young,

the, 1-5, 142,

266-67,

Education/educate

84, 126, 140-41, 288;

24, 28, 31;

Xerxes, 407

349-52, 452; and

Sparta, 113-20, 320, 411;

Work,

Xenophon, i6n

kinds

and

definition,

of, 45, 61, 90, 145, 263,

Zaleucus, 129 Zancle, 375

427

Wrongdoer: three kinds

of, 101

Zeus, 64, 179, 267 Zuckert, Catherine H., 24n

476

]

INDEX

45i-

See also